 audience.

Although TV 2’s current contract with ASO obligates them to cover the event live on
their main broadcasting channel, the race starting in Denmark was, in combination with
the company’s ongoing transformation, considered a unique opportunity to leverage a
process of reflection and renegotiation among the television practitioners. The process
would concern both the general interpretation of the event for Danes, the continued
branding value of the tour for the television company, and long-established production
and distribution practices on different platforms, which are changing as part of the com-
pany’s adjustment to the digital condition.
Sport as a genre in a transforming television industry

Hutchins and Sanderson (2017) argue that the role of sports should be taken into serious consideration in any analysis of future television, and yet, our scholarly understanding of sports as a particular genre in the ongoing changes in the television industries is still limited. So far, attention has mainly been directed towards the emergence of internet-based streaming services and globally oriented OTT platforms, Amazon Prime and Tencent, on the one hand, and a rapidly growing number of sports-owned media like Manchester United Television and NFL Network, on the other. These new types of services, labelled by Johnson (2019) as “online natives” and “content natives”, respectively, originate from the internet and erode national boundaries of sports television. They have not only provided more and new sports content, they have produced new viewing practices (Burroughs & Rugg, 2014; Duncan, 2020; Fujak & Frawley, 2022; Hutchins et al., 2019; Kariyawasam & Tsai, 2017). Furthermore, they have initiated a change in the market for sports rights, raised concerns regarding access, citizenship, and the role of sports in the “society-making” function of media” (Hutchins et al., 2019, p. 989), and given rise to calls for intervention from policy makers (Evens & Smith, 2022; Kariyawasam & Tsai, 2017).

Knowledge of the role of sports for established television industry actors – the “television natives” (Johnson, 2019) like the BBC, Discovery, and the Danish TV 2 – is limited. It is often stressed that the live broadcasting of big events on the broadcasting platforms of television natives remains their main business. However, sporting event viewership on the streaming platforms of these services is rapidly rising, and television coverage of big sporting events now strongly “intersects with the individuated address of ‘connective media’ platforms such as Facebook and Twitter (van Dijck, 2013) and the live streaming services provided by networks online” (Hutchins & Sanderson, 2017, p. 33). Across the many screens and platforms used to follow big sporting events, live broadcasting has been described as the anchoring point in the coverage of the Olympic Games (Hutchins & Sanderson, 2017). The linearity of live sports and strong ritualized viewing habits have been pointed out as elements that make sport a less relevant genre to use to attract audiences to streaming platforms (Hutchins et al., 2019).

A study of how genres are programmed on Norwegian public broadcasters’ linear TV and streaming platforms indicates that this is rapidly changing. Here, sport is not a high priority; however, it does have a markedly higher priority on one of the analyzed streaming platforms, namely the one with a commercial business model. As an increasing number of audiences prefer the flexibility and mobility of streaming platforms, it is nevertheless argued that live viewing may be the “next big frontier of streaming” (Sanson & Steirer, 2019, as cited in Spilker et al., 2020, p. 14). Johnson (2019) points out that, already in 2014, the BBC seemed to move in that direction by using their internet platforms to deliver the same content that their linear broadcast channels did. Johnson stresses that linear channels remain an important organizing principle in the television industry, and that these channels are now provided as part of a streaming service. In this way, she
argues, television services that provide access to linear television channels on a streaming platform represent “a collapse in the boundaries between linear and nonlinear television” (Johnson, 2019, p. 16). For Johnson, it is important to recognize that in an online environment, television will have very strong “continuities with older forms of television”, of which, we would argue, the live coverage of sports is a good example. Bruun (2023) and Michalis (2022) have a similar view, stating that public service companies pursue the strategic aim to make streaming platforms the “front door” to both linear channels and on-demand content, and the services “stick to linear publishing because of its continued popularity and the need to ensure the reach of television in all target groups as well as an increased emphasis on the public service brand” (Bruun, 2023, p. 238). Sports play several roles here. First, as mentioned above, big sports leagues’ serial dimension and well-known ability to attract engaged and loyal groups of viewers on a regular basis means that online natives have started acquiring rights to this particular type of “temporally significant content” (Johnson, 2019, p. 88) in competition with television natives. Sports provide a great diversity in content, and industry analyses reveal that serial rights to sports retain subscribers better than other genres (Bødker, 2021). Serial rights to cover sports leagues stabilize subscription bases for television services. For some years now, flagging specific genres with distinct national and cultural importance, like drama and documentaries (Bruun, 2022), has been part of public service companies’ strategy for streaming platforms. However, more recently, Danish TV 2 changed their strategy and increased program diversity on their streaming service, TV 2 Play, to give a markedly higher priority to genres, like sports and current affairs, which were previously “regarded as flow-only” (Bruun, 2023, p. 245). This reflects a mainstreaming process of the platform as older groups of audiences are adopting it. The analysis below will demonstrate how a mega-event in sports like the Tour de France, under the specific Danish circumstances in 2022, comes to play a significant role in TV 2’s strategy.

**Temporality and attention in an online context**

Big sporting events differ in important ways from the seriality of national and international sports leagues that comprise the ubiquity of everyday sports on television, featuring strong regularity in (inter)national matches that often span many months. In comparison, big sporting events have a different temporality, which needs new interpretations in the current transformation into streaming. Sporting events stand out because they happen less often and in intensive periods. Thus, they interrupt the everyday lives and time schedules of audiences, fans, and television practitioners. This discontinuity from everyday routine has historically contributed to their status as a particular genre, namely “media events” (Dayan & Katz, 1992), and to “being recognized as extraordinary”, showcasing absolute excellence in sporting achievement (Billings & Wenner, 2017, pp. 3–4). In combination with the ability of various media – particularly broadcast television – to transmit the
big sporting events globally with coverage that “makes things larger than life” (Billings & Wenner, 2017, p. 4), the events have an extraordinary appeal which attracts a wider audience. Subsequently, they have grown in cultural and geopolitical importance to become mega-events that attract a wide range of socio-cultural actors who want to utilize such temporarily enlarged attention for their own purposes and agendas. In the digital age, big sporting events still produce such mediated centers of attention. Nowadays, this is orchestrated by an ensemble of many media – in which live television may provide a core narrative – that “take on an active, performative role in constructing themselves as ‘the center’ (Hepp & Couldry, 2010, p. 9), where various political, commercial, subjective, and visual interests are staged and performed in a struggle for influence and power” (Frandsen et al., 2022, p. 3). However, the production of attention towards the extraordinary, but ephemeral, live-actions must adapt to new conditions in an online context, not least on streaming platforms, where television content is distributed in a spatially organized context, and where prominence and attention are established in different ways. In an online context, channel identity or interruptions in time schedules can't be used to establish the extraordinariness of big sporting events and, with that, the television service as the center of public attention. Streaming platforms are organized spatially, and they shape the attention and prioritize content for viewers through their layout, visual organization, and paratexts (Johnson, 2019). As linear television remains popular with large segments of viewers, while other segments are perceived as increasingly impatient (Bruun, 2023), the new front doors to the services of public service TV natives like Danish TV 2 now integrate linear channels and combine spatial and temporal strategies in a multiplatform strategy which includes their website.

Finally, compared to some of the more iconic mega-events, like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup, the Tour de France has a different time and space structure, which matters in relation to television practices and strategic interests. First, the Tour is an annual event that takes place on a daily basis for three weeks in July


Longitudinal follow-up of fitness during childhood: interaction with physical activity

G. Baquet, Jos W.R. Twisk, Han C.G. Kemper, Emmanuel van Praagh, Serge Berthoin

To cite this version:

HAL Id: hal-02394163
https://hal.univ-lille.fr/hal-02394163
Submitted on 4 Dec 2019

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Title: Longitudinal Follow-Up of Fitness during Childhood: Interaction with Physical Activity

Authors: G. Baquet\textsuperscript{1}, J.W.R. Twisk\textsuperscript{2}, H.C.G. Kemper\textsuperscript{3}, E. Van Praagh\textsuperscript{4}, and S. Berthoin\textsuperscript{1}.

\textsuperscript{1}: Laboratory of Human Movement Studies (EA 3608), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Lille 2, France.

\textsuperscript{2}: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre (VUMc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

\textsuperscript{3}: Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Centre (VUMc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

\textsuperscript{4}: Laboratory of Biology of Physical Activity and Sport, Auvergne and Blaise Pascal Universities, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

21 pages including 31 references and 3 tables.

Running title: Fitness and physical activity in children.

Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed

Berthoin Serge
Laboratory of Human Movement Studies \ EA 3608
Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education
9 rue de l’Université 59790 Ronchin France
Tel: 0033320887365 Fax: 0033320887363

E-mail: serge.berthoin@univ-lille2.fr
ABSTRACT

**Purpose:** To analyze health related fitness values during childhood (11- to 16-years) in relation to changes in physical activity level.

**Methods:** One hundred and fifty eight children were monitored over a 4-year period. Twice a year, they performed six physical fitness tests: standing broad jump, 10*5 meter shuttle run, sit-and-reach, hand grip, number of sit-ups in 30 seconds, 20 meter shuttle run. Height was measured four times a year to assess age at peak height velocity. Physical activity was assessed with a self-administered questionnaire at baseline and at the end of the follow-up. The physical activity level was defined by the frequency and the time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activities. Two groups were constituted: regularly active and sedentary.

**Results:** A multiple linear multilevel regression analysis was used to analyze the longitudinal relationships between changes in physical activity and physical fitness levels. Corrections were made for both time-dependent (time) and time-independent (sex) variables. Except for flexibility, boys’ fitness performances increased more than the girl’s ones. Positive and significant (p<0.05) regression coefficients were found with the regularly active for standing broad jump, 20-meter shuttle run, number of sit-ups, 10*5 meter shuttle run in both sexes and for the girls’ sit-and-reach performance. Increasing or decreasing physical activity level was not associated with changes in fitness performances over time, except for flexibility for the girls and the 20-meter shuttle run for the boys.

**Conclusions:** From childhood to adolescence, increasing physical activity is not sufficient to be fitter. The children who are stayed the most active were the fittest, particularly for the girls.

**KEY WORDS**

Children - Adolescent – EUROFIT – Multilevel Analysis
INTRODUCTION

Physical activity and physical fitness are concepts that are often used in a confused manner and sometimes considered as synonymous. However, although they are thought to be correlated, they are not the same. Bouchard and Shephard (1994) have defined physical activity as any body movement produced by the skeletal muscles and resulting in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure. Epidemiological studies have shown that during growth, habitual physical activity and its intensity (Trost et al., 2002) decrease for boys as well as for girls. The concept of physical fitness has evolved from performance-related to health-related fitness (AAPHERD, 1984), and includes cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility and body composition. Both physical activity (Janz and Mahoney, 1994) and physical fitness (Rowland and Freedson, 1994) are related to health outcomes. The evolution indicators (inter-age correlations) of physical fitness and physical activity level from childhood to adolescence tend to be moderate (Malina, 2001). Nevertheless, some longitudinal studies have indicated that the more active children and adolescents will become the more active adults (Telama and Yang, 2000). Physical activity and physical fitness levels have different relationships with cardiovascular disease risks (Twisk et al., 2002; Williams, 2001). This suggests that even if physical activity increases the physical fitness level, inactivity is not the principal cause of being unfit. Thus, the purpose of the present study was twofold:

1) What are the changes over four years (i.e. between 11 and 15 years -old) in anthropometry, physical fitness and physical activity levels?

2) What are the relationships between physical fitness and changes in physical activity levels over a four-year period?
METHODS

Design

The study was initiated in September 1997 and received the approval of the Lille Consultative Committee for the Protection of Persons in Biomedical research, to collect the data. Before testing was stared, children and their parents received a verbal description of the experiment and completed a written, informed consent form. One hundred and ninety-three children volunteered to enter the study. The 98 girls and 95 boys were followed over a four-year period from September 1997 to June 2001. Fitness tests and anthropometric measurements were performed at the beginning and at the end of the school year (September and June of each year). Height was measured four times a year, four months apart, over the four years. Based on height measurements, height velocities were estimated 4-monthly. The relationship between height velocity and age was drawn for each subject. Peak height velocity (PHV) was mathematically estimated for each subject. Maturity status was determined with respect to age at PHV. In order to have a more homogeneous biological age group, only subjects whose age at PHV was observed (i.e. prepubertal at the start of the study) were included in the study. Fourteen girls and 2 boys, whom PHV was not identified, were not included in the study. A self-administered questionnaire to assess physical activity levels was presented to the children at the beginning and at the end of the study (Narring and Michaud, 1995; Narring et al., 1999).

Anthropometry

Height and body mass were measured with a wall stadiometer (Vivioz medical) and a calibrated beam balance (Tanita TBF 543). Percentage of body fat was estimated from skinfold thickness (0.1 mm) with a Harpenden caliper (Harpenden Inc.) measured at three sites (biceps, triceps and calf), according to Lohman (1992). Body mass index (BMI) was
calculated from body mass (kg) and height (m): BMI (kg.m^{-2}). The ratio between the waist circumference and the hip circumference was also measured.

**Fitness tests**

Subjects performed six field tests, which were part of the European Fitness Tests (EUROFIT) battery. To achieve EUROFIT standards, the recommendations of the Committee of Experts on Sports Research were observed (1988). The selected tests were standing broad jump (explosive strength, in cm), 10*5 meter shuttle run (speed-coordination in s), hand grip (static strength, in N.kg^{-1}; T.K.K. 5101, Takei Inc.), sit-and-reach (flexibility, in cm), the number of sit-ups in 30 seconds (functional strength, number) and 20 meter shuttle run (cardiorespiratory endurance, in km.h^{-1}). In a literature review, Renson (1988) had noticed the highly reproducibility of these physical fitness tests.

**Physical activity**

Physical activity questionnaires developed for French language children (Narring and Michaud, 1995; Narring et al., 1999) were delivered to the children during class sessions. The children received a precise explanation of each item to avoid any ambiguity and completed the questionnaires themselves, the experimenters simply reminding them to check or circle the number of their answers and leaving them the necessary time


acuation Plan
For Tornado warnings, participants and spectators will hear the city sirens. The PA announcer will announce the warning (after confirming). There is not a shelter for people at Yankton Trail Field. People will have to decide for themselves the best course of action (i.e. stay at the field, get on the ground, get in the car, etc...).

Evacuation procedures will be straightforward. The best option is to get in the car and go out either exit. Spectators and participants will be expected to understand this as there is not a large shelter. If there is a safe structure (permanent structure with plumbing and/or electrical wiring), people can go there. However, small covered shelters are not safe from lightning. PA announcer should announce that your car is the best place to wait (if PA is not working, it will be word of mouth, or with a blow horn). If we have severe weather, the following announcement will be made:

"Ladies and Gentleman, at this time play is suspended due to (whatever severe weather is). We will continue when the conditions allow for safe competition."

*We will always have an athletic trainer on site. This person will have access to communication with Ambulance/Fire/etc… (911).

Finish-Line Procedure
The order of finish will be verified with Finish lynx system. Two Lynx cameras will be on each of the finish line mats. A secondary video system will be used as a backup. Timing mats will be used on the course at select marks.

Runners should continue racing past both sets of mats at the finish line. Once they have crossed the mats, runners should continue to move through the finish chute as quickly as possible. Runners need not maintain their order of finish in the chute. Water and trainers will be available at the end of the finish area. We will likely be using disposable chips...however, if we use permanent chips, we will follow this protocol: Coaches and fans can wait for runners outside of the finish. After runners leave the area, they will need to remove their chips, and get them to the coach as soon as possible. Coaches should collect their chips and return them to the results pick up area.
Mandatory Administrative Meeting

Coaches are required to attend the mandatory coaches meeting at 5:15 p.m. Central time, Friday, Nov. 4, in the 3-in-1 room on the campus of Augustana. Prior to the meeting, coaches may pick up their packets, including athlete declarations, from 3:30 to 5 p.m.

Merchandise

Merchandise will be available for purchase starting at 9:00 a.m., Saturday at the course through the conclusion of the second race.

Participant Expectations and Guidelines

Conduct Policy Statement
The NCAA expects each championship to exhibit an experience that represents the highest level of fair play and good sportsmanship. The NCAA and the NCAA Division II Championships Committee expect that student-athletes, coaches and administrators do their best to ensure participation in intercollegiate athletics promotes character development for all participants, enhances the integrity of higher education, and promotes civility; therefore championship events should adhere to such fundamental values as respect, fairness, civility, honesty and responsibility. These values should be manifest not only in athletic participation, but also in the broad spectrum of activities associated with the championship event. Accordingly, the Championships Committee will take strong action in response to any form of misconduct by student-athletes, coaches and/or administrators during the entire championship. This includes criticism of officials and a misconduct incident at the competition.

Any institution who fails to submit a complete and accurate Division II Code of Conduct form before the start of the first competition of the championship, will be issued a fine of $500, with a private letter of reprimand to be sent to the to the conference commissioners, university president, university athletics director, senior woman administrator, sports information director and compliance director.

Expectations
Each games committee shall hold a pre-tournament meeting with the coaches of participating institutions to review and explain the policies related to misconduct (as defined in Bylaw 31.02.3). The Division II Championships Code of Conduct is to be part of the championship packet, and delivered to all institutional representatives attending the championship events.

If the act of misconduct occurs during the competition, under normal circumstances, the individual shall be allowed to complete the competition in which he or she is participating at the time of the incident. An administrative hearing shall be held at the conclusion of the day’s competition, during a break in the continuity of the championship (e.g., between rounds of a basketball tournament) when no competition is being conducted or at the conclusion of the championship. However, if the act of misconduct is so flagrant that it obviously violates the principles of fair play and sportsmanship, the games committee may immediately withdraw the student-athlete or institutional representative from the competition and conduct the hearing after this action. Other actions of misconduct shall be dealt with in a timely manner by the governing sports committee.
Expectations for Student-Athletes, Coaches and Administrators

- Submit an accurate and complete Division II Code of Conduct Form before the start of the first competition of the championship.
- Cooperate and participate in game ceremonies, team meetings, community engagement and championship events.
- Discuss misconduct and possible consequences with all members of the travel party.
- Have an administrator or designee present at all competitions.
- Communicate issues and concerns in an honest and timely manner with NCAA staff.
- Follow team, university and NCAA guidelines throughout all championship-related activities.
- Be respectful of other participants, spectators, coaches, administrators and other individuals at the championship site.
- Abide by state and federal laws, and facility requirements throughout the championship event.
- Display acceptable behavior on and off the playing field to ensure a positive experience for all participants.

Misconduct
The championship handbook and NCAA Division II Manual Bylaw 31.02.3 defines misconduct as: “… is any act of dishonesty, unsportsmanlike conduct, unprofessional behavior or breach of law, occurring from the time the championship field is announced through the end of the championship that discredits the event or intercollegiate athletics.”

Possible Penalties for Misconduct
In accordance with Bylaw 31.1.8.3, the governing sports committee (or the games committee authorized to act for it) may impose any one, or a combination of the following penalties on an institution or any student-athlete or representative of an institution guilty of misconduct that occurs incident to, en route to, from or at the locale of the competition or practice. The penalties include, but are not limited to:

- Public or private reprimand of the individual;
- Financial penalty;
- Disqualification of the individual from further participation in the NCAA championship involved and/or banishment of the individual from participating in one or more subsequent championships of the sport involved;
- Cancellation of payment of the Association’s travel guarantee to the institution for the individuals involved;
- Withholding of all or a portion of the institution’s share of revenue distribution;
- Banishment of the institution from participation in one or more subsequent championships in which its team in that sport otherwise would be eligible to participate;
- Disqualification of an institution for a period of time from serving as host institution for one or more NCAA championships; and/or
- Cancellation of all or a portion of the honorarium for hosting an NCAA championship.
All correspondence regarding violation of the Code of Conduct will be sent to the president/chancellor of the institution, with a copy to the director of athletics and person(s) involved.

Participation in an NCAA championship is an accomplishment and it is expected that individuals and teams are committed to ensuring that the championship is a positive experience for all participants, fans and volunteers. Participation in these championship events is a privilege for the student-athletes, coaches and administrators and should be treated as such. Again, congratulations to you and your team. We hope this year’s championships experience is one that you will cherish for years to come.

All members of the travel party should have submitted the Division II Code of Conduct form before regional competition. Completed forms must be returned to the committee representative designated on the form for each region by 5 p.m. EST, Friday, October 28. INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE NOT SUBMITTED THE CODE OF CONDUCT FORM BY THE DEADLINE WILL BE ACCESSED A $200 FINE PER GENDER PER TEAM. The code of conduct form is available online (NCAA.org, Championships Administration, Division II Cross Country).

**Sports Wagering**

The NCAA defines sports wagering as putting something at risk – such as an entry fee or a wager – with the opportunity to win something in return. The NCAA opposes all forms of legal and illegal sports wagering on college sports. Student-athletes and athletics administrators cannot place a sports wager for any NCAA-sanctioned sport. This includes wagering on the intercollegiate, amateur or professional level.

A student-athlete involved in sports wagering on the student-athlete’s institution permanently loses all remaining regular-season and postseason eligibility in all sports. A student-athlete who is involved in any sports wagering activity that involves college sports or professional athletics, through Internet gambling, a bookmaker, a parlay card or any other method employed by organized gambling, will be ineligible for all regular-season and postseason competition for at least one year.

In championships in which a bracket format is used, student-athletes, coaches and administrators may not participate in bracket competitions where there is both a required entry fee and an opportunity to win a prize. Student-athletes and administrators may participate under current NCAA rules, in bracket contests where there is no entry fee but a possibility of winning a prize. Some NCAA member schools, however, have chosen to ban student-athletes from participating in these types of bracket contests.

**Tobacco Ban**

The use of tobacco products is prohibited by all game personnel (e.g.,


Four years ago the OAC partnered with the Access Fund to co-brand our logo onto their Gym To Crag poster. The poster promotes responsible crag practices in a fun way. The poster should be found in most Ontario climbing gyms and MEC locations. If not, contact the OAC for one!

OAC calendar – The OAC continues to produce a high quality calendar showcasing the beautiful and diverse climbing areas in the province that we are lucky to call our local spots. All calendar proceeds go to the OAC and support access. Our social media outlets were again inundated with submissions to our photo contest. Keep those submissions flowing this year!

OAC survey – The response rate remains high, with 211 climbers responding to our annual survey. The results of the survey provide data which inform our ongoing discussions with land managers. See detailed report.

OAC Facebook group – We surpassed 1870 likes for our OAC Facebook group as a result of regularly posting updates relevant to the climbing community.

OAC membership – Our membership continues to increase steadily with another 317 members joining in the 2017-2018 year. Total membership is now 1707 individuals.
CONNECTING WITH OTHERS

Ontario Trails Coordinating Committee – Dr. Garrett Hutson (Brock University) continues participating in strategic meetings as the non-motorized trails representative for the Ontario Trails Coordinating Committee. His role is to be the conduit between non-motorized trail users and the province keeping communication channels open and leveraging opportunities to resolve conflicts when they arise.

Conservation Halton (CH) – We continued to partner with Conservation Halton to run the annual Crag Stewardship Day on May 5th 2018. This year, due to the highly successful work in prior years, OAC volunteers’ efforts are now being directed to fight off the invasion of Garlic Mustard near the lower pavilion at Rattlesnake Point. This event improves climbers’ visibility at some of our most popular crags.

In April 2018, the OAC chairs had a scheduled meeting with CH to strategize ways to improve climbers’ experience and manage the explosion of growth in the industry. We have started discussions and planning around installing rescue kits at Mt Nemo and other CH crags. Working with CH, we hope to have some prototype kits in place for the 2019 climbing season. Additionally, we discussed recent development of Mt. Nemo routes. We helped to ensure the long term viability of climbing at Mt. Nemo with a reassertion of the ‘No new routing’ policy.

Grey Sauble Conservation Authority (GSCA) - Met with new land manager. Opened discussions regarding Eugenia Falls.

Building the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve - On May 31, 2018, two OAC board members participated in the “Building the Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve” meeting. The OAC was one of over 30 delegations from municipalities, conservation authorities, academia, industry and non-governmental organizations. The meeting was a great reflection of the diversity of practitioners interested in developing a governance model for the NEBR. These meetings have also been great networking opportunities for the OAC across the region.

Centre for Applied Science in Protected Areas Conference Presentation and Tour of the Swamp – Dr. Garrett Hutson and Mike Penney delivered a presentation on the value of building and maintaining climber-manager partnerships to reach sustainability goals in Ontario protected areas. Following the presentation, with the help from MNRF personnel, protected area managers and ecologists went for a hike at the Swamp to view a climbing area and to discuss successful climbing management strategies.
2017 OAC Survey Results
summary by Patrick Lam

For the 2017 OAC Survey, we decided to shift the focus from the usual economic-impact survey to a more access-focused survey. This year, we received 211 responses to our survey. Following past practice, we drew two winners for $50 MEC gift certificates. We learned that the many short-answer questions were quite labour-intensive to process; we have read all of the responses and have typically grouped the responses into categories for this summary.

Questions about respondents’ climbing

How many years climbing total/outdoors?

Years climbing total
Years climbing outdoors

Mean
8.43
7.06

Median
6
5

Questions about OAC communications

How do you receive OAC information?

Came to survey from
Supporting the OAC

How should the OAC engage community?

Barriers to volunteering

- Time
- Awareness
- Location
- Not welcoming
- None
- Other
We are considering a tiered membership system. The base tier would remain at a $5 lifetime fee. The preferred tier would enable members to contribute more to the OAC on an annual basis, in exchange for perks that we would negotiate with the local climbing industry.

Would you donate more money to the OAC, e.g. preferred membership?
Questions about what the OAC should be doing

Would you come to a climbing presentation by the OAC?

There was broad support for an OAC climbing presentation; of course we'll have to actually run one to see how it goes. We have discussed whether it was important to get a “famous” speaker or not, and the split was pretty close to 50/50. Some comments pointed out that it was more important to get a good speaker than a famous speaker, although a famous speaker can help people get in the door. There was a diversity of opinion about the best kind of speaker to get, although 19 responses favoured someone local, 11 responses favoured an access-themed presentation, and 8 responses favoured an accomplished sport climber. We also received 9 responses advocating female speakers. We also have a list of suggestions that we will consider, which includes both local and international climbers (including past and present OAC volunteers).

Selected responses:

- I would go. The speaker needs to somehow help promote the OAC's goals rather than their personal "accomplishments."
- I would like to learn more about the history of climbing, the mental state of climbing, climbers pushing their limits, breaking barriers, paraclimbing.
- Someone who has set routes at local crags, trad climbers, world travellers
- Someone who not only inspires great feats of strength or dedication in climbing, but also in making it sustainable and continually accessible to all for years to come.

Do you engage in protecting climbing environments currently? Do you intend to do so in the future? If so, how?

We received a variety of responses to this question. Many of the responses (45) mentioned picking up trash at the crag, particularly others' trash, which is a more low-key form of crag cleanups (7). Engaging others came up fairly often (26), sometimes leading by example (4); respondents also mentioned various leave-no-trace practices (24). A couple of responses (6) described supporting groups like the OAC and similar groups with both time and money. Other responses (5) described building and maintaining infrastructure and some responses mentioned responding to calls for letters such as during the Niagara Escarpment Plan consultation.

Selected responses:

- By reducing my personal impact - lunches in plastic containers, packing out human waste/garbage, staying on main trails, avoiding plant life while on the cliffs and approaching, climbing with one partner at a time..
- Yes, absolutely! By continuing my efforts to always pack out more than you pack in. Clean and be environmentally responsible.
- I teach outdoor rock climbing. I always emphasize to my students that we are in a shared environment, and so we have to make sure that we make it so that everyone (even people not in our group) can enjoy
themselves in it. And I talk about "no trace" ethics. I like to help with cleanup days when I'm in town. I'd like to volunteer with the OAC if I can manage it while I travel.

What could we be doing better in our relationships with land managers?

Most of the responses advocated for better relationships. The OAC is in constant communication with land managers to maintain its current relationships, and aims to develop new ones when possible. We have particularly good relationships with Conservation Halton, which is a strong supporter of climbing, as well as the Grey Sauble Conservation Authority and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Some responses suggested exercising empathy for the land manager's point of view, which is well taken. We also ought to make an effort to show appreciation for our strong partnerships with land managers on social media.

In the past year, we have engaged land managers and provided climbing demonstrations at conferences.

A couple of responses suggested events (crag cleanups, trail maintenance). Education, particularly for private landowners, about the Occupiers' Liability Act, is always helpful, and managing climber impact is always key. We have also provided services like helping to fund portapotties at Metcalfe.

Some responses called out specific areas such as Rockwood and Tiffany Falls (which is only open to climbers taking part in organized events).

We appreciate the responses thanking us for the work we already do!

Selected responses:
- Develop unique solutions. EG. In Chattanooga, you can actually text a landowner to tell them you're there. They have a tip jar on their crag. It's a strange solution but it could work. Or ask for specific waivers for areas.
- I admittedly don't know a lot about what is being done, do I can't comment too well on this. With this


 available measure of ‘financial muscle’: revenue from day to day football business operations. We only rank the clubs on the money coming in. We do not consider a club’s budget for outgoings or what someone might pay to buy, or invest in, a club.

The Deloitte Football Money League is the most contemporary and reliable analysis of clubs’ relative financial performance and is released less than nine months after the end of last season, as soon as the relevant clubs’ accounts are available to us.

The big news this year is that, after eight consecutive seasons at the top of the Money League, Manchester United has been overtaken by Real Madrid. Real have transformed their revenues, doubling them in only four years. What may make other clubs look more closely at Real is the method by which they have delivered much of their revenue growth. The mainstay of Real’s revenue growth is not matchday revenues, as we have seen in many of the UK clubs, or broadcasting revenue, as we have seen – and continue to see – in Italy, but strong progress in realising their commercial potential. Real have concentrated on improving their commercial revenue, both in terms of developing a progressive and extensive partner programme, and in turning the club’s strong international support into revenue for the club. To date both these objectives have been very successful, helping to propel Real’s commercial revenue well above any other Money League club. We profile Real’s commercial revenue, and comment on how they have made it to number one, in one of our feature articles. Whilst not every club has Real’s particular strength of brand and history, we hope there are some insights that others may find comparable to their own situation.

Football remains a growth sport, especially at the highest level. The continued high level of interest in the sport – both public and commercial – is reflected by another year of strong growth. In our first Money League in 1996/97 the 20 clubs’ combined revenue was €1.2 billion. This year, the total broke the €3 billion barrier for the first time after growing by 6%.

The catalyst for this remarkable long term growth was the broadcasting rights revolution of the 1990s, fuelled by soaring interest in the game, new technology and deregulation of the broadcast markets. Despite the maturing of broadcast markets, premium content remains critical to the business models of Pay-TV broadcasters. Just look at the collapse of Premiere’s share price after losing the Bundesliga rights, or the recent deals in Italy and France, for clear evidence of this. Recent deals have confirmed our view that the often forecast collapse in broadcast revenues has not materialised and will not happen. In the major European countries the value of top class broadcasting rights continues to rise. We have recently seen a large increase in the value of the German Bundesliga Pay-TV deal, following the huge French deal announced in 2005 which commences next season. And content providers continue to innovate. In Italy, for example, we have seen live rights split into Pay-TV and Digital Terrestrial, with further financial rewards for the clubs.

However, many clubs are rightly continuing to concentrate day to day on the areas over which they have direct control. The stadium development boom, started in the early 1990s in the UK, and most recently seen in Germany, has provided the perfect opportunity for clubs to enhance their revenues. We believe further opportunities in

---

**Introduction**

By Dan Jones, Partner, Sports Business Group at Deloitte.
We have used, for each club, the figure for total revenue extracted from the club’s annual financial statements, or other direct sources, for the 2004/05 season. In some cases, the annual financial statements do not cover a whole season, but are for the calendar year, in which case we have used the figures for the most recent calendar year available.

We use the terms ‘revenue’ and ‘income’ interchangeably. Revenue excludes player transfer fees, VAT and other sales related taxes. In a few cases we have made adjustments to total revenue figures to enable, in our view, a more meaningful comparison of the football business on a club by club basis. For instance, where information was available to us, significant non-football activities or capital transactions have been excluded from revenue.

Based on the information made available to us in respect of each club, to the extent possible, we have split revenue into three categories – being revenue derived from matchday, broadcast and commercial sources. Clubs are not wholly consistent with each other in the way they classify revenue. In some cases we have made reclassification adjustments to the disclosed figures to enable, in our view, a more meaningful comparison of the financial results.

Matchday income is largely derived from gate receipts (including season tickets and memberships). Broadcast income includes revenue from television and radio and from both domestic and international competitions. Commercial income includes sponsorship (mainly derived from brand/name placing on team shirts and around stadia), conference, catering and merchandising.

The publication contains a variety of information derived from publicly available or other direct sources, other than financial statements.

We have not performed any verification work or audited any of the information contained in the club financial statements for the purpose of this publication.

All figures for the 2004/05 season have been translated at 30 June 2005 exchange rates (£1 = €1.4806). Comparative figures have been extracted from previous editions of the Deloitte Football Money League.

There are many ways of examining the relative wealth or value of football clubs – and at Deloitte we have developed sophisticated models of anticipated future cash flows to help potential investors or sellers do just that. However, for an exercise such as this, there is insufficient public information to do that. Here – in the Deloitte Football Money League – we use revenue as the most easily available and comparable measure of financial wealth. Revenue, like salary for an individual, is not the be all and end all of wealth, but all would agree that – as a starting point – it is better to have more than less, and the choice of how to spend it.

How we did it

We have used, for each club, the figure for total revenue extracted from the club’s annual financial statements, or other direct sources, for the 2004/05 season. In some cases, the annual financial statements do not cover a whole season, but are for the calendar year, in which case we have used the figures for the most recent calendar year available.

We use the terms ‘revenue’ and ‘income’ interchangeably. Revenue excludes player transfer fees, VAT and other sales related taxes. In a few cases we have made adjustments to total revenue figures to enable, in our view, a more meaningful comparison of the football business on a club by club basis. For instance, where information was available to us, significant non-football activities or capital transactions have been excluded from revenue.

Based on the information made available to us in respect of each club, to the extent possible, we have split revenue into three categories – being revenue derived from matchday, broadcast and commercial sources. Clubs are not wholly consistent with each other in the way they classify revenue. In some cases we have made reclassification adjustments to the disclosed figures to enable, in our view, a more meaningful comparison of the financial results.

Matchday income is largely derived from gate receipts (including season tickets and memberships). Broadcast income includes revenue from television and radio and from both domestic and international competitions. Commercial income includes sponsorship (mainly derived from brand/name placing on team shirts and around stadia), conference, catering and merchandising.

The publication contains a variety of information derived from publicly available or other direct sources, other than financial statements.

We have not performed any verification work or audited any of the information contained in the club financial statements for the purpose of this publication.

All figures for the 2004/05 season have been translated at 30 June 2005 exchange rates (£1 = €1.4806). Comparative figures have been extracted from previous editions of the Deloitte Football Money League.

There are many ways of examining the relative wealth or value of football clubs – and at Deloitte we have developed sophisticated models of anticipated future cash flows to help potential investors or sellers do just that. However, for an exercise such as this, there is insufficient public information to do that. Here – in the Deloitte Football Money League – we use revenue as the most easily available and comparable measure of financial wealth. Revenue, like salary for an individual, is not the be all and end all of wealth, but all would agree that – as a starting point – it is better to have more than less, and the choice of how to spend it.

How we did it

We have used, for each club, the figure for total revenue extracted from the club’s annual financial statements, or other direct sources, for the 2004/05 season. In some cases, the annual financial statements do not cover a whole season, but are for the calendar year, in which case we have used the figures for the most recent calendar year available.

We use the terms ‘revenue’ and ‘income’ interchangeably. Revenue excludes player transfer fees, VAT and other sales related taxes. In a few cases we have made adjustments to total revenue figures to enable, in our view, a more meaningful comparison of the football business on a club by club basis. For instance, where information was available to us, significant non-football activities or capital transactions have been excluded from revenue.

Based on the information made available to us in respect of each club, to the extent possible, we have split revenue into three categories – being revenue derived from matchday, broadcast and commercial sources. Clubs are not wholly consistent with each other in the way they classify revenue. In some cases we have made reclassification adjustments to the disclosed figures to enable, in our view, a more meaningful comparison of the financial results.

Match


; only 2% of the adult population was over 30 inches in 2004. This improved to 18% by 2009, and held steady through 2011. The new striped bass regulations maintained the two-fish creel limit throughout the year but require all striped bass between 26 to 36 inches be released from November 1 through May 31. There was no size limit from June-October.

The protective slot limit initiated in 2006 was modified in 2015, after data indicated there were too many striped bass between 26 and 29 inches and most fish after reaching this size experienced very little or no growth. It should only take striped bass an average of two years to grow from 26 to 30 inches but after 2012, most striped bass never reach 30 inches due to poor growth. For example, 10 year old striped bass in 2014 averaged 29.5 inches, but should have
been approximately 36 inches long at that age. However, growth for younger fish has remained good and stable for the same time period. The new protective slot limit was adjusted in 2015 to 30-40 inches (only for the months of Nov-May), up from 26-36 inches initiated in 2006. Anglers who prefer catch-and-release of 26-29 inch fish should continue that practice. Excessive harvest of this size group is not necessary to improve growth, some catch-and-release will still be necessary to maintain a trophy fishery.

Studies have consistently shown that catch and release of striped bass in the summer months results in high mortality. Most of these striped bass die 1-2 days after release and most sink to the bottom and never surface. Catch and release mortality appears to be especially high for the larger fish. Consequently, anglers should not be targeting large striped bass with the intent of catch and release during the summer months. Smaller fish (generally < 22 inches) generally survive summer release rather well. Department of Game and Inland Fisheries encourages striped bass anglers to stop fishing after catching their 2-fish limit in the months of June-September and occasionally during warm periods in October. Catch-and-release is recommended for striped bass from November through May.

Striped bass are distributed throughout the lake during most of the year, but are concentrated in lower lake (between the dam and buoy 64 of the Roanoke Arm and up to buoy 40 of the Blackwater Arm) areas during the summer months. Coves are typically not very productive for striped bass during the summer, so anglers should concentrate their efforts on the main lake when water temperatures begin to rise. Some of the bigger coves and the upper ends of the lake are more productive during the fall, winter and spring months. Although these are the general areas most striped bass are caught, these fish are very mobile and may change locations continuously depending on forage availability, water temperatures, and spawning. Striped bass anglers utilize a variety of fishing methods such as drifting or slow trolling live shad, trolling (plugs, bucktail jigs, swim baits, umbrella rigs), casting lures (flukes, swim baits, bucktail jigs), or vertical jigging. Anglers use live shad throughout the year, trolling is most popular during the warmer months, casting lures is most productive during the winter and spring at night. All of the above methods are utilized during the winter months.

There is an ongoing striped bass tagging study to provide biologists with information on striped bass catch rates, harvest rates, movement, survival, and population dynamics. The fish tags are yellow, approximately three inches in length, attached near the dorsal fin and should be easily recognized without dissection. Tagged fish do not have to be harvested in order to collect the reward. Cut or clip tags (do not pull tags loose) from the fish you wish to release. Anglers are encouraged to submit all tags collected from striped bass to the address printed on the tag with the following information: date fish was caught, marker number nearest to location of capture (also include the marker letter, i.e. R31), length of fish and indicate whether the fish harvested or released. Rewards are assigned to specific tags and not to any particular size of fish. All returned tags will be worth one of the following amounts: $5, $10, $20, $35, or $50.

The Department of Game and Inland Fisheries does not typically collect older and larger (over 8 lbs) striped bass in their routine sampling, but these data are very important for monitoring the fishery and new regulations. Any willing angler is asked to keep striped bass heads from fish they harvest larger than 26 inches or 8 pounds. The heads can be frozen and delivered to a freezer at “Captain’s Quarters”, located next to Hales Ford Bridge, where DGIF will pick them up. Be sure to fill out and include a form detailing the length of each fish and when it was caught upon drop off. If you would like to know the age and year the fish was stocked, include your mailing address and you will be sent the information after the fish has been
aged. Fish have an inner ear bone in the head (termed “otolith”), from which the age is
determined. Each otolith contains rings similar to tree rings and can be counted for an accurate
age determination.

This reservoir has limited crappie habitat. Although the lake produces many quality-size
crappie, anglers should not expect to consistently catch large numbers of crappie. The crappie
population is smaller than some other Virginia reservoirs but the quality of these fish is very
good. Large coves and the upper ends of the reservoir should be the most productive, especially
near fallen trees, brush piles, and some docks. During the 2014 angler creel survey, crappie
anglers were most productive in March-May but October-December are typically good months
for crappie fishing. Fewer crappie are caught in June-September. DGIF sampling indicates the
crappie population is stable and has shown little change for many years. The crappie fishery
should remain good and no substantial changes in the population are expected.

Sunfish and catfish are also present at Smith Mountain Lake. Sunfish are abundant but
competition with shad prevents good growth, so most of these fish are small. Channel catfish,
flathead catfish, and white catfish make up the catfish fishery. Flathead and channel catfish are
most abundant in the upper reaches of the Roanoke Arm and white catfish are found primarily in
the lower third of the reservoir where the water clarity is much better. Catfish anglers can enjoy
good fishing from the shoreline and docks.

White perch are a relatively new species to the lake and have recently provided great
fishing opportunities. This species can be found throughout the reservoir but higher
concentrations are typically found in the lower end (dam end) of the reservoir. White perch
generally travel in large groups and can provide fast action after a “school” of white perch is
located. Anglers should look for large numbers of smaller fish on their electronics, especially
along points in 15-30 feet of water near channels. After locating a “school” of white perch,
vertical jig small spoons or drop baits (small pieces of cut bait or worms) and prepare for a lot of
action. White perch can also be found along shoreline structure especially in the spring and fall
months but will go deeper when the water starts to warm up in the summer or gets too cold in the
late fall and winter.

Numerous public and private boat ramps and marinas are found around the lake. In
addition, there are very nice handicapped-accessible fishing piers located in the Smith Mountain
Lake State Park and Franklin County Park. Additional information on lodging, marinas, and
other attractions can be obtained by calling the Smith Mountain Lake Visitors Center at 1-800-
676-8203 or by visiting the Smith Mountain Lake Visitor Center online at www.smith-mountain-
lake-visitor-center.com. Additional information concerning the fishery can be obtained by
calling DGIF at 434-525-7522.<|endoftext|>Bear Necessities Fan Shop
Annual Tent Sale

Best prices of the year

Tuesday, April 25–Friday, April 28, Noon–5 p.m.
Harold Alfond Sports Arena

Are you a pro at playing cornhole?

Stop in and get $25 in Tech Bucks for University Bookstore’s Tech Center!

Get the best deals of the season

Shop to win:
Malibou Ocean Kayak, life preserver and paddle

Show us your skills with four chances to score big discounts:
20%: 1 bag on the board
30%: 1 bag in, 1 on the board
50%: 2 bags in, 2 bags on the board

Get four in and win a piece of clothing or general merchandise of your choice!

To enter:
Shop at Bear Necessities Fan Shop or University Bookstore, April 25–April 29
Fill out an entry slip. Online purchases made during this time are also entered to win.
Winner drawn on Monday, May 1, 2023.

No purchase necessary to enter. Shipping costs will be charged if winner wishes to have the kayak shipped.

$899 value

In complying with the letter and spirit of applicable laws and pursuing its own goals of diversity, the University of Maine System


wanted to see near the train station.
LIGHTING THE BRIDGE

The entrance of the Upham’s Corner station is under an unlit bridge that caused many neighbors to voice concerns about the safety of the area. In order to help residents imagine the space in new ways, we installed a temporary lighting exhibit that transformed people’s experience of walking under this bridge at night. The reactions were joyful and positive for pedestrians and drivers alike.
3. Implementation Dialogues November 2014

After gathering the many forms of feedback, ideas and stories, we put together recommendations for both station areas and presented them at interactive Implementation Dialogues in each community. Residents, public agency representatives, merchants and organization leaders were all in the room together discussing the possibility of these recommendations and beginning to collectively identify the resources and leadership to move from dialogue to implementation.
Chapter 3: FOUR CORNERS RECOMMENDATIONS, ACTION PLANS
FOUR CORNERS/GENEVA:
Recommendation 1: Install Informational Signage
Recommendation 2: Install Tech Amenities
Recommendation 3: Activate the Bridge & Station
Recommendation 4: Install a “Tea Stop”
Recommendation 1: Increase Informational Signage

Provide bold train/bus service information at both station entries to build ridership.

Our “flag facts” on bold banners are a temporary step towards increasing the usefulness of the commuter rail for the surrounding community by raising awareness about how (and when) it works. On a more whimsical note, temporary “platform poetry” chalk installations by local artists would add to the local art already featured in the stations.

What Will Improve

☑ Commuters will be better informed about bus/train arrivals and be encouraged to use them more

☑ People will know how the train can get them where they want to go
What local residents and merchants said at the Implementation Dialogues:

- What about a “Next Train” sign visible from the Tea Stop?
- What about a way to use your phone to purchase Charlie Card or transportation fee for train & bus?
- Until we get a nice, big poster with the schedule on it? Please?
- We need banners and signs on the Geneva side too.
- Until we get an electronic board/sign announcing trains, can we have a nice, big poster with the schedule on it? Please?

Where we’ve seen it

MBTA Silver Line gives commuters updated information, Boston
### RECOMMENDATION 1: INSTALL INFORMATIONAL SIGNAGE

**IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE & RESOURCES**

Action Step
Already Willing Supporters
Potential Allies
Cost Estimate, if applicable

1) Install informational vinyl banners at both station entrances
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Four Corners Main Streets, MBTA
MBTA, Alpha Construction
*$30 - 60 per banner, varies with size

2) Install bold permanent signage including clarification on schedules and meaning of “Inbound” and “Outbound”
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Four Corners Main Streets, Fairmount Indigo Transit Coalition (FITC)
MBTA, Public officials

3) Install wayfinding signage of nearby parks, restaurants, artist studios, and other neighborhood gems
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Four Corners Main Streets, Artist in Residence, Fairmount Cultural Corridor
MBTA, Office of New Urban Mechanics, Healthy Dorchester

4) Research affordable and creative options and install LED displays indicating bus/ train arrival updates at the street level
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, FITC, MBTA
FITC, Public officials, Office of Urban Mechanics, Fairmount Cultural Corridor, Area colleges (Wentworth, Mass. College of Art), Science Museum
*$200 for equipment only, not including connection with live MBTA schedule updates

*Please see p.46 for Cost Estimate Sources*
Recommendation 2: Install Tech Amenities

Install at both station entrances as a top priority service requested that can also encourage more activity at the station.

Boston is fast becoming a “wireless city”, and Four Corners residents expressed eagerness to be a part of that. Installing tech amenities like wifi and phone charging stations could contribute to better connectivity between the train station, bus stops, and the community.

What Will Improve

✔ Phone charging on-the-go and in case of emergencies

✔ People can work or play while waiting
Where we’ve seen it

Convenient Bright Box public charging station, New York

What local residents and merchants said at the Implementation Dialogues:

I like how this idea (wifi and charging) will increase the convenience of commuters

I looked up “how to build a solar charging station” and found a great hackers site that explains how to build a weatherproof one on the cheap. Any takers?

Wicked Free Wifi
Boston’s public wireless network is prevalent in Roxbury
### RECOMMENDATION 2: INSTALL TECH AMENITIES

#### IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE & RESOURCES

Action Step
Already Willing Supporters
Potential Allies
Cost Estimate, if applicable

1) Expedite roll-out of Wicked Free Wifi to Four Corners/ Geneva station area
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Rep. Russell Holmes, FC Artist in Residence
Wicked Free Wifi, Mayor Walsh, Other public officials

2) Connect electricity and install outlets at platform and/or bus shelter
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Four Corners Main Street
MBTA, City of Boston, Public Works

3) Create solar charging station project with community volunteers and/or solar roof on bus shelter and station roof
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Bill Perkins, Boston ReStore
FC Artist in Residence, MBTA, Office of New Urban Mechanics, Public Works Dept, Codman Square NDC (CSNDC), Eco Innovation District
$100-200

*Please see p.46 for Cost Estimate Sources*
Recommendation 3: Activate the Bridge Bench & Public Art

Foster intergenerational social interactions while people are waiting for the bus and create better visibility for the buses (than the current shelter provides).

Part of creative placemaking is about bringing neighbors together to activate spaces and build community. This simple bench offers bus riders not just a place to rest where they can see the bus, but a chance to talk, play games, and learn about the commuter rail. The one prototype bench we put in has been heavily used and community members want more!

What Will Improve

✓ People feel reassured when they see the bus coming from where they sit
✓ More seating available, better for elderly
✓ More fun, chances to talk, let kids play
What about interactive poetry?

I like how the game component brings people together.

City Year Boston could help with painting and maintenance.

What about an overhang or heaters to protect us in the winter?

What about interactive public art, like the “Kendall Band” at MIT stop?

What about bilingual reading material for while you sit? It could be stored in an arm rest.
### RECOMMENDATION 3: ACTIVATE THE BRIDGE: BENCH AND PUBLIC ART

#### IMPLEMENTATION TIME LINE & RESOURCES

Action Step
Already Willing Supporters
Potential Allies
Cost Estimate, if applicable

1) Create public art program for artists, residents, and merchants interested in collaborating on bench creation • Seek in-kind donations for construction and materials
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Four Corners Main Streets, Greater Four Corners Action Coalition, Four Corners Artist in Residence, Public Art Salons, Erie Ellington and Brinsley Partnership Neighborhood Association (EEBPNA)
Rep. Russell Holmes, MBTA, Public Works Dept, Hardware stores

2) Create sustainable public art programming to continue public engagement in arts activities
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, Four Corners Artist in Residence, Fairmount Cultural Corridor, FC Main Streets, EEBPNA
Erick Jeanne Center for the Arts, Dorchester Arts Collaborative, Caribbean Arts Gallery, MBTA, Rep. Russell Holmes, CSNDC, Fairmount Cultural Corridor, Neighborhood drummers, poetry and dance groups

3) Negotiate agreements with public agencies and property owners involved regarding activity on the bridge
Fairmount/Indigo Line CDC Collaborative, FC Main Streets, EEBPNA
MBTA, Rep Holms, CSNDC

</table


 protect and breed these endangered animals.”

“FedEx Panda Express” History

The upcoming panda shipment marks the sixth flight of the “FedEx Panda Express.” Past deliveries of giant pandas include:

- China to Paris, France (2012)
- China to Edinburgh, Scotland (2011)
- Washington, D.C., and Atlanta, Georgia, to China (2010)

About the Memphis Zoo

The Memphis Zoo, located in Midtown Memphis, Tennessee, is home to more than 3,500 animals representing over 500 different species. Created in April 1906, the zoo has been a major tenant of Overton Park in Memphis for more than 100 years.

About the Toronto Zoo

The Toronto Zoo is Canada’s premier zoo, and a leader in animal preservation and environmental protection. More than a tourist attraction the Toronto Zoo boasts a number of leading programs for helping animals and their natural habitats—from species reintroduction to reproductive research. A world-class educational center for people of all ages, the Toronto Zoo is open every day except Christmas, and attracts approximately 1.3 million visitors each year.
About FedEx Express
FedEx Express is the world’s largest express transportation company, providing fast and reliable delivery to more than 220 countries and territories. FedEx Express uses a global air and ground network to speed delivery of time-sensitive shipments, by a definite time and date with a money-back guarantee.

About FedEx Corp
FedEx Corp. (NYSE: FDX) provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services. With annual revenues of $43 billion, the company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing collectively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand. Consistently ranked among the world’s most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 300,000 team members to remain “absolutely, positively” focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional standards and the needs of their customers and communities. For more information, visit news.fedex.com.

# # #<|endoftext|>Test Track Sections Evaluate Use of Cold Central-Plant Recycling for High-Volume Roads

Cold central-plant recycling (CCPR) is gaining interest as a cost-effective alternative for base layers in pavement reconstruction. CCPR combines reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) with foamed or emulsified asphalt in a central production plant without the application of heat. The resulting material is handled much like asphalt mixtures during pavement construction; the material is placed with conventional pavers and compacted with traditional rollers.

The CCPR process provides an opportunity to use excessive RAP stockpiles in a beneficial application. Although the CCPR material is similar to that produced using cold in-place recycling (CIR), CCPR offers more opportunities for quality control during production and can also be used in areas where CIR would be impractical. CCPR has been used more often in the western U.S., including California and Nevada, where it has been used successfully on city streets and other low-volume applications. While the technique is not new, advances in binder materials, RAP processing and cold mix production have made CCPR an increasingly attractive choice for producing an economical material for a long-lasting pavement.

Virginia’s Experience on I-81

In 2011, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) placed a CCPR base on a 3.66-mile section of I-81 in Augusta County. This high-profile project combined three recycling processes—CCPR, CIR and full-depth reclamation (FDR)—for the first time ever on one Interstate highway project.

Significant deterioration of the existing underlying pavement structure warranted complete reconstruction of the right-hand lane. The existing asphalt was milled, leaving just one inch of asphalt that was processed using FDR with the existing aggregate base and upper portion of the subgrade. The RAP from milling was then mixed with foamed asphalt and Portland cement in an onsite CCPR mobile plant and placed in a 6-inch layer using conventional paving equipment. The CCPR base was covered with 6 inches of conventional asphalt overlay. In the left-hand passing lane, the existing pavement structure was in better condition. Since no reconstruction of the aggregate base was needed, this lane was recycled in-place using the CIR method to a depth of five inches (following a 2-inch pre-mill operation) and topped with 4 inches of conventional asphalt mix.

Using these time-saving onsite recycling methods allowed VDOT to employ a unique traffic-management plan incorporating a single lane closure and detour for passenger cars. If conventional construction techniques had been used, the reconstruction project could have required building another lane to accommodate
work-zone traffic and could have taken years rather than months to complete. Recycling not only saved time on this project, but also huge quantities of new materials, as well as the fuel consumed in transporting them. By using onsite recycling techniques such as CCPR, CIR and FDR, this $7.64 million project allowed the repair of deep failures at significant taxpayer savings and with substantially less construction-related traffic delays.

CCPR Research at NCAT Pavement Test Track

VDOT is sponsoring three sections on the 2012 NCAT Pavement Test Track research cycle to further evaluate the use of CCPR base material for high-volume applications. In order to determine the structural contribution of CCPR base in pavement design, all three sections are instrumented for recording structural response under loading. Sections N3 and N4 are comparing the overlay thickness of conventional asphalt mixes (6 inches vs. 4 inches, respectively) when placed over a CCPR base. Section S12 compares FDR with the conventional base and subgrade construction used in N4.

Cross-sections of the three VDOT-sponsored test sections are pictured in Figure 1. All three were built on the same subgrade material. Sections N3 and N4 were built on a crushed granite base course, while S12 featured a stabilized base course that was constructed using FDR, treated with cement and compacted in place. A CCPR layer was constructed above the base layers. Superpave mixtures were placed on top of the CCPR layer and each section was surfaced with stone matrix asphalt (SMA). Section N3 had the thickest asphalt concrete (AC) layers (6 inches total), while the other two sections used approximately 4 inches of AC above the CCPR. Strain gauges and temperature probes were embedded during construction. Although other gauges were also installed, the focus here is solely on the horizontal strain measurements as an indicator of how bottom-up cracking may develop. The temperature probes monitor mid-depth pavement temperature crucial to understanding the environmental effects on these pavements.

Production of the CCPR base at the NCAT Pavement Test Track is shown in Figure 2. The RAP was first processed to a top size of one-half inch and then mixed with 2 percent foamed asphalt binder and 1 percent Portland cement in an onsite mobile cold recycling plant. The CCPR material was placed in a single lift and compacted to a target layer thickness of 5 inches using conventional paving equipment.

A fleet of heavily loaded trucks circles the track 16 hours a day, five days a week, resulting in 10 million equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) applied over a two-year period. The sections have been subjected to weekly structural response monitoring since the onset of trafficking in October 2012. Figure 3 shows the horizontal strain response in each section through January 2014. As expected, the lowest strain levels were measured in S12 where the stabilized base course contributes to less overall bending of the AC layers. The highest strain levels were observed in N4, which had the thinnest AC over the conventional aggregate base layer, while section N3—with 6 inches of AC—experienced intermediate strain levels. Also of note is the general insensitivity of S12 to the change in season and temperature. While N3 and N4 both experienced significantly higher strain levels during the warm summer months and lower strains during cooler periods, S12 did not—presumably due to the stabilized base course not changing appreciably with
temperature. Since cracking has not been observed in any of these sections, it remains to be seen what effect the various strain levels have on cracking performance. At this point, the sections are all performing well.

In addition to monitoring the strain response, the sections are tested using the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) several times per month. This testing helps determine the backcalculated modulus of the AC. Figure 4 shows the backcalculated AC modulus of each section at a standard reference temperature of 68°F. The scatter in the data on particular test dates represents normal spatial variation throughout each section. Linear trendlines fit to each data set show that the moduli are generally holding steady over time. This is an indicator of structural health, as one would expect a drop in modulus, or highly erratic modulus values, if damage were occurring in a section. N3 and N4 show a very slight decline over time while S12 seems to have a slight increase over time. This may be due to the backcalculation process attributing some of the stabilized base material, which is curing over time, to the asphalt concrete. In any case, the backcalculated moduli values are signs of sound structures through this point of the experiment.

Continuing Use of CCPR in Virginia

To date, both the I-81 recycling project and the CCPR test sections at NCAT are showing good performance. “VDOT is testing these recycling technologies in real-world heavy-application scenarios, and based on the successful performance we’ve seen so far, we’d like to move forward on additional projects,” says Trenton Clark, Director of Engineering for the Virginia Asphalt Association. VDOT is currently revising their specifications for CCPR as well as developing permissive use specifications that will allow for alternate bids on cold recycling vs. traditional


 364-3188 or gularte@watertransit.org

Western Contra Costa Transit Authority (WestCAT)
Rob Thompson
(510) 724-3331 or rob@westcat.org
Small Business Certifications

(all links below are ‘active’ so please just click on them to go to the resource):

- Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) Certification
- California Small Business Enterprise Certification (SBE)
- California Disabled Veteran Business Enterprise (DVBE)
- Minority, Women, and LGBT Business Enterprise (MBE, WBE, LGBTBE) Certification
- San Francisco County Local Business Enterprise (SF LBE)
- Oakland Local Business Enterprise (OAK LBE)

The California Small Business Development Center (SBDC) Program

The California Small Business Development Center (SBDC) Program is the leader in providing business owners and entrepreneurs with the tools and guidance needed to become successful. Direct and personalized assistance is provided to entrepreneurs through professional consulting, supplemented by low-cost or free classes. SBDC consultants are professionals with extensive experience in assisting business owners across a wide variety of different industries and are able and available to assist with all aspects of a business’s management and growth. These services are delivered throughout California via an extensive network of local Centers.

- Alameda: ACSBDC.org
- Contra Costa: ContraCostaSBDC.org
- Del Norte: NorthCoastSBDC.org
- Marin: MarinSBDC.org
- Mendocino: MendoSBDC.org
- Napa: NapaSonomaSBDC.org
- San Francisco: SFSBDC.org
- San Mateo: SanMateoSBDC.org
- Santa Clara: SVSBDC.org
- Santa Cruz: SantaCruzSBDC.org
- Solano: SolanoSBDC.org
- Sonoma: SonomaSBDC.org
- Humboldt: NorthCoastSBDC.org

SCORE is the nation’s largest network of business mentors, with more than 10,000 volunteers in 300 chapters nationally. SCORE mentors help businesses get off the ground, grow, and achieve their goals through education and 1-on-1 counselling.

- East Bay: EastBay.SCORE.org
- North Bay: NorthCoast.SCORE.org
- Central Coast: SantaCruz.SCORE.org
- South Bay: SiliconValley.SCORE.org
- San Francisco: SanFrancisco.SCORE.org

Women’s Business Centers (WBCs) represent a national network of over 100 educational centers throughout the United States and its territories, which exist assist women in starting and growing small businesses.

- San Francisco: RenCenter.org
- East Bay: AnewAmerica.org
- Mendocino: WestCompany.org
- South Bay: AnewAmerica.org

The Veteran’s Business Outreach Center (VBOC) provides services such as business training, counseling, mentoring, and referrals for veterans owning or considering starting a business. Services are offered to veterans at no cost.

VBOCIX.org
The Northern California Procurement Technical Assistance Center (PTAC) can help you sell to federal, state, local, or tribal government agencies. Services are provided at no cost.

NorCalPTAC.org

BART would like to thank our BART SBSS Program Partner, the United States Small Business Administration.

VIEW BART SBSS CALENDAR

CAN'T FIND WHAT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR? CONTACT US AT SBSUPPORTSERVICES@BART.GOV<|endoftext|>Single-track train timetabling with guaranteed optimality: Branch-and-bound algorithms with enhanced lower bounds

Xuesong Zhou a,*, Ming Zhong b

a Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
b Department of Decision and Information Technologies, Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

Received 2 June 2005; received in revised form 9 April 2006; accepted 5 May 2006

Abstract

A single-track train timetabling problem is studied in order to minimize the total train travel time, subject to a set of operational and safety requirements. This research proposes a generalized resource-constrained project scheduling formulation which considers segment and station headway capacities as limited resources, and presents a branch-and-bound solution procedure to obtain feasible schedules with guaranteed optimality. The search algorithm chronologically adds precedence relation constraints between conflicting trains to eliminate conflicts, and the resulting sub-problems are solved by the longest path algorithm to determine the earliest start times for each train in different segments. This study adapts three approaches to effectively reduce the solution space. First, a Lagrangian relaxation based lower bound rule is used to dualize segment and station entering headway capacity constraints. Second, an exact lower bound rule is used to estimate the least train delay for resolving the remaining crossing conflicts in a partial schedule. Third, a tight upper bound is constructed by a beam search heuristic method. Comprehensive numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the computational performance of the proposed lower bound rules and heuristic upper bound construction methods.

Keywords: Train timetabling; Lagrangian relaxation; Branch and bound; Heuristics; Railway

1. Introduction

A train timetable defines the planned arrival and departure times of trains to/from yards, terminals and sidings, and train scheduling plays a vital role in managing and operating complex railroad systems. From a marketing point of view, the level-of-service of train timetables is an important factor that affects travelers’ and freight carriers’ decisions in choosing desirable transportation modes. From a railroad operations point of...
A wide range of studies have been devoted to the train scheduling problem in the last three decades, particularly regarding the development of mathematical formulations and solution algorithms. Szpijgel (1973) first modeled the train scheduling problem as a mixed integer program and applied Greenberg’s (1968) branch-and-bound solution framework (for a general job shop machine scheduling problem) to find timetables that minimize the total transit time, subject to overtaking and crossing headway constraints. Jovanovic and Harker (1991) presented a nonlinear integer programming model that minimizes the deviation between planned schedules and actual schedules, and used a branch-and-bound procedure to generate feasible meet-pass train plans. Carey (1994a,b) and Carey and Lockwood (1995) developed an iterative decomposition approach for solving the train timetabling and pathing problem in a rail network with one-way and two-way tracks; moreover, several node branching, variable fixing and bounding strategies were presented to reduce the search space. Higgins et al. (1996) developed a nonlinear integer programming model for minimizing the total train delay and fuel cost with variable train velocities, and they also presented a branch-and-bound solution algorithm with a lower bound estimator that utilizes a look-ahead rule to calculate the least delay for the remaining conflicts in a partial schedule. As remarked by the authors, the lower bound rule might overestimate the actual remaining delay for some trains theoretically, but only in exceptional cases. Their original efforts in this direction highlight the need for further investigations on strict lower bound rules in an inept enumeration search framework. It should be also noted that several stochastic analytical models (e.g., Petersen and Taylor, 1982; Chen and Harker, 1990; Higgins and Kozan, 1998) have been developed to estimate the average delay of a train schedule, but these models are not suitable for serving as strict lower bound rules in the deterministic case. Brannlund et al. (1998) proposed an integer programming model to find a profit-maximizing timetable and designed a Lagrangian relaxation method to dualize track capacity constraints. The resulting subproblems were solved by the shortest path algorithm in conjunction with several improved dual updating schemes. Based on a graph-theoretic formulation for the periodic-timetabling problem in a rail line, Caprara et al. (2002) presented a Lagrangian relaxation solution method, in which a dynamic constraint generation (often referred to as relax-and-cut) scheme was used to handle a large number of dualized constraints. In general, without being embedded into the branch-and-bound search scheme, the Lagrangian relaxation approach can hardly guarantee the discovery of optimal solutions, due to the existence of duality gaps and the limitation of primal heuristic search algorithms. Kroon and Peeters (2003) developed a periodic event scheduling model to consider variable trip times for the cyclic railway timetabling problem. Zhou and Zhong (2005) proposed a multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling formulation to consider acceleration and deceleration time losses in double-track train timetabling applications, and designed several dominance rules to find Pareto optimum schedules in an intercity passenger corridor.

The train scheduling problem is known to be NP-hard (Cai et al., 1998; Caprara et al., 2002), and optimal solutions are typically unattainable in large-scale and complex instances. To meet the computational requirements in real-world applications, a heuristic approach becomes a necessity for generating feasible and suboptimal solutions. Specifically, a number of simple priority rules have been widely used because of their low computational complexity and easy implementation. Given a pair of conflicting trains, a simple priority rule determines which train to schedule next by utilizing underlying objective functions, for instance, the total delay for the minimal travel time criterion (Petersen et al., 1986; Kraay and Harker, 1995), the schedule deviation and tightness for the minimal deviation criterion (Chen and Harker, 1990), train priorities (Petersen et al., 1986), and the number of passengers transported (Ad


ELD Logout event with a note “ELD Disconnection”
  o a Remark with the note “VBUS Disconnected”

Note:

- The graph-grid overlay periods of driver’s indications of authorized personal use of CMV and yard moves using a different style line (such as the dashed or dotted line in amber color).
- When ‘Show all events’ toggle switch is off, the following Remark events are hidden: Diagnostic/Malfunction clears, Vbus Connect/Disconnect, Authenticate/Unauthenticate, Dvir Not performed/ Dvir Completed, Log certified remark, Start of day Odometer remark, and Toll road start/stop.
Crossing Boundaries

The border crossing calculation uses the VBUS GPS coordinates if they are available, and the android coordinates if they are not. The following instances happens when the driver crossed boundaries between Canada and US (vice versa):

a. If the GPS coordinates are changed to a different state or province, a remark event will be recorded in the driver log.

b. If the current location is in Canada, the driving rules will automatically switched to Canadian rules. Similarly, if the location is in the US, the driving rules automatically switched to US rules.

c. If there is a co-driver logged in, both the remark and the rules changes will be occurring to be applied for him/her as well.
5.3 Malfunction and Data Diagnostic Events

At each instance when an ELD malfunction or data diagnostic event is detected or cleared by the ELD, the ELD records the event. The recorded malfunctions and data diagnostic events are inconsistencies found while monitoring the app/ELD against FMCSA compliance requirements. These instances are indicated in the application header and in the Android notification toolbar with the letters M and D, respectively.

**Note:** The ELD Data Diagnostic indicator provides notification of active data diagnostics events applicable to the active driver. The Data Diagnostics “D” icon will flash in amber color if there are new active Data Diagnostics events that is not yet reviewed by the driver and will only turn back to white once the Data Diagnostic dialog is closed after being reviewed by the driver. There will also be a notification in the Android toolbar indicating a malfunction or a data diagnostic event.

The Malfunction and Data Diagnostic events note can also be edited on the edit log screen.

Tap the **Clear button** to clear the malfunction or data diagnostic event detected.

To clear all Data Diagnostic Events, tap the **Clear All button**.

Requirement No.
Event Code
Event Name
Description

4.6.1.1
P / Power MF
Power Malfunction
An ELD must set a power compliance malfunction if the power data diagnostics event described in paragraph 4.6.1.1(a) of this appendix indicates an aggregated in-motion driving time understatement of 30 minutes or more on the ELD over a 24-hour period across all driver profiles, including the unidentified driver profile.

4.6.1.2
E / Sync MF
Engine Synchronization Malfunction
An ELD must set an engine synchronization compliance malfunction if connectivity to any of the required data sources specified in section 4.3.1 of this appendix is lost for more than 30 minutes during a 24-hour period aggregated across all driver profiles, including the unidentified driver profile.

4.6.1.3
T / Timing MF
Timing Malfunction
The ELD must periodically cross-check its compliance with the requirement specified in section 4.3.1.5 of this appendix with respect to an accurate external UTC source and must record a timing compliance malfunction when it can no longer meet the underlying compliance requirement.

4.6.1.4
L / Pos MF
Position Malfunction
ELD records requiring location information must use the last valid position measurement and include the latitude/longitude coordinates.

An ELD must monitor elapsed time during periods when the ELD fails to acquire a valid position measurement within 5 miles of the CMV’s movement. When such elapsed time exceeds a cumulative 60 minutes over a 24-hour period, the ELD must set and record a positioning compliance malfunction.

### 4.6.1.5 R/DR MF Data Recording Malfunction

An ELD must monitor its storage capacity and integrity and must detect a data recording compliance malfunction if it can no longer record or retain required events or retrieve recorded logs that are not otherwise catalogued remotely by the motor carrier.

### 4.6.1.7 S/Trans MF Data Transfer Malfunction

(a) An ELD must implement in-service monitoring functions to verify that the data transfer mechanism(s) described in section 4.9.1 of this appendix are continuing to function properly. An ELD must verify this functionality at least once every 7 days. These monitoring functions may be automatic or may involve manual steps for a driver.

(c) After an ELD records a data transfer data diagnostic event, the ELD must increase the frequency of the monitoring function to
check at least once every 24-hour period. If the ELD stays in the unconfirmed data transfer mode following the next three 90 consecutive monitoring checks, the ELD must detect a data transfer compliance malfunction.

Requirement No.
Event Code
Event Name
Description

4.6.1.1
1 / Pwd Diag
Power Diagnostic
An ELD must monitor data it receives from the engine ECM or alternative sources as allowed in sections 4.3.1.1-4.3.1.4 of this appendix, its onboard sensors, and data record history to identify instances when it may not have complied with the power requirements specified in section 4.3.1.1, in which case, the ELD must record a power data diagnostics event for the corresponding driver(s), or under

Section
Page
Description

---------
------
-------------

4.6.1.2
2
Engine Synchronization Diagnostic

An ELD required to establish a link to the engine ECM as described in section 4.2 must monitor its connectivity to the engine ECM and its ability to retrieve the vehicle parameters described under section 4.3.1 of this appendix and must record an engine-synchronization data diagnostics event when it no longer can acquire updated values for the ELD parameters required for records within 5 seconds of the need.

4.6.1.4 (d)
3
Missing Data Elements Diagnostic

If a new ELD event must be recorded at an instance when the ELD had failed to acquire a valid position measurement within the most recent elapsed 5 miles of driving, but the ELD has not yet set a positioning compliance malfunction, the ELD must record the character “X” in both the latitude and longitude fields, unless location is 88 entered manually by the driver, in which case it must log the character “M” instead. Under the circumstances listed in this paragraph, if the ELD event is due to a change in duty status for the driver, the ELD must prompt the driver to enter location manually in accordance with section 4.3.2.7 of this appendix. If the driver does not enter the location information and the

Section
Category
Event Description

---------
----------
-------------------

| 4.6.1.7 | Trans Diag | Data Transfer Diagnostic
(b) If the monitoring mechanism fails to confirm proper in-service operation of the data transfer mechanism(s), an ELD must record a data transfer data diagnostic event and enter an unconfirmed data transfer mode. |
| 4.6.1.6 | Unid Diag | Unidentified Driver Diagnostic
(b) If more than 30 minutes of driving in a 24-hour period show unidentified driver on the ELD, the ELD must detect and record an unidentified driving records data diagnostic event and the data diagnostic indicator must be turned on for all drivers logged in to that ELD for the current 24-hour period and the following 7 days.
(c) An unidentified driving records data diagnostic event can be cleared by the ELD when driving time logged under the unidentified driver profile for the current 24-hour period and the previous 7 consecutive days drops to 15 minutes or less. |
| 4.6.1.8 | Other Diag | Other Diagnostic
In addition to the required monitoring schemes described in sections 4.6.1.1–