# embeddings_queue

created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:55
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 7657, "chroma:document": "circulation by keeping warm, stopping smoking and massaging and exercising your fingers during your breaks If you\u2019re diagnosed with the condition, tell your employer as soon as possible. If you stop using vibrating tools at an early stage, you may recover fully. By law, your employer must contact the Health and Safety Executive about your condition. You may be entitled to an Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit, which is a payment given to people who have become ill or injured as a result of their work. See the GOV.UK website for more information about the Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit. Diagnosing Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon can usually be diagnosed after an examination of your symptoms and some blood tests. Your GP may place your hands in cold water or cool air to see if you show symptoms of Raynaud\u2019s. Further testing is usually recommended to find out whether you have primary or secondary Raynaud\u2019s. Secondary Raynaud\u2019s may require more treatment and, in"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 8507, "chroma:document": "testing is usually recommended to find out whether you have primary or secondary Raynaud\u2019s. Secondary Raynaud\u2019s may require more treatment and, in some cases, referral to a specialist. Secondary Raynaud\u2019s may be suspected if: your symptoms only started when you were over 30 years of age \u2013 most cases of primary Raynaud\u2019s begin between the ages of 20 to 30 you\u2019re experiencing severe pain during an attack of Raynaud\u2019s only one side of your body is affected Your GP may also check the tiny blood vessels, known as capillaries, found where your nail meets the finger. These capillaries are often larger in people with secondary Raynaud\u2019s, and look like red pen marks. Blood tests Your GP may also refer you for blood tests to check for other health conditions that could be causing your symptoms. These tests may include: a full blood count \u2013 to check for infection or, much less commonly, a cancer of the blood, such as leukaemia an antinuclear antibodies (ANA) test \u2013 to check for an overactive"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:55
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 9358, "chroma:document": "for infection or, much less commonly, a cancer of the blood, such as leukaemia an antinuclear antibodies (ANA) test \u2013 to check for an overactive immune system, which is common in people with autoimmune conditions such as scleroderma and lupus erythrocyte sedimentation rate \u2013 to check for an autoimmune disorder Scleroderma & Raynaud\u2019s UK (SRUK) If you\u2019ve been diagnosed with Raynaud\u2019s, Scleroderma & Raynaud\u2019s UK (SRUK) may be helpful. It is the UK\u2019s leading charity for people affected by the condition. Treating Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon You can usually treat Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon yourself, although medication is sometimes necessary. If you\u2019ve been diagnosed with secondary Raynaud\u2019s, you may be referred to a specialist in the treatment of the underlying condition. If your secondary Raynaud\u2019s may be a side effect of a medication, you may be asked to stop taking it, to see if your symptoms improve. Self-help The following advice is recommended for both primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s. Keep your"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:55
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 10207, "chroma:document": "to stop taking it, to see if your symptoms improve. Self-help The following advice is recommended for both primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s. Keep your whole body warm, especially your hands and feet. Wear gloves and warm footwear in cold weather. If you smoke, stop. Quitting smoking will improve your circulation, which should help to improve symptoms. Exercise regularly, as this helps to improve your circulation and reduce stress levels (see below). For most people, 150 minutes of vigorous exercise a week is recommended. Read more about exercise. Try to minimise your stress levels. Regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, and relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or activities such as yoga, can help. You may find it useful to avoid stimulants such as coffee, tea and cola. If you find it difficult to control feelings of stress, you may require additional treatment, such as counselling. Medication Nifedipine If your symptoms fail to improve, you may be prescribed nifedipine. This"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:55
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 11057, "chroma:document": "may require additional treatment, such as counselling. Medication Nifedipine If your symptoms fail to improve, you may be prescribed nifedipine. This is the only medicine licensed to treat Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon in the UK. It doesn\u2019t cure Raynaud\u2019s, but can help to relieve the symptoms. Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker \u2013 a type of medication that encourages the blood vessels to widen. Depending on the pattern of your symptoms and how well you respond to treatment, you may be asked to take your medication every day. Alternatively, you may only need to take it as prevention; for example, during a sudden snap of cold weather. Side effects are common and include: oedema \u2013 swelling of certain parts of the body, such as your hands and feet, due to a build-up of fluid headaches heart palpitations dizziness constipation Don\u2019t drink grapefruit juice when taking nifedipine, as this could make side effects worse. The side effects should improve as your body gets used to the medicine, but"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:55
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 11909, "chroma:document": "juice when taking nifedipine, as this could make side effects worse. The side effects should improve as your body gets used to the medicine, but tell your GP if you find them particularly troublesome. There are alternative calcium channel blockers that may suit you better. Other medications Other medications have been used to treat Raynaud\u2019s, but their use is controversial, as there is limited evidence to show they\u2019re effective in most people. However, some people have claimed to benefit from treatment. These medications include: fluoxetine \u2013 which was widely used in the treatment of depression sildenafil \u2013 which is used to treat erectile dysfunction (inability to get or maintain an erection) These medicines are not licensed for the treatment of Raynaud\u2019s in the UK, but you may be prescribed them if it\u2019s thought the potential benefit outweighs the possible risks. Surgery Surgery for Raynaud\u2019s is rare. It\u2019s usually only recommended if your symptoms are so severe that there\u2019s a risk the"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:55
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 12765, "chroma:document": "the possible risks. Surgery Surgery for Raynaud\u2019s is rare. It\u2019s usually only recommended if your symptoms are so severe that there\u2019s a risk the affected body part, such as your fingers, could lose their blood supply and begin to die. Read more about the complications of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. A type of surgery called sympathectomy is sometimes used. It involves cutting the nerves causing the affected blood vessels to spasm. The results of a sympathectomy are often only temporary and further treatment and possibly more surgery may be required after a few years. Complications of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon People with Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon have an increased risk of developing other problems, such as scleroderma. Scleroderma Around 1 in 16 women and 1 in 50 men with Raynaud\u2019s develop a condition called scleroderma, usually between the ages of 25 and 55. Scleroderma is when the body produces excessively high levels of collagen. Scleroderma is a Greek word meaning hard skin, but it can affect other"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:55
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 13615, "chroma:document": "55. Scleroderma is when the body produces excessively high levels of collagen. Scleroderma is a Greek word meaning hard skin, but it can affect other areas of the body, such as the kidneys, heart and lungs. Symptoms of scleroderma include: puffy and itchy skin tight and uncomfortable joints small calcium spots and red spots under the skin trouble swallowing, known as dysphagia diarrhoea, bloating or constipation There\u2019s no cure for scleroderma, but there are ways of overcoming problems it may cause. For example, medicines can reverse or slow down the processes that cause damage around the body. For more information, visit Scleroderma & Raynaud\u2019s UK (SRUK), a UK charity dedicated to improving the lives of people affected by Scleroderma and Raynaud\u2019s. Ulcers and gangrene In severe cases of Raynaud\u2019s, the blood supply to an affected body part can become severely diminished. Without a constant supply of blood, the tissue in the body part will begin to die. This problem is rare and"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 14457, "chroma:document": "body part can become severely diminished. Without a constant supply of blood, the tissue in the body part will begin to die. This problem is rare and normally only occurs in secondary Raynaud\u2019s. The initial sign is an open sore, known as an ulcer, which develops on the surface of the body part. If you suspect a skin ulcer, contact your GP for advice. Left untreated, the tissue can die, which is known as gangrene (specifically, dry gangrene). The symptoms of dry gangrene normally begin with a red line on the skin that marks the edges of the affected tissue. The tissue becomes cold and numb, and can be painful as the tissue dies. However, many people, particularly the elderly, experience no sensations. The affected area changes colour from red, to brown, to black. The dead tissue will then shrivel up, separate from the healthy tissue and fall off. These complications normally require admission to hospital, where you\u2019ll be given medication designed to thin your blood, which should help"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/a-to-z/raynauds-phenomenon/", "start_index": 15305, "chroma:document": "fall off. These complications normally require admission to hospital, where you\u2019ll be given medication designed to thin your blood, which should help to restore blood flow. If you fail to respond to treatment, you may need surgery to unblock or repair damaged blood vessels. Source:Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 02 July 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/ready-steady-baby/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Ready Steady Baby! 0 Home Ready Steady Baby! Ready Steady Baby! Your guide to pregnancy, labour and birth and early parenthood up to 8 weeks Pregnancy Health problems in pregnancy Including common ailments and conditions that occur before and during pregnancy Looking after yourself and your baby Including how to eat well, keep active and prevent illness in pregnancy Preparing for parenthood Including benefits, housing support and your rights at work during and after pregnancy Relationships and wellbeing in pregnancy Including looking after your mental wellbeing and bonding with baby during pregnancy Your antenatal care Including tests, scans and checks and who'll be looking after you and your baby Your baby\u2019s development Including the first signs of pregnancy and how your baby develops week to week Labour and birth After the birth Including newborn tests and examination and help for babies born sick or premature Assisted birth Including assisted birth by forceps or ventouse delivery,"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/ready-steady-baby/", "start_index": 853, "chroma:document": "newborn tests and examination and help for babies born sick or premature Assisted birth Including assisted birth by forceps or ventouse delivery, or caesarean section Getting ready for the birth Including making a birth plan and deciding where to give birth Giving birth Including what happens during the birth at full term and if your labour's premature Labour Including signs that labour has started and options for pain relief during labour and birth Meeting your new baby Including having skin-to-skin contact with your baby and the first feeds Early parenthood Caring for your new baby Including how to bathe your baby, change their nappies and soothe them when they cry Getting to know your baby Including how to bond with your baby and talk, sing and read to them Going home Including keeping your baby safe at home and how to help them sleep safely If your baby's ill When to see your GP or pharmacist, or phone 999 if your baby's unwell Your baby\u2019s development from 2 to 12 months Your baby"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/ready-steady-baby/", "start_index": 1703, "chroma:document": "safely If your baby's ill When to see your GP or pharmacist, or phone 999 if your baby's unwell Your baby\u2019s development from 2 to 12 months Your baby will develop many new skills in its first year Your growing family Including how and when to introduce your baby to friends and family Your wellbeing after the birth Including looking after your mental health and helping your body recover after the birth Other languages and formats Easy Read Ready Steady Baby information in Easy Read Other languages Ready Steady Baby information in other languages NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Infections and poisoning Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that can affect the lungs and airways. In most people, RSV causes mild cold-like symptoms. Occasionally, RSV can cause severe lung infections. These can include: bronchiolitis (an infection of the small airways in the lungs) pneumonia RSV infections peak during late autumn and winter, but can happen all year round. Read more about the RSV vaccine for older adults Read more about the RSV vaccine during pregnancy Symptoms of RSV RSV infection often looks like a cold. You may experience: a runny nose a decreased appetite tiredness a cough shortness of breath wheezing fever croup a middle ear infection (otitis media) You can treat a"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/", "start_index": 850, "chroma:document": "a runny nose a decreased appetite tiredness a cough shortness of breath wheezing fever croup a middle ear infection (otitis media) You can treat a mild cases of RSV at home, without contacting a healthcare professional. When to get medical advice Phone 999 if: you have severe difficulty breathing \u2013 for example, you struggle to speak without pausing, gasping or choking you have severe chest pain in the middle of your chest that isn\u2019t going away \u2013 it may feel like pressure, tightness or squeezing you have pain that spreads to your arms, back, neck and jaw you feel more drowsy than usual or find it more difficult to wake up your lips or skin are turning very pale, blue or grey \u2013 on brown or black skin this is easier to see on the palms of your hands Your child: has lips or skin that are turning pale, blue or grey \u2013 on brown or black skin this is easier to see on the palms of their hands has severe difficulty breathing \u2013 they may make grunting noises or suck their stomach in under their"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/", "start_index": 1702, "chroma:document": "is easier to see on the palms of their hands has severe difficulty breathing \u2013 they may make grunting noises or suck their stomach in under their ribcage is breathing fast or stops or pauses is pulling in at their throat area (tracheal tug) or their windpipe is more prominent is limp, floppy or not responding like they normally do \u2013 they may find it difficult to focus on you or are more difficult to wake up than usual is less than 3 months old and has a temperature of 38\u00b0C (101\u00b0F) or above and has not had a vaccination in the past 2 days is less than 3 months old and has a temperature of 36\u00b0C (97\u00b0F) or less and has not had a vaccination in the past 2 days Phone your GP immediately if you: are more short of breath than usual have pain when breathing in or coughing are feeling confused, dizzy, or lightheaded feel sick or are being sick \u2013 for example, you can\u2019t keep food or fluids down are coughing up blood (haemoptysis) have heart palpitations \u2013 this may feel like your heart is racing,"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:56
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/", "start_index": 2554, "chroma:document": "example, you can\u2019t keep food or fluids down are coughing up blood (haemoptysis) have heart palpitations \u2013 this may feel like your heart is racing, going too slowly or skipping a beat or like a fluttering feeling in your chest are peeing less than usual \u2013 this can be a sign of dehydration have a very high or low temperature \u2013 for example, you feel either hot or cold to touch or you\u2019re shivering Your child: is more short of breath than usual has pain when breathing in or coughing is feeling confused, dizzy or lightheaded feels sick or is being sick \u2013 for example, they can\u2019t keep food or fluids down is coughing up blood (haemoptysis) has had a dry nappy for 12 hours or more, or is showing other signs of dehydration has a very high or low temperature \u2013 for example, they feel either hot or cold to touch or are shivering If your GP is closed, phone 111. Treatment for RSV There\u2019s no specific treatment for RSV. A mild case of RSV will normally get better on it\u2019s own, and can be treated at"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:56
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/", "start_index": 3403, "chroma:document": "phone 111. Treatment for RSV There\u2019s no specific treatment for RSV. A mild case of RSV will normally get better on it\u2019s own, and can be treated at home. You can ease symptoms in the same way you would for a cold. This could include: drinking plenty of fluids taking over-the-counter pain relief like paracetamol or ibuprofen Read more about treating a common cold What causes RSV RSV is spread by droplets from coughs and sneezes. It can live on surfaces or objects for several hours. Someone with RSV will normally be contagious for 1 to 2 days before RSV symptoms start. Most people are contagious for 3 to 8 days. Some infants and people with weakened immune systems may be contagious for up to 4 weeks. Who is most at risk of RSV RSV infection can happen to anyone, but for most it will be a mild infection that is like a cold. Some groups are more at risk of severe infection. They are: babies who were born prematurely children under 2 years of age people with chronic lung disease or"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/", "start_index": 4247, "chroma:document": "are more at risk of severe infection. They are: babies who were born prematurely children under 2 years of age people with chronic lung disease or congenital heart disease people with weakened immune systems adults over 65 years of age How to prevent RSV There are things you can do to help prevent RSV infection. Do wash your hands often, especially before touching your mouth or handling food sneeze and cough into tissues throw used tissues away immediately and then wash your hands clean surfaces regularly use your own cup, plates, cutlery and kitchen utensils Don\u2019t do not share towels with someone who has cold-like symptoms do not let your child share toys with someone who has cold-like symptoms RSV vaccination The RSV vaccination programme helps protect babies and older adults from the RSV virus. The vaccine will be offered: to older adults aged 75 to 79 during pregnancy (from 28 weeks onwards) Read more about the RSV vaccine for older adults Read more about the RSV vaccine during"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/", "start_index": 5094, "chroma:document": "adults aged 75 to 79 during pregnancy (from 28 weeks onwards) Read more about the RSV vaccine for older adults Read more about the RSV vaccine during pregnancy Last updated: 01 May 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform RSV vaccine for older adults RSV vaccine during pregnancy NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Retinoblastoma in children | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Cancer Cancer types in children Retinoblastoma: Children Retinoblastoma: Children Retinoblastoma is an uncommon eye cancer that usually affects children under 5, although it can affect children of any age. Treatment is very effective and nearly all children with retinoblastoma are cured. More children than ever are surviving childhood cancer. There are new and better drugs and treatments, and we can now also work to reduce the after-effects of having had cancer in the past. It\u2019s devastating to hear that your child has cancer, and at times it can feel overwhelming. There are many healthcare professionals and support organisations to help you through this difficult time. Understanding more about the cancer your child has and the treatments that may be used can often help"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 852, "chroma:document": "to help you through this difficult time. Understanding more about the cancer your child has and the treatments that may be used can often help parents to cope. Your child\u2019s specialist will give you more detailed information and if you have any questions it\u2019s important to ask the specialist doctor or nurse who knows your child\u2019s individual situation. Retinoblastoma develops in the light-sensitive lining of the eye (called the retina). There are 2 forms of retinoblastoma: a heritable form \u2013 this is genetic or inherited; there are often tumours in both eyes (bilateral) or sometimes only in 1 eye a non-heritable form \u2013 this is not passed on in the family; there\u2019s 1 tumour in only 1 eye (unilateral) Causes The heritable form of retinoblastoma, which accounts for about 2 in every 5 cases, is caused by a genetic abnormality. This means that an abnormal gene allows the tumour to develop. This abnormal gene may either be inherited from a parent or happen for the first time at an early stage of"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 1710, "chroma:document": "gene allows the tumour to develop. This abnormal gene may either be inherited from a parent or happen for the first time at an early stage of development in the womb. Genetic counselling and support is available for families in which a member has retinoblastoma. Not all children of a parent with retinoblastoma will inherit this gene, but children born into families with a history of retinoblastoma are offered blood testing. They are also usually checked (screened) soon after birth for signs of retinoblastoma. This means that treatment can be started early if a tumour does develop. Screening usually starts shortly after birth and is repeated every few months for 5 years. An eye specialist examines the eye, while shining a light into it with an ophthalmoscope. In younger children, this may need to be done under a general anaesthetic. The genetic abnormality in the heritable form of retinoblastoma is now well-understood. But we don\u2019t know what causes non-heritable retinoblastoma. Signs"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 2558, "chroma:document": "genetic abnormality in the heritable form of retinoblastoma is now well-understood. But we don\u2019t know what causes non-heritable retinoblastoma. Signs and symptoms Some children with a family history of retinoblastoma are picked up by screening before they have any symptoms. If there\u2019s no family history of retinoblastoma, the first sign of the condition is often a white pupil that does not reflect light (leukocoria). This may be picked up when a picture of your child is taken using flash photography. The pupil of the affected eye may look white in the photograph. Some children may have a squint or, if the tumour is large, they may have a painful red eye. How retinoblastoma is diagnosed Tests are likely to involve an examination under anaesthetic (EUA) where an eye specialist (ophthalmologist) examines your child\u2019s eye while they\u2019re asleep. Unlike nearly all other types of cancer, retinoblastomas can be diagnosed just by their appearance. So it\u2019s not usually necessary to take a sample"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 5f422150-5e91-46d7-835e-29d5fce434f0
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 3409, "chroma:document": "Unlike nearly all other types of cancer, retinoblastomas can be diagnosed just by their appearance. So it\u2019s not usually necessary to take a sample of tissue (a biopsy). Your child will have several more EUAs to check how treatment is progressing. When retinoblastoma is diagnosed, your child may have some other tests to check the exact position and size of the tumour, and whether it has begun to spread into surrounding structures. This is known as staging. They may have some of the following tests: an ultrasound scan \u2013 this is a painless scan that uses sound waves to examine the eye and the surrounding area an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan \u2013 this uses magnetism to build up a detailed picture of the eye and the head a lumbar puncture \u2013 the doctor inserts a fine needle between the bones in the lower spine to remove a sample of the fluid from around the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) then the fluid is examined under a microscope to check whether there are any cancer"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: b590686f-fd76-432e-ba7d-e7711566dc99
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 4257, "chroma:document": "fluid from around the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) then the fluid is examined under a microscope to check whether there are any cancer cells present a bone marrow sample \u2013 this may be taken to check whether there are any cancer cells in the bone marrow (where our blood cells are made); the doctor inserts a needle into the hip bone and draws some of the bone marrow out with a syringe so that it can be checked for any cancer cells a bone scan \u2013 this involves taking a series of X-rays to check for signs of any spread to the bones a blood test \u2013 this may be taken for genetic testing for the Rb gene; the results of this test can take some months The doctor or a specialist nurse will explain more about the tests that your child needs. Staging The stage of a cancer is a term used to describe its size and whether it has spread from where it first started. Knowing the stage of your child\u2019s retinoblastoma helps the doctors to decide on the most appropriate treatment. The"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 5103, "chroma:document": "from where it first started. Knowing the stage of your child\u2019s retinoblastoma helps the doctors to decide on the most appropriate treatment. The following staging system is commonly used for retinoblastoma. Intraocular retinoblastoma There is cancer in 1 or both eyes, but it has not spread to other parts of the eye or the tissues surrounding the eye. This stage may be sub-divided into 5 grades (A\u2013E), depending on the size and position of the cancer and on whether there\u2019s any damage to the eye. Extraocular retinoblastoma The cancer has spread outside the eye into surrounding tissue, or to other parts of the body. Treatment Treatment depends on the number, position and size of the tumours in the eye. The aim of treatment is to first get rid of the cancer, and secondly to try to keep the sight in the eye. Some treatments may cause changes to the vision in the affected eye. Your child\u2019s specialist will talk to you about the possible risks as well as the advantages of the treatment."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 5951, "chroma:document": "to the vision in the affected eye. Your child\u2019s specialist will talk to you about the possible risks as well as the advantages of the treatment. Smaller tumours For smaller tumours, treatment is given to the eye itself (called local therapy), while your child is asleep and under anaesthetic. Cryotherapy This is used to freeze the tumours. More than 1 session may be necessary, in which case they are usually done at monthly intervals. Laser therapy A laser is used to heat the tumour. Your child may need a number of sessions at intervals of 3 to 4 weeks. Plaque A small radioactive disc is stitched over the tumour on the outside of the eye. The disc needs to stay in place for up to 4 days while the radiation destroys the cancer cells. This is done for slightly larger tumours, or tumours that have not been successfully treated with other methods. Thermotherapy This process uses heat to destroy the cancer cells and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as heat can improve the"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 6805, "chroma:document": "Thermotherapy This process uses heat to destroy the cancer cells and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as heat can improve the effectiveness of these treatments. The heat is produced by a laser, which is directed at the tumour. Larger tumours Chemotherapy This is the use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. It may be given before the local treatments mentioned above, to help shrink the tumour and make treatment more successful. Chemotherapy can also be used if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, or if there\u2019s a risk that it may spread. The chemotherapy drugs most commonly used to treat retinoblastoma are carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine. Newer techniques include giving chemotherapy directly into the artery (the blood vessel) that supplies the eye (intra-arterial chemotherapy) or injecting chemotherapy into the central gelatinous part of the eye (intra-vitreal chemotherapy). Surgery If the tumour is very large and the vision in"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 7664, "chroma:document": "chemotherapy into the central gelatinous part of the eye (intra-vitreal chemotherapy). Surgery If the tumour is very large and the vision in the eye is lost, your child is likely to need an operation to remove the eye. The specialist will only do this if it is absolutely necessary. An artificial eye is then fitted. Radiotherapy Radiotherapy treats cancer by using high energy rays from a machine to destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. It can be given to the whole eye but does have some effect on the surrounding tissue. Radiotherapy for retinoblastoma is normally only used when other treatments have not worked well. Side effects of treatment The side effects will depend on the treatment your child is having. The immediate side effects will usually improve when treatment finishes. But unfortunately, some treatments may cause side effects that develop many years later. The specialist will explain all of this to you before treatment starts. Your"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:57
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 8517, "chroma:document": "some treatments may cause side effects that develop many years later. The specialist will explain all of this to you before treatment starts. Your child\u2019s follow-up will include checking for any long-term effects of treatment. Clinical trials Many children have their treatment as part of a clinical research trial. Trials aim to improve our understanding of the best way to treat an illness, usually by comparing the standard treatment with a new or modified version. Specialist doctors carry out trials for children\u2019s cancers. If appropriate, your child\u2019s medical team will talk to you about taking part in a clinical trial, and will answer any questions you have. Written information is provided to help explain things. Taking part in a research trial is completely voluntary, and you\u2019ll be given plenty of time to decide whether it\u2019s right for your child. Treatment guidelines Sometimes, clinical trials are not available for your child\u2019s tumour. This may be because a recent trial has just"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 9365, "chroma:document": "your child. Treatment guidelines Sometimes, clinical trials are not available for your child\u2019s tumour. This may be because a recent trial has just finished, or because the tumour is very rare. In these cases, you can expect your doctors and nurses to offer treatment which is agreed to be the most appropriate, using guidelines which have been prepared by experts across the country. The Children\u2019s Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG) is an important organisation which helps to produce these guidelines. Follow-up care At least 9 out of every 10 children with retinoblastoma are cured. Following treatment, the eye specialist will frequently examine your child\u2019s eye under anaesthetic to check that the retina is healthy, the cancer has not come back, and no new tumours have developed. Follow-up is usually in a clinic for childhood cancers, called a paediatric oncology clinic. Children with heritable retinoblastoma will be given genetic counselling when they are old enough to understand it."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 10214, "chroma:document": "a paediatric oncology clinic. Children with heritable retinoblastoma will be given genetic counselling when they are old enough to understand it. Having the heritable form of retinoblastoma means an increased risk of developing other types of cancer later in life. Your child will be followed up closely into adulthood. They will be encouraged to get any new symptoms, such as a lump, checked early, and to have a healthy lifestyle to help to reduce cancer risk. Your feelings As a parent, the fact that your child has cancer is one of the worst situations you can be faced with. You may have many emotions, such as fear, guilt, sadness, anger and uncertainty. These are all normal reactions and are part of the process that many parents go through at such a difficult time. Your child may have a variety of powerful emotions throughout their experience with cancer. Further information and advice if your child has cancer Source: Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group - Opens in new browser window"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/retinoblastoma-children/", "start_index": 11068, "chroma:document": "with cancer. Further information and advice if your child has cancer Source: Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 09 October 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites Scottish Cancer Network: Patient information Search for cancer support services near you Enter a place or postcode NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Rheumatoid arthritis | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Muscle, bone and joints Conditions that can affect multiple parts of the body Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition. It can cause: pain swelling stiffness in the joints It can also cause deformity of the joints. It normally affects the hands, wrists and feet. But, other joints and parts of the body are sometimes also affected. Causes of rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition. This means it\u2019s caused by the body\u2019s immune system attacking itself. The immune system helps to defend our body from infections. But, in rheumatoid arthritis the immune system sends antibodies to the lining of the joints by mistake. The antibodies then attack the tissues surrounding the joint. This causes the thin layer of cells"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 850, "chroma:document": "antibodies to the lining of the joints by mistake. The antibodies then attack the tissues surrounding the joint. This causes the thin layer of cells (synovium) covering the joints to become sore and inflamed. Inflammation also causes chemicals to be released. These chemicals thicken the synovium and damage the: bones cartilage \u2013 the stretchy connective tissue between bones tendons \u2013 the tissue that connects bone to muscle ligaments \u2013 the tissue that connects bone and cartilage The chemicals can also change the shape of the joint over time. What is rheumatoid arthritis? Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis The symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis vary from person to person. They can come and go, and may change over time. Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis that affect the joints include: pain swelling stiffness and difficulty moving affected joints redness heat around the joints In some people, firm swellings called rheumatoid nodules also develop under the skin around affected joints. Some"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 1699, "chroma:document": "redness heat around the joints In some people, firm swellings called rheumatoid nodules also develop under the skin around affected joints. Some people with rheumatoid arthritis can experience other symptoms. This includes: tiredness and lack of energy a high temperature (fever) sweating a poor appetite weight loss Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult to diagnose. This is because many conditions cause joint stiffness and inflammation. You should speak to your GP if you think you have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. They will ask about your symptoms and carry out a physical examination to: check your joints for any swelling look at how easily your joints move You GP may also arrange blood tests. If your GP thinks that you have rheumatoid arthritis, they will refer you to a specialist (Rheumatologist). The Rheumatologist will arrange to meet you to go over your history and examine your joints. They may need to arrange extra tests, like more blood tests"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 2550, "chroma:document": "Rheumatologist will arrange to meet you to go over your history and examine your joints. They may need to arrange extra tests, like more blood tests or scans, before they can make a diagnosis and decide if treatment is needed. These will: check for joint inflammation and damage show what kind of arthritis you have Treating rheumatoid arthritis There\u2019s no cure for rheumatoid arthritis but with treatment the joint pain, swelling and stiffness will improve and the risk of joint damage can be reduced. Medication Different types of medications can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis to relieve joint pain, stiffness and swelling. This will also reduce the chance of developing joint damage. The two main types of medication are: disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) biologic treatments They usually need to be taken for a long-time. They are most effective when started early after the first symptoms. You may also need other medication to relieve the joint pain and stiffness.. For"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 3398, "chroma:document": "They are most effective when started early after the first symptoms. You may also need other medication to relieve the joint pain and stiffness.. For example: painkillers non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) corticosteroids Supportive treatments You may be offered other treatments to help your rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. This includes: physiotherapy \u2013 helps improve muscle strength, flexibility and fitness occupational therapy \u2013 provides training and advice if you need help with everyday tasks or are having difficulty at work podiatry \u2013 helps if you have problems with your feet Surgery If you have rheumatoid arthritis, surgery is sometimes needed to: improve movement in your joint reduce pain correct damage to the shape of the joint Surgery for rheumatoid arthritis includes: finger, hand and wrist surgery \u2013 there are different types to correct problems in this area arthroscopy \u2013 a procedure to remove inflamed joint tissue joint replacement surgery \u2013 surgery to replace part"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 4249, "chroma:document": "types to correct problems in this area arthroscopy \u2013 a procedure to remove inflamed joint tissue joint replacement surgery \u2013 surgery to replace part or all of a joint Complementary and alternative therapies Some people with rheumatoid arthritis try complementary therapies like: massage acupuncture osteopathy chiropractic Living with rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis can be hard to deal with because the symptoms are unpredictable. Some days the pain and stiffness will be worse than others and there\u2019s no way of knowing when a flare-up will occur. This may mean that some people develop stress, anxiety or depression. It can also cause fear, frustration and anger. You should speak to a healthcare professional if you\u2019re struggling to deal with your condition. The National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS) website has information about living with rheumatoid arthritits. You can also phone the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS) helpline on 0800 298 7650. It\u2019s Monday to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 5100, "chroma:document": "living with rheumatoid arthritits. You can also phone the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS) helpline on 0800 298 7650. It\u2019s Monday to Friday, 9.30am to 4.30pm. The helpline offers information and emotional support for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Starting a family If you\u2019re taking medication for rheumatoid arthritis, tell your healthcare team if you: want to start a family are worried about becoming pregnant while on medication They will make sure your arthritis is controlled whilst you\u2019re trying to get pregnant. Raising a family Babies and young children are physically and mentally demanding for any parent. But, rheumatoid arthritis can increase the challenges. If you\u2019re struggling to cope, you should speak to your health visitor. Sex and relationships Pain, discomfort and changes in the way you feel can affect your sex life. Your self-esteem or thoughts about how you look may also affect your confidence. Talk to your partner or GP about how rheumatoid arthritis is"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:58
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 5949, "chroma:document": "life. Your self-esteem or thoughts about how you look may also affect your confidence. Talk to your partner or GP about how rheumatoid arthritis is affecting your sexuality and sexual relationships. Money and benefits If you have to stop work or work part time because of rheumatoid arthritis, you may find it hard to cope financially. You may be entitled to financial support like: Statutory Sick Pay Employment and Support Allowance Personal Independence Payment Attendance Allowance Carer\u2019s Allowance Adult Disability Payment You may also be eligible for other benefits if you have children living at home or if you have a low household income. Telecare Self-Check online tool Visit the Telecare Self-Check online tool to find the right support for you in your area. This will help you find information on telecare services that could help you live independently at home for longer. Complications of rheumatoid arthritis Having rheumatoid arthritis can sometimes lead to other conditions. This"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 6796, "chroma:document": "live independently at home for longer. Complications of rheumatoid arthritis Having rheumatoid arthritis can sometimes lead to other conditions. This includes: carpal tunnel syndrome \u2013 tingling and numbness in your hand and fingers inflammation in other parts of the body for example in the lungs or around the heart joint damage and deformity If you have rheumatoid arthritis, you\u2019re also at a higher risk of: cardiovascular disease (CVD) \u2013 which can cause heart attacks or strokes cervical myelopathy The risk of complications developing is lower if rheumatoid arthritis is controlled well. Risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis It\u2019s not clear what triggers rheumatoid arthritis. But, there are some things that could increase the risk of developing it. This includes: genetics \u2013 it may run in families hormones \u2013 it\u2019s more common in women which may be due to the effects of a hormone called oestrogen smoking Source: Scottish Society for Rheumatology - Opens in new browser window Last updated:"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions-that-can-affect-multiple-parts-of-the-body/rheumatoid-arthritis/", "start_index": 7644, "chroma:document": "may be due to the effects of a hormone called oestrogen smoking Source: Scottish Society for Rheumatology - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 07 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Arthritis Other health sites The Pain Toolkit Pain Concern Versus Arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society (NRAS) NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/ringworm-and-other-fungal-infections/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "The website is busy, please try later."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Rosacea | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Skin, hair and nails Rosacea Rosacea About rosacea Symptoms of rosacea Causes of rosacea Treating rosacea Preventing rosacea About rosacea Rosacea is a common but poorly understood long-term skin condition that mainly affects the face. It can be controlled to some degree with long-term treatment, but sometimes the changes in physical appearance can have a significant psychological impact. Symptoms of rosacea Symptoms often begin with episodes of flushing, where the skin turns red for a short period, but other symptoms can develop as the condition progresses, such as: burning and stinging sensations permanent redness spots (papules and pustules) small blood vessels in the skin becoming visible Rosacea is a relapsing condition, which means there are periods when symptoms are particularly bad,"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 849, "chroma:document": "small blood vessels in the skin becoming visible Rosacea is a relapsing condition, which means there are periods when symptoms are particularly bad, but less severe at others. Read about the symptoms of rosacea Rosacea symptoms include redness and flushing, as well as stinging and spots.Source: https://dermnetnz.org/ When to see your GP See your GP if you have persistent symptoms that could be caused by rosacea. Early diagnosis and treatment can help stop the condition getting worse. There\u2019s no specific test for rosacea, but your GP will often be able to diagnose the condition by: examining your skin asking about your symptoms asking about possible triggers you may have In some circumstances your GP may arrange further tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as lupus or the menopause. For example, these could be a blood test or skin biopsy, where a small scraping of skin is removed and examined. Causes of rosacea The exact cause of rosacea is unknown, although a"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 1704, "chroma:document": "test or skin biopsy, where a small scraping of skin is removed and examined. Causes of rosacea The exact cause of rosacea is unknown, although a number of possible factors have been suggested, including abnormalities in the blood vessels of the face and a reaction to microscopic mites commonly found on the face. Although they\u2019re not thought to be direct causes of the condition, several triggers have been identified that may make rosacea worse. These include: exposure to sunlight stress strenuous exercise hot or cold weather hot drinks alcohol and caffeine certain foods, such as spicy foods Read about causes of rosacea Treating rosacea There\u2019s currently no cure for rosacea, but treatment can help control the symptoms. Long-term treatment is usually necessary, although there may be periods when your symptoms improve and you can stop treatment temporarily. For most people, treatment involves a combination of self-help measures and medication, such as: avoiding known triggers \u2013 for"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 2547, "chroma:document": "treatment temporarily. For most people, treatment involves a combination of self-help measures and medication, such as: avoiding known triggers \u2013 for example, avoiding drinks containing alcohol or caffeine creams and gels \u2013 medications applied directly to the skin to reduce spots and redness oral medications \u2013 tablets or capsules that can help clear up more severe spots, such as oral antibiotics In some cases procedures such as laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment may be helpful. These involve beams of light being aimed at the visible blood vessels in the skin to shrink them and make them less visible. Read about more about treating rosacea and self-help measures for rosacea Living with rosacea Any long-term (chronic) condition can have an adverse psychological effect, but rosacea can be particularly troublesome as it affects your appearance. This can change how you feel about yourself and how you interact with others. Many people with rosacea have reported feelings of low"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 375a71b3-3855-44fb-8a24-80f87af83289
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 3395, "chroma:document": "your appearance. This can change how you feel about yourself and how you interact with others. Many people with rosacea have reported feelings of low self-esteem, embarrassment and frustration. It\u2019s important to try to come to terms with the fact you have a chronic condition that, although incurable, is controllable. Persevering with your treatment plan and avoiding your individual triggers are the best ways of controlling your symptoms. As your physical symptoms improve, you may start to feel better psychologically and emotionally. If you have rosacea, take comfort in knowing you\u2019re not alone. There are millions of people living with the condition in the UK and across the world. You can find support and information from organisations like: Changing Faces \u2013 a charity for people with a visible difference or facial disfigurement, who can be contacted on 0300 012 0275 for counselling and advice Speak to your GP if you\u2019re feeling depressed as a result of your condition. They may recommend"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: b823b0cc-fe58-48d7-8c7a-2f99bc18a803
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 4246, "chroma:document": "contacted on 0300 012 0275 for counselling and advice Speak to your GP if you\u2019re feeling depressed as a result of your condition. They may recommend further treatment if necessary. Ocular rosacea Rosacea that affects your eyes (ocular rosacea) can lead to a number of eye problems, some of which can be serious. Symptoms of ocular rosacea can include: feeling like there is something in your eyes dry eyes irritated and bloodshot eyes inflammation of the eyelids (blepharitis) Rosacea can sometimes cause the cornea, the transparent layer at the front of the eyeball, to become inflamed and damaged. This is known as keratitis. This damage can make the cornea vulnerable to ulceration and infection, which could potentially threaten your sight. Symptoms of serious problems with your corneas include: eye pain sensitivity to light (photophobia) deterioration in your vision Contact your GP immediately if you think you may have a problem with your corneas. If this isn\u2019t possible, visit your nearest"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 98aa48c2-e378-4ce0-ac05-b4b3cbe12d83
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 5105, "chroma:document": "in your vision Contact your GP immediately if you think you may have a problem with your corneas. If this isn\u2019t possible, visit your nearest accident and emergency (A&E) department. If keratitis isn\u2019t treated promptly by an ophthalmologist, a doctor who specialises in treating eye conditions, there\u2019s a risk of permanent vision loss. Symptoms of rosacea Rosacea causes a range of symptoms, although not everyone will experience them all. Most people with rosacea have periods when their symptoms are particularly troublesome, followed by periods when their symptoms are less so. The main symptoms of rosacea include: flushing persistent facial redness visible blood vessels papules and pustules thickened skin These are discussed in more detail below. Other symptoms associated with rosacea include: sensitive skin \u2013 burning, itching, stinging and pain dry, rough skin raised red patches (plaques) on your skin facial swelling (lymphoedema) Rosacea can cause different symptoms, including facial"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: e7055bb3-5be2-4a3d-9b2d-bca10df7d370
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 5954, "chroma:document": "pain dry, rough skin raised red patches (plaques) on your skin facial swelling (lymphoedema) Rosacea can cause different symptoms, including facial redness and flushing.Source: https://dermnetnz.org/ Permanent damage to the face (scarring) almost never occurs in rosacea. Flushing Flushing is when your skin turns red for a short period \u2013 usually a few minutes. It tends to mainly affect the face, although it can spread to your neck and chest. In some cases the redness may be accompanied by an unpleasant feeling of heat. In rosacea flushing is often caused by a certain trigger, such as sun exposure, hot drinks or exercise. See causes of rosacea for more information about possible triggers. Persistent facial redness Persistent facial redness (erythema) is like a blush or a patch of sunburn that doesn\u2019t go away, or the sort of blotchy skin often associated with drinking too much alcohol. This can be upsetting for those with rosacea as people can mistakenly assume they are heavy drinkers."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 6807, "chroma:document": "associated with drinking too much alcohol. This can be upsetting for those with rosacea as people can mistakenly assume they are heavy drinkers. The redness usually affects the cheeks, nose and chin, but may spread to other areas, such as the forehead, neck and chest. Visible blood vessels Over time the blood vessels in the skin may become permanently widened (dilated) and visible. The medical name for visible blood vessels is telangiectasia. Papules and pustules If you have rosacea, you may develop round red bumps that rise from your skin (papules) and pus-filled swellings (pustules). These spots appear on your face and are similar to acne. Rosacea used to be called acne rosacea, but the 2 conditions are quite different. In rosacea there are no blackheads and the skin is not greasy, but dry and peeling. Rosacea spots also don\u2019t cause scarring. Thickened skin In the most serious cases of rosacea the skin can thicken and form excess tissue, usually around the nose. This causes the nose"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: bb499b24-4586-49b9-9038-e2b96020554a
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 7664, "chroma:document": "Thickened skin In the most serious cases of rosacea the skin can thicken and form excess tissue, usually around the nose. This causes the nose to take on a large, bulbous appearance (rhinophyma). Rhinophyma is an uncommon, severe symptom of rosacea and takes several years to develop. It almost exclusively affects men. Causes of rosacea The exact cause of rosacea is unknown, although a number of potential factors have been suggested. It\u2019s possible a combination of these factors may be responsible for the condition, although there isn\u2019t enough evidence to say this for certain. Some of the main factors that have been suggested are outlined below. Blood vessel abnormalities Some experts believe abnormalities in the blood vessels of the face may be a major contributing factor for rosacea. This may explain symptoms of flushing, persistent redness and visible blood vessels. It\u2019s not known what causes these abnormalities. But sun damage may be responsible for degeneration of the elastic"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:05:59
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: c65525ee-8fc5-4e28-b6e7-eac4cea05729
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 8509, "chroma:document": "redness and visible blood vessels. It\u2019s not known what causes these abnormalities. But sun damage may be responsible for degeneration of the elastic tissue of the skin and the dilation of blood vessels. Skin peptides Recent research has shown external triggers such as ultraviolet (UV) light, spicy food, alcohol (particularly red wine), exercise, stress, heat and cold can lead to the activation of certain molecules within the skin called peptides. Increased levels of these peptides may in turn affect the immune system or nerves and blood vessels (neurovascular system) of the skin. Activation of these systems can cause dilation of blood vessels, redness and inflammation. Microscopic mites Microscopic mites called demodex folliculorum usually live harmlessly on human skin, but people with rosacea have particularly large numbers, which may play a role in the condition. It is currently uncertain whether the mite is a cause or an effect of rosacea, although some researchers have suggested"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: cdf892e2-a35c-4cc6-b448-261b3bc7da56
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 9357, "chroma:document": "play a role in the condition. It is currently uncertain whether the mite is a cause or an effect of rosacea, although some researchers have suggested the symptoms may be caused by the skin reacting to bacteria in the mites\u2019 faeces. Helicobacter pylori bacteria Helicobacter pylori bacteria are bacteria found in the digestive system. It\u2019s been suggested these bacteria may be a possible cause of rosacea, although a link hasn\u2019t been proven. One theory is the bacteria may stimulate the production of a protein called bradykinin, which is known to cause blood vessels to expand. Genetics Rosacea seems to be more common in families, although it\u2019s not clear which genes \u2013 if any \u2013 are involved or how they\u2019re passed on. Triggers of rosacea Although they\u2019re not thought to be direct causes of the condition, many people with rosacea find certain triggers make their symptoms worse. Different people can have different triggers, but triggers that have been commonly reported include: exposure to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: cdc5e6e2-f321-4a74-adce-95e796ca1f4c
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 10200, "chroma:document": "triggers make their symptoms worse. Different people can have different triggers, but triggers that have been commonly reported include: exposure to sunlight stress hot or cold weather strong winds strenuous exercise alcohol hot baths spicy foods hot drinks humidity caffeine \u2013 found in tea, coffee and cola the menopause dairy products other medical conditions certain medicines \u2013 such as amiodarone, corticosteroids and high doses of vitamins B6 and B12 Treating rosacea Although rosacea can\u2019t be cured, treatment can help keep the symptoms under control. Long-term treatment is usually necessary, although there may be periods where your symptoms improve and you can stop treatment temporarily. Treatment choices depend on which type of symptom is most troublesome, but usually involves a combination of self-help measures and medication, and are outlined below. Self-help measures There are a number of things you can do yourself to help keep the symptoms of rosacea under control, including:"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: dc5de52e-44be-4280-ac99-26df0ca27a0a
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 11050, "chroma:document": "outlined below. Self-help measures There are a number of things you can do yourself to help keep the symptoms of rosacea under control, including: avoiding things that trigger your symptoms \u2013 for example, by using sun cream and covering yourself up if direct sunlight makes your symptoms worse taking good care of your skin \u2013 for example, by using products suitable for sensitive skin using make-up \u2013 patches of persistent red skin can be disguised using specially designed camouflage make-up keeping your eyelids clean \u2013 if rosacea is causing your eyelids to become inflamed (blepharitis) Treating papules and pustules If you have round red bumps that rise from your skin (papules) and pus-filled swellings (pustules) caused by rosacea, there are a number of different medications that can be effective. These can be divided into topical treatments that are applied to the skin, or oral treatments, which are taken by mouth. Topical treatments Topical medications are usually prescribed first."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: e6022069-917a-426c-be71-e6351542a0db
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 11900, "chroma:document": "that are applied to the skin, or oral treatments, which are taken by mouth. Topical treatments Topical medications are usually prescribed first. These include: metronidazole cream or gel azelaic acid cream or gel ivermectin cream Ivermectin is a relatively new medicine. There\u2019s some evidence to suggest it may be more effective and perhaps less irritating to the skin than metronidazole, although it\u2019s not currently available on the NHS everywhere and may only be recommended if the other treatments don\u2019t work. You\u2019ll usually need to apply these topical treatments once or twice a day, taking care not to get them in your eyes or mouth. It may be several weeks before you notice any significant improvement in your symptoms. Side effects of these treatments can include a burning or stinging sensation, itchiness and dry skin. Oral antibiotics If your symptoms are more severe, an oral antibiotic medication may be recommended as these can help reduce inflammation of the skin. Antibiotics often"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 1dbe1d29-4eaf-45a2-8199-a8abc4a33b8f
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 12749, "chroma:document": "your symptoms are more severe, an oral antibiotic medication may be recommended as these can help reduce inflammation of the skin. Antibiotics often used to treat rosacea include tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline and erythromycin. These medications are usually taken for 4 to 6 weeks, but longer courses may be necessary if the spots are persistent. For example, a low-dose doxycycline capsule is available if oral antibiotics need to be taken long term. Common side effects of these medications include: feeling and being sick diarrhoea bloating and indigestion tummy (abdominal) pain loss of appetite Some of the medications used can also make your skin sensitive to sunlight and artificial sources of light, such as sun lamps and sunbeds. As with the topical treatments mentioned above, these medications usually need to be taken once or twice a day and you may not notice a significant improvement in your symptoms for several weeks. Oral isotretinoin Isotretinoin is a medicine often"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 96f6b0bd-3ef1-4e9b-8945-b0bfd7511c5d
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 13599, "chroma:document": "twice a day and you may not notice a significant improvement in your symptoms for several weeks. Oral isotretinoin Isotretinoin is a medicine often used to treat severe acne, but at lower doses it\u2019s also occasionally used to treat rosacea. As isotretinoin is a strong medication that can cause a range of side effects, it can only be prescribed by a specialist in treating skin conditions (dermatologist) and not your GP. Common side effects of isotretinoin include: dryness and cracking of the skin, lips and nostrils inflammation of your eyelids (blepharitis) or eyes (conjunctivitis) headaches muscle or joint pain back pain blood in your urine (haematuria) mood changes Isotretinion can also cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Treating facial redness Treating facial redness and flushing caused by rosacea is generally more difficult than treating papules and pustules caused by the condition. But as well as the self-help measures mentioned above, there are some medications that"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: e378307c-b1aa-4ea7-9ab7-89bc48de3bdf
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 14449, "chroma:document": "than treating papules and pustules caused by the condition. But as well as the self-help measures mentioned above, there are some medications that can help. Brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine tartrate is a relatively new medication for facial redness caused by rosacea. It comes in the form of a gel that\u2019s applied to the face once a day. The medication works by restricting the widening (dilation) of the blood vessels in your face. Research has shown it can start to have an effect about 30 minutes after it\u2019s first used, and this can last for around 12 hours. Common side effects of brimonidine tartrate include itchiness and a burning sensation where the gel is applied. Less common side effects can include: a dry mouth headaches pins and needles dry skin A rebound effect, where flushing becomes worse, has also been reported with this medication. Oral treatments Alternatively, there are a number of oral medications that may help improve redness caused by rosacea. These include: clonidine \u2013 a"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 51967ea8-7e4b-4165-addb-41099e5344ce
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 15301, "chroma:document": "Oral treatments Alternatively, there are a number of oral medications that may help improve redness caused by rosacea. These include: clonidine \u2013 a medication that relaxes the blood vessels beta-blockers \u2013 medications that decrease the activity of the heart anxiety medications \u2013 medications sometimes used to help calm the person and reduce blushing It\u2019s not clear how effective these medications are at treating redness caused by rosacea, but they may sometimes be prescribed under the supervision of a dermatologist. Laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment Redness and visible blood vessels (telangiectasia) can also sometimes be successfully improved with vascular laser or intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment. These treatments may also improve flushing. A referral to a dermatologist is usually required before having these treatments and they\u2019re not usually available on the NHS, so you may need to pay for them privately. Around 2 to 4 treatments may be needed, so the overall cost"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 86d00ed1-435f-46d5-aedf-fe77fdbd4b0f
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 16149, "chroma:document": "and they\u2019re not usually available on the NHS, so you may need to pay for them privately. Around 2 to 4 treatments may be needed, so the overall cost may be significant. Laser and IPL machines produce narrow beams of light that are aimed at the visible blood vessels in the skin. The heat from the lasers damages the dilated veins and causes them to shrink so they\u2019re no longer visible, with minimal scarring or damage to the surrounding area. Laser treatment can cause pain, but most people don\u2019t need an anaesthetic. Side effects of laser treatment are usually mild and can include: bruising crusting of the skin swelling and redness of the skin blisters (in rare cases) infection (in very rare cases) These side effects usually only last a few days and are rarely permanent. Treating thickened skin In some people with rosacea the skin of the nose can become thickened. This is known as rhinophyma. If you have severe rhinophyma, your GP may refer you to a dermatologist or plastic surgeon to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 16994, "chroma:document": "nose can become thickened. This is known as rhinophyma. If you have severe rhinophyma, your GP may refer you to a dermatologist or plastic surgeon to discuss ways the appearance of your skin can be improved. A number of surgical treatments are available to remove any excess tissue and remodel the nose into a more pleasing shape. This may be done with a laser, a scalpel or specially designed abrasive instruments using a technique called dermabrasion. Treating eye problems If rosacea is affecting your eyes (ocular rosacea), you may require further treatment. For example, you may need to use lubricating eye drops or ointment if you have dry eyes, or oral antibiotics if you have blepharitis. If initial treatment isn\u2019t effective or you develop any further problems with your eyes, you\u2019ll need to be referred to an eye specialist called an ophthalmologist for further assessment and treatment. Preventing rosacea If you have rosacea, there are a number of things you can do to help keep the"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 17854, "chroma:document": "for further assessment and treatment. Preventing rosacea If you have rosacea, there are a number of things you can do to help keep the condition under control. Avoid triggers Many people with rosacea notice certain triggers make their symptoms worse. Although it\u2019s not always practical or possible, taking steps to avoid these triggers can help reduce the severity and frequency of your symptoms. If you\u2019re not sure whether your symptoms have a specific trigger, it may be useful to keep a diary to identify whether your symptoms get worse depending on things like the activities you do and foods or drinks you have. Advice about how to avoid some common triggers can be found below. Sunlight As sunlight is the most commonly reported trigger of rosacea, you should use sun cream whenever possible, even when it\u2019s overcast. A sun cream with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 is recommended. A broad-spectrum sun cream that protects against UVA and UVB light should be used. Using sun"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 18701, "chroma:document": "protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 is recommended. A broad-spectrum sun cream that protects against UVA and UVB light should be used. Using sun creams specifically designed for children may help reduce skin irritation. Covering exposed skin with clothes or a sun hat may also help. Try to minimise your exposure to the sun during the summer months, particularly in the middle of the day when the sun is at its hottest. But remember, sun can also be strong in the morning and evening, so take adequate precautions at these times as well. Stress Stress is also a commonly reported trigger of rosacea. Successfully managing your stress levels can help control your symptoms. Ways you can reduce stress include: learning relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation and yoga taking regular exercise As strenuous exercise can sometimes make rosacea symptoms worse, a low-intensity exercise programme, such as walking or swimming, may be better than high-intensity activities,"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:00
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 19549, "chroma:document": "sometimes make rosacea symptoms worse, a low-intensity exercise programme, such as walking or swimming, may be better than high-intensity activities, such as running or aerobics. Read about stress management. Food and drink Some of the most commonly reported food- and drink-related triggers are alcohol and spicy foods. You may want to try completely removing these from your diet to see if your rosacea improves. But there are many other dietary triggers that can also affect some people with rosacea. It\u2019s a good idea to include information about how your diet affects your rosacea symptoms in your rosacea diary. Cold weather Covering your face and nose with a scarf can help protect your skin from cold temperatures and wind. If you need to spend considerable time outside during cold weather, protect your face with a balaclava. Skincare techniques The advice below about skincare techniques may also help control your rosacea symptoms. Clean your skin every morning and evening using a"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:01
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 20393, "chroma:document": "techniques The advice below about skincare techniques may also help control your rosacea symptoms. Clean your skin every morning and evening using a gentle, non-abrasive cleanser. Use soap-free cleansers with non-alkaline or neutral pH. Avoid scented soaps and alcohol-based skin cleansers Rinse your face with lukewarm water and allow skin to dry thoroughly before you apply medication or make-up Look for products suitable for sensitive skin. These are usually described as mild, hypoallergenic, fragrance-free and non-comedogenic (will not block pores) Use a moisturiser to soothe skin if it feels sore Avoid oil-based or waterproof cosmetics requiring solvents for removal. Use water-based make-up and skin products instead Avoid astringents, toners and other facial or hair products that contain ingredients that might irritate your skin, such as fragrances, alcohol, menthol, witch hazel, eucalyptus oil, camphor, clove oil, peppermint, sodium lauryl sulphate and lanolin You may want to avoid"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 21245, "chroma:document": "fragrances, alcohol, menthol, witch hazel, eucalyptus oil, camphor, clove oil, peppermint, sodium lauryl sulphate and lanolin You may want to avoid using anything on your skin that you aren\u2019t sure of. You can then gradually reintroduce products once your symptoms have been treated and cleared to see if you can use them again without any problems Men may find that using an electric razor, rather than a blade, helps reduce skin irritation Some people find regular gentle facial massage reduces swelling (lymphoedema) Don\u2019t use steroid cream unless you\u2019re specifically instructed to by your GP, as it may make your symptoms worse Skin camouflage It may be possible to disguise patches of persistent red skin using specially designed camouflage make-up. The charity Changing Faces offers a skin camouflage service, available nationally and free of charge, to help with the use of these creams. Your GP or dermatologist can refer you to the skin camouflage service and prescribe skin camouflage"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 22090, "chroma:document": "of charge, to help with the use of these creams. Your GP or dermatologist can refer you to the skin camouflage service and prescribe skin camouflage make-up. Eyelid hygiene If your eyelids are inflamed as a result of rosacea (blepharitis), cleaning your eyelids every day with warm water and a small amount of cleaning solution can help ease your symptoms. Avoiding eye make-up can also help reduce your symptoms, but if you do choose to wear eye make-up, make sure it is a type that washes off easily so you can still clean your eyelids. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 17 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites Changing Faces NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/rosacea/", "start_index": 22936, "chroma:document": "Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites Changing Faces NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Scarlet fever | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Infections and poisoning Scarlet fever Scarlet fever Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that mainly affects children. It causes a distinctive pink-red rash. The illness is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, also known as Group A Streptococcus, which are found on the skin and in the throat. Scarlet fever symptoms Scarlet fever usually follows a sore throat or a skin infection, like impetigo, caused by particular strains of Streptococcus bacteria. The symptoms of scarlet fever usually develop 2 to 5 days after infection. However, the incubation period (the period between exposure to the infection and symptoms appearing) can be as short as one day or as long as 7 days. Speak to your GP if: You or your child: have symptoms of scarlet fever do not get better in a week (after seeing"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:01
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 854, "chroma:document": "as one day or as long as 7 days. Speak to your GP if: You or your child: have symptoms of scarlet fever do not get better in a week (after seeing a GP) have scarlet fever and chickenpox at the same time are ill again weeks after scarlet fever got better \u2013 this can be a sign of a complication like rheumatic fever are feeling unwell and have been in contact with someone who has scarlet fever Rash The distinctive rough pink-red rash caused by scarlet fever.https://dermnetnz.org/ The distinctive rough texture rash caused by scarlet fever.https://dermnetnz.org/ The distinctive pink-red rash caused by scarlet fever develops 12 to 48 hours after symptoms like a sore throat or headache. Red blotches are the first sign of the rash. These turn into a fine pink-red rash that feels like sandpaper to touch and looks like sunburn. It may also be itchy. On darker skin the rash may be more difficult to see although its rough texture should be apparent. The rash usually starts on the chest and"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:01
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 1698, "chroma:document": "itchy. On darker skin the rash may be more difficult to see although its rough texture should be apparent. The rash usually starts on the chest and stomach, but soon spreads to other parts of the body, like the: ears neck elbows inner thighs groin The rash doesn\u2019t usually spread to the face. However, the cheeks become flushed and the area just around the mouth stays quite pale. The rash will turn white if you press a glass on it. The rash usually fades after about a week, but the outer layers of skin, usually on the hands and feet, may peel for several weeks afterwards. In milder cases, sometimes called scarlatina, the rash may be the only symptom. Other symptoms of scarlet fever Other symptoms of scarlet fever may include: swollen neck glands loss of appetite nausea or vomiting red lines in the folds of the body, such as the armpit, which may last a couple of days after the rash has gone a white coating on the tongue, which peels a few days later leaving the tongue red and swollen"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:01
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 2550, "chroma:document": "may last a couple of days after the rash has gone a white coating on the tongue, which peels a few days later leaving the tongue red and swollen (this is known as strawberry tongue) a general feeling of being unwell When to seek medical advice If you think you or your child may have scarlet fever, see your GP for a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment. It usually clears up after about a week Your GP should be able to diagnose scarlet fever by examining the distinctive rash and asking about other symptoms. They may also decide to take a sample of saliva from the back of the throat so it can be tested in a laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. There\u2019s no evidence to suggest that catching scarlet fever when pregnant will put your baby at risk. However, if you\u2019re heavily pregnant, tell the doctors and midwives in charge of your care if you\u2019ve been in contact with someone who has scarlet fever. How scarlet fever spreads Scarlet fever is very infectious and can be caught by: breathing"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:01
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 3399, "chroma:document": "you\u2019ve been in contact with someone who has scarlet fever. How scarlet fever spreads Scarlet fever is very infectious and can be caught by: breathing in bacteria in airborne droplets from an infected person\u2019s coughs and sneezes touching the skin of a person with a Streptococcal skin infection, such as impetigo sharing contaminated towels, baths, clothes or bed linen It can also be caught from people who have the bacteria in their throat or on their skin but don\u2019t have any symptoms. Who\u2019s affected by scarlet fever Most cases of scarlet fever occur in children under 10 (usually between 2 and 8 years of age). However, people of any age can get the illness. As it\u2019s easily spread, scarlet fever is likely to affect someone in close contact with a person with a sore throat or skin infection caused by Streptococcus bacteria. Outbreaks can occur in nurseries and schools where children are in close contact with one another. The symptoms of scarlet fever will only develop in people susceptible"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:01
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 4248, "chroma:document": "in nurseries and schools where children are in close contact with one another. The symptoms of scarlet fever will only develop in people susceptible to toxins produced by the Streptococcus bacteria. Most children over 10 years of age will have developed immunity to these toxins. It\u2019s possible to have scarlet fever more than once, but this is rare. Treating scarlet fever Most cases of scarlet fever clear up after about a week without treatment. However, your GP may recommend treatment as it: reduces the length of time you\u2019re infectious speeds up recovery lowers the risk of complications of scarlet fever With treatment, most people recover in about 4 to 5 days and can return to nursery, school or work 24 hours after starting antibiotic treatment. Without treatment, you\u2019ll be infectious for 1 to 2 weeks after symptoms appear. Antibiotics Scarlet fever is usually treated with a 10-day course of antibiotics. This is often in the form of penicillin or amoxicillin tablets, although liquid"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:01
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 5095, "chroma:document": "Scarlet fever is usually treated with a 10-day course of antibiotics. This is often in the form of penicillin or amoxicillin tablets, although liquid may be used for young children. For people who are allergic to penicillin, alternative antibiotics like erythromycin can be used instead. The symptoms usually improve within 24 hours of starting antibiotics, with the other symptoms disappearing within a few days. However, it\u2019s important that the whole course of treatment is completed to ensure the infection is fully cleared and reduce the potential for antibiotic resistance. Keep your child away from nursery or school for at least 24 hours after starting antibiotic treatment. Adults with scarlet fever should also stay off work for at least 24 hours after starting treatment. Self care Many of the symptoms of scarlet fever can be relieved using some simple self care measures. Do drink plenty of cool fluidseat soft foods (if your throat is painful)take paracetamol to bring down a high"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:02
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 5941, "chroma:document": "using some simple self care measures. Do drink plenty of cool fluidseat soft foods (if your throat is painful)take paracetamol to bring down a high temperatureuse calamine lotion or antihistamines to relieve itching Complications of scarlet fever Most cases of scarlet fever don\u2019t cause complications, particularly if the condition is properly treated. However, there\u2019s a small risk of the infection spreading to other parts of the body and causing more serious infections, like: an ear infection a throat abscess (painful collection of pus) sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses) pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) Very rare complications that can occur at a later stage include: bacteraemia (an infection of the bloodstream) septic arthritis meningitis necrotising fasciitis (a severe infection involving death of areas of soft tissue below the skin) Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (rapidly progressive symptoms with low blood pressure and multi-organ failure) Speak to your GP immediately"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:02
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 6792, "chroma:document": "skin) Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (rapidly progressive symptoms with low blood pressure and multi-organ failure) Speak to your GP immediately if: You or child develop any of these symptoms in the first few weeks after the main infection has cleared up: feeling very unwell severe pain severe headaches vomiting diarrhoea If your GP is closed, phone the 111 service. Preventing scarlet fever from spreading There\u2019s currently no vaccine for scarlet fever. If your child has scarlet fever, keep them away from nursery or school for at least 24 hours after starting treatment with antibiotics. Adults with the illness should also stay off work for at least 24 hours after starting treatment. GPs, schools and nurseries should be aware of the current high levels of scarlet fever and inform local health protection teams if they become aware of cases, particularly if more than one child is affected. Do cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing wash your hands with soap"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/scarlet-fever/", "start_index": 7646, "chroma:document": "particularly if more than one child is affected. Do cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing wash your hands with soap and water after using or disposing of tissues. Don\u2019t do not share contaminated utensils, cups and glasses, clothes, baths, bed linen or towels Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 23 June 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Self-help guide: Sore throat Self-help guide: Fever in adults Self-help guide: Fever in babies Fever in adults Fever in children Streptococcus A (strep A) Other health sites Group A strep in Scotland NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/schizophrenia/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "The website is busy, please try later."}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/sciatica/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Sciatica | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Muscle, bone and joints Neck and back problems and conditions Sciatica Sciatica This information may be useful for those who have been diagnosed with sciatica. People who are experiencing new or ongoing symptoms should visit their healthcare professional for assessment, diagnosis or treatment. Read more about managing a back problem What is Sciatica? Sciatica is a common condition and can also be known as nerve root or radicular pain. Sciatica is a term used to describe pain felt in the leg but which often comes from the lower back. The sciatic nerve starts in the lower back and goes all the way down the back of the leg into the foot. Symptoms can be experienced along any part of the nerve. They can have a sudden or slow onset and can vary from mild to severe. Symptoms of sciatica Sciatica"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:02
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/sciatica/", "start_index": 849, "chroma:document": "can be experienced along any part of the nerve. They can have a sudden or slow onset and can vary from mild to severe. Symptoms of sciatica Sciatica can have a range of symptoms, these can include: lower back pain leg pain, often this feels worse than back pain a change in sensation in the leg or foot muscle spasms in the back a weakness in the leg or foot A change in feeling in the leg or foot can include: pins and needles numbness hot or cold burning sensations shooting sensations sensations that can be hard to describe What causes Sciatica? Sciatica can be caused by irritation of the nerves which travel from the spine down the legs. This can be from inflammation around the nerves and in some cases from pressure, usually from a disc related change. Most symptoms of sciatica will improve with time. Nerves are resilient and in most cases inflammation and any disc changes resolve allowing nerves to recover. Diagnosing sciatica In order for sciatica to be diagnosed you\u2019ll need an"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:02
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/sciatica/", "start_index": 1693, "chroma:document": "cases inflammation and any disc changes resolve allowing nerves to recover. Diagnosing sciatica In order for sciatica to be diagnosed you\u2019ll need an assessment from a healthcare professional. They\u2019ll ask you questions about your back and leg issue and then carry out a physical examination. This may include checking your range of movement and strength. You may sometimes need to have a further examination to rule out other possible health conditions. Is a scan needed? A scan rarely changes how you manage the condition in the early stages. X-ray and MRI is generally not advised in people with sciatica. This is because structural changes of the spine are very common with age and often present in people who have no symptoms. A scan can be considered if your symptoms are unchanged for more than 12 weeks, continue to greatly impact your quality of life and you wish to consider surgery. Your healthcare professional can discuss this with you. How long does sciatica last? Sciatica usually"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/sciatica/", "start_index": 2543, "chroma:document": "of life and you wish to consider surgery. Your healthcare professional can discuss this with you. How long does sciatica last? Sciatica usually improves within 12 weeks but this can vary significantly between individuals. For some people symptoms take up to a year to settle but can come and go within this time. It\u2019s important to remember, lots of things can influence symptoms such as poor sleep, stress and emotional wellbeing. When to get professional advice Rarely, sciatica can cause a condition called Cauda equina syndrome to develop. Cauda equina syndrome Cauda equina syndrome is a rare but serious back condition which can lead to permanent damage or disability. If you develop this condition you\u2019ll need to be seen by an emergency specialist spinal team. Phone 111 as soon as possible if you have: loss of feeling/pins and needles between your inner thighs or genitals numbness in or around your back passage or buttocks altered feeling when using toilet paper to wipe yourself"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/sciatica/", "start_index": 3386, "chroma:document": "between your inner thighs or genitals numbness in or around your back passage or buttocks altered feeling when using toilet paper to wipe yourself increasing difficulty when you try to urinate increasing difficulty when you try to stop or control your flow of urine loss of sensation when you pass urine leaking urine or recent need to use pads not knowing when your bladder is either full or empty inability to stop a bowel movement or leaking loss of sensation when you pass a bowel motion change in ability to achieve an erection or ejaculate loss sensation in genitals during sexual intercourse If you have had a new significant trauma affecting your back in the last 7 days, for example a fall from height or a direct impact to the back area, you should also phone 111. Treatment of sciatica Most people will recover from sciatica with a combination of time, modifying activity, and pacing themselves to allow the nerves to adapt. Pain medication, staying active, and gentle exercise will also"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:02
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/sciatica/", "start_index": 4241, "chroma:document": "of time, modifying activity, and pacing themselves to allow the nerves to adapt. Pain medication, staying active, and gentle exercise will also help. The nerve can still be sensitive so it is recommended to build up your tolerance to activities slowly. The little and often approach to movement is recommended. Self help There are some things you can do to help manage this condition yourself. Visit our back problems page to find out how to help your sciatica symptoms Work A back problem can sometimes mean you need to take some time off work to help recovery. How long you\u2019re off will depend on the nature of your condition and your role at work. You do not need to be symptom free before you consider returning to work. Continuing to go to work, or returning to work as soon as is possible for you, will help your recovery. Gradually getting back to your normal daily activities can help to build up your strength and stamina levels. Help and support Following this advice, you should see"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:02
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/sciatica/", "start_index": 5087, "chroma:document": "back to your normal daily activities can help to build up your strength and stamina levels. Help and support Following this advice, you should see gradual improvements over time. You should see the biggest change in your symptoms within the first couple of weeks. Most problems should have improved within 6 weeks. If your sciatica hasn\u2019t improved within 6 weeks of following this advice, or if your symptoms get worse at any time, talk to a healthcare professional about your symptoms. Find out about access to MSK services in your area When dealing with any health condition it\u2019s important to also look after your mental wellbeing as this can impact your recovery. Source: NHS 24 MSK Clinical Advisory Group - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 06 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com"}


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created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:03
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Self-harm | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Mental health Self-harm Self-harm Introduction Signs Causes Treatment Introduction Self-harm is when somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. It is a way of expressing deep emotional feelings such as low self-esteem, or a way of coping with traumatic events, such as the death of a loved one. If you are self-harming, you should see your GP for help. You can also contact Breathing Space or call the Samaritans on 116 123 for support. Read more about where to get help if you self-harm Self-harm is an expression of personal distress, rather than an illness, although it can be linked to other mental health conditions such as depression. Read more about the causes of self-harm Research has suggested that self-harm is most common among 15-19 year olds, and those suffering from anxiety"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:03
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 850, "chroma:document": "Read more about the causes of self-harm Research has suggested that self-harm is most common among 15-19 year olds, and those suffering from anxiety and depression. Signs of self-harm Types of self-harm may include: cutting the skin burning the skin punching your own body poisoning yourself with tablets misusing alcohol or drugs eating disorders, such as deliberately starving yourself (anorexia nervosa), binge eating or bulimia People often try to keep self-harm a secret because of shame or fear of discovery. For example, they may cover up their skin and avoid discussing the problem. It may, therefore, be up to close family and friends to notice when somebody is self-harming, and to approach the subject with care and understanding. The signs may include unexplained injuries and signs of depression or low-self esteem. Read more about the signs of self-harm Someone who is self-harming can seriously hurt themselves, so it is important that they speak to a GP about the underlying issue"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 1699, "chroma:document": "signs of self-harm Someone who is self-harming can seriously hurt themselves, so it is important that they speak to a GP about the underlying issue and about any treatment or therapy that might help them. Signs There are many different forms of self-harm and they are not always easy to notice. People who self-harm usually try to keep it a secret from their friends and family and often injure themselves in places that can be hidden easily by clothing. If you suspect that a friend or relative is self-harming, look out for any of the following signs: unexplained cuts, bruises or cigarette burns, usually on their wrists, arms, thighs and chest keeping themselves fully covered at all times, even in hot weather signs of depression, such as low mood, tearfulness or a lack of motivation or interest in anything changes in eating habits or being secretive about eating, and any unusual weight loss or weight gain signs of low self-esteem, such as blaming themselves for any problems or thinking"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:03
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 2547, "chroma:document": "secretive about eating, and any unusual weight loss or weight gain signs of low self-esteem, such as blaming themselves for any problems or thinking they are not good enough for something signs they have been pulling out their hair signs of alcohol or drug misuse The person who is self-harming may feel deep shame and guilt, or may feel confused and worried by their own behaviour. It\u2019s important to approach them with care and understanding. They may not wish to discuss their self-harm with you, but you could suggest that they speak to an anonymous helpline or see their GP. Causes There are many reasons why people self-harm, but the causes usually stem from unhappy emotions. Self-harming has been described as a \u201cphysical expression of emotional distress\u201d. If somebody is feeling overwhelmed with unhappy emotions, they may find that the physical act of hurting themselves makes them feel better. If you are feeling like this, you can speak to your GP, contact Breathing Space or call the"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:03
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 3401, "chroma:document": "act of hurting themselves makes them feel better. If you are feeling like this, you can speak to your GP, contact Breathing Space or call the Samaritans on 116 123 for support. Social factors and trauma Research has shown that social factors commonly cause emotional distress in people who self-harm. These include: difficult relationships with friends or partners difficulties at school, such as not doing well academically difficulties at work being bullied, either at home, school or work worries about money alcohol or drug misuse coming to terms with your sexuality if you think you might be gay or bisexual coping with cultural expectations, for example, an arranged marriage Self-harm could also sometimes be a way of coping with a traumatic experience. For example: sexual, physical or emotional abuse, including domestic abuse and rape the death of a close family member or friend having a miscarriage Emotional distress The distress from a traumatic experience or an unhappy situation can"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:03
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 4250, "chroma:document": "death of a close family member or friend having a miscarriage Emotional distress The distress from a traumatic experience or an unhappy situation can lead to feelings of low self-esteem or self-hatred. You could also have feelings of: anger guilt anxiety loneliness grief numbness or emptiness feeling unconnected to the world being unclean, unworthy, trapped or silenced if you have been abused The emotions can gradually build up inside you, and you may not know who to turn to for help. Self-harm may be a way of releasing these pent-up feelings and finding a way to cope with your problems. It is not usually an attempt to seek attention, but a sign of emotional distress. Some research has suggested that people who self-harm may have difficulty managing or \u201cregulating\u201d their emotions. They use self-harm as a way of managing tension and anger. Research has also shown that people who self-harm are poorer at problem solving. Self-harm is linked to anxiety and depression. These mental health"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:03
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 5101, "chroma:document": "Research has also shown that people who self-harm are poorer at problem solving. Self-harm is linked to anxiety and depression. These mental health conditions can affect people of any age. Self-harm can also occur alongside antisocial behaviour, such as misbehaving at school or getting into trouble with the police. Psychological causes In some cases there may be a psychological reason for the self-harming (where the cause is related to an issue with your mind). For example: you may hear voices telling you to self-harm you may have repeated thoughts about self-harming and feel like you have to do it you may disassociate (lose touch with yourself and your surroundings) and self-harm without realising you are doing it it can be a symptom of borderline personality disorder (a condition that causes instability in how a person thinks, feels and behaves) Treatment It is important for anyone who self-harms to see their GP, who will aim to treat the underlying emotional cause as well as any"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 5948, "chroma:document": "and behaves) Treatment It is important for anyone who self-harms to see their GP, who will aim to treat the underlying emotional cause as well as any physical injury. Your GP is likely to ask you about your feelings in some detail. They will want to establish why you self-harm, what triggers it and how you feel afterwards. Your GP may ask you some questions to see if you have an underlying condition such as depression, anxiety or borderline personality disorder. If the way you self-harm follows a particular pattern of behaviour, such as an eating disorder, you may be asked additional questions about this. Your height, weight and blood pressure may also be checked, and you may be asked about any drinking or drug-taking habits. It is important that you are honest with your GP about your symptoms and your feelings. If you don\u2019t know why you self-harm, tell your GP this. Specialist referral Recent research indicates that most teenagers who self-harm are able to give up this behaviour as"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 6798, "chroma:document": "self-harm, tell your GP this. Specialist referral Recent research indicates that most teenagers who self-harm are able to give up this behaviour as they learn to manage feelings in healthier ways, for example, by talking to others. However, some young people who self-harm continue to do so into adulthood and if you fall into this category, your GP may refer you to a mental health professional. This could be: a counsellor \u2013 somebody who is trained in talking therapies a psychiatrist \u2013 a qualified medical doctor with further training in treating mental health conditions a psychologist \u2013 a health professional who specialises in the assessment and treatment of mental health conditions For example, if you have lost a close relative, you may be referred to a specialist grief counsellor for help coping with bereavement. If you are self-harming after an incident of rape, or physical or mental abuse, you may be referred to someone who is trained in dealing with victims of sexual assault or"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:03
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 7647, "chroma:document": "after an incident of rape, or physical or mental abuse, you may be referred to someone who is trained in dealing with victims of sexual assault or domestic abuse. If you have another condition that is linked to your self-harming, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia, you may be referred to a specialist in eating disorders and a dietitian or nutritionist (somebody who specialises in nutrition). It might also be recommended that you attend a self-help group, for example, Alcoholics Anonymous if you are misusing alcohol, or Narcotics Anonymous if you are misusing drugs. These groups can offer support as you try to stop your self-harming behaviour. Assessment You may be offered a psychosocial assessment, which aims to investigate all the factors that contribute to your self-harming, including: social factors \u2013 for example, your relationships with others psychological factors \u2013 your feelings and emotions motivational factors \u2013 what made you want to do it You will be asked about your current"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:04
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 8501, "chroma:document": "others psychological factors \u2013 your feelings and emotions motivational factors \u2013 what made you want to do it You will be asked about your current feelings, particularly if you are feeling hopeless or considering suicide. If you have any other symptoms, either physical or emotional, you will also be asked about these. After the assessment you will be allowed to read through what has been written to make sure that you agree with it. Any further treatment will, if possible, be decided jointly between you and your mental health professional. It will be a specific programme for you according to your needs and what is likely to be effective. You will be asked for your consent before any treatment begins. Seeking immediate help for an injury or overdose Some physical injuries may need treating in an accident and emergency (A&E) department. For example, you may need to call 999 for an ambulance if: you or somebody else have taken an overdose of drugs, alcohol or prescription medication"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:04
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/mental-health/self-harm/", "start_index": 9346, "chroma:document": "For example, you may need to call 999 for an ambulance if: you or somebody else have taken an overdose of drugs, alcohol or prescription medication somebody is unconscious you or somebody else are in a lot of pain you or somebody else are having difficulty breathing you or somebody else are losing a lot of blood from a cut or wound you or somebody else are in shock after a serious cut or burn If you would like to talk to somebody immediately about the way you are feeling, contact Breathing Space or call the Samaritans on 116 123. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 03 May 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Depression self-help guide Other health sites Breathing Space Self-harm"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sepsis/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "The website is busy, please try later."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:04
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/septic-shock/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Septic shock | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Blood and lymph Septic shock Septic shock Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that happens when your blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level after an infection. Any type of bacteria can cause the infection. Fungi such as candida and viruses can also be a cause, although this is rare. At first the infection can lead to a reaction called sepsis. This begins with: weakness chills a rapid heart and breathing rate Left untreated, toxins produced by bacteria can damage the small blood vessels, causing them to leak fluid into the surrounding tissues. This can affect your heart\u2019s ability to pump blood to your organs, which lowers your blood pressure and means blood doesn\u2019t reach vital organs, such as the brain and liver. Phone 999 immediately if: You think that you or someone in"}


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topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/septic-shock/", "start_index": 853, "chroma:document": "blood pressure and means blood doesn\u2019t reach vital organs, such as the brain and liver. Phone 999 immediately if: You think that you or someone in your care has symptoms of septic shock like: low blood pressure (hypotension) that makes you feel dizzy when you stand up a change in your mental state, like confusion or disorientation diarrhoea nausea and vomiting cold, clammy and pale skin Who is more at risk of developing septic shock? People with a weakened immune system have an increased risk of developing septic shock. This includes: newborn babies elderly people pregnant women people with long-term health conditions, such as diabetes, cirrhosis or kidney failure people with lowered immune systems, such as those with HIV or AIDS or those receiving chemotherapy Treating septic shock You\u2019ll usually be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) so your body\u2019s functions and organs can be supported while the infection is treated. In some cases treatment may start in the emergency"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/septic-shock/", "start_index": 1695, "chroma:document": "unit (ICU) so your body\u2019s functions and organs can be supported while the infection is treated. In some cases treatment may start in the emergency department. Treatment may include: oxygen therapy fluids given directly through a vein (intravenously) medication to increase your blood flow antibiotics surgery (in some cases) Oxygen therapy To help you breathe more easily, you\u2019ll be given oxygen through a face mask, a tube inserted into your nose, or an endotracheal tube inserted into your mouth. If you have severe shortness of breath, a mechanical ventilator may be used. Increasing blood flow You\u2019ll probably be given fluids directly into a vein. This will help raise your blood pressure by increasing the amount of fluid in your blood. To increase the blood flow to your vital organs, such as your brain, liver, kidneys and heart, you may be prescribed inotropic medicines or vasopressors. Inotropic medicines Inotropic medicines (inotropes), such as dobutamine, stimulate your heart. They"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/septic-shock/", "start_index": 2543, "chroma:document": "prescribed inotropic medicines or vasopressors. Inotropic medicines Inotropic medicines (inotropes), such as dobutamine, stimulate your heart. They increase the strength of your heartbeat, which helps get oxygen-rich blood to your tissues and organs, where it\u2019s needed. Vasopressors Vasopressors include: dopamine adrenaline noradrenaline These medicines will cause your blood vessels to narrow, increasing your blood pressure and the flow of blood around your body. This will allow your vital organs to start functioning properly. Antibiotics Antibiotics are often used to treat the associated bacterial infection. The type of antibiotic used depends on the type of bacterial infection and where in the body the infection started. You may be started on antibiotics immediately to increase your chances of survival. Initially, two or three types of antibiotics may be used. The most effective type of antibiotic can be used once the bacterium responsible for the infection is identified. Surgery In"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:04
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/septic-shock/", "start_index": 3392, "chroma:document": "antibiotics may be used. The most effective type of antibiotic can be used once the bacterium responsible for the infection is identified. Surgery In severe cases of sepsis or septic shock, the large decrease in blood pressure and blood flow can kill organ tissue. If this happens, surgery may be required to remove the dead tissue. Complications of septic shock The chances of surviving septic shock will depend on: the cause of infection the number of organs that have failed how soon treatment is started Complications of septic shock can include: inability of the lungs to take in enough oxygen (respiratory failure) the heart not being able to pump enough blood around the body (heart failure) kidney failure or injury abnormal blood clotting These are serious health conditions that will need to be treated urgently. Septic shock can be fatal because of complications like these. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 09 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/septic-shock/", "start_index": 4241, "chroma:document": "because of complications like these. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 09 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Sepsis Heart failure Other health sites Surviving Sepsis Campaign UK Sepsis Trust British Heart Foundation: Heart failure Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland: Heart failure Intensive Care Society NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/shingles/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Shingles | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Infections and poisoning Shingles Shingles Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is an infection of a nerve and the skin around it. It\u2019s caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. Symptoms of shingles The main symptom of shingles is pain, followed by a rash that develops into itchy blisters. These look like chickenpox. Sometimes shingles causes symptoms that develop a few days before the painful rash. This includes symptoms like: a headache burning, tingling, numbness or itchiness of the skin in the affected area a feeling of being generally unwell a high temperature (fever) Shingles rash The shingles rash usually appears on one side of your body. It develops on the area of skin related to the affected nerve. New blisters can appear for up to a week. A few days after"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/shingles/", "start_index": 853, "chroma:document": "on one side of your body. It develops on the area of skin related to the affected nerve. New blisters can appear for up to a week. A few days after appearing they become yellowish in colour, flatten and dry out. Scabs then form where the blisters were, which may leave some slight scarring. Examples of the shingles rash Shingles on the back Shingles on the chest Shingles on the face Shingles on back of neck Shingles pain Most people with shingles experience a localised band of pain in the affected area. The pain may be a constant, dull or burning sensation and its intensity can vary from mild to severe. You may have sharp stabbing pains from time to time, and the affected area of skin will usually be tender. Getting advice from a GP or pharmacist Contact your GP practice if: You haven\u2019t had chickenpox before, you\u2019ve been exposed to someone who has chickenpox or shingles and you: are pregnant have a weakened immune system (the body\u2019s natural defence system) are under 18 years old If"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/shingles/", "start_index": 1704, "chroma:document": "who has chickenpox or shingles and you: are pregnant have a weakened immune system (the body\u2019s natural defence system) are under 18 years old If your GP is closed, phone 111. Speak to a pharmacist if: you\u2019re 18 years or over and have symptoms of shingles If the pharmacist cannot treat you they may recommend you see your GP. Find your nearest pharmacy Causes of shingles When you catch chickenpox the virus stays in your body. It can become active again later on if your immune system is lowered and cause shingles. Your immune system can be lowered by things like: stress other illnesses or conditions treatments like chemotherapy It\u2019s possible to have shingles more than once, but it\u2019s very rare to get it more than twice. Treating shingles There\u2019s no cure for shingles. But, there are ways to ease your symptoms until the condition improves. Shingles symptoms usually get better in 2 to 4 weeks. Speak to your GP or pharmacist as soon as you get symptoms of shingles. Early treatment may help to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/shingles/", "start_index": 2559, "chroma:document": "symptoms usually get better in 2 to 4 weeks. Speak to your GP or pharmacist as soon as you get symptoms of shingles. Early treatment may help to reduce the severity of the condition and complications. Treating symptoms at home Do keep the rash as clean and dry as possible wear loose-fitting clothing use a cool damp cloth to soothe the skin and keep blisters clean try calamine lotion to help relieve itching Don\u2019t do not let dressings or plasters stick to the rash do not use antibiotic cream \u2013 this slows healing Other treatments for shingles Your GP or pharmacist may recommend painkillers to ease discomfort caused by shingles. This includes: paracetamol non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen opioids \u2013 used for more severe pain antidepressants \u2013 used for severe pain anticonvulsants \u2013 used for severe pain Some people with shingles may also be prescribed antiviral tablets. Preventing the spread of shingles You can\u2019t give shingles to other people. But, other people"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/shingles/", "start_index": 3407, "chroma:document": "with shingles may also be prescribed antiviral tablets. Preventing the spread of shingles You can\u2019t give shingles to other people. But, other people can catch chickenpox from you if they haven\u2019t had it before. If you have shingles, you\u2019re contagious until the last blister has dried and scabbed over. To help prevent the virus being passed on: Don\u2019t do not share towels or flannels do not go swimming do not play contact sports do not go work or school if your rash is weeping (oozing fluid) and can\u2019t be covered Chickenpox Chickenpox can be particularly dangerous for certain groups of people. If you have shingles, avoid: pregnant women who haven\u2019t had chickenpox before people with a weak immune system, for example someone with HIV or AIDS babies less than 1 month old (unless it\u2019s your own baby) Complications of shingles Complications can sometimes occur as a result of shingles. They are more likely if your immune system is low, (the body\u2019s natural defence system), or are elderly. Shingles"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/shingles/", "start_index": 4262, "chroma:document": "occur as a result of shingles. They are more likely if your immune system is low, (the body\u2019s natural defence system), or are elderly. Shingles is rarely life threatening. Complications, though, can mean that around 1 in every 1,000 cases in adults over the age of 70 is fatal. Complications can include: postherpetic neuralgia eye problems Ramsay Hunt syndrome the rash becoming infected with bacteria white patches (a loss of pigment) or scarring in the area of the rash inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia), liver (hepatitis), brain (encephalitis), spinal cord (transverse myelitis), or protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) \u2013 these complications are rare. The shingles vaccine Read about the shingles vaccine and find out if you\u2019re eligible Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 23 June 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name,"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/shingles/", "start_index": 5111, "chroma:document": "2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Shingles vaccine Other health sites The Pain Toolkit Pain Concern British Pain Society: FAQs Age UK Find your nearest pharmacy Enter a place or postcode NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Sickle cell disease | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Blood and lymph Sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease About sickle cell disease \u200bSymptoms and diagnosis \u200bTreating sickle cell disease \u200bLiving with sickle cell disease \u200bCauses of sickle cell disease \u200bSickle cell disease carriers and screening About sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease is the name for a group of blood disorders. The most severe is sickle cell anaemia. These disorders are inherited, meaning they are passed on through your genes. You can have a blood test at any time to find out if you carry the gene for sickle cell disease, or if you have sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease affects how your body produces red blood cells. Normal red blood cells are round \u2013 red blood cells affected by sickle cell disease harden and become sickle-shaped, like a crescent moon."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 854, "chroma:document": "cells. Normal red blood cells are round \u2013 red blood cells affected by sickle cell disease harden and become sickle-shaped, like a crescent moon. This causes them to die too quickly and block blood vessels, leading to symptoms that are often painful. People from particular ethnic backgrounds are more likely to have sickle cell disease or carry the gene. You are more likely to have sickle cell disease if you are from one of these ethnic backgrounds: African Asian Caribbean Eastern Mediterranean Middle Eastern There are treatments to manage sickle cell disease, but no cure yet \u2013 it\u2019s a lifelong condition. Find out about symptoms and diagnosis Find out about treating sickle cell disease Find out about living with sickle cell disease Find out about screening to see if you\u2019re a sickle cell carrier \u200bSymptoms and diagnosis The main symptoms of sickle cell disease are sickle cell crises (very painful episodes affecting different parts of the body), infections, and anaemia. Getting immediate"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 1702, "chroma:document": "sickle cell disease are sickle cell crises (very painful episodes affecting different parts of the body), infections, and anaemia. Getting immediate medical advice There are a number of serious problems that can appear suddenly as a result of sickle cell disease. If you experience any of the following symptoms, you should get medical advice immediately: high temperature (a fever) going to 38C (100.4F) or higher difficulty breathing drowsiness, confusion, or slurred speech a severe headache, stiff neck, or dizziness skin or lips that are very pale fits (seizures) serious pain that isn\u2019t responding to treatments at home sudden swelling in the tummy priapism \u2013 a painful erection lasting two hours or more weakness on one or both sides of your body sudden vision loss, or changes in your vision If you develop any of the symptoms listed above, phone your GP or care team immediately. If you can\u2019t contact your GP or care team, go to your closest Accident and Emergency (A&E) department. Dial"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 2551, "chroma:document": "phone your GP or care team immediately. If you can\u2019t contact your GP or care team, go to your closest Accident and Emergency (A&E) department. Dial 999 for an ambulance if you aren\u2019t able to travel yourself. It\u2019s important to make sure that the medical team looking after you know that you have sickle cell disease. Sickle cell crises Episodes of pain known as sickle cell crises happen when the blood vessels that go to one part of your body become blocked. The pain can be severe. Sickle cell crises are one of the most common symptoms of sickle cell disease and, on average, occur once a year and last up to seven days. Some people have sickle cell crises every few weeks \u2013 others experience them less than once a year. A sickle cell crisis typically affects one part of the body at a time. The most common parts affected are: hands or feet (this is especially common in young children) ribs and breastbone spine pelvis tummy legs and arms Sickle cell crises have different causes. They can be"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 3401, "chroma:document": "is especially common in young children) ribs and breastbone spine pelvis tummy legs and arms Sickle cell crises have different causes. They can be triggered by cold, rainy or windy weather, stress, dehydration, or exercise that leaves you severely out of breath. Infection Sickle cell disease leaves people \u2013 especially children \u2013 extra vulnerable to infection because their bodies aren\u2019t as effective at dealing with bacteria and viruses. This leaves them more vulnerable to viruses like the common cold, as well as severe and potentially life-threatening conditions like meningitis. As well as keeping up to date with their vaccinations, many people with sickle cell disease take daily doses of antibiotics in order to prevent infections. Anaemia Almost everyone with sickle cell disease has anaemia. Haemoglobin is found in red blood cells \u2013 it\u2019s the substance that transports oxygen around the body. People with anaemia have low levels of haemoglobin in their blood. Most of the time anaemia"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 4251, "chroma:document": "the substance that transports oxygen around the body. People with anaemia have low levels of haemoglobin in their blood. Most of the time anaemia doesn\u2019t cause symptoms, but if you\u2019re infected with parvovirus, the virus that causes slapped cheek syndrome, the anaemia can get worse. When that happens, it causes: headaches a fast heartbeat fainting dizziness If these symptoms occur, the anaemia is usually treated with a blood transfusion. Sudden anaemia can happen in young children if they experience swelling of the spleen. This is also treated with a blood transfusion. Other sickle cell disease symptoms There\u2019s a wide range of other issues that can be caused by sickle cell disease. These include: a serious lung condition called acute chest syndrome that can cause chest pain, a cough, breathing difficulties and fever pain in bones and joints delayed puberty delayed growth in childhood kidney or urinary problems, including bedwetting and blood in the urine gallstones \u2013 these are stones"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:05
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 5103, "chroma:document": "delayed puberty delayed growth in childhood kidney or urinary problems, including bedwetting and blood in the urine gallstones \u2013 these are stones in the gallbladder that can cause jaundice (yellow eyes and skin) and abdominal (tummy) pain ulcers on the lower legs (open sores that can be very painful) priapism \u2013 a painful, persistent erection that can last for several hours high blood pressure (pulmonary hypertension) transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes \u2013 these happen when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or blocked enlarged spleen \u2013 this can cause a fast heartbeat, worsening of anaemia, a swollen tummy, shortness of breath and abdominal pain vision problems like floaters, worsened night vision, blurred vision, patchy vision and, occasionally, sudden vision loss These symptoms can be treated \u2013 see Treating sickle cell disease for more information. Diagnosing sickle cell disease You can have a blood test any time to find out if you have sickle cell disease, or find out"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 5956, "chroma:document": "for more information. Diagnosing sickle cell disease You can have a blood test any time to find out if you have sickle cell disease, or find out if you\u2019re a carrier who could have a child with the condition. Sickle cell disease is usually diagnosed during pregnancy \u2013 free screening to find out if a baby is at risk of having the condition is offered to every pregnant woman in Scotland. Even if your family background doesn\u2019t make it likely your child will have sickle cell disease, you can still request a test. If possible, screening should be done before the tenth week of pregnancy, so that there\u2019s time to think about further tests that can find out if your baby will be born with sickle cell disease. Newborn babies are screened for sickle cell disease as part of the newborn blood spot test \u2013 the heel prick test. There are a few reasons for this: if a baby\u2019s parents weren\u2019t screened during pregnancy, this test identifies if the child has sickle cell disease if screening during pregnancy"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 6806, "chroma:document": "this: if a baby\u2019s parents weren\u2019t screened during pregnancy, this test identifies if the child has sickle cell disease if screening during pregnancy showed that the baby had a high risk of having sickle cell disease, but no more testing was done, the heel prick test will determine if the child has the condition or not this test shows if the baby is a carrier of sickle cell, and could one day have children of their own who have the condition (find out more about sickle cell carriers here) the heel prick test identifies other inherited conditions, like cystic fibrosis Another blood test will be used to confirm the diagnosis if the heel prick test suggests that the baby could have sickle cell disease. Learn about being tested to see if you carry the sickle cell gene \u200bTreating sickle cell disease People of all ages with sickle cell disease are supported by a team of medical professionals in a specialist sickle cell centre. A specialised care plan will be developed with you that helps you"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 7658, "chroma:document": "supported by a team of medical professionals in a specialist sickle cell centre. A specialised care plan will be developed with you that helps you to fully understand the condition and find the best way of managing it. Treating and preventing sickle cell crises Sickle cell crises can usually be managed at home. The following steps are recommended for adults or children experiencing a sickle cell crisis: over the counter painkillers like paracetamol and ibuprofen can help \u2013 although aspirin should not be given to anyone under 16 \u2013 and if needed, your GP may prescribe stronger painkillers heating pads or warm towels can be placed on the area and massaged to ease the pain \u2013 pharmacies usually sell heating pads you can use for this drink plenty \u2013 staying hydrated will help relaxing distractions like reading, videos, and computer games are a good way to distract your mind, or your child\u2019s mind, from the pain If none of the above measures help, or the pain is very severe, phone your GP. You"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 8512, "chroma:document": "way to distract your mind, or your child\u2019s mind, from the pain If none of the above measures help, or the pain is very severe, phone your GP. You or your child should go to the local accident and emergency (A&E) if it\u2019s not possible to contact your GP. It may be necessary for you or your child to spend a few days in hospital being treated with stronger pain relief. The best way to prevent a sickle cell crisis is by being aware of potential triggers and avoiding them. Prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids \u2013especially water. Avoid alcohol \u2013 alcohol causes dehydration. Stay warm with enough layers of clothing to avoid getting cold, and avoid extreme temperatures. Don\u2019t expose yourself to sudden changes in temperature \u2013 for example, avoid swimming in cold water. The lack of oxygen at high altitudes can trigger a sickle cell crisis, so be careful if you\u2019re at high altitude for any reason. However, plane travel shouldn\u2019t be an issue because planes maintain a consistent oxygen"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 9363, "chroma:document": "so be careful if you\u2019re at high altitude for any reason. However, plane travel shouldn\u2019t be an issue because planes maintain a consistent oxygen level due to being pressurised. Make sure to stay active, but avoid activities that leave you severely out of breath. Don\u2019t smoke \u2013 smoking can trigger acute chest syndrome. Stay relaxed as much as you can \u2013 sickle cell crises can be triggered by stress, so consider learning relaxation techniques like breathing exercises. Your care team may recommend a medication called hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) if you keep experiencing sickle cell crises. This is a capsule that is taken once a day. It works by reducing how many other types of blood cell, like white blood cells and platelets (clotting cells) there are in the body. This means that you\u2019ll need regular blood tests to make sure you\u2019re healthy. Treating and preventing infections Children who have sickle cell disease should be kept up to date on all of their routine vaccinations, and may also"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 10212, "chroma:document": "Treating and preventing infections Children who have sickle cell disease should be kept up to date on all of their routine vaccinations, and may also need additional vaccinations like the hepatitis B vaccine and the annual flu vaccine. If you have sickle cell disease, you\u2019ll most likely need to take a dose of antibiotics every day, usually penicillin. This will not pose serious health risks. Reduce risk in day-to-day life by being careful about activities that can make you vulnerable to infection. Always follow good food hygiene measures, for example. If you\u2019re planning to go abroad, talk to your GP as far in advance as you can. You might need extra vaccinations or medication, such as anti-malarials if you\u2019re going to a place where malaria is a risk. It may also be a good idea to take extra precautions when it comes to food and water. Treating anaemia Most of the time, anaemia doesn\u2019t have any symptoms and you won\u2019t require any treatment for it. However, children with sickle cell"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 11059, "chroma:document": "Treating anaemia Most of the time, anaemia doesn\u2019t have any symptoms and you won\u2019t require any treatment for it. However, children with sickle cell anaemia who are also on a restricted diet (such as a vegan or vegetarian diet) may need folic acid supplements. Folic acid helps your body to create more red blood cells, so it can help to improve anaemia. It\u2019s important to be aware that this type of anaemia isn\u2019t the same as the anaemia caused by iron deficiency, so don\u2019t take iron supplements without talking to your care team first. Taking iron supplements with the anaemia caused by sickle cell disease can be dangerous. Blood transfusions or hydroxycarbamide may be necessary for serious or persistent anaemia. Treating other sickle cell disease-related issues There are a range of treatments for other problems that can be caused by sickle cell disease, depending on the type of symptom and how severe it is: people with acute chest syndrome need emergency treatment \u2013 this involves oxygen,"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 11910, "chroma:document": "disease, depending on the type of symptom and how severe it is: people with acute chest syndrome need emergency treatment \u2013 this involves oxygen, blood transfusions, antibiotics, and fluids given through a vein, as well as possibly hydroxycarbamide to prevent it happening again painkillers can treat joint and bone pain a short course of hormones can be given to children in order to trigger delayed puberty gallbladder removal surgery is used to treat gallstones for persistent priapism, medication can stimulate blood flow, or a needle can be used to drain blood from the penis regular blood transfusions or hydroxycarbamide are given to people who have had a stroke or who are at greater risk of having one In addition to the treatments above, chelation therapy involves taking medication to make the level of iron in your blood lower, bringing it to safe levels. This treatment is given to people who need a lot of blood transfusions. Learn more about living with sickle cell disease here"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 12759, "chroma:document": "it to safe levels. This treatment is given to people who need a lot of blood transfusions. Learn more about living with sickle cell disease here \u200bLiving with sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease is a lifelong illness, which can be managed well with treatment and self-help. In addition to preventing symptoms and crises as much as possible, there are a few things you can do that will make it easier to live with the condition and stay in the best possible health. Getting surgery when you have sickle cell disease If you\u2019re due to have surgery, or you\u2019re brought in for surgery in an emergency, it\u2019s very important you take some precautions. You should tell your care team about any surgeries you have planned that involve a general anaesthetic. Tell your surgeon on the day that you have sickle cell disease. General anaesthetic can cause a number of problems, including increasing the risk of a sickle cell crisis. It\u2019s important that you\u2019re monitored closely during the surgery, and are given"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 13612, "chroma:document": "of problems, including increasing the risk of a sickle cell crisis. It\u2019s important that you\u2019re monitored closely during the surgery, and are given plenty of fluids as well as being kept warm. It might be necessary to have a blood transfusion before the surgery to reduce the chances of complications. Pregnancy and birth with sickle cell disease You can have a healthy pregnancy if you have sickle cell disease, but it\u2019s a good idea to talk to your care team before planning a pregnancy, for a number of reasons: there\u2019s a bigger chance of complications such as miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, anaemia and sickle cell pain while you\u2019re pregnant you may have to stop taking some of the medications for sickle cell disease, like hydroxycarbamide, before getting pregnant, as these can harm a foetus it may be a good idea to find out if your partner is a sickle cell carrier and talk with a counsellor about what this could mean extra monitoring during pregnancy, as well as extra treatment, might be"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 14458, "chroma:document": "a sickle cell carrier and talk with a counsellor about what this could mean extra monitoring during pregnancy, as well as extra treatment, might be necessary It\u2019s important to use a reliable form of contraception if you aren\u2019t planning a pregnancy. Learn about pregnancy and newborn screening for sickle cell disease The outlook for people with sickle cell disease Most children with sickle cell disease lead normal, happy lives. However, sickle cell disease can be very different from person to person, and it\u2019s still a serious condition. Sickle cell disease can have a big impact on someone\u2019s life. It can lead to serious infections, strokes and transcient ischaemic attacks (TIAs), and lung problems, which can be fatal. The overall live expectancy for people with sickle cell disease is shorter than normal, but this changes depending on the type of sickle cell disease, what problems they experience, and how the condition is treated. Milder types of sickle cell disease may not impact life"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:06
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 15304, "chroma:document": "type of sickle cell disease, what problems they experience, and how the condition is treated. Milder types of sickle cell disease may not impact life expectancy. People with sickle cell anaemia have a typical life expectancy of between 40 and 60 years of age. As newer treatments are developed, it\u2019s hoped that the outlook will get better. \u200bCauses of sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease is caused by a gene problem that is inherited from your parents. It isn\u2019t something you can catch, and it\u2019s not caused by anything the parents did during or before pregnancy. Inheriting sickle cell disease You inherit one set of genes from your mother, and one from your father. Genes always come in pairs. Children born with sickle cell disease inherit a copy of the sickle cell gene from both of their parents, so each one of the pair of genes is faulty. This happens when both parents are \u201ccarriers\u201d \u2013 they carry the faulty gene for sickle cell. This is also known as having the sickle cell trait."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 16152, "chroma:document": "This happens when both parents are \u201ccarriers\u201d \u2013 they carry the faulty gene for sickle cell. This is also known as having the sickle cell trait. Carriers don\u2019t have sickle cell disease, but if their partner is a carrier too they may have a child with the condition. When both of a child\u2019s parents are sickle cell carriers: there\u2019s a 25% (one in four) chance that each of their children won\u2019t inherit any faulty genes \u2013 they won\u2019t have sickle cell disease, and they won\u2019t be able to pass it on to their children there\u2019s a 50% (one in two) chance that each child will inherit a copy of the faulty gene from just one parent, and be a sickle cell carrier there\u2019s a 25% (one in four) chance that each child will inherit copies of the sickle cell gene from both of their parents, and have sickle cell disease when they\u2019re born You can find more information about how sickle cell disease is inherited from the Sickle Cell Society. Learn more about sickle cell carriers and screening \u200bSickle cell disease"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 17002, "chroma:document": "about how sickle cell disease is inherited from the Sickle Cell Society. Learn more about sickle cell carriers and screening \u200bSickle cell disease carriers and screening Sickle cell disease carriers are people who carry the faulty gene that causes sickle cell disease, but do not have the disease. This is also called having the sickle cell trait. If you have the sickle cell trait, you won\u2019t develop sickle cell disease. However, there\u2019s a risk that you\u2019ll have a child with the condition, or who is also a sickle cell disease carrier. Sickle cell disease carriers The sickle cell gene can be carried by anyone, but people from certain ethnic backgrounds are much more likely to be carriers. You are more likely to be a carrier if you have family from one of these areas : Africa Asia The Caribbean The Eastern Mediterranean The Middle East Most sickle cell carriers in the UK have an African or Caribbean family background \u2013 it\u2019s estimated around one in ten people with this background may be a"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 17848, "chroma:document": "sickle cell carriers in the UK have an African or Caribbean family background \u2013 it\u2019s estimated around one in ten people with this background may be a sickle cell carrier. Finding out if you are a sickle cell carrier You can request a blood test from your GP at any time to find out if you\u2019re a sickle cell carrier. This is a particularly good idea if your family background makes it more likely that you have the gene. Both men and women are able to get the test. Every pregnant woman in Scotland is offered screening to check if their baby is at risk of being born with sickle cell disease. You can ask for a test even if your family background doesn\u2019t suggest your child will have sickle cell disease. It\u2019s a good idea to have your partner screened for the gene too. If possible, screening should be done before the tenth week of pregnancy, so that there\u2019s time to think about further tests that can find out if your baby will be born with sickle cell disease. Read more about diagnosis and"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 18691, "chroma:document": "so that there\u2019s time to think about further tests that can find out if your baby will be born with sickle cell disease. Read more about diagnosis and screening for the sickle cell disease gene here Other health risks for sickle cell carriers You\u2019re not at risk of developing sickle cell disease if you carry sickle cell. The only time you may be at risk of health problems is in rare cases where you might not get enough oxygen, such as: having surgery under general anaesthetic \u2013 make sure your medical team know you carry sickle cell before your operation so they can ensure you get enough oxygen during extreme sports such as deep sea diving and climbing at high altitudes \u2013 if you do sports like these, ensure you\u2019re never short of oxygen during regular, intensive physical activity \u2013 make sure you drink plenty of fluids during training and avoid extreme exhaustion There\u2019s also a very small risk of developing kidney problems associated with carrying sickle cell. Apart from these uncommon"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 19537, "chroma:document": "avoid extreme exhaustion There\u2019s also a very small risk of developing kidney problems associated with carrying sickle cell. Apart from these uncommon situations, you can lead a completely normal and healthy life if you\u2019re a sickle cell carrier. Other blood disorders Sickle cell carriers are also at risk of having a child with a blood disorder if their partner is a carrier of a different type of blood disorder. You can find more detailed information about some of the other types of carrier in the following pages: Your baby carries a gene for Sickle Cell Your baby carries a gene for unusual haemoglobin Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 09 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me NHS inform"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/blood-and-lymph/sickle-cell-disease/", "start_index": 20390, "chroma:document": "health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
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created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Immune system Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Sjogren\u2019s syndrome About Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Symptoms of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Causes of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Diagnosing Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Treating Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Complications of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome About Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s (pronounced Show-grin\u2019s) syndrome is an autoimmune disorder. The body\u2019s immune system attacks glands that secrete fluid, such as the tear and saliva glands. The effects of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can be widespread. Certain glands become inflamed, which reduces the production of tears and saliva, causing the main symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, which are dry eyes and dry mouth. In women (who are most commonly affected), the glands that keep the vagina moist can also be affected, leading to vaginal dryness. Read more about the"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 851, "chroma:document": "women (who are most commonly affected), the glands that keep the vagina moist can also be affected, leading to vaginal dryness. Read more about the symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome What causes Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome? Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is an autoimmune condition, which means that instead of protecting the body from infection or illness, the immune system reacts abnormally and starts attacking healthy cells and tissue. In Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, the immune system attacks the tear and saliva glands, and other secretory glands throughout the body. The reasons for this remains unknown, but research suggests that it\u2019s triggered by a combination of genetic, environmental and, possibly, hormonal factors. Some people are thought to be more vulnerable to the syndrome when they\u2019re born and that certain events, such an infection, can trigger the problems with the immune system. Read more about the causes of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Healthcare professionals classify Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome as being either: primary \u2013"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 1702, "chroma:document": "the immune system. Read more about the causes of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Healthcare professionals classify Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome as being either: primary \u2013 when the syndrome develops by itself and not as the result of another condition secondary \u2013 when the syndrome develops in combination with another autoimmune disorder, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis Diagnosing Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can be difficult to diagnose, because it has similar symptoms to other conditions and there is no single test for it. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and carry out a test to see how dry your mouth and eyes are. Read more about diagnosing Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Treating Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome There is no cure for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, but treatments can help control symptoms. Dry eyes and mouth can usually be helped with artificial tears and saliva. It\u2019s important to maintain good eye and mouth hygiene, because your risk of developing an infection is greater. Taking care of your eyes and"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:07
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 2549, "chroma:document": "saliva. It\u2019s important to maintain good eye and mouth hygiene, because your risk of developing an infection is greater. Taking care of your eyes and mouth can help prevent problems such as corneal ulcers and tooth decay. In severe cases, medication or surgery may be recommended. Read more about treating Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Complications of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can sometimes lead to complications. For example, your eyesight could be permanently damaged if the reduced tear production isn\u2019t treated. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome also increases your risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a cancer of the lymph glands. However, the chances are still low, at around 5%. Women with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome have an increased risk of having children with a temporary \u201clupus\u201d rash or heart abnormalities. Any pregnancy will be closely monitored for potential problems. Read more about the complications of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Who\u2019s affected by Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome? Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome most"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 3402, "chroma:document": "for potential problems. Read more about the complications of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Who\u2019s affected by Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome? Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome most commonly affects people aged 40-60, with women accounting for about 90% of cases. It\u2019s difficult to know exactly how many people are affected by the syndrome because many don\u2019t see their GP about their symptoms. Further information on Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Information about you If you have Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, your clinical team will pass information about you on to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service (NCARDRS). This helps scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat this condition. You can opt out of the register at any time. Find out more about the register Symptoms of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome The most commonly reported symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome are a dry mouth and eyes, which can lead to other associated symptoms. However, these symptoms can be common in old age, and most people with dry eyes or a dry"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: e45708b3-6202-4689-ad66-b170455de0b0
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 4248, "chroma:document": "mouth and eyes, which can lead to other associated symptoms. However, these symptoms can be common in old age, and most people with dry eyes or a dry mouth do not have Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Many women also experience vaginal dryness, which can make sex painful. Associated symptoms of dry mouth A dry mouth can lead to: tooth decay and gum disease dry cough difficulty swallowing and chewing hoarse voice difficulty speaking swollen salivary glands (located between your jaw and ears) repeated fungal infections in the mouth (oral thrush) \u2013 symptoms of which can include a coated or white tongue Associated symptoms of dry eyes Dry eyes can lead to: burning or stinging eyes itchy eyes a feeling that there\u2019s grit in your eyes irritated and swollen eyelids sensitivity to light (photophobia) tired eyes mucus discharge from your eyes These symptoms can get worse when you\u2019re: in a windy or smoky environment in an air-conditioned building travelling on aeroplane Other symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 5099, "chroma:document": "get worse when you\u2019re: in a windy or smoky environment in an air-conditioned building travelling on aeroplane Other symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome In more serious cases of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, the immune system can attack other parts of the body, causing symptoms and conditions such as: dry skin tiredness and fatigue \u2013 which are common and can lead to total exhaustion muscle pain joint pain, stiffness and swelling vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) difficulty concentrating, remembering and reasoning Causes of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome It\u2019s not known exactly what causes Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, but it\u2019s thought to be linked to a problem with the immune system. The immune system Your immune system usually helps protect the body from infection and illness by making antibodies. Antibodies attack bacteria and viruses, which help stop you from becoming ill. An autoimmune condition causes your immune system to react abnormally. Instead of attacking foreign cells, such as bacteria, the antibodies"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: feff971b-dc60-42ef-ab1c-00150e7c8755
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 5953, "chroma:document": "ill. An autoimmune condition causes your immune system to react abnormally. Instead of attacking foreign cells, such as bacteria, the antibodies start attacking your body\u2019s healthy cells and tissue. In Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, the parts of the body usually affected are the tear, saliva and vaginal glands, which are collectively known as the exocrine glands. The antibodies damage the exocrine glands so they can no longer function normally. There\u2019s some evidence that the immune system also damages the nerves that control these glands, which further reduces their effectiveness. The immune system can go on to damage other parts of the body, such as muscles, joints, blood vessels, nerves and, less commonly, organs. Possible triggers for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Most researchers believe that primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain people are born with specific genes that make them more vulnerable to a faulty"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: eacef95f-bc07-471b-a2b0-f595decb9ee8
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 6806, "chroma:document": "by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain people are born with specific genes that make them more vulnerable to a faulty immune system. Then, many years later, an environmental factor, possibly a common virus, triggers the immune system to stop working properly. The female hormone oestrogen also seems to play a role. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome mostly occurs in women, and symptoms usually start around the time of the menopause, when oestrogen levels begin to fall. Falling oestrogen levels can contribute to dryness, and this dryness could make the condition more noticeable. Secondary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can be associated with other autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. This is known as secondary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. The exocrine glands Your saliva and tear glands play a vital role in protecting your mouth and eyes, which is why the symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can be widespread and troublesome. The importance of tears We usually"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 7653, "chroma:document": "protecting your mouth and eyes, which is why the symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can be widespread and troublesome. The importance of tears We usually only notice our tears when we cry, but our eyes are always covered by a thin layer of tears, known as a tear film. Tears are made up of a mix of water, proteins, fats, mucus and infection-fighting cells. Tears serve several important functions. They: lubricate the eye keep the eye clean and free of dust protect the eye against infection help stabilise your vision The importance of saliva Saliva also serves several important functions, including: keeping the mouth and throat naturally lubricated aiding digestion by moistening food and containing enzymes that can break down certain starches acting as a natural disinfectant (saliva contains antibodies, enzymes and proteins that protect against some common bacterial and fungal infections) Diagnosing Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 8503, "chroma:document": "some common bacterial and fungal infections) Diagnosing Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are similar to those of other health conditions. You may see different health professionals for your different symptoms, such as a dentist for a dry mouth, an optician for dry eyes and a gynaecologist for a dry vagina, which can sometimes make it difficult to reach a firm diagnosis. See your GP if you experience any symptoms of dryness, particularly of your eyes and mouth. Screening questions Experts in the field have come up with a series of screening questions, which may be useful if you\u2019re worried you may have Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. If you answer \u201cyes\u201d to most of the questions below, you may have Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and will probably be advised to have further tests. Have you had daily, persistent, troublesome dry eyes for more than three months? Do you keep having a sensation of grit in your eye? Do you need to use eye drops containing tear"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 9354, "chroma:document": "troublesome dry eyes for more than three months? Do you keep having a sensation of grit in your eye? Do you need to use eye drops containing tear substitutes more than three times a day? Have you had a daily feeling of dry mouth for more than three months? Do you keep getting swollen salivary glands (located between your jaw and your ears)? Do you frequently drink liquids to help you swallow food? Further testing Tests used to diagnose Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome include: tear break-up time and Schirmer tests a lip biopsy blood tests salivary flow rate These are explained below. Tear break-up time and Schirmer tests Tear break-up time and Schirmer tests are usually carried out by an ophthalmologist (a doctor who specialises in treating eye conditions). The tear break-up time test measures how effective your tear glands are. A non-toxic dye is dropped onto the surface of your eye and the colour of the dye allows the ophthalmologist to see how well your tear film is functioning and how long it"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 10208, "chroma:document": "onto the surface of your eye and the colour of the dye allows the ophthalmologist to see how well your tear film is functioning and how long it takes for your tears to evaporate. This test is also carried out using a slit lamp. A slit lamp is a low-power microscope with a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine in a narrow beam. The specialist will use the slit lamp to examine your tear glands more closely. In the Schirmer test, small strips of blotting paper are placed into your lower eyelid. After five minutes, the strips are removed to see how much of the paper is soaked with tears. Lip biopsy During a lip biopsy, a small tissue sample is removed from your inner lip and examined under a microscope. A local anaesthetic is injected into the inner surface of your lower lip to numb the area, before a small cut is made to remove a few of your minor salivary glands. Clusters of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the tissue can indicate Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Blood"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 11057, "chroma:document": "remove a few of your minor salivary glands. Clusters of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the tissue can indicate Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Blood tests Blood tests are carried out to look for antibodies known as anti-Ro and anti-La (or SS-A and SS-B), which are produced when the immune system has been affected by Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. These antibodies are only present in about 60% of people with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, so it\u2019s possible to have a negative blood test result and still have the condition. Salivary flow rate A salivary flow rate test measures how much saliva your glands produce. You\u2019ll usually be asked to spit as much saliva as you can into a cup over a five-minute period. The amount of saliva is then weighed or measured. An unusually low flow rate can indicate Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Treating Sjogren\u2019s syndrome There\u2019s no cure for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, but treatments help relieve symptoms such as eye and mouth dryness. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome affects everyone in different ways, so"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 11903, "chroma:document": "for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, but treatments help relieve symptoms such as eye and mouth dryness. Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome affects everyone in different ways, so your treatment plan will be tailored to suit you. Eye care Artificial tears Mild to moderate cases of dry eye can usually be successfully treated with eye drops containing \u201cartificial tears\u201d \u2013 a liquid that mimics tears. These eye drops are available from a pharmacist, without a prescription. There are many different types of eye drops, so you can try different brands to find the one that works best for you. If you\u2019re using eye drops regularly (more than three times a day), you should use one that doesn\u2019t contain preservatives. This is because there\u2019s evidence that over-exposure to preservatives can damage the surface of the eye. A short-term dose of eye drops containing corticosteroids may be recommended if your eyes become irritated. However, long-term corticosteroid use isn\u2019t recommended because they can cause serious side effects. To"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 12753, "chroma:document": "be recommended if your eyes become irritated. However, long-term corticosteroid use isn\u2019t recommended because they can cause serious side effects. To minimise the chance of experiencing side effects from corticosteroids, you\u2019ll be prescribed the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time. Moisture chamber spectacles Wearing glasses reduces tear evaporation by up to 30%, and this effect can be maximised by wearing specially-made glasses called moisture chamber spectacles. These wrap around your eyes like goggles and help retain moisture and protect the eyes from irritants. Some people used to be embarrassed to wear them, but modern designs look like sports glasses. Punctal plugs Punctual occlusion is a widely-used technique that seals the tear ducts (into which the tears drain) with small plugs. This should help keep the eye better protected by tears. Temporary plugs made of silicone are usually used first to see if they help. If it does, more permanent plugs can be used."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:08
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 13599, "chroma:document": "better protected by tears. Temporary plugs made of silicone are usually used first to see if they help. If it does, more permanent plugs can be used. Mouth care Looking after your mouth A number of techniques can be used to keep your mouth lubricated, including: maintaining good oral hygiene to prevent tooth decay and gum disease increasing your fluid intake using sugar-free chewing gum to stimulate saliva production sucking ice cubes to help lubricate your mouth and reduce dryness regularly using mouth rinses to soothe your mouth and protect it against infection If you smoke, you should try to quit. Smoking irritates the mouth and increases the rate at which saliva evaporates. Read more about how to stop smoking Saliva substitutes There are a number of saliva substitute products that can help lubricate your mouth. However, they don\u2019t replicate the role of saliva in preventing infection, so you\u2019ll still need to maintain excellent oral hygiene. Saliva substitutes are available as a"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:09
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 14446, "chroma:document": "replicate the role of saliva in preventing infection, so you\u2019ll still need to maintain excellent oral hygiene. Saliva substitutes are available as a spray, lozenge (medicated sweet), gel, or gum. Your GP or pharmacist can tell you which product is most suitable for you. Medication for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Pilocarpine The medicine pilocarpine is often used to treat the symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth. Pilocarpine stimulates the glands to produce more saliva and tears. Side effects of pilocarpine include: hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) nausea diarrhoea heartburn abdominal (stomach) pain an increased need to go to the toilet For some people, the side effects of pilocarpine are mild. Others find that the side effects outweigh the benefits. Don\u2019t take pilocarpine if you have asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or if you\u2019re pregnant or breastfeeding. Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine has been shown to slow down the immune system\u2019s attack on the tear and saliva"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:09
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 15294, "chroma:document": "you\u2019re pregnant or breastfeeding. Hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine has been shown to slow down the immune system\u2019s attack on the tear and saliva glands. It can also help reduce any associated symptoms of muscle pain, joint pain and stiffness. You\u2019ll need to take hydroxychloroquine for several weeks before you notice any improvements, and it could be six months before you experience the full benefit of the treatment. Side effects are uncommon and usually mild. They include: nausea skin rash loss of appetite stomach cramps vomiting In very rare cases, hydroxychloroquine can damage the retina, affecting vision. You\u2019ll probably be asked to attend an eye examination so that your retina can be checked before you start treatment. Regular eye examinations (usually at least once a year) are also recommended after you begin treatment. Hydroxychloroquine shouldn\u2019t be used by breastfeeding women. Treating other symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Dry skin Several soaps and creams are specifically"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:09
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 16155, "chroma:document": "shouldn\u2019t be used by breastfeeding women. Treating other symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome Dry skin Several soaps and creams are specifically designed for people with dry skin. Your pharmacist or GP can advise you. Vaginal dryness Vaginal dryness can be treated using a lubricant. Some women also use oestrogen creams or hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Muscle and joint pains Muscle and joint pains can be treated with an over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen. If this doesn\u2019t work, see your GP, as stronger NSAIDs are available on prescription. NSAIDs can increase your risk of developing stomach ulcers and internal bleeding, particularly if they\u2019re taken on a long-term basis. If you find swallowing NSAIDs difficult because of your dry mouth, you can try an NSAID cream that\u2019s rubbed into affected joints. NSAIDs aren\u2019t recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, or for people with pre-existing risk factors for cardiovascular or kidney"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:09
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 17000, "chroma:document": "joints. NSAIDs aren\u2019t recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, or for people with pre-existing risk factors for cardiovascular or kidney conditions. General advice These simple tips can help prevent many of the problems associated with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: have a dental check-up every six months practise good dental hygiene \u2013 brushing, flossing and using mouthwash regularly avoid eating too many sweet foods avoid strong and perfumed soaps \u2013 use special creams and soaps from your pharmacist avoid dry environments, such as air-conditioned offices, whenever possible avoid drinking too much alcohol Complications of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome isn\u2019t usually life-threatening, but it is linked to more seriousproblems. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma It\u2019s estimated that people with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome are 44 times more likely to develop non-Hodgkin lymphoma than people without the condition. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a series of"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 17846, "chroma:document": "non-Hodgkin lymphoma than people without the condition. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a series of vessels and glands (lymph nodes) that are spread throughout your body, much like your blood vessels. While this increased risk may sound alarming, the chance of a person with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is still small, as it only affects around 5% of people with the syndrome. However, if you have Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, you should be aware of the main early symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a painless swelling in a lymph node (gland) \u2013 usually in the neck, armpit or groin. Report any swollen lymph nodes to your GP. Eye damage If dry eyes aren\u2019t treated, they can become inflamed and you can develop ulcers on the surface of your eyes (corneal ulcers). If left untreated, corneal ulcers can lead to loss of vision and permanent sight damage. Pregnancy If you\u2019re planning to become pregnant and have Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 18689, "chroma:document": "untreated, corneal ulcers can lead to loss of vision and permanent sight damage. Pregnancy If you\u2019re planning to become pregnant and have Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, ask your GP to test for certain antibodies that may be present in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and are known to cause a temporary lupus rash in newborn babies. In very rare cases, the antibodies can also cause heart defects in babies. If these antibodies are found, there should be no reason why you can\u2019t continue with the pregnancy, but your child may need additional specialist care during pregnancy and after the birth. Read more about antenatal appointments Other conditions A number of other conditions have been linked to Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, including: peripheral neuropathy \u2013 a condition that often involves loss of sensation in the hands and feet Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon \u2013 restricted blood flow to the hands, which can cause them to feel cold, numb and painful kidney problems \u2013 such as inflammation or kidney stones an underactive thyroid gland"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/immune-system/sjogrens-syndrome/", "start_index": 19541, "chroma:document": "the hands, which can cause them to feel cold, numb and painful kidney problems \u2013 such as inflammation or kidney stones an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) \u2013 which can lead to tiredness and weight gain irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) \u2013 which can cause abdominal pain and irregular bowel movements teeth cavities Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 21 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Lupus Rheumatoid arthritis NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/skin-light-sensitivity/skin-light-sensitivity-photosensitivity/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Skin light sensitivity (photosensitivity) | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Skin, hair and nails Skin light sensitivity Skin light sensitivity (photosensitivity) Skin light sensitivity (photosensitivity) Skin light sensitivity (photosensitivity) means you have an unusual reaction to light. This can cause symptoms like pain, redness, itching or a rash when the skin is exposed to light. These symptoms can range from very mild to very severe. There are different types of light sensitivity conditions. Some are very common and others are rarer. They can affect anyone, including people of different ages and skin types. Types of light sensitivity Light sensitivity conditions can be put into different groups depending on what causes them. Immunological Some light sensitivity conditions happen when the immune system reacts unusually to light."}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/skin-light-sensitivity/skin-light-sensitivity-photosensitivity/", "start_index": 857, "chroma:document": "groups depending on what causes them. Immunological Some light sensitivity conditions happen when the immune system reacts unusually to light. This includes light sensitivity conditions like: polymorphic light eruption juvenile spring eruption chronic actinic dermatitis solar urticaria actinic prurigo actinic folliculitis hydroa vacciniforme Drugs or chemicals Light sensitivity symptoms can be a side effect of some drugs or chemicals, for example: doxycycline quinolone antibiotics like ciprofloxacin bendroflumethiazide and other thiazides quinine calcium channel blockers nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) \u2013 although these rarely contribute to light sensitivity phenothiazines (including chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine) St John\u2019s Wort These are just examples of drugs that may cause light sensitivity and this is not an exhaustive list. Speak to a healthcare professional if you\u2019re worried about the side effects of medication. Do not stop taking any medication without"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:10
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/skin-light-sensitivity/skin-light-sensitivity-photosensitivity/", "start_index": 1700, "chroma:document": "exhaustive list. Speak to a healthcare professional if you\u2019re worried about the side effects of medication. Do not stop taking any medication without speaking to your healthcare professional first. Genetic Some light sensitivity conditions are caused by a genetic alteration. This includes: Xeroderma Pigmentosum Cockayne Syndrome Bloom Syndrome Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome Photoaggravated skin diseases Photoaggravated skin diseases are light sensitivity conditions. These conditions are not caused by light but can be triggered or worsened by exposure to light. Some examples of photoaggravated light sensitivity conditions include: rosacea lupus erythematosus atopic dermatitis psoriasis Darier disease dermatomyositis pemphigus vulgaris or foliaceus Light sensitivity symptoms Skin light sensitivity means that you get symptoms when the skin is exposed to light. Some common symptoms include: skin rash skin pain itching a burning or heat sensation on the skin blistering or fragile skin sunburn"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:10
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/skin-light-sensitivity/skin-light-sensitivity-photosensitivity/", "start_index": 2555, "chroma:document": "to light. Some common symptoms include: skin rash skin pain itching a burning or heat sensation on the skin blistering or fragile skin sunburn that happens very easily These symptoms can range from mild to severe. Sometimes people may also feel generally unwell due to a light sensitivity disease. For example, you may get headaches or fatigue. Although it\u2019s rarer, some people may have unusual freckling or scarring of the skin. Light sensitivity rash Some light sensitivity rashes may only occur on exposed sites during summer. But, a rash that\u2019s caused by light sensitivity can also happen: all year round through light clothing through windows and indoor light There may be no rash on areas that have a natural shadow like: under the chin the upper eyelids behind the ears You may also notice that the rash stops where you have been covered by clothing or footwear. Diagnosing light sensitivity You should speak to your GP if you think that you have a light sensitivity condition. If necessary,"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:10
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/skin-light-sensitivity/skin-light-sensitivity-photosensitivity/", "start_index": 3412, "chroma:document": "or footwear. Diagnosing light sensitivity You should speak to your GP if you think that you have a light sensitivity condition. If necessary, your GP may refer you to a dermatologist. Most people will not need to be referred for light sensitivity testing. But, if you do, your dermatologist may refer you to a light testing centre. In Scotland, this is at NHS Tayside\u2019s Photobiology Unit. Treatments for light sensitivity A light sensitivity rash may be prevented with sun protection and by avoiding the sun. Your doctor will tell you if you need any other treatments. This could include light-based treatments or immune suppressant treatments. Psychological support may be needed if light sensitivity affects your day-to-day life. You may also need to take a vitamin D supplement if you have a light sensitivity condition. Further information on managing light sensitivity Source: NHS Tayside - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 17 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/skin-light-sensitivity/skin-light-sensitivity-photosensitivity/", "start_index": 4268, "chroma:document": "light sensitivity Source: NHS Tayside - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 17 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Managing skin light sensitivity (photosensitivity) Other health sites BAD: Patient information leaflets BAD: Polymorphic light eruption Dermnetnz: Photosensitivity NHS Tayside: Patient Information Leaflets NHS Tayside: Photobiology Unity BPG: Useful links NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/skin-rashes-in-children/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "The website is busy, please try later."}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/slapped-cheek-syndrome/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Slapped cheek syndrome | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Infections and poisoning Slapped cheek syndrome Slapped cheek syndrome Slapped cheek syndrome (also called fifth disease or parvovirus B19) is a viral infection. It\u2019s most common in children but it can affect people of any age. It usually causes a bright red rash on the cheeks. Slapped cheek syndrome is normally a mild infection that clears up by itself in 1 to 3 weeks. Once you\u2019ve had the infection, you\u2019re usually immune to it for life. However, slapped cheek syndrome can be more serious for some people. If you\u2019re pregnant, have a blood disorder or a weakened immune system and have been exposed to the virus, you should get medical advice. Symptoms of slapped cheek syndrome Symptoms of slapped cheek syndrome usually develop 4 to 14 days after becoming infected. Sometimes,"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/slapped-cheek-syndrome/", "start_index": 851, "chroma:document": "advice. Symptoms of slapped cheek syndrome Symptoms of slapped cheek syndrome usually develop 4 to 14 days after becoming infected. Sometimes, symptoms may not appear for up to 21 days. First symptoms Some people with slapped cheek syndrome won\u2019t notice any early symptoms, but most people will have the following symptoms for a few days: a slightly high temperature (fever) of around 38\u00b0C (100.4\u00b0F) a runny nose a sore throat a headache an upset stomach feeling generally unwell The infection is most contagious during this initial period. Adults may also feel joint pain and stiffness. This may continue for several weeks or even months after the other symptoms have passed. Slapped cheek rash Image source: dermnetnz.org Image source: Indian Pediatrics Slapped cheek syndrome (PDF, 36KB) After a few days, a distinctive bright red rash on both cheeks (\u2018slapped cheeks\u2019) normally appears. Adults may not get this. By the time this rash develops, the condition is no longer contagious. After"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/slapped-cheek-syndrome/", "start_index": 1698, "chroma:document": "cheeks (\u2018slapped cheeks\u2019) normally appears. Adults may not get this. By the time this rash develops, the condition is no longer contagious. After another few days, a light pink rash may also appear on the chest, stomach, arms and thighs. This often has a raised, lace-like appearance and may be itchy. The rashes will normally fade within a week or two. Occasionally, the body rash may come and go for a few weeks after the infection has passed. This can be triggered by exercise, heat, anxiety or stress. When to get medical advice You don\u2019t usually need to see your GP if you think you or your child has slapped cheek syndrome as it normally gets better on its own. Speak to your GP practice if: You\u2019ve been exposed to anyone with slapped cheek syndrome or you have symptoms of the infection and: you\u2019re pregnant \u2013 there\u2019s a very small risk of miscarriage or other complications you have a blood disorder, such as sickle cell anaemia or thalassaemia you have a weakened immune system ask for an"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:10
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/slapped-cheek-syndrome/", "start_index": 2556, "chroma:document": "or other complications you have a blood disorder, such as sickle cell anaemia or thalassaemia you have a weakened immune system ask for an urgent appointment if you have symptoms of severe anaemia, such as very pale skin, shortness of breath, extreme tiredness or fainting If your GP is closed, phone 111. In these cases, a blood test may be carried out to see if you\u2019re immune to the infection. If you\u2019re not immune, you\u2019ll be monitored carefully to check for any problems. If you develop severe anaemia, it\u2019s likely that you\u2019ll be sent to hospital for a blood transfusion. What to do if you or your child has slapped cheek syndrome Slapped cheek syndrome is usually mild and should clear up without specific treatment. If you or your child is feeling unwell, there are things you can do help ease the symptoms. Do rest drink plenty of fluids \u2013 babies should continue their normal feeds take paracetamol or ibuprofen for a high temperature, headaches or joint pain \u2013 children under 16 shouldn\u2019t"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:11
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/slapped-cheek-syndrome/", "start_index": 3402, "chroma:document": "babies should continue their normal feeds take paracetamol or ibuprofen for a high temperature, headaches or joint pain \u2013 children under 16 shouldn\u2019t take aspirin use an emollient (moisturising lotion) on itchy skin speak to a pharmacist about itchy skin \u2013 they can recommend the best antihistamine for children Unless you or your child is feeling unwell, you do not have to stay away from work or school once the rash has developed. The infection is no longer contagious by this point. Let your child\u2019s school know if your child has slapped cheek syndrome. How do you get slapped cheek syndrome? Slapped cheek syndrome is caused by a virus called parvovirus B19. This is found in the droplets in the coughs and sneezes of someone with the infection. The virus is spread in a similar way to colds and flu. You can become infected by: inhaling droplets that are sneezed or coughed out by someone with the infection touching a contaminated surface or object and then touching your mouth or nose"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/slapped-cheek-syndrome/", "start_index": 4245, "chroma:document": "droplets that are sneezed or coughed out by someone with the infection touching a contaminated surface or object and then touching your mouth or nose Someone with slapped cheek syndrome is infectious during the period before the rash develops. Once the rash appears, the condition can no longer be passed on. Preventing slapped cheek syndrome It\u2019s very difficult to prevent slapped cheek syndrome. This is because people who have the infection are most contagious before they develop any obvious symptoms. Make sure that everyone you live with washes their hands often to help stop the infection from spreading. There\u2019s currently no vaccine available to protect you against the condition. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 29 July 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Soft tissue sarcomas | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Cancer Cancer types in adults Soft tissue sarcomas Soft tissue sarcomas Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of rare cancers affecting the tissues that connect, support and surround other body structures and organs. Tissues that can be affected by soft tissue sarcomas include fat, muscle, blood vessels, deep skin tissues, tendons and ligaments. Soft tissue sarcomas can develop in almost any part of the body, including the legs, arms and the trunk (torso). There are many different types of soft tissue sarcoma, depending on where in the body they are located. For example: leiomyosarcomas \u2013 which develop in muscle tissue liposarcomas \u2013 which develop in fat tissue angiosarcomas \u2013 which develop in the cells of the blood or lymph vessels gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) \u2013 which can"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 852, "chroma:document": "develop in fat tissue angiosarcomas \u2013 which develop in the cells of the blood or lymph vessels gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) \u2013 which can develop in the connective tissues that support the organs of the digestive system Soft tissue sarcomas account for around 1 in every 100 cancers diagnosed in the UK. What causes soft tissue sarcomas? Cancer develops when cells multiply uncontrollably, forming tumours. In the vast majority of soft tissue sarcomas it\u2019s unclear what causes this to happen but there are a number of factors known to increase the risk, including: age \u2013 soft tissue sarcomas can occur at any age, including in children, but they are more common in middle-aged or elderly people and your risk increases as you get older certain genetic conditions \u2013 some genetic conditions, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and retinoblastoma, are associated with an increased risk of soft tissue sarcomas previous radiotherapy \u2013 some people who have previously had radiotherapy for another"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:11
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 1705, "chroma:document": "are associated with an increased risk of soft tissue sarcomas previous radiotherapy \u2013 some people who have previously had radiotherapy for another type of cancer develop a soft tissue sarcoma, often many years after their previous treatment exposure to certain chemicals \u2013 exposure to some chemicals, including vinyl chloride, dioxins and phenoxyacetic herbicides, has been associated with increased rates of soft tissue sarcomas One particular type of soft tissue sarcoma called Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma \u2013 which develops in skin cells \u2013 is caused by a virus known as the human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) infecting someone with a weakened immune system (such as people with HIV). Signs and symptoms As soft tissue sarcomas can develop in most parts of the body, they can cause a wide range of symptoms. For example, a tumour near the stomach may cause abdominal (tummy) pain, a feeling of fullness and constipation, whereas a tumour near the lungs may cause a cough or breathlessness. There are often no"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:11
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 2559, "chroma:document": "(tummy) pain, a feeling of fullness and constipation, whereas a tumour near the lungs may cause a cough or breathlessness. There are often no obvious symptoms in the early stages of soft tissue sarcomas, although you may notice a soft, painless lump under your skin or deeper, that can\u2019t easily be moved around and gets bigger over time. You should speak to your GP if you have a worrying lump or any other troublesome symptoms. A lump the size of a golf ball or larger should be regarded as suspicious and needs to be investigated urgently. Although it is much more likely you have a benign (non-cancerous) condition, it is important to get your symptoms checked out. Diagnosing soft tissue sarcomas If your GP feels there is a possibility you do have cancer, they will refer you for a number of hospital tests to confirm whether you have a soft tissue sarcoma. In 2015, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published guidelines to help GPs recognise the signs and symptoms"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 3413, "chroma:document": "sarcoma. In 2015, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published guidelines to help GPs recognise the signs and symptoms of soft tissue sarcoma and refer people for the right tests faster. To find out if you should be referred for further tests for suspected soft tissue sarcoma, read the NICE 2015 guidelines on Suspected Cancer: Recognition and Referral. A diagnosis of a soft tissue sarcoma will usually be made by a hospital specialist and will be based on your symptoms, a physical examination, and the results of: a biopsy \u2013 where a sample of suspected cancerous tissue is removed using a needle or during an operation so it can be tested and analysed in a laboratory imaging tests \u2013 a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is the main type of scan carried out to assess soft tissue sarcomas, although other scans may also be carried out If a diagnosis of a soft tissue sarcoma is confirmed, these tests will also help determine how far the cancer has spread (known as"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:11
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 4266, "chroma:document": "be carried out If a diagnosis of a soft tissue sarcoma is confirmed, these tests will also help determine how far the cancer has spread (known as the \u2018stage\u2019) and how aggressive the cancer is (known as the \u2018grade\u2019). Treating soft tissue sarcomas If you\u2019re diagnosed with a soft tissue sarcoma your care team of specialist doctors and nurses will help you decide on the most appropriate treatment. Treatment depends on factors such as the stage and grade of the cancer, the location of any tumours, and your age and general health. The main treatments used are: surgery \u2013 to remove any tumours radiotherapy \u2013 where high-energy radiation is used to kill cancer cells chemotherapy \u2013 where medication is used to kill cancer cells Surgery Surgery is the main treatment for soft tissue sarcomas that are detected at an early stage. It involves removing the cancerous tumour along with a section of surrounding healthy tissue. This will help ensure no cancer cells are left behind. Every effort will be"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:11
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 5113, "chroma:document": "the cancerous tumour along with a section of surrounding healthy tissue. This will help ensure no cancer cells are left behind. Every effort will be made to reduce the impact of surgery on the appearance and functionality of the affected body part. But there is a possibility you\u2019ll have some difficulty using the part of the body that is operated on after surgery and sometimes reconstructive plastic surgery may be needed to repair significant damage. In a small number of cases, there may be no option but to amputate the part of the body where the cancer is located, such as part of the leg. Radiotherapy Radiotherapy is often used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells. This is carried out using an external machine that directs beams of radiation at a defined treatment area. Radiotherapy may also sometimes be used before surgery to make a tumour easier to remove, or as part of your treatment to reduce your symptoms if surgery is not possible. Common side effects of"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 5956, "chroma:document": "surgery to make a tumour easier to remove, or as part of your treatment to reduce your symptoms if surgery is not possible. Common side effects of radiotherapy include sore skin, tiredness and hair loss in the treatment area. These tend to get better within a few days or weeks of treatment finishing. Read more about the side effects of radiotherapy Chemotherapy Like radiotherapy, chemotherapy is sometimes used before surgery to shrink a tumour and make it easier to remove. This involves being given anti-cancer medication directly into a vein (intravenously). Chemotherapy may also be used alone or alongside radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas that cannot be surgically removed. Chemotherapy medications have a poisonous effect on the body\u2019s cells, and can cause a number of temporary but unpleasant side effects, such as feeling tired and weak all the time, feeling and being sick, and hair loss from several parts of the body. Read more about the side effects of chemotherapy Outlook As"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 6804, "chroma:document": "weak all the time, feeling and being sick, and hair loss from several parts of the body. Read more about the side effects of chemotherapy Outlook As with most types of cancer, the outlook for a soft tissues sarcoma depends largely on how far the cancer has advanced when it is diagnosed. If the cancer is detected at an early stage and can be removed during surgery, there is a possibility it can be cured. But you\u2019ll need regular check-ups following treatment to check for any signs the cancer has come back. You may also need long-term physiotherapy and occupational therapy to help you manage any physical difficulties resulting from surgery. A cure is not usually possible if a soft tissue sarcoma is only detected at a late stage when it has already spread to other parts of the body, although treatment can help slow the spread of the cancer and control your symptoms. Read further information soft tissue sarcomas Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 09 October 2024 How"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/soft-tissue-sarcomas/", "start_index": 7656, "chroma:document": "control your symptoms. Read further information soft tissue sarcomas Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 09 October 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Kaposi's sarcoma Radiotherapy Other health sites Cancer Research UK: Soft tissue sarcomas GIST Cancer UK Macmillan Cancer Support: Soft tissue sarcomas Scottish Cancer Network: Patient information Search for cancer support services near you Enter a place or postcode NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Sore throat | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Ears, nose and throat Sore throat Sore throat Return to Symptoms Enter age Last Updated: Next Review Date: Review my answers Find your local services Search for a service near you by entering your postcode below. Please input your postcode in the following format: A12 1BC GP Practices Dental Services Pharmacies Opticians Postcode Search NHS inform has more information on this condition. Read more Previous Start guide Review my answers \u00d7 You told us your credentials were: : You said: Based on the information you gave us, we made the following recommendation: Close Keep a copy View PDF Sore throats are very common and usually nothing to worry about. They normally get better within a week. Most are caused by minor illnesses such as cold or flu and can be treated at home. Treatments for a sore"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/", "start_index": 856, "chroma:document": "They normally get better within a week. Most are caused by minor illnesses such as cold or flu and can be treated at home. Treatments for a sore throat There are things you can do to help soothe a sore throat. Do take ibuprofen or paracetamol \u2013 paracetamol is better for children and for people who can\u2019t take ibuprofen (children under 16 should never take aspirin) drink plenty of cool or warm fluids, and avoid very hot drinks eat cool, soft foods avoid smoking and smoky places suck lozenges, hard sweets, ice cubes or ice lollies \u2013 but don\u2019t give young children anything small and hard to suck because of the risk of choking gargle with a homemade mouthwash of warm, salty water (children should not try this) How to gargle with salt water Dissolve half a teaspoon of salt in a glass of warm water (warm water helps salt dissolve). Gargle with the solution, then spit it out (do not swallow it). Repeat as often as you like. There are also products such as medicated lozenges and sprays sold in"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/", "start_index": 1708, "chroma:document": "solution, then spit it out (do not swallow it). Repeat as often as you like. There are also products such as medicated lozenges and sprays sold in pharmacies that you may want to try. There isn\u2019t much scientific evidence to suggest they help, although some people find them worth using. Antibiotics aren\u2019t usually prescribed for a sore throat, even if it\u2019s caused by a bacterial infection. They\u2019re unlikely to make you feel better any quicker and they have unpleasant side effects. Sore throat self-help guide Complete our self-help guide to check your symptoms and find out what to do next. When to get professional advice Go to A&E or phone 999 if: You or your child have: symptoms that are severe or getting worse quickly difficulty breathing or swallowing severe pain started drooling a muffled voice a high-pitched sound as you breathe (stridor) If you have a sore throat, you can get advice and treatment directly from a pharmacy. Find your nearest pharmacy You don\u2019t usually need to get"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/", "start_index": 2559, "chroma:document": "If you have a sore throat, you can get advice and treatment directly from a pharmacy. Find your nearest pharmacy You don\u2019t usually need to get medical advice if you have a sore throat. Your pharmacist may advise you to see your GP if: your symptoms are severe \u2013 for example with a high temperature or you feel shivery you have persistent symptoms that haven\u2019t started to improve after a week you experience severe sore throats frequently you have a weak immune system \u2013 for example, you have HIV, are having chemotherapy, or are taking medication that suppresses your immune system If your GP practice is closed, phone 111. If you have a persistent sore throat (one that lasts 3 to 4 weeks), you should see your GP who may refer you for further tests. This is because your sore throat may be a symptom of a more serious condition. Causes of a sore throat The cause of a sore throat isn\u2019t always obvious. But in most cases it\u2019s a symptom of a viral or bacterial infection. Common causes A sore throat"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/", "start_index": 3414, "chroma:document": "The cause of a sore throat isn\u2019t always obvious. But in most cases it\u2019s a symptom of a viral or bacterial infection. Common causes A sore throat is often a symptom of: colds or flu \u2013 you may also have a blocked or runny nose, a cough, a high temperature (fever), a headache and general aches laryngitis (inflammation of the voice box) \u2013 you may also have a hoarse voice, a dry cough and a constant need to clear your throat tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils) \u2013 you may also have red or spotty tonsils, discomfort when swallowing and a fever strep throat (a bacterial throat infection) \u2013 you may also have swollen glands in your neck, discomfort when swallowing and tonsillitis glandular fever \u2013 you may also feel very tired, have a fever and swollen glands in your neck It may also be caused by something irritating your throat. For example, smoke, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (where acid leaks up from the stomach) and allergies. Less common causes Less often, a sore throat can be a"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/ears-nose-and-throat/sore-throat/", "start_index": 4263, "chroma:document": "smoke, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (where acid leaks up from the stomach) and allergies. Less common causes Less often, a sore throat can be a sign of: a painful collection of pus at the back of the throat (quinsy) \u2013 the pain may be severe and you may also have difficulty opening your mouth or difficulty swallowing inflammation of the flap of tissue at the back of the throat (epiglottitis) \u2013 the pain may be severe and you may have difficulty breathing and difficulty swallowing These conditions are more serious and should be seen by a doctor as soon as possible. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 26 May 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Common cold Tonsillitis Glandular"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Spinal stenosis | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Muscle, bone and joints Neck and back problems and conditions Spinal stenosis Spinal stenosis This information may be useful for people who have been diagnosed with spinal stenosis. This includes cervical stenosis and lumbar stenosis. People who are experiencing new or ongoing symptoms should contact their healthcare professional. Read about managing a back problem Read about managing a neck problem What is spinal stenosis? Spinal stenosis is narrowing of the tunnels in the spine which contain the nerves or spinal cord. It\u2019s a common condition. Most narrowing is a normal part of the ageing process and often does not cause problems. In some cases spinal stenosis can lead to irritation or compression of the nerves. Spinal stenosis can affect any part of the spine but is most common in"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 852, "chroma:document": "cases spinal stenosis can lead to irritation or compression of the nerves. Spinal stenosis can affect any part of the spine but is most common in the lower back (lumbar stenosis) and neck (cervical stenosis). This can lead to pain in the lower back and legs, or in the neck, arms and hands. Although stenosis can cause pain, the nerves can learn to adapt to the narrowed space. The majority of people with this condition can manage their symptoms well, with the right advice and information. In some cases further help is necessary, particularly if symptoms are impacting your arm or leg function, walking or quality of life. Symptoms of spinal stenosis Symptoms of spinal stenosis can vary. Many people experience no symptoms at all. Though uncommon, some people can experience both lumbar and cervical stenosis at the same time. Lumbar spine stenosis Lumbar spine stenosis symptoms affect the legs and may include: pain aching cramping heaviness and or weakness tingling pins and needles numbness"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 1705, "chroma:document": "Lumbar spine stenosis symptoms affect the legs and may include: pain aching cramping heaviness and or weakness tingling pins and needles numbness These symptoms are usually worse with walking or standing, and are relieved by sitting or leaning forward. Cervical spine stenosis Cervical spine stenosis symptoms affect the arms and may include: pain stiffness weakness tingling pins and needles numbness You may also experience headaches. Patients with spinal stenosis can also have back or neck pain. However in the absence of leg or arm symptoms, low back or neck pain are usually not thought to be caused by stenosis. Spinal stenosis is a long term condition, and symptoms can vary. Many patients find that managing their symptoms can help improve their quality of life. Any progression of symptoms is usually slow. This allows time for symptoms to be monitored and for treatments to be considered. Diagnosing spinal stenosis Spinal stenosis can be diagnosed following an assessment from a"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 2552, "chroma:document": "to be monitored and for treatments to be considered. Diagnosing spinal stenosis Spinal stenosis can be diagnosed following an assessment from a healthcare professional. They will ask questions about your symptoms and carry out a physical examination. In some cases, further examinations may be advised to rule out other serious health conditions. For people with severe and worsening symptoms, scans may be considered to help decide if spinal surgery may be helpful. What causes spinal stenosis? As we get older, ageing in the spine can cause tunnel narrowing and a reduction of space around the spinal cord or nerves. Other causes include: injury rheumatoid arthritis certain bone diseases being born with a narrow spinal canal Often people experience no symptoms, but in some cases it can cause irritation of these tissues. However, the nerves can learn to cope with this narrower tunnel. It\u2019s important to note that pain does not always mean the nerves are being damaged. Pain can also be"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 3398, "chroma:document": "can learn to cope with this narrower tunnel. It\u2019s important to note that pain does not always mean the nerves are being damaged. Pain can also be influenced by anything that impacts general health, such as poor sleep, stress and emotional wellbeing. When to get professional help Many people have a combination of pain, numbness and weakness affecting the low back and legs or neck and arms. These symptoms can be distressing, but don\u2019t necessarily require urgent medical attention. Occasionally spinal stenosis can lead to serious conditions called cauda equina syndrome or cervical myelopathy. These are rare, but serious spinal conditions which can lead to permanent damage or disability. Early recognition and treatment can prevent further deterioration. If you develop these conditions, you may need to be seen by an emergency specialist team Speak to your GP urgently if: you have experienced a new onset or significant worsening of: changes to bladder and bowel function e.g. urgency,"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 4241, "chroma:document": "team Speak to your GP urgently if: you have experienced a new onset or significant worsening of: changes to bladder and bowel function e.g. urgency, frequency, difficulty passing urine, leaking, incontinence changes to sensation around the bottom and/or genitals or sexual dysfunction e.g. recent inability to achieve orgasm or erection reduced balance or difficulty walking pain, weakness, heaviness or changing sensation in the arms or legs clumsy hands e.g. dropping things, struggling with handwriting, buttons or zips if your neck pain is associated with a severe headache If your GP practice is closed phone 111 Contact your GP if: you also feel generally unwell you have neck pain that starts when you are ill with other problems \u2013 such as rheumatoid arthritis or cancer Treatment for spinal stenosis Many people can cope with their symptoms, as time can allow the nerves to adapt. Management options are based on a number of factors including individual\u2019s symptoms, general health and"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 5091, "chroma:document": "as time can allow the nerves to adapt. Management options are based on a number of factors including individual\u2019s symptoms, general health and patient preference. Treatment options include: exercise or physiotherapy exercise can reduce nerve irritation and make the nerve more resilient to movement. It will not change the spinal tunnel narrowing itself exercise may also help with general function, muscle strength and balance physiotherapy can also be beneficial, you may be referred to this or their may be an option to self-refer in your area. lifestyle management including: staying active modifying activities and pacing techniques maintaining a healthy weight stopping smoking managing stress and emotional wellbeing pain management strategies medication heat ice Read more about taking painkillers As well as these treatments your healthcare professional may advise you to monitor any change of your symptoms symptoms. Other treatment options If symptoms are not improving and other"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 5941, "chroma:document": "professional may advise you to monitor any change of your symptoms symptoms. Other treatment options If symptoms are not improving and other treatments have been tried, other options include: spinal injections spinal surgery specialist pain services Specific advice for treatment of lumbar stenosis If you\u2019ve been diagnosed with lumbar stenosis, although walking can be uncomfortable, it\u2019s safe to continue walking as long as symptoms remain manageable. Walking short distances regularly is encouraged to help manage your symptoms. If your leg symptoms are relieved by bending or leaning forward, it may be helpful to have regular breaks when walking. You can try taking a seat or leaning against a wall. If you are struggling with walking, it may be helpful to talk to a healthcare professional about a walking aid. Work Problems linked to spinal stenosis can sometimes mean you need to take some time off work. This may depend on the nature of your symptoms and your role at work. You do not need"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/spinal-stenosis/", "start_index": 6798, "chroma:document": "can sometimes mean you need to take some time off work. This may depend on the nature of your symptoms and your role at work. You do not need to be symptom-free before considering returning to work. Continuing to work or returning to work as soon as is possible will help your recovery. Gradually getting back to your normal daily activities can help to build up strength and stamina. Help and support Following this advice, you should see gradual improvements over time. If your symptoms have not improved, or get worse, talk to a healthcare professional about your symptoms. How to access MSK services in your area When dealing with any health condition it\u2019s important to also look after your mental wellbeing as this can impact your recovery. Source: NHS 24 MSK Clinical Advisory Group - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 06 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name,"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/during-a-pregnancy/stillbirth/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Stillbirth | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Pregnancy and childbirth Losing a baby Stillbirth Stillbirth A stillbirth is when a baby dies after the 24th week of a pregnancy or during birth. It\u2019s a devastating experience for parents and can affect you and your family in ways you don\u2019t expect. How you might be feeling Your emotions will likely be in turmoil and you might feel angry, guilty, sad and lonely but also love and pride. There\u2019s no right or wrong way to feel. If you already have children, think about how they might be feeling too and what support they\u2019ll need. This is a very difficult time for you and everyone close to you so it\u2019s important to support each other and ask for help if you need it. Causes of stillbirth The stillbirth or death of a newborn baby can happen for lots of reasons and doctors don\u2019t yet know all the"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/during-a-pregnancy/stillbirth/", "start_index": 845, "chroma:document": "help if you need it. Causes of stillbirth The stillbirth or death of a newborn baby can happen for lots of reasons and doctors don\u2019t yet know all the causes. Some are linked to problems with the placenta or mum\u2019s health and others to the baby\u2019s health or development but in some cases the reason can\u2019t be explained. Although there are many reasons that a stillbirth can happen, you can decrease the risk by maintaining a health lifestyle before and during pregnancy. Read more about living a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy Death during pregnancy If your baby dies before birth, labour is usually induced. Going through labour and giving birth is the safest option for most women, even though it can be very distressing. It\u2019s natural to want to know why this happened. It\u2019s not always possible to know why your baby died and that can be hard to come to terms with. Your midwife and obstetrician will be there to support you through it. They will tell you what to expect and give you whatever help"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/during-a-pregnancy/stillbirth/", "start_index": 1698, "chroma:document": "to terms with. Your midwife and obstetrician will be there to support you through it. They will tell you what to expect and give you whatever help you need. Should I hold my baby? Your midwife or doctor will ask if you\u2019d like to see or hold your baby. You might want to involve other members of your family too. If you\u2019re worried about what your baby looks like, your midwife or doctor can describe them to help you decide. Many parents find it comforting to see, touch and hold their baby and, if you want to, you can bath and dress them. Cuddle cot Your midwife can talk to you about a Cuddle Cot, a special cooling mattress inside a cot which can let you spend more time with your baby in the hospital or at home. This gives you more time to say goodbye, with the support of family and friends. If the hospital doesn\u2019t have a Cuddle Cot then there are other organisations that can organise one for bereaved parents. Ask your midwife. After a stillbirth What you choose to do is very personal and"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/during-a-pregnancy/stillbirth/", "start_index": 2549, "chroma:document": "are other organisations that can organise one for bereaved parents. Ask your midwife. After a stillbirth What you choose to do is very personal and individual, as is the way you grieve. Specialist help and support is available for parents and families who have lost a baby and your midwife, family nurse and health visitor can help you to find the right support locally. Registering a stillbirth Your baby\u2019s stillbirth must be registered. Your midwife and the hospital staff can advise you how to do this. You can\u2019t officially register a baby lost before 24 weeks of pregnancy, but some hospitals will give you a certificate in memory of your baby if you ask. More about registering the death of a baby Funeral arrangements You\u2019ll need time to think what you\u2019d like for your baby\u2019s funeral. This could be a burial or cremation with a service in the style of your choice. Take as much time as you need to decide on the right way to say goodbye. All hospitals in Scotland will offer a funeral service"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/during-a-pregnancy/stillbirth/", "start_index": 3398, "chroma:document": "style of your choice. Take as much time as you need to decide on the right way to say goodbye. All hospitals in Scotland will offer a funeral service for your baby free of charge or you may choose to make your own private arrangements, which can give you more choice and control. More about funeral arrangements Coping with the loss of a baby Everyone reacts differently to the loss of a baby. Your emotions might be overwhelming and you might feel physically drained too. Take time to rest and look after yourself. It\u2019s important to know you are not alone and have done nothing wrong. More about coping with the loss of a baby Post-mortem If you lost your baby after 13 weeks, you\u2019ll be offered a post-mortem (autopsy). This is a medical investigation to try to understand what happened and find out if there are issues that could affect a future pregnancy Whether or not to have a post-mortem can be a difficult decision and you\u2019ll be given support and time to think it over. If you have questions"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/during-a-pregnancy/stillbirth/", "start_index": 4256, "chroma:document": "Whether or not to have a post-mortem can be a difficult decision and you\u2019ll be given support and time to think it over. If you have questions or worries, ask the person who discusses the post-mortem with you. Recovering from a stillbirth You will need care from your midwife and doctor to make sure your body is recovering. Your midwife will assist you through all the decisions you need to make and help you to find the right support. You don\u2019t have to manage alone and it can sometimes help to talk with others who have been through baby loss. You, your baby\u2019s father or your partner and your family are likely to need time to grieve. Remembering your baby Some parents find it helps to do something to remember their baby, like: creating a space in their garden saying a prayer writing a poem Others keep photographs, handprints or footprints, or locks of their baby\u2019s hair in a memory box. No matter what stage of pregnancy your loss is, you can make a memory box \u2013 ask your midwife about this."}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/pregnancy-and-childbirth/during-a-pregnancy/stillbirth/", "start_index": 5106, "chroma:document": "locks of their baby\u2019s hair in a memory box. No matter what stage of pregnancy your loss is, you can make a memory box \u2013 ask your midwife about this. Some hospitals give special boxes to parents just for this. Some parents don\u2019t want to do any of these things, and that\u2019s okay too. There\u2019s no right or wrong way. To request a different language or format please email:nhs.healthscotland-alternativeformats@nhs.net Source: Public Health Scotland - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 05 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI)"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Stomach cancer | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Cancer Cancer types in adults Stomach cancer Stomach cancer About stomach cancer Symptoms of stomach cancer Causes of stomach cancer Diagnosing stomach cancer Treating stomach cancer Living with stomach cancer About stomach cancer Stomach cancer, or gastric cancer, is a fairly uncommon type of cancer. The initial symptoms of stomach cancer are vague and easy to mistake for other less serious conditions. They include: persistent indigestion and heartburn trapped wind and frequent burping feeling very full or bloated after meals persistent stomach pain Symptoms of advanced stomach cancer can include: blood in your stools, or black stools loss of appetite weight loss As the early symptoms of stomach cancer are similar to those of many other conditions, the cancer is often advanced by the"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:14
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 852, "chroma:document": "of appetite weight loss As the early symptoms of stomach cancer are similar to those of many other conditions, the cancer is often advanced by the time it\u2019s diagnosed. It\u2019s therefore important to get any possible symptoms of stomach cancer checked by your GP as soon as possible. Read more about diagnosing stomach cancer Who\u2019s affected The exact cause of stomach cancer is still unclear, although you\u2019re more likely to develop it if you: are male are 55 years of age or older smoke have a diet low in fibre and high in processed food or red meat have a diet that contains a lot of salted and pickled foods have a stomach infection caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria Read more about the causes of stomach cancer. Types of stomach cancer There are several different types of stomach cancer. More than 95% of stomach cancers develop in the cells of the stomach lining and are known as adenocarcinomas. Less common types of stomach cancer include lymphoma of the stomach, which develops"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:14
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 1702, "chroma:document": "the cells of the stomach lining and are known as adenocarcinomas. Less common types of stomach cancer include lymphoma of the stomach, which develops in the lymphatic tissue (tissue that drains away fluid and helps fight infection), and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs), which develop in the muscle or connective tissue of the stomach wall. How stomach cancer is treated Many cases of stomach cancer can\u2019t be completely cured, but it\u2019s still possible to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life using chemotherapy and in some cases radiotherapy and surgery. If operable, surgery can cure stomach cancer as long as all of the cancerous tissue can be removed. Surgery to remove some or all of the stomach is known as a gastrectomy. It will still be possible to eat normally after a gastrectomy, but you\u2019ll probably have to adjust the size of your portions. Chemotherapy can also be used before surgery to help shrink the tumour and sometimes after surgery to help prevent the cancer"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:14
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 2546, "chroma:document": "size of your portions. Chemotherapy can also be used before surgery to help shrink the tumour and sometimes after surgery to help prevent the cancer returning. Read more about treating stomach cancer Living with stomach cancer Living with stomach cancer and the effects of surgery can be tough, but there are a range of services that can provide social, psychological and financial support. Read more about living with stomach cancer Symptoms of stomach cancer Many symptoms of stomach cancer are similar to less serious conditions, so it can be difficult to recognise in the early stages. Early stage symptoms include: persistent indigestion trapped wind and frequent burping heartburn feeling full very quickly when eating feeling bloated after eating feeling sick pain in your stomach or breastbone difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) vomiting (the vomit may be streaked with blood), although this is uncommon in the early stages Advanced stomach cancer Symptoms of more advanced stomach cancer"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:14
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 7b397c33-d8d4-4bba-9bfb-f55734f63710
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 3396, "chroma:document": "vomit may be streaked with blood), although this is uncommon in the early stages Advanced stomach cancer Symptoms of more advanced stomach cancer include: blood in your stools, or black stools loss of appetite weight loss tiredness lumpiness and swelling in your stomach (caused by a build-up of fluid) anaemia (a reduced number of red blood cells that can cause you to feel tired and breathless) yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) When to seek medical help Stomach cancer is usually easier to treat if it\u2019s diagnosed early. It\u2019s therefore important for your GP to refer you to a specialist as soon as possible if stomach cancer is suspected. Stomach cancer is much more common in older people, with 90 out of 100 cases occurring in people who are over 55 years of age. Indigestion is a very common symptom in the general population. However, it\u2019s unlikely that someone with indigestion who\u2019s under the age of 55 will have stomach cancer. However, see your GP if you have"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:14
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 2454ef34-7d95-472c-82ce-67bf9c9ff29b
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 4239, "chroma:document": "population. However, it\u2019s unlikely that someone with indigestion who\u2019s under the age of 55 will have stomach cancer. However, see your GP if you have indigestion and weight loss, anaemia or persistent vomiting. They should refer you to a specialist for further testing. Also see your GP if you have difficulty swallowing. This isn\u2019t a common symptom among the general population and the cause should always be investigated. Read more about diagnosing stomach cancer Causes of stomach cancer Stomach cancer is caused by changes in the cells of the stomach, although it\u2019s unclear exactly why these changes occur. Cancer begins with a change (mutation) in the structure of the DNA in cells, which can affect how they grow. This means cells grow and reproduce uncontrollably, producing a lump of tissue called a tumour. Left untreated, cancer can spread to other parts of the body, usually through the lymphatic system (a network of vessels and glands called lymph nodes located throughout the body)."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:14
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 46a57539-bf2c-4bc0-83e4-a6d00554d613
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 5089, "chroma:document": "to other parts of the body, usually through the lymphatic system (a network of vessels and glands called lymph nodes located throughout the body). Once the cancer reaches your lymphatic system, it\u2019s capable of spreading to other parts of your body, including your blood, bones and organs. It\u2019s not known what triggers the changes in DNA that lead to stomach cancer and why only a small number of people develop the condition. Increased risk However, evidence suggests that a number of different factors can affect your chances of developing stomach cancer. Age and gender Your risk of developing stomach cancer increases with age. Most cases occur in people aged 55 or over. For reasons that are unclear, men are twice as likely as women to develop stomach cancer. Smoking People who smoke are about twice as likely to develop stomach cancer compared with non-smokers. This is because you swallow some cigarette smoke when you inhale and it ends up in your stomach. Cigarettes contain harmful"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:14
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 402dd948-6a0a-44fd-b5fb-c6f6e21d6130
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 5940, "chroma:document": "with non-smokers. This is because you swallow some cigarette smoke when you inhale and it ends up in your stomach. Cigarettes contain harmful chemicals which can damage the cells in your stomach. The more you smoke and the longer you\u2019ve been smoking, the bigger the risk. In the UK, around 1 in every 5 cases of stomach cancer (20%) is thought to be caused by smoking. H. pylori infection Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common type of bacteria. In most people, these bacteria are harmless, but in some people an H. pylori infection can cause problems such as stomach ulcers, recurring bouts of indigestion or long-term inflammation of the stomach lining (chronic atrophic gastritis). Research has found people with severe chronic atrophic gastritis have an increased risk of developing stomach cancer, although this risk is still small. Diet A diet rich in pickled vegetables, such as pickled onions or piccalilli, salted fish, salt in general and smoked meats, such as pastrami or smoked"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 9eef7572-a651-4798-8b23-a9988c5b41a7
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 6788, "chroma:document": "A diet rich in pickled vegetables, such as pickled onions or piccalilli, salted fish, salt in general and smoked meats, such as pastrami or smoked beef, increases your risk of stomach cancer. Countries where this type of diet is popular, such as Japan, tend to have much higher rates of stomach cancer than the UK. A high fibre diet with 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day will help protect against stomach cancer, and a diet high in fats and processed food and red meat will increase your risk of getting stomach cancer. Family history You\u2019re more likely to develop stomach cancer if you have a close relative with the condition, such as one of your parents or a sibling (brother or sister). In such cases, it may be appropriate for your doctor to arrange genetic counselling. It\u2019s not fully understood why stomach cancer seems to run in families. It may be because of shared risk factors, such as having similar diets or having an H. pylori infection, or because of certain genes you inherit"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 7024ce8d-336f-4ade-9d03-586f5de26195
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 7643, "chroma:document": "It may be because of shared risk factors, such as having similar diets or having an H. pylori infection, or because of certain genes you inherit from your parents. In around 1 in 50 cases of stomach cancer, testing has found that people share a mutation in a gene known as E-cadherin. You may be more at risk of getting the condition if you have the blood type A. Your blood type is passed on from your parents, so this could be another way in which family history may increase your risk of developing stomach cancer. There\u2019s also a condition that runs in families called familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), which may increase your risk of developing stomach cancer. FAP causes small growths, called polyps, to form in your digestive system, and is known to increase your risk of developing bowel cancer. Having another type of cancer Your risk of developing stomach cancer is increased if you\u2019ve had another type of cancer, such as cancer of the oesophagus or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer that"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 8490, "chroma:document": "of developing stomach cancer is increased if you\u2019ve had another type of cancer, such as cancer of the oesophagus or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer that develops in your white blood cells). For men, the risk of getting stomach cancer is increased after having prostate cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer or testicular cancer. For women, the risk of developing stomach cancer increases after having ovarian cancer, breast cancer or cervical cancer. Certain medical conditions Having certain medical conditions can also increase your risk of developing stomach cancer, such as pernicious anaemia (a vitamin B12 deficiency, which occurs when your body can\u2019t absorb it properly), and peptic stomach ulcers (an ulcer in your stomach lining, often caused by H. pylori infection). Stomach surgery If you\u2019ve had stomach surgery, or surgery to a part of your body that affects your stomach, you may be more likely to develop stomach cancer. This can include surgery to remove part of your stomach (known as a"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 9340, "chroma:document": "body that affects your stomach, you may be more likely to develop stomach cancer. This can include surgery to remove part of your stomach (known as a partial gastrectomy), surgery to remove part of your vagus nerve (the nerve that carries information from your brain to organs such as your heart, lungs and digestive system), or surgery to repair a stomach ulcer. How stomach cancer spreads There are 3 ways stomach cancer can spread: directly \u2013 the cancer can spread from the stomach into nearby tissues and organs, such as the pancreas, colon, small intestine and peritoneum (the lining of the inside of the abdominal cavity) through the lymphatic system \u2013 the lymphatic system is a series of glands (nodes) located throughout your body, similar to the blood circulatory system; the glands produce specialised cells needed by your immune system to fight infection through the blood \u2013 which can cause the cancer to spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, most commonly the liver Stomach"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 5ba01432-5582-4a19-960e-999f22972e8d
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 10190, "chroma:document": "fight infection through the blood \u2013 which can cause the cancer to spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, most commonly the liver Stomach cancer that spreads to another part of the body is known as metastatic stomach cancer. Diagnosing stomach cancer Speak to your GP as soon as possible if you have stomach cancer symptoms such as indigestion, unexpected weight loss, anaemia and persistent vomiting. Your GP will ask about your symptoms and examine your stomach for any lumpiness or tenderness. If they think that stomach cancer may be a possibility they\u2019ll refer you to a specialist for further investigation. In 2015, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published guidelines to help GPs recognise the signs and symptoms of stomach cancer and refer people for the right tests faster. Find out who should be referred for further tests for suspected stomach cancer. Hospital tests If your GP thinks you may have stomach cancer, they\u2019ll refer you to a specialist"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: c74af910-1e38-4406-a815-d568fe81397c
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 11046, "chroma:document": "for further tests for suspected stomach cancer. Hospital tests If your GP thinks you may have stomach cancer, they\u2019ll refer you to a specialist for tests. These may include a blood test and chest X-ray, which will assess your overall health. A sample of your stools may also be tested for blood. Because of the potentially serious nature of stomach cancer, you should be referred to the specialist within 2 weeks. Read more about waiting times. Endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound An endoscopy is a procedure where the inside of your body is examined using a piece of equipment called an endoscope (a long, thin flexible tube with a light and a video camera at the end). If you need to have an endoscopy, you won\u2019t be able to eat or drink for four to eight hours before the procedure. This is to ensure your stomach and duodenum (top of the small intestine) are empty. You\u2019ll be awake during the endoscopy, but may be given a sedative by injection to make you feel drowsy and relaxed. A local"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 1df0b53f-7252-4bb8-8db2-b2d587652f99
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 11893, "chroma:document": "intestine) are empty. You\u2019ll be awake during the endoscopy, but may be given a sedative by injection to make you feel drowsy and relaxed. A local anaesthetic may also be sprayed onto the back of your throat, so the area is numbed. The endoscope will be passed down your gullet (food pipe) and into your stomach so the specialist can look for any stomach ulcers or signs of cancer. If tissue is found that may be cancerous, a sample will be taken for testing. This procedure is known as a biopsy. The sample will be examined under a microscope in a laboratory. The results will show whether the cells are cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign) and will usually take 7 to 10 days to come back. The endoscopy itself usually takes about 15 minutes, although you should allow about 2 hours in total for your visit. If your specialist thinks you may have cancer in the top part of your stomach, you may have an ultrasound scan at the same time as an endoscopy. This is known as an endoscopic"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 2eed1083-668f-4d2d-8f80-69051e245ae2
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 12738, "chroma:document": "you may have cancer in the top part of your stomach, you may have an ultrasound scan at the same time as an endoscopy. This is known as an endoscopic ultrasound and uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of your stomach (this method is commonly used to view an unborn baby in the womb). If you have an endoscopic ultrasound, an ultrasound probe will be attached to the end of the endoscope before it\u2019s passed down your throat. The scan will help determine the stage of any cancer in the top part of your stomach. After an endoscopy, or an endoscopic ultrasound, you won\u2019t be able to drive for several hours because of the sedative. You may also have a sore throat, although this should pass within a few days. Barium meal X-ray A barium meal X-ray or barium swallow involves drinking a chalky liquid containing a substance called barium, which makes your stomach show up on an X-ray. Nowadays, however, it\u2019s less commonly used to diagnose stomach cancers. Organs such as your stomach"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: a1e0a9d0-c983-4e02-971e-4a4acaddf60d
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 13589, "chroma:document": "which makes your stomach show up on an X-ray. Nowadays, however, it\u2019s less commonly used to diagnose stomach cancers. Organs such as your stomach don\u2019t usually show up on an X-ray because they\u2019re made of soft tissue that isn\u2019t dense enough to stop the X-rays passing through. However, when these organs are filled with barium, it blocks the X-rays and shows up white on an X-ray screen. You won\u2019t able to eat or drink for at least 6 hours before the procedure because your stomach and duodenum need to be empty. You may be given an injection to relax the muscles in your digestive system. A barium swallow usually takes about 15 minutes. Afterwards, you\u2019ll be able to eat and drink as normal, although you may need to drink more water to help flush the barium out of your system. You may feel slightly sick, and the barium may cause constipation. Your stools may be white for a few days afterwards as the barium passes through your system. Further testing If you\u2019re diagnosed with stomach cancer,"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 1ae2dead-8a6f-4b2d-a330-9058d0c7abe8
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 14436, "chroma:document": "Your stools may be white for a few days afterwards as the barium passes through your system. Further testing If you\u2019re diagnosed with stomach cancer, further tests may be needed to help determine how far it\u2019s spread and how quickly it\u2019s likely to spread (known as the stage and grade). Your cancer specialist (oncologist) will discuss this with you. However, it may not always be possible to identify the exact stage of your condition until your treatment starts. Laparoscopy Your specialist may need to examine your stomach in more detail to see if the cancer has spread, particularly to the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). If it has, you may need to have a small operation called a laparoscopy. This procedure is carried out under a general anaesthetic, so you\u2019ll be unconscious during it. During the procedure, a thin viewing tube with a camera at the end (a laparoscope) will be inserted into your stomach through a small incision in the lower part of your tummy. In some cases,"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 9630d615-2f27-4ac0-b9ca-23df4450d9e9
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 15283, "chroma:document": "with a camera at the end (a laparoscope) will be inserted into your stomach through a small incision in the lower part of your tummy. In some cases, your specialist may need to examine more than one area of your stomach and make more than one incision. Computerised tomography or positron emission tomography scans During CT scans or PET scans, a series of X-ray images of your body are taken. A computer is then used to put the images together and create a detailed picture of the inside of your body. These scans will help your doctor assess how advanced your cancer is. It allows them to see whether the cancerous cells have formed tumours anywhere else in the body. The scans can also help your doctors work out which type of treatment will be most effective and appropriate for you. Liver ultrasound scan If your specialist thinks your stomach cancer may have spread to your liver, you may need to have a liver ultrasound. This type of scan uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:15
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: cc155039-d1e8-4c22-8a35-22666bae5307
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 16132, "chroma:document": "cancer may have spread to your liver, you may need to have a liver ultrasound. This type of scan uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of your liver. Staging and grading After all of the tests have been completed and your test results are known, it should be possible to tell what stage and grade of stomach cancer you have. Staging is a measurement of how far cancer has spread. There are a number of different ways stomach cancer can be staged. One method uses a numbering system from 1 to 4. The higher the number, the further the cancer has spread. The majority of stomach cancers are at stage 3 or 4 when diagnosed, which means a cure isn\u2019t usually possible. Grading describes how quickly the cancer is likely to spread in the future. There are 3 grades of stomach cancer: low-grade \u2013 the cancer tends to grow slowly medium-grade \u2013 the cancer grows a bit faster high-grade \u2013 the cancer is aggressive and likely to grow quickly Cancer Research UK has more information about the"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: f1a4f98e-9250-4e66-88d3-fbfbaa28caf9
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 16981, "chroma:document": "\u2013 the cancer grows a bit faster high-grade \u2013 the cancer is aggressive and likely to grow quickly Cancer Research UK has more information about the staging and grading of stomach cancer. Treating stomach cancer The treatments recommended for stomach cancer will depend on your general health and how far the cancer has spread. Most hospitals use multidisciplinary teams made up of a number of different specialists (see below) who work together to plan and carry out the best treatment, tailored to your circumstances. Feel free to discuss treatment with your care team at any time and ask questions. Your treatment plan The main treatments for stomach cancer are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. You may have 1 of these treatments or a combination. If surgery is recommended, you may have chemotherapy beforehand. If the tumour is in the upper part of your stomach, including the junction between the oesophagus and stomach, you may also have radiotherapy prior to surgery. Surgery is mainly"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: c086a2cc-df6c-4560-8c1c-83603b34dd78
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 17832, "chroma:document": "part of your stomach, including the junction between the oesophagus and stomach, you may also have radiotherapy prior to surgery. Surgery is mainly used if stomach cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, whereas chemotherapy and radiotherapy tend to be used when the condition is diagnosed at a later stage. Where possible, the primary aim of treatment is to completely remove the tumour and any other cancerous cells in your body. It\u2019s estimated that a cure is possible in 20 to 30% of stomach cancer cases. If it\u2019s not possible to remove the tumour, your doctors will focus on trying to prevent it from getting any bigger and causing further harm to your body. This may be done using surgery or chemotherapy. In some cases, it\u2019s not possible to eliminate the cancer or slow it down. In this case, your treatment will aim to relieve your symptoms and make you as comfortable as possible, usually with surgery or radiotherapy. A relatively new medication called trastuzumab (see below) can also be"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: a4420f1a-cac0-47a6-9763-980cea23eae7
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 18679, "chroma:document": "and make you as comfortable as possible, usually with surgery or radiotherapy. A relatively new medication called trastuzumab (see below) can also be used to treat some types of advanced stomach cancer. Your healthcare team will talk to you about which treatments are most suitable. Surgery If you\u2019re diagnosed with stomach cancer at an early stage, it may be possible for the cancer to be completely removed during surgery. In some cases, it may be possible to pass a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) down your oesophagus (gullet), rather than making incisions in your tummy. This is known as endoscopic surgery, and can be used to remove a sample of the tumour for testing (biopsy). It can also be used to remove the tumour completely if stomach cancer is diagnosed at an early stage. However, if your cancer has spread beyond your stomach, it may not be possible to remove it completely. If this is the case, you may still have surgery to remove any cancer blocking your stomach, to ease your"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 19524, "chroma:document": "may not be possible to remove it completely. If this is the case, you may still have surgery to remove any cancer blocking your stomach, to ease your symptoms. This will depend on whether your symptoms can be controlled and the risks and side effects of undertaking major surgery. Any type of surgery for stomach cancer will involve a large operation and a long recovery time. If you have stomach cancer surgery, you\u2019ll usually need to stay in hospital for around 2 weeks. You\u2019ll also need several weeks at home to recover. Surgery to remove your stomach You may need to have part or all of your stomach removed. Surgery to remove part of your stomach is known as a partial or sub-total gastrectomy, and surgery to remove all of your stomach is known as a total gastrectomy. In some cases, your surgeon may remove part of your oesophagus as well as all of your stomach, using a procedure known as an oesophagogastrectomy. These operations may be carried out using either a large incision in your"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 20370, "chroma:document": "as all of your stomach, using a procedure known as an oesophagogastrectomy. These operations may be carried out using either a large incision in your tummy (open surgery), or a number of smaller incisions through which surgical tools can be passed (laparoscopic or keyhole surgery). Both of these techniques are carried out under general anaesthetic, which means you\u2019ll be unconscious throughout the procedure. During these operations, your surgeon will also remove the lymph nodes (small glands that help fight infection) nearest to the cancer. It\u2019s possible that your stomach cancer may have spread to these lymph nodes, and removing them helps prevent the cancer returning. Partial gastrectomy If your cancer is in the lower part of your stomach, you may have a partial gastrectomy to remove it. After surgery, your stomach will be smaller than it was before the operation. However, the top part of your stomach, where your oesophagus feeds into it, won\u2019t be affected. Total gastrectomy or"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 21213, "chroma:document": "than it was before the operation. However, the top part of your stomach, where your oesophagus feeds into it, won\u2019t be affected. Total gastrectomy or oesophagogastrectomy If your cancer is in the middle or at the top of your stomach, you may need to have a total gastrectomy. If the cancer is close to the end of your oesophagus, where it meets your stomach, you may need to have an oesophagogastrectomy. If you have a total gastrectomy, the end of your gullet will be joined to the top of your jejunum (the top part of your small intestine). If you have an oesophagogastrectomy, the remaining part of your gullet will be joined to your jejunum. Surgery to ease your symptoms If your stomach cancer has spread beyond your stomach, it may not be possible to remove it using surgery. However, if your stomach has been significantly affected by cancer it can cause a blockage, which prevents food from being properly digested. A blocked stomach can cause symptoms such as stomach pain, vomiting and"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: cc2fb0e2-a76a-4f9d-8e3a-25ca1f213363
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 22062, "chroma:document": "it can cause a blockage, which prevents food from being properly digested. A blocked stomach can cause symptoms such as stomach pain, vomiting and feeling very full after eating. If your stomach is blocked, there are a few options: stenting \u2013 a stent is a plastic or wire mesh tube inserted through the oesophagus using an endoscope under local anaesthetic; after being inserted, the stent will be expanded and open up the stomach partial or total gastrectomy \u2013 to remove the blockage and improve your symptoms bypass surgery \u2013 an operation where part of your stomach above the blockage is joined to your small intestine, leaving the blocked part of your stomach out of your digestive system Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a specialist treatment for cancer that uses medicines, called cytotoxic medicines, to stop cancer cells dividing and multiplying. As it circulates through your body, the medicine can target cancer cells in your stomach and any that may have spread to other parts of your body."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 22913, "chroma:document": "As it circulates through your body, the medicine can target cancer cells in your stomach and any that may have spread to other parts of your body. You may have chemotherapy for stomach cancer before surgery to reduce the amount of cancer that has to be removed during the operation. Chemotherapy can also be used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells and prevent the cancer from coming back. Chemotherapy can also help to slow the progression of cancer and ease the symptoms of more advanced stomach cancer, which may not be suitable for surgery. If may be given orally (as tablets) or intravenously (by injection or a drip through a vein directly into your bloodstream), or a combination of both. Intravenous chemotherapy is usually given in hospital, while oral chemotherapy is taken at home. Chemotherapy is often given in cycles, each usually lasting about three weeks. Alternatively, chemotherapy may be administered through a small pump, which gives you a constant low dose over"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 23766, "chroma:document": "usually lasting about three weeks. Alternatively, chemotherapy may be administered through a small pump, which gives you a constant low dose over a few weeks or months. The pumps are portable and can be worn at home, which means fewer trips to hospital. Side effects of chemotherapy Chemotherapy works by preventing cancerous cells from growing rapidly. However, it also destroys non-cancerous cells such as hair follicles and red and white blood cells. Side effects may include: tiredness nausea and vomiting nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy) hair loss diarrhoea anaemia (a lack of red blood cells) weight loss skin changes \u2013 such as redness, swelling and a tingling sensation in the palms of the hands and/or soles of the feet The side effects you experience after having chemotherapy will depend on the type of chemotherapy and the number of treatment sessions you need. You\u2019ll be told who to contact if you\u2019re experiencing serious side effects from chemotherapy, and it\u2019s very important that"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 24624, "chroma:document": "sessions you need. You\u2019ll be told who to contact if you\u2019re experiencing serious side effects from chemotherapy, and it\u2019s very important that this contact information is recorded carefully. If you experience nausea and vomiting as a result of chemotherapy, you may be able to take anti-sickness medication to counter it. This may be given intravenously (by injection directly into your bloodstream) at the same time as your chemotherapy. The side effects of chemotherapy will only last for as long as your course of treatment lasts. Once your treatment is over, the hair follicles and blood cells will repair themselves. This means your hair will grow back, although it might look or feel different from how it did before chemotherapy (for example, it may be a slightly different colour, or be softer or curlier than before). Radiotherapy Radiotherapy uses beams of high energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. It\u2019s not often used to treat stomach cancer because there\u2019s a risk that other organs"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 25475, "chroma:document": "uses beams of high energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. It\u2019s not often used to treat stomach cancer because there\u2019s a risk that other organs close to your stomach might be damaged by the treatment. However, if you have advanced stomach cancer that\u2019s causing pain or bleeding, you may need to have radiotherapy. In some cases, following surgery, you may have chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to help prevent the stomach cancer from recurring. If a cancer is bleeding slowly and causing anaemia, a single fraction of radiotherapy can be used to try to prevent further bleeding. If you need radiotherapy, your treatment will usually begin 2 or 3 months after surgery or chemotherapy, to give your body a chance to recover. This is a painless procedure where you lie under a radiotherapy machine while it directs radiation at your stomach. You\u2019ll be positioned by a radiographer (a specialist in radiotherapy) so that the machine targets the cancer cells and avoids as much healthy tissue as"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:16
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 26323, "chroma:document": "be positioned by a radiographer (a specialist in radiotherapy) so that the machine targets the cancer cells and avoids as much healthy tissue as possible. Radiotherapy often involves having treatment sessions 5 days a week. Each session will only last a few minutes. The radiation doesn\u2019t stay in your system afterwards, and it\u2019s perfectly safe to be around others between your treatments. How long you\u2019ll need to have radiotherapy for will depend on how it\u2019s used. Radiotherapy used after surgery to help prevent stomach cancer coming back usually lasts 5 weeks. If it\u2019s being used to control symptoms of advanced stomach cancer, it may only last 1 or 2 weeks. Side effects of radiotherapy You may experience the following side effects after having radiotherapy: tiredness nausea diarrhoea irritation and darkening of your skin where the treatment takes place These side effects will usually improve within a few weeks of treatment finishing. Trastuzumab Trastuzumab (sold under the brand name"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 27172, "chroma:document": "takes place These side effects will usually improve within a few weeks of treatment finishing. Trastuzumab Trastuzumab (sold under the brand name Herceptin) is a medication used to treat breast cancer and some cases of advanced stomach cancer. Some stomach cancers are stimulated by a type of protein called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Trastuzumab works by blocking the effects of this protein. This doesn\u2019t cure stomach cancer, but it can slow its growth and increase survival time. If you\u2019re diagnosed with advanced stomach cancer and tests show high levels of the HER2 protein in the cancerous cells, your doctors may recommend treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and trastuzumab. Trastuzumab is given intravenously, through a drip, and you\u2019ll have the treatment in hospital. Each treatment session takes up to 1 hour and you\u2019ll usually need a session once every 3 weeks. Trastuzumab can cause side effects, including heart problems. Therefore, it may not be"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 31486cbd-3660-4d60-b200-b1cc91643883
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 28016, "chroma:document": "1 hour and you\u2019ll usually need a session once every 3 weeks. Trastuzumab can cause side effects, including heart problems. Therefore, it may not be suitable if you have a heart problem such as angina, uncontrolled high blood pressure (hypertension) or heart valve disease. If you need to take trastuzumab, you\u2019ll also need regular tests on your heart to check for any problems. Other side effects of trastuzumab may include: an initial allergic reaction to the medication, which can cause nausea, wheezing, chills and fever diarrhoea tiredness aches and pains Living with stomach cancer Being diagnosed with cancer is a tough challenge for most people, but support is available to help you cope. You may find the following advice helpful: keep talking to your friends and family \u2013 they can be a powerful support system talk to others in the same situation research your condition set reasonable goals take time out for yourself Cancer charities, such as Macmillan Cancer Support, are a good source"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 28872, "chroma:document": "research your condition set reasonable goals take time out for yourself Cancer charities, such as Macmillan Cancer Support, are a good source of information and support. Recovery Getting back to normal after surgery can take time. It\u2019s important to take things slowly and give yourself time to recover. During your recovery, avoid lifting heavy things such as children or shopping bags, and strenuous tasks such as housework. You may also be advised not to drive. Some other treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiotherapy, can make you very tired. You may need to take a break from some of your normal activities for a while. Don\u2019t be afraid to ask for practical help from family and friends. Follow-up After your treatment has finished, you\u2019ll be invited for regular check-ups, usually every three months for the first year. During the check-up, your doctor will examine you and may arrange blood tests or scans to see how you\u2019re responding to treatment. Diet after surgery If you\u2019ve had an"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 29727, "chroma:document": "your doctor will examine you and may arrange blood tests or scans to see how you\u2019re responding to treatment. Diet after surgery If you\u2019ve had an operation to remove part of your stomach (partial gastrectomy), you\u2019ll only be able to eat small amounts of food for a while after your operation. This is because your stomach won\u2019t be able to hold as much food as it could before the surgery, and your body will need to adjust to its new stomach capacity. You should gradually be able to increase the amount you eat as your stomach begins to expand. If you\u2019ve had surgery to remove all of your stomach (total gastrectomy), it may be some time before you can eat normally again. As with a partial gastrectomy, you\u2019ll only be able to eat small amounts of food until your body adjusts. You may have to eat little and often, and make changes to the types of food you eat. Your care team will be able to advise you about what and when you should eat. Having surgery to remove your stomach also means you\u2019ll"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 30576, "chroma:document": "food you eat. Your care team will be able to advise you about what and when you should eat. Having surgery to remove your stomach also means you\u2019ll need to have regular injections of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is usually absorbed through your stomach from the food you eat and is needed to help prevent a condition called anaemia and nerve problems. Looking after yourself Eat regularly and healthily. You may not have time to sit down for every meal, but you should make time to do so at least once a day. It\u2019s understandable if there are times when you feel resentful, and then guilty for feeling so. You may also feel exhausted, isolated and worry about the person you care for. Remember: you\u2019re human, and those feelings are natural. Dealing with dying If your stomach cancer can\u2019t be cured, your GP will give you support and any necessary pain relief (often alongside chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which can be used to reduce your symptoms). This is called palliative care. Support is also"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 31423, "chroma:document": "relief (often alongside chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which can be used to reduce your symptoms). This is called palliative care. Support is also available for your family and friends. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 10 December 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites Cancer Research UK: Stomach cancer Macmillan Cancer Support: Stomach cancer Scottish Cancer Network: Cancer patient information Search for cancer support services near you Enter a place or postcode NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/stomach-cancer/", "start_index": 32271, "chroma:document": "feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Streptococcus A (Strep A) | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Infections and poisoning Streptococcus A (strep A) Streptococcus A (strep A) Group A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Strep A, are bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the throat. Under some circumstances these bacteria can cause disease. GAS infection commonly presents as a mild sore throat (\u2018strep throat\u2019) and skin/soft tissue infections such as impetigo and cellulitis. Phone 999 or go to A&E if: you or your child is having difficulty breathing (you may notice grunting noises or their tummy sucking under their ribs) there are pauses when you or your child breathes you or your child\u2019s skin, tongue or lips are blue you or your child is floppy and will not wake up or stay awake your child is less than 3 months old and has a temperature of 38\u00b0C (101\u00b0F) or above and has"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/", "start_index": 851, "chroma:document": "your child is floppy and will not wake up or stay awake your child is less than 3 months old and has a temperature of 38\u00b0C (101\u00b0F) or above and has not had a vaccination in the past 2 days your child is less than 3 months old and has a temperature of 36\u00b0C (97\u00b0F) or less and has not had a vaccination in the past 2 days Contact your GP if you or your child: is getting worse is feeding or eating much less than normal is showing signs of dehydration, like sunken eyes, drowsiness has not passed urine for 12 hours is older than 3 months and has a temperature of 39\u00b0C or higher feels hotter than usual when you touch their back or chest, or feels sweaty is very tired or irritable If your GP is closed, phone the 111 service. If you feel that you or your child is seriously unwell, trust your own judgement and seek medical assistance. Strep A tests are not available through the NHS in Scotland for self-testing at home. Should you or your child need to be tested for Strep A, your GP or other"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/", "start_index": 1700, "chroma:document": "are not available through the NHS in Scotland for self-testing at home. Should you or your child need to be tested for Strep A, your GP or other healthcare professional will advise you. GAS infections GAS bacteria can cause a wide variety of skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. These include: tonsillitis sore throat scarlet fever impetigo erysipelas (a type of cellulitis) cellulitis pneumonia In rare cases, patients may go on to develop post-streptococcal complications, such as: rheumatic fever glomerulonephritis (heart and kidney diseases caused by an immune reaction to the bacteria)\u200b iGAS infections GAS can very rarely cause more serious conditions, known as invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) infections. These can include: bacteraemia (an infection of the bloodstream) septic arthritis meningitis necrotising fasciitis (a severe infection involving death of areas of soft tissue below the skin) Streptococcal toxic"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/", "start_index": 2549, "chroma:document": "septic arthritis meningitis necrotising fasciitis (a severe infection involving death of areas of soft tissue below the skin) Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (rapidly progressive symptoms with low blood pressure and multi-organ failure) iGAS infections tend to happen in the elderly, the very young, or people with an underlying risk factor with groups considered to be at risk of serious GAS infection being: people with existing health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or a weakened immune system people who have recently had flu or chickenpox newborn babies women who are pregnant or have recently given birth people who are homeless or inject drugs Treating GAS infections Most GAS infections are relatively mild illnesses that clear up on their own without the need for antibiotics. Often symptoms that look like GAS infections, like sore throats, are more commonly caused by viruses than GAS bacteria. If you or your child has a runny nose with their sore throat, it\u2019s"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:17
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/", "start_index": 3406, "chroma:document": "like sore throats, are more commonly caused by viruses than GAS bacteria. If you or your child has a runny nose with their sore throat, it\u2019s likely to be a virus infection. Sore throats caused by viruses do not need to be treated with antibiotics unless there are concerns about complications. More about sore throat symptoms, self-care at home, and what to do if your condition worsens Your healthcare professional will consider antibiotics if they think: you or your child need medication to get better or to ease symptoms you or your child are at risk of serious complications from a GAS infection you or your child has scarlet fever If you or your child is prescribed antibiotics, they could be in liquid or pill form. It\u2019s not uncommon for someone to have GAS bacteria on their skin or in their throat without being unwell. These people often don\u2019t know they have the bacteria and won\u2019t need antibiotics. Preventing GAS infection GAS are spread by close contact between individuals, through"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/", "start_index": 4254, "chroma:document": "don\u2019t know they have the bacteria and won\u2019t need antibiotics. Preventing GAS infection GAS are spread by close contact between individuals, through respiratory droplets (moisture in your breath) and direct skin contact. To help reduce the risk of picking up or spreading infections: Do wash your hands properly with soap for 20 secondsuse a disposable tissue to catch coughs and sneezes and wash your hands afterwardskeep away from others if you feel unwell Don\u2019t do not share contaminated food, utensils, cups and glasses, baths, bed linen or towels GAS can be a secondary infection, developing in people who are already unwell with illnesses like the flu. You can help protect your child from this risk by making sure they get their free flu vaccine this winter. New evidence also shows that the nasal spray flu vaccine offered to children may also protect them from GAS infection. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 01 May 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/streptococcus-a-strep-a/", "start_index": 5100, "chroma:document": "also protect them from GAS infection. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 01 May 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Self-help guide: Sore throat Self-help guide: Fever in adults Self-help guide: Fever in babies Fever in adults Fever in children Other health sites Group A strep in Scotland NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/subacromial-pain-syndrome/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Subacromial pain syndrome | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Muscle, bone and joints Arm, shoulder and hand problems and conditions Subacromial pain syndrome Subacromial pain syndrome This information is useful for those who have been diagnosed with subacromial pain syndrome. People who are experiencing new or ongoing symptoms should contact their healthcare professional. Read more about self-managing a shoulder problem What is subacromial pain syndrome? Subacromial pain syndrome is a general term used to describe pain which originates from the shoulder and can spread towards the neck or down the arm. It\u2019s the most common reason for shoulder pain. The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body. It\u2019s a ball and socket joint which enables a very wide range of movement supported by the rotator cuff muscles and tendons. Often,"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/subacromial-pain-syndrome/", "start_index": 847, "chroma:document": "joint in the body. It\u2019s a ball and socket joint which enables a very wide range of movement supported by the rotator cuff muscles and tendons. Often, with this condition, these tendons can be weakened. Subacromial pain syndrome can develop due to: age related changes repetitive strain injury or trauma However, this condition can sometimes appear without any apparent reason. Other factors that can affect tendon health include: smoking obesity high fat diet high cholesterol levels diabetes (Type 1 and 2) Symptoms of subacromial pain syndrome? The main symptom is pain in the upper arm caused by specific movements or activities. These are usually activities that involve lifting the arm above shoulder level and reaching behind the back, for example when putting a jacket on. It may be difficult to lie on the affected shoulder which can disturb your sleep. Diagnosis In order for subacromial pain syndrome to be diagnosed you\u2019ll need an assessment from a healthcare professional. They\u2019ll"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/subacromial-pain-syndrome/", "start_index": 1697, "chroma:document": "your sleep. Diagnosis In order for subacromial pain syndrome to be diagnosed you\u2019ll need an assessment from a healthcare professional. They\u2019ll initially ask you questions about your shoulder issue and then carry out a physical examination. This may include checking your range of movement and strength. You may sometimes need to have a further examination to rule out other possible health conditions. Treatment Treatment options depend on the severity of your symptoms. Although, most cases improve on their own, some cases can take time to resolve. Your arm may feel really painful but it\u2019s important to keep moving your shoulder. To help manage your pain, break activities you normally do down into smaller amounts. These should be short term measures to help your pain. As soon as you\u2019re able, try to get back to your normal activities, as this is the best way to help your recovery. Exercise Targeted shoulder exercises to encourage movement, stretching and strengthening exercises can help to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:18
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/subacromial-pain-syndrome/", "start_index": 2546, "chroma:document": "is the best way to help your recovery. Exercise Targeted shoulder exercises to encourage movement, stretching and strengthening exercises can help to improve your arm movement and pain. Read about exercises for shoulder problems Pain treatments Pain medication can help you move more comfortably, which can help your recovery. More about taking painkillers Corticosteroid Injections If painkillers aren\u2019t helping to control the pain, your healthcare professional may discuss the option of having a corticosteroid injection into your shoulder joint. Corticosteroids are medicines that help reduce pain and inflammation. They may also be given with a local anaesthetic. Injections won\u2019t cure your condition or reduce shoulder stiffness, they are used to help with the pain. Read more about corticosteroids Work A shoulder problem can sometimes mean you need to take some time off work to help recovery. How long you\u2019re off will depend on the nature of your condition and your role at work. You do not"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:18
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/subacromial-pain-syndrome/", "start_index": 3397, "chroma:document": "need to take some time off work to help recovery. How long you\u2019re off will depend on the nature of your condition and your role at work. You do not need to be symptom free before you consider returning to work. Continuing to go to work, or returning to work as soon as is possible for you, will help your recovery. Gradually getting back to your normal daily activities can help to build up your strength and stamina levels. Help and support Following this advice, you should see gradual improvements over time. If your symptoms haven\u2019t improved, or it\u2019s got worse, within 6 weeks of following this advice, talk to a healthcare professional about your symptoms. Find out how to access MSK services in your area When dealing with any health condition it\u2019s important to also look after your mental wellbeing as this can impact your recovery. Source: MSK Expert Panel - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 06 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/swollen-glands/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Swollen glands | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Glands Swollen glands Swollen glands Swollen lymph glands are usually a sign of infection. Swollen lymph glands that are caused by an infection usually get better by themselves in 1 to 2 weeks. Sometimes swollen lymph glands can have a more serious cause and may need to be seen by a doctor. Phone 111 or ask for an urgent GP appointment if: You have swollen glands and you: are finding it very difficult to swallow have difficulty breathing Speak to your GP practice if: You have swollen glands and: they\u2019re getting bigger they\u2019ve not gone down within 1 week they feel hard or do not move when you press them you\u2019re having night sweats or have a very high temperature (you feel hot and shivery) you have no other signs of illness or infection you have swollen lymph glands just above or below"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/swollen-glands/", "start_index": 848, "chroma:document": "a very high temperature (you feel hot and shivery) you have no other signs of illness or infection you have swollen lymph glands just above or below your collar bone (the bone that runs from your breastbone to each of your shoulders) What are the lymph glands? The lymph glands (or lymph nodes) are small lumps of tissue that contain white blood cells. These help to fight bacteria, viruses and anything else that causes infection. They\u2019re an important part of the immune system and are found throughout the body. What swollen lymph glands feel like The lymph glands can swell to more than a few centimetres in response to infection or disease. Swollen glands feel like tender, painful lumps. You may feel them: on each side of the neck under the chin in the armpits around the groin Common causes of swollen glands Swollen glands are usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection like: a cold tonsillitis glandular fever a throat infection an ear infection a dental abscess cellulitis (a skin"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/swollen-glands/", "start_index": 1698, "chroma:document": "by a viral or bacterial infection like: a cold tonsillitis glandular fever a throat infection an ear infection a dental abscess cellulitis (a skin infection) The glands in the affected area will often become suddenly tender or painful. You may also have other symptoms like a sore throat, cough, or fever. These infections usually clear up on their own and the swollen glands will soon go down. Swollen lymph glands are rarely caused by anything more serious. Managing swollen glands at home When an infection causes swollen glands you can help to ease symptoms at home. Do drink plenty of fluids rest use over-the-counter medicines like paracetamol or ibuprofen Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 20 February 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don\u2019t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/glands/swollen-glands/", "start_index": 2550, "chroma:document": "personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats \u00a9 2025 NHS 24 \u2013 v1.1.1.17852"}


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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/tennis-elbow/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "The website is busy, please try later."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 0, "chroma:document": "Testicular cancer | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland\u2019s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Cancer Cancer types in adults Testicular cancer Testicular cancer About testicular cancer Symptoms of testicular cancer Diagnosing testicular cancer Treating testicular cancer Causes of testicular cancer About testicular cancer Cancer of the testicle is one of the less common cancers. It tends to mostly affect men and anyone with testicles between 15 and 49 years of age. The most common symptom is a painless lump or swelling in one of the testicles. It can be the size of a pea or it may be much larger. Other symptoms can include: a dull ache in the scrotum a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum It\u2019s important to be aware of what feels normal for you. Get to know your body and speak to your GP if you notice any changes. Read more about the symptoms of testicular cancer and diagnosing"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 855, "chroma:document": "for you. Get to know your body and speak to your GP if you notice any changes. Read more about the symptoms of testicular cancer and diagnosing testicular cancer. The testicles The testicles are the 2 oval-shaped male sex organs that sit inside the scrotum on either side of the penis. The testicles are an important part of the male reproductive system because they produce sperm and the hormone testosterone, which plays a major role in male sexual development. Types of testicular cancer The different types of testicular cancer are classified by the type of cells the cancer begins in. The most common type of testicular cancer is \u2018germ cell testicular cancer\u2019, which accounts for around 95% of all cases. Germ cells are a type of cell that the body uses to create sperm. There are 2 main subtypes of germ cell testicular cancer. They are: seminomas \u2013 which have become more common in the last 20 years and now account for 50 to 55% of testicular cancers non-seminomas \u2013 which account for most"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 1709, "chroma:document": "\u2013 which have become more common in the last 20 years and now account for 50 to 55% of testicular cancers non-seminomas \u2013 which account for most of the rest and include teratomas, embryonal carcinomas, choriocarcinomas and yolk sac tumours Both types tend to respond well to chemotherapy. Less common types of testicular cancer include: Leydig cell tumours \u2013 which account for around 1 to 3% of cases Sertoli cell tumours \u2013 which account for around 1% of cases lymphoma \u2013 which accounts for around 4% of cases This topic focuses on germ cell testicular cancer. You can contact the Macmillan Support Line for more information about Leydig cell tumour and Sertoli cell tumours. Their helpline number is 0808 808 00 00 and it\u2019s open Monday to Friday, 8am to 8pm. Read more about Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. How common is testicular cancer? Testicular cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer. Testicular cancer is unusual compared to other cancers because it tends to affect younger men"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 2560, "chroma:document": "Testicular cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer. Testicular cancer is unusual compared to other cancers because it tends to affect younger men and anyone with testicles. Although it\u2019s relatively uncommon overall, testicular cancer is the most common type of cancer to affect men and anyone with testicles between the ages of 15 and 49. For reasons that are unclear, white men and anyone with testicles have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer compared with other ethnic groups. The number of cases of testicular cancer that are diagnosed each year in the UK has roughly doubled since the mid-1970s. Again, the reasons for this are unclear. Causes of testicular cancer The exact cause or causes of testicular cancer are unknown, but a number of factors have been identified that increase a man\u2019s risk of developing it. The 3 main risk factors are described below. Undescended testicles Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) is the most significant risk factor for testicular cancer."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 3410, "chroma:document": "factors are described below. Undescended testicles Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) is the most significant risk factor for testicular cancer. About 3 to 5% of boys are born with their testicles inside their abdomen. They usually descend into the scrotum during the first year of life, but in some boys the testicles don\u2019t descend. In most cases, testicles that don\u2019t descend by the time a boy is 1 year old descend at a later stage. If the testicles don\u2019t descend naturally, an operation known as an orchidopexy can be carried out to move the testicles into the correct position inside the scrotum. It\u2019s important that undescended testicles move down into the scrotum during early childhood because boys with undescended testicles have a higher risk of developing testicular cancer than boys whose testicles descend normally. It\u2019s also much easier to observe the testicles when they\u2019re in the scrotum. People with undescended testicles are about 3 times more likely to develop testicular"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: fb229f6d-541c-418c-950a-17fc59c53be5
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 4258, "chroma:document": "easier to observe the testicles when they\u2019re in the scrotum. People with undescended testicles are about 3 times more likely to develop testicular cancer than those whose testicles descend at birth or shortly after. Family history Having a close relative with a history of testicular cancer or an undescended testicle increases your risk of also developing it. For example, if your father had testicular cancer, you\u2019re around 4 times more likely to develop it than someone with no family history of the condition. If your brother had testicular cancer, you\u2019re about 8 times more likely to develop it. A number of genes may be involved in the development of testicular cancer in families where more than 1 person has had the condition. This is an ongoing area of research in which patients and their families may be asked to take part. Previous testicular cancer People who\u2019ve previously been diagnosed with testicular cancer are between 4 to 12 times more likely to develop it in the other testicle."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 5113, "chroma:document": "cancer People who\u2019ve previously been diagnosed with testicular cancer are between 4 to 12 times more likely to develop it in the other testicle. For this reason, if you\u2019ve previously been diagnosed with testicular cancer, it\u2019s very important that you keep a close eye on the other testicle. If you\u2019ve been diagnosed with testicular cancer, you also need to be observed for signs of recurrence for between 5 and 10 years, so it\u2019s very important that you attend your follow-up appointments. Cancer Research UK has more information about testicular cancer risks and causes. Outlook Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable types of cancer, and the outlook is one of the best for cancers. Almost all men and anyone with testicles who are treated for testicular germ cell tumours are cured, and it\u2019s rare for the condition to return more than 5 years later. Treatment almost always includes the surgical removal of the affected testicle \u2013 called orchidectomy or orchiectomy \u2013 which doesn\u2019t usually"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 5965, "chroma:document": "later. Treatment almost always includes the surgical removal of the affected testicle \u2013 called orchidectomy or orchiectomy \u2013 which doesn\u2019t usually affect fertility or the ability to have sex. In some cases, chemotherapy or, less commonly, radiotherapy may be used for seminomas (but not non-seminomas). Read more about treating testicular cancer. Symptoms of testicular cancer The most common symptom of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in 1 of your testicles. The lump or swelling can be about the size of a pea, but may be larger. Most lumps or swellings in the scrotum aren\u2019t in the testicle and aren\u2019t a sign of cancer. But they should never be ignored. Visit your GP as soon as you notice a lump or swelling in your scrotum. Associated symptoms Testicular cancer can also cause other symptoms, including a: dull ache or sharp pain in your testicles or scrotum, which may come and go feeling of heaviness in your scrotum change in the texture or increase in firmness of a testicle"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:19
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
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metadata:
{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 6808, "chroma:document": "in your testicles or scrotum, which may come and go feeling of heaviness in your scrotum change in the texture or increase in firmness of a testicle difference between one testicle and the other When to speak to your GP Speak to your GP as soon as you notice any lump or swelling on your testicle. They\u2019ll examine your testicles to help determine whether or not the lump is cancerous. Lumps within the scrotum can have many different causes and testicular cancer is rare. If your GP thinks the lump is in your testicle they may consider cancer as a possible cause. Research has shown that less than 4% of scrotal lumps or swellings are cancerous. For example, varicoceles (swollen blood vessels) and epididymal cysts (cysts in the tubes around the testicle) are common causes of testicular lumps. If you do have testicular cancer, the sooner treatment begins, the greater the likelihood that you\u2019ll be completely cured. If you don\u2019t feel comfortable visiting your GP, you can go to your local sexual"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 37bdc830-ffbc-418c-b3cd-129fb6f114ff
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 7660, "chroma:document": "begins, the greater the likelihood that you\u2019ll be completely cured. If you don\u2019t feel comfortable visiting your GP, you can go to your local sexual health clinic, where a healthcare professional will be able to examine you. Metastatic cancer If testicular cancer has spread to other parts of your body, you may also experience other symptoms. Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body is known as metastatic cancer. Around 5% of people with testicular cancer will experience symptoms of metastatic cancer. The most common place for testicular cancer to spread to is nearby lymph nodes in your abdomen or lungs. Lymph nodes are glands that make up your immune system. Less commonly, the cancer can spread to your liver, brain or bones. Symptoms of metastatic testicular cancer can include: a persistent cough coughing or spitting up blood shortness of breath swelling and enlargement of male breasts a lump or swelling in your neck lower back pain Diagnosing testicular cancer Speak to your"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 1209d063-e3cb-4d6c-be1f-5753854cc7b6
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 8516, "chroma:document": "of breath swelling and enlargement of male breasts a lump or swelling in your neck lower back pain Diagnosing testicular cancer Speak to your GP as soon as possible if you notice a lump or other abnormality in your scrotum that you think may be on one of your testicles. Most scrotal lumps aren\u2019t cancerous, but if you have a lump that you think may be in one of your testicles it\u2019s important you have it checked as soon as possible. Treatment for testicular cancer is much more effective when started early. Physical examination As well as asking you about your symptoms and looking at your medical history, your GP will usually need to examine your testicles. They may hold a small light or torch against your scrotum to see whether light passes through it. Testicular lumps tend to be solid, which means light is unable to pass through them. A collection of fluid in the scrotum will allow light to pass through it. Tests for testicular cancer If you have a non-painful lump, or a change in shape"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 0fae9fe9-36de-4799-971c-622cb900eb40
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 9374, "chroma:document": "of fluid in the scrotum will allow light to pass through it. Tests for testicular cancer If you have a non-painful lump, or a change in shape or texture of one of your testicles, and your GP thinks it may be cancerous, you\u2019ll be referred for further testing within 2 weeks. Scrotal ultrasound A scrotal ultrasound scan is a painless procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of the inside of your testicle. It\u2019s one of the main ways of finding out whether or not a lump is cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). During a scrotal ultrasound, your specialist will be able to determine the position and size of the abnormality in your testicle. It will also give a clear indication of whether the lump is in the testicle or separate within the scrotum, and whether it\u2019s solid or filled with fluid. A fluid-filled lump or collection around the testis is usually harmless. A more solid lump may be a sign the swelling is cancerous. Blood tests To help confirm a"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: a778076c-e8ba-4d38-b5ee-99e944fdfc69
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 10219, "chroma:document": "lump or collection around the testis is usually harmless. A more solid lump may be a sign the swelling is cancerous. Blood tests To help confirm a diagnosis, you may need a series of blood tests to detect certain hormones in your blood, known as \u2018markers\u2019. Testicular cancer often produces these markers, so if they\u2019re in your blood it may indicate you have the condition. Markers in your blood that will be tested for include: AFP (alpha feta protein) HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) A third blood test is also often carried out as it may indicate how active a cancer is. It\u2019s called LDH (lactate dehydrogenate), but it isn\u2019t a specific marker for testicular cancer. Not all people with testicular cancer produce markers. There may still be a chance you have testicular cancer even if your blood test results come back normal. Histology The only way to definitively confirm testicular cancer is to examine part of the lump under a microscope. These tests and reports are called histology."}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 19a378bf-8764-4eff-9d71-52d1985fc09e
encoding: FLOAT32
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 11065, "chroma:document": "only way to definitively confirm testicular cancer is to examine part of the lump under a microscope. These tests and reports are called histology. Unlike many cancers where a small piece of the cancer can be removed (a biopsy), in most cases the only way to examine a testicular lump is by removing the affected testicle completely. This is because the combination of the ultrasound and blood marker tests is usually sufficient to make a firm diagnosis. Also, a biopsy may injure the testicle and spread cancer into the scrotum which isn\u2019t usually affected. Your specialist will only recommend removing your testicle if they\u2019re relatively certain the lump is cancerous. Losing a testicle won\u2019t affect your sex life or ability to have children. The removal of a testicle is called an orchidectomy. It\u2019s the main type of treatment for testicular cancer, so if you have testicular cancer it\u2019s likely you\u2019ll need to have an orchidectomy. Other tests In almost all cases, you\u2019ll need further tests to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 7dda803b-ee2b-43bd-9281-6968cddf872d
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 11918, "chroma:document": "so if you have testicular cancer it\u2019s likely you\u2019ll need to have an orchidectomy. Other tests In almost all cases, you\u2019ll need further tests to check whether testicular cancer has spread. When cancer of the testicle spreads, it most commonly affects the lymph nodes in the back of the abdomen or the lungs. Therefore, you may require a chest X-ray to check for signs of a tumour. You\u2019ll also need a scan of your entire body. This is usually a CT scan (computerised X-ray) to check for signs of the cancer spreading. In some cases, a different type of scan, known as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be used. Stages of testicular cancer After all tests have been completed, it\u2019s usually possible to determine the stage of your cancer. There are 2 ways that testicular cancer can be staged. The first is known as the TNM staging system: T \u2013 indicates the size of the tumour N \u2013 indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes M \u2013 indicates whether the cancer has spread to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 01043775-ea51-4393-9d3f-1e91227e4332
encoding: FLOAT32
metadata:
{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 12764, "chroma:document": "T \u2013 indicates the size of the tumour N \u2013 indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes M \u2013 indicates whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (metastasis) Testicular cancer is also staged numerically. The 4 main stages are: stage 1 \u2013 the cancer is contained within your testicle and epididymis (the tube at the back of the testicle) stage 2 \u2013 the cancer has spread from the testicles into the lymph nodes (small glands that help fight infection) at the back of the abdomen stage 3 \u2013 the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the middle of the chest or in the neck stage 4 \u2013 the cancer has spread to the lungs or, rarely, to other tissues or organs, such as the liver, bones or brain Cancer Research UK has more information about testicular cancer stages. Treating testicular cancer Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are the 3 main treatments for testicular cancer. Your recommended treatment plan will depend on: the type of testicular cancer you have \u2013"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: f1d9cf23-1231-478d-9d1b-1bfec4cf601c
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 13607, "chroma:document": "and surgery are the 3 main treatments for testicular cancer. Your recommended treatment plan will depend on: the type of testicular cancer you have \u2013 whether it\u2019s a seminoma or a non-seminoma the stage of your testicular cancer The first treatment option for all cases of testicular cancer, whatever the stage, is to surgically remove the affected testicle (an orchidectomy). For stage 1 seminomas, after the testicle has been removed, a single dose of chemotherapy may be given to help prevent the cancer returning. A short course of radiotherapy is also sometimes recommended. However, in many cases, the chance of recurrence is low and your doctors may recommend that you\u2019re very carefully monitored over the next few years. Further treatment is usually only needed for the small number of people who have a recurrence. For stage 1 non-seminomas, close follow-up (called surveillance) may also be recommended, or a short course of chemotherapy using a combination of different medications. For"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 1b3b192b-08ef-45cb-8143-275ed31c9568
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 14457, "chroma:document": "close follow-up (called surveillance) may also be recommended, or a short course of chemotherapy using a combination of different medications. For stage 2, 3 and 4 testicular cancers, 3 to 4 cycles of chemotherapy are given using a combination of different medications. Further surgery is sometimes needed after chemotherapy to remove any affected lymph nodes or deposits in the lungs or, rarely, in the liver. Some people with stage 2 seminomas may be suitable for less intense treatment with radiotherapy, sometimes with the addition of a simpler form of chemotherapy. In non-seminoma germ cell tumours, additional surgery may also be required after chemotherapy to remove tumours from other parts of the body, depending on the extent of the spread of the tumour. Deciding what treatment is best for you can be difficult. Your cancer team will make recommendations, but the final decision will be yours. Before discussing your treatment options with your specialist, you may find it useful to"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 3305addb-150d-4fb8-9f89-e41c813a127b
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 15303, "chroma:document": "make recommendations, but the final decision will be yours. Before discussing your treatment options with your specialist, you may find it useful to write a list of questions to ask them. For example, you may want to find out the advantages and disadvantages of particular treatments. Orchidectomy An orchidectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a testicle. If you have testicular cancer, the whole of the affected testicle will need to be removed because only removing the tumour may lead to the cancer spreading. By removing the entire testicle, your chances of making a full recovery are greatly improved. Your sex life and ability to father children won\u2019t be affected. About 1 in 50 people will get a second new testicular cancer in their remaining testicle. In such circumstances, it\u2019s sometimes possible to only remove the part of the testicle containing the tumour. You should ask your surgeon about this if you\u2019re in this position. If testicular cancer is detected in its very early"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 8f79ee05-43e2-4d72-b134-f60a041a4a6e
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 16146, "chroma:document": "testicle containing the tumour. You should ask your surgeon about this if you\u2019re in this position. If testicular cancer is detected in its very early stages, an orchidectomy may be the only treatment you require. An orchidectomy isn\u2019t carried out through the scrotum. It\u2019s done by making an incision in your groin through which the testicle is removed with all of the tubes and blood vessels attached to the testicle that pass through the groin into the abdomen. The operation is carried out under general anaesthetic. You can have an artificial (prosthetic) testicle inserted into your scrotum so that the appearance of your testicles isn\u2019t greatly affected. The artificial testicle is usually made of silicone (a soft type of plastic). It probably won\u2019t be exactly like your old testicle or the one you still have. It may be slightly different in size or texture. After an orchidectomy, it\u2019s often possible to be discharged quickly, although you may need to stay in hospital for a few days. If"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:20
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: e5c939d0-a749-4c34-a253-1e275bd061bb
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 16992, "chroma:document": "in size or texture. After an orchidectomy, it\u2019s often possible to be discharged quickly, although you may need to stay in hospital for a few days. If only 1 testicle is removed, there shouldn\u2019t be any lasting side effects. If both testicles are removed (a bi-lateral orchidectomy), you\u2019ll be infertile. However, removing both testicles at the same time is very rarely required, and only 1 in every 50 cases require the other testicle to be removed at a later date. You may be able to bank your sperm before having a bi-lateral orchidectomy to allow you to father children if you decide to. Sperm banking Most people are still fertile after having 1 testicle removed. However, some treatments for testicular cancer can cause infertility. Some people with testicular cancer may have low sperm counts because of changes that occur in the testicles before the cancer develops. For some treatments, such as chemotherapy, infertility may occur, but standard chemotherapies have a less than 50% chance of"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:21
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 29681f43-2007-44d4-87e1-d5182bc603a2
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 17844, "chroma:document": "the cancer develops. For some treatments, such as chemotherapy, infertility may occur, but standard chemotherapies have a less than 50% chance of causing infertility if the remaining testicle is normal. In people who need to have post-chemotherapy removal of lumps at the back of the abdomen, known as retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), the ability to ejaculate (eject sperm from the penis) may be affected, even though the remaining testicle can still produce sperm. Before your treatment begins, you may want to consider sperm banking. This is where a sample of your sperm is frozen so that it can be used at a later date to impregnate your partner during artificial insemination. Before sperm banking, you may be asked to have tests for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. If you\u2019re having complex chemotherapy for stage 2 to 4 testicular cancer, you should always be offered sperm banking. Ask if you\u2019re concerned about your fertility. Not all men are suitable for sperm banking. For"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:21
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: bc0eed8a-fcf1-4959-94f6-aae6ab0f1723
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 18696, "chroma:document": "cancer, you should always be offered sperm banking. Ask if you\u2019re concerned about your fertility. Not all men are suitable for sperm banking. For the technique to work, the sperm has to be of a reasonably high quality. There may also be situations where it\u2019s considered too dangerous to delay treatment for sperm banking to take place. Most NHS cancer treatment centres offer a free sperm banking service. However, it\u2019s up to each area of the country to decide whether they store sperm for free or whether you have to pay. Cancer Research UK has more information about sperm banking, including the cost of sperm storage. Testosterone replacement therapy If you still have a remaining testicle, in most cases (90%) your body will make enough testosterone so you won\u2019t notice any difference. If there are any problems with your remaining testicle, you may experience symptoms due to a lack of testosterone. These symptoms can be caused for other reasons but can include: tiredness weight gain loss of"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:21
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: 16ccee2e-6aa8-42b9-b370-d5d0b05415ff
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 19546, "chroma:document": "may experience symptoms due to a lack of testosterone. These symptoms can be caused for other reasons but can include: tiredness weight gain loss of libido (sex drive) reduced beard growth reduced ability to achieve or maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction) Having both testicles removed will definitely stop you producing testosterone and you\u2019ll develop the above symptoms. Testosterone replacement therapy is where you\u2019re given testosterone in the form of an injection, skin patch or gel to rub into your skin. If you have injections, you\u2019ll usually need to have them every 2 to 3 months. After having testosterone replacement therapy, you\u2019ll be able to maintain an erection and your sex drive will improve. Side effects associated with this type of treatment are uncommon, and any side effects that you do experience will usually be mild. They may include: oily skin, which can sometimes trigger the onset of acne breast enlargement and swelling a change in normal urinary patterns, such as"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:21
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: c0df02a0-ec76-4102-8903-812f877d27fd
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 20398, "chroma:document": "may include: oily skin, which can sometimes trigger the onset of acne breast enlargement and swelling a change in normal urinary patterns, such as needing to urinate more frequently or having problems passing urine (caused by an enlarged prostate gland that puts pressure on your bladder) There are also concerns that testosterone replacement may increase the risk of prostate cancer and you should discuss this with your doctor. However, the risks from having testosterone replacement are usually much lower than the benefits of receiving it. Lymph node and lung surgery More advanced cases of testicular cancer may spread to your lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are part of your body\u2019s immune system, which helps protect against illness and infection. Lymph node surgery is carried out under general anaesthetic. The lymph nodes in your abdomen are the nodes most likely to need removing. In some cases, the nerves near the lymph nodes can become damaged, which means that rather than ejaculating semen"}


created_at: 2025-05-10 06:06:21
topic: persistent://default/default/eac8fe53-d737-429e-bdb7-0242ce89c428
id: a848bbc7-8bc8-4cd2-8316-768b7b673843
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{"source": "https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/testicular-cancer/", "start_index": 21246, "chroma:document": "nodes most likely to need removing. In some cases, the nerves near the lymph nodes can become damaged, which means that rather than ejaculating semen out of your penis during sex or masturbation, the semen instead travels back into your bladder. This is known as retrograde ejaculation. If you have retrograde ejaculation, you\u2019ll still experience the sensation of having an orgasm during ejaculation, but you won\u2019t be able to father a child. There are a number of ways of treating retrograde ejaculation, including the use of medicines that strengthen the muscles around the neck of the bladder to prevent the flow of semen into the bladder. Men and anyone with testicles who wants to have children can have sperm taken from their urine for use in artificial insemination or in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). There are also a number of newer surgical techniques that carry a lower risk of retrograde ejaculation and infertility. Some people with testicular cancer have deposits of cancer in their lungs"}


