mradermacher/Mixtral_AI_DeepMedicalMind-GGUF
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What is (are) Hepatitis B: What Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Need to Know ? | Hepatitis B is a liver disease spread through contact with blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the hepatitis B virus. The disease is most commonly spread from an infected mother to her infant at birth. Hepatitis B is also spread through sex, wound-to-wound contact, and contact with items that... |
What is (are) Hepatitis B: What Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Need to Know ? | Hepatitis B may start as a brief, flu-like illness. Most healthy adults and children older than 5 completely recover after the bodys immune system gets rid of the virus.
Hepatitis B becomes chronic when the bodys immune system cant get rid of the virus. Over time, having the virus can lead to inflammat... |
Who is at risk for Hepatitis B: What Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Need to Know? ? | Since 1986, a hepatitis B vaccine has been available and should be given to newborns and children in the United States. The vaccine, however, is unavailableor has only recently become availablein many parts of the world. You are at higher risk for hepatitis B if you or your mother was born in a region of the world wher... |
What are the symptoms of Hepatitis B: What Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Need to Know ? | Hepatitis B is called a silent killer because many people have no symptoms, so the disease often progresses unnoticed for years. Unfortunately, many people first learn they have chronic hepatitis B when they develop symptoms of severe liver damage, which include
- yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundi... |
Who is at risk for Hepatitis B: What Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Need to Know? ? | Anyone can get hepatitis B, but some people are at higher risk, including
- people who were born to a mother with hepatitis B - people who have close household contact with someone infected with the hepatitis B virus - people who have lived in parts of the world where hepatitis B is common, including... |
What is (are) What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | Cirrhosis* is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue forms because of injury or long-term disease. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and blocks the normal flow of blood through the liver.
A healthy liver
- makes proteins - helps fight infections - cleans the blood - helps digest... |
What causes What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | Causes of cirrhosis include
- heavy alcohol use - some drugs, medicines, and harmful chemicals - infections - chronic hepatitis B, C, or Dviral infections that attack the liver - autoimmune hepatitis, which causes the bodys immune system to destroy liver cells - nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, w... |
What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | You may have no symptoms in the early stages of cirrhosis. As cirrhosis gets worse you may
- feel tired or weak - lose your appetite - feel sick to your stomach - lose weight - notice red, spider-shaped blood vessels under your skin
Cirrhosis can lead to other serious problems:
... |
How to diagnose What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | Your doctor will examine you and may perform
- blood tests to see whether your liver is working properly - imaging tests, which may show the size of your liver and show swelling or shrinkage - a liver biopsy, in which a doctor uses a needle to take a small piece of liver tissue to view with a micro... |
What are the treatments for What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | Once you have cirrhosis, nothing can make all the scar tissue go away. But treating the cause will keep cirrhosis from getting worse. For example, if cirrhosis is from heavy alcohol use, the treatment is to completely stop drinking alcohol. If cirrhosis is caused by hepatitis C, then the hepatitis C virus is treated wi... |
What are the treatments for What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | If too much scar tissue forms, your liver could fail. Then you will need a liver transplant. A liver transplant can return you to good health. For information about liver transplantation, see the booklet What I need to know about Liver Transplantation from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Dis... |
How to prevent What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | To prevent cirrhosis,
- see your doctor for treatment of your liver disease. Many of the causes of cirrhosis are treatable. Early treatment may prevent cirrhosis. - try to keep your weight in the normal range. Being overweight can make several liver diseases worse. - do not drink any alcohol. Alcoh... |
What to do for What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? | - Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. - Some common causes of cirrhosis include heavy alcohol use, hepatitis infections, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. - In the early stages of cirrhosis, you may have no symptoms. As the disease gets worse, cirrhosis can cause serious... |
What is (are) What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | Hirschsprung* disease (HD) is a disease of the large intestine that causes severe constipation or intestinal obstruction. Constipation means stool moves through the intestines slower than usual. Bowel movements occur less often than normal and stools are difficult to pass. Some children with HD cant pass stool at all, ... |
What is (are) What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | The large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum, is the last part of the digestive tract. The large intestines main job is to absorb water and hold stool. The rectum connects the colon to the anus. Stool passes out of the body through the anus. At birth, the large intestine is about 2 feet long. An adults larg... |
What causes What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | People with HD have constipation because they lack nerve cells in a part or all of the large intestine. The nerve cells signal muscles in the large intestine to push stool toward the anus. Without a signal to push stool along, stool will remain in the large intestine.
How severe HD is depends on how mu... |
What causes What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | Before birth, a childs nerve cells normally grow along the intestines in the direction of the anus. With HD, the nerve cells stop growing too soon. Why the nerve cells stop growing is unclear. Some HD is inherited, meaning it is passed from parent to child through genes. HD is not caused by anything a mother did while ... |
What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | The main symptoms of HD are constipation or intestinal obstruction, usually appearing shortly after birth. Constipation in infants and children is common and usually comes and goes, but if your child has had ongoing constipation since birth, HD may be the problem.
Symptoms in Newborns
... |
How to diagnose What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | HD is diagnosed based on symptoms and test results.
A doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your childs bowel movements. HD is much less likely if parents can identify a time when their childs bowel habits were normal.
If HD is suspected, the doctor will do one or... |
What are the treatments for What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | Pull-through Procedure
HD is treated with surgery called a pull-through procedure. A surgeon removes the segment of the large intestine lacking nerve cells and connects the healthy segment to the anus. The pull-through procedure is usually done soon after diagnosis.
Ostomy surgery
... |
What to do for What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? | - Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a disease of the large intestine that causes severe constipation or intestinal obstruction. People with HD are born with it. - The large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum, is the last part of the digestive tract. - The cause of HD is unclear. HD is not caused by anything a ... |
What is (are) Mntriers Disease ? | Mntriers disease causes the ridges along the inside of the stomach wallcalled rugaeto enlarge, forming giant folds in the stomach lining. The rugae enlarge because of an overgrowth of mucous cells in the stomach wall.
In a normal stomach, mucous cells in the rugae release protein-containing mucus. The ... |
What causes Mntriers Disease ? | Scientists are unsure about what causes Mntriers disease; however, researchers think that most people acquire, rather than inherit, the disease. In extremely rare cases, siblings have developed Mntriers disease as children, suggesting a genetic link.
Studies suggest that people with Mntriers disease ha... |
Who is at risk for Mntriers Disease? ? | Mntriers disease is rare. The disease is more common in men than in women. The average age at diagnosis is 55.2 |
What are the symptoms of Mntriers Disease ? | The most common symptom of Mntriers disease is pain in the upper middle part of the abdomen. The abdomen is the area between the chest and hips.
Other signs and symptoms of Mntriers disease may include
- nausea and frequent vomiting - diarrhea - loss of appetite - extreme weight los... |
How to diagnose Mntriers Disease ? | Health care providers base the diagnosis of Mntriers disease on a combination of symptoms, lab findings, findings on upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, and stomach biopsy results. A health care provider will begin the diagnosis of Mntriers disease by taking a patients medical and family history and performing a phy... |
What are the treatments for Mntriers Disease ? | Treatment may include medications, IV protein, blood transfusions, and surgery.
Medications
Health care providers may prescribe the anticancer medication cetuximab (Erbitux) to treat Mntriers disease. Studies have shown that cetuximab blocks the activity of epidermal growth factor rece... |
What to do for Mntriers Disease ? | Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing Mntriers disease. In some cases, a health care provider may prescribe a high-protein diet to offset the loss of protein due to Mntriers disease. Some people with severe malnutrition may require IV nutrition, which is called... |
What to do for Mntriers Disease ? | - Mntriers disease causes the ridges along the inside of the stomach wallcalled rugaeto enlarge, forming giant folds in the stomach lining. The rugae enlarge because of an overgrowth of mucous cells in the stomach wall. - Scientists are unsure about what causes Mntriers disease; however, researchers think that most pe... |
What is (are) Goodpasture Syndrome ? | Goodpasture syndrome is a pulmonary-renal syndrome, which is a group of acute illnesses involving the kidneys and lungs. Goodpasture syndrome includes all of the following conditions:
- glomerulonephritisinflammation of the glomeruli, which are tiny clusters of looping blood vessels in the kidneys that... |
What causes Goodpasture Syndrome ? | The causes of Goodpasture syndrome are not fully understood. People who smoke or use hair dyes appear to be at increased risk for this condition. Exposure to hydrocarbon fumes, metallic dust, and certain drugs, such as cocaine, may also raise a persons risk. Genetics may also play a part, as a small number of cases hav... |
What are the symptoms of Goodpasture Syndrome ? | The symptoms of Goodpasture syndrome may initially include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and weakness. The lungs are usually affected before or at the same time as the kidneys, and symptoms can include shortness of breath and coughing, sometimes with blood. The progression from initial symptoms to the lungs being affected... |
How to diagnose Goodpasture Syndrome ? | A health care provider may order the following tests to diagnose Goodpasture syndrome:
- Urinalysis. Urinalysis is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a... |
What are the treatments for Goodpasture Syndrome ? | Goodpasture syndrome is usually treated with
- immunosuppressive medications, such as cyclophosphamide, to keep the immune system from making antibodies - corticosteroid medications to suppress the bodys autoimmune response - plasmapheresisa procedure that uses a machine to remove blood from the body... |
What to do for Goodpasture Syndrome ? | Eating, diet, and nutrition have not been shown to play a role in causing or preventing Goodpasture syndrome. |
What to do for Goodpasture Syndrome ? | - Goodpasture syndrome is a pulmonary-renal syndrome, which is a group of acute illnesses involving the kidneys and lungs. Goodpasture syndrome includes all of the following conditions: - glomerulonephritis - the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies - bleeding in the lungs - Good... |
What is (are) What I need to know about Preparing for Pregnancy if I Have Diabetes ? | If you have diabetes,* the best time to control your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is before you get pregnant. High blood glucose levels can be harmful to your baby during the first weeks of pregnancyeven before you know you are pregnant. Blood glucose targets are different for women who are trying to get pre... |
What to do for What I need to know about Preparing for Pregnancy if I Have Diabetes ? | - If you have diabetes, the best time to control your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is before you get pregnant. High blood glucose levels can be harmful to your baby during the first weeks of pregnancyeven before you know you are pregnant. - Keeping your blood glucose as close to normal as possible before an... |
What is (are) Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | Diabetes is a disorder of metabolismthe way our bodies use digested food for energy. Most of the food we eat is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood. Glucose is the body's main source of fuel.
After digestion, glucose enters the bloodstream. Then glucose goes to cells throughout the... |
What is (are) Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes is also called impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years. In addition, they are at risk for hear... |
What is (are) Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | If you have diabetes, you are at least twice as likely as someone who does not have diabetes to have heart disease or a stroke. People with diabetes also tend to develop heart disease or have strokes at an earlier age than other people. If you are middle-aged and have type 2 diabetes, some studies suggest that your cha... |
What is (are) Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | If you have diabetes, you are at least twice as likely as someone who does not have diabetes to have heart disease or a stroke. People with diabetes also tend to develop heart disease or have strokes at an earlier age than other people. If you are middle-aged and have type 2 diabetes, some studies suggest that your cha... |
Who is at risk for Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke? ? | Diabetes itself is a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Also, many people with diabetes have other conditions that increase their chance of developing heart disease and stroke. These conditions are called risk factors. One risk factor for heart disease and stroke is having a family history of heart disease. If o... |
What is (are) Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | Metabolic syndrome is a grouping of traits and medical conditions that puts people at risk for both heart disease and type 2 diabetes. It is defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program as having any three of the following five traits and medical conditions:
Traits and Medical Conditions De... |
How to prevent Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | Even if you are at high risk for heart disease and stroke, you can help keep your heart and blood vessels healthy. You can do so by taking the following steps:
- Make sure that your diet is "heart-healthy." Meet with a registered dietitian to plan a diet that meets these goals: - Include at least ... |
What are the treatments for Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | You can keep track of the ABCs of diabetes to make sure your treatment is working. Talk with your health care provider about the best targets for you.
A stands for A1C (a test that measures blood glucose control). Have an A1C test at least twice a year. It shows your average blood glucose level over th... |
What is (are) Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | Two major types of heart and blood vessel disease, also called cardiovascular disease, are common in people with diabetes: coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebral vascular disease. People with diabetes are also at risk for heart failure. Narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels in the legs, a condition called peri... |
What are the treatments for Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | Treatment for heart disease includes meal planning to ensure a heart-healthy diet and physical activity. In addition, you may need medications to treat heart damage or to lower your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol. If you are not already taking a low dose of aspirin every day, your doctor may suggest it.... |
What are the treatments for Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | At the first sign of a stroke, you should get medical care right away. If blood vessels to your brain are blocked by blood clots, the doctor can give you a "clot-busting" drug. The drug must be given soon after a stroke to be effective. Subsequent treatment for stroke includes medications and physical therapy, as well ... |
What to do for Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | - If you have diabetes, you are at least twice as likely as other people to have heart disease or a stroke. - Controlling the ABCs of diabetesA1C (blood glucose), blood pressure, and cholesterol-can cut your risk of heart disease and stroke. - Choosing foods wisely, quitting smoking, and taking medications (if needed... |
What to do for Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke ? | - If you have diabetes, you are at least twice as likely as other people to have heart disease or a stroke. - Controlling the ABCs of diabetesA1C (blood glucose), blood pressure, and cholesterol-can cut your risk of heart disease and stroke. - Choosing foods wisely, quitting smoking, and taking medications (if needed... |
What is (are) Hypothyroidism ? | Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet the bodys needs. Thyroid hormone regulates metabolismthe way the body uses energyand affects nearly every organ in the body. Without enough thyroid hormone, many of the bodys functions slow down. About 4.6 perce... |
What is (are) Hypothyroidism ? | The thyroid is a 2-inch-long, butterfly-shaped gland weighing less than 1 ounce. Located in the front of the neck below the larynx, or voice box, it has two lobes, one on each side of the windpipe. The thyroid is one of the glands that make up the endocrine system. The glands of the endocrine system produce and store h... |
What causes Hypothyroidism ? | Hypothyroidism has several causes, including
- Hashimotos disease - thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid - congenital hypothyroidism, or hypothyroidism that is present at birth - surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid - radiation treatment of the thyroid - some medications
... |
What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism ? | Hypothyroidism has many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism are
- fatigue - weight gain - a puffy face - cold intolerance - joint and muscle pain - constipation - dry skin - dry, thinning hair - decreased sweating - heavy or irregular menstrual ... |
How to diagnose Hypothyroidism ? | Many symptoms of hypothyroidism are the same as those of other diseases, so hypothyroidism usually cannot be diagnosed based on symptoms alone. With suspected hypothyroidism, health care providers take a medical history and perform a thorough physical examination. Health care providers may then use several blood tests ... |
What are the treatments for Hypothyroidism ? | Health care providers treat hypothyroidism with synthetic thyroxine, a medication that is identical to the hormone T4. The exact dose will depend on the patients age and weight, the severity of the hypothyroidism, the presence of other health problems, and whether the person is taking other drugs that might interfere w... |
What to do for Hypothyroidism ? | Experts recommend that people eat a balanced diet to obtain most nutrients. More information about diet and nutrition can be found on the National Agricultural Library website at www.nutrition.gov.
Dietary Supplements
Iodine is an essential mineral for the thyroid. However, people with... |
What to do for Hypothyroidism ? | - Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet the bodys needs. Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism. Without enough thyroid hormone, many of the bodys functions slow down. - Hypothyroidism has several causes, including - Hashimotos disease - thyr... |
What is (are) Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | Adrenal insufficiency is an endocrine, or hormonal, disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys.
Adrenal insufficiency can be primary or secondary. Addisons disease, the common term for primary adrenal ins... |
What are the symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | Adrenal Insufficiency
The most common symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are
- chronic, or long lasting, fatigue - muscle weakness - loss of appetite - weight loss - abdominal pain
Other symptoms of adrenal insufficiency can include
- nausea -... |
What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | People with adrenal insufficiency who have weakness, nausea, or vomiting need immediate emergency treatment to prevent an adrenal crisis and possible death. An injection with a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone called a corticosteroid can save a persons life. People should make sure to have a corticosteroid injection wi... |
What causes Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | Autoimmune disorders cause most cases of Addisons disease. Infections and medications may also cause the disease.
Autoimmune Disorders
Up to 80 percent of Addisons disease cases are caused by an autoimmune disorder, which is when the bodys immune system attacks the bodys own cells and ... |
What causes Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | A lack of CRH or ACTH causes secondary adrenal insufficiency. The lack of these hormones in the body can be traced to several possible sources.
Stoppage of Corticosteroid Medication
A temporary form of secondary adrenal insufficiency may occur when a person who has been taking a synthe... |
How to diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | In its early stages, adrenal insufficiency can be difficult to diagnose. A health care provider may suspect it after reviewing a persons medical history and symptoms.
A diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is confirmed through hormonal blood and urine tests. A health care provider uses these tests first ... |
How to diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | After Addisons disease is diagnosed, health care providers may use the following tests to look at the adrenal glands, find out whether the disease is related to TB, or identify antibodies associated with autoimmune Addisons disease.
- Ultrasound of the abdomen. Ultrasound uses a device, called a transd... |
What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | Adrenal insufficiency is treated by replacing, or substituting, the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. The dose of each medication is adjusted to meet the needs of the patient.
Cortisol is replaced with a corticosteroid, such as hydrocortisone, prednisone, or dexamethasone, taken orally o... |
What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | Adrenal crisis is treated with adrenal hormones. People with adrenal crisis need immediate treatment. Any delay can cause death. When people with adrenal crisis are vomiting or unconscious and cannot take their medication, the hormones can be given as an injection.
A person with adrenal insufficiency s... |
How to prevent Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | The following steps can help a person prevent adrenal crisis:
- Ask a health care provider about possibly having a shortage of adrenal hormones, if always feeling tired, weak, or losing weight. - Learn how to increase the dose of corticosteroid for adrenal insufficiency when ill. Ask a health care pr... |
What to do for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | Some people with Addisons disease who are aldosterone deficient can benefit from following a diet rich in sodium. A health care provider or a dietitian can give specific recommendations on appropriate sodium sources and daily sodium guidelines if necessary.
Corticosteroid treatment is linked to an incr... |
What to do for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? | - Adrenal insufficiency is an endocrine, or hormonal, disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones. - Addisons disease, the common term for primary adrenal insufficiency, occurs when the adrenal glands are damaged and cannot produce enough of the adrenal hormone cortisol. The... |
What is (are) Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra fluid. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, th... |
What causes Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Many types of defects in the urinary tract can cause urine blockage:
- Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Most children with VUR are born with a ureter that did not grow long enough during development in the womb. The valve formed by the ureter pressing against the bladder wall does not close properly, so ur... |
What are the symptoms of Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Before leaving the hospital, a baby with urine blockage may urinate only small amounts or may not urinate at all. As part of the routine newborn exam, the health care provider may feel an enlarged kidney or find a closed urethra, which may indicate urine blockage. Sometimes urine blockage is not apparent until a child ... |
What are the complications of Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | When a defect in the urinary tract blocks the flow of urine, the urine backs up and causes the ureters to swell, called hydroureter, and hydronephrosis.
Hydronephrosis is the most common problem found during prenatal ultrasound of a baby in the womb. The swelling may be easy to see or barely detectable... |
How to diagnose Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Defects of the urinary tract may be diagnosed before or after the baby is born.
Diagnosis before Birth
Tests during pregnancy can help determine if the baby is developing normally in the womb.
- Ultrasound. Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces sa... |
What are the treatments for Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Treatment for urine blockage depends on the cause and severity of the blockage. Hydronephrosis discovered before the baby is born rarely requires immediate action, especially if it is only on one side. The condition often goes away without any treatment before or after birth. The health care provider should keep track ... |
What to do for Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | Researchers have not found that a mothers eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing urine blockage in newborns. |
What to do for Urine Blockage in Newborns ? | - Many types of defects in the urinary tract can cause urine blockage: - vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) - ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction - bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), such as posterior urethral valves (PUV) - ureterocele - Some babies are born with genetic conditions that affect several dif... |
What is (are) Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts to grow in the kidneys. A kidney cyst is an abnormal sac filled with fluid. PKD cysts can greatly enlarge the kidneys while replacing much of their normal structure, resulting in chronic kidney disease (CKD), which causes reduced kidney function... |
What causes Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | A gene mutation, or defect, causes polycystic kidney disease. Genes provide instructions for making proteins in the body. A gene mutation is a permanent change in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence that makes up a gene. In most cases of PKD, a person inherits the gene mutation, meaning a parent passes it on in hi... |
How many people are affected by Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | Estimates of PKDs prevalence range from one in 400 to one in 1,000 people.1 According to the United States Renal Data System, PKD accounts for 2.2 percent of new cases of kidney failure each year in the United States. Annually, eight people per 1 million have kidney failure as a result of PKD.2
Polycys... |
What is (are) Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | Autosomal dominant PKD is the most common form of PKD and the most common inherited disorder of the kidneys.3 The term autosomal dominant means a child can get the disorder by inheriting the gene mutation from only one parent. Each child of a parent with an autosomal dominant mutation has a 50 percent chance of inherit... |
What are the symptoms of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | In many cases, PKD does not cause signs or symptoms until cysts are half an inch or larger. When present, the most common symptoms are pain in the back and sidesbetween the ribs and hipsand headaches. The pain can be temporary or persistent, mild or severe. Hematuriablood in the urinemay also be a sign of autosomal dom... |
What are the complications of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | The complications of autosomal dominant PKD include the following:
- Pain. Cyst infection, other types of urinary tract infections (UTIs), bleeding into cysts, kidney stones, or stretching of the fibrous tissue around the kidney because of cyst growth can cause pain in the area of the kidneys. - High ... |
What is (are) Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | Autosomal recessive PKD is a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver as well as the kidneys. The signs of autosomal recessive PKD frequently appear in the earliest months of life, even in the womb, so health care providers often call it infantile PKD. In an autosomal recessive disorder, the child has to inherit th... |
What are the symptoms of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | An early sign of autosomal recessive PKD is an enlarged kidney, seen in a fetus or an infant using ultrasound. Kidney function is crucial for early physical development, so children with autosomal recessive PKD and decreased kidney function are usually smaller-than-average size, a condition called growth failure.
... |
What are the complications of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | Babies with the most severe cases of autosomal recessive PKD often die hours or days after birth because they cannot breathe well enough to sustain life. Their lungs do not develop as they should during the prenatal period. Pressure from enlarged kidneys also contributes to breathing problems.
Children... |
How to prevent Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | Scientists have not yet found a way to prevent PKD. However, people with PKD may slow the progression of kidney damage caused by high blood pressure through lifestyle changes, diet, and blood pressure medications. People with PKD should be physically active 30 minutes a day most days of the week. See Eating, Diet, and ... |
What to do for Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | A dietitian specializes in helping people who have kidney disease choose the right foods and plan healthy meals. People with any kind of kidney disease, including PKD, should talk with a dietitian about foods that should be added to their diet and foods that might be harmful.
PKD may require diet chang... |
What to do for Polycystic Kidney Disease ? | - Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts to grow in the kidneys. - A gene mutation, or defect, causes polycystic kidney disease. - Autosomal dominant PKD is the most common form of PKD and the most common inherited disorder of the kidneys. - Health care providers identify mo... |
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your kidneys healthy ? | Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below your rib cage, one on each side of your spine. Every day, your two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine. Urine flows from your kidneys to your bladder through tubes call... |
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your kidneys healthy ? | Blood pressure is the force of blood flow inside your blood vessels. Blood pressure is written with two numbers separated by a slash. For example, a blood pressure result of 130/80 is said as 130 over 80. The first number is the pressure in your blood vessels as your heart beats and pushes blood through your blood vess... |
What are the symptoms of Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your kidneys healthy ? | In the early stages, diabetic kidney disease does not have any symptoms. Kidney disease happens so slowly that you may not feel sick at all for many years. You may not feel sick even when your kidneys do only half the job of healthy kidneys. Only your doctor can tell if you have kidney disease by checking the protein, ... |
What to do for Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your kidneys healthy ? | Your dietitian or doctor may suggest a special eating plan for you. You may have to avoid a diet high in protein, fat, sodium, and potassium.
- Cut back on protein, especially animal products such as meat. Damaged kidneys may fail to remove protein waste products from your blood. Diets high in protein ... |
What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your kidneys healthy ? | Kidney failure, also called end-stage kidney disease or ESRD, means your kidneys no longer work well enough to do their job. You will need treatment to replace the work your kidneys have stopped doing. |
What causes Nerve Disease and Bladder Control ? | Nerves that work poorly can lead to three different kinds of bladder control problems.
Overactive bladder. Damaged nerves may send signals to the bladder at the wrong time, causing its muscles to squeeze without warning. The symptoms of overactive bladder include
- urinary frequencydef... |
What causes Nerve Disease and Bladder Control ? | Many events or conditions can damage nerves and nerve pathways. Some of the most common causes are
- vaginal childbirth - infections of the brain or spinal cord - diabetes - stroke - accidents that injure the brain or spinal cord - multiple sclerosis - heavy metal poisoning
In ad... |
What are the treatments for Nerve Disease and Bladder Control ? | The treatment for a bladder control problem depends on the cause of the nerve damage and the type of voiding dysfunction that results.
In the case of overactive bladder, your doctor may suggest a number of strategies, including bladder training, electrical stimulation, drug therapy, and, in severe case... |
What are the treatments for Nerve Disease and Bladder Control ? | The job of the sphincter muscles is to hold urine in the bladder by squeezing the urethra shut. If the urethral sphincter fails to stay closed, urine may leak out of the bladder. When nerve signals are coordinated properly, the sphincter muscles relax to allow urine to pass through the urethra as the bladder contracts ... |
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