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THE EXPERT'S VOICE® IN NETWORKING 4G: Deployment Strategies and Operational Implications MANAGING CRITICAL DECISIONS IN DEPLOYMENT OF 4G/LTE NETWORKS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON NETWORK OPERATIONS AND BUSINESS Trichy Venkataraman Krishnamurthy and Rajaneesh Shetty Apress For your convenience Apress has placed some of the fron... |
d or overcome them. We also delve into roadmap management, with suggestions on how to keep them relevant using reliability engineering, organizational culture, and evolution concepts. How This Book Is Structured Chapter 1, "Network Planning," covers the nuts and bolts of deployment, and gives a speedy tour of the whole... |
options for deployment. This will equip you with the knowledge to understand the choices you can make when selecting a system and need to shortlist solutions. In some cases, you may already understand the options based on decisions you have already made for network options using some other method. We start by going thr... |
d Implementation Phase Figure 1-1. Radio network planning phases Dimensioning Phase The dimensioning phase will mainly involve information and requirement gathering from the customer from which the initial objectives for the radio network planning can be set. Some of the key inputs that are considered or required to be... |
or each user terminal (UE) within the service area. With this input from the customer, the cell coverage and capacity estimates are performed. Radio link budgeting is performed to understand the cell size that can be achieved with the input given from which the number of sites or cells required to plan the network area... |
n be used to reconfirm that the capacity and the coverage planning that was performed in the dimensioning phase has been accomplished. During the planning phase, backhaul planning must also be done. In cases where the site is a colocated site, the backhaul planning should be carried out for both colocates as well as th... |
anning tool and deviations are noted and tuned wherever required. CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Coverage Planning Coverage planning targets for the complete service area are tested to ensure there are no coverage holes (i.e., the UE never experiences a no-service condition within the entire service area). Coverage plans, ... |
ny vendors have a receiver sensitivity value of around -102 dbm or better. UE receiver sensitivity and transmission power. Similar to the eNodeB receiver sensitivity, UE receiver sensitivity is an important factor in determining the DL cell radius for coverage planning. Typically for a macro cell, the UL cell radius wi... |
y Planning The capacity of an eNodeB indicates the maximum number of users that can be served by the eNodeB with a desired quality of service or the maximum cell throughput that can be achieved for a particular site at a given time. Increasing the capacity would mean increasing the number of users that can be accommoda... |
ed to be accommodated by a single cell will be reduced, therefore, the quality of service for each UE can be achieved. More sectors for a site. This again would mean adding more cells to the planned area; however, this activity involves sectorization for specific sites that provide service to a larger number of users w... |
ived signal Rx losses ( cable (Noise + Interference) + combiner) Received data LTE Link Design with various Losses and Gains Figure 1-3. Process of gains and losses in transmission path Transmission Power Transmission power is the key to any link budget calculation. The higher the transmission power, the higher the per... |
ctor losses can amount to between 2 to 3 db, depending on the quality of the cables and connectors used. Propagation Loss Propagation loss accounts for the largest variable in the link budget calculation. The propagation loss depends on a number of factors such as carrier frequency, UE distance from the transmitter, te... |
R 1 NETWORK PLANNING Table 1-2. Cell Range Calculation for 384 Kbps Data Rate Using the Okumara-Hata Path Loss Model Allowed Propagation Loss = 146 dB in DL and 134 db in UL Carrier frequency 2300 MHz BS antenna height UE antenna height 1.5 M Parameter A value Parameter B value Parameter C value UE antenna gain functio... |
z 830 MHz - 845 MHz 875 MHz - 890 MHz 832 MHz - 862 MHz 791 MHz - 821 MHz 1447.9 MHz - 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 MHz - 1510.9 MHz 2000 MHz - 2020 MHz 2180 MHz - 2200 MHz 1626.5 MHz - 1660.5 MHz 1525 MHz - 1559 MHz 1850 MHz - 1915 MHz 1930 MHz - 1995 MHz 1900 MHz - 1920 MHz 1900 MHz - 1920 MHz 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz 2010 MHz - 202... |
or 3.0 MHz is to perform spectral refarming, wherein the operator can maximize the global system for mobile communications (GSM) spectrum by refarming to LTE. Operators can refarm using a much narrower spectrum than before and deliver GSM and wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) with less spectrum and also lo... |
d throughput for LTE TDD cell in comparison with an LTE FDD cell. In LTE TDD, it is possible for 3GPP to allow different configurations that have a different mix of UL and DL subframes. Based on the traffic volume, the TDD configuration mode can be selected (i.e., for sites where higher usage of UL data is predicted, T... |
l capacity needs to be improved in general. Because the closed loop spatial multiplexing mode of MIMO works on the feedback mechanism (Precoding Matrix Index [PMI] feedback) provided by the UE to the network, it is important that the UE is not fast moving and is either stationary or very slow moving for best results. T... |
have to be configured for a cell. Also, the antenna calibration and maintaining the timing between the antennas will be quite challenging. In practice, beamforming is useful for places where the cell geography is such that some users are in shadow areas and the only way to provide them with sufficient coverage is by b... |
as will the 4x4 MIMO support in the DL. However, in order for the planning to consider these inputs, it is important that a larger percentage of UEs in the area of deployment support these features. CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Cell Sizes: Femto VS. Micro VS. Macro Table 1-6 provides a brief estimate of the cell types, t... |
d the field results. CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Key Performance Indicator Verification The KPIs are very important aspects for any network element because they determine the need and the nature of optimization that will be required. The 3GPP has standardized the areas for KPI validation in TS 32.425 as: Accessibility o... |
etainability KPIs are RRC abnormal release rate, E-RAB abnormal release rate, E-RAB release success rate, UE context release success rate, and average E-RAB number per active user. CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING In order to test retainability KPI cases, for instance, the UE context release success rate, these consideration... |
for the user under ideal conditions. UE can be moved to the cell center, cell edge, and SO forth, and throughputs can be measured accordingly for each of these conditions. The steps can be repeated for different propagation models (pedestrian fading, vehicular speed, etc.). Availability of KPI Testing For testing avai... |
and observe the success ratio over a period of time. A3 and B1 parameters should be set to a different combination and consistency in KPI and should be observed. KPI should be monitored to be within an acceptable range. Tests can be repeated with inter-eNodeB over S1, X2, and interfrequency as well. The KPIs should be... |
ghput Single UE cell edge UL IP peak throughput Single UE cell edge DL IP average throughput Single UE cell edge UL IP average throughput (continued) CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Table 1-7. (continued) KPI Category Lab Test Target Overall cell edge DL IP peak throughput Overall cell edge UL IP peak throughput Overall cel... |
at 3 km/hour 20% of the speed for this traffic model. users are stationary (continued) CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Table 1-8. (continued) Parameter Values Comment Average number of sessions/ Based on data usage, traffic mix distribution from UE/busy hours (BH) Sandvine, and application characteristics such as web page s... |
e and urban shopping mall models where the indoor to outdoor ratio is higher; in this model we assume that the traffic is mainly outdoor. DL node B Transmitter- MIMO is assumed for this traffic model. Receiver (Tx-Rx) scheme (continued) CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Table 1-8. (continued) Parameter Values Comment Simulati... |
r urban small office simulation, the number of UEs at any given time will be moderate and the system load for this kind of a setup is assumed to be around 85%. User distribution Concentrated at cell The user distribution will be dense in the cell center and center and scattered and scattered or uneven toward the cell e... |
d of 30 minutes, we can assume 75 TAUs for this traffic model. Number of RRC Based on 1% radio link failure (RLF) probability for reestablishments medium mobility user and only connected users would experience RLF. Data generation Full buffer For simplicity, we can assume full buffer transmission for all the RABs Indoo... |
rd the last 10 minutes of the simulation period, a simulation will be triggered wherein the number of users will increase by around 30% and these users will be moving at a vehicular speed (30 0 kmph). The number of outgoing handovers will increase by around 30% during the first half of this period (5 minutes), and the ... |
UE/BH dedicated bearer. (continued) CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Table 1-10. (continued) Parameter Values Comment Average session duration (sec) 600 sec The assumption is that the average duration of a session in a residential area will be higher and the average number of sessions/user will be lower. Number of attaches/... |
g handovers 20 This can further be divided into the type of handover (S1/X2 handover). Toward the last 10 minutes of simulation, the number will be higher as many of the stationary users will be mobile and moving outward or inward. Number of data sessions/ subscriber Highway Model Simulation of a highway traffic model ... |
d bearer. Average session duration (sec) 180 sec The assumption is that the average duration of a session in highway area will be lower and the average number of sessions per user will be higher because of mobility and higher RLF. Number of attaches/minute Higher number of attaches/detaches due to the mobility of users... |
type of handover (S1/X2 handover). Number of outgoing This can further be divided into the handovers type of handover (S1/X2 handover). Number of data sessions/ subscriber CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Rural Large Cell Model Simulation of a rural large cell traffic model will require the following considerations: The cell... |
e assumption is that the average duration of a session in rural area will be lower and the average number of sessions/user will also be lower. (continued) CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Table 1-12. (continued) Parameter Values Comment Number of attaches/minute Number of detaches/minute Data bandwidth consumption 4MB/user (... |
Others including voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) Total UE simulation will be triggered using a performance simulation tool and channel conditions along with UE speed. Distribution can also be done using either the performance simulation tool or a channel emulator tool. The eNodeB will be connected to the element m... |
ng UE attaches until the success rate drops below an acceptable KPI threshold. In order to ensure that the attached UEs are not disconnected from the sector because of inactivity, maintain a steady UL/DL data rate for each of these attached UEs. Note the number of attached UEs after which the attach success rate starts... |
to bring the CPU load below the threshold. CHAPTER 1 NETWORK PLANNING Long Duration Testing Long duration tests are mainly stability tests, wherein the eNodeB/sector will be tested with calls that last for 48 to 72 hours. Some of the tests that fall under this category are: Single UE with UL/DL non-GBR data without any... |
g Network along with a detailed overview of its architecture, major aspects and features. CHAPTER 2 Self-Organizing Networks in LTE Deployment This chapter is an introduction to self-organizing networks (SON). We will start with a brief introduction to the current network, its practical limitations, and the advantages ... |
are critical factors for an efficient and well-managed network. By embracing the SON procedures and algorithms, operators will be able to use these capabilities significantly to their advantage. This chapter discusses the various SON features, how they are able to overcome the current issues, and how they benefit the ... |
element. A centralized SON solution is a preferred SON solution for optimization solutions that may impact the functioning of more than one network element. Optimization results can be stored in a configuration database and, upon completion, can be automatically distributed toward the impacted eNodeBs (network element... |
centralized SON. Figure 2-2 presents a flowchart for the distributed SON. Central SON Element Management System Optimization decisions are made at each eNodeB and parameters are tuned Itf-N Distributed SON accordingly. ENodeB N Itf-N Itf-N Cell N+2 Cell N+1 Distributed SON Distributed SON X2-link ENodeB 1 ENodeB 2 Cel... |
F Cell B Cell E Figure 2-3. Hybrid SON example A hybrid SON solution is preferred for the following LTE optimization features: Enhanced intercell interference coordination PCID collision or confusion detection The SON deployment activities can be grouped into several phases, as described in the sections that follow. CH... |
pter. Optimization Phase The optimization phase is a continuously ongoing phase wherein the eNodeB as well as the central SON entity monitor the performance of the network element for various aspects like throughput, handover success rate, CPU utilization or load, and so on and performs optimization tasks to improve th... |
elf-healing features identify if there are any network elements or components that are down due to failure in a network and apply techniques to compensate for the performance degradation. They also automatically and remotely bring up the affected component. Features like cell outage compensation and load balancing fall... |
network element configurations. Steps for implementing an automated eNodeB bring up will involve: An automated self-test and self-discovery. This will involve eNodeB identifying the backhaul and management links that are connected to it. Also, the base band unit and the remote radio head unit will need to be able to d... |
Individual cell's radio parameters, such as antenna tilt, power, and so forth PCIDs for each cell Any preconfigurations pertaining to interference cancellations (like frequency restrictions) Root sequence index CHAPTER 2 SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS IN LTE DEPLOYMENT Handover-related settings (frequency offset, cell indivi... |
e., the PCID values of neighbors of direct neighbor cells must again not use the same PCID values) Avoidance of PCID group associations with PCID groups in use nearby Avoidance of PCID group affinity, preferring assigning three values that form a PCID group Avoidance of PCID sector uniqueness, preferring assigning thre... |
can be detected by the cells involved in PCID collision regardless of them being neighbors (i.e., both ends of a one-way relationship can detect it). CHAPTER 2 SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS IN LTE DEPLOYMENT If two eNodeBs exchange PCIDs and the neighbor lists data via the X2 link, then both cells are in a position to detec... |
, if the UE measurement reports to the eNodeB 2 with PCI 3 as the only strongest cell, there is a good possibility that the handover will be initiated by eNodeB 2 toward the PCI 3, which is under eNodeB3. However, if the UE reports multiple strong cells in its reports (i.e., PCI 3 and PCI 2) the service cell can detect... |
he network to maintain flexibility within the network. Broadly, the neighbor relation management can be classified into two main steps: commissioned neighbor cell configurations and automatic neighbor relation updates. Commissioned Neighbor Cell Configurations This step deals with offline planning of the cells and its ... |
with the target base station, the target base station can still send its own cell configuration to the initiation base station. The received information can then be compared with the existing ones and updated in cases of identified modifications. Automatic Neighbor Relation Updates This aspect is mainly 3GPP driven and... |
ymbol Physical Cell id E-UTRAN Cell Global ID E-CGI of the cell is transmitted as a part of SystemInformationBlock Type 1 Figure 2-6. Physical cell ID and E-UTRAN cell global ID During a UE attach, the eNodeB sends across the measurement configurations to the UE. When the UE moves away from the serving cell, it starts ... |
GURATION TRANSFER with eNode81 TNL configuration information Figure 2-8. IP address resolution procedure CHAPTER 2 SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS IN LTE DEPLOYMENT X2 Connection Setup with Neighbor Cell Configuration Updates When the transport network layer configuration is received, the source eNodeB can then initiate an X2... |
relation exists only to the cell with PCID 6 When a new neighbor site relation is established, the configuration information of all parented cells is stored in the neighbor cell list. But only the identified and respectively measured neighbor cell is listed as a relation in the neighbor relation table (NRT) between on... |
n the two cells or eNodeBs and there is no existing X2AP link between the two. Considering that the X2AP links that can be maintained by an eNodeB are often limited, there needs to be some mechanism for the eNodeB to decide on maintaining an X2 link with one eNodeB over another. One way to achieve this is for the eNode... |
lt in reduced spectral efficiency and cell throughput. ICIC works on the principle wherein the frequency resource is divided into multiple frequency blocks (three blocks or seven blocks). Each cell will have a set of predefined physical resource blocks (PRBs) that are marked as cell center PRBs and another set of PRBs ... |
not always predictable. Reconfigurations are typically triggered as part of dynamic ICIC to bring a balance between the cell edge user throughput experience VS. spectral efficiency. As part of dynamic ICIC, there are resource negotiations between the two eNodeBs via the X2 link as well. Though it is not as simple to i... |
ll edge UE. Further, the bandwidth allocation for cell edge users can be either static or dynamic. In static resource allocation, the frequency band for the cell edge users and cell center users are statically configured. In dynamic resource allocation, for each subframe, the target allocation bandwidth is determined b... |
uplink opportunities for data transmissions, as well as RANDOM ACCESS procedures. During busy hours, when there are many users already connected to the cell and many more trying to connect to the cell by means of RANDOM ACCESS procedures, it becomes very important for the operator to be able to select the right base st... |
me, each entry in the ADP An a in the list represents list defines the maximum time delay before an UE probability in percentages and a b can access the random access channel with a specific represents the delay in ms. success percentage. If ADPx's a is larger than that of This target is suitable for RACH Optimization ... |
rmation about the network the UE can use to attempt random access: Preamble format of the PRACH used Number of PRACH opportunities CHAPTER 2 SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS IN LTE DEPLOYMENT System frames during which the PRACH opportunities are configured Subframes where the PRACH opportunities are configured by the network ... |
these cells that are not optimally configured to continuously improve the mobility parameters by fine tuning them until a desired result is obtained, hence improving the overall mobility performance. Detection of poor mobility performance is based on the long-term evaluation of certain mobility counters and KPIs. The o... |
ed or uninitiated Connection re-establishment Radio link failure detection RRCtoX2RLFMessage X2 AP: RLF Indicator X2APtoMRORLFMessage Too Late handover detection Figure 2-14. How a late handover is handled as part of the MRO solution CHAPTER 2 SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS IN LTE DEPLOYMENT Early Handovers Early handovers o... |
FMessage Too early handover detection Figure 2-15. Too early handover case is handled as a part of the MRO solution CHAPTER 2 SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS IN LTE DEPLOYMENT Handover to Wrong Cell Handovers often result in a radio link failure for a UE immediately after being handed over to a target cell, followed by the UE... |
ncing strategy helps the multitechnology operator to optimize the use of their investments. Also, having a clear criteria for serving different types of traffic in certain network layer helps to ensure the capacity and service performance for mobile network subscribers. For these tasks, a centralized approach over the ... |
e complete network as an entity. The main aim of self-healing is to detect a failure or outage and perform repair actions to recover the system from that outage or failure. Let's look at an example case of cell outage detection with compensation to further explain the SON self-healing mechanism. Cell Outage Detection C... |
ritively lesser. Current load condition of the candidate cell. As a result of cell outage compensation, it very likely that after the compensation procedure is performed, the candidate cells will have a larger coverage area with an increase in the number of users that are served by it. Also the incoming handover ratio ... |
r central SON CHAPTER 2 SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORKS IN LTE DEPLOYMENT Benefit of Cell Outage Compensation There are three advantages to cell outage compensation procedures: Minimizes the damage and downtime until the faulty cell is repaired. Repair activity can be postponed or planned, as the impact will not be that high ... |
hallenge. Applications and services that are used when designing a solution may become outdated by the time of deployment. Marginal services might gain some time in the lime light due to changes that cannot be foreseen, like the sudden popularity of some particular applications in the market or when new user equipment ... |
time is even more difficult as environmental conditions vary during the day and the traffic patterns experienced by the eNodeB can also vary by the time of the day. CHAPTER 3 DEPLOYMENT CHALLENGES IN EVOLVING 4G Note Interference issues and manual tuning for coverage and capacity are discussed in more detail in Chapte... |
the same phone is not supported by the LTE services offered by the operators in their home countries or countries of travel. If standardization efforts are not able to narrow down and harmonize the frequencies to be supported across geographies, the onus then tends to fall on the UE manufacturers to support multiple b... |
TE (VoLTE) also comes with its own stringent requirements for minimal latency of voice packets, which may imply that even within services offered to the same user, voice may need to be given higher priority than pending data packets for the user. Normally, such complex conditions are met by implementation of scheduling... |
roperability still remains a dream. Not only does in take too much effort and testing to ensure interoperability, but in some cases, it also implies that existing solutions provided by vendors need to be contractually maintainable and have support for further improvements or corrections for interoperability, which may ... |
equirement of eNodeBs themselves being connected to one another, along with the need to be connected to the core network elements, thus leading to a mesh structure. Hence, operators need to be very clear as to how they will achieve the required capacity in backhaul and yet be able to support such complex requirements f... |
to validate the new feature. In the absence of a real NE, development features get validated against simulated NEs, with simulated interfaces and multiple assumptions about the feature and technology (where the specifications are not precise or leave room for interpretation). Hence, there are bound to be integration i... |
tly creates such dependency risks, and all stakeholders need to work closely to be able to minimize big changes in plans as much as possible and keep surprises to a minimum. Of course, safe project planning in terms of planning additional time as a buffer could help mitigate the issues to a certain extent. Standardizat... |
atents and make sure both are able to share advantages in a respectable manner. And third, patents are also used as a corporation weapon to destabilize competition by citing patent violations and ensuring that the competitor is unable to sells its product. This latter reason has been seen being actively played out in t... |
ing. Also, vendors may have to find alternate ways to implement a feature or solution to a problem to avoid patent infringement, and the associated costs could end up delaying the release of a particular model or solution too. MICROSOFT AND THE ANDROID PATENT MONEY TRAIN To understand the cost of patents and the effect... |
article/2180926/software/microsoft-inks-licensing-deals-with-two-more-android-makers.ht In recent times, with the popularity of Android systems, many more Android device makers, including Amazon, have joined the list of companies who have entered into agreements with Microsoft. So, Microsoft's strategy to diversify its... |
core and access networks with the newer NEs. Of course, some vendors are innovatively addressing such concerns by introducing newer 3G network elements that are LTE ready in the sense that they reduce the network deployment costs to just upgrades-for-LTE kind of solutions. Yet, predominantly, operators are required to... |
g enough money to tide over the investments made and hence start seeing profits. Businesses cannot expect to see any real profits until the ROI period is accomplished. The key challenge with LTE network rollouts for the operator will be generating enough revenue from the services to the users to be able to have a high ... |
t produces some stunning innovations, this could potentially challenge and turn the plans made by the operator upside down. For example, not many could have anticipated that the Android operating system would revolutionize the market for UEs in the way it has. Also, it brought a paradigm shift where users are ready to ... |
ew base stations are deployed for the LTE network. No immediate plans are made for upgrading 2G or 3G network base stations. There are reduced upgrade times and investment requirements. CHAPTER 3 DEPLOYMENT CHALLENGES IN EVOLVING 4G There is a need for separate systems to monitor existing 2G or 3G networks and new LTE ... |
bile went about their LTE deployments. NTT Docomo adopted the LTE network overlay strategy for its LTE services deployment in the 2.1 Ghz spectrum. KDDI also adopted the LTE network overlay strategy for its LTE services in the 800Mhz spectrum band. KDDI is also planning to deploy in 1.5Ghz spectrum for services coverin... |
services, totally skipping 3G. MetroPCS also worked on upgrading existing CDMA subscribers to a less costly enhanced voice data optimized Rev-A network to enable faster speeds without needing a costly LTE handset upgrade for the same. In the meantime, T-Mobile USA was upgrading its 3G infrastructure to offer 1Mbp spee... |
This section initially takes a look at some trends that can help us understand this dynamic nature, before we try to analyze the future trends to take into account. Recent Trends in Telecom Customer Profiles Evolution Usage of Dongles VS. Smartphones Originally, subscribers who looked for connectivity to continue to h... |
hones-vs-dongles.html): The average data consumed by dongles grew only by 10% year over year, whereas data consumed by smartphones saw a 100% increase. The ratio of dongles to smartphones changed from roughly 80:20 to 65:35 by the end of the year. Vodacom had a total of 1.1 million dongles and 4.1 million active smartp... |
by over 13%. It was observed that traditional text messaging too declined by the same percentage (Figure 3-2). Average voice minutes per subscription per month Figure 3-2. Average voice minutes It has to be noted that this study is based on iPhone usage patterns alone. Also, the trend of similar data usage is being ob... |
ccess to the Internet. Mobile broadband services and access of the same through smartphones continue to be critical profitability factors for operators. The proportion of Internet users across the world gives us a good idea about where the penetration is already at a high level. Markets that have high Internet penetrat... |
he top 20 countries that use the Internet contribute to 70% of the total users, and further Internet penetration among the population gives us an indication of the maturity of the market in that country and the potential for differentiated services(http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm).From the same data, it is ... |
VING 4G More interestingly, the growth rates of early desktop Internet access in the 1990s (as measured with AOL and Netscape adoption) in comparison with mobile usage growth in the 2000s (as measured primarily by following Apple devices: iPhone/iTouch) leads to the following observations. Adoption of Apple devices is ... |
broadband is growing at double the rate in developing countries as compared to developed countries. Mobile broadband penetration rate is expected to reach a global value of 32% by the end of 2014, with developing countries still only being 21% covered VS. 84% in developed countries. The penetration rate is almost doub... |
In the following sections, we list the major trends as forecasted from the following listed reports: Vision 2020 whitepaper final from NSN (http://networks.nokia.com/file/26156/ echnology-vision-2020-white-paper) Traffic and Market report June 2012 from Ericsson (http://www.ericsson.com/res/ docs/2012/traffic_and_marke... |
er technology-related news sites. Clearly, mobile Internet is generating enough revenue currently and has impacted many businesses already by enabling online customers through mobile devices. Other key technologies have enough potential and impact for the 4G operator to consider, such as mobile Internet, Cloud technolo... |
systems management with data collected in real time Autonomous optimization of systems with complex closed-loop decision making Health applications where people can get a quantified assessment of their overall health, well- being, and monitoring Additional areas that are still being explored for more impact in applicat... |
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