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to discuss the different surgical and non-surgical options available to relieve your pain. There a number of procedures that have been used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, so you will need to discuss the potential benefits and risks of each treatment with your specialist before making a decision. It is wise to be as informed as possible and to make the choice that it right for you as an individual. There is no guarantee that one or any of these procedures will work for you but, once you have had a successful procedure, you won’t need to take your pain medications unless the pain returns. If one procedure does not work, you can always try another or remain on your medication temporarily or permanently. Some of the procedures that can be used to treat people with trigeminal neuralgia are outlined below. Percutaneous procedures There are a number of procedures that can offer some relief from trigeminal neuralgia pain, at least temporarily, by inserting a needle or thin tube through the


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number of procedures that can offer some relief from trigeminal neuralgia pain, at least temporarily, by inserting a needle or thin tube through the cheek and into the trigeminal nerve inside the skull. These are known can “percutaneous” (through the skin) procedures, and they are carried out using X-rays to guide the needle or tube into the correct place while you are heavily sedated with medication or under a general anaesthetic (where you are asleep). Percutaneous procedures that can be carried out to treat people with trigeminal neuralgia include: glycerol injections – where a medication called glycerol in injected around the Gasserian ganglion (where the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve join together) radiofrequency lesioning – where a needle is used to apply heat directly to the the Gasserian ganglion balloon compression – where a tiny balloon is passed along a thin tube inserted through the cheek and is inflated around the Gasserian ganglion to squeeze it; the


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– where a tiny balloon is passed along a thin tube inserted through the cheek and is inflated around the Gasserian ganglion to squeeze it; the balloon is then removed These procedures work by deliberately injuring or damaging the trigeminal nerve, which is thought to disrupt the pain signals travelling along it. You are usually able to go home the same day, following your treatment. Overall, all of these procedures are similarly effective in relieving trigeminal neuralgia pain, although there can be complications with each, and these vary with the procedure and the individual. The pain relief will usually only last a few years, and sometimes only a few months. Sometimes these procedures do not work at all. The major side effect of these procedures is numbness of part or all the side of the face, and this can vary in severity from being very numb or just pins and needles. The sensation, which can be permanent, is often similar to that following an injection at the dentist. Very rarely,


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numb or just pins and needles. The sensation, which can be permanent, is often similar to that following an injection at the dentist. Very rarely, you can get a combination of numbness and continuous pain called anesthesia dolorosa, which is virtually untreatable. The procedures also carry a risk of other short- and long-term side effects and complications, including bleeding, facial bruising, eye problems and problems moving the facial muscles. Stereotactic radiosurgery An alternative way to relieve pain by damaging the trigeminal nerve that doesn’t involve inserting anything through the skin is stereotactic radiosurgery. This is a fairly new treatment that uses a concentrated beam of radiation to deliberately damage the trigeminal nerve where it enters the brainstem. Stereotactic radiosurgery does not require a general anaesthetic and no cuts (incisions) are made in your cheek. A metal frame is attached to your head with four pins inserted around your scalp (a local anaesthetic is


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no cuts (incisions) are made in your cheek. A metal frame is attached to your head with four pins inserted around your scalp (a local anaesthetic is used to numb the areas where these are inserted) and your head, complete with the frame attached, is held in a large machine for an hour or two (which may make you feel claustrophobic) while the radiation is given. The frame and pins are then removed, and you are able to go home after a short rest. It can take a few weeks – or sometimes many months – for this procedure to take effect, but it can offer pain relief for some people for several months or years. Studies into this treatment have shown similar results to the other procedures mentioned above. The most common complications associated with stereotactic radiosurgery include facial numbness and pins and needles (paraesthesia) in the face. This can be permanent and, in some cases, very troublesome. Microvascular decompression Microvascular decompression (MVD) is an operation that can


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This can be permanent and, in some cases, very troublesome. Microvascular decompression Microvascular decompression (MVD) is an operation that can help relieve trigeminal neuralgia pain without intentionally damaging the trigeminal nerve. Instead, the procedure involves relieving the pressure placed on the nerve by blood vessels that are touching the nerve or wrapped around it. This is a major procedure that involves opening up the skull, and is carried out under general anaesthetic by a neurosurgeon. During MVD, the surgeon will make an incision in your scalp, behind your ear, and remove a small circular piece of skull bone. They will then either remove or relocate the blood vessel(s), separating them from the trigeminal nerve using an artificial pad or a sling constructed from adjoining tissue. For many people, this type of surgery is effective in easing or completely stopping the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. It provides the longest lasting relief, with some studies suggesting that


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in easing or completely stopping the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. It provides the longest lasting relief, with some studies suggesting that pain only recurs in about 30% of cases within 10-20 years of surgery. Currently, this is the closest possible cure for trigeminal neuralgia. However, it’s an invasive procedure and carries a risk of potentially serious complications, such as facial numbness, hearing loss, stroke and even death (in around 1 in every 200 cases). More information and support Living with a long-term and painful condition such as trigeminal neuralgia can be very difficult. You may find it useful to contact local or national support groups, such as the Trigeminal Neuralgia Association UK, for more information and advice about living with the condition, and to get in touch with other people who have the condition to talk to them about their experiences. Research has shown that groups that have support from health care professionals provide high-quality help, which can


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to them about their experiences. Research has shown that groups that have support from health care professionals provide high-quality help, which can significantly improve your ability to manage this rare condition. Learning from others how to cope can help remove the fear of more pain and reduce the risk of depression. However, you need to be wary of potentially unreliable information you may find elsewhere, especially if offering “cures” for the condition. There is a great deal of misinformation on the internet, so do your research only on reliable websites, not on open forums or on social media. There are a number of research projects running both in the UK and abroad to determine the cause of this condition and to find new treatments, including new medications, so there is always hope on the horizon. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 26 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t


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window Last updated: 26 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites Trigeminal Neuralgia Assocation UK Brain and Spine Foundation: Trigeminal neuralgia NICE: Trigeminal neuralgia NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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Type 1 diabetes | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Diabetes Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes About type 1 diabetes Symptoms of type 1 diabetes Causes of type 1 diabetes Diagnosing type 1 diabetes Treating type 1 diabetes Complications of type 1 diabetes Living with type 1 diabetes About type 1 diabetes Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a person’s blood glucose (sugar) level to become too high. The hormone insulin – produced by the pancreas – is responsible for controlling the amount of glucose in the blood. There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 – where the pancreas doesn’t produce any insulin Type 2 – where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body’s cells don’t react to insulin This topic is about type 1 diabetes. Read more about type 2 diabetes Another type of diabetes, known as gestational diabetes,


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don’t react to insulin This topic is about type 1 diabetes. Read more about type 2 diabetes Another type of diabetes, known as gestational diabetes, occurs in some pregnant women and tends to disappear following birth. It’s very important for diabetes to be diagnosed as soon as possible, because it will get progressively worse if left untreated. You should therefore visit your GP if you have symptoms, which include feeling thirsty, passing urine more often than usual and losing weight unexpectedly (see the list below for more diabetes symptoms). Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, but usually appears before the age of 40, particularly in childhood. Around 10% of all diabetes is type 1. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas (a small gland behind the stomach) progressively reduces the amount of insulin (the hormone that regulates blood glucose levels) it produces until it stops producing any at all. If the amount of glucose in the blood is too high, it can, over time,


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blood glucose levels) it produces until it stops producing any at all. If the amount of glucose in the blood is too high, it can, over time, seriously damage the body’s organs. Diabetes symptoms The symptoms of diabetes occur because the lack of insulin means that glucose is high but isn’t used by your muscles as fuel for energy. When blood glucose is high, glucose is lost in your urine and you may become dehydrated. Typical symptoms include: feeling very thirsty passing urine more often than usual, particularly at night feeling very tired all the time weight loss and loss of muscle bulk persistent infections such as thrush The symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually develop very quickly in young people (over a few hours or days). In adults, the symptoms often take longer to develop (a few days or weeks). Read more about the symptoms of type 1 diabetes Causes of type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition, where the immune system (the body’s natural defence against


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of type 1 diabetes Causes of type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition, where the immune system (the body’s natural defence against infection and illness) mistakes the cells in your pancreas as harmful and attacks them. Without insulin, your body will break down its own fat and muscle, resulting in weight loss. This can lead to a serious short-term condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. This is when the bloodstream becomes acidic, you develop dangerous levels of ketones in your blood stream and become severely dehydrated. This results in the body being unable to produce insulin, which is required to move glucose out of the blood and into your cells to be used for energy. This is called Type 1 diabetes. Read more about the causes of type 1 diabetes Treating type 1 diabetes It’s important that diabetes is diagnosed as early as possible. If left untreated, type-1 diabetes is a life-threatening condition. It’s essential that treatment is started early. Diabetes can’t be


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as possible. If left untreated, type-1 diabetes is a life-threatening condition. It’s essential that treatment is started early. Diabetes can’t be cured, but treatment aims to keep your blood glucose levels as normal as possible and control your symptoms, to prevent health problems developing later in life. If you’re diagnosed with diabetes, you’ll be referred to a diabetes care team for specialist treatment and monitoring. As your body can’t produce insulin, you’ll need regular insulin injections to keep your glucose levels normal. You’ll be taught how to do this and how to match the insulin you inject to the food (carbohydrate) you eat, taking into account your blood glucose level and how much exercise you do. Insulin injections come in several different forms, with each working slightly differently. You’ll most likely need a combination of different insulin preparations. Insulin is given to some patients by a continuous infusion of fast (rapid) acting insulin (pump therapy). This


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of different insulin preparations. Insulin is given to some patients by a continuous infusion of fast (rapid) acting insulin (pump therapy). This is where a small device constantly pumps insulin (at a rate you control) into your bloodstream through a plastic tube (cannula) that’s inserted under the skin with a needle. There are alternatives to insulin injections and pumps, but they’re only suitable for a small number of patients. They are: islet cell transplantation – where healthy insulin-producing cells from the pancreas of a deceased donor are implanted into the pancreas of someone with type 1 diabetes a complete pancreas transplant – this is still relatively rare and only a few centres of excellence offer this. Read more about diagnosing diabetes and treating type 1 diabetes Complications If diabetes is left untreated, it can cause a number of different health problems. Large amounts of glucose can damage blood vessels, nerves and organs. Having a consistently raised glucose level


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number of different health problems. Large amounts of glucose can damage blood vessels, nerves and organs. Having a consistently raised glucose level that doesn’t cause any symptoms can have damaging effects in the long term. There is also complications that can arise if your insulin is not balanced with your food intake and exercise. Your diabetes team will work with you to manage your insulin correctly. Read more about the complications of type 1 diabetes Living with diabetes If you have type 1 diabetes, you’ll need to look after your health very carefully. Caring for your health will also make treating your diabetes easier and minimise your risk of developing complications. For example, eating a healthy, balanced diet and exercising regularly will lower your blood glucose level. Stopping smoking (if you smoke) will also reduce your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Your healthcare team will discuss this with you, and you can see your own results through My Diabetes My Way.


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of developing cardiovascular disease. Your healthcare team will discuss this with you, and you can see your own results through My Diabetes My Way. It’s important that you learn the skills to self manage your diabetes and there are people to help and support you to do this. If you have diabetes, your eyes are at risk from diabetic retinopathy, a condition that can lead to sight loss if it’s not treated. Everyone with diabetes aged 12 or over should be invited to have their eyes screened once a year. Read more about living with type 1 diabetes Symptoms of type 1 diabetes The symptoms of type 1 diabetes should disappear when you start taking insulin and you get the condition under control. The main symptoms of diabetes are: feeling very thirsty urinating more frequently than usual, particularly at night feeling very tired weight loss and loss of muscle bulk itchiness around the genital area, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection) blurred vision caused by the lens of your eye


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loss of muscle bulk itchiness around the genital area, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection) blurred vision caused by the lens of your eye changing shape Vomiting or heavy, deep breathing can also occur at a later stage. This is a dangerous sign and requires immediate admission to hospital for treatment. When to seek urgent medical attention You should seek urgent medical attention if you have diabetes and develop: a loss of appetite nausea or vomiting a high temperature stomach pain fruity smelling breath – which may smell like pear drops or nail varnish (some people can smell this themselves) Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose) If you have diabetes, your blood glucose levels can become very low. This is known as hypoglycaemia (or a “hypo”). In most cases, hypoglycaemia occurs as a result of taking too much insulin, although it can also develop if you skip a meal, exercise very vigorously or drink alcohol on an empty stomach. Symptoms of a “hypo” include: feeling shaky and


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can also develop if you skip a meal, exercise very vigorously or drink alcohol on an empty stomach. Symptoms of a “hypo” include: feeling shaky and irritable sweating tingling lips feeling weak feeling confused hunger nausea (feeling sick) A hypo can be brought under control simply by eating or drinking something sugary. If it isn’t brought under control, a hypo can cause confusion, slurred speech and, eventually, unconsciousness. In this case, an emergency injection of a hormone called glucagon will be needed. Glucagon increases the glucose in your blood. Your diabetes team will advise you in more detail about avoiding, recognising and treating a hypo. Hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose) As diabetes occurs as a result of your body being unable to produce any, or enough, insulin to regulate your blood glucose, your blood glucose levels may become very high. This happens because there’s insufficient insulin to move glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells to produce energy.


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become very high. This happens because there’s insufficient insulin to move glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells to produce energy. If your blood glucose levels become too high, you may experience hyperglycaemia. The symptoms of hyperglycaemia are similar to the main symptoms of diabetes, but they may come on suddenly and be more severe. They include: extreme thirst a dry mouth blurred vision drowsiness a need to pass urine frequently Left untreated or if you already have an infection, hyperglycaemia can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. This is a life-threatening condition, where the body breaks down fat and muscle as an alternative source of energy. This leads to a build-up of acids in your blood, which can cause vomiting, dehydration, unconsciousness and even death. Your healthcare team will teach you about looking out for these symptoms and how to manage your ‘Sick Day’ rules. The Diabetes UK website has more information about type 1 diabetes symptoms. Causes of type 1


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these symptoms and how to manage your ‘Sick Day’ rules. The Diabetes UK website has more information about type 1 diabetes symptoms. Causes of type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body is unable to produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that’s needed to control the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. When you eat, your digestive system breaks down food and passes its nutrients – including glucose – into your bloodstream. The pancreas (a small gland behind your stomach) usually produces insulin, which transfers any glucose out of your blood and into your cells, where it’s converted to energy. However, if you have type 1 diabetes, your pancreas is unable to produce any insulin (see below). This means that glucose can’t be moved out of your bloodstream and into your cells. Autoimmune condition Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. Your immune system (the body’s natural defence against infection and illness) mistakes the cells in your pancreas as harmful and attacks


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condition. Your immune system (the body’s natural defence against infection and illness) mistakes the cells in your pancreas as harmful and attacks them, destroying them completely or damaging them enough to stop them producing insulin. It’s not known exactly what triggers the immune system to do this, but some researchers have suggested that it may be due to a viral infection. Type 1 diabetes is often inherited (runs in families), so the autoimmune reaction may also be genetic. If you have a close relative – such as a parent, brother or sister – with type 1 diabetes, you have about a 6% chance of also developing the condition. The risk for people who don’t have a close relative with type 1 diabetes is just under 0.5%. Read about diagnosing type 1 diabetes Diagnosing type 1 diabetes If you experience the symptoms of diabetes, you should visit your GP as soon as possible. They’ll ask about your symptoms and may request a urine and blood test. Urine and blood tests Your urine sample


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visit your GP as soon as possible. They’ll ask about your symptoms and may request a urine and blood test. Urine and blood tests Your urine sample will be tested to see whether it contains glucose. Urine doesn’t usually contain glucose, but if you have diabetes, some glucose can overflow through the kidneys and into the urine. Your urine may also be tested for ketones (chemicals) that indicate type 1 diabetes. The GP may do a finger prick blood test for glucose and ketones. A sample will be sent to the laboratory to confirm the diagnosis. These results will be discussed with the specialist diabetes service if there is concern you have Type 1 Diabetes. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) The glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) test is another blood test that can be used to diagnose diabetes.nd to monitor our long-term diabetes control. In people who’ve already been diagnosed with diabetes, the HbA1c test is often used to show how well their diabetes is being controlled. The HbA1c test gives your


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already been diagnosed with diabetes, the HbA1c test is often used to show how well their diabetes is being controlled. The HbA1c test gives your average blood glucose level over the previous two to three months. The results can indicate whether the measures you’re taking to control your diabetes are working. If you’ve been diagnosed with diabetes, it’s recommended that you have your HbA1c measured at least twice a year. However, you may need to have your HbA1c measured more frequently if: you’ve recently been diagnosed with diabetes your blood glucose remains too high your treatment plan has been changed you’re planning a pregnancy Unlike other tests, the HbA1c test can be carried out at any time of day and doesn’t require any special preparation, such as fasting. However, it’s less reliable in certain situations, such as during pregnancy. The advantages associated with the HbA1c test make it the preferred method of assessing how well blood glucose levels are being controlled in a


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The advantages associated with the HbA1c test make it the preferred method of assessing how well blood glucose levels are being controlled in a person with diabetes. Read about treating type 1 diabetes Treating type 1 diabetes Monitoring blood glucose An important part of your treatment is to make sure that your blood glucose level is as normal and stable as possible. You’ll be able to manage this using insulin treatment and by eating a healthy, balanced diet, but you will also have to regularly check your blood glucose levels to make sure they’re not too high or too low. Exercise, illness, stress, drinking alcohol, taking other medicines and, for women, changes to your hormone levels during your monthly period can all affect your blood glucose levels. In most cases, you’ll need to check your blood glucose levels during the day, both at home and at work or school, using a simple finger prick blood test. You may need to do this up to four or more times a day, depending on the type of


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home and at work or school, using a simple finger prick blood test. You may need to do this up to four or more times a day, depending on the type of insulin treatment you’re taking. There are different methods of checking your blood glucose that doesn’t involve pricking your finger. Discuss your options with your diabetes care team. The normal blood glucose level is 4-7 mmol/l before meals and less than 8.5 mmol/l two hours after meals. Mmol/l means millimoles per litre, and it’s a way of defining the concentration of glucose in your blood. There is another method to check glucose levels without pricking your finger. This is called a flash glucose monitor (Freestyle Libre). The Diabetes UK website has more information on testing your glucose levels. Having your blood glucose levels checked You’ll be measuring your blood glucose yourself every day, to check your levels. Your GP or diabetes care team will also carry out a different blood test every two to six months, called the HbA1c


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every day, to check your levels. Your GP or diabetes care team will also carry out a different blood test every two to six months, called the HbA1c test. This gives a clearer idea of how well your treatment plan is working, by measuring how stable your glucose levels have been over the past 6-12 weeks. It measures the amount of haemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying substance in red blood cells that has glucose attached to it. A high HbA1c level may indicate that your blood glucose level is consistently high and that your diabetes treatment plan needs to be altered. The ideal HbA1c target for people with diabetes is below 53 mmol/mol. Treating hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose) Hypoglycaemia can occur when your blood glucose level becomes very low. It’s likely that you’ll develop hypoglycaemia from time to time. Mild hypoglycaemia (or a “hypo”) can make you feel shaky, weak and hungry, and can be controlled by eating or drinking something sugary, such as: 200ml pure fruit juice 5 to


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“hypo”) can make you feel shaky, weak and hungry, and can be controlled by eating or drinking something sugary, such as: 200ml pure fruit juice 5 to 7 Dextrose tablets 4 to 5 Glucotabs 60ml Glucojuice 5 jelly babies You may also be able to take pure glucose, in the form of a tablet or fluid, if you need to control the symptoms of a hypo quickly. If you develop severe hypoglycaemia, you can become drowsy and confused, and you may even lose consciousness. If this occurs, you’ll need assistance from another person who may be able to give you a glucose gel rubbed into your cheeks or an injection of glucagon into your muscle. Glucagon is a hormone that quickly increases your blood glucose levels. Your diabetes care team may show several of your family members and close friends how to inject glucagon or give you glucose gel, should you need it. Once you begin to come round, you’ll need to eat something sugary when you’re alert enough to do so. If you lose consciousness as a result of


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it. Once you begin to come round, you’ll need to eat something sugary when you’re alert enough to do so. If you lose consciousness as a result of hypoglycaemia, there’s a risk that it could happen again within a few hours. You’ll need to rest afterwards and have someone with you to ensure that you eat some food to replace the glucose stores in your body. If the glucagon injection into your muscle doesn’t work, and you’re still drowsy or unconscious 10 minutes after the injection, you’ll need urgent medical attention. You’ll need to have an injection of dextrose straight into a vein, which must be given by a trained healthcare professional. If you have type 1 diabetes, it’s recommended that you carry identification with you so that people are aware of the problem if you become hypoglycaemic. If significant hypoglycaemia is a regular problem or you have lost your awareness of hypoglycaemia your health care team may consider using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Islet cell


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problem or you have lost your awareness of hypoglycaemia your health care team may consider using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Islet cell transplantation Some people with type 1 diabetes may benefit from a fairly new procedure known as islet cell transplantation. It involves implanting healthy islet cells from the pancreas of a deceased donor into the pancreas of someone with type 1 diabetes. In 2008, a government-funded islet cell transplant programme was introduced, and the procedure is now available through the NHS for people who satisfy certain criteria (see below). You may be suitable for an islet cell transplant if you’ve had: two or more severe hypos within the last two years and you have a poor awareness of hypoglycaemia a working kidney transplant, severe hypos and poor hypoglycaemia awareness, or poor blood glucose control even after receiving the best medical treatment You may not be suitable for an islet cell transplant if you: weigh over 85kg (13st 5.4lb) have poor


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even after receiving the best medical treatment You may not be suitable for an islet cell transplant if you: weigh over 85kg (13st 5.4lb) have poor kidney function need a lot of insulin – for example, over 50 units a day for a 70kg (11st) person An islet cell transplant is a minor, low-risk procedure that’s carried out under local anaesthetic. The procedure has been shown to be effective at reducing the risk of severe hypos. So far, the results of islet cell transplants carried out in the UK have shown a significant reduction in the number of hypos, from 23 per person per year before transplantation to less than one per person per year afterwards. Pancreas transplant People with type 1 diabetes who are having a kidney transplant from a donor may also be offered a pancreas transplant at the same time. Others may be offered a pancreas transplant after they’ve had a kidney transplant because they’re already on anti-rejection tablets. If you’re having repeated, severe and life-threatening


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after they’ve had a kidney transplant because they’re already on anti-rejection tablets. If you’re having repeated, severe and life-threatening hypoglycaemic attacks, a pancreas transplant may also be recommended. During the procedure, your faulty pancreas will be replaced with a healthy pancreas from a donor. This will allow you to get a new source of insulin. Pancreas transplants are complicated operations and, like other types of major surgery, there’s a risk of complications. In the UK, about 200 pancreas transplants are carried out each year, with more than 300 people on the waiting list. The waiting time for a pancreas transplant is one to two years, because there’s a shortage of suitable donor organs. Treating high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) Hyperglycaemia can occur when your blood glucose levels become too high. It can happen for several reasons, such as eating too much, being unwell or not taking enough insulin. If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your


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for several reasons, such as eating too much, being unwell or not taking enough insulin. If you develop hyperglycaemia, you may need to adjust your diet or your insulin dose to keep your glucose levels normal. Your diabetes care team can advise you about the best way to do this. If hyperglycaemia isn’t treated, it can lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, where the body begins to break down fats for energy instead of glucose, resulting in a build-up of ketones (acids) in your blood. Diabetic ketoacidosis is very serious and, if not addressed quickly, it can lead to unconsciousness and, eventually, death. The signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include: frequently passing urine thirst tiredness and lethargy (lack of energy) blurry vision abdominal (stomach) pain nausea and vomiting deep breathing smell of ketones on breath (described as smelling like pear drops) collapse and unconsciousness Read more about the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis Your healthcare team will educate


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as smelling like pear drops) collapse and unconsciousness Read more about the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis Your healthcare team will educate you on how to decrease your risk of ketoacidosis by testing your own blood for ketones using blood ketone sticks if you’re unwell. If you develop diabetic ketoacidosis, you’ll need urgent hospital treatment. You’ll be given insulin directly into a vein (intravenously). You may also need other fluids given by a drip if you’re dehydrated, including salt solution and potassium. Other treatments Type 1 diabetes can lead to long-term complications. If you have the condition, you have an increased risk of developing heart disease, stroke, eye and kidney disease. To reduce the chance of this, you may be advised to take: anti-hypertensive medicines to control high blood pressure a statin – such as simvastatin – to reduce high cholesterol levels low-dose aspirin to prevent stroke angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor – such as enalapril,


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simvastatin – to reduce high cholesterol levels low-dose aspirin to prevent stroke angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor – such as enalapril, lisinopril or ramipril if you have the early signs of diabetic kidney disease Diabetic kidney disease is identified by the presence of small amounts of a protein called albumin in your urine. It’s often reversible if treated early enough. Care standards for diabetes The aim of treating diabetes is to help people with the condition control their blood glucose levels and minimise the risk of developing future complications. In Scotland there is a National Diabetes Improvement Plan produced by the Scottish Diabetes Group, patients and health care professionals. The Diabetes National Service Framework has also been developed by diabetes clinical experts and patients with diabetes. Good diabetes care includes: access to information and appropriate support for people with type 1 diabetes, including access to a structured education programme an


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care includes: access to information and appropriate support for people with type 1 diabetes, including access to a structured education programme an agreed care plan, helping all people with diabetes to manage their care and lead a healthy lifestyle – including a named contact for their care information, care and support to enable all people with diabetes to control their blood glucose, maintain an acceptable blood pressure and minimise other risk factors for developing complications access to services to identify and treat possible complications – such as screening for diabetic retinopathy (where high blood glucose levels damage the retina at the back of the eye) and specialised foot care effective care for all people with diabetes admitted to hospital, for whatever reason Complications of type 1 diabetes If diabetes isn’t treated, it can lead to a number of different health problems. High glucose levels can damage blood vessels, nerves and organs. A consistently raised glucose


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it can lead to a number of different health problems. High glucose levels can damage blood vessels, nerves and organs. A consistently raised glucose level that doesn’t cause any symptoms can have damaging effects in the long term. Heart disease and stroke If you have diabetes, you’re up to five times more likely to develop heart disease or have a stroke. Prolonged, poorly controlled blood glucose levels increase the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis (furring and narrowing of your blood vessels). This may result in a poor blood supply to your heart or to your lower limbs, causing angina (a dull, heavy or tight pain in the chest) or claudication (pain in the back of your calves when walking). It also increases the chance that a blood vessel in your heart or brain will become completely blocked, leading to a heart attack or stroke. Nerve damage High blood glucose levels can damage the tiny blood vessels of your nerves. This can cause a tingling or burning pain that spreads from


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Nerve damage High blood glucose levels can damage the tiny blood vessels of your nerves. This can cause a tingling or burning pain that spreads from your fingers and toes up through your limbs. If the nerves in your digestive system are affected, you may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation. Retinopathy Retinopathy is where the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue) at the back of the eye is damaged. Blood vessels in the retina can become blocked or leaky, or can grow haphazardly. This prevents the light from fully passing through to your retina. If it isn’t treated, it can damage your vision. The better you control your blood glucose levels, the lower your risk of developing serious eye problems. Having an annual eye check with a specialist (an ophthalmologist or optometrist) can help pick up signs of a potentially serious eye problem early so that it can be treated. Treatment for diabetic retinopathy is only necessary if screening detects significant problems


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serious eye problem early so that it can be treated. Treatment for diabetic retinopathy is only necessary if screening detects significant problems that mean your vision is at risk. If the condition hasn’t reached this stage, the advice on managing your diabetes, BP and cholesterol level is recommended. The main treatments for more advanced diabetic retinopathy are: laser treatment injections of medication into your eyes an operation to remove blood or scar tissue from your eyes Read about diabetic eye screening Kidney disease If the small blood vessels in your kidney become blocked and leaky, your kidneys will work less efficiently. In rare, severe cases, this can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis (treatment to replicate the functions of the kidneys). In some cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary. Foot problems Damage to the nerves of the foot can mean that small nicks and cuts aren’t noticed, which can lead to a foot ulcer developing. About 1 in 10 people with


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to the nerves of the foot can mean that small nicks and cuts aren’t noticed, which can lead to a foot ulcer developing. About 1 in 10 people with diabetes get a foot ulcer, which can cause serious infection. If you develop nerve damage, you should check your feet every day and report any changes to your doctor, nurse or podiatrist. Look out for sores and cuts that don’t heal, puffiness or swelling, and skin that feels hot to the touch. You should also have a foot examination at least once a year. Sexual dysfunction In men with diabetes, particularly those who smoke, nerve and blood vessel damage can lead to erection problems. This can usually be treated with medication. Women with diabetes may experience: a reduced sex drive (loss of libido) reduced pleasure from sex vaginal dryness a reduced ability to orgasm pain during sex If you experience a lack of vaginal lubrication, or you find sex painful, you can use a vaginal lubricant or a water-based gel. Miscarriage and stillbirth


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experience a lack of vaginal lubrication, or you find sex painful, you can use a vaginal lubricant or a water-based gel. Miscarriage and stillbirth Pregnant women with diabetes have an increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. If your blood glucose level isn’t carefully controlled immediately before and during early pregnancy, there’s also an increased risk of the baby developing a serious birth defect. Pregnant women with diabetes will usually have their antenatal check-ups in hospital or a diabetes clinic. This allows doctors to keep a close eye on their blood glucose levels and control their insulin dosage more easily. Read more about diabetes and pregnancy: Diabetes UK My Diabetes My Way Living with type 1 diabetes Look after your feet Having diabetes means that you’re more likely to develop problems with your feet, including foot ulcers and infections from minor cuts and grazes. This is because blood glucose can damage the nerves in your feet. To prevent problems with your


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ulcers and infections from minor cuts and grazes. This is because blood glucose can damage the nerves in your feet. To prevent problems with your feet, keep your nails short and wash your feet daily using warm water. Wear shoes that fit properly and see a podiatrist or chiropodist (a foot care specialist) regularly so that any problems are detected early. Regularly check your feet for cuts, blisters or grazes because you may not be able to feel them if the nerves in your feet are damaged. See your GP if you have a minor foot injury that doesn’t start to heal within a few days. The Diabetes UK website has more information and advice about taking care of your feet. Regular eye tests If you have type 1 diabetes, you should be invited to have your your eyes screened at once a year to check for diabetic retinopathy. Retinopathy is an eye condition where the small blood vessels in your eye become damaged. It can occur if your blood glucose level is too high for a long time (hyperglycaemia).


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where the small blood vessels in your eye become damaged. It can occur if your blood glucose level is too high for a long time (hyperglycaemia). If it isn’t treated, retinopathy can eventually cause sight loss. Read more about diabetic eye screening Diabetes sick day rules If you need to take insulin to control your diabetes, you should have received instructions about looking after yourself when you’re ill – known as your “sick day rules”. Contact your diabetes care team or GP for advice if you haven’t received these. The advice you’re given will be specific to you, but some general measures that your sick day rules may include could be to: keep taking your insulin – it’s very important not to stop treatment when you’re ill; your treatment plan may state whether you need to temporarily increase your dose test your blood glucose level more often than usual – most people are advised to check the level at least four times a day keep yourself well hydrated – make sure you drink plenty of


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often than usual – most people are advised to check the level at least four times a day keep yourself well hydrated – make sure you drink plenty of sugar-free drinks keep eating – eat solid food if you feel well enough to, or liquid carbohydrates such as milk, soup and yoghurt if this is easier check your ketone levels if your blood glucose level is high Seek advice from your diabetes care team or GP if your blood glucose or ketone level remains high after taking insulin, if: you’re not sure whether to make any changes to your treatment you develop symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis you have any other concerns Pregnancy If you have diabetes and you’re thinking about having a baby, it’s a good idea to discuss this with your diabetes care team. A planned pregnancy enables you to make sure your blood glucose levels are as well controlled as possible before you get pregnant. Most women with diabetes have a healthy baby. You’ll need to keep your blood glucose under tight control,


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as possible before you get pregnant. Most women with diabetes have a healthy baby. You’ll need to keep your blood glucose under tight control, particularly before becoming pregnant and during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, to reduce the risk of the baby developing serious birth defects. You should also take a higher dose of folic acid tablets. Folic acid helps prevent your baby developing spinal cord problems. Doctors now recommend that all women planning to have a baby take folic acid. Women with diabetes are advised to take 5mg a day until they’re 12 weeks pregnant (only available on prescription). Folic acid should be taken alongside pregnancy multivitamins that include vitamin D. Insulin and metformin are safe to take during pregnancy. It’s important to review any other medications you take to ensure these are safe to take during pregnancy. You should also have your eyes checked. Retinopathy (see above) affects the blood vessels in the eyes and is a risk for all people with


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pregnancy. You should also have your eyes checked. Retinopathy (see above) affects the blood vessels in the eyes and is a risk for all people with diabetes. Pregnancy can place extra pressure on the small vessels in your eyes, so it’s important to treat retinopathy before you become pregnant. Your GP or diabetes care team can give you further advice. Diabetes UK and JDRF also provide more useful information about pregnancy and diabetes to help you get your pregnancy off to a healthy start. Education You’ll be best equipped to manage your diabetes if you’re given information and education when you’re diagnosed, and then on an ongoing basis. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) strongly recommends that all people who have diabetes should be offered a structured patient education programme, providing information and education to help them care for themselves. This gives people the best chance of developing the skills they need to effectively treat their condition,


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to help them care for themselves. This gives people the best chance of developing the skills they need to effectively treat their condition, maintain their glucose levels at a normal level and help prevent long-term complications. It also reduces the risk of developing hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose levels). Structured patient education Structured patient education means there’s a planned course that: covers all aspects of diabetes is flexible in content is relevant to a person’s clinical and psychological needs is adaptable to a person’s educational and cultural background There are also several local adult education programmes, many of which are working towards the criteria for structured education. Ask your diabetes care team about the adult education programmes they provide. Diabetes and your child For a parent whose child is diagnosed with a life-long condition, the job of parenting becomes even tougher. Although being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes will involve coming to terms


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with a life-long condition, the job of parenting becomes even tougher. Although being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes will involve coming to terms with the diagnosis, getting used to treatment and making changes to everyday life, your child can still lead a normal and healthy life. The Diabetes UK website has information and advice about your child and diabetes. Help and support Many people find it helpful to talk to others in a similar position, and you may find support from a group for people with diabetes. Patient organisations have local groups where you can meet others who’ve been diagnosed with the condition. The Diabetes UK website enables you to find your local diabetes support group. If you want to contact a trained counsellor directly, you can phone Diabetes UK’s care line on 0345 123 2399, or email helpline.scotland@diabetes.org.uk Further information on Helpline Scotland Financial support and benefits Some people with diabetes may be eligible to receive disability benefits


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Further information on Helpline Scotland Financial support and benefits Some people with diabetes may be eligible to receive disability benefits and incapacity benefits, depending on the impact the condition has on their life. The main groups likely to qualify for welfare benefits are children, elderly people, people with learning disabilities or mental health problems, and those with complications of diabetes. People over 65 who are severely disabled, may qualify for a type of disability benefit called Attendance Allowance. Carers may also be entitled to some benefit too, depending on their involvement in caring for the person with diabetes. Staff at your local Citizen’s Advice Scotland can check whether you’re getting all of the benefits you’re entitled to. Both they and your diabetes specialist nurse should also be able to give you advice about filling in the forms. Driving with diabetes It’s a common myth that people with diabetes aren’t allowed to drive anymore. Although there


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advice about filling in the forms. Driving with diabetes It’s a common myth that people with diabetes aren’t allowed to drive anymore. Although there are some restrictions on drivers with diabetes, it’s not as severe as you may think. You should always tell your insurer that you are diabetic as this may affect your insurance claim. Only individuals who use insulin have to tell the DVLA that they have diabetes. A high majority of individuals who use insulin can carry on driving on a restricted licence. This usually has to be renewed every 3 years. Additional restictions may apply for different licences (e.g Group 2 HGV) so always refer to the DVLA guidelines. Unfortunately, some individuals do lose their driving license, most commonly due to experiencing severe hypos or being unable to recognise symptoms of a hypo (hypo unawareness). To prevent hypos whilst driving you should check your blood glucose levels before driving keep medication close by in the car take regular breaks on long


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hypos whilst driving you should check your blood glucose levels before driving keep medication close by in the car take regular breaks on long journeys over 2 hours avoid missing meals For more information about driving with diabetes, visit Diabetes UK. Source: NHS Grampian - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 16 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Type 2 diabetes Looking after your feet Other health sites Diabetes.co.uk: Diabetes and hypoglycaemia Diabetes UK Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Breakthrough T1D NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/ulcerative-colitis/


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Ulcerative colitis | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Stomach, liver and gastrointestinal tract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition where your large bowel (colon and rectum) gets swollen and inflamed. Your colon is your large intestine (bowel). Your rectum is the end of your bowel, where poo is stored. If you have ulcerative colitis, you get swelling, inflammation and ulcers in the lining of your large bowel. They can bleed and produce pus. Ulcerative colitis can affect people of all ages, but it’s usually diagnosed between the age of 15 and 40. Symptoms The main symptoms of ulcerative colitis are: recurring diarrhoea, which may contain blood, mucus or pus abdominal pain needing to poo often You may also experience: extreme tiredness (fatigue) loss of


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diarrhoea, which may contain blood, mucus or pus abdominal pain needing to poo often You may also experience: extreme tiredness (fatigue) loss of appetite weight loss Some people also get symptoms in other parts of their body. For example, some people develop: painful and swollen joints (arthritis) mouth ulcers areas of painful, red and swollen skin irritated and red eyes Speak to your GP practice if: you have symptoms of ulcerative colitis and you haven’t been diagnosed with the condition Symptoms of a flare-up Some people may go for weeks or months with very mild symptoms, or none at all. This is known as remission. This may be followed by periods where the symptoms are particularly troublesome. These are known as flare-ups or relapses. Symptoms of flare-ups vary from person-to-person. They may include: diarrhoea 6 or more times a day blood or mucus in your poo severe abdominal pain symptoms in other parts of your body Severe ulcerative colitis can also cause symptoms like:


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a day blood or mucus in your poo severe abdominal pain symptoms in other parts of your body Severe ulcerative colitis can also cause symptoms like: shortness of breath a fast or irregular heartbeat a high temperature (fever) blood in your poo becoming more obvious Speak to your inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) team if: you have ulcerative colitis and think you’re having a flare-up Causes The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown. A combination of factors may be responsible, including: problems with your immune system – where the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of your large bowel, making it inflamed genetics – genes you inherit from your family environmental factors – like air pollution, medication and viruses or bacteria in your gut Diagnosis To help diagnose ulcerative colitis, your GP will ask about your: your pattern of symptoms your diet any recent travel – for example, you may have developed travellers’ diarrhoea whether you’re taking any medication, including


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of symptoms your diet any recent travel – for example, you may have developed travellers’ diarrhoea whether you’re taking any medication, including any over-the-counter medicines whether anyone else in your family has a bowel condition any health problems you’ve had in the past Your GP may also: examine your abdomen (tummy) ask for a stool (poo) sample and use a qFIT test to check for blood and mucus, infection or inflammation via a faecal calprotectin test arrange blood tests to check for inflammation or anaemia Additional tests for ulcerative colitis If your GP thinks that you have ulcerative colitis you may be referred to hospital for more tests. These could include: colonoscopy – a thin, flexible tube with a camera is put into your bottom to look at the whole of your large bowel sigmoidoscopy – a thin, flexible tube with a camera is put into your bottom to look at the end of your large bowel X-ray MRI scan or computerised tomography (CT) You will be told what tests you need and


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put into your bottom to look at the end of your large bowel X-ray MRI scan or computerised tomography (CT) You will be told what tests you need and what you need to do to prepare for them. Treatment Treatment for ulcerative colitis aims to relieve and prevent symptoms. Your treatment will depend on how severe your symptoms are and how often they flare up. Mild flare-ups can be usually be treated at home. But severe flare-ups usually need treatment in hospital to reduce the risk of complications. Treatment will usually be provided by a range of healthcare professionals. Medication Most people will get medication to treat symptoms of ulcerative colitis. This includes medications like: aminosalicylates (ASAs) – often the first treatment option, used to get and keep inflammation under control and can be given rectally as well as orally corticosteroids – used to get inflammation under control quickly, but not suitable for long-term use If you have lots of flare-ups or aminosalicylates do


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– used to get inflammation under control quickly, but not suitable for long-term use If you have lots of flare-ups or aminosalicylates do not keep your inflammation under control, you may need other treatments, such as: immunosuppressants like azathioprine or mercaptopurine – used to reduce the activity of the immune system biologic medicines, like adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab, ustekinumab or vedolizumab other advanced medicines like filgotinib, ozanimod, tofacitinib and upadacitinib Surgery Surgery to treat ulcerative colitis may be an option if: you choose to have surgery instead of taking medications that may cause side effects medications don’t control your symptoms your quality of life is severely affected by your condition you have serious complications of ulcerative colitis Surgery for ulcerative colitis involves removing part or all of your large bowel (known as a colectomy). This means the small intestine must be used to pass waste products out of your body instead.


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part or all of your large bowel (known as a colectomy). This means the small intestine must be used to pass waste products out of your body instead. During the surgery, your small intestine will either be: joined to the surface of your tummy (known as an ileostomy or a colostomy) – after this type of surgery, poo comes out of the opening on your tummy and is collected in special bags that you wear joined directly to your rectum (the end of your large bowel), so your poo comes out of your bottom as usual used to create an internal pouch that’s connected to your bottom (known as an ileo-anal pouch or J-pouch) – this means your poo can pass through your bottom as usual Diet There’s no evidence that a particular diet causes ulcerative colitis. But alongside medications, some changes to your diet may help control symptoms for some people. You could: eat 5 to 6 small meals rather than 3 main meals try to eat a healthy, varied diet that includes a wide variety of fruit, vegetables, nuts,


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You could: eat 5 to 6 small meals rather than 3 main meals try to eat a healthy, varied diet that includes a wide variety of fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, proteins and wholegrains drink plenty of water You could also speak to your IBD team about: keeping a food diary to find out if any particular foods affect your symptoms removing trigger foods from your diet – but do not make major changes to your diet without talking to your IBD team and make sure you are still getting all the nutrients you need taking a food supplement if you are struggling to get enough nutrients from your diet being referred to a dietitian Managing stress Stress doesn’t cause ulcerative colitis. But, managing stress may reduce how often you get symptoms. To help manage stress, you could: exercise – speak to your IBD team about a suitable exercise plan try relaxation techniques like yoga, medication and breathing exercises talk to others – Crohn’s & Colitis UK has details of local support groups speak to your


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techniques like yoga, medication and breathing exercises talk to others – Crohn’s & Colitis UK has details of local support groups speak to your GP if you think you may have depression Fertility and pregnancy A woman’s chance of becoming pregnant isn’t usually affected by ulcerative colitis. However, surgery for ulcerative colitis might affect your fertility, especially pouch surgery. Most women with ulcerative colitis will have a normal pregnancy and a healthy baby. But if you’re pregnant or planning a pregnancy you should discuss it with your IBD team. This is because they may need to change your medication. If you’re having a flare-up of ulcerative colitis you may also be advised to avoid getting pregnant until it’s under control. Complications If you have ulcerative colitis, you may be at an increased risk of developing other problems. This can include: osteoporosis poor growth and development in children and young people More serious and rare complications can include: primary


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This can include: osteoporosis poor growth and development in children and young people More serious and rare complications can include: primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) – inflammation in the bile ducts, which can lead to liver damage narrowing’s in the bowel (strictures) that may become blocked or make it difficult for poo to pass through toxic megacolon – severe inflammation in the colon may lead to trapped gas so the colon becomes very enlarged and can rupture a higher risk of getting bowel cancer a higher risk of getting blood clots in your legs or lungs Source: Scottish Government - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 24 March 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Crohn's disease


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Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Crohn's disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Other health sites Crohn's & Colitis UK: Ulcerative colitis Crohn's & Colitis UK: Symptoms Crohn's & Colitis UK: Tests and investigations Crohn's & Colitis UK: Treatments Crohn's & Colitis UK: Surgery Crohn's & Colitis UK: Stoma Chron's & Colitis UK: Getting a diagnosis Crohn's & Colitis UK: Food Crohn's & Colitis UK: Wellbeing support Crohn's & Colitis UK: Reproductive health Crohn's & Colitis UK: Joints Crohn's & Colitis UK: Bones Crohn's & Colitis UK: Pregnancy and breastfeeding NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/urinary-incontinence/


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Urinary incontinence | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Kidneys, bladder and prostate Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence Urinary incontinence is when you pee by accident. It can happen when doing exercise like running, lifting weights at the gym or jumping on a trampoline. Urinary incontinence can affect anyone. It tends to be more common in women. Further information about urinary incontinence in women Although it’s common, it shouldn’t be thought of as normal. There are things you can do to reduce the chance of this happening and improve your symptoms. How to prevent urinary incontinence There are things you can do that may help reduce the chance of urinary incontinence in the future. Do strengthen you pelvic floor muscles with simple pelvic floor exercises stay active maintain a healthy weight avoid or cut down on alcohol and


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Do strengthen you pelvic floor muscles with simple pelvic floor exercises stay active maintain a healthy weight avoid or cut down on alcohol and caffeinated drinks, such as coffee, tea and some fizzy drinks Types of urinary incontinence The 2 most common types of urinary incontinence are: stress incontinence – pee leaking out when your bladder is under pressure (life when you laugh, cough, sneeze, exercise or lift something heavy) urge incontinence – feeling a sudden and very intense need to pee and being unable to stop it Less common types of incontinence are: mixed incontinence – having both stress and urge incontinence overflow incontinence (also called chronic urinary retention) – the bladder cannot completely empty total incontinence – severe and continuous urinary incontinence When to get medical advice Speak to your GP practice if: You have any symptoms of urinary incontinence, such as: peeing by accident feeling a sudden need to pee and are unable to stop it What causes


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if: You have any symptoms of urinary incontinence, such as: peeing by accident feeling a sudden need to pee and are unable to stop it What causes urinary incontinence? The causes of urinary incontinence depend on the type. Certain things can increase the chances of urinary incontinence developing, including: being overweight a family history of incontinence getting older – but incontinence doesn’t happen just because you’ve aged if you’re a woman, pregnancy and vaginal birth if you’re a man, having surgery to remove the prostate gland Diagnosing urinary incontinence Your GP will ask you some questions to understand what may be causing the incontinence and how bad it is. They may also: try to rule out other things that could be causing your symptoms, such as a urinary tract infection suggest you keep a diary of how much fluid you drink and how often you have to pee carry out a pelvic examination (in women) or rectal examination (in men) – as this is an intimate examination, there may


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how often you have to pee carry out a pelvic examination (in women) or rectal examination (in men) – as this is an intimate examination, there may be another person (chaperone) present refer you to a specialist, usually a physiotherapist Treatment for urinary incontinence Treatments which do not involve taking medication or having surgery are usually tried first. These include: treating the underlying cause, if urinary incontinence is caused by another condition lifestyle changes – such as reducing your caffeine intake, changing how much you drink, and maintaining a healthy weight pelvic floor muscle training – your healthcare professional will explain how to do these exercises bladder training – techniques to increase the length of time between feeling the need to go to the toilet and peeing Incontinence products (like pads or pants) aren’t a treatment for urinary incontinence. But you might find them helpful while you are waiting for assessment or for a treatment to start working.


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a treatment for urinary incontinence. But you might find them helpful while you are waiting for assessment or for a treatment to start working. If these treatments don’t work for you, your doctor may suggest trying other treatments, like medication or surgery. This will depend on the cause and type of incontinence you are experiencing. It’s ok to ask any questions about your care to help you get the information you might need. Source: Scottish Government - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 13 February 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Urinary incontinence in women Pelvic floor muscles Menopause It's OK To Ask Urinary tract infection (UTI) Bowel incontinence Urinary catheterisation Other


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incontinence in women Pelvic floor muscles Menopause It's OK To Ask Urinary tract infection (UTI) Bowel incontinence Urinary catheterisation Other health sites Pelvic, Obstetric and Gynaecological Physiotherapy: Bladder & Bowel Incontinence Pelvic, Obstetric and Gynaecological Physiotherapy: Promoting continence with physiotherapy (PDF, 609 KB) Pelvic, Obstetric and Gynaecological Physiotherapy: Men’s pelvic health The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy: Training for pelvic floor muscles Age UK: Urinary incontinence NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/middle-years-around-25-to-50-years/pelvic-health/urinary-incontinence-in-women/


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/urinary-tract-infection-uti/


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Urinary tract infection (UTI) | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Kidneys, bladder and prostate Urinary tract infection (UTI) Urinary tract infection (UTI) Return to Symptoms Enter age Last Updated: Next Review Date: Review my answers Find your local services Search for a service near you by entering your postcode below. Please input your postcode in the following format: A12 1BC GP Practices Dental Services Pharmacies Opticians Postcode Search NHS inform has more information on this condition. Read more Previous Start guide Review my answers × You told us your credentials were: : You said: Based on the information you gave us, we made the following recommendation: Close Keep a copy View PDF Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections that affect the bladder, the kidneys and the tubes connected to them. Anyone can get them,


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PDF Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections that affect the bladder, the kidneys and the tubes connected to them. Anyone can get them, but they’re particularly common in women. Some women experience them regularly (called recurrent UTIs). UTIs can be painful and uncomfortable, but usually pass within a few days and can be treated with antibiotics. This page is about UTIs in adults. There is a separate page about UTIs in children. Urinary infection self-help guide Complete this self-help guide to check your symptoms and find out what to do next. Symptoms of UTIs Lower UTIs Infections of the bladder (cystitis) or urethra (tube that carries urine out of the body) are known as lower UTIs. These can cause: a need to pee more often than usual pain or discomfort when peeing sudden urges to pee feeling as though you’re unable to empty your bladder fully pain low down in your tummy urine that’s cloudy, foul-smelling or contains blood feeling generally unwell, achy and tired You


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your bladder fully pain low down in your tummy urine that’s cloudy, foul-smelling or contains blood feeling generally unwell, achy and tired You can speak to your pharmacist for advice and treatment on lower UTIs. Lower UTIs are common and aren’t usually a cause for major concern. Find your nearest pharmacy Upper UTIs Infections of the kidneys or ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder) are known as upper UTIs. These can cause the same symptoms as lower UTIs and also: a high temperature (fever) of 38ºC (100.4ºF) or above pain in your sides or back shivering and chills feeling and being sick confusion agitation or restlessness Upper UTIs can be serious if left untreated, as they could damage the kidneys or spread to the bloodstream. Speak to your GP urgently if: You think you, your child or someone you care for may have a urinary tract infection (UTI) and: have a very high temperature, or feel hot and shivery have a low temperature below 36°C are confused or drowsy have


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tract infection (UTI) and: have a very high temperature, or feel hot and shivery have a low temperature below 36°C are confused or drowsy have pain in the lower tummy or in the back, just under the ribs can see blood in your pee If your GP is closed, phone 111. These symptoms could mean you have a kidney infection, which can be serious if it’s not treated as it could cause sepsis. Speak to your GP if: you have symptoms of an upper UTI your child has symptoms of a UTI the symptoms are severe or getting worse the symptoms haven’t started to improve after a few days you get UTIs frequently your symptoms come back after treatment Your GP team can: rule out other possible causes of your symptoms by testing a sample of your urine prescribe antibiotics if you have an infection Chronic UTIs In some people UTI symptoms do not go away. Short-term antibiotics do not work and urine tests do not show an infection. This might mean you have a chronic (long-term) UTI. This can be caused by bacteria


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antibiotics do not work and urine tests do not show an infection. This might mean you have a chronic (long-term) UTI. This can be caused by bacteria entering the lining of the bladder. Because urine tests do not always pick up the infection and the symptoms can be similar to other conditions, chronic UTIs can be hard to diagnose. Chronic UTIs might be treated with antibiotics that you take for a long time. Chronic UTIs can have a big impact on your quality of life. If you have been treated for a UTI but you still have symptoms, speak to your GP about chronic UTIs and ask to be referred to a specialist. Treatment for UTIs UTIs are normally treated with a short term course of antibiotics. Most women are given a 3-day course of antibiotic capsules or tablets. Men, pregnant women and people with more serious symptoms may need a slightly longer course. Your symptoms will normally pass within 3 to 5 days of starting treatment. Make sure you complete the whole course of antibiotics that


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longer course. Your symptoms will normally pass within 3 to 5 days of starting treatment. Make sure you complete the whole course of antibiotics that you’ve been prescribed, even if you’re feeling better. Over-the-counter pain relief such as paracetamol can help with any pain. Drinking plenty of fluids may also help you feel better. Return to your GP if your symptoms don’t improve, get worse, or come back after treatment. Causes of UTIs UTIs occur when the urinary tract becomes infected, usually by bacteria. In most cases, bacteria from the gut enter the urinary tract through the urethra. This may happen when wiping your bottom or having sex. But often it’s not clear why it happens. The following may increase your risk of getting a UTI: conditions that obstruct your urinary tract, such as kidney stones difficulty emptying your bladder fully using a contraceptive diaphragm or condoms coated in spermicide diabetes a weak immune system – for example from chemotherapy or HIV a urinary


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fully using a contraceptive diaphragm or condoms coated in spermicide diabetes a weak immune system – for example from chemotherapy or HIV a urinary catheter (a tube in your bladder used to drain urine) an enlarged prostate gland in men Women may be more likely to get UTIs because their urethra is shorter than a man’s and is closer to their anus (back passage). Preventing UTIs There are some things you can do to try to prevent UTIs. Do go to the toilet as soon as you need to peealways empty your bladder fullystay well hydratedwipe your bottom from front to back when you go to the toiletpee as soon as possible after having sexhave a shower rather than a bathwear underwear made from cotton, rather than synthetic material such as nylonavoid tight jeans and trousers Don’t do not use perfumed bubble bath, soap or talcum powder around your genitals – use plain, unperfumed ones insteaddo not use a diaphragm or condoms with spermicidal lubricant on them – try another type of contraception


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genitals – use plain, unperfumed ones insteaddo not use a diaphragm or condoms with spermicidal lubricant on them – try another type of contraception Speak to your GP if these measures don’t work. Drinking cranberry juice or using probiotics aren’t proven to reduce your chances of getting UTIs. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 13 February 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Find your nearest pharmacy Enter a place or postcode NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/kidneys-bladder-and-prostate/urinary-tract-infection-uti-in-children/


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Vaginal cancer | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Cancer Cancer types in adults Vaginal cancer Vaginal cancer About vaginal cancer Causes of vaginal cancer Diagnosing vaginal cancer Treating vaginal cancer About vaginal cancer Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that begins in the vagina. Cancer that begins in the vagina is called primary vaginal cancer. Cancer that begins in another part of the body – such as the cervix, womb or ovaries – and spreads to the vagina is known as secondary vaginal cancer. This topic is about primary vaginal cancer. There are separate topics on cervical cancer, ovarian cancer and womb cancer. Signs and symptoms The most common symptom of vaginal cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. This includes: bleeding between your normal periods, or after sex bleeding after the menopause (post-menopausal bleeding)


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abnormal vaginal bleeding. This includes: bleeding between your normal periods, or after sex bleeding after the menopause (post-menopausal bleeding) Other symptoms can include: smelly or bloody vaginal discharge pain during sex pain when urinating needing to urinate more frequently than usual blood in your urine pelvic pain an itch or lump in your vagina Speak to your GP if you experience any abnormal vaginal bleeding, changes in your usual pattern of periods (such as irregular periods or heavier periods than usual), or problems urinating. While it’s highly unlikely that these symptoms are caused by vaginal cancer, they should still be investigated by your GP. Read more about diagnosing vaginal cancer. What causes vaginal cancer? The exact causes of vaginal cancer are unknown, but things that may increase your risk of developing it include: being infected with a particularly persistent type of the human papilloma virus (HPV), which can be spread during sex your age – 7 out of every 10


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being infected with a particularly persistent type of the human papilloma virus (HPV), which can be spread during sex your age – 7 out of every 10 cases of vaginal cancer affect women and anyone with a vagina over 60 a previous history of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) – abnormal cells in the vagina or cervix that can sometimes become cancerous As there is a possible link with HPV, it may be possible to reduce your risk of vaginal cancer by practising safe sex. The HPV vaccination, which is routinely offered to girls who are 12 to 13 years old, provides protection against 2 strains of HPV thought to be responsible for most cases of vaginal and cervical cancer. Read more about the causes of vaginal cancer. How vaginal cancer is treated Treatment for vaginal cancer depends on which part of your vagina is affected and how far the cancer has spread (known as the ‘stage’). The main treatments for vaginal cancer are: radiotherapy –


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part of your vagina is affected and how far the cancer has spread (known as the ‘stage’). The main treatments for vaginal cancer are: radiotherapy – radiation is used to destroy the cancerous cells surgery to remove the cancerous cells chemotherapy – medication is used to kill the cancerous cells; this is often used in combination with radiotherapy These treatments can cause both short- and long-term side effects that should be discussed with your care team before treatment begins. Read more about treating vaginal cancer Causes of vaginal cancer Cancer occurs when the cells in a certain area of your body divide and multiply too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour. The exact reason why this happens in cases of vaginal cancer is unknown, but certain things can increase your chances of developing the condition. Human papilloma virus (HPV) Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the name given to a group of viruses that affect the skin and the moist membranes that line the


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papilloma virus (HPV) Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the name given to a group of viruses that affect the skin and the moist membranes that line the body, such as those in the cervix, anus, mouth and throat. HPV is spread during sex, including anal and oral sex. There are many different types of HPV and up to 8 out of every 10 people are infected with the virus at some time during their lives. In most cases, the virus goes away without causing any harm and doesn’t lead to vaginal cancer. However, HPV is present in more than two-thirds of people with vaginal cancer, which suggests that it may increase your risk of developing the condition. HPV is known to cause changes in the cells of the cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer. It’s thought that the virus could have a similar effect on the cells of the vagina. Abnormal cells in the cervix or vagina You’re more likely to develop vaginal cancer if you’ve previously been found to have abnormal cells in your: cervix – known as cervical


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or vagina You’re more likely to develop vaginal cancer if you’ve previously been found to have abnormal cells in your: cervix – known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) vagina – known as vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) CIN and VAIN are terms used to describe cells that are abnormal, but not different enough to be considered cancerous. Both are thought to be closely linked to having a persistent HPV infection. The abnormal cells don’t usually cause any problems themselves and may only be detected during cervical screening, but left untreated there is a small chance they could eventually become cancerous. If you’re found to have CIN or VAIN, a procedure to remove or destroy the abnormal cells may be recommended. Diethylstilbestrol A medicine called diethylstilbestrol is known to increase your risk of vaginal cancer. The medication was widely prescribed during pregnancy between 1938 and 1971, because it was thought it could help reduce the risk of miscarriage. However,


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was widely prescribed during pregnancy between 1938 and 1971, because it was thought it could help reduce the risk of miscarriage. However, in 1971, researchers discovered a link between diethylstilbestrol and cancer in the children of women given the medicine. The use of diethylstilbestrol during pregnant was then banned. The risk of vaginal cancer associated with diethylstilbestrol is small and as it’s now over 40 years since it was last used during pregnancies, cases of vaginal cancer linked to the medication are very rare. Other possible factors Other things that may increase your risk of vaginal cancer include: your age – 7 out of every 10 cases of vaginal cancer occur in women and anyone with a vagina over 60 having a history of reproductive cancers, such as cervical cancer or vulval cancer – particularly if you were treated with radiotherapy smoking having HIV Read further information: Cancer Research UK: Risks and causes of vaginal cancer Diagnosing vaginal cancer To help


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radiotherapy smoking having HIV Read further information: Cancer Research UK: Risks and causes of vaginal cancer Diagnosing vaginal cancer To help diagnose vaginal cancer, your GP will ask you about your symptoms and may carry out a physical examination. They may also refer you for blood tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms, such as infection. If your GP cannot find an obvious cause of your symptoms, they will probably refer you to a gynaecologist for further testing. A gynaecologist is a specialist in treating conditions of the female reproductive system. If your GP refers you urgently because they think you have cancer, you have the right to be seen by a specialist within 2 weeks. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that GPs consider referring a woman who has an unexplained mass in or at the entrance to their vagina. Seeing a gynaecologist If you are referred to a gynaecologist, you may have: external and internal vaginal examinations


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the entrance to their vagina. Seeing a gynaecologist If you are referred to a gynaecologist, you may have: external and internal vaginal examinations to look for any unusual lumps or swellings a colposcopy – an examination where a special instrument (colposcope) that acts like a magnifying glass is used to study your vagina in greater detail If your gynaecologist thinks there may be abnormal tissue inside your vagina, a small sample of the tissue will be removed and checked under a microscope for cancerous cells. This is known as a biopsy. If the results of the biopsy suggest you have cancer, you may have further tests to see if the cancer has spread. These tests may include a more detailed internal vaginal examination carried out under general anaesthetic, X-rays, computerised tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Staging Healthcare professionals use a staging system to describe how far vaginal cancer has advanced. stage 1 – the cancer has started to grow


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Staging Healthcare professionals use a staging system to describe how far vaginal cancer has advanced. stage 1 – the cancer has started to grow into the wall of the vagina stage 2 – the cancer has begun to spread outside the vagina into the surrounding tissues stage 3 – the cancer has spread into your pelvis and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes stage 4a – the cancer has spread beyond your vagina and into organs such as your bladder or back passage (rectum) stage 4b – the cancer has spread into organs further away, such as the lungs The stage of your cancer is important in determining which treatment is most appropriate and whether a cure is possible. Generally, the lower the stage when cancer is diagnosed, the better the chance of a cure. If a cure is not possible, treatment can still help relieve any symptoms and slow down the spread of the cancer. Read more about how vaginal cancer is treated. Read further information: Cancer Research UK: Tests for vaginal cancer Cancer


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spread of the cancer. Read more about how vaginal cancer is treated. Read further information: Cancer Research UK: Tests for vaginal cancer Cancer Research UK: Stages and grades for vaginal cancer Treating vaginal cancer Treatment for vaginal cancer will depend on where the cancer is in your vagina and how far it has spread. Possible treatments include radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy. When you are diagnosed with cancer, you will be cared for by a group of different healthcare professionals, known as a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Your MDT will include a range of specialists, including surgeons, clinical oncologists (specialists in the non-surgical treatment of cancer), and specialist cancer nurses. Your MDT will recommend a treatment plan they feel is most suitable for you, but the final decision will be yours. Before going to hospital to discuss your treatment options, you may find it useful to write a list of questions to ask the specialist. For example, you may want to find


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to discuss your treatment options, you may find it useful to write a list of questions to ask the specialist. For example, you may want to find out the advantages and disadvantages of particular treatments. Radiotherapy Radiotherapy is the main treatment for vaginal cancer. It can be used: as an initial treatment to cure the cancer in combination with chemotherapy (chemoradiation) after surgery to prevent the cancer from returning to control symptoms when a cure is not possible (palliative radiotherapy) How it’s carried out There are 2 main ways that radiotherapy for vaginal cancer can be given: external radiotherapy – a machine beams high-energy rays at your vagina and pelvis internal radiotherapy – a small radioactive device, which looks like a tampon, is inserted into your vagina The type of radiotherapy you receive depends on where the cancer is in your body. For example, internal radiotherapy may be used if the cancer is in the lining of your vagina, and external radiotherapy may


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cancer is in your body. For example, internal radiotherapy may be used if the cancer is in the lining of your vagina, and external radiotherapy may be used if the cancer is deeper in the tissues of the vagina. You can receive a combination of internal and external radiotherapy. External radiotherapy is usually given for around 4 to 6 weeks in short daily sessions, from Monday to Friday. You return home between treatments and have a break at the weekends. Internal radiotherapy may involve either a long treatment session where you need to stay in hospital for 24 hours, or several short day-case treatments. Read more about how radiotherapy is performed. Side effects Following radiotherapy, it’s likely you will have some side effects. These occur because radiotherapy temporarily damages some healthy cells as well as destroying cancerous ones. Possible side effects of radiotherapy for vaginal cancer include: sore, red skin – similar to sunburn vaginal discharge pain while passing urine


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Possible side effects of radiotherapy for vaginal cancer include: sore, red skin – similar to sunburn vaginal discharge pain while passing urine diarrhoea tiredness feeling sick narrowing of the vagina (see below) early menopause and infertility (see below) Read more about the side effects of radiotherapy. Effects on sex Radiotherapy may cause you to lose interest in sex, particularly if you have side effects such as tiredness or nausea, or you are anxious about your condition or treatment. Radiotherapy can also cause scar tissue to form in your vagina, which can make it narrower and means having sex is difficult or uncomfortable. If you feel up to it, your care team may suggest having sex regularly during treatment to help stop this happening. Devices called dilators, which are inserted into the vagina, can also be used after treatment stops to help stop your vagina getting narrower. You may also experience some vaginal dryness or pain when having sex. If this happens, you can try


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stops to help stop your vagina getting narrower. You may also experience some vaginal dryness or pain when having sex. If this happens, you can try using lubricants or asking your care team about possible treatments. Menopause and fertility If you have external radiotherapy to your pelvis, you may experience an early menopause (if you have not had the menopause already). This means you will no longer be able to have children (infertility). Before your treatment, your care team will explain whether this is a risk and discuss the options and support available. Surgery There are 4 main types of surgery used to treat vaginal cancer: partial vaginectomy – removing the upper section of your vagina radical vaginectomy – removing all of your vagina and pelvic lymph nodes radical vaginectomy and radical hysterectomy – removing all of your vagina, womb, ovaries, fallopian tubes and pelvic lymph nodes pelvic exenteration – removing all of your vagina and surrounding tissue, including the bladder


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womb, ovaries, fallopian tubes and pelvic lymph nodes pelvic exenteration – removing all of your vagina and surrounding tissue, including the bladder and/or rectum (back passage) Partial vaginectomy A partial vaginectomy can be used to treat stage 1 vaginal cancer, when radiotherapy has failed to remove the cancer or where a woman prefers to have surgery rather than radiotherapy because she still wants to have children. Your surgeon will remove the cancerous section of the vagina, as well as some surrounding healthy tissue, just in case a small number of cancerous cells have spread. Your surgeon will repair the defect in the vaginal wall, which means you will be able to have sex after you have recovered from the operation. Radical vaginectomy A radical vaginectomy may be used to treat cases of advanced stage 1 and stage 2 vaginal cancer. The surgeon will remove most, or all, of your vagina. A plastic surgeon may be able to make a new vagina using skin, muscle and tissue taken from


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The surgeon will remove most, or all, of your vagina. A plastic surgeon may be able to make a new vagina using skin, muscle and tissue taken from another part of your body – usually one of your thighs or buttocks. You will still be able to have sex after a vaginal reconstruction, although you will need to use lubricant, because the lining of the new vagina cannot make the mucus it would naturally make. Radical hysterectomy A radical hysterectomy is often performed at the same time as a radical vaginectomy. During a radical hysterectomy, all of the reproductive system is removed, including the womb, fallopian tubes, ovaries and nearby lymph nodes. Pelvic exenteration Pelvic exenteration is used in a few cases to treat recurrent or advanced cases of vaginal cancer. If you no longer have a bladder, you will need another way to pass urine. One solution is for your surgeon to make a hole (stoma) in your tummy. A bag is then attached to the stoma so that urine can be passed into it. The bag


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solution is for your surgeon to make a hole (stoma) in your tummy. A bag is then attached to the stoma so that urine can be passed into it. The bag is known as a urostomy bag. Similarly, as you may no longer have a rectum, you will need a way to pass stools (faeces) out of your digestive system. Another stoma can be made and attached to a collection bag, known as a colostomy bag. Read more about colostomies. A vaginal reconstruction can be carried out after a pelvic exenteration. It may also be possible to reconstruct your rectum and attach it to the remaining section of your bowel once this has healed. In this case, you will only need a temporary colostomy. As pelvic exenteration is major surgery, it may take you several months to fully recover from the operation. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is usually used in combination with radiotherapy or to control symptoms when a cure is not possible (palliative chemotherapy). It’s usually given by injection (intravenous chemotherapy). Like


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or to control symptoms when a cure is not possible (palliative chemotherapy). It’s usually given by injection (intravenous chemotherapy). Like radiotherapy, the powerful cancer-killing medicines used in chemotherapy can also damage healthy tissue and cause a range of side effects. Side effects of chemotherapy for vaginal cancer can include: tiredness feeling sick increased risk of infections diarrhoea hair loss Read more about the side effects of chemotherapy. Coping with treatment Treatment for vaginal cancer can have a significant emotional impact, particularly for young women who experience an early menopause as a result of treatment. The removal of some or all of the vagina can be traumatic for pre- and post-menopausal women alike, and some women feel less ‘womanly’ than they did before. It’s not uncommon to feel a sense of loss and bereavement after treatment. In some women, this may lead to depression. You may find it helpful to talk to other women who have had similar


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loss and bereavement after treatment. In some women, this may lead to depression. You may find it helpful to talk to other women who have had similar treatment. Your GP or hospital staff may be able to recommend a suitable local support group. Charities can also help: Macmillan Cancer Support has information on groups you can join and a support line that you can call for free on 0808 808 00 00 (Monday to Friday, 8am to 8pm) Cancer Research UK provides a free phone number that you can call on 0808 800 40 40 (Monday to Friday, 9am to 5pm) If feelings of depression persist, speak to your GP about the treatment and support available. Clinical trials As vaginal cancer is rare, you may be asked to take part in a clinical trial. Clinical trials are an important way for healthcare professionals to learn more about the best way to treat specific conditions. Most clinical trials involve comparing a new treatment with an existing treatment to determine whether the new treatment is more or less


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conditions. Most clinical trials involve comparing a new treatment with an existing treatment to determine whether the new treatment is more or less effective. If you do receive a new treatment, there is no guarantee it will be more effective than an existing one. You can find out whether there are currently any clinical trials for vaginal cancer, or ask your care team if there are clinical trials in your area. Your care team can explain the advantages and disadvantages of taking part. Read further information: Cancer Research UK: Treatment for vaginal cancer Macmillan Cancer Support: Vaginal cancer Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 19 November 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS


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health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Cervical cancer Radiotherapy Other health sites Cancer Research UK: Vaginal cancer Macmillan Cancer Support: Vaginal cancer Scottish Cancer Network: Patient information The Eve Appeal: Vaginal cancer Search for cancer support services near you Enter a place or postcode NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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Varicose eczema | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Skin, hair and nails Varicose eczema Varicose eczema About varicose eczema Causes of varicose eczema Diagnosing varicose eczema Treating varicose eczema About varicose eczema Varicose eczema is a long-term skin condition that affects the lower legs and is common in people with varicose veins. It is also known as venous eczema, gravitational eczema and stasis eczema. Signs and symptoms Like all types of eczema, the affected skin becomes: itchy red and swollen dry and flaky scaly or crusty There may be periods when these symptoms improve and periods when they become more severe. Your legs may become swollen, especially towards the end of the day or after long periods of standing. Varicose veins (swollen and enlarged veins) are often visible on the legs. Some people also have other


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of the day or after long periods of standing. Varicose veins (swollen and enlarged veins) are often visible on the legs. Some people also have other symptoms, such as: brown discolouration of the skin red, tender and tight skin that can eventually become hardened (lipodermatosclerosis) small, white scars (atrophie blanche) pain eczema affecting other parts of the body Left untreated, leg ulcers can develop. These are long-lasting wounds that form where the skin has become damaged. When to seek medical advice See your GP if you have symptoms of varicose eczema. They will often be able to make a diagnosis simply by looking at the skin. Read more about diagnosing varicose eczema. What causes varicose eczema? Varicose eczema is caused by increased pressure in the leg veins. When the small valves in the veins stop working properly, it’s difficult for blood to be pushed against gravity and it can leak backwards. This increases the pressure in the veins, which can cause fluid to leak into


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for blood to be pushed against gravity and it can leak backwards. This increases the pressure in the veins, which can cause fluid to leak into the surrounding tissue. It is thought that varicose eczema may develop as a result of the immune system reacting to this fluid. Varicose eczema is more common in people with varicose veins, as these are also often a sign that the leg veins aren’t working properly. Read more about the causes of varicose eczema. How varicose eczema is treated Varicose eczema tends to be a long-term problem. However, treatments are available to help keep it under control. For most people, treatment involves a combination of: self-help measures – including ways to improve your circulation, such as keeping active and frequently raising your legs emollients – moisturisers applied to the skin to stop it becoming dry) topical corticosteroids – ointments and creams applied to the skin to help treat the eczema and relieve symptoms compression stockings – specially


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topical corticosteroids – ointments and creams applied to the skin to help treat the eczema and relieve symptoms compression stockings – specially designed stockings, usually worn every day, that steadily squeeze your legs and help to improve your circulation If these treatments don’t help, your GP may refer you to a dermatologist (skin specialist) in case there is another cause for your symptoms or if they are concerned you may also have a type of eczema called contact dermatitis. If you also have varicose veins, you may be referred to a vascular specialist (a doctor or surgeon specialising in conditions affecting the blood vessels) who can talk to you about the treatment options for varicose veins. Read more about treating varicose eczema. Causes of varicose eczema Varicose eczema is usually caused by increased pressure in your leg veins. Inside your veins there are valves that let the blood through in one direction and prevent it flowing backwards. Sometimes, the walls of the veins


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Inside your veins there are valves that let the blood through in one direction and prevent it flowing backwards. Sometimes, the walls of the veins can become stretched and lose their elasticity, causing the valves to become weakened. If the valves do not function properly, blood may leak backwards. This increases the pressure in your veins, which may cause fluid to leak into surrounding tissues. It is thought that varicose eczema may develop as a result of your immune system reacting to these fluids in the tissues under your skin. This increase in pressure can also cause blood to collect in your veins, which become swollen and enlarged (varicose veins). Who’s most at risk? It is not fully understood why the walls of the veins stretch and the valves weaken. Some people develop the condition for no obvious reason, although there are certain factors that increase the chances of this happening, including: gender – varicose eczema is more common in women obesity – this can increase the


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factors that increase the chances of this happening, including: gender – varicose eczema is more common in women obesity – this can increase the pressure in your leg veins pregnancy – this can also increase the pressure in your leg veins not being able to move for a long period of time – this can affect the circulation in your leg veins having previously had deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – blood clots that develop in leg veins, which can damage the valves in your veins increasing age – people generally find it harder to move about as they get older, which can affect their circulation Diagnosing varicose eczema See your GP if you have symptoms of varicose eczema. They can usually make a diagnosis by simply looking at the affected areas. Your GP will also ask you questions to determine whether you have a problem with the flow of blood in your leg veins, as this is the main cause of varicose eczema. To help make a diagnosis, your GP may want to know if you have a history of: varicose veins


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leg veins, as this is the main cause of varicose eczema. To help make a diagnosis, your GP may want to know if you have a history of: varicose veins – swollen and enlarged veins deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – a blood clot in one of the deep veins of your legs leg ulcers – areas of damaged skin that take several weeks to heal cellulitis – an infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue surgery or injury to your legs Your GP may also check the pulse in your feet and they may carry out an ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) test to see if compression stockings are suitable for you. See the section on treating varicose eczema for more information about these. The ABPI test involves comparing blood pressure readings taken from your ankles and upper arms. A significant difference in the readings suggests a problem with the flow of blood in your arteries – in which case, compression stockings may not be safe to use. Referral to a specialist You may be referred to a


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the flow of blood in your arteries – in which case, compression stockings may not be safe to use. Referral to a specialist You may be referred to a specialist in a local hospital for further tests. This might be a vascular specialist (a doctor or surgeon specialising in conditions affecting the blood vessels) or a dermatologist (a specialist in skin conditions) if: you have varicose veins and changes to your skin, such as varicose eczema, lipodermatosclerosis (hard, tightened skin) or a history of leg ulcers you have very poor blood flow in the blood vessels in your legs your symptoms don’t get better, despite treatment it is possible that you may have contact dermatitis Treating varicose eczema Treatment for varicose eczema aims to improve the condition of your skin, treat your symptoms and help improve your circulation (blood flow). For many people, this will involve long-term treatment with a combination of: emollients (moisturisers) topical corticosteroids compression stockings


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For many people, this will involve long-term treatment with a combination of: emollients (moisturisers) topical corticosteroids compression stockings There are also some self-help techniques that you can try. These treatment options are described in more detail below. Lipodermatosclerosis (hardened, tight skin) is treated in a similar way to varicose eczema. If you have a venous leg ulcer, you can also read about treating venous leg ulcers. Self-help There are some steps you can take to reduce the symptoms of varicose eczema and help prevent further problems, such as: try to avoid injuring your skin – injuries to your skin could lead to an ulcer developing raise your legs when you are resting – for example, by propping up your feet on some pillows (ideally so that they are above the level of your heart), as this can help reduce swelling keep physically active – this will improve your circulation and help you maintain a healthy weight Fluid can build up in the lower legs if you sit or


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keep physically active – this will improve your circulation and help you maintain a healthy weight Fluid can build up in the lower legs if you sit or stand for too long, so it is important to keep moving. Walking will get your muscles working and help to push the blood through the veins to your heart. The National Eczema Society also recommends regularly flexing your feet and rising up onto your toes or bending down at the knees. Emollients Emollients are moisturising treatments applied directly to the skin to reduce water loss and cover it with a protective film. They are often used to help manage dry or scaly skin conditions such as eczema. Choice of emollient A number of different emollients are available. Some can be bought over the counter without a prescription, but if you have varicose eczema it may be helpful to ask your GP to recommend a suitable product. You may need to try several different emollients to find one that works for you. You may also be prescribed a mixture of


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a suitable product. You may need to try several different emollients to find one that works for you. You may also be prescribed a mixture of emollients, for example: an ointment for very dry skin a cream or lotion for less dry skin an emollient to use instead of soap an emollient to add to bath water or use in the shower The difference between lotions, creams and ointments is the amount of oil that they contain. Ointments contain the most oil, so they can be quite greasy, but are the most effective at keeping moisture in the skin. Lotions contain the least amount of oil, so are not greasy, but can be less effective. Creams are somewhere in between. How to use emollients If you have varicose eczema, you should use an emollient at least twice a day, even if you do not have any symptoms. To apply the emollient: use a large amount – you should aim to cover all of the skin on your lower leg, not just the obviously affected areas don’t rub it in – instead, smooth it into the skin in the


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aim to cover all of the skin on your lower leg, not just the obviously affected areas don’t rub it in – instead, smooth it into the skin in the same direction that the hair grows apply every 2 to 3 hours for very dry skin after a bath or shower, gently dry the skin, then immediately apply the emollient while the skin is still moist do not share emollients with other people It is very important to keep using emollients during a flare-up of varicose eczema, because this is when the skin needs the most moisture. Apply emollients frequently and in generous amounts during a flare-up. Side effects It’s unusual for emollients to cause side effects, but they can occasionally cause a rash, and greasy emollients may sometimes cause folliculitis (inflammation of the hair follicles). If you experience any side effects from your emollient, speak to your GP, who can prescribe an alternative product. Emollients added to bath water can make your bath very slippery, so take care getting in and out of


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GP, who can prescribe an alternative product. Emollients added to bath water can make your bath very slippery, so take care getting in and out of the bath. Topical corticosteroids If your skin is inflamed from a flare-up of varicose eczema, your GP may prescribe a topical corticosteroid (corticosteroid medication that is applied directly to your skin in the form of a cream or ointment) to quickly reduce the inflammation. They are also commonly known as topical steroids. Different strength topical corticosteroids can be prescribed, depending on the severity of your varicose eczema. If you have flare-ups of lipodermatosclerosis, you may need a very strong topical corticosteroid. How to use topical corticosteroids When using corticosteroids, only apply the treatment to the affected areas. Your doctor can advise you on how much to apply and how often. You can also check the advice in the patient information leaflet that comes with your medication. Most people only have to apply a topical


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how often. You can also check the advice in the patient information leaflet that comes with your medication. Most people only have to apply a topical corticosteroid once a day. When applying the medication, you should: apply your emollient first and wait around 30 minutes before applying the topical corticosteroid (until the emollient has soaked into your skin) apply it only to the affected area use the topical corticosteroid for 7 to 14 days and continue to apply the treatment for 48 hours after the flare-up has cleared If your varicose eczema is moderate to severe, you may need to apply topical corticosteroids both between flare-ups and during them. If you need to use topical corticosteroids on a long-term basis, you should apply them less frequently. Your GP will advise you on how often you should be applying them. You should also speak to your GP if you have been using a topical corticosteroid and your symptoms have not improved. Side effects Topical corticosteroids may cause a


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to your GP if you have been using a topical corticosteroid and your symptoms have not improved. Side effects Topical corticosteroids may cause a mild and short-lived burning or stinging sensation as you apply them, particularly if using a cream. Generally, using a strong topical corticosteroid for prolonged periods will increase your risk of getting more serious side effects, such as thinning of the skin. Your doctor will advise you as to the strength of the medication you require and when you should use it. Compression stockings Medical compression stockings are specially designed to steadily squeeze your legs to help improve your circulation. They are tightest at the ankle and get gradually looser as they go further up your leg. This encourages blood to flow upwards towards your heart. Medical compression stockings are used to treat varicose eczema and lipodermatosclerosis by improving the flow of blood through your leg veins and reducing the pressure in the veins. Choice of


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varicose eczema and lipodermatosclerosis by improving the flow of blood through your leg veins and reducing the pressure in the veins. Choice of compression stockings Compression stockings are available in a variety of different sizes and pressures. They are also available in: different colours different lengths – some come up to the knee and others also cover the thigh (you should only need knee-high stockings for varicose eczema) different foot styles – some cover the whole foot and some stop before the toes Support stockings or tights that lightly compress the legs can be bought from pharmacies. Compression stockings that compress the legs more are available on prescription and will require you to be measured by a nurse first. In some cases, if you find it difficult to put on your stockings, you may be advised to use a tubular bandage instead. Wearing compression stockings You will usually need to put your compression stockings on as soon as you get up in the morning and take them


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instead. Wearing compression stockings You will usually need to put your compression stockings on as soon as you get up in the morning and take them off when you go to bed. Wearing compression stockings can be uncomfortable, particularly during hot weather, but it is important to wear them correctly to get the most benefit from them. Pull them all the way up so that the correct level of compression is applied to each part of your leg. Do not let the stocking roll down, or it may dig into your skin in a tight band around your leg. Speak to your GP if the stockings are uncomfortable, they do not seem to fit, or you have difficulty putting them on. It may be possible to get custom-made stockings that will fit you exactly. Take care when putting compression stockings on and taking them off, as this can damage fragile skin. If you have a leg ulcer, it ideally needs to heal before you start wearing compression stockings. Caring for compression stockings Compression stockings usually have to


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it ideally needs to heal before you start wearing compression stockings. Caring for compression stockings Compression stockings usually have to be replaced every 3 to 6 months. Speak to your GP if your stockings become damaged, as they may no longer be effective. You should be prescribed 2 stockings (or 2 sets of stockings if you are wearing 1 on each leg) so that 1 stocking can be worn while the other is being washed and dried. Compression stockings should be hand-washed in warm water and dried away from direct heat. Treating varicose veins If you have varicose veins, as well as varicose eczema, treating these may sometimes be helpful. If your GP thinks treatment may be beneficial, they can refer you to a vascular surgeon, who can arrange for an ultrasound scan of your leg to find the faulty blood vessels. Treatment of your varicose veins can then be planned. There are a number of treatments available that can improve the symptoms and appearance of varicose veins, including:


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veins can then be planned. There are a number of treatments available that can improve the symptoms and appearance of varicose veins, including: endothermal ablation – where energy from either high-frequency radio waves or lasers is used to seal the affected veins sclerotherapy – where a special foam is injected into your veins to seal them ligation and stripping – where affected veins are tied off and surgically removed These procedures are usually performed in the day surgery department of a hospital. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 17 January 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Atopic eczema Venous leg ulcer Other health sites British Association of Dermatologists: Venous


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Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Atopic eczema Venous leg ulcer Other health sites British Association of Dermatologists: Venous eczema Circulation Foundation NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/


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Vascular dementia | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Brain, nerves and spinal cord Dementia Types of dementia Vascular dementia Vascular dementia Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of diseases that affect different brain functions, including memory. Vascular dementia is a common type of dementia. It’s caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. Symptoms of vascular dementia Vascular dementia can start suddenly or begin slowly over time. Symptoms include: slowness of thought difficulty with planning and understanding problems with concentration changes to your mood, personality or behaviour feeling disoriented and confused difficulty walking and keeping balance symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, like problems with memory and language Many people with vascular dementia also have Alzheimer’s disease. These problems can make daily


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disease, like problems with memory and language Many people with vascular dementia also have Alzheimer’s disease. These problems can make daily activities increasingly difficult. Causes of vascular dementia Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. This damages and eventually kills brain cells. Reduced blood flow to the brain can be caused by: narrowing and blockage of the small blood vessels inside the brain a single stroke, where the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly cut off lots of “mini strokes” (transient ischaemic attacks or TIAs) that cause tiny but widespread damage to the brain Risk factors for vascular dementia Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. This is often linked to underlying conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes and irregular heart rhythms. It can also be linked to lifestyle factors like smoking and being overweight. Tackling these might reduce your risk of vascular dementia in later life. When to


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be linked to lifestyle factors like smoking and being overweight. Tackling these might reduce your risk of vascular dementia in later life. When to speak to a healthcare professional If you’re worried about your memory or think you may have dementia, you should speak to your GP. If you’re worried about someone else, you should encourage them to make an appointment. You could suggest that you’ll go with them. More advice if you’re worried about dementia Diagnosing vascular dementia Memory problems are not only caused by dementia. They can also be caused by depression, stress, medications or other health problems. Your GP can carry out some simple checks to try to find out what the cause may be. They can refer you to a specialist for more tests, if necessary. Treatment for vascular dementia There’s currently no cure for vascular dementia. But, there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. Your GP or healthcare professional can discuss the best treatment options for you. There


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But, there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. Your GP or healthcare professional can discuss the best treatment options for you. There are things you can do to live well for as long as possible with dementia. Read more about living well with dementia Your future health and social care needs will need to be assessed and a care plan drawn up. This is a way of ensuring you receive the right treatment for your needs. It involves identifying areas where you may need some help, like: what support you or your carer need for you to remain as independent as possible whether there are any changes that need to be made to your home to make it easier to live in whether you need any financial assistance Source: Scottish Government - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 01 May 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email


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NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Alzheimer's disease Dementia with Lewy bodies NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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Vertigo | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Ears, nose and throat Vertigo Vertigo Vertigo is a symptom, rather than a condition itself. It’s the feeling that you, or the environment around you, is moving or spinning. This feeling may be barely noticeable, or it may be so severe that you find it difficult to keep your balance and do everyday tasks. Vertigo can develop suddenly and last for a few seconds or much longer. If you have severe vertigo, your symptoms may be constant and last for several days, making daily life very difficult. Symptoms of vertigo may include: loss of balance – which can make it difficult to stand or walk feeling sick or being sick dizziness When to get medical advice Speak to your GP practice if: your vertigo comes on suddenly you have vertigo that will not go away you have vertigo that keeps coming back vertigo


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Speak to your GP practice if: your vertigo comes on suddenly you have vertigo that will not go away you have vertigo that keeps coming back vertigo is affecting your daily life Phone 111 or phone your GP for an urgent appointment if: You have vertigo and: a severe headache feel sick or are being sick have a high temperature and feel shivery Phone 999 or go to A&E if: You have vertigo and: double vision hearing loss difficulty speaking or slurred speech weakness, numbness or tingling in your arms or legs Diagnosing vertigo Your GP will ask about your symptoms and can carry out an examination to help determine some types of vertigo. They may also refer you for further tests. What causes vertigo? Inner ear problems, which affect balance, are the most common causes of vertigo. It can also be caused by problems in certain parts of the brain. Common causes of vertigo may include: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) – where certain head movements trigger vertigo migraine


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the brain. Common causes of vertigo may include: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) – where certain head movements trigger vertigo migraine labyrinthitis or vestibular neuronitis – an inner ear infection persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) Ménière’s disease Less commonly, vertigo can sometimes be caused by conditions that affect certain parts of the brain. This can include: a stroke multiple sclerosis brain tumours Depending on the condition causing vertigo, you may have other symptoms, such as: a high temperature ringing in your ears (tinnitus) hearing loss Treatment for vertigo Treatment will depend on the cause. Gentle movement is encouraged as soon as you are able to. This will help the balance systems in your body reset. Medicines (such as prochlorperazine and some antihistamines) may help in most cases of vertigo. These should only be used for a short amount of time (3-5 days). Long term use may slow the recovery process. Many people with vertigo get better


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These should only be used for a short amount of time (3-5 days). Long term use may slow the recovery process. Many people with vertigo get better without treatment. If you’re still experiencing vertigo or balance problems after 6 weeks, you may be referred to a Vestibular (balance) Physiotherapist or an ENT (Ear, nose & throat) consultant. Things you can do to help your symptoms There may be things you can do yourself to help your symptoms, and reduce how often you have vertigo. Do lie still in a quiet, dark room to reduce the spinning feeling move your head as able sit down straight away when you feel dizzy turn on the lights if you get up at night use a walking stick if you’re at risk of falling use an extra pillow the first couple of nights if you’re unable to sleep lying flat get up slowly when getting out of bed and sit on the edge of the bed for a minute or so before standing try to relax and avoid stress – anxiety can make vertigo worse listen to your body, if able you should


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of the bed for a minute or so before standing try to relax and avoid stress – anxiety can make vertigo worse listen to your body, if able you should continue with some of your normal activities try to return to moving naturally, as this will help you recover Don’t do not avoid moving, as movement helps your system recover Where possible, you should try not avoid certain positions. Although it may feel easier in the short term, doing this won’t help your vertigo. It can cause more harm if you avoid all movement and never get the correct diagnosis. Safety If you have vertigo, there are some safety issues to consider. For example: you should tell your employer if your job involves operating machinery or climbing ladders you may have a higher chance of falling – read about preventing falls for advice on reducing your risk Driving and vertigo If you drive, you must tell the DVLA about your vertigo. Further information on driving with vertigo on GOV.UK Fear of heights The term vertigo is


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If you drive, you must tell the DVLA about your vertigo. Further information on driving with vertigo on GOV.UK Fear of heights The term vertigo is often incorrectly used to describe a fear of heights. The medical term for a fear of heights and the dizzy feeling associated with looking down from a high place is ‘acrophobia’. Further information and advice about phobias Source: ENT Scotland - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 25 March 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Labyrinthitis Tinnitus Other health sites Brain and Spine Foundation: Dizziness and balance problems Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID): Protect your hearing NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us


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and balance problems Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID): Protect your hearing NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/nutritional/vitamin-b12-or-folate-deficiency-anaemia/


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-adults/


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Vomiting in adults | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Stomach, liver and gastrointestinal tract Vomiting in adults Vomiting in adults Return to Symptoms Enter age Last Updated: Next Review Date: Review my answers Find your local services Search for a service near you by entering your postcode below. Please input your postcode in the following format: A12 1BC GP Practices Dental Services Pharmacies Opticians Postcode Search NHS inform has more information on this condition. Read more Previous Start guide Review my answers × You told us your credentials were: : You said: Based on the information you gave us, we made the following recommendation: Close Keep a copy View PDF Nausea and vomiting in adults isn’t usually a sign of anything serious. It tends to only last 1 or 2 days. Vomiting is the body’s way of getting rid of harmful


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vomiting in adults isn’t usually a sign of anything serious. It tends to only last 1 or 2 days. Vomiting is the body’s way of getting rid of harmful substances from the stomach, or it may be a reaction to something that has irritated the gut. One of the most common causes of vomiting in adults is gastroenteritis. This is an infection of the gut usually caused by bacteria or a virus. It’ll normally improve within a few days. Vomiting can occasionally be a sign of something more serious, such as appendicitis. There is a separate page on vomiting in children and babies. Vomiting self-help guide Complete our self-help guide to check your symptoms and find out what to do next. Phone 999 or go to A&E if: You’re vomiting and you also have: sudden, severe abdominal (tummy) pain severe chest pain blood in your vomit or what looks like coffee granules have green or yellow-green vomit a stiff neck and high temperature (fever) a sudden, severe headache that’s unlike any headache you’ve had before


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have green or yellow-green vomit a stiff neck and high temperature (fever) a sudden, severe headache that’s unlike any headache you’ve had before swallowed something poisonous, or think you may have have a stiff neck and pain when looking at bright lights Speak to your GP if: you’ve been vomiting repeatedly for more than a day or two you’re unable to keep down any fluids because you’re vomiting repeatedly you have signs of severe dehydration, such as confusion, a rapid heartbeat, sunken eyes and passing little or no urine you’ve lost a lot of weight since you became ill you experience episodes of vomiting frequently you’re worried about your vomiting and are feeling very unwell you have diabetes and have been vomiting a lot, particularly if you take insulin as it can affect your blood sugar level Common causes of vomiting in adults Gastroenteritis If you have diarrhoea as well as vomiting, it’s likely you have gastroenteritis. This is one of the most common causes of vomiting in


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Gastroenteritis If you have diarrhoea as well as vomiting, it’s likely you have gastroenteritis. This is one of the most common causes of vomiting in adults. It’s often caused by: a virus, like norovirus food poisoning caused by bacteria in contaminated food Your immune system will usually fight off the infection after a few days. Pregnancy Pregnant women often experience nausea and vomiting, particularly during the early stages of pregnancy. This is often called morning sickness but it can happen at any time of the day. Migraines If you have recurrent episodes of vomiting along with intense, throbbing headaches that last for a few hours to days at a time, you may be experiencing migraines. Pain relief, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, can sometimes help control the pain. Your GP can prescribe anti-sickness medicine to help prevent vomiting. Labyrinthitis If you also feel dizzy, or feel like you’re spinning (vertigo), you may have an inner ear infection called labyrinthitis.


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vomiting. Labyrinthitis If you also feel dizzy, or feel like you’re spinning (vertigo), you may have an inner ear infection called labyrinthitis. Labyrinthitis will usually improve over a few days. Your GP can prescribe medication to reduce your symptoms if needed. Motion sickness Nausea and vomiting when travelling could be a sign of motion sickness. You can try: looking at the horizon distracting yourself by listening to music Appendicitis As well as vomiting, appendicitis can cause severe pain in your abdomen (tummy). You should phone 999 for an ambulance if you experience pain that suddenly becomes worse and spreads across your abdomen. These are signs that you appendix may have burst. If you have appendicitis, you will often need surgery to remove your appendix. Other causes of vomiting in adults Vomiting in adults can also be caused by a number of other things, including: certain medicines, such as antibiotics and opioid painkillers drinking too much alcohol kidney infections


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by a number of other things, including: certain medicines, such as antibiotics and opioid painkillers drinking too much alcohol kidney infections and kidney stones a blockage in your bowel, which may be caused by a hernia or gallstones chemotherapy or radiotherapy acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) Looking after yourself at home Mostly, you can take care of yourself at home until you feel better. Do keep taking small sips of water frequently so you don’t become dehydrated drink a sweet drink such as fruit juice to replace lost sugar, unless it make you feel sickeat salty snacks, such as crisps, which can help replace lost salttry ginger (in supplements, biscuits or tea) – but check with your pharmacist or GP before using ginger supplements Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 29 May 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or


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we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Dehydration NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/vomiting-in-children-and-babies/


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Vulval cancer | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Cancer Cancer types in adults Vulval cancer Vulval cancer About vulval cancer Causes of vulval cancer Diagnosing vulval cancer Treating vulval cancer About vulval cancer Cancer of the vulva is a rare type of cancer that affects women and anyone with a vulva. The vulva is a woman’s external genitals. It includes the lips surrounding the vagina (labia minora and labia majora), the clitoris (sexual organ that helps reach sexual climax), and the Bartholin’s glands (2 small glands each side of the vagina). Most of those affected by vulval cancer are older women and anyone with a vulva over the age of 65. The condition is rare in women and anyone with a vulva under 50 who have not yet gone through the menopause. Symptoms of vulval cancer Symptoms of vulval cancer can include: a persistent itch


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with a vulva under 50 who have not yet gone through the menopause. Symptoms of vulval cancer Symptoms of vulval cancer can include: a persistent itch in the vulva pain, soreness or tenderness in the vulva raised and thickened patches of skin that can be red, white or dark a lump or wart-like growth on the vulva bleeding from the vulva or blood-stained vaginal discharge between periods an open sore in the vulva a burning pain when passing urine a mole on the vulva that changes shape or colour Speak to your GP if you notice any changes in the usual appearance of your vulva. While it’s highly unlikely to be the result of cancer, these changes should be investigated. Read more about diagnosing vulval cancer. What causes vulval cancer? The exact cause of vulval cancer is unclear, but your risk of developing the condition is increased by the following factors: increasing age vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) – where the cells in the vulva are abnormal and at risk of turning cancerous


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following factors: increasing age vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) – where the cells in the vulva are abnormal and at risk of turning cancerous persistent infection with certain versions of the human papilloma virus (HPV) skin conditions affecting the vulva, such as lichen sclerosus smoking You may be able to reduce your risk of vulval cancer by stopping smoking and taking steps to reduce the chances of picking up an HPV infection. Read more about the causes of vulval cancer. How vulval cancer is treated The main treatment for vulval cancer is surgery to remove the cancerous tissue from the vulva and any lymph nodes containing cancerous cells. Some people may also have radiotherapy (where radiation is used to destroy cancer cells) or chemotherapy (where medication is used to kill cancer cells), or both. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be used without surgery if you’re not well enough to have an operation, or if the cancer has spread and it isn’t possible to remove it all. Read


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may be used without surgery if you’re not well enough to have an operation, or if the cancer has spread and it isn’t possible to remove it all. Read more about treating vulval cancer. Can vulval cancer be prevented? It’s not thought to be possible to prevent vulval cancer completely, but you may be able to reduce your risk by: practising safer sex – using a condom during sex can offer some protection against HPV attending cervical screening appointments – cervical screening can detect HPV and pre-cancerous conditions such as VIN stopping smoking The HPV vaccination may also reduce your chances of developing vulval cancer. This is offered to all girls who are 12 to 13 years old as part of their routine childhood immunisation programme. Causes of vulval cancer Cancer occurs when the cells in a certain area of your body divide and multiply too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour. The exact reason why this happens in cases of vulval cancer is unknown, but certain


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too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour. The exact reason why this happens in cases of vulval cancer is unknown, but certain things can increase your chances of developing the condition. These include: increasing age vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) human papilloma virus (HPV) infection skin conditions that can affect the vulva, such as lichen sclerosus smoking Increasing age The risk of developing vulval cancer increases as you get older. Most cases develop in women and anyone with a vulva aged 65 or over. Very occasionally women and anyone with a vulva under 50 can be affected. Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a pre-cancerous condition. This means there are changes to certain cells in the vulva that aren’t cancerous, but could potentially turn into cancer at a later date. This is a gradual process that usually takes well over 10 years. In some cases, the abnormal cells may go away by themselves. However,


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a later date. This is a gradual process that usually takes well over 10 years. In some cases, the abnormal cells may go away by themselves. However, because of the risk of cancer, treatment to remove the affected cells is often recommended. Symptoms of VIN are similar to those of vulval cancer, and include persistent itchiness of the vulva and raised discoloured patches. Speak to your GP if you have these symptoms. There are 2 types of VIN: usual or undifferentiated VIN – this usually affects women and anyone with a vulva under 50 and is thought to be caused by an HPV infection differentiated VIN (dVIN) – this is a rarer type, usually affecting women and anyone with a vulva over 60, associated with skin conditions that affect the vulva Human papilloma virus (HPV) Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the name given to a group of viruses that affect the skin and the moist membranes that line the body, such as those in the cervix, anus, mouth and throat. It’s spread during sex, including anal


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the skin and the moist membranes that line the body, such as those in the cervix, anus, mouth and throat. It’s spread during sex, including anal and oral sex. There are many different types of HPV, and most people are infected with the virus at some time during their lives. In most cases, the virus goes away without causing any harm and doesn’t lead to further problems. However, HPV is present in at least 40% of people with vulval cancer, which suggests it may increase your risk of developing the condition. HPV is known to cause changes in the cells of the cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer. It’s thought the virus could have a similar effect on the cells of the vulva, which is known as VIN. Skin conditions Several skin conditions can affect the vulva. In a small number of cases these are associated with an increased risk of vulval cancer. Two of the main conditions associated with vulval cancer are lichen sclerosus and lichen planus. Both of these conditions cause the vulva to


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cancer. Two of the main conditions associated with vulval cancer are lichen sclerosus and lichen planus. Both of these conditions cause the vulva to become itchy, sore and discoloured. It’s estimated that less than 5% of those who develop one of these conditions will go on to develop vulval cancer. It’s not clear whether treating these conditions reduces this risk. Smoking Smoking increases your risk of developing VIN and vulval cancer. This may be because smoking makes the immune system less effective, and less able to clear the HPV virus from your body and more vulnerable to the effects of the virus. Diagnosing vulval cancer Speak to your GP if you notice any changes in the normal appearance of your vulva. Your GP will ask you about your symptoms, look at your medical history, and examine your vulva to look for any lumps or unusual areas of skin. If you would prefer to be examined by a female doctor or you would like a nurse present during the examination, it may help to let your GP


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of skin. If you would prefer to be examined by a female doctor or you would like a nurse present during the examination, it may help to let your GP practice know in advance of your appointment. Referral to a gynaecologist If your GP feels some further tests are necessary, they will refer you to a hospital specialist called a gynaecologist. A gynaecologist is a specialist in treating conditions of the female reproductive system. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that GPs consider referring a woman who has an unexplained vulval lump or ulcer, or unexplained bleeding. The gynaecologist will ask about your symptoms and examine your vulva again, and they may recommend a test called a biopsy to determine whether you do have cancer. Biopsy A biopsy is where a small sample of tissue is removed so it can be examined under a microscope to see if the cells are cancerous. This is often done after a local anaesthetic has been given to numb the area, which


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be examined under a microscope to see if the cells are cancerous. This is often done after a local anaesthetic has been given to numb the area, which means the procedure shouldn’t be painful and you can go home the same day. Occasionally, it may be done under general anaesthetic (where you’re asleep), which may require an overnight stay in hospital. Your doctor may put a few stitches in the area where the biopsy was taken from. You may have slight bleeding and soreness for a few days afterwards. Your doctor will usually see you 7 to 10 days later to discuss the results with you. Further tests If the results of the biopsy show cancer, you may need further tests to assess how widespread it is. These may include: a colposcopy – a procedure where a microscope is used to check for abnormal cells in the vagina a cystoscopy – an examination of the inside of the bladder using a thin, hollow tube inserted into the bladder a proctoscopy – an examination of the inside of the rectum biopsies of


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the inside of the bladder using a thin, hollow tube inserted into the bladder a proctoscopy – an examination of the inside of the rectum biopsies of the lymph nodes near your vulva to check whether cancer has spread through your lymphatic system a computerised tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan – scans to check for signs of cancer in your lymph nodes or other organs an X-ray to check that cancer has not spread to your lungs The results of these tests will allow your doctor to ‘stage’ your cancer. This means using a number system to indicate how far the cancer has spread. Staging Vulval cancers are staged using a number from 1 to 4. The lower the stage, the less the cancer has spread and the greater the chance of treatment being successful. The staging system for vulval cancer is: stage 1 – the cancer is confined to the vulva stage 2 – the cancer has spread to other nearby parts of the body, such as the lower vagina, anus or lower urethra (the tube urine


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to the vulva stage 2 – the cancer has spread to other nearby parts of the body, such as the lower vagina, anus or lower urethra (the tube urine passes through out of the body), but the lymph nodes are unaffected stage 3 – the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes stage 4 – the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, including more distant lymph nodes Stage 1 and 2 vulval cancers are generally regarded as early-stage cancers with a relatively good chance of being treated successfully. Stage 3 and 4 cancers are usually regarded as advanced-stage cancers and a complete cure for these types of cancers may not always be possible. Treating vulval cancer Treatment for vulval cancer depends on factors such as how far the cancer has spread, your general health, and personal wishes. The main options are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Many women and anyone with a vulva with vulval cancer have a combination of these treatments. If your cancer is at an early stage, it’s often


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Many women and anyone with a vulva with vulval cancer have a combination of these treatments. If your cancer is at an early stage, it’s often possible to get rid of it completely. However, this may not be possible if the cancer has spread. Even after successful treatment, there is up to a 1 in 3 chance of the cancer returning at some point later on, so you’ll need regular follow-up appointments to check for this. Your treatment plan Most hospitals use multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) to treat vulval cancer. MDTs are teams of specialists that work together to make decisions about the best way to proceed with your treatment. Members of your MDT will probably include a specialist surgeon, a specialist in the non-surgical treatment of cancer (clinical oncologist) and a specialist cancer nurse. Deciding which treatment is best for you can often be confusing. Your cancer team will recommend what they think is the best treatment option, but the final decision will be yours. Before visiting


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be confusing. Your cancer team will recommend what they think is the best treatment option, but the final decision will be yours. Before visiting hospital to discuss your treatment options, you may find it useful to write a list of questions you would like to ask the specialist. For example, you may want to find out the advantages and disadvantages of particular treatments. Surgery to remove vulval cancer In most cases, your treatment plan will involve some form of surgery. The type of surgery will depend on the stage of the cancer. There are 3 surgical options to treat vulval cancer: radical wide local excision – the cancerous tissue from your vulva is removed, as a well as a margin of healthy tissue, usually at least 1cm wide, as a precaution radical partial vulvectomy – a larger section of your vulva is removed, such as 1 or both of the labia and the clitoris radical vulvectomy – the whole vulva is removed, including the inner and outer labia, and possibly the clitoris The time it


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labia and the clitoris radical vulvectomy – the whole vulva is removed, including the inner and outer labia, and possibly the clitoris The time it will take you to recover from surgery will depend on the type of surgery and how extensive it was. For extensive operations, such as a pelvic exenteration, it may be many weeks or months before you start to feel better. Your surgeon will talk to you about the possible risks associated with the type of procedure you’re having. Possible risks include infection, bleeding, blood clots, altered sensation in your vulva, and problems having sex. Assessing and removing groin lymph nodes An additional operation may also be required to assess whether the cancerous cells have spread into one or more lymph nodes in your groin, and remove these if they’re found to contain cancer. Sentinel node biopsy If the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, it’s sometimes possible to only remove certain lymph nodes, known as sentinel nodes. Sentinel nodes are


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the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, it’s sometimes possible to only remove certain lymph nodes, known as sentinel nodes. Sentinel nodes are identified by injecting a dye at the site of the tumour and studying its flow to locate the nodes closest to the tumour. These are then removed and checked for cancerous cells. Groin lymphadenectomy In some cases, some or all of the nodes in your groin may need to be surgically removed. This is called a groin or inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Further treatment with radiotherapy may also be recommended. Removing cancerous lymph nodes reduces the risk of the cancer returning, but it can make you more vulnerable to infection and cause swelling in your legs from a build-up of lymphatic fluid (lymphoedema). Pelvic exenteration In cases of advanced vulval cancer or where the cancer returns after previous treatment, an operation called a pelvic exenteration may be recommended. This involves removing your entire vulva as well as your bladder,


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previous treatment, an operation called a pelvic exenteration may be recommended. This involves removing your entire vulva as well as your bladder, womb and part of your bowel. This is a major operation and isn’t carried out very often these days. If a section of your bowel is removed, it will be necessary for your surgeon to divert your bowel through an opening made in your tummy (a stoma). Stools then pass along this piece of bowel and into a bag you wear over the stoma. This is known as a colostomy. If your bladder is removed, urine can be passed out of your body into a pouch via a stoma. This is known as a urostomy. Alternatively, it may be possible to create a new bladder by removing a section of your bowel and using it to create a pouch to store urine in. Reconstructive surgery If only a small amount of tissue has been removed during surgery, the skin of the vulva can often be neatly stitched together. Otherwise, it may be necessary to reconstruct the vulva using a skin graft,


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surgery, the skin of the vulva can often be neatly stitched together. Otherwise, it may be necessary to reconstruct the vulva using a skin graft, where a piece of skin is taken from your thigh or tummy and moved to the wound in your vulva. Another option is to have a skin flap, where an area of skin near the vulva is used to create a flap and cover the wound. These reconstructive procedures are usually carried out at the same time as the operation to remove the cancer. Radiotherapy Radiotherapy involves using high-energy radiation to destroy cancerous cells. There are several ways it can be used to treat vulval cancer: before surgery to try to shrink a large cancer – this is to help make the operation possible without removing nearby organs after surgery to destroy any cancerous cells that may be left – for example, for cases where cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes in the groin as an alternative to surgery, if you’re not well enough to have an operation to relieve symptoms


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cells have spread to the lymph nodes in the groin as an alternative to surgery, if you’re not well enough to have an operation to relieve symptoms in cases where a complete cure is not possible – this is known as palliative radiotherapy In most cases, you’ll have external radiotherapy, where a machine directs beams of radiation on to the section of the body that contains the cancer. This is normally given in daily sessions, 5 days a week, with each session lasting a few minutes. The whole course of treatment will usually last a few weeks. Side effects While radiation is effective in killing cancerous cells, it can also damage healthy tissues. This can lead to a number of side effects, such as: sore skin around the vulva area diarrhoea feeling tired all the time loss of pubic hair, which may be permanent swelling of the vulva narrowing of your vagina, which can make sex difficult inflammation of your bladder (cystitis) In younger people, external radiotherapy can sometimes trigger an


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your vagina, which can make sex difficult inflammation of your bladder (cystitis) In younger people, external radiotherapy can sometimes trigger an early menopause. This means they will no longer be able to have any children. Read more about the side effects of radiotherapy. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is where medication is used to kill cancer cells. It’s usually given by injection. It’s usually used if vulval cancer comes back or to control symptoms when a cure is not possible. Sometimes it may be combined with radiotherapy. Side effects The medicines used in chemotherapy can sometimes damage healthy tissue, as well as the cancerous tissue. Side effects are common and include: tiredness feeling and being sick hair thinning or hair loss sore mouth and mouth ulcers an increased risk of infections – tell your care team if you develop any symptoms of an infection, and try to avoid close contact with people known to have an infection These side effects should pass once treatment has


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any symptoms of an infection, and try to avoid close contact with people known to have an infection These side effects should pass once treatment has finished. Read more about the side effects of chemotherapy. Emotional support The emotional impact of living with vulval cancer can be significant. Many people report experiencing a kind of rollercoaster effect. You may feel down at receiving a diagnosis, feel up when the cancer has been removed from your body, and then feel down again as you try to come to terms with the after-effects of surgery. Some people experience feelings of depression. If you think you may be depressed, contact your GP or care team for advice. There are a range of treatments that can help. You may also find it useful to contact one of the main cancer charities, such as: Macmillan Cancer Support – the helpline is available on 0808 808 00 00, Monday to Friday, 8am to 8pm Cancer Research UK – a cancer nurse helpline is available on 0808 800 4040, Monday to Friday,


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on 0808 808 00 00, Monday to Friday, 8am to 8pm Cancer Research UK – a cancer nurse helpline is available on 0808 800 4040, Monday to Friday, 9am to 5pm Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 21 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Also on NHS inform Radiotherapy Other health sites Cancer Research UK: Vulval cancer Macmillan Cancer Support: Vulval cancer Scottish Cancer Network: Patient information The Eve Appeal: Vulval cancer Search for cancer support services near you Enter a place or postcode NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI)


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/neck-and-back-problems-and-conditions/whiplash/


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Whooping cough | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Infections and poisoning Whooping cough Whooping cough Whooping cough, also called pertussis, is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs and airways. It causes repeated coughing bouts that can last for 2 to 3 months or more, and can make babies and young children in particular very ill. Whooping cough is spread in the droplets of the coughs or sneezes of someone with the infection. Whooping cough: causes, symptoms, treatment and when to seek help Symptoms of whooping cough The first symptoms of whooping cough are similar to those of a cold, such as a runny nose, red and watery eyes, a sore throat, and a slightly raised temperature. Intense coughing bouts start about a week later. The bouts usually last a few minutes at a time and tend to be more common at night. Coughing


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Intense coughing bouts start about a week later. The bouts usually last a few minutes at a time and tend to be more common at night. Coughing usually brings up thick mucus and may be followed by vomiting. Between coughs, you or your child may gasp for breath – this may cause a ‘whoop’ sound, although not everyone has this. The strain of coughing can cause the face to become very red, and there may be some slight bleeding under the skin or in the eyes. Young children’s skin can sometimes briefly turn dusky, blue (cyanosis) if they have trouble breathing. In very young babies, the cough may not be particularly noticeable, but there may be brief periods where they stop breathing. The bouts will eventually start to become less severe and less frequent over time, but it may be a few months before they stop completely. Who’s at risk of whooping cough Whooping cough can affect people of any age, including: babies and young children – young babies under 6 months of age are at a particularly


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cough Whooping cough can affect people of any age, including: babies and young children – young babies under 6 months of age are at a particularly increased risk of complications of whooping cough older children and adults – it tends to be less serious in these cases, but can still be unpleasant and frustrating people who’ve had whooping cough before – you’re not immune to whooping cough if you’ve had it before, although it tends to be less severe the second time around people vaccinated against whooping cough as a child – protection from the whooping cough vaccine tends to wear off after a few years You can get whooping cough if you come into close contact with someone with the infection. A person with whooping cough is infectious from about 6 days after they were infected – when they just have cold-like symptoms – until three weeks after the coughing bouts start. Antibiotic treatment can reduce the length of time someone is infectious. When to get medical advice Phone 999 or go to


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the coughing bouts start. Antibiotic treatment can reduce the length of time someone is infectious. When to get medical advice Phone 999 or go to A&E if: You or your child: have significant breathing difficulties, such as long periods of breathlessness or choking, shallow breathing, periods where breathing stops, or dusky, blue skin develop signs of serious complications of whooping cough, such as fits (seizures) or pneumonia Speak to your GP practice or phone 111 if: You or your child: have symptoms of whooping cough have had a cough for more than 3 weeks have a cough that is particularly severe or is getting worse Treatment for whooping cough Treatment for whooping cough depends on your age and how long you’ve had the infection. Children under 6 months who are very ill and people with severe symptoms will usually be admitted to hospital for treatment. People diagnosed during the first 3 weeks of infection may be prescribed antibiotics to take at home. These will help stop the


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for treatment. People diagnosed during the first 3 weeks of infection may be prescribed antibiotics to take at home. These will help stop the infection spreading to others, but may not reduce the symptoms. People who’ve had whooping cough for more than 3 weeks won’t normally need any specific treatment, as they’re no longer contagious and antibiotics are unlikely to help. While you’re recovering at home, it can help to get plenty of rest, drink lots of fluids, clean away mucus and sick from your or your child’s mouth, and take painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen for a fever. Avoid using cough medicines, as they’re not suitable for young children and are unlikely to be of much help. Stopping the infection spreading If you or your child are taking antibiotics for whooping cough, you need to be careful not to spread the infection to others. Do stay away from nursery, school or work until 2 days after the start of antibiotic treatment or, if not taking antibiotics 3 weeks from


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to others. Do stay away from nursery, school or work until 2 days after the start of antibiotic treatment or, if not taking antibiotics 3 weeks from when the coughing bouts started cover your or your child’s mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing and sneezing dispose of used tissues immediately wash your and your child’s hands regularly with soap and water Other members of your household may also be given antibiotics and a dose of the whooping cough vaccine to stop them becoming infected. Vaccinations for whooping cough There are 3 routine vaccinations that can protect babies and children from whooping cough: the whooping cough vaccine in pregnancy – this can protect your baby during the first few weeks of life; the best time to have it is soon after the 16th week of your pregnancy the 6-in-1 vaccine – offered to babies at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age the 4-in-1 pre-school booster – offered to children by 3 years and 4 months These vaccines don’t offer lifelong protection from


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and 16 weeks of age the 4-in-1 pre-school booster – offered to children by 3 years and 4 months These vaccines don’t offer lifelong protection from whooping cough, but they can help stop children getting it when they’re young and more vulnerable to the effects of the infection. Older children and adults aren’t routinely vaccinated, except during pregnancy or a whooping cough outbreak. Complications of whooping cough Babies and young children under 6 months are usually most severely affected by whooping cough. They’re at an increased risk of: dehydration breathing difficulties weight loss pneumonia – an infection of the lungs fits (seizures) kidney problems brain damage caused by a lack of oxygen reaching the brain death – although this is very rare Older children and adults tend to be less severely affected, although they may experience problems caused by repeated coughing, such as nosebleeds, bruised ribs or a hernia. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 30


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problems caused by repeated coughing, such as nosebleeds, bruised ribs or a hernia. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 30 October 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites MHRA study: safety of whooping cough vaccination in 20,000 pregnant women NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cardiovascular-disease/heart-disease/wolff-parkinson-white-syndrome/


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Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Cardiovascular disease Heart disease Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome About Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Causes of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Diagnosing Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Treating Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome About Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is most common in children who are born with a heart condition (congenital heart disease), but it can also occur in those without. In the UK, between 1 and 3 people in every 1,000 are thought to have WPW syndrome Most people experience symptoms between the ages of 30 and 40. What happens? WPW syndrome is a condition that makes the heart suddenly beat abnormally fast, in an abnormal heart rhythm called supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).


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syndrome is a condition that makes the heart suddenly beat abnormally fast, in an abnormal heart rhythm called supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Episodes can last for seconds, minutes, hours or, in rare cases, days. The frequency with which episodes occur can vary from person to person. Some people might have episodes on a daily basis, whereas others may only experience them occasionally. Children with the syndrome will often report having symptoms such as: chest pain palpitations difficulty breathing Adults often experience symptoms such as a: pounding heartbeat that occurs suddenly pulse that’s too fast to count reduced ability to tolerate activity In rare cases of WPW syndrome, a person’s heart rate can increase significantly when a heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation occurs. The combination of the syndrome and atrial fibrillation can be life threatening and requires emergency assessment. When the heart beats normally, its muscular walls contract (tighten and squeeze) to


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can be life threatening and requires emergency assessment. When the heart beats normally, its muscular walls contract (tighten and squeeze) to force blood out and around the body. They then relax, allowing the heart to fill with blood again. In WPW syndrome, electrical signals in the heart can travel round and round in a loop, causing the heart to beat very fast. The heart muscle contracts at such a fast rate that it has very little time to relax and fill with blood inbetween contractions. This reduces the amount of blood being pumped around the body, which can give the symptoms of dizzy or light-headedness, shortness of breath, and faintness or fainting. If a person known to have WPW syndrome collapses or faints then this is an emergency, which requires a 999 ambulance call. Someone with the syndrome may have heart palpitations, where the heart feels like it’s pounding, fluttering or beating irregularly for a few seconds or minutes. They may not experience heart palpitations, and the


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heart feels like it’s pounding, fluttering or beating irregularly for a few seconds or minutes. They may not experience heart palpitations, and the syndrome may only be picked up if they have an electrocardiogram (ECG) for another reason. Causes of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome The fast heart rate of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is caused by an extra electrical pathway in the heart. This allows electrical signals to bypass the usual electrical system route and form a short circuit, resulting in an abnormally fast heart rhythm. The extra electrical circuit is caused by a strand of muscle that grows from the atria to the ventricle when a foetus develops in the womb. The syndrome rarely runs in families and usually occurs randomly in some babies. Diagnosing Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome If your GP thinks you might have Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome after assessing your symptoms, they’ll probably recommend that you have an electrocardiogram (ECG) and refer you to a


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(WPW) syndrome after assessing your symptoms, they’ll probably recommend that you have an electrocardiogram (ECG) and refer you to a cardiologist (heart specialist). An ECG is a test that records your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity. Small discs called electrodes are stuck on your arms, legs and chest and connected by wires to an ECG machine. The machine records the tiny electrical signals produced by your heart each time it beats. If you have WPW syndrome, the ECG will record a “delta wave”, which is an unusual wave pattern not usually present in people who don’t have the condition. Capturing an episode of a racing heart and palpitations using a normal ECG can often be difficult. This means that you might be asked to wear a small portable ECG recorder that will trace your heart rate continuously over 24 hours or when you switch it on at the start of an episode. Treating Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome In many cases, episodes of abnormal heart activity associated with


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switch it on at the start of an episode. Treating Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome In many cases, episodes of abnormal heart activity associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome are harmless, don’t last long and settle down on their own without treatment. You should go to your nearest hospital’s accident and emergency (A&E) department if your heart beats abnormally fast for 20 minutes. You’ll be given an intravenous (through your vein) ‘drip’ to slow your heart rate down. Medication Anti-arrhythmic medicine or medication can often be used to prevent or manage a rapid heartbeat. If medication proves ineffective, sometimes rebooting of the hearts electrical circuit is required and this is called electrical cardioversion. Catheter ablation The normal treatment for WPW is a catheter ablation. This is a procedure where the abnormal pathway is ablated (destroyed) using radio-frequency waves. Source: Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 02 July


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pathway is ablated (destroyed) using radio-frequency waves. Source: Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 02 July 2024 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites Arrhythmia Alliance: Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/womb-uterus-cancer/


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https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/arm-shoulder-and-hand-problems-and-conditions/wrist-fracture/


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Wrist fracture | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Muscle, bone and joints Arm, shoulder and hand problems and conditions Wrist fracture Wrist fracture This information is for anyone who has a wrist fracture that doesn’t require surgery. Your injury may be referred to as a fracture, break or crack. These terms all mean the same thing. When you have a fracture, it’s not just the bone that’s affected. You’ll also have injured some of the soft tissues around it. Soft tissues include the: muscles ligaments tendons nerves A wrist fracture. Recovery times After a wrist fracture, most of the healing happens between 6 to 12 weeks. It’s normal to have aches and discomfort beyond this. This often happens when you try activities you haven’t done for a while. It’s also normal for the area to be more sensitive for several months after the injury.


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happens when you try activities you haven’t done for a while. It’s also normal for the area to be more sensitive for several months after the injury. What can affect your recovery? There are some things that might affect your recovery. Smoking Smoking affects all your tissues and slows facture healing times. In some people, it can stop healing altogether. Stopping smoking as your fracture heals will help to ensure the best recovery. Get help to stop smoking. General Health Some medical conditions, like diabetes, may slow down the healing process. Eating a healthy diet and keeping yourself active will help your recovery. Medication Some medications can slow down fracture healing. If you have concerns about your medication talk to a healthcare professional. Anti-inflammatory medication, like Ibuprofen or Naproxen, has been shown to delay healing. What to expect after a wrist fracture A wrist fracture can be debilitating as you can’t use your hand normally. Depending on the type of


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healing. What to expect after a wrist fracture A wrist fracture can be debilitating as you can’t use your hand normally. Depending on the type of fracture you have, you may be immobilised in a cast or a wrist splint. If you’ve been given a splint, you can remove it for hygiene purposes. For example, to allow you to shower or bathe. If the splint is no longer fitting well please contact your fracture clinic. Further information on having a cast fitted or removed. Rehabilitation plan There are things you can do to help your recovery after a wrist fracture. 0 to 4 weeks after your injury Just after your injury, you should: maintain your shoulder and elbow movements keep your fingers and thumb moving by regularly opening and closing your hand to make a fist manage your pain and swelling 4 to 6 weeks after your injury At this time, you’ll come out of your splint or cast. It’s not unusual to be stiff when your cast or splint is removed. You can start gentle exercises, as guided by your


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come out of your splint or cast. It’s not unusual to be stiff when your cast or splint is removed. You can start gentle exercises, as guided by your healthcare professional. 6 to 8 weeks after your injury As your injury recovers, you can begin to: return to full function resume normal day to day activity gradually increase the amount of weight you’re carrying return to contact sports at 12 weeks Exercises to support your recovery You can start exercises for your wrist once advised by your healthcare professional. Stop exercising if it makes your symptoms worse, or if it causes new pain. Help and support If your wrist function hasn’t improved within 6 weeks of following this advice, it’s a good idea to talk to a healthcare professional about your symptoms. Pain after a fracture It’s normal to have some discomfort in the areas around your fracture. The areas affected can be: other soft tissues nearby joints areas that have been immobilised Pain can change from day to day and it doesn’t


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fracture. The areas affected can be: other soft tissues nearby joints areas that have been immobilised Pain can change from day to day and it doesn’t always depend on what you’re doing. It’s common to have pain at rest. It’s normal to have some pain even when your fracture has healed. Some people also experience discomfort in the fracture site during colder weather. Your local pharmacy can give you advice on managing pain after a fracture. Find your local pharmacyUse Scotland’s Service Directory to find your local pharmacy.Pharmacies Swelling It’s normal to have swelling near the fracture site. It often spreads down your arm. Swelling can sometimes last for months. The amount of swelling can also change depending on: your position your activity the time of day It’s important that swelling is managed well to help your recovery. How to manage swelling Having a lot of swelling can become uncomfortable or limit your movement. To help reduce the swelling you can try to: raise your arm


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manage swelling Having a lot of swelling can become uncomfortable or limit your movement. To help reduce the swelling you can try to: raise your arm above your heart when resting – you can do this by supporting it with pillows keep the other joints in your arm moving normally find a balance between rest and activity use self-massage to decrease swelling – if you’re able to, direct the massage from your fingertips towards your elbow Bruising It’s normal to have bruising after a fracture. Bruising can be widespread and may appear a long way from your fracture. It can be very purple to start with and may change colour as you recover. Getting back to normal activities In general, you should pace yourself when it comes to getting back to normal activities. Only do things as you feel able. Driving You should contact your insurance provider before driving as your injury may affect your insurance. Once you’re out of your splint, the general advice is that you must be able to safely perform an


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driving as your injury may affect your insurance. Once you’re out of your splint, the general advice is that you must be able to safely perform an emergency stop or manoeuvre. You should always be in full control of your vehicle. Work Your return to work will depend on the type of work you do and your employer. It may be possible to discuss a phased return to work or changed duties. You don’t need to see a healthcare professional to return to work. Daily activities Keep doing any activities you’re able to, as your pain allows. Over time, gradually increase what you do. Reduced flexibility and strength may make things more difficult to start with. This will get better as you slowly build up to all your usual activities. Mood Frustration or low mood after an injury is normal. As you get back to normal life this should get better. Falls Loss of confidence is common after a fracture. Further advice about preventing falls. Bone scanning You may be sent a letter inviting you for a scan of


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of confidence is common after a fracture. Further advice about preventing falls. Bone scanning You may be sent a letter inviting you for a scan of your bone density after a fracture. It’s routine to be assessed for any further risk of fracture, especially if you: are over the age of 50 have increased risk factors for fracture Source: NHS 24 MSK Clinical Advisory Group - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 07 February 2025 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


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Zika virus | NHS inform Home Illnesses and conditions Symptoms and self-help Tests and treatments Healthy living Care, support and rights Scotland’s Service Directory 0 Home Illnesses and conditions Infections and poisoning Zika virus Zika virus Zika virus disease is caused by the Zika virus. For most people, it causes a very mild infection and no long-term problems. However, it may be harmful in pregnancy as it can lead to complications and birth defects in the baby. In particular, abnormally small heads (microcephaly). Where is Zika virus found? Zika virus does not naturally occur in the UK. Zika virus has been reported in the following areas: Africa Asia Australia and the Pacific region Caribbean Central America South America North America Symptoms of Zika virus infection Most people don’t have any symptoms when they are infected with Zika virus. If symptoms do occur, they are usually mild and start 3 to 14 days after the infection has been caught. Symptoms last around 2 to 7 days.


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Zika virus. If symptoms do occur, they are usually mild and start 3 to 14 days after the infection has been caught. Symptoms last around 2 to 7 days. Commonly reported symptoms include: rash itching all over the body fever headache joint pain (with possible swelling, mainly in the smaller joints of the hands and feet) muscle pain conjunctivitis (red eyes) lower back pain pain behind the eyes How Zika virus infection is treated There is no specific treatment for the symptoms of Zika virus. Drinking plenty of water and taking paracetamol may help to relieve symptoms. Speak to your GP or phone 111 if: you feel unwell after returning from a country that has malaria as well as Zika virus The symptoms of Zika virus and malaria can be similar so it is important to rule out malaria. How you catch Zika virus infection Zika virus is mainly spread by mosquito bites. Unlike the mosquitoes that spread malaria, this type of mosquito mainly bites during the day from sunrise to sunset. If a woman is


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by mosquito bites. Unlike the mosquitoes that spread malaria, this type of mosquito mainly bites during the day from sunrise to sunset. If a woman is infected when she is pregnant, the virus can spread to the baby and may cause harm. This is called ‘Congential Zika Syndrome’. Less commonly, Zika virus can be spread from: a person with the infection to another during unprotected sex through blood transfusions or organ transplants Reducing Zika virus infection If you are planning international travel you can use this A to Z guide to check if your destination has Zika virus. There is no vaccine or medicine to prevent Zika virus infection. In a country with a risk of Zika virus, you can reduce your risk of catching the virus by avoiding mosquito bites. Pregnant women should avoid or postpone non-essential travel to areas with a risk of Zika virus transmission. If you are going abroad, you can get information on the risk of Zika virus and detailed travel advice on the fitfortravel website.


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transmission. If you are going abroad, you can get information on the risk of Zika virus and detailed travel advice on the fitfortravel website. Further information about travel health and vaccinations. Preventing mosquito bites Avoiding mosquito bites is one of the best ways to reduce your risk of Zika virus infection. The most effective bite prevention methods should be used during daytime and night-time hours. There are some steps you can take to avoid mosquito bites. Do cover your skin with light, long-sleeved clothing, and long trousers, dresses or skirts apply insect repellent to any skin that is not covered by clothing, including your face and neck remember to reapply insect repellent frequently and after sunscreen has been applied rest or sleep under a mosquito net that’s been treated with an insecticide use effective air conditioning indoors make sure window/door screens are closed when you are indoors The most effective repellents contain 50% diethyltoluamide (DEET). These


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indoors make sure window/door screens are closed when you are indoors The most effective repellents contain 50% diethyltoluamide (DEET). These can be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women. Further information on mosquito bite prevention is available from the fitfortravel website. Advice for pregnant women Zika virus infection in pregnant women is a cause of birth defects in the baby, including microcephaly (abnormally small head). This can be associated with abnormal brain development. It is also known as congenital Zika syndrome. Zika virus infection can also cause pregnancy complications, including stillbirth or premature delivery. It is recommended that pregnant women avoid or postpone non-essential travel to areas with a risk of Zika virus until after pregnancy. If you do plan to travel, discuss this with your midwife, obstetrician or a travel clinic. If travel is unavoidable, there are actions you can take to help avoid infection. Do take extra care to avoid being bitten by


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or a travel clinic. If travel is unavoidable, there are actions you can take to help avoid infection. Do take extra care to avoid being bitten by mosquitoesuse condoms during vaginal, anal and oral sex while travelling and during your pregnancysee your GP or midwife if you have recently returned from an area with Zika virus and tell them where you have been, even if you have not been unwell Your midwife or hospital doctor will discuss the risk with you and advise whether you need any additional tests. Advice for women trying to get pregnant If you are trying to get pregnant, discuss your travel plans with your GP, practice nurse or travel clinic. It is recommended that women avoid unprotected sex and starting a pregnancy while travelling in an area with Zika virus. You should also avoid unprotected sex and starting a pregnancy for 8 weeks (if a woman) or 3 months (if a man) after you return home. What if I’m worried that my unborn baby has been affected by Zika? Speak to your midwife


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(if a woman) or 3 months (if a man) after you return home. What if I’m worried that my unborn baby has been affected by Zika? Speak to your midwife or doctor for advice if you’re worried that your unborn baby may be affected by Zika virus. If you are still concerned after receiving assurances you can ask for counselling. Counselling can also be offered if you feel more stressed or anxious than usual. Zika virus and blood donation You should wait 28 days to donate blood after travelling to an area with Zika virus. These guidelines are set out by the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service. If you want to know whether any recent foreign travel temporarily prevents you from giving blood, visit the Scotblood website. You can also call their National Contact Centre on 0345 90 90 999. Zika virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome Zika virus is a cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a serious condition of the nervous system. The risk of developing GBS following a Zika virus infection is very


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of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a serious condition of the nervous system. The risk of developing GBS following a Zika virus infection is very low. Information about you If you have had Zika virus, your clinical team may give your details to the National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Diseases Registration Service (NCARDRS). This helps scientists look for better ways to prevent and treat this condition. You can opt out of the register at any time. Find out more about the register. Source: NHS 24 - Opens in new browser window Last updated: 23 June 2023 How can we improve this page? Help us improve NHS inform Thank You Your feedback has been received Don’t include personal information e.g. name, location or any personal health conditions. Email Address e.g. you@example.com Message Maximum of 500 characters Send feedback Add this page to Info For Me Other health sites UK Government: Zika virus: travel advice GOV.UK: Zika virus - travel advice for pregnant women Royal College of


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to Info For Me Other health sites UK Government: Zika virus: travel advice GOV.UK: Zika virus - travel advice for pregnant women Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: Zika virus infection and pregnancy ECDC: Areas with active Zika transmission World Health Organization: Zika virus fitfortravel: Zika Virus Infection Travel Health Pro: Zika virus NHS inform About NHS inform Editorial policy Contact us Webchat Give feedback about NHS inform Info for Me tool Terms and conditions Privacy and cookies policy Freedom of information (FOI) Accessibility Other languages and formats © 2025 NHS 24 – v1.1.1.17852


