3 kilometres northwest of Mexico City. It is a municipio and the cabecera or main town of the municipalidad

---

1 Mexican MS. 1, six folios, 27.3 × 21.5 cm., amatl paper.
2 Fols. 1r, 1v, 2v, 5r, 5v, and 6r.
3 Memoria de la administración pública del estado de México (Toluca, 1893), p. 219. It lies at 19° 43' north latitude and 99° 14' west of Greenwich at an elevation of 2,450 metres above sea level. See Salvador Sánchez Colín, El Estado de México (Mexico, 1951), i. 90.
of the same name surrounding it. Tepotzotlán depends in turn upon Cuautitlán, administrative centre of the district in which it is located. In the late nineteenth century Tepotzotlán had a population of only 1,127 and the municipalidad had a population of 5,351. The main occupation of the inhabitants of both the municipio and the municipalidad is agriculture. The climate is that of the Central Valley of Mexico, temperate with a rainy season in the summer months.

The only attraction of Tepotzotlán to the traveller in Mexico today is the magnificent church and buildings of the Jesuit Seminary dominating the main plaza of the town. These buildings are high points in the late baroque style of Mexican Colonial architecture.

The main native language of the inhabitants was probably Otomi, although Náhuatl was also spoken. In the Pre-Conquest Period Náhuatl was the lingua franca of the Aztec domains, not only for purposes of administrating the Empire but also as a vehicle of communication among peoples who did not speak a common native tongue. It was also used frequently for place names of pueblos that did not speak the language. Thus Tepotzotlán comes from the Náhuatl Tepotzo-, hunchback, and -tlan, place of. Mr. McAfee translates this as “Hunchbaxton” in our Appendix, taking advantage of the ease with which Náhuatl place names can be anglicized.

During the Colonial Period Spanish usurped the role of Náhuatl as lingua franca, but still the viceregal courts recognized Náhuatl as the most important Indian language in most of Mexico and the court used an interpreter, called a nahuatlato, when necessary. In some cases, Indians who did not speak Náhuatl

---

1 *Memoria*, pp. 55-6. In the census of 1940 it had 1,378, the municipalidad 7,879 (Sánchez Collín, chart between pp. 120-1). In 1950 the municipalidad had risen to 10,703 (loc. cit. chart between pp. 136-7).

2 There is a fine monograph on the Jesuit buildings at Tepotzotlán which also includes a brief history of the town. See Pablo C. de Gante, *Tepotzotlán, su historia y sus tesoros artísticos* (Mexico, 1958).

3 Ibid. pp. 23 ff., esp. p. 39. See also Mariano Cuevas, *Historia de la iglesia en México* (Mexico, 1946), ii. 375, where he mentions Mazahua as well as Otomí being taught at the Seminary of Tepotzotlán, quoting from Avellaneda, a Jesuit writing in 1592.

4 The English translation would thus be “Place of the Hunchback”.

TECHIALOYAN CODEX OF TEPOTZOTLÁN

would have to use two interpreters, the first from their own lan
guage into Náhuatl, and then the nahuatlato translated into
Spanish. Thus the fact that Otomí was the important language
of Tepotzotlán but the codex from Tepotzotlán was written in
Náhuatl is not a disturbing factor. Since the manuscript is
clearly a legal document, Náhuatl was a more effective vehicle
than Otomí would have been.

THE TEXT

The text of the Rylands manuscript is very specific.1 The
date May 10, [1]534 appears on the first page (fol. 1vir), and then
the scribe lists the name of the official drawing up the document
and cites the Viceroy Mendoza as a witness (fol. 1v). The
purpose of the document was to preserve for posterity the layout
of the town, and it was realized in the town hall at a meeting of
the townspeople (fol. 2v). The boundary of the town is traced
point by point the way a surveyor might record it (fols. 3r and
3v). An all too brief resumé of Pre-Hispanic history follows,
listing the name of the first ruler Cuauhtochzin (fol. 4r). A formal
statement says this town charter is meant to be binding forever
in the name of the king (of Spain) (fols. 4v-5v). The last pages
have the signatures of those drawing up the document (fols.
5v and 6r).

Interesting for the historian is the name of the founder of the
dynasty ruling Tepotzotlán and the fact that this account shows
the ruler in the early sixteenth century to have had the same family
name although he has added to it a suitable Spanish and Christian
name; he is now Don Bartolomé de la Cruz Cuauhtochzin,
i.e. Sir Bartholomew-of-the-Cross Eagle Heart.

THE TECHIALOYAN CODICES

The Rylands manuscript belongs to a group of Mexican
Colonial manuscripts called the Techialoyan Codices. They are
so close in many ways that one can postulate their all having
been made by the same scribe and artist or at least by ones
working so much in the same tradition as to constitute a single

1 See Appendix for transcription and translation prepared by Mr. Byron
McAfee of Mexico City.
school. This relationship between the artists of the Techialoyan codices was first noticed by Gómez de Orozco in an article publishing several of them for the first time and pointing out their similarities.¹ The late Robert Barlow continued the work of Gómez de Orozco and began cataloguing them, using a different letter of the alphabet for each successive codex he added to the group, calling them all The Techialoyan Codices. He named the group after the Codex of San Antonio Techialoyan to which he gave the letter “ A ”.² In a later article Gómez de Orozco continued the Barlow catalogue, adding others that Barlow had not published. The latest addition that this author knows is “ W ”, given to one in the catalogue of the Parke-Bernet auction house in New York.³ Alcina Franch and Carrera Stampa have published only parts of the catalogue. Neither has made original contributions over and above the second Gómez de Orozco article.⁴ In my recently published study of Mexican manuscript painting, I devoted a chapter to their artistic style alone.⁵

The first publication of a Techialoyan text was the Codex of San Antonio Techialoyan by Chimalpopoca, and the first publication reproducing the pictorial content of a Techialoyan codex was the Codex of Zempoala by Quaritch, the London book

⁵ Donald Robertson, Mexican Manuscript Painting of the Early Colonial Period: The Metropolitan Schools (Yale Historical Publications : History of Art 12, New Haven, 1959), pp. 190-5, 197. Chapter 11, “ The Techialoyan Codices ”, is a study of the artistic style and not of the text, so the Rylands manuscript was only mentioned in passing, p. 190.
dealer.¹ The first mention of them in the literature is in the eighteenth-century Boturini catalogue.²

Boturini was a collector of manuscripts and books on the history of Mexico.³ He formed his collection because of his interest in the Virgin of Guadalupe, whom he wished to have crowned. His collection was that of an historian seeking to establish the historicity of the miraculous apparition of the Virgin on the Hill of Tepeyac, north of Mexico City. Boturini solicited and acquired money and jewels to effect the coronation but ran foul of the Viceroy Fuenclara defending the rights of the Spanish crown over religious affairs in the colony. As a result of the Viceroy's orders, he was imprisoned and his collection sequestered. It has been catalogued many times, he himself publishing the first catalogue in 1746.⁴ The subsequent vicissitudes of this collection do not concern us except that part of it was bought in Mexico in the nineteenth century and passed to France as the Aubin collection. Ultimately most of the Aubin material came to the Bibliothèque Nationale as the Goupil


 object of noting these things had been to gain insight into the will of the gods, which they were supposed to indicate. Other facts of nature were studied just so far as they threw light on the practical arts of life: agriculture, weaving, dyeing, metal-working.

But now, from the seventh to the fifth century before the Christian era, arose men like Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Democritus, who devoted their lives to the task of making the universe intelligible to man. Apart from all thoughts of religious belief on the one hand, or on the other of practical utility, they sought to arrive at some underlying principles to which the infinite variety of sights, sounds, and feelings that surround and make up man’s life could be reduced. The result of the work of these men, and of their colleagues and disciples, was the introduction of two new forces into the life and development of Humanity—Science and Philosophy.

By Science is meant the discovery of a general fact common to a great number of special facts: such as to enable us to foresee and measure things which we cannot directly handle. For instance, the number of triangles of different shapes that can be formed is infinite. Amidst these differences, Thales found one fact common to all: namely, that the three angles were in every case equal to two right angles. We are thus enabled to measure the sum of the angles of any triangle, or, if we know the sum of two of them, to predict the precise magnitude of the third, without direct measurement of the special case. Similarly, the biologist, examining the teeth and limbs of a new quadruped, is able to predict many facts as to its digestive organs and its moral nature; because he is in possession of a scientific law, that is, of a fixed general relation, connecting these facts together.

Philosophy, on the other hand, implies the attempt to find a principle, or series of principles, which may make man’s place in the world intelligible to him. In accordance with Comte’s law of the three stages through which our conceptions pass, these general principles will be first
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY

theological, secondly metaphysical, and finally positive. That is to say, they will first explain the universe by the Will of a Being, or Beings, with passions and faculties akin to those of Man, but transcending them in power; secondly, by the artifice of some abstract entity, like Nature; and, lastly, the attempt to reach any absolute explanation of the universe will be abandoned, and Philosophy will consist in the orderly arrangement of scientific laws, in accordance with their closer or more distant bearing on the life of Humanity.

Comte's second law of evolution explains that our speculations pass through the first and second of these stages into the third, with varying rapidities, according as they relate to simpler and more general facts, or to those that are more special and complex. The branches of inquiry in which the thinkers of Greece reached the positive stage, related, with one important exception, to the simplest and most universal of all phenomena, those of number and space. In dealing with facts of a slightly higher degree of complication, those of motion, for instance, they were dominated by such metaphysical conceptions as that circular motion was perfect and eternal. With the facts relating to the composition of matter, to life, and to human conduct, the influence of similar metaphysical beliefs was even greater. The one remarkable exception is Aristotle, whose precocious genius introduced positive methods of research into these higher studies. Consequently his philosophy, though in the main still metaphysical, made advances in the direction of Positivism unapproached by any thinker of antiquity, and by few of modern times.

The history of Greek thought falls broadly into two periods. In the first, from Thales to Aristotle, positive science and metaphysical philosophy were, in the main, prosecuted by the same inquirers. In the second period, lasting till the suppression of the Hellenic movement by the Christian Church, Philosophy and Science parted company. Positive thinkers, from Archimedes to Hipparchus, devoted themselves to the special subjects of Geometry and Astronomy, in which alone the discovery of precise scientific laws was at that time possible. Philosophy, meanwhile, deprived of the bracing influence which positive thought exercised, even on subjects which it could not master, became intellectually more feeble and verbose; and the later stages of it would have deserved no record but that they served the social purpose of undermining polytheistic belief, and of preparing the doctrine on which the Catholic Church was ultimately to be founded.

The one really new thing given by Greece to the world is abstract science; that is to say, the isolation of a special class of phenomena as seen in various objects, and the discovery in these of fixed relations. Concrete science, founded on observations of objects, without any attempt to consider the distinct classes of facts, or phenomena, that each object presents, had of course existed from the earliest days of human society. Much positive knowledge of winds, tides, plants, and animals is possessed by savages. The philosophers and priests of China and Egypt had observed the apparent motions of the sun and planets, and the regular recurrence of eclipses. Geometry, Herodotus tells us, is of Egyptian origin; it was the art, as the name indicates, of remeasuring fields after the annual inundation of the Nile. But, between practical
mensuration and what we understand by Geometry, there is an all-
important difference. To measure a given surface with accuracy sufficient
for practical purposes is one thing; to abstract the line from the surface,
and find out the fixed relations between lines bounding every kind of
surface, is quite another. And it is this that was done by the long line
of Greek scientific thinkers from Thales to Hipparchus. It was the first
approach to the scientific conception of the universal order, which is, at
the present time, working so fundamental a change in human society.

Some glimpse of its social import was visible at the outset. In the
best period of Greek thought, lofty views as to the conduct of life were
combined with scientific speculation. "Study Geometry before you
enter here," was the inscription over the school of Plato. Still more
fully was the bearing of science upon human conduct recognised by
Pythagoras, whose noble, but premature, attempt to organise life on the
basis of scientific law failed only because the range of science was limited
as yet to the facts of space and number. It was left for Aristotle to
introduce the conception of scientific order into the more complicated
facts of life and society.

The names given in each week of the month of Aristotle are arranged
on the following plan:

The first week represents the dawn of Greek thought, in which
attempts were made to explain the universe by some one physical
principle; the positive science of geometry meanwhile slowly disengag-
ing itself. Of this stage, Thales is the principal representative.

The second week illustrates the premature, but momentous, effort to
use science as the basis for the organisation of human life, instituted by
Pythagoras.

The third week presents the ethical side of Greek thought. This was
the side most attractive to Roman thinkers, three of whom are here
included. The principal type is Socrates.

The final week is devoted to the school which, under the teaching of
Plato, prepared the way, consciously or unconsciously, for the Christian
Church.

[J. H. B.]
ARISTOTLE, b. 384 B.C., d. 322 B.C.

ARISTOTELIS, son of Nicomachus, physician at the court of Macedon, was born 384 B.C., in Stageira, on the coast of Thrace. At the age of eighteen, or, by another account, at the age of thirty, and after much experience of practical life, he came to Athens, and entered the school of Plato. After Plato's death, in 347, he lived at Atarneus, then ruled by Hermias, whose niece, Pythias, he married. After the death of Hermias, he lived for some years at the court of Philip of Macedon, where he was charged with the education of Alexander till the death of Philip, in 336. He was much occupied during this period with civic duties of great importance in his native city of Stageira. When the Persian war began, Aristotle went again to Athens, this time not as a pupil but as a master, and established his school in the gymnasion attached to the temple of Lycean Apollo. At the death of Alexander, twelve years afterwards, a charge of impiety was brought against him by the chief-priest of Demeter. He retired from Athens, and died the next year at Chalcis, at the probable age of sixty-two years. His will is preserved to us in the biographies of Diogenes Laertius; it shows affectionate thought for each member of his family, and grateful remembrance of those who had died before him. His household servants are not forgotten; they are to be set free from bondage.

It has been often said that Aristotle's greatness was not recognised till the Middle Ages. And this is true; but it does not go far enough. The Greek world, now politically degenerated, looked on Plato, and men far weaker than Plato, as his superiors. By a strange accident, his principal works, intrusted to his disciple Theophrastus, disappeared from view for two centuries, till brought to Rome by Sulla, and edited by Andronicus. In the turmoil of barbarian invasion, and during the building up of the Catholic Church, his name was forgotten, except by a few obscure writers in Constantinople, till the great Mohammedan schools arose in Baghdad and Cord


 Ross’ Landing, Bybee Ferry, the Hair Condab Cabin, and the Fort Royal Historic District; nominations for Fort Hill Cemetery, Elkton Turnpike, Rock River Road and Crossing, Higgins Farm Trail Trane, and Rock Martin House.

The NPS has also entered into a cost-share agreement with the University of North Carolina to assess for National Register eligibility the Stigui House site, the Valleytowns Baptist Mission, the John Christie House and Cabin site, the Old State road, Pile Ridge Road, Burnt Stand, the Unicoi Turnpike, and Fort Butler.

For more information contact Aaron Mahr at the National Trails Office-Santa Fe.<|endoftext|>How Can We Make Digital History Sites Personal?

Jacob Dinkelaker
National Park Service

Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/interpretcw

Part of the Cultural History Commons, Public History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons

Share feedback about the accessibility of this item.

Dinkelaker, Jacob, "How Can We Make Digital History Sites Personal?” (2011). Interpreting the Civil War: Connecting the Civil War to the American Public. 185.
https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/interpretcw/185

This open access blog post is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact cupola@gettysburg.edu.
How Can We Make Digital History Sites Personal?

Abstract
It's a question I've been asking myself a lot recently. Digital public history sites are springing up all over the web. There are snazzy ones with great content like The Antebellum Project, which showcases Bowdoin College's role in the coming of the Civil War. There are information and resource dumps like Ancestry.com that allow its users to see tons of different historical sources. There sites that use GIS like WhatWasThere and allow users to collectively document the world around them. Then there are websites that are digital exhibits built to accompany an actual physical exhibit - one of my favorite examples is this one by the Met on paintings that feature scenes from everyday life in America. [excerpt]

Keywords
CW150, Gettysburg, Gettysburg College, Civil War Era Studies, Civil War Interpretation, Interp Theory, Digital History

Disciplines
Cultural History | History | Public History | Social History | United States History

Comments
Interpreting the Civil War: Connecting the Civil War to the American Public is written by alum and adjunct professor, John Rudy. Each post is his own opinions, musings, discussions, and questions about the Civil War era, public history, historical interpretation, and the future of history. In his own words, it is "a blog talking about how we talk about a war where over 600,000 died, 4 million were freed and a nation forever changed. Meditating on interpretation, both theory and practice, at no charge to you."

Creative Commons License
Creative
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License

This blog post is available at The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/interpretcw/185
How can we make Digital History Sites Personal?

Or, are they already personal?

It’s a question I’ve been asking myself a lot recently. Digital public history sites are springing up all over the web. There are snazzy ones with great content like The Antebellum Project, which showcases Bowdoin College’s role in the coming of the Civil War. There are information and resource dumps like Ancestry.com that allow its users to see tons of different historical sources. There sites that use GIS like WhatWasThere and allow users to collectively document the world around them. Then there are websites that are digital exhibits built to accompany an actual physical exhibit - one of my favorite examples is this one by the Met on paintings that feature scenes from everyday life in America.

Each one of these websites presents a great learning opportunity. But...does each one of these websites present a similar ability for its users to find meaningful connections with historic ideas, objects, artifacts, events, and people? It seems that so much of interpretation at museums and historic sites relies on experience. You can see the artifacts in the museum and image the hands that made the uniform, or the persons who drank out of that cup and canteen. To use my favorite example, by visiting battlefields, you not only see the ground over which Pickett’s Charge occurred, but also the farmhouse of the free African-American family who owned just a few of the fields that the Confederates charged over and died upon.

Can you have the same experience online? Does watching a video or uploading a picture create the same opportunities as talking to an interpreter? On one hand, it’s probably good news that a video can never replace an actual human being. But what then of digital public history? Does the sense of ‘discovering’ history on your own, in your own home, and at your own pace make up for this lack of experience?

I think it does (or at least it does it for me). Digital history sites democratize history. They allow anyone with an internet connection to experience the thrill of research, the telling of a great story, or connecting with a physical site, even though it’s through a computer screen and keyboard. Is that, in of itself, personal interpretation? I don’t know yet. Let me know what you think in the comments.

Yep, I know - short post this week, but I’m moving! By the end of the month I’ll be settled into my new apartment in Washington D.C. - the capitol of public history. As such, expect to hear my adventures and critiques of public history sites in the area. Before hitting up Washington D.C. I have some unfinished business with Gettysburg next week as I get back to the Civil War here on the blog...<|endoftext|>CONTENTS

The Early History of the Communist Party of Great Britain. By Henry Pelling, M.A., Ph.D. 41

The Protestant Constitution and its Supporters, 1800–1829. By G. F. A. Best, Ph.D. 105

The New Agriculture in Lower Normandy, 1750–1789. By Alun Davies, M.A. 129

Report of Council, Session 1956–57 167

Alexander Prize 177

David Berry Prize 179

Officers and Council, 1957 180

List of Publications i<|endoftext|>Colonel Samuel Bagshawe And The Army Of George II, 1731-1762

Samuel Bagshawe; Alan J Guy; Army Records Society (Great Britain)<|endoftext|>CULTURAL HERITAGE
and
LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN
for the
BLACKSTONE RIVER VALLEY NATIONAL HERITAGE CORRIDOR
CULTURAL HERITAGE
and
LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN
for the
BLACKSTONE
RIVER
VALLEY
NATIONAL
HERITAGE
CORRIDOR

As approved by Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor Commission / October 21, 1989

SUBMITTED FOR REVIEW AND APPROVAL TO
The Governor, Commonwealth of Massachusetts
The Governor, State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
The Secretary of the Interior
"The hardest working river, the most thoroughly harnessed to the mill wheels of labor in the United States, probably in the world, is the Blackstone." Winthrop Packard, writing in the October 1909 edition of the Technical World magazine, proclaimed the dramatic industrialization of the Blackstone River Valley. Packard's proclamation was made a little more than a century after the American Industrial Revolution was born along this same Blackstone River at Samuel Slater's mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

In the eighty-years since that startling claim was published, the Blackstone Valley has experienced a transformation that mirrors much of the economic history of the United States. The industries which caused the Valley's countless brick mills to shudder continuously throughout the 19th century fell quiet as this century progressed. A region that once, like Ellis Island, whose buildings were constructed with Blackstone Valley granite, welcomed masses of immigrant workers later had fewer and fewer jobs for their children. A long period of depression consumed not only money and industry, but the confidence and self-esteem of the people who lived in the towns, mill villages, and cities along the Blackstone River and its tributaries.

Paradoxically, the neglect which cast long dreary shadows over the Blackstone Valley also allowed the Valley's special character to survive. We can still see the outline of the 19th century industrial society in the mill villages, the farms and market towns, the roads, rails and canal, the cities, the ethnic neighborhoods, and the magnificent mills. Much of the very best of our past is still here. As development returns, we have the chance to avoid the tragic development mistakes made by others.

We have much to treasure from our past. The Blackstone River Valley once typified the explosion of American entrepreneurial creativity and confidence. The Valley's story is one of work in America. It reflects the interdependence of engineering and nature, and of labor and management. It is also a story of independence of thinking and of religion, the story of a region that resisted the dictates of a distant theocracy and oligarchy in Puritan Boston.

After decades of neglect, growth and change have arrived in the Blackstone River Valley. In recent years, we've witnessed the initial impact of what has irrevocably changed much of America. Economic


/articles/RR/mzr1_print.html](http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/RR/mzr1_print.html).

33. [www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/RR/mzr1_print.html](http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/RR/mzr1_print.html).

34. Berwanger 8.

35. There were 1,034 organized churches in Texas in 1860.

36. 1870 United States Census Table XVII (A) and (B).

38. *Handbook of Texas Online - Bowie County*.

39<|endoftext|>Romans Workpack
Key Stage Two

Museum of Classical Archaeology

Written and Compiled by Justyna Ladosz
Images Copyright: Museum of Classical Archaeology
With Illustrations by Katie Idle
1. Your first task is to find the first Roman to invade Britain. He has a very stern looking face, and a famously prominent strong nose. Write down his name:

Think of two adjectives that describe this portrait and write them down:

2. Stay in Bay J and find the head of Emperor Claudius. Hint: it is small, bronze, and has a ragged edge.

Which parts of his face are similar to the portrait of Julius Caesar you just saw?

Eyes  Ears  Nose  Eyebrows

This head was found in a river in Suffolk. The ragged edge means the head was violently cut or snapped from the rest of the statue. What might have happened?

3. Go back to the head of Julius Caesar. Look to the left and find the emperor who towers above all others and has a beard. What is his name? Britain has a very big thing named after him, what is it?

On the next page try to draw this emperor. Pay attention to his beard, full head of hair and armour.
Hungry for more?

4. Match the emperor and their British connection
Julius Caesar  Boudicca revolted against him
Claudius  Emperor of the famous wall
Hadrian  First to Conquer Britain
Nero  The first Roman general to invade Britain.

5. Which of our emperors in Bay J has the best hair? Write down your answer:
1. Go to BAY J, and find the mother of emperor Claudius. Her name is ANTONIA MINOR and her head is VERY BIG.

Can you see and draw:
- the beaded band at the top of her head
- the diadem decorated with leaves
- curly locks on either side of her neck

Circle the correct answer: Her accessories are...
- everyday dress In Roman times
- a special style showing she was the mother of an emperor
- a special style she wore because she was a priestess

Look at the statues around you. The head of ANTONIA (which was part of a whole statute) is COLOSSAL in comparison to them. Why could that be? Discuss with your friends and write down two possibilities:

2. Go. To BAY J and find three busts of women next to each other. Two of the women belonged to the imperial family. Can you find out their names and write them down?

Each of the women has a very different hairstyle, showing you how fashion changed in Rome. Pick your favourite one and try describing it to someone who hasn't seen the statue!

How many different women's hairstyles can you find in Bay J? Count them and write down your answer.
Imperial Women

Drawing Space

museum of classical archaeology 2020
1. Go to BAY K and find a massive statue of a young man with grapes in his hair. What does Antinous have in common with the god of wine Dionysos in this portrait?

2. Stay in Bay K and turn around. Can you find a large round objects with figures on it? This is a well head!

   Can you find these gods and goddesses on the well head? Look for the objects the gods are holding or wearing to help you!

   - Vulcan, the god of blacksmiths is holding a ....................................................
   - Mars, the god of war has ..................................................................................
   - Minerva, the goddess of wisdom has...............................................................
   - Diana, the hunter goddess is holding a ...........................................................

3. Find a statue of Diana, the hunter goddess in Bay E.
Gods and Emperors

Draw one of the gods and goddesses or create your own Roman God.

Hungry for more?

Go to BAY J
Find a man in armour, his name is Augustus, he was the first emperor. What is he wearing? (Hint: this is what most general would wear at the time).

Count all the gods and humans depicted on his armour:

Can you find the baby next to his feet?
1. Go to BAY K and find the creature with snake legs. Who is he? What is happening?

2. Turn to the right, find a bronze deer. He was found in a villa in Herculaneum. What happened to Herculaneum? Read the label to find out and write down your answer:

3. Go to BAY J and find the man wrangling with snakes. This is what happened to people in Roman myth if they annoyed the gods. How many snake heads can you see? Describe the emotions of the man and his sons in two words:

4. In Bay H are two boys playing with animals. Can you find:
   A boy with a small goose
   A boy with a bigger goose

5. Go to Bay F and find a hunter. What animals are next to him?

Write down all the animals you have found in the museum:
Animals and Monsters

Drawing Space

Museum of Classical Archaeology 2020
1. Go to BAY J and find a boxer resting after a fight. Can you see:
   - Boxing gloves
   - Swollen ear
   - Swollen nose

2. Stay in BAY J. Turn around and find a small bronze statuette next to the emperors. He was found in the house of the Faun in Pompeii. What is a faun? Which two things show us he is not human?

   Tail  Feet  Ears  Hair

   What is the faun doing?

3. Find the statue of Hercules in BAY K. It stood in the public baths in Ancient Rome. What did Romans do at the baths?

   - clean themselves  - chat to their friends  - conduct business

   Which town in Britain takes its name from this Roman habit?

4. Stay with Hercules. Can you spot:
   - His cape of lion skin
   - His weapon - a club
   - The apples of Hesperides
Games and Villas
Drawing Space<|endoftext|>Visual Culture in Prehistoric South-east Italy

By Robin Skeates

Using the approach of visual culture, which highlights the embeddedness of art in dynamic human processes, this paper examines the prehistoric archaeology of the Lecce province in south-east Italy, in order to provide a history of successive visual cultures in that area, between the Middle Palaeolithic and the Bronze Age. It is argued that art may have helped human groups to deal with problems in subsistence and society, including environmental changes affecting the cultural landscape and its resources, the breaking up of old social relations and the establishment and maintenance of new ones. More specifically, art appears to have become increasingly related to the expression of religious and even mythical beliefs, and in particular to the performance of ceremonies and rituals in selected spaces such as caves. This may reflect the existence of a long-term tradition of performance art in prehistory, involving performers and viewers, in which art helped to structure and heighten the sensual and social impact of the acting human body.

TOWARDS AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF VISUAL CULTURE

The main aim of this paper is to promote archaeological interest in the study and approach of 'visual culture', with its emphasis on the social dynamics of visual communication. This is an area closely related to the study of 'art', which can be broadly defined as those made objects that are intended to be visually expressive and stimulating. The term 'visual culture', which has recently gained widespread (although not total) interdisciplinary acceptance, usefully complements and broadens this definition with the belief that such objects also comprise an integral part of the mental and cultural processes through which people construct themselves (see, for example: Alpers et al. 1996; Walker & Chaplin 1997; Rogoff 1998; Mirzoeff 1999). In doing so, 'visual culture' highlights not only the manufactured ('artefactual') nature of art, but also its embeddedness in dynamic human processes.

This approach deserves to be better-known by archaeologists. On the one hand, it has the potential to enhance traditional archaeological approaches to the history of art, including the study of prehistoric art in terms of its technical production, style, iconography, siting, spatial distribution, relative age, archaeological culture, and evolution (eg. Graziosi 1973). On the other hand, it is clear that visual culture studies share much in common with contemporary 'contextual' and 'interpretative' archaeological approaches to the symbolic and structural meanings of material culture (eg. Hodder 1982; 1986, 118–46; Thomas 1993; Tilley 1998). The almost unbounded range of manufactured material studied by these contemporary approaches is comparable. Together, they emphasise the centrality and embeddedness of the material and the visual in cultural processes, within which art objects are seen to participate actively in the production, reproduction, and transformation of social values, meanings, and relations.


.), F. 18, stamp Tasc (Tascilli, Lezoux Domitian-Hadrian). Coarse Ware. This was not studied at the time of excavation but preserved in Aldeburgh Museum and consists of fragments of jars with cordons and incised decoration imitating Gallo-Belgic forms. V.C.H. 307-B.

Holbrook. Greenwich Royal Hospital. When excavating for swimming bath in 1929 the mechanical grab brought up fragments of coarse pottery, small jug, terra sigillata F.18 (135-200 A.D.), two coins unidentified, from depth of 6-8 ft. Pottery at and information from Greenwich Royal Hospital Estate Office, Holbrook. Pottery examined by Mr. M. R. Hull.

Iworth (Including Pakenham) Priory Farm. Fragments terra sigillata and coarse ware dishes, cordoned bowls and jars. Fragment decorated terra sigillata Vespasian-Domitian, South Gaul. Duck Farm (Pakenham). Fragments terra sigillata, fragment F.36 Antonine. Coarse ware as above. (Notes made when inspecting pottery in the possession of Major G. Kilner). Other Pottery. Decorated terra sigillata bowl F.37 (Antonine). Ash.M. R. 294. Coarse ware:—grey bowl with cordons from Pickerel Inn. (Fig. 2, XI). Ash.M. 1907. R 215. Small grey bowl with everted lip and cordon around girth (Fig. 2, XIII) from Pakenham. Ash.M. Also dark grey beaker with everted lip on shoulder, polished zone on shoulder and at base with incised vertical lines in groups between (Fig. 2, IV) Ash. M. R.212. All three similar fabric to Wattisfield kilns.

Lakenheath. At foot of Maid's Cross Hill, close to meeting place of chalk and fen. Many Roman objects obtained from this site including coins, Philippus-Honorius. About 200 yds. from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted. Terra sigillata:—sherd from this site remains discovered in 1945. Patches of black sand noted.

COIN HOARDS.

From the study of the distribution of these sites and the characteristics of the pottery upon which the classification has been based much light is thrown upon what took place in the county in the years that follow Boudicca’s revolt.

DISTRIBUTION

The Roman sites at Capel St. Mary, Coddenham, Darmsden, Hazlewood, Lattingford and Reydon Smere, and the finds of pottery at Combs, Ipswich and Kirton, in East Suffolk, together with the site at Long Melford in the Stour Valley and the pottery from Exning, demonstrate that the occupation of the areas commenced in Prasutagan times was continued. That new areas were also occupied now is shown by the finds at Great Welnetham, Hitcham, Ixworth and the Wattsfield district. It will be noted that the river valleys are still preferred and the clay lands
avoided. The absence of any considerable finds in Breckland, apart from the kilns at West Stow and the pottery from Lakenheath, is puzzling. It may be that the archaeological record is at fault. Perhaps the nucleus of the Icenic kingdom was slower to recover from the destruction of Suetonius Paulinus than the outlying areas.

CHARACTER OF THE OCCUPATION

The classification of these sites upon the basis of the pottery produced has already been mentioned. Since much of this is salvage material and in some instances consists of fragments only it would be hazardous to place much reliance upon it ifit did not display features that have been noted in that from the more systematically excavated sites in Norfolk (Caistor-by-Norwich, Gayton Thorpe, Needham, Scole and Runcton Holme) and Wattisfield. Prof. Atkinson noted both at Gayton Thorpe and Caistor-by-Norwich that backwardness seemed to be an East Anglian characteristic and observed a "lagging tendency" in the coarse ware, types not to be expected after 120 A.D. appearing with terra sigillata of the Antonine Age. Prof. C. F. C. Hawkes found that the Runcton Holme pottery confirmed Prof. Atkinson's conclusions and remarked upon the influence of Gallo-Belgic forms upon the work of local potters and the absence of pieces common in the Flavian period. The pottery from Needham, Scole and Wattisfield displayed the same features. The coarse ware available for study from Darmsden, Exning, Hazlewood, Hitcham, Ixworth, Kirton, Lakenheath, Lattingford, Long Melford and Reydon Smere is of a piece with that from the Norfolk sites and Wattisfield.

The hypothesis put forward by Prof. C. F. C. Hawkes to account for the backwardness of the pottery from the Norfolk sites may now with good reason be applied to that from Suffolk. Prof. Hawkes holds that "provincial civilization seems to have made but little headway among the Iceni until the second century had well begun" and accounts for this by the ruthless treatment that was meted out to the Iceni after the revolt of Boudicca. We may therefore conclude that the "revival" of the Roman life in Suffolk cannot have commenced much before the end of the first century and did not flourish to any appreciable extent till well on into the second century.

Though buildings have been noted at Capel St. Mary, Coddenham, Hitcham, Lattingford and Reydon Smere not enough is known about them to make their history clear. That they had their beginnings in the second century is certain, and it is almost equally certain that they were not occupied later than the first decade of the third century. It is probable, however, that they were deserted at an even earlier date. Since there was a more extensive occupation of our county in the third and fourth centuries the discussion of the demise of these buildings will be deferred to the latter part of this account when the evidence of the occupation for these centuries has been presented.

In 1843-4 four Roman barrows, within 250 yards of remains of buildings, were investigated at Rougham. The second contained among other objects terra sigillata belonging to the first half of the second century; a fourth at Eastlow Hill contained a small chamber in which was found a leaden coffin with a skeleton within. Other Roman barrows in Suffolk have been noted at Blaxhall and Stonham. The Rougham barrows were interpreted by Sir Cyril Fox as a survival of a La Tène custom in our area, while the absence of grave furniture in the fourth at Eastlow Hill he held to indicate a "Christian burial" probably of the fourth century. Messrs. Dunning and Jessop in a more extended survey of Roman barrows concluded that no barrow was built later than the second century though Eastlow Hill was regarded as a possible exception. On the ground that outside Britain Roman barrows are found to be concentrated in Eastern Belgium, these writers reached the conclusion that the custom was introduced into Britain by merchants from Rhineland who participated in its commercial development.

**COMMUNICATIONS**

It has already been noted that no road


 from the mountains of Asia Minor. It grows from four to eight inches high, and in early spring is covered with spikes of the most beautiful sky-blue, white-centred flowers. Winter aconite (*Eranthis hyemalis*), also bears beautiful bright-yellow flowers in early spring. But the earliest of all these early bulbs is the snowdrop, *Galanthus nivalis* and *G. Elwesii*, bearing large bell-shaped white flowers, which often peep out in January. All these very early-blooming bulbs are specially attractive planted in the greensward, where their charms are relieved by the first green of spring. Yet the border in the flower garden is the most congenial after all, the place where the best flowers bloom.

Many of the irises are beautiful, but there are none more delicately and daintily beautiful than the bulbous and tuberous-rooted species. Chief among these are the golden-netted irises (*Iris reticulata*). The flowers are deep violet-blue, netted with fine golden-yellow lines. It is early blooming, fragrant, and hardy. *Iris Iberica* (Chalcedonian iris) is a showy species with large rich purple flowers, beautifully veined, and spotted with a black spot on each petal. It blooms somewhat later than *Iris reticulata*. There is a well-known pomponian lily, *Lilium*
*Pomponium*, that blooms comparatively early in June. The flowers are pendulous, scarlet, and attractive. The plant comes from France and grows about three feet high. *Crucianella stylosa* is an ornamental plant, diffusively tufted with a profusion of weak, straggling, procumbent stems clothed with whorls of six or more narrow lance-shaped leaves growing about a foot high. The flowers are borne in small but handsome terminal heads, and are bright rose or pink, with long styles protruding conspicuously beyond the corollas.

I propose now to consider some of the summer-flowering plants, the plants that commence to bloom in June or early July, and oftentimes continue in flower throughout the season. There are many, but we shall attempt to consider only a few. *Achillea tomentosa* (downy yarrow), different from most herbaceous plants, displays striking and attractive foliage, but the flowers are pretty, and of a bright-yellow color. It is only six or eight inches high. The *Aquilegias* or columbines are always quaintly beautiful, and there are none more so than the summer-blooming ones. *A. chrysantha*, the golden columbine, is probably the best, because it produces golden-yellow flowers all summer. Like all *Aquilegias*, the flowers have curious long spurs. *A. caerulea* (Rocky Mountain columbine) has charming blue and white flowers, and is only less valuable than *chrysantha* because it does not bloom all summer. Both of these columbines
grow two to three feet high. *Aquilegia vulgaris* (Munday's giant) is of garden origin, robust, growing three feet high, and producing pure white flowers in abundance. *Armeria maritima*, one of the sea pinks or thrifts, bears attractive rose-colored flowers and broad foliage about a foot high.

*Asperula odorata* is the common woodruff of Northern Europe. It grows six to twelve inches high in dense tufts of slender stems with leaves mostly eight in a whorl, and has flat clusters of small white flowers in summer. When wilted this plant has the odor of new-mown hay. The *Campanulas* or harebells are of course well known for their dainty beauty. They are all summer-flowering, but perhaps *Campanula rotundifolia* blooms somewhat earlier than some of the others. It is a beautiful native species, with numerous deep-blue flowers. It grows only six to twelve inches high. To speak of the lily of the valley in praise, or dwell on its charms, would be superfluous, for all the world knows them. The dainty bloom pushes its white bells from the sheathing leaves during the latter part of May into June.

And the no less dainty maiden’s pink (*Dianthus deltoides*) comes in early summer also. It is an humble
plant, six to nine inches high, and the bright-pink or white flowers, with the dark or white circle in the centre, grow out of dense tufts of grassy leaves. Then there is the sweet-william of the gardens of earlier days, *Dianthus barbatus*, with deep crimson flowers, and a height of one to two feet. Finally, there is *Dianthus plumarius*, the garden pink or the cushion pink, forming broad tufts and bearing flowers with beautifully fringed petals and a delightfully fragrant odor. It grows only six or eight inches high. *Dicentra crinum* (plumy bleeding-heart) is a plant from the Alleghany Mountains, nine to eighteen inches high, with leaves as graceful as those of a fern. The flowers are rose-colored, and appear all summer, hanging in graceful racemes. The *Dicentra spectabilis*, scarcely less beautiful, comes earlier. *Iberis correa-folia* (corris-leaved perennial candy tuft) is a beautiful dwarf evergreen shrub, with large pure white flowers.
The summer-flowering irises are also important. I mean those that bloom in early summer. The Florentine iris, or the orris root, belongs to this time. It bears large fragrant white flowers with a tinge of blue, and a bright yellow-white tinged with pink or lilac when they have been open for some days. There are generally many flowers completely covering the stem. The Siberian iris is tall with narrow leaves, and white and blue and delicate-veined flowers. *Iris Siberica*, var. *haematophylla*, is a very dark-leaved early flowering kind that often blooms the second and third time during the season. *Linum perenne*, the perennial flax, is attractive all summer, with its tufts of narrow foliage and its bright blue flowers, an inch or more across, which seem, on their slender stalks, semi-detached and floating.

No garden would, of course, be complete without its peonies and tall phloxes. The herbaceous peonies present every shade of white, pink, rose, red, crimson, and dark purple among their scores of varieties. Their flowers are perhaps the largest and most showy of any we are likely to plant in our garden, and make a great display at a distance. I will mention one kind because it is so unique. *Paeonia tenuifolia*, pl. *pl.*, is different from all others on account of its abundant finely divided foliage, from the midst of which peer out large double brilliant dark-red flowers. The tall phloxes to be seen in gardens
are usually the annual kinds, but the herbaceous kind, *P. Carolina*, bears beautiful pink-purple flowers, more than an inch across. It grows about a foot high and blooms all summer. *Phlox stellaria*, starry phlox, is a similar free-blooming summer kind of about the same height that bears white flowers.

The bachelor's-button (*Ranunculus speciosus*, fl. pl.), grows a foot high, and displays large golden-yellow flowers, invariably double. *Silene Virginica* (fire pink) is one of the finest catchflies, and produces brilliant scarlet flowers, an inch or more in diameter, from June to August. It grows about a foot high. Statices are among the best and most desirable herbaceous plants. Their flowers are of long duration, and when cut and dried are effective for winter decoration, as they retain their color in a dried state. One of the best is *Statica latifolia*. It bears in June immense panicles of bright blue flowers, often two feet across. Its native place is Southern Russia, and it only grows about a foot high. The familiar name of this type of plant is wound-wort. Meadow-rue or *Thalictrum*, bearing large panicles of flowers in summer, presents one of its best effects in *speciosum*, a fine large yellow-flowered sort
with handsome leaves which grow three to five feet high. Other meadow-rues bear purple flowers, and still others white. One of these white species comes from Japan. The spiderwort (Tradescantia Virginica) is a native plant, valuable chiefly for its continuous production during summer of its peculiar deep violet-blue flowers. Trollius Europeus, European globe-flower, is a pretty plant with large lemon-colored buttercup-like flowers, one to one and a half inches across, on long stems. It grows two feet high, blooms from June to August, and comes from Arctic Europe. There is a large double orange-colored species from Japan that blooms in the spring. Tunica saxifraga, rock Tunica, is a delicate spreading dwarf plant that bears all summer a profusion of small rosy-white flowers. It grows six to ten inches high and is excellent as a carpet plant. Viola cornuta, horned violet, commences to bloom in spring and lasts all summer. It is not unlike the common violet, and its prevailing tints are blue, purple, white, and yellow. It is a valuable violet for this special quality of continuous flowering.

Among the flowers that bloom still later in summer and even in early fall, I will mention the beautiful Achilleas, or y


of these may be currently vacant and available for rent.

4.10 Impact to Personal Property Only

There are two units in Building One that may consist of personal property only. For these units, the owner of the personal property would receive assistance in searching for replacement sites to store the personal property and for the cost to move the personal property.
5.0 RELOCATION RESOURCES

As presently planned, the Transbay Program would require that affected residential occupants and business owners relocate to replacement sites in 2010. Appendix C contains an example of an initial contact letter that the TJPA has sent to affected property owners and tenants.

The TJPA plans to assist each eligible residential occupant and business to successfully relocate in the community. Much effort has been made to identify sites in the South of Market (SOMA) area that would accommodate the displaced households and businesses. Additionally, the TJPA has investigated the potential that other public projects might compete for available replacement sites during the course of the Transbay Program. In discussions with Caltrans, the City and County of San Francisco, and the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency, the TJPA has learned that no planned public projects would significantly compete for resources in the SOMA area during the planned development of the Transbay Program.

5.1 Residential Condominiums/Lofts

Research conducted in fall of 2009 identified ten live/work lofts available for sale and twelve live/work lofts available for lease in the SOMA area. The information provided in tables 5.1 and 5.2 is representative of the properties that might be available at the time that the six affected residential households in Building One are searching for comparable replacement housing. It is anticipated that several more similar properties will become available for sale or lease during the course of the Transbay Program and that the residential households will have the opportunity to consider available sites over a six- to twelve-month period. Table 5.1 lists residential live/work lofts recently available for sale in the SOMA area. Table 5.2 lists properties in the same category recently available for lease.

Table 5.1, Demonstration of Available Residential Live/Work Lofts for Sale in SOMA Area

Location
Unit #
Square Footage
Beds/ Baths
Year Built
List Price
List Date

38 Lusk Street
1
1,359
1/2.0
1995
$1,499,999
7/1/2009

650 Delancey Street
422
1,430
1/2.0
1996
$1,049,000
8/5/2009

650 Delancey Street
213
1,400
2/2.0
1996
$1,298,000
5/21/2009

650 Delancey Street
414
1,769
2/2.0
1996
$1,225,000
6/22/2009

461 2nd Street
656
1,650
1/2.0
1992
$1,195,000
8/13/2009

1 Bluxome Street
406
1,762
2/2.0
2003
$1,249,999
7/8/2009

601 4th Street
3P
1,792
2/2.0
1991
$1,498,000
9/21/2009

601 4th Street
319
1,965
2/2.0
1991
$1,349,000
9/11/2009

712 Bryant Street
5
2,097
2/2.5
2001
$1,039,000
9/17/2009

300 Beale Street
406
1,686
2/2.0
1937
$1,375,000
9/2/2009

Table 5.2, Demonstration of Available Residential Live/Work Lofts for Lease in SOMA Area

Location
Square Footage
Beds/Baths
Year Built
Asking Rent/Month

1233 Howard Street
1,400
1/2.0
2000
$3,300

695 5th Street
1,760
2/3.0
1999
$3,495

767 Bryant Street
1,950
2/2.5
2002
$3,500

650 Delancey Street
1,550
2+/2.0
1996
$4,000

200 Brannan Street
1,522
2/2.0
2004
$4,000

200 Brannan Street
1,961
2+/2.0
2004
$5,300

300 Beale Street
1,700
2+/2.0
1937
$5,400

461 Second Street
1,800
2/2.0
N/A
$5,800

300 Beale Street
1,686
2+/2.0
1937
$6,500

1233 Howard Street
3,300
1+/2.0
2000
$5,500

461 2nd Street
1,900
2/2.0
Unknown
$5,800

1233 Howard Street
2,002
1/2.0
2000
$4,080


 still farther inland. In other words, I analyzed the forces in action.
and aided and abetted their inclinations. If grasses and twigs had caught on a small projection of the shore and a little vegetation had sprung up and soil thus collected, I lengthened and broadened the projection and planted it with clumps of grasses, such as flag, bamboo, pampas grass, and the hardy *Eulalia Japonica*. Back of these, on more solid ground, I planted a willow and an alder, with some irises, and tender cannas and caladiums or elephant ears. I was careful, moreover, to be conservative even in this natural treatment of my shores. There was no frequent repetition of the promontory and bay idea. At only a few points was any change made in the original line of the shore. Such changes as I did make, however, were forcible and marked and carefully adjusted in the exact direction and angle that the stream would be likely to take when it worked its fantastic way before a rapid current or overflow. Grasses and shrubs suited to low grounds, of the kinds I have named, were scattered in small groups about the points running back, sometimes quite a distance, up the
bank. In the midst of these groups grew some higher shrubs or small trees like the birch, for the sake of emphasizing the effect and giving variety of sky-line. I do not wish to be needlessly technical, but if you could see the two great Lombardy poplars, forty feet high, bordering and making a frame, as it were, for my place, you would understand what I mean by emphasis. Great towers of green, these poplars seem to be mounting guard over my small domain, and their long shadows at sundown reach far across the stream and the grass of the meadow beyond. I am not going to apologize for my poplars. They were and are grand, and I am proud of them. Tree-experts may warn me that they are liable to borers and bark-lice, and that they lose their leaves early in the season, and in many ways invite the use of the axe. It may be so. I have enjoyed them, however, for a number of years and they are entirely healthy yet, although surely a score of years in age. It will be a long time, therefore, before an axe under my direction will touch them. Even the tendency to lose their leaves early in the season would not induce me to use the axe, for their lofty spire-like forms dominate everything and establish that variety of sky-line so much to be desired by the lawn-planter. Let the limbs be bare and the trunk scarred and seamed with borers, the noble outline is there, and shrubs and small trees can be made to screen the lower and generally uglier portions. It should be remembered also, that an occasional pruning, as the years go on, tends greatly to renew and perpetuate the poplar's health and vigor.
But, the reader will say, where is the lily-pond? You have told us about your lawn with its stream and old mill-pond, but where are your lilies? Well, I answer, do not be in a hurry. I assure you if I had not selected and arranged my lawn and water properties as I did, the lilies I might have set out would have been of much less account than they are. Remember the lilies on my former place. In truth, without some of the characteristics of my present lawn the proper setting for the clustering water-lily gems would have been absent. And think what a setting they had now—great poplars, drooping willows, alders, waving grasses, purple irises, purple marsh-mallows growing on promontories of a brimming river backed by a sloping bank of rich greensward. In the coves, chiefly, of my stream and pond were set my lily-jewels. The bottom of the water
was deepened and a foot of soil, not in spots but along the entire front, was replaced by the richest mixture I could make of mould and manure. Pond-lilies are great feeders, and I intended to give them the best chance I could to look their prettiest. For the *Nelumbiums* or lotuses considerable clay is needed. Fortunately, my soil had naturally plenty of clay. I used, moreover, other kinds of water-plants besides lilies, and some of them, as well as certain lilies, were tender, coming as they do originally from the tropics.

The tender ones I bought anew every year, at a moderate expense, from one of the few growers in America. I may have expended during some years one hundred and even one hundred and fifty dollars, but it was a small sum compared with the amount necessary to keep up a greenhouse fitted with suitable tanks. Water-lilies and aquatic plants winter badly in cellars. They are easily excited to grow by a little excess of light and heat, and as easily checked and injured by an excess of cold. Except a few kinds, such as the wonderful blue and purple water-lilies of Zanzibar, which I bought yearly, I have therefore managed to content myself with a number of perfectly hardy aquatics, including some of the best water-lilies and lotuses. Doubtless the biggest, grandest, and most effective of these was the lotus *Nelumbium speciosum*. This plant is the greatest feeder of all, and will thrive prodigiously in the richest, rankest mud that can be concocted. It will, in fact, crowd out most other plants, and should be thinned every year so as to appear in clusters and not in monotonous masses extending from shore to shore. This *Nelum-
Nelumbium" is widely known in India and Japan as the lotus, and is there considered sacred and is freely copied in their decorative designs. It is also probably the lotus of ancient Egypt.

Picture for yourself a pumpkin-leaf erected three or four feet high on a stem, and great buds that look, for all the world, like gigantic tea-rose buds, and you will have a fair idea of the general appearance of the lotus. Of course, the leaves of the lotus are more finely veined and smoother and more shining of texture, and the flowers grander and richer in tint than the tea-rose bud; but, for all that, the pumpkin-leaf and tea-rose bud comparison is a suggestive one. The botanical name of the lotus, *Nelumbium*, signifying a rose or spray of a watering-pot, is very descriptive of the curious seed-pod. There is a fine *Nelumbium*, native to
America, a yellow lotus with excellent foliage, which is found in one or two places in New Jersey, but which chiefly abounds in Florida and other Southern and Western States. The leaves of this species are quite as noteworthy as those of the familiar *Nelumbium speciosum*. These are often two feet in diameter.

The lotus leaves and flowers are decorative and striking in effect, but the true water-lilies, the *Nymphaea*, are, after all, I am inclined to say, the best ornamental water-plants. Following out my Lombardy poplar idea of emphasis, I
used many lotuses in front of my brook and pond promontories. But in all my experiments with aquatic plants I never chanced on any pond-effects quite equal to that of my coves of *Nymphaea* in midsummer. Fancy a quiet, mirror-like surface of water, studded with clustering masses of lily-pads, enfolding half-open flowers, nestling yet buoyant. Every one is familiar with scenes in woodland nooks resembling this in kind. The remarkable difference on my place was that my trees and shrubs, grasses and flowers, came to the water's edge and were mirrored there, and that in front and about them floated and were reflected lily-pads of excellent size and coloring. The flowers also of these great tropical lilies were especially large and richly hued, some species being pure white, others red, and still others purple and deep blue. I have had these water-lilies and other water-plants growing on my place now for several years, but I confess that, even at the present time, familiar as they are to me, when I look at one of these blue lilies on an early summer morning I am impressed with the scene as an absolute revelation of beauty, a landscape feature positively unique.

I am not going, on this occasion, to give an account of all the aquatic plants I grow. I have the tender *Pontederia crassipes*, a floating plant with curious orchid-like purple flowers, water-poppies, pitcher-plants, cat-tails, and a score of other species and varieties that I shall not enumerate. All these kinds of water-plants doubtless add greatly to the attractions of decorative waters, but, after all, it is the lotuses and lilies, or lilies and lotuses, not giving the precedence to either, that every one ought to want. Having
once had them, any decorative piece of water without them will seem almost uninteresting, no matter what other water-plants are employed.

Let me say here, before I forget, that spaces of clear surface among water-plants, with undisturbed reflections, are particularly necessary to secure the best effects. The whole surface of the pond should be no more covered up with water-lilies than fine rocks should be completely masked with climbing vines.

To explain to the reader which are the tender and which are the hardy kinds would be a lengthy task, and I must refer him to the nearest nurseryman who grows aquatics. Better not


 punctuated by these white birches. Nature uses the birches most delightfully in many a woodland winter scene, and our lawn is, we find, greatly improved by the free use of this artistic resource. But our attention is specially claimed by the specimens occupying the middle-ground. Here, too, we find a fair admixture of evergreen trees advisable. The evergreens disposed near the foreground are of medium, and in some cases of dwarf size, but always of interesting character, well fitted to make single features on the lawn.
First and foremost is the Nordmann's silver fir, broad and massive, with shining silvery leaves,—in every way a hardy, slow-growing evergreen, of noble outline and special symmetry. Though grand and impressive, it needs intelligent pruning, and for successful transplanting, a fibrous condition of roots that can be secured by frequent removal in the nursery and systematic root-pruning. The same remark applies to all silver firs, which are in many senses the finest evergreens for producing winter pictures. There is the silver fir (*Abies amabilis*), lovely, both by name and nature, and the still finer (*Abies nobilis*), of unsurpassed blue tints. Hudson's Bay silver fir, of the same genus, is one of the darkest, hardiest, and most dwarfed species, specially fitted for the outskirts of groups, or for dotting here and there in isolated positions. Parsons' silver fir (*Abies Parsonsii*) has wonderful leaves, always curling upward, long, and of a delicate bluish-green color. The so-called dwarf silver fir (*Abies compacta*), an intermediate form between Hudson's Bay silver fir and Nordmann's fir, is especially noteworthy for hardiness, symmetry, and compact elegance. It should be one of the most popular of evergreens.

Then, among the larger forms, we note the Grecian silver fir, very fine and lighter-colored. The weeping silver fir is the type, perhaps, of the statuesque in the family. Intelligently pruned, it develops into a solid weeping column of dark green. But here, as with all silver firs, if we are to get a compact growth below, the leading or top shoot must be pinched off from time to time during May or June. If possible or, rather, if not incongruous with the
ORIENTAL SPRUCE.
(PICEA ORIENTALIS.)
remaining part of the composition, it is well to place each of these species, firs, spruces, and the like, by themselves. Spruces we used to make up the mass of the background; but then there are spruces not only adapted for this purpose, but suitable for general planting in the middle-ground, and even for the most distinguished positions as objects of special interest in the foreground. Any one looking at the dense round or hemispherical shape of the Gregory spruce, and at the taller though slow-growing columnar form of the weeping spruce, would scarcely believe that this and the common Norway spruce are so closely akin. The blue tint of the Colorado spruce (Picea pungens) shows capacity for varying color that is most invaluable for winter effect. Alcock's spruce, from Japan, has also lovely variegations of yellow, silver, and green, and the tiger-tail spruce (Picea polita), from the same country, is rigid, yellow, and characteristic, and hardy and fine in many ways.

The Oriental spruce is perhaps the most desirable of all the spruces for both winter and summer landscape. Its shining dense masses are remarkably hardy and striking. It belongs rather in the background, as somewhat larger in habit than the others. Nor should we neglect the beautiful American white spruce, hardy, dense, and richly colored. It grows more slowly than the common Norway spruce, but eventually attains sufficient size to associate it more or less with that evergreen. The most noteworthy spruces, however, for winter-landscape effects are the weeping hemlock spruce and the weeping Norway spruce. The former is a charming evergreen, graceful and picturesque, with soft curving lines. Its light color and delicate tendrils give it
an almost feminine appearance. The rugged, strong outline of the weeping Norway spruce, on the other hand, offers the greatest contrast to the habit of this hemlock, and delights the eye, especially in winter. The long branches of this slow-growing evergreen droop and hug the stem in most persistent fashion, now and then curling up eccentric shoots, which afford convenient lodgment for the snow. Both these striking evergreens should occupy the middle-ground of the picture in specially effective positions. A cedar of Lebanon, where a cedar of Lebanon can be coaxed to grow, is also a prize on the winter lawn.

Among the pines we find, perhaps, our most lovely and refined winter colors, but to establish pines upon the lawn is not always easy. Unless transplanted frequently in the nursery, pines develop naked roots, hard to remove with safety. The spruces and arbor vitae act better, but silver firs and pines are, to say the least, troublesome in this respect. The most lovely pine, to me, in winter is the
Bhotan pine (Pinus excelsa). It presents such picturesque open masses, and the leaves are so long and delicately green that the eye dwells on its varied outlines with exceeding pleasure.

Then there is the Swiss stone pine (P. cembra), bluish-green, and extremely striking in winter, as well as extremely hardy. Among the dwarf pines such forms are noteworthy as the dark mughus and mughus compacta, the finely-tinted light-blue dwarf white pine, and the more yellow and rounder dwarf Scotch. Mughus uncinata is also striking, and, although dwarf, quite erect in habit. The large-growing pines massed in the background among the other large spruces are peculiarly varied in color and form, and often very beautiful, laden with snow and ice. Dark, massive Austrian pines should have their forms displayed somewhat more prominently than the rest, while the delicate-hued and more sparsely-branched white pines should be grouped directly with the Norway spruces, for the sake of artistic breadth combined with interesting variety.
Hemlocks also mass well in the background, their lighter colors and more graceful forms relieving the sombre character of the adjoining spruces.

In the outskirts of groups and rather in the foreground, we should find choice plants, such as the rare and exquisite golden Japanese or sun-ray pine (*Pinus Massoniana variegata*), with its rich and permanent yellow, so striking in fall and winter, and the slow-growing and extremely rare Japan parasol pine (*Sciadopitys verticillata*), a highly prized and strange-looking tree, with dark green foliage growing in distinct whorls. Nor should we forget to plant in such positions the lovely Japanese *retinosporas*, of delicate, fern-like appearance and unexcelled hardiness of habit.

Such plants form the intermediate shadings or half tones of the picture, presenting as they do in winter the most delightful tints of brown, green, and gold. It should be remembered that the winter coloring of evergreens is very different from that of summer. In many cases, like that of
the arbor vitae, these winter tints are dull and uninviting, for which reason, in spite of the custom to the contrary, I do not much fancy their employment for winter effects. But the *retinosporas* are, if anything, more lovely in winter than in summer, especially in their mingling of brown and gold. The really golden *retinosporas* have a pure yellow color in winter, very delightful from the fresh contrast it affords to the neutral tints of the surrounding scenery.

Of like character is the bronze gold of *biota elegans* *tissima aurea*, a Chinese golden arbor vitae. There is a kinship in the appearance of *retinosporas* and arbor vitae, in which the former have greatly the advantage in varied beauty; but we will do well to employ the golden bronze of the *elegans* *tissima* arbor vitae whenever we can give it a little favoring protection from cold, which is fortunately not needed for the *retinosporas*. There are exquisite bluish-tinted junipers, also, erect and torch-like in shape, the graceful lines and forms of which can be ill spared from any part of the lawn planted for winter effect.

The regular evergreen shrubs cannot, of course, be neglected. *Rhododendron* foliage is broad, massive, and shining, one of the most effective features in winter on any lawn. The mahonias, though very different in many ways, have the same general effect, and should be employed, though always with the knowledge that they will frequently winter kill, that is, become deciduous, for they rarely die from cold. Masses of these mahonias shine and glisten in winter, and are altogether so fine that we must have them, notwithstanding their weakness. The tree box is also rich, solid, and very attractive during the cold
MUGHO PINE.

(PINUS MUGHUS.)
months, although not always very hardy in the Northern States. It is an old plant, but merits, especially planted singly, the very highest consideration.

_Cotoneaster or Crataegus pyracantha_, the evergreen thorn, whether used for hedges or as a single plant, is always peculiarly beautiful in winter. Its low, dense masses of red bronze leaves, small and regularly formed, present a diversity of contour of the most pleasing character. Sometimes a large


4.1, Summary of Residential and Business Occupants of Building One

Residential
Business
Other

Owner-Occupants
2

Tenant-Occupants
4
4

Personal Property Only

2

Investment Property Owners
8

The residential and business occupants of Building One may be eligible for relocation assistance. The owners of investment properties in Building One also may be eligible to receive assistance.

The TJPA anticipates that any eligible occupants will be provided with relocation assistance so that they could relocate to replacement sites in 2010. Table 4.2 describes the current occupants of Building One and their anticipated relocation needs.
4.1 Impact to Residential Occupants

There are six households that would be required to relocate if the TJPA were successful in acquiring the properties in Building One. Of the six households, two are owner-occupants and four are tenant-occupants. Two of the tenant-occupants are also business occupants.

4.2 Overcrowded Conditions

The TJPA has determined the following Housing Occupancy Standards pursuant to the San Francisco Housing Authority’s Housing Standards for Section 8 Tenant Based Assistance:

Housing Occupancy Standards

Studio

One-Bedroom

Two-Bedroom

Three-Bedroom

Four-Bedroom

It is anticipated that overcrowding conditions do not exist in Building One; however, any households that need larger replacement housing units in order to meet these standards will be provided the necessary additional assistance to secure replacement housing that better accommodates the size of their households.

4.3 Accessibility Needs

It is assumed that most occupants of Building One do not have physical restrictions that require alternative access. If an occupant reveals that any special needs exist, the TJPA would provide any
additional advisory assistance that is needed to identify and secure housing that is fully accessible to the occupant.

4.4 Other Special Needs

No other special needs are anticipated to relocate the occupants of Building One; however, the TJPA is committed to making the relocation process as smooth as possible and will provide additional assistance as needed.

4.5 Language

It is assumed that most occupants of Building One speak English as their primary language; however, if language assistance is necessary, the TJPA will make every reasonable attempt to communicate with those households in the household’s native language, to provide all informational material in the native language, and to provide the necessary additional advisory assistance to secure replacement housing.

4.6 Current Occupancy and Affordability

The Medium Family Income in San Francisco is $96,800. Federal regulations state that if a tenant-occupied household qualifies as “low-income” by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Annual Survey of Income Limits for the Public Housing and Section 8 Program, then replacement housing costs should not exceed 30% of the household’s monthly gross income. It is assumed that none of the tenant-occupants of Building One are low-income. If it is determined that a tenant-occupied household is in fact low-income pursuant to federal regulations, the TJPA may need to apply the Last Resort Housing Program so that rent for a comparable replacement site will not exceed 30% of the household’s gross monthly income.

4.7 Transportation

It is assumed that most occupants of Building One use public transportation; therefore, replacement housing should also be near public transportation.

4.8 Employment

Many places of employment are within walking distance of Building One or easily accessible via public transportation. Every attempt will be made to identify replacement housing that will provide similar access to places of employment.

4.9 Impact to Business Occupants

There are eight investment property owners in Building One that do not occupy the building, also referred to as “absentee landlords.” There are four business occupants of Building One that would be required to relocate if the TJPA were successful in acquiring the private properties in Building One.

The businesses are assumed to consist of general office space. Some of these may be currently vacant and available for rent.

4.10 Impact to Personal Property Only

There are two units in Building One that may consist of personal property only. For these units, the owner of the personal property would receive assistance in searching for replacement sites to store the personal property and for the cost to move the personal property.
5.0 RELOCATION RESOURCES

As presently planned, the Transbay Program would require that affected residential occupants and business owners relocate to replacement sites in 2010. Appendix C contains an example of an initial contact letter that the TJPA has sent to affected property owners and tenants.

The TJPA plans to assist each eligible residential occupant and business to successfully relocate in the community. Much effort has been made to identify sites in the South of Market (SOMA) area that would accommodate the displaced households and businesses. Additionally, the TJPA has investigated the potential that other public projects might compete for available replacement sites during the course of the Transbay Program. In discussions with Caltrans, the City and County of San Francisco, and the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency, the TJPA has learned that no planned public projects would significantly compete for resources in the SOMA area during the planned development of the Transbay Program.

5.1 Residential Condominiums/Lofts

Research conducted in fall of 2009 identified ten live/work lofts available for sale and twelve live/work lofts available for lease in the SOMA area. The information provided in tables 5.1 and 5.2 is representative of the properties that might be available at the time that the six affected residential households in Building One are searching for comparable replacement housing. It is anticipated that several more similar properties will become available for sale or lease during the course of the Transbay Program and that the residential households will have the opportunity to consider available sites over a six- to twelve-month period. Table 5.1 lists residential live/work lofts recently available for sale in the SOMA area. Table 5.2 lists properties in the same category recently available for lease.

Table 5.1, Demonstration of Available Residential Live/Work Lofts for Sale in SOMA Area

Location
Unit #
Square Footage
Beds/ Baths
Year Built
List Price
List Date

38 Lusk Street
1
1,359
1/2.0
1995
$1,499,999
7/1/2009

650 Delancey Street
422
1,430
1/2.0
1996
$1,049,000
8/5/2009

650 Delancey Street
213
1,400
2/2.0
1996
$1,298,000
5/21/2009

650 Delancey Street
414
1,769
2/2.0
1996
$1,225,000
6/22/2009

461 2nd Street
656
1,650
1/2.0
1992
$1,195,000
8/13/2009

1 Bluxome Street
406
1,762
2/2.0
2003
$1,249,999
7/8/2009

601 4th Street
3P
1,792
2/2.0
199


, we can say it has more effective, shining evergreen foliage, but on the other hand, the hardy azalea endures more steadfastly winter and summer vicissitudes.

Such plants as these should be employed in favored nooks, on a hillside, if possible, where the eye may look down upon their charms. The employment of both of these attractive plants is rapidly becoming an actual necessity to the well-ordered lawn.

Nor does the fact that the rhododendron occasionally suffers from sudden changes, both in summer and winter, seriously check its growing popularity. Many, in fact, are
already learning that a little protection by planting in the lee of other trees, and a practical consideration of the pedigree of the variety used, considered with regard to the more or less hardy nature of its ancestors, will secure general results of the most satisfactory character. _Azalea nudiflora_ is a good example of this genuine American plant of the azalea type.

In this connection, however, I must not fail to offer meed tribute to the excellent beauty of the common laurel of the American woods, _Kalmia latifolia_. While its flowers, perhaps, are not as splendid in form and mass as those of the rhododendron, nor as varied and subtle in coloring as those of the hardy azalea, the curious, quaint construction of its flower-cup is yet quite as distinguished in its way for its exquisite daintiness and charming symmetry. It surpasses the rhododendron, moreover, in hardiness, and possesses the attraction of comparatively large evergreen leaves, which the deciduous hardy azalea does not possess. When grown in the nursery, i.e., transplanted now and then, the _Kalmia latifolia_ may be readily moved at any age, but to tear old plants from their native haunts in woodland nooks and plant them successfully on the lawn, has been repeatedly proved to be a difficult operation.

As we give our attention more closely to deciduous shrubs, we are impressed by the number of specially noteworthy genera that distinguish themselves in June either by their foliage or their flowers. What a lovely group, for instance, are the various June-blooming spireas.

There were, as we remember, fine spring-flowering spireas like _S. Thunbergii_, but how lovely, also, are June-
flowing *S. Reevesiana*, *fl. pl.*, and *S. trilobata*, a similar but still more attractive species. The branches of these spireas hang during June in the most graceful curves studded to their very tips with lovely rosettes of pure white flowers.

Then there is *S. prunifolia* with upright habit, neat, bright green leaves and numerous white flowers coming in late May oftener than in June. Red-flowering *S. Fortunei* and *Fortunei marmophylla* and *havigata* are also June-flowering, while among other kinds blooming in the same month may be noted the choice and delicate little spireas *bella* and *aristifolia* and the more common-looking and larger-growing *chamaedrifolia*, *nepalensis*, and *ulmifolia*.

One of the most striking of all spireas on the lawn, however, is the June-flowering *S. opulifolia aurea*. The leaves of *S. opulifolia aurea* are broader and larger than those of any other spirea, which is generally a small-leaved race, and the colors, especially at this season, are delicate shades of gold. Indeed so effective is this golden color that had the white flowers studding the entire stem been less lovely I would have classed it among the golden- and purple-leaved plants. If we add to these qualities exceptional vigor and hardiness, it will be readily seen that *S. opulifolia aurea* is a shrub peculiarly adapted to lawn planting. Indeed the general habit and the flowers render the common type *opulifolia* almost as fine as the golden variety.

But I must not linger on these interesting spireas too long, while there are other interesting June-flowering shrubs waiting to claim our attention. Every well-planted lawn must have some Philadelphuses or mock oranges, with
June flowers like veritable orange blossoms. *Philadelphus coronarius* is the most sweet-scented and in other ways the best variety, although *grandijlorus, lurus, speciosus*, etc., are larger and more easily propagated. There is a fine dwarf golden Philadelphus that does not receive the attention it should.

A well-known June-flowering genus of shrub is the *Deutzia*, not *Deutzia gracilis* only, but *Deutzia crenata, fl. pl.*, a Japan plant, strong-growing, and bearing masses of attractive pinkish-white flowers, and also the smaller *D. scabra, fl. pl.* There are also *Deutzias Fortunae, crenata and scabra*, both interesting, hardy, rapid-growing shrubs. The vigorous bright-green bush honeysuckles are also attractive in June, with the red and white flowers of *Tartarica*, the white of excellent drooping *fragrantissima*, and the yellow and yellowish-red of *xylostemon, fliusa*, and *Ledebouri*.

The sweet-scented shrubs *Calycanthus floridus* and *C. levigatus* likewise offer the spicy fragrance of their
chocolate-brown buds and broad rich foliage. These are choice shrubs and can scarcely be used too much in the salient points of shrub groups.

*Exochorda grandiflora* should have been mentioned perhaps among the spireas, where it properly belongs, but it is so different in every way, so specially suited to distinct single positions, that I have ventured to consider it apart from the other varieties. Few shrubs are more difficult to propagate than this spirea, hence its reputation for rarity and choice-ness. But aside from these qualities the leaves and flowers of this plant are very attractive, the leaves for their light green, slightly bluish tint, and the flowers for their number and pure white color, wonderfully bright and effective in mass. The general habit of the plant is broad, bushy, and vigorous. In this climate the
flowers appear in late May and early June. The pretty, small-leaved *Kerria Japonica* also bears attractive yellow flowers in June and makes an interesting shrub on the outskirts of shrub plantations.

Among the large shrubs specially suited to the centre of a mass of deciduous foliage are the *Weigelas* or *Diervillas*. They are rapid-growing, bearing abundant leaves and flowers, and are generally popular. They form one of our staple plants for the construction of any group of shrubs. Some of the *Weigelas* bear light-red and others striped flowers. *Weigelia rosea* is justly considered one of the best kinds.

Among the most attractive of June-flowing shrubs is *Tamarix Africana*. There are one or two other kinds that bloom during this month, but none better than *T. Africana*. The characteristic feathery habit and great vigor of the tamarisks renders *Africana* specially valuable in a group of shrubs where variety of form and beauty of flower are desired. There are several late-blooming tamarisks, such as *Gallica* and *Indica*, which makes this June-flowing *Africana* particularly valuable. Pruning is absolutely essential to keep the lanky growth of tamarisks in subjection.

We come now to a very noteworthy genus among June-flowing shrubs. The snowball or viburnum genus is a
large one, but only half a dozen hardy varieties are thoroughly well suited to lawn planting. The common snowball (*Viburnum opulus*) is, perhaps, one of the most generally useful on the lawn, because it is fine, singly or in mass. It grows vigorously, and is broad, and bears numerous balls of snow-white blossoms. The only serious fault it has is an openness of foliage or nakedness of stem that makes it less effective when planted singly than it would otherwise be.

As a June-flowering viburnum, however, there is nothing like the Japan snowball (*Viburnum plicatum*), already spoken of in the highest terms elsewhere. Dark green and glossy leaves, crinkled and compact, especially if well pruned, and large white balls of flowers, persistently retained on the plant for weeks, are, as we have also seen, its distinguishing characteristics. Good judges have commended this plant as in many senses the best of deciduous shrubs.

Another June-flowering shrub of considerable merit should not be neglected. *Lycium barbarum*, etc., is an old plant, but very pretty, especially when trailing over rock-
work. The flowers are small and of a purple or violet color. Many of these fine old hardy plants are in danger of being forgotten in the rush for new and rare varieties.

A special glory of June, a glory entirely unequalled in its way at any other time of the year, is found in the several genera of hardy climbing vines. Many of them are, of course, familiar to the reader, and probably none more so than the honeysuckles. They make a numerous family of varieties, with thick, glossy green leaves and abundant sweet-scented flowers. The Belgian, or striped monthly, red and white, is perhaps at once best known and most generally popular