 towards tourism, including whether the community is hospitable, are important for the sustainability of tourism in local communities.

In South Africa, the level of involvement of local communities in tourism is very low. The role of the local authority is important in stimulating community-based tourism development and tourism-driven LED. The local authority should play a role in marketing the local area to tourists and to the private sector for tourism-related investment. A local authority that is well resourced may be able to commission studies on a variety of issues such as statistical information on the volume of tourists in the locality, creating partnerships with the private sector and tourism promotion and marketing (Charlton and Essex, 1995: 43).

At the time of the American study, the local communities in Illinois were aware of tourism’s benefits. Wilson, et al. (2001: 136) feel that if communities are involved and appreciate their involvement, their word of mouth and pride in what they have will be the best way to promote local tourism. It must be acknowledged that not all community members will support and value the importance of tourism in their own areas, especially if they do not benefit from it.
An important consideration is that structures are accessible and opportunities available for their involvement, should they wish it.

The American study underscores the importance of both promoting the attractions and services available to tourists and of the knowledge of where aspirant tourism entrepreneurs may receive technical assistance. If the Americans with their high literacy rate regard technical assistance in marketing and drafting of business plans important, South Africa’s rural communities will need them even more owing to their low level of literacy. The respondents in the American study emphasise the importance of tourism information and assistance and the need for organised central agencies and councils to provide them with information and technical assistance (Wilson, et al. 2001: 136)

A study on the Highlands Meander, a tourism region in Mpumalanga Province, by Rogerson (2002a: 161), states that black local communities lack an appreciation of the importance of the tourism industry. Without in-depth understanding of the great potential offered by tourism, they will not fully appreciate its great potential. Local communities lack information on how they could interlink with the tourism industry. This lack of information on tourism’s potential to stimulate local socio-economic development is one of the challenges which requires the combined resources and efforts of both private and public sectors.

In South Africa, local communities lack the necessary training and this prevents them from participating meaningfully in the tourism industry. They do not have the expertise to operate a successful tourism venture (Killion, 2001: 181; Kaplan, 2004:217) and are consequently not in a position to enjoy tourism’s socio-economic benefits.
In an interview with Marx (2003a: 17), Matlou responded to a question on the importance of technical and general knowledge of the tourism industry as prerequisites for successful entrepreneurship by emphasising that those who want to venture into the tourism business require sound business principles in management, marketing and finance. They need to have business plans, to know the market and the resources required and, above all, to be prepared to work hard just like in any other business.

The support and involvement of local government is crucial to local tourism development. According to the participants in the American study, the role of local government should be funding and promotion; creation and maintenance of the infrastructure necessary for tourism such as roads, airports, reliable water and electricity supplies; and zoning and maintenance of the community so that it is clean and appealing to tourists. Stakeholders should also invest in education and occupational support for tourism employees and entrepreneurs (Wilson, et al. 2001: 134).

Other examples of local government support for tourism are listed as funding the production of brochures, organising and improving traffic systems, keeping the streets clean and free of potholes and beautifying downtown areas by planting flowers (Wilson, et al. 2001: 134). Fortunately, the Panorama region has fairly good roads and fairly clean towns. The only streets that are not tarred are the ones in the villages. Otherwise, road maintenance and tourism signage are visible through towns right into the picturesque mountains. Men weeding the verges at the top of mountain passes are a common sight.

Inadequate funding for tourism development and promotion presents a problem in South Africa and elsewhere (as revealed by the American study). Rural communities are generally trapped by poverty. They do not have the capital
resources to invest in business development. The investors, on the other hand, most of whom are private and from the big cities, are hesitant to invest in rural communities. Between 1995 and 1998 investment in the tourism industry in South Africa amounted to R44.9 billion, split among seven sectors, the main beneficiary being the construction sector (United Nations, 2001: 2).

The above figure may not mean anything until one establishes who was investing and in which geographic area this investment was made. Take for example the building of complexes which received 21% of the R44.9 billion – shopping complexes not owned by black business people and built without black economic empowerment deals do not lead to black economic empowerment. They perpetuate the class divisions among the South African population. Even services (which got 6% and attractions, which received 2%) will not mean anything until one knows where the investment was made.

According to the American study, successful communities are those that provide tourists with packages which persuade them to stay longer and to spend more. Those that have something to offer but do not provide attractive packages continue to receive smaller numbers of tourists (Wilson, et al. 2001: 134). The marketing strategy of South African Tourism currently includes promoting the Southern African Development Community (SADC) as a tourist region. Tourists are offered packages to South Africa and the SADC countries and are also encouraged to stay longer and spend more (South African Tourism, 2002: 38).

In South Africa, aspirant tourism entrepreneurs still struggle with packaging the tourist product. This thwarts all prospects of compiling a comprehensive package for tourists because such packages include a variety of products usually provided by more than one tourism entrepreneur.
Packaging the tourist product involves putting it together in a consumable way, considering factors such as the nature of the product, its accessibility, the area’s natural beauty, climate, affordability, health considerations, socio-political stability and telecommunication. The overall objective should be to package a tourist product in a way that attracts and attains tourist satisfaction. The satisfaction of tourists has many advantages for local communities in that it leads to more spending, longer stays and repeat visits.

In an interview with Marx (2003a: 18), Matlou notes that packages should be created to include a stay in the townships. He says that the way the country is marketed may spell doom or boon for the emerging tourism entrepreneurs. He emphasises the need to market South Africa as a multicultural country while not discarding the traditional approach of marketing it as a country featuring the Big Five.

The difference between the experiences of the Americans in Illinois and the local communities in Mpumalanga Province is that the Americans are directly empowered by local tourism events whereas in Mpumalanga Province only the established white tourism entrepreneurs benefit. During the World Gold Panning Championship in Pilgrim’s Rest, Mpumalanga Province, held in September 2005, mainly white entrepreneurs benefited. Their accommodation was fully utilised as were their transport and restaurants. Local black vendors tried unsuccessfully to sell their crafts, the main activity they do for themselves by themselves, but on the day participants in the Gold Panning Championship bought mainly alcohol and food, not crafts.

The American study emphasises coordination and cooperation between business people and local leadership. It encourages partnerships between the local communities and the public and private sectors. Utilisation of the funds
earmarked for investment in community-based tourism projects requires that all stakeholders work together.

In Chapter 4 of this study a project that remained a ‘white elephant’ in Chieftain Mohlala’s community because of a lack of consultation and cooperation is discussed. The government approved a tender for the construction of a cultural centre. To date, the cultural centre stands empty and unutilised. The participants in the American study emphasise the importance of consultation, proper coordination and cooperation by all stakeholders.

In Mpumalanga Province specifically and South Africa as a whole, the best approach will have to include mentoring of emerging tourism entrepreneurs by those who are established. Unfortunately, South Africa’s race relations have not yet matured to a stage where voluntary mentoring is possible. In the researcher’s opinion, consideration must be given to providing incentives to mentors. Without such incentives, it is unlikely that any tourism entrepreneur will want to use his or her time in mentoring others.

Strategic planning is vital in preparation for any business venture. Proper planning delivers expected results and avoids wastage of time and capital resources. In South Africa there is no shortage of policy frameworks for the development of communities. The problem is in implementation, monitoring and evaluation of development initiatives.

The participants in the American study perceive cooperation among tourism entrepreneurs as an important factor for successful tourism development (Wilson, et al. 2001: 135). This is understandable considering the multi-sectoral nature of the industry. It fosters relations with different types of economic sectors and businesses. The use of a core-group in communities, which
presumably adopts the role of LEDA in South Africa, to make tourism work is, however, an experience that remains remote in the thinking of local communities in the Panorama region.

In Chapter 5 of this study, sub-section 5.3.3, it is stated that the use of development agents or consultants is common in South African tourism development. These development agents are


odus from the city:

“There is another kind of trouble, more psychological in nature. Fear of crime and impatience with bad services drove people away in the 1970's. Today the city is coping with a broader fear, of being a target of international terrorism. How does it even begin to address that, other than with bravado and clever television commercials starring pretend ice skater Woody Allen?” (Purnick 2001a).
The tourism-related industries were called upon to create the tableau in which spiraling fears regarding New York City’s future could be anchored for these industries had the resources and means to stabilize the free-fall of the city’s place in the global economy.

Table 5.1 provides a timeline of the tourism-led growth coalition’s activities in the months succeeding 9/11.

Table 5.1: Timeline of the New York City tourism-led growth coalition’s efforts in the months succeeding the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Date
Event

September 11, 2001
Terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York, as well as the Pentagon in Washington, DC. Downing of United Airlines Flight 93 in Shanksville, PA.

September 12, 2001
Executive Committee Meeting of NYC & Company. Decision made by Mayor Giuliani for curtains to again rise on Broadway on September 13. At the meeting, the Mayor asked the city’s restaurant community to aid in feeding Ground Zero rescue and relief workers.

September 13, 2001
Broadway theaters reopen.

September 16, 2001
Mayor Giuliani holds press conference at Command Center and states that the best way to help the city is to spend money and go see a show.

September 18, 2001
Anthrax-tainted letters are postmarked at a Trenton, NJ post office, addressed to the offices of NBC News and The New York Post in New York.

September 21, 2001
Congress passes bill, with the support of the White House, providing liability protection for the airlines as well as proving the airlines with cash and loan guarantees.

September 21, 2001
9/11 Interfaith memorial service held at Yankee Stadium.

September 25, 2001
New York Times/CBS News poll reported that eighty-four percent of Americans say they have a good image of the city, up from 61 percent when the question was last asked in early 1998. Mayor Giuliani receives a 95 percent approval rating nationwide.

September 27, 2001
American Society of Travel Agents moves their annual event from Spain to New York.

September 27, 2001
President Bush delivers speech from the tarmac of O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, urging Americans to “take your families and enjoy life, the way they want it to be enjoyed.”

September 28, 2001
League of American Theaters and Produces wraps up production of their “Let’s Go On With the Show” television ad, featuring cast members of all the major Broadway productions.

October 1, 2001
Mayor Giuliani addresses the United Nations General Assembly.

October 2, 2001
New York State announces pledge of $40 million for an I Love New York tourism promotion campaign.

October 2, 2001
Delta Air Lines named official airline of NYC & Company, pledging 10,000 free tickets to New York. Mayor Giuliani attends the press conference, held at the offices of NYC & Company, announcing this development. This was the first formal press conference that the Mayor held away from the Command Center.

Date
Event

--------------------
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October 10, 2001
“A New Day” ad, narrated by Governor Pataki and Mayor Giuliani, begins airing on television.

October 31, 2001
A 61-year old hospital stockroom worker from The Bronx infected by New York’s first case of inhalation anthrax died at Manhattan’s Lenox Hill Hospital (Lipton 2001b).

November 3, 2001
“Paint the Town Red, White and Blue” promotion announced by NYC & Company.

November 24, 2001
Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade held as scheduled.

November 30, 2001
“Canada Loves New York” program launched.

December 5, 2001
“I Love New York for business” ad campaign announced by Governor Pataki.

December 10, 2001
“Every Dollar Spent Downtown Is A Dollar Spent Rebuilding It” promotional campaign launched by the Alliance for Downtown New York Business Improvement District.

December 12, 2001
Mayor Giuliani and NYC Department of City Planning unveil a study titled “Far West Midtown: A Framework for Development.”

December 20, 2001
Ellis and Liberty Island reopens for visitors.

December 30, 2001
Ground Zero viewing platform opens to the public.

January 1, 2002
Michael R. Bloomberg succeeds Rudolph Giuliani as Mayor of New York City. Daniel Doctoroff, the President of NYC 2012 (the private group dedicated to bringing the 2012 Olympics to New York), becomes Deputy Mayor of Economic Development and Rebuilding.

January 1-16, 2002
“Spend Your Regards to Broadway” promotion conducted. The promotion is announced on December 18, 2001.

January 6, 2002
League of American Theaters and Producers release a coupon book providing incentives for Broadway and Off-Broadway shows, as well as local hotels, restaurants and parking garages.

February 3, 2002
Senators Schumer and Torricelli announce their effort to secure the 2007 NFL Super Bowl.

February 5, 2002
NYC Firefighters sent on nationwide “thank-you” tour.

February 27, 2002
Do It Downtown! discount card program launched by Wall Street Rising.

April 3, 2002
Announcement that the 2003 Grammy Awards will be held in New York.

May 8-12, 2002
First annual Tribeca Film Festival. The Festival is announced at a press conference with Robert DeNiro, American Express CEO Kenneth Chenault and Mayor Bloomberg on March 21, 2002.

May 13, 2002
Jonathan M. Tisch succeeds Tim Zagat as the chairman of NYC & Company.

Summer 2002
River to River Festival is organized by the Alliance for Downtown New York and sponsored by American Express.

August 2002
Formal effort begins by NYC & Company and NYC Big Events to recruit the 2004 Democratic and Republican National Conventions.

August 27, 2002
The United State Olympic Committee announces that New York would join San Francisco as the finalists to represent the


ateur sample, intensification of competition was repeatedly identified as the primary cause of this gruelling and underrewarded toil (Ram et al. 2000). As we have argued elsewhere (Ram et al. 2002), the restaurant sector is no less subject to market saturation than most of the other sectors in which Asian businesses are concentrated, a paradoxical situation at first sight. Unlike retailing and CTN (confectionery–news–tobacco), where the impact of supermarket and other corporate competition has wrought catastrophic havoc on the small Asian entrepreneur’s market position (Jones and Ram 2003), the Asian restaurateur basks in a sector with explosive growth in customer spending, underpinned by a seemingly inexhaustible white middle-class consumer base. Nevertheless, the reality is that restaurants, takeouts and other supply outlets have grown even faster than demand – the result of what might be described as a ‘gold-rush effect’, where excessively large numbers of prospectors are drawn in by the hope of rich pickings. As in an actual goldfield, it is generally the first entrants who thrive, while the later arrivals struggle.
Enthusiasts for the benign qualities of entrepreneurialism as liberator and enricher of the individual are fond of extolling the profit-making opportunities offered by the various ‘niche markets’ supposedly opened up by the post-industrial economy. By their very nature, however, such niches tend to fill up very rapidly and, unhappily, South Asian business owners in Britain have discovered that every niche they have pioneered has soon been flooded by a surfeit of competitors—fellow Asians metaphorically slitting one another’s throats (Jones et al. 2000). Even that most niche-like of niches, exotic catering, has not proved immune from the process, despite Asians enjoying both customer growth and an effective ethnic monopoly. While competition among the balti houses themselves constitutes an onerous threat in its own right, owners also identified additional competitive pressures from non-balti outlets like fish-and-chip and fast-food shops and from the growth of balti houses in other parts of the city region (Ram et al. 2000).

At this juncture, we need to qualify any impression that these restaurant owners are no more than pawn-like victims of an antagonistic commercial environment. Indeed this is one of the pivotal issues in the entire debate about ethnic minority enterprise: the question of self-determination versus external determination, agency versus structure. For our own part, we have consistently laid stress on the political-economic environment in which such entrepreneurs are embedded, a stress designed to counter over-optimistic accounts of Asian business as a success story resting on the autonomous resources of the ethnic community. Nevertheless, there is still a sense in which, like any other social actor, Asian entrepreneurs must be recognized as active agents exerting free will and choice to adapt to market pressures which in themselves are far from absolutely inevitable or deterministic. On the contrary, there is a range of managerial options—ostensibly at least—and Asian restaurateurs can be seen to be striving with considerable ingenuity to ameliorate and adapt to competitive stress (see Ram et al. 2002 for fuller account of adaptive strategies). Most successful are those who have ‘gone upmarket’, differentiating themselves from the competition by the conspicuous opulence of their premises and the reputation of their cuisine. Often such businesses are (re)located in affluent suburban or city centre premises well removed from the inner-city squalor of the Balti Quarter, distancing themselves physically as well as socially from the mass. Yet in the last instance, however proactive and creative their strategy, Asian restaurateurs’ strategic space is rigorously constrained within parameters fixed by external market conditions. Success is strictly rationed by price in the capitalist market, and because the upmarket strategy is essentially capital-intensive, it is open only to a minority of small Asian entrepreneurs. Typically, Asian entrepreneurs are under-capitalized and lack the means to execute ambitious projects requiring costly sites, premises and equipment (Ram et al. 2002). Proactive adaptation is
certainly to be recommended, but it cannot be piously assumed, given the average entrepreneur’s non-possession of the necessary resources.

If this line of reasoning still appears to play down the force of entrepreneurial agency, we would remind the reader that we are far from alone in questioning the small business owner’s freedom of self-determination. Chapman (1999) is one observer who disputes whether the term ‘strategy’ is applicable at all in small firms, where the owner’s workload is too time-consuming to allow for strategic thinking, and where management is more likely to consist of ad hoc reaction, ‘just muddling through on the basis of custom, trial and error; … a course of action is not a strategy if it has been forced on one by circumstance’ (Chapman 1999: 77). In similar vein, Curran et al. (1991) refer to small business strategies as ‘hypothetical’. Significantly, these writers are addressing small firms as a whole rather than those owned by ethnic minorities, whom we might suppose to be even more constrained.

In the light of these strategic non-options, it comes as no surprise that Birmingham Asian restaurateurs’ responses to market pressures tend to take the familiar low-tech labour-intensive cost-cutting form that has bedevilled Asian business owners in Britain from the very outset. As the case of the Punjabi restaurant cited above suggests, this need not always be disadvantageous, since an effective low-cost strategy is available through the creation of a unique gastronomic identity. Yet even this depends on high-quality culinary skills, another scarce resource beyond the reach of many. More typically, restaurateurs rely for their survival on a very basic form of price competition, with menu tariffs maintained at a low level, dependent on the entrepreneur’s willingness to accept uneconomic returns for long and unsocial working hours. While this is certainly to be seen as active agency, it is hardly an inspiring recommendation for the virtues of free will and choice – nor indeed for multicultural urban reinvention. To put it baldly, Birmingham’s vaunted multicultural culinary experience, its vast choice of innumerable and affordable curry houses, would be decisively compromised if all Asian restaurateurs operated according to capitalist calculative rationality and actually insisted on profitability as a condition for their existence. If, on top of this, they were also to desist from cutting regulatory corners, the outcome could only be a drastic reduction in the number of catering outlets. The sector’s continuance and further development as an urban re-branding exercise rests entirely on Asian entrepreneurial self-exploitation (not to mention self-criminalization) – and indeed on worker exploitation, as we shall discover in the following section.

**Employees**

Running incessantly throughout the discourse in this field is the theme of the family as a decisive source of labour power for the ethnic minority business. Whether in catering or elsewhere in the economy, family
members are seen as a trusted, flexible and cut-price labour supply that gives these businesses a competitive edge (see Ram and Jones 1998 for a review). Highly advantageous in principle, in practice family business units can be riddled with all manner of schisms on generational and gender lines and can be hampered by nepotistic loyalties (Ram and Jones 1998). Moreover, in the case of restaurants, the role of family members is qualified by two special considerations. First, the rising expectations of the British-born generation – and often of parents on behalf of their children – mean that fewer young family members wish, or are compelled, to submit to the drudgery of the late-night catering business. Second, the necessary scale and division of labour in the typical restaurant compels additional recruitment beyond the familial bounds, though almost always within the co-ethnic community. Scholarly accounts of the resulting boss–worker relationships have tended to be polarized between the narrative of sweated exploitation recounted by writers like Mitter (1986) and the idealistic representations of workplace harmony, where face-to-face paternalism and common ethnic bonds can apparently transcend the normal class antagonisms (Werbner 1990).

When these ethnic minority models of industrial relations are set against the mainstream discourse on small firms, one is struck by the degree of similarity – by the way in which the behaviour of ethnic minority firms is no more than a variation on a universal theme. According to Chapman (1999), the belief in small-firm working relationships as essentially harmonious is a long-standing theme applying right across the board, irrespective of ethnicity. Over time, the harmony thesis has become subject to critical scrutiny, with the small workplace increasingly recognized as the site of a complex range of possibilities. One possibility is that control is exerted through persuading workers to collude willingly in the process – though, as Goss (1991) makes clear, there are various degrees of this. His own typology of small-firm control strategies ranges from fraternalism and paternalism, where the boss’s authority is heavily disguised under a veil of personalized face-to-face pseudo-equality; through benevolent autocracy, where authority is overt but tempered by grace and favour; to sweating, which speaks for itself. In applying this kind of mainstream thinking to Asian firms, Ram (1994) argues for what he describes as ‘negotiated paternalism’, a regime far from conflict-free, but in which employees enjoy more than the customary leverage.

Certainly many of our own interviews bear testimony to the benefits for workers that lie in these informal industrial relations practices. Among the fringe benefits mentioned are lifts to and from work and free food on the premises, though like any other paternalistic rewards these are contingent on the whim of the employer. Looking more closely at Asian restaurant practices in the light of Goss (1991), we emphasize that relationships


Non-Motorized Recreation Plan is intended to guide DNR in planning, developing, and managing non-motorized recreational opportunities and public access over the next 10-15 years. It includes DNR’s recreation program goals, and identifies priorities for implementation. This plan will be evaluated periodically as part of adaptive management, and changes will be made as necessary to ensure compatibility with trust obligations and forest management objectives.

Concept Map

One key outcome of the planning process is the development of a recreational use concept map (see Figure 3) for The Recreation Planning Area. The map reflects the general locations of proposed recreation management concepts within The Recreation Planning Area. DNR developed the concept map with involvement and feedback from the Recreation Planning Committee and the public. The concept map is based on broad scale mapping information. Exact locations and site specific details related to proposed projects will be generated from on-the-ground site assessments to ensure safety, sustainability, and a positive user experience consistent with trust obligations.

This concept map shows the general locations related to what is proposed for the next 10-15 years as the plan is implemented.
Figure 3. Recreational Use Concept Map
Objectives and Strategies

Another key outcome of the recreation planning process is a list of recreation management objectives and strategies for The Recreation Planning Area. These objectives and strategies describe in further detail the proposed recreation concepts and how they may be implemented and managed. Implementation of proposed projects is subject to the availability of funding, staffing and consideration of maintenance and operations funding.

Recreation Planning Sub-Areas

Due to the dispersed nature of the units of trust lands in The Recreation Planning Area, Sub-Areas (see Figure 4) were created as part of this recreation plan to assist in associating specific objectives and strategies with particular locations or landscape features. Recreation Planning Sub-Areas describe geographic sections and the primary management objectives (PMOs) of The Recreation Planning Area (see Table 1). Sub-Areas are not intended to reflect official boundaries. The sub-areas not listed in Table 1 will still allow dispersed recreation.

This is a broad-scale planning effort and includes a non-project level environmental review in compliance with the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). In the future, as this plan is implemented, there will additional project specific work such as site-specific assessments, field reconnaissance and inventory work, and detailed facility and trail design work. During implementation, individual projects will be subject to applicable regulatory procedures and practices. Processes referred to in these objectives and strategies are in addition to and do not replace current regulatory processes and procedures. At that time there will be additional environmental review in compliance with SEPA and opportunities for public involvement.

Table 1. Recreation Planning Sub-Area Designations

Recreation Planning Sub-Area Designation
Primary Recreation Management Objectives

Red Mountain Unit: Portions of the Red Mountain block of trust land
Non-motorized recreation

North Fork Unit: Portions of the North Fork block of trust land
Non-motorized recreation

Stewart Mountain Unit: Portions of the Stewart Mountain block of trust land
Non-motorized recreation

Mirror Lake Unit: Portions of the northern Mirror Lake block of trust land
Non-motorized recreation

Figure 4. Recreation Planning Sub-Areas
Public Access

The forest road system was built for the purpose of supporting working forests. These forest roads provide access into DNR-managed lands and are maintained for timber management purposes. These roads also serve as the primary means of public access to the Red Mountain, North Fork, Stewart Mountain and Mirror Lake units of The Recreation Planning Area.

**Entire Planning Area**

**Objective A:** Look for opportunities to provide public access to each recreation development zone in The Recreation Planning Area as compatible with timber management.

**Strategies**
1. Work with private property owners in an effort to secure public access rights onto forest roads that access the recreation development zone in the Stewart Mountain Unit.
2. Maintain public access into the Red Mountain Unit and the North Fork Unit.
3. Integrate marbled murrelet conservation strategies for the North Fork Unit into recreation access to development zones.

**Objective B:** Use existing forest roads whenever appropriate to provide public access into recreation development zones.

**Strategies**
1. Inventory forest roads that could potentially provide access into the various units of The Recreation Planning Area.
2. As needed, identify locations where new roads could be developed to access proposed trailhead locations.
3. Project proposals will include forest road options, public safety considerations, cost benefit analysis and mitigation strategies that take into account year round working forest activities.

**Objective C:** Where reasonable, establish and maintain roads to each trailhead location to a level that is appropriate to the needs for vehicular access.

**Strategies**
1. Develop criteria for access roads into recreation development zones that fits into the primary management activities on DNR-managed lands.
2. Bring existing roads up to standards established to provide appropriate access to each trailhead location.
3. Develop a long-term sustainable maintenance program to maintain access roads, while addressing forest practices maintenance issues.
4. Identify funding methods to implement appropriate staffing maintenance and operations programs.

**Recreation Trails**

A main component of all trail projects will include an evaluation a) of existing undesignated
trails within the units planned for recreation development (Red Mountain, North Fork, Stewart Mountain and Mirror Lake units) for sustainability and user experience, and b) planning new trails that are sustainably located and built to provide a safe recreation experience without compromising environmental and resource health. New trail systems are a dynamic element across many landscapes; integrating trail planning and forest management activities provides an opportunity to respond to the changing nature of the working forests. Trail work will include restoring areas with known resource and environmental damage, relocating and developing trails in long-term sustainable locations, and restoring former trail locations.

The Recreation Program statewide coordinates with forest management activities when planning trail systems. This ensures the response to current and future management activities, including timber harvests that may impact trails, is managed appropriately. The dynamic nature of our forests mean that trails may be temporarily closed or re-routed in response to our agency’s vital mission to generate revenue for the trust beneficiaries.

**Entire Planning Area**

**Objective A:** Provide and maintain a network of safe, enjoyable and sustainable non-motorized recreation trails consistent with the following strategies based on available staffing, funding and resources.

**Strategies**

1. When planning for and locating future trails, inventory existing undesignated, non-sanctioned trails to determine extent of resource and environmental damage and the potential for reuse as part of a designated trail system.
2. Develop a coordinated systematic approach to adding new trails where appropriate, decommissioning and/or restoring old locations simultaneously.
3. Provide separate use trails where appropriate for safety of users and user experience.
4. Design and locate designated trails consistent with DNR’s standards, stewardship responsibilities, suitability criteria, safety and risk management, and user experience.
5. Create and maintain trail systems that minimize long-term maintenance and prevent or minimize the potential for erosion and sediment delivery into nearby streams and water bodies.
6. Establish Trail Management Objectives (TMOs) for the designated trails; TMO’s describe standards for planning, construction, and maintenance of new trails and trail segments.
7. Provide trail lengths, loops, and destination trails that create a range of trail experiences.
8. Where practical, locate trails away from adjacent private property boundaries.
9. Establish a trails working group that includes representatives from interested user groups and local residents to provide ongoing input and participate in trail planning, design, group events and maintenance.
10. Consider and pursue a range of maintenance funding opportunities for trails including partnerships, commercial agreements, permits and fees.

**Objective B:** DNR is willing to participate in trail planning, for example, on the Whatcom County conceptual Bellingham – Mt. Baker Trail, that may result in trail development on DNR lands.
land should another state agency, local government body, or organized group of individuals convene a planning committee of stakeholders.

**Strategies**
1. Work with land managers (public and private) and stakeholders to participate in public input driven planning processes that include DNR land.
2. As these opportunities are presented, engage with necessary parties to encourage the design and development of non-motorized trails that are consistent with DNR’s standards, stewardship responsibilities, suitability criteria, safety and risk management, and user experience.

**North Fork Unit, Red Mountain Unit, Mirror Lake Unit and Stewart Mountain Unit**

**Objective C:** Provide non-motorized trail opportunities for horseback riding, hiking and mountain biking based on available staffing, funding and resources.

**Strategies**
1. Inventory and evaluate the non-motorized trail zones identified on the Concept Map (Figure 3) for a non-motorized trail system.
2. Partner with the public to identify trail location options.
3. Work to plan, design and develop a variety of non-motorized trails for hiking, horseback riding and mountain biking.

**Objective D:** Provide non-motorized trail connections to Whatcom County parks – Lake Whatcom Park, Canyon Lake Community Forest and Silver Lake Park, based on available staffing, funding and resources.

**Strategies**
1. Work (establish partnership) with Whatcom County Parks and Recreation Department, to identify potential linkage routes for connecting to existing and proposed county trails in Lake Whatcom Park, Canyon Lake Community Forest, and Silver Lake Park.
2. Evaluate areas that could be suitable for locating multi-use trail connectors.
3. Design and develop trails with compatible connections to county trails.

**Objective E:** Provide non-m


 MoE. The differences in interpretation have created uncertainty and frustration among involved parties, which have not contributed to efficiency. For the present set-up to work, a better coordination and alignment of interests and priorities between the main stakeholders (UNESCO and MoE) must be ensured.

Generally speaking, however, many interviewees note that a foundation is probably an efficient institutional set-up for a Nordic C2 Centre. The benefits of being a foundation versus the same work being put under a government ministry, is that an organization can act more independently and decisively, and be spared (reportedly often extensive) bureaucratic processes reflecting the rules and regulations for public administration. On the other hand, placing the same tasks and funding under a ministry would allow for synergies. The relevant Norwegian institutions would be the Directorate for Cultural Heritage, the Environmental Agency or a research organisation. The Nordic network that NWHF has is also available for these actors, as well as international contacts. The Directorate already works with international parties through bilateral projects, and can for instance use them to assist in nomination processes and Periodic Reporting. Such organisations could also maybe do a better work on supplying Nordic expertise internationally, given that they can be supposed to have a better, and updated, overview over existing competence. The marginal costs of expanding the Directorates international work would probably be lower than the funding of NWHF, given that it is possible to employ 3-4 persons within the same organisation and localities as today. Such a solution would guarantee MoE a better control of the use of these resources. However, one would no longer have a C2 Centre for the Nordic-Baltic region. Moreover, the flexibility and independence that NWHF provides would be lost with such a solution. In terms of efficiency, there are drawbacks and benefits that are difficult to quantify to the alternatives of placing the mandated tasks of NWHF in a foundation or under a ministry.

To transfer the funding to a research organisation could also prove difficult since the work of NWHF cannot be classified as research and hence could be incompatible with the statutes of the potential research organisation. It would also not necessarily solve the problem of lacking steering control for MoE.
4.3.5 Funding arrangements

The basic funding for the running of the secretariat and the board comes from MoE, see chapter 2.6. In addition projects have been funded by external funders, mainly MFA, but also FK Norway and Government of Switzerland in the present period. MoE also offers grants to seminars, conferences etc. as supplements to the basic grant to the Secretariat. Most of the project funds are being transferred to cooperation partners, while some are being used to cover travel and other expenses, for instance extra staff, in connection with the project in question.

Basic funding subject to National Budget regulations

The Agreement requires that the Norwegian government grants NWHF at least NOK 3.5 million per year, but for the whole period the basic funding has been above, with 1.5 million for all years except 2012 when the funding was reduced to NOK 4 million. The yearly grant is being decided in the National Budget, and is as such affected by the yearly governmental budget discussions and priorities. This renders some uncertainty for NWHF, since the Governmental budget is not being public before October, an uncertainty that was highlighted for the budget year 2012. Being presented for a 20 per cent cut in the funding from MoE on rather short notice NWHF was forced to implement cuts in their own budget, including moving to cheaper offices, non-renewal of one staff member’s contract and drawing on the Foundation’s retained equity to balance the budget. But given the regulations for the National Budget it is not possible to secure grants for more than one year ahead, except the amount that is decided in the agreement. This is a situation all grant recipients has to adapt to, and plan in accordance to. It is also noteworthy that the operating costs in 2012 were higher than in preceding years, for instance with higher travel expenses. This indicates that the reduction in the funding was not fully reflected in the operation of NWHF.

Possibilities for extra payment

The board has agreed to give the secretariat the possibility to invoice payment for services provided, for instance to governmental partners and WH site managers on work related to Periodic reporting. This possibility should however not be used for “basic” services. So far this opportunity has not been used by the secretariat, partly due to unclear delimitation of when to apply this payment (what is basic services?) and partly due to the extra work this will require from the secretariat.

Contribution from the other Nordic countries

NWHF has a Nordic dimension and one could therefore ask why the other Nordic countries should not contribute to funding the foundation. If they find NWHF useful there should be some willingness to pay in order to keep the foundation running.

At present NWHF covers all travel costs for the board members in connection with board meetings (but no allowances). This is common practice for boards, but one could argue that the other Nordic members should pay for this themselves. And to our knowledge at least one of the board members does not always send the travel expense bill to NWHF.

At the same time the Nordic board members (and hence their governments) contribute in kind, varying from 4-15 working days per year according to our informants in the board. In addition they contribute with knowledge to the foundation.
Another consideration is that for this kind of cooperation, both within the UN system and Nordic Council of Ministers, it is commonly agreed upon that the country hosting the institute also provides the core funding.

_Funding UNESCO directly_

Most of the interviewees agree that donating NOK 4-5 million directly to the WH Fund or WHC would most probably is less cost-effective than today’s system. UNESCO is a large and bureaucratic organisation, not always being perceived as effective (ref. Norad 2009). And in addition NOK 4-5 million will run the risk of being used on other issues than WH or not in accordance with the WH policies of the Norwegian Government. This would rather be a donation than a grant, limiting the steering control for the government. The intended Nordic perspective would most certainly be lost with such a donation. In this assessment it is also important to take into account that NWHF is independent, and hence more flexible. The foundation can relieve WHC in Paris, i.e. give a benefit for UNESCO that probably is higher than UNESCO receiving the same amount directly. On the other hand, providing a few good extra staff through NWHF does not in itself really provide a sustainable long-term contribution to WH work.

_Cost-efficiency_

Having no other organisation to benchmark with it is difficult to conclude whether the running of NWHF is cost-effective or not. The large spending’s on travel are however a potential issue. According to NWHF the travelling all are related to processes directly related to the Strategic Objectives, and upon request/invitation from the Nordic-Baltic States Parties or UNESCO HQ and regional offices. In addition, NWHF participate in the annual WH Committee meetings. But focusing the work on being a focal point the travelling of the secretariat would most likely decrease.

**4.3.6 Resource implications for UNESCO of interaction with NWHF**

As mentioned earlier, the budget crisis within UNESCO has led the organization to utilize Category 2 Institutes and Centres more to conduct its work. At the same time, UNESCO is aware that interacting with the increasing number of Category 2 Institutes and Centres implies transaction costs. UNESCO staff now must record on SISTER (UNESCO’s Intranet-based monitoring tool) costs and time related to interactions with all Category 2 Institutes and Centres. According to the “Report on the full cost of Category 2 institutes and Centres” of April 2013\(^{22}\), the average cost per institute/centre during the 2012/2013 biennium ranged from $10,000 to $30,000, with an average cost of just under $20,000. UNESCO would not reveal the cost of particular Category 2 Institutes and Centres, so it is difficult to see how NWHF compares with others. In any case, the report notes that higher costs “do not necessarily represent higher administrative costs, but rather a higher degree of substantive cooperation between the Secretariat and the institutes/Centres concerned around concrete activities” (3b). In other words, a high “cost” may simply indicate a high degree of cooperation.

According to a document reviewing progress so far in implementing recommendations from IOS’ joint audit and evaluation of the management framework of Category 2 Institutes and Centres, transaction costs for UNESCO in dealing with Category 2 entities.

---

\(^{22}\) 191 EX/14.1INF, 9 April 2013.
include the following: “conducting feasibility studies for proposed Category 2 entities, participation of UNESCO staff in Category 2 governing boards, liaising and engaging with a burgeoning number of institutes and Centres, and conducting the review assessments…prior to the renewal of agreements.”

It would seem that most of the direct costs mentioned have already been covered by NWHF for some time. For example, The 2007 Evaluation of the NWHF noted that “the work of the NWHF has no financial implications [for UNESCO] and travel to Board meetings is covered by NWHF”. It should also be noted that the direct costs of the present review are being borne by the NWHF, though this does not cover the time accorded by UNESCO staff.

In interviews with WHC one question concerned whether their transaction costs were reasonable compared to the value received from NWHF, and compared to the transaction costs associated with other Category 2 Institutes and Centres.


 in an agent to correspond to a small change in the agent’s policy. This is particularly important since other agents will be implementing continuous functions on agents, and we would like any continuous function on policies to be able to be considered valid continuous function on agents. We also want $$f$$ to be surjective. This means that our space of agents is sufficiently rich that for any possible continuous policy, there is an agent in our space that implements that policy. In order to meet all these criteria simultaneously, we need a space $$X$$ of agents, and a continuous surjection $$f:X\rightarrow[0,1]^X$$. Unifying Fixed Point Theorems: While we are primarily interested in the above motivation, there is another secondary motivation, which may be more compelling for those less interested in agent foundations. There are (at least) two main clusters of fixed point theorems that have come up many times in decision theory, and mathematics in general. First, there is the Lawvere cluster of theorems. This includes the Lawvere fixed point theorem, the diagonal lemma, and the existence of Quines and fixed point combinators. These are used to prove Gödel’s incompleteness Theorem, Cantor’s Theorem, Löb’s Theorem, and achieve robust cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma in modal framework and bounded variants. All of these can be seen as corollaries of Lawvere’s fixed point theorem, which states that in a cartesian closed category, if there is a point-surjective map $$f:X\rightarrow Y^X$$, then every morphism $$g:Y\rightarrow Y$$ has a fixed point. Second, there is the Brouwer cluster of theorems. This includes Brouwer’s fixed point theorem, The Kakutani fixed point theorem, Poincaré–Miranda, and the intermediate value theorem. These are used to prove the existence of Nash Equilibria, Logical Inductors, and Reflective Oracles. If we had a topological space and a continuous surjection $$X\rightarrow[0,1]^X$$, this would allow us to prove the one-dimensional Brouwer fixed point theorem directly using the Lawvere fixed point theorem, and thus unify these two important clusters. Thanks to Qiaochu Yuan for pointing out the connection to Lawvere’s fixed point theorem (and actually asking this question three years ago). Partial Progress: Most Diagonalization Intuitions Do Not Apply: A common initial reaction to this question is to conjecture that such an $$X$$ does not exist, due to cardinality or diagonalization intuitions. However, note that all of the diagonalization theorems pass through (some modification of) the same lemma: Lawvere’s fixed point theorem. However, this lemma does not apply here! For example, in the category of sets, the reason that there is no surjection from any set $$X$$ to the power set, $$\{T,F\}^X$$, is because if there were such a surjection, Lawvere’s fixed point theorem would imply that every function from $$\{T,F\}$$ to itself has a fixed point (which is clearly not the case, since there is a function that swaps $$T$$ and $$F$$). However, we already know by Brouwer’s fixed point theorem that every continuous function from the interval $$[0,1]$$ to itself has a fixed point, so the standard diagonalization intuitions do not work here. Impossible if You Replace $$[0,1]$$ with e.g. $$S^1$$: This also provides a quick sanity check on attempts to construct an $$X$$. Any construction that would not be meaningfully different if the interval $$[0,1]$$ is replaced with the circle $$S^1$$ is doomed from the start. This is because a continuous surjection $$X\rightarrow (S^1)^X$$ would violate Lawvere’s fixed point theorem, since there is a continuous map from $$S^1$$ to itself without fixed points. Impossible if you Require a Homeomorphism: When I first asked this question I asked for a homeomorphism between $$X$$ and $$[0,1]^X$$. Sam Eisenstat has given a very clever argument why this is impossible. You can read it here. In short, using a homeomorphism, you would be able to use Lawvere to construct a continuous map that send a function from $$[0,1]$$ to itself to a fixed point of that function. However, no such continuous map exists. Notes: If you prefer not to think about the topology of $$[0,1]^X$$, you can instead find a space $$X$$, and a continuous map $$h:X\times X\rightarrow[0,1]$$, such that for every continuous function $$f:X\rightarrow[0,1]$$, there exists an $$x_f\in X$$, such that for all $$x\in X$$, $$h(x_f,x)=f(x)$$. Many of the details in the motivation could be different. I would like to see progress on similar questions. For example, you could add some computability condition to the space of functions. However, I am also very curious which way this specific question will go. This post came out of many conversations, with many people, including: Sam, Qiaochu, Tsvi, Jessica, Patrick, Nate, Ryan, Marcello, Alex Mennen, Jack Gallagher, and James Cook.

 by Marcello Herreshoff 230 days ago | Jessica Taylor, Scott Garrabrant and Stuart Armstrong like this | link From discussions I had with Sam, Scott, and Jack: To solve the problem, it would suffice to find a reflexive domain $$X$$ with a retract onto $$[0, 1]$$. This is because if you have a reflexive domain $$X$$, that is, an $$X$$ with a continuous surjective map $$f :: X \rightarrow X^X$$, and $$A$$ is a retract of $$X$$, then there’s also a continuous surjective map $$g :: X \rightarrow A^X$$. Proof: If $$A$$ is a retract of $$X$$ then we have a retraction $$r::X\rightarrow A$$ and a section $$s::A \rightarrow X$$ with $$r\circ s = 1_A$$. Construct $$g(x) := r \circ f(x)$$. To show that $$g$$ is a surjection consider an arbitrary $$q \in A^X$$. Thus, $$s \circ q :: X \rightarrow X$$. Since $$f$$ is a surjection there must be some $$x$$ with $$f(x) = s \circ q$$. It follows that $$g(x) = r \circ f(x) = r \circ s \circ q = q$$. Since $$q$$ was arbitrary, $$g$$ is also a surjection. reply
 by Jessica Taylor 234 days ago | Vadim Kosoy likes this | link If I were studying this, I would be looking at domain theory, in which (among other things) there has been found a topological space $$X$$ homeomorphic with $$X^X$$. The page I linked links to some notes at the bottom. (h/t Qiaochu for pointing out domain theory) reply
 by Stuart Armstrong 231 days ago | Scott Garrabrant likes this | link Can you argue that $$X$$ must have a semi-metric compatible with the topology by using $$d(x,y)=sup_{z\in X}|h(x,z)-h(y,z)|$$? I’m wondering if you can generalise this to some sort of argument that goes like this. Using X, project down via $$\pi$$ from $$X^0=X$$ to $$X^1=X^0/d$$. Let $$\phi$$ be our initial surjection; it’s now a bijection between $$X^1$$ and maps from $$X^0$$ to $$[0,1]$$. If the projection is continuous, then every map from $$X^1$$ to $$[0,1]$$ lifts to a map from $$X^0$$ to $$[0,1]$$. Restricting to the subset of maps that are lifts like this, and applying $$\phi^{-1}$$, gives a subset $$X^2 \subset X^1$$. We now have a new equivalence relationship, maps from $$X^1$$ that are equal to each other on $$X^2$$. Project down from $$X^2$$ by this relationship, to generate $$X^3$$. Continue this transfinitely often (?) to generate a space $$X'$$ where $$\phi$$ is a homeomorphism, and find a contradiction? This feels dubious, but maybe worth mentioning… reply
 by Alex Mennen 231 days ago | Scott Garrabrant and Stuart Armstrong like this | link I haven’t checked that argument carefully, but that sounds like it should give you $$X'$$ with a continuous bijection $$\phi:X'\rightarrow[0,1]^{X'}$$, which might not necessarily be a homeomorphism. reply
 by Stuart Armstrong 231 days ago | link Yes, you’re right. reply
 by Stuart Armstrong 230 days ago | Scott Garrabrant likes this | link A small note: it’s not hard to construct spaces that are a bit too big, or a bit too small (raising the possibility that a true $$X$$ lies between them). For instance, if $$I$$ is the unit interval, then we can map $$I$$ onto the countable-dimensions hypercube $$I^\omega$$ ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-f


 $\pm 1$ inputs, we work below over the ideal generated by $\{x_i^2 - 1\}$.
We prove by induction on $n$ that if $P/Q$ represents parity of length $n$ then $PQ = \alpha \prod_{i=1}^n x_i + \cdots$ for some positive $\alpha$, where the dots represent lower degree terms. This implies that $\deg P + \deg Q \geq n$. The claim is clearly true for $n = 0$. Now consider $$\frac{P}{Q} = \frac{x_nP_1+P_2}{x_nQ_1+Q_2},$$ where $P_1,P_2,Q_1,Q_2$ are over $x_1,\ldots,x_{n-1}$. Substituting $x_n=\pm1$ and applying the induction hypothesis, we deduce that for some $\alpha,\beta > 0$, \begin{align*} (P_1+P_2)(Q_1+Q_2) &= \alpha \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i + \cdots, \\ (P_1-P_2)(Q_1-Q_2) &= -\beta \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i + \cdots. \\ \end{align*} Subtracting both equations, we get $$P_1 Q_2 + P_2 Q_1 = \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \prod_{i=1}^{n-1} x_i + \cdots.$$ Therefore $$PQ = (x_nP_1+P_2)(x_nQ_1+Q_2) = x_n(P_1Q_2+P_2Q_1) + \cdots = \frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} \prod_{i=1}^n x_i + \cdots.$$<|endoftext|># NASA pictures of dark matter collisions

1. Mar 27, 2015

### Staff: Mentor

http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/marc...that-may-help-identify-dark-matter/index.html

The take away seems to be that some ideas about dark matter may have problems. The possibilities checklist of dark matter interactions has been shortened.

There are some really great pictures of galactic halos in colliding galaxies. Which make looking at the link a must. IMO.

2. Mar 27, 2015

### Greg Bernhardt

What about the hubble telescope makes the image blue?

3. Mar 27, 2015

### Chalnoth

The blue blobs are estimates of the mass of the galaxy cluster by examining the distortions of galaxies behind the cluster due to the cluster's gravity.

4. Mar 27, 2015

### marcus

http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.07675
The non-gravitational interactions of dark matter in colliding galaxy clusters
David Harvey, Richard Massey, Thomas Kitching, Andy Taylor, Eric Tittley
(Submitted on 26 Mar 2015)
Collisions between galaxy clusters provide a test of the non-gravitational forces acting on dark matter. Dark matter's lack of deceleration in the bullet cluster collision' constrained its self-interaction cross-section \sigma_DM/m < 1.25cm2/g (68% confidence limit) for long-ranged forces. Using the Chandra and Hubble Space Telescopes we have now observed 72 collisions, including both major' and `minor' mergers. Combining these measurements statistically, we detect the existence of dark mass at 7.6\sigma significance. The position of the dark mass has remained closely aligned within 5.8+/-8.2 kpc of associated stars: implying a self-interaction cross-section \sigma_DM/m < 0.47 cm2/g (95% CL) and disfavoring some proposed extensions to the standard model.
5 Pages, 4 Figures and 18 pages supplementary information
Science, Vol 347, Issue 6229 (2015)

5. Mar 27, 2015

### wabbit

6. Mar 27, 2015

### Staff: Mentor

What exactly does this mean?

7. Mar 27, 2015

### marcus

Hi! It's interesting how they map invisible mass concentrations using so called "weak lensing" of background shapes. I know you're familiar with this but someone new to it might not be.

Background shapes get "squashed" in the direction of increasing mass. Circles become ellipses elongated in the direction perpendicular to where the mass is. So the short axis of the ellipse, the "minor axis" will tend to be aligned along the mass gradient. So they can actually produce contour maps of the distribution of invisible mass.

Statistical methods are needed because the background shapes are not perfect circles. They are roughly circular galaxies but tilted randomly so that they appear ellipses oriented in random directions. As their light comes to us, passing the mass concentration, there is a further elongation or, to put it another way, squashing of the shapes.

Last edited: Mar 27, 2015
8. Mar 27, 2015

### Chalnoth

If you have one particle of dark matter passing through a cloud of dark matter particles, this cross section gives the expected distance before the dark matter particle is deflected.

The mass is a part of the calculation because the particle mass determines how many particles there are (we know how dense the dark matter is, but a dark matter particle with half the mass would require twice as many particles to make up that same density).

9. Mar 27, 2015

### marcus

If DM particles had a substantial collision cross section (non gravitational interaction) then two clouds could bump, and cancel each others momentum. So a larger cloud would remain at the site of the collision.
But for example in the "bullet cluster" collision where two clusters collided the two DM clouds basically just passed through each other and came out the other side. The ordinary matter galaxies did likewise because they were scattered so sparsely in the cluster that they had very little chance of colliding.

But the collision left a cloud of hot hydrogen gas in the middle, radiating Xray. Because the intergalactic medium hydrogen did have a substantial interaction cross section. Those clouds could collide and cancel each other's momentum and accumulate at the site of the collision.

When clusters collide the stars and dark matter particles pass through freely. Only the intergalactic medium, the ordinary (hot, partly ionized) gas, actually crashes.

Last edited: Mar 27, 2015
10. Mar 27, 2015

### wabbit

I was impressed by what seems to be very precise post-treatment of the image to correct for residual aberrations (off-axis astigmatism it seems from how they describe it) in Hubble's optics (figure S4, p.8, supplementary material). This might otherwise interfere with their interpretation of the image I presume, for smaller galaxy images.

Last edited: Mar 27, 2015
11. Mar 27, 2015

### wabbit

I was aware there was distortion but not really of its precise shape, thanks for the explanation.

12. Mar 29, 2015

### SpiderET

13. Mar 29, 2015

### wabbit

I would read it more as a measurement of dark matter properties (well, that's not much of a stretch given that this is how the experiment is constructed and reported). There aren't so many of these as far as I know, and more are needed to narrow down the search for what it might be. Excluding some of the proposed models sounds like excellent news for this search.

I see arstechnica titles "strongest case yet for dark matter". I need to read it now, not seeing yet why it adds so much to the case given that the evidence was already pretty strong. Edit : not sure the article really supports the title, but it's a well done piece, thanks for the link.

Last edited: Mar 29, 2015
14. Mar 29, 2015

### Chalnoth

15. Mar 29, 2015

### SpiderET

Somehow I cant copy text from the pdf, but in the preprint on page 1 and 2 is written, that interacting particles would solve some problems of incorrect predictions of Lambda CDM model. But this paper has shown that the particles dont interact.

But personally I would go even further. This dark matter has strange properties, it interacts gravitationally with normal matter but it doesnt interact gravitationally with other dark matter? Seems like another sign that we need new theory which will include some extended or modified gravity theory.

16. Mar 29, 2015

### Chalnoth

It hasn't shown that they don't interact. It's placed an upper limit on how strongly they can possibly interact. While there are models where dark matter particles have no interactions except through gravity, most models have dark matter that interacts weakly with itself and with normal matter.

Yes, dark matter interacts gravitationally with other dark matter. By "doesn't interact" they're talking about the


.

Final corrections
Before you send or print you document check whether there are hyphens you find inappropriate and remove them.

What about aligning text on websites?
One of the major flaws of the html standard is that the internet community never has come up with a satisfactory solution for hyphenation. Some browsers accept soft hyphens, but it remains a mess. The complication for the implementation of hyphenation in html text is of course that html text is supposed to look nicely to the reader whatever the width of the window he has opened for displaying the text.

Justifying html text means you have to give up automatic wrapping with varying window width. Just use flush left and manually put hard returns (html tag:
) at the position you want to break the sentences. If you wish you can include hard hyphens there. There are several drawbacks with this beautifying of your web text: (i) it does not wrap with the window size, (ii) you cannot reuse the text because you will have to remove al the line breaks, and (iii) if you want to edit the text, or change its width, you have to remove all earlier inserted line breaks and insert new ones.

You will have to show your text as a pdf file if you really want to have text on your web site with a professional look.

Centering text is always wrong.
[CR_show_voting_stars_handler]

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1. 7 Dec 2009 17:01, Dmitry

Hi

The EquPixy 2.1 add-in for Microsoft Word (MS Windows) will help you to work with mathematical and chemical formulas and equations. Its functions allow converting mathematical formulas written in one line into a formula with rigorous numerals, denominations, radicals and degrees with only one key stroke. The figures that designate the number of atoms in chemical formulas are automatically converted into subscripts, and the ion charge numbers and atom oxidation degrees are converted into superscripts. The function of writing a capital or lowercase letter depending on the length of pushing down the keyboard key is available for writing chemical elements; if you push down and immediately release the key, a capital letter is written, if you push down the key and hold it for a second a lowercase letter is written. The EquPixy add-in has the ability of checking the validity of chemical equations for the required number of elements on their right and left sides. Other useful functions are also available. For example, the generation of an arrow with indication of reaction conditions, etc.

2. 7 Dec 2009 22:07, Klaas Wynne

I think Word is great and I also think that centred text can be great. The noble prize certificate is centred and so is the title page of Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. The only thing that is always wrong is an arthritic view of what is right or wrong.

3. 27 Jun 2010 7:45, foobar

Thank you!

I didn’t know that word breaking was called “Hyphenation” and certainly not that it was available in word.

I was always jealous of the LaTeX dudes getting so professional looking documents right out of the box. However, with your tips, I’m able to tweak Word 2010 documents to look somewhat semi-professional. =)

Thanks =)

4. 3 Oct 2010 12:43, Hira Gillani

Microsoft Word is one of the most powerful and widely used word-processing software to create, edit, finalize and produce almost every type of documents. I often search the web in order to get my self more skilled and to get the maximum out of this leading word processing software. After reading this article I expect more informative posts from you in the near future. Thanks!

5. 25 Oct 2010 7:07, Ian L

Corel WordPerfect is so awesome. I still use it over MS Word.

6. 25 Jun 2011 15:30, Aravind

I am using windows xp with office 2003. ms word justifying only english. another languages does not justifying. what can I do for this problum?

7. 24 Sep 2011 13:28, darcy

Thank you so much for your advice on selecting wordperfect justification in MS Word. It immediately improved my documents.

8. 27 Sep 2013 19:50, Mark Larson

I am using Word 2010. I would like to use full justification. However, I have one challenge with which I need help. If I insert a figure in the middle of a paragraph (inserted so that the figure will be at the top of the next page, I put a hard return in the middle of the sentence so that this line does not move to the next page. However, that line is not right justified. How can I right justify that line containing a sentence split by such a figure?

XHTML: You can use these tags:
  <acronym title="">
      <q cite=""> <s>

*

By submitting a comment here you grant this site a perpetual license to reproduce your words and name/web site in attribution.

Subscribe without commenting<|endoftext|># Ubuntu - Execute multiple php files via command line

How do I execute multiple php files via command line?

Just call them one after each other:

a.php; b.php; c.php

• Just a quick note: With ;, all subsequent commands will execute when one failed. with "&&", further commands will only execute when the previous finished without error. – fab Apr 29 '11 at 15:18

Or if you don't want to type out all the names:

ls *.php | xargs -tn1 php

This being Unix, there are many (many) other ways to do this too.

• Your name is pretty slick, but I might have added "Some Totally Random Guy". – Xeoncross Apr 29 '11 at 15:25<|endoftext|>### G - Gates of uncertainty

##### Languages: MS C# .NET 4.7.2053,GNU G++11 5.1.0 ...

A NAND gate (negative-AND gate) is a digital electronic circuit which produces an output that is false only if all its inputs are true; in other words, the output of a NAND gate is the complement to the output of an AND gate for the same inputs. A two-input NAND gate is a NAND gate with two inputs. The following figure shows the usual symbol of a two-input NAND gate and its truth table, using $1$ for true and $0$ for false.
In this problem we have a binary tree representing a circuit composed only by two-input NAND gates. In the tree, each internal node represents a NAND gate, which uses as inputs the values produced by its two children. Each leaf in the tree represents an external input to the circuit, and is a value in $\{0, 1\}$. The value produced by the circuit is the value produced by the gate at the root of the tree. The following picture shows a circuit with nine nodes, of which four are NAND gates and five are external inputs.
Each gate in the circuit may be stuck, meaning that it either only produce $0$ or only produce $1$, regardless of the gate’s inputs. A test pattern is an assignment of values to the external inputs so that the value produced by the circuit is incorrect, due to the stuck gates.

Given the description of a circuit, you must write a program to determine the number of different test patterns for that circuit.

#### Input

The first line contains an integer $N$ $(1 \leq N \leq 10^5)$ representing the number of gates in the circuit, which has the shape of a binary tree. Gates are identified by distinct integers from $1$ to $N$, gate $1$ being the root of the tree. For $i = 1, 2, ..., N$, the $i$-th of the next $N$ lines describes gate $i$ with three integers $X$, $Y$ and $F$ ($0 \leq X, Y \leq N$ and $−1 \leq F \leq 1$). The values $X$ and $Y$ indicate the two inputs to the gate. If $X = 0$ the first input is from an external input, otherwise the input is the output produced by gate $X$. Analogously, if $Y = 0$ the second input is from an external input, otherwise the input is the output produced by gate $Y$. The value $F$ represents the state of the gate: $−1$ means the gate is well-behaved, $0$ means the gate is stuck at $0$, and $1$ means the gate is stuck at $1$.

#### Output

Output a single line with an integer indicating the number of different test patterns for the given circuit. Because this number can be very large, output the remainder of dividing it by $10^9 + 7$.

#### Sample test(s)

Input
4 2 3 1 0 0 -1 4 0 0 0 0 -1
Output
15
Input
2 2 0 1 0 0 -1
Output
3
Input
6


ptive microsampling devices. This enabled to keep the same rats during the whole study, which was in accordance with the Three Rs rules (reduction, refinement and replacement). Furthermore, this technique allowed the suppression of inter-individual variability. Higher Cmax and AUC were obtained after the administration of all three formulations compared to the levels after the use of Sporanox® as follows: SOL/ITZ/AcDiSol® > SOL/ITZ/CD > SOL/ITZ > Sporanox®. The inversion in the ranking between SOL/ITZ/CD and SOL/ITZ/AcDiSol® made impossible the establishment of an in vitro–vivo correlation. Indeed, very different release rates were obtained in vitro and in vivo for the two optimized formulations. These results suggest that ITZ would be protected inside the core of the SOL micelles even during the absorption step at the intestine, while some agents present in the intestinal fluids could displace ITZ from the hydrophobic cavity of CD by competition. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 31 (19 ULiège) Perspectives for observing hot massive stars with XMM-Newton in the years 2017-2027Rauw, Grégor in Astronomische Nachrichten (2017), 338XMM-Newton has deeply changed our picture of X-ray emission of hot, massive stars. High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy as well as monitoring of these objects helped us gain a deeper insight into the ... [more ▼]XMM-Newton has deeply changed our picture of X-ray emission of hot, massive stars. High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy as well as monitoring of these objects helped us gain a deeper insight into the physics of single massive stars with or without magnetic fields, as well as of massive binary systems, where the stellar winds of both stars interact. These observations also revealed a number of previously unexpected features that challenge our understanding of the dynamics of the stellar winds of massive stars. I briefly summarize the results obtained over the past 15 years and highlight the perspectives for the next decade. It is anticipated that coordinated (X-ray and optical or UV) monitoring and time-critical observations of either single or binary massive stars will become the most important topics in this field over the coming years. Synergies with existing or forthcoming X-ray observatories (NuSTAR, Swift, eROSITA) will also play a major role and will further enhance the importance of XMM-Newton in our quest for understanding the physics of hot, massive stars. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 13 (1 ULiège) Adaptive PSF fitting - a highly performing photometric method and light curves of the GLS H1413+117: time delays and micro-lensing effectsAkhunov, Talat ; Wertz, O.; Elyiv, A. et alin Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2017), 465We present new photometric observations of H1413+117 acquired during seasons between 2001 and 2008 in order to estimate the time delays between the lensed quasar images and to characterize at best the on ... [more ▼]We present new photometric observations of H1413+117 acquired during seasons between 2001 and 2008 in order to estimate the time delays between the lensed quasar images and to characterize at best the on-going micro-lensing events. We propose a highly performing photometric method called the adaptive point spread function fitting and have successfully tested this method on a large number of simulated frames. This has enabled us to estimate the photometric error bars affecting our observational results. We analysed the V- and R-band light curves and V-R colour variations of the A-D components which show short- and long-term brightness variations correlated with colour variations. Using the χ[SUP]2[/SUP] and dispersion methods, we estimated the time delays on the basis of the R-band light curves over the seasons between 2003 and 2006. We have derived the new values: Δt[SUB]AB[/SUB] = -17.4 ± 2.1, Δt[SUB]AC[/SUB] = -18.9 ± 2.8 and Δt[SUB]AD[/SUB] = 28.8 ± 0.7 d using the χ[SUP]2[/SUP] method (B and C are leading, D is trailing) with 1σ confidence intervals. We also used available observational constraints (resp. the lensed image positions, the flux ratios in mid-IR and two sets of time delays derived in the present work) to update the lens redshift estimation. We obtained z_l = 1.95^{+0.06}_{-0.10} which is in good agreement with previous estimations. We propose to characterize two kinds of micro-lensing events: micro-lensing for the A, B, C components corresponds to typical variations of ∼10[SUP]-4[/SUP] mag d[SUP]-1[/SUP] during all the seasons, while the D component shows an unusually strong micro-lensing effect with variations of up to ∼10[SUP]-3[/SUP] mag d[SUP]-1[/SUP] during 2004 and 2005. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 18 (0 ULiège) Lacustrine clay mineral assemblages as a proxy for land-use and climate changes over the last 4 kyr: The Amik Lake case study, Southern TurkeyEl Ouahabi, Meriam ; Hubert, Aurelia ; Fagel, Nathalie in Quaternary International (2017), 1/15Lake sediments are sensitive to landscape changes and most of these changes seem to be modulated by land-use (anthropogenic factors) coupled to palaeoenvironmental/palaeoclimatic changes. In its detrital ... [more ▼]Lake sediments are sensitive to landscape changes and most of these changes seem to be modulated by land-use (anthropogenic factors) coupled to palaeoenvironmental/palaeoclimatic changes. In its detrital fraction, the lacustrine sediments record the history of soil erosion within its catchment via the inputs of clays and others detrital products. Within a Mediterranean context, the study investigates the upper sediments infilling the central part of the Amik basin in southern Turkey. This tectonic basin was occupied and exploited by modern human at least since 6000-7000 BC. We focus on the clay mineralogy (x-ray diffraction on oriented aggregates) and magnetic susceptibility measurements (Bartington) of the sedimentary record in the area over the last 4000 years, to assess environmental changes in relation with the different land uses and/or weathering during the successive Bronze, Iron, Roman, Islamic/Ottoman and Modern civilizations. The clay fraction of Amik Lake sediments comprises smectite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite and chlorite/smectite mixed layers that are the inherited clay phases. A relative change in abundance and crystallinity and chemistry of illite attests that environmental conditions evolved in the Amik Plain from the Bronze to Modern Age in relation with climates and/or land-use changes. The history of the Amik Lake reveals different soil erosion episode. The most intense erosion phase occurred during the Bronze/Iron Ages as indicated by the clay and magnetic susceptibility proxies. The Roman period was an exceptional period with soil erosion products arriving from the watershed, probably due the water channelization. A reduction of soil erosion occurred during the post Roman period until nowadays. Significant pedogenesis transformations are evidenced, especially during the Islamic/Ottoman periods suggesting intense chemical weathering conditions related to climate change. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 67 (25 ULiège) The XXL survey: First results and futurePierre, M.; Adami, C.; Birkinshaw, M. et alin Astronomische Nachrichten (2017), 338The XXL survey currently covers two 25 sq. deg. patches with XMM observations of ~10ks. We summarise the scientific results associated with the first release of the XXL data set, that occurred mid 2016 ... [more ▼]The XXL survey currently covers two 25 sq. deg. patches with XMM observations of ~10ks. We summarise the scientific results associated with the first release of the XXL data set, that occurred mid 2016. We review several arguments for increasing the survey depth to 40 ks during the next decade of XMM operations. X-ray (z<2) cluster, (z<4) AGN and cosmic background survey science will then benefit from an extraordinary data reservoir. This, combined with deep multi-$\lambda$ observations, will lead to solid standalone cosmological constraints and provide a wealth of information on the formation and evolution of AGN, clusters and the X-ray background. In particular, it will offer a unique opportunity to pinpoint the z>1 cluster density. It will eventually constitute a reference study and an ideal calibration field for the upcoming eROSITA and Euclid missions. [less ▲]Detailed reference viewed: 19 (1 ULiège) H0LiCOW - IV. Lens mass model of HE 0435-1223 and blind measurement of its time-delay distance for cosmologyWong, Kenneth C.; Suyu, Sherry H.; Auger, Matthew W. et alin Monthly Notices of the Royal Astr


 particle. Furthermore, due to the finite size of the Bose gas, after some time we observe memory effects and thus non-Markovian dynamics of the quantum oscillator.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Microwave-to-optical frequency conversion using a cesium atom coupled to a superconducting resonator

Author(s): Bryan T. Gard, Kurt Jacobs, R. McDermott, and M. Saffman

A candidate for converting quantum information from microwave to optical frequencies is the use of a single atom that interacts with a superconducting microwave resonator on one hand and an optical cavity on the other. The large electric dipole moments and microwave transition frequencies possessed ...

[Phys. Rev. A 96, 013833] Published Tue Jul 18, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Extreme-value statistics of intensities in a cw-pumped random fiber laser

Author(s): Bismarck C. Lima, Pablo I. R. Pincheira, Ernesto P. Raposo, Leonardo de S. Menezes, Cid B. de Araújo, Anderson S. L. Gomes, and Raman Kashyap

We report on the extreme-value statistics of output intensities in a one-dimensional cw-pumped erbium-doped random fiber laser, with a strongly scattering disordered medium consisting of randomly spaced Bragg gratings. The experimental findings from the analysis of a large number of emission spectra...

[Phys. Rev. A 96, 013834] Published Tue Jul 18, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Nonuniform Currents and Spins of Relativistic Electron Vortices in a Magnetic Field

Author(s): Koen van Kruining, Armen G. Hayrapetyan, and Jörg B. Götte

We present a relativistic description of electron vortex beams in a homogeneous magnetic field. Including spin from the beginning reveals that spin-polarized electron vortex beams have a complicated azimuthal current structure, containing small rings of counterrotating current between rings of stron...

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 030401] Published Tue Jul 18, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Neural Decoder for Topological Codes

Author(s): Giacomo Torlai and Roger G. Melko

We present an algorithm for error correction in topological codes that exploits modern machine learning techniques. Our decoder is constructed from a stochastic neural network called a Boltzmann machine, of the type extensively used in deep learning. We provide a general prescription for the trainin...

[Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 030501] Published Tue Jul 18, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Synopsis: Proton Loses Weight

APS Physics - Tue, 2017-07-18 16:00

The most precise measurement to date of the proton mass finds a value that is 3 standard deviations lower than previous estimates.

[Physics] Published Tue Jul 18, 2017

Categories: Physics

### Quantum approach to the unique sink orientation problem

PRA: Quantum information - Tue, 2017-07-18 16:00

Author(s): Dave Bacon

We consider quantum algorithms for the unique sink orientation problem on cubes. This problem is widely considered to be of intermediate computational complexity. This is because there is no known polynomial algorithm (classical or quantum) for the problem and yet it arises as part of a series of pr...

[Phys. Rev. A 96, 012323] Published Tue Jul 18, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Storage of polarization-entangled THz-bandwidth photons in a diamond quantum memory

PRA: Quantum information - Tue, 2017-07-18 16:00

Author(s): Kent A. G. Fisher, Duncan G. England, Jean-Philippe W. MacLean, Philip J. Bustard, Khabat Heshami, Kevin J. Resch, and Benjamin J. Sussman

Bulk diamond phonons have been shown to be a versatile platform for the generation, storage, and manipulation of high-bandwidth quantum states of light. Here we demonstrate a diamond quantum memory that stores, and releases on demand, an arbitrarily polarized ∼250 fs duration photonic qubit. The sin...

[Phys. Rev. A 96, 012324] Published Tue Jul 18, 2017

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Finite size analysis of measurement device independent quantum cryptography with continuous variables. (arXiv:1707.04599v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-07-18 12:45

We study the impact of finite-size effects on the key rate of continuous-variable (CV) measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum key distribution (QKD). Inspired by the parameter estimation technique developed in [Rupert \textit{et al.} Phys. Rev. A \textbf{90}, 062310 (2014)]~we adapt it to study CV-MDI-QKD and, assuming realistic experimental conditions, we analyze the impact of finite-size effects on the key rate. We find that, increasing the block-size, the performance of the protocol converges towards the ideal one, and that block-sizes between $10^{6}$ and $10^{9}$ data points can already provide a key rate $\sim10^{-2}$ bit/use over metropolitan distances.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Contextuality and Indistinguishability. (arXiv:1707.04656v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-07-18 12:45

It is well known that in quantum mechanics we cannot always define consistently properties that are context independent. Many approaches exist to describe contextual properties, such as Contextuality by Default (CbD), sheaf theory, topos theory, and non-standard or signed probabilities. In this paper we propose a treatment of contextual properties that is specific to quantum mechanics, as it relies on the relationship between contextuality and indistinguishability. In particular, we propose that if we assume the ontological thesis that quantum particles or properties can be indistinguishable yet different, no contradiction arising from a Kochen-Specker-type argument appears: when we repeat an experiment, we are in reality performing an experiment measuring a property that is indistinguishable from the first, but not the same. We will discuss how the consequences of this move may help us understand quantum contextuality.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Controlled asymmetry of steering with an injected non-degenerate optical parametric oscillator. (arXiv:1707.04691v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-07-18 12:45

We propose and analyse a nonlinear optical apparatus in which the direction of asymmetric steering is controllable within the apparatus, rather than by adding noise to measurements. Using a nondegenerate parametric oscillator with an injected signal field, we show how the directionality and extent of the steering can be readily controlled for output modes which can be up to one octave apart. The two downconverted modes, which exhibit the greater violations of the steering inequalities, can also be controlled to exhibit asymmetric steering in some regimes.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Hybrid Quantum Sensing with Quantum Virtual Memories. (arXiv:1707.04702v1 [quant-ph])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-07-18 12:45

Paramagnetic centres in a solid hold promise in future sensing applications. Numerous sensing applications have been theoretically and experimentally demonstrated. However, the improvement of sensitivity remains challenging. One approach to overcome this is hybrid quantum sensing with quantum memories. The key to this approach is a trade-off between the number of memory and coherence times (T2) of spins. We propose a new concept of a hybrid quantum sensing with virtual memories using dressed states. We also observe the preliminarily generation of two dressed states in a single paramagnetic centre based on Autler-Townes splitting (ATS). Furthermore, we simulate the sensitivity according to the number of dressed states generated in strong microwave driving fields. The experimental results and the simulation will pave the way to new hybrid quantum sensing, which can flexibly manipulate a higher sensitivity in accordance with the number of quantum virtual memories.

Categories: Journals, Physics

### Quasimomentum distribution and expansion of an anyonic gas. (arXiv:1707.04712v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas])

arXiv.org: Quantum Physics - Tue, 2017-07-18 12:45

We point out that the momentum distribution is not a proper observable for a system of anyons in two-dimensions. In view of anyons as Wilczek's composite charged flux-tubes, this is a consequence of the fact that the orthogonal components of the kinetic momentum operator do not commute at the position of a flux tube, and thus cannot be diagonalized in the same basis. As a substitute for the momentum distribution of an anyonic (spatial


 added in a future update.

• Binary heap switched out for a 4-ary heap. This improves pathfinding performances by about 5%.

• Optimized scanning of navmesh graphs (not the recast graphs) Large meshes should be much faster to scan now.

• Optimized BBTree (nearest node lookup for navmesh/recast graphs, pro version only) Nearest node queries on navmesh/recast graphs should be slightly faster now.

• Minor updates to the documentation, esp. to the GraphNode class.

• 3.4.0.7

• Vuforia test build

• 3.4.0.6

• Fixed an issue where serialization could on some machines sometimes cause an exception to get thrown.

• Fixed an issue where the recast graph would not rasterize terrains properly near the edges of it.

• 3.4.0.5

• Misc fixes for namespace conflicts people have been having. This should improve compatibility with other packages. You might need to delete the AstarPathfindingProject folder and reimport the package for everything to work.

• 3.4.0.4

• Removed RVOSimulatorEditor from the free version, it was causing compiler errors.

• 3.4.0.3

• Removed Local Avoidance due to licensing issues. Agents will fall back to not avoiding each other. I am working to get the local avoidance back as soon as possible.

• 3.4.0.2

• Unity Asset Store forced me to increase version number.

• 3.4.0.1

• Fixed an ArrayIndexOutOfBounds exception which could be thrown by the ProceduralGridMover script in the Procedural example scene if the target was moved too quickly.

• The project no longer references assets from the Standard Assets folder (the package on the Unity Asset Store did so by mistake before).

• 3.4

• Fixed a null reference exception when scanning recast graphs and rasterizing colliders.

• Removed duplicate clipper_library.dll which was causing compiler errors.

• Support for 2D Physics collision testing when using Grid Graphs.

• Better warnings when using odd settings for Grid Graphs.

• Minor cleanups.

• Queued graph updates are no longer being performed when the AstarPath object is destroyed, this just took time.

• Fixed a bug introduced in 3.3.11 which forced grid graphs to be square in Unity versions earlier than 4.3.

• Fixed a null reference in BBTree ( used by RecastGraph).

• Fixed NavmeshGraph not rebuilding BBTree on cached start (causing performance issues on larger graphs).

• Includes all changes from the beta releases below

• Beta 3.3.14 ( available for everyone! )

• All dlls are now in namespaces (e.g Pathfinding.Ionic.Zip instead of just Ionic.Zip ) to avoid conflicts with other packages.

• Most scripts are now in namespaces to avoid conflicts with other packages.

• GridNodes now support custom connections.

• Cleanups, preparing for release.

• Reverted to using an Int3 for GraphNode.position instead of an abstract Position property, the tiny memory gains were not worth it.

• Beta 3.3.13 ( 4.3 compatible only )

• Fixed an issue where deleting a NavmeshCut component would not update the underlaying graph.

• Better update checking.

• Beta 3.3.12 ( 4.3 compatible only )

• Fixed an infinite loop which could happen when scanning graphs during runtime ( not the first scan ).

• NodeLink component is now working correctly.

• Added options for optimizations to the PointGraph.

• Improved TileHandler and navmesh cutting.

• Fixed rare bug which could mess up navmeshes when using navmesh cutting.

• Beta 3.3.11 ( 4.3 compatible only )

• Fixed update checking. A bug has caused update checking not to run unless you had been running a previous version in which the bug did not exist. I am not sure how long this bug has been here, but potentially for a very long time.

• Added an update notification window which pops up when there is a new version of the A* Pathfinding Project.

• Lots of UI fixes for Unity 4.3

• Lots of other UI fixes and imprements.

• Fixed gravity for RichAI.

• Fixed Undo for Unity 4.3

• Added a new example scene showing a procedural environment.

• Beta 3.3.10

• Removed RecastGraph.includeOutOfBounds.

• Fixed a few bugs when updating Layered Grid Graphs causing incorrect connections to be created, and valid ones to be left out.

• Fixed a null reference bug when removing RVO agents.

• Beta 3.3.9

• Recast Graph: Fixed a bug which could cause vertical surfaces to be ignored.

• Removed support for C++ Recast.

• Fixed rare bug which could mess up navmeshes when using navmesh cutting.

• Improved TileHandler and navmesh cutting.

• GraphModifiers now take O(n) (linear) time to destroy at end of game instead of O(n^2) (quadratic).

• RecastGraph now has a toggle for using tiles or not.

• Added RelevantGraphSurface which can be used with RecastGraphs to prune away non-relevant surfaces.

• Removed RecastGraph.accurateNearestNode since it was not used anymore.

• RecastGraph now has support for removing small areas.

• Added toggle to show or hide connections between nodes on a recast graph.

• PointNode has some graph searching methods overloaded specially. This increases performance and reduces alloacations when searching point graphs.

• Reduced allocations when searching on RecastGraph.

• Reduced allocations in RichAI and RichPath. Everything is pooled now, so for most requests no allocations will be done.

• Reduced allocations in general by using "yield return null" instead of "yield return 0"

• Fixed teleport for local avoidance agents. Previously moving an agent from one position to another could cause it to interpolate between those two positions for a brief amount of time instead of staying at the second position.

• Beta 3.3.8

• Nicer RichAI gizmo colors.

• Fixed RichAI not using raycast when no path has been calculated.

• Beta 3.3.7

• Fixed stack overflow exception in RichPath

• Fixed RichPath could sometimes generate invalid paths

• Beta 3.3.6

• Fixed node positions being off by half a node size. GetNearest node queries on grid graphs would be slightly inexact.

• Fixed grid graph updating could get messed up when using erosion.

• ... among other things, see below

• Beta 3.3.5 and 3.3.6

• Highlights

• Rewritten graph nodes. Nodes can now be created more easily (less overhead when creating nodes).

• Graphs may use their custom optimized memory structure for storing nodes.

• Performance improvements for scanning recast graphs.

• Added a whole new AI script. RichAI (and the class RichPath for some things): This script is intended for navmesh based graphs and has features such as:

• Guarantees that the character stays on the navmesh

• Minor deviations from the path can be fixed without a path recalculation.

• Very exact stop at endpoint (seriously, precision with something like 7 decimals). No more circling around the target point as with AIPath.

• Does not use path modifiers at all (for good reasons). It has an internal funnel modifier however.

• Simple wall avoidance to avoid too much wall hugging.

• Basic support for off-mesh links (see example scene).

• Improved randomness for RandomPath and FleePath, all nodes considered now have an equal chance of being selected.

• Recast now has support for tiles. This enabled much larger worlds to be rasterized (without OutOfMemory errors) and allows for dynamic graph updates. Still slow, but much faster than a complete recalculation of the graph.

• Navmesh Cutting can now be done on recast graphs. This is a kind of (relatively) cheap graph updating which punches a hole in the navmesh to make place for obstacles. So it only supports removing geometry, not adding it (like bridges). This update is comparitively fast, and it makes real time navmesh updating possible. See video: http://youtu.be/qXi5qhhGNIw.

• Added RecastMeshObj which can be attached to any GameObject to include that object in recast rasterization. It exposes more options and is also faster for graph updates with logarithmic lookup complexity instead of linear (good for larger worlds when doing graph updating).

• Reintroducing special connection costs for start and end nodes. Before multithreading was introduced, pathfinding on navmesh graphs could recalculate the connection costs for the start and end nodes to take into account that the start point is not actually exactly at the start node's position (triangles are usually quite a larger than the player/npc/whatever). This didn't work with multithreading however and could mess up pathfinding, so it was removed. Now it has been reintroduced, working with multithreading! This means more accurate paths on navmeshes.

• Added several methods to pick random points (e.g for group movement) to Pathfinding.PathUtlitilies.

• Added RadiusModifier. A new modifier which can offset the path based on the character radius. Intended for navmesh graphs which are not shrinked by the character radius at start but can be used for other purposes as well.

• Improved GraphUpdateScene gizmos. Convex gizmos are now correctly placed. It also shows a bounding box when selected (not showing this has confused a lot of people).

• AIPath has gotten some cleanups. Among other things it now behaves correctly when disabled and then enabled again making it easy