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Chart 22.3: The percentage of consumers whose median download speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, and less than 80% of the advertised download speed (fiber and satallite).
The Eighth Measuring Broadband America Fixed Broadband Report (“Eighth Report” or “Report”) contains validated data collected in September 2017 from fixed Internet Service Providers (ISPs) as part of the Federal Communication Commission’s (FCC) Measuring Broadband America (MBA) program. This program is an ongoing, rigorous, nationwide study of consumer broadband performance in the United States. We measure the network performance delivered on selected service tiers to a representative sample set of the population. The thousands of volunteer panelists are drawn from subscribers of Internet service providers serving over 80% of the residential marketplace.
The initial Measuring Broadband America Fixed Broadband Report was published in August 2011, and presented the first broad-scale study of directly measured consumer broadband performance throughout the United States. As part of an open data program, all methodologies used in the program are fully documented and all data collected is published for public use without restriction. Including this current Report, eight reports have now been issued. These reports provide a snapshot of fixed broadband Internet access service performance in the United States. These reports present analysis of broadband information in a variety of ways and have evolved to make the information more understandable and useful, as well as, to reflect the evolving applications supported by the nation’s broadband infrastructure.
The maximum advertised download speeds amongst the service tiers measured by the FCC were between 3-200 Mbps for the period covered by this report.
The median speed experienced by subscribers of the participating ISPs was 72 Mbps.
For most of the major broadband providers that were tested, measured download speeds were 100% or better of advertised speeds during the peak hours (7 p.m. to 11 p.m. local time).
Fourteen ISPs were evaluated in this report. Of these AT&T, Cincinnati Bell, Frontier and Verizon employed multiple different broadband technologies across the USA. Overall 17 different ISP/technology configurations were evaluated in this report. Out of these only two performed below 90% for actual-to-advertised download speed.
In addition to providing download and upload speed measurements of ISPs, this report also presents a measure of how consistently ISPs provide their advertised speed with the use of our “80/80” metric. The 80/80 metric measures the minimum speed that at least 80% of subscribers experience at least 80% of the time over peak periods.
These and other findings are described in greater detail within this report.
The Eighth Report retains two changes that were first made in the 2016 Report (Sixth Report) and were also included in the Seventh report. These changes affect how the median speeds and subscriber-weighted speeds are calculated and presented. First, we continue to present ISP broadband performance as a median, rather than a mean (average), of speeds experienced by panelists within a specific service tier. Our focus in these reports is on the most common service tiers used by an ISP’s subscribers.
Second, consistent with the Sixth and Seventh Reports, we continue to compute ISP performance by weighting the median for each service tier by the number of subscribers in that tier. Similarly, in calculating the overall average speed of all ISPs in a specific year, the median speed of each ISP is used and weighted by the number of subscribers of that ISP as a fraction of the total number of subscribers across all ISPs.
In calculating weighted medians, we have drawn on two sources for determining the number of subscribers per service tier. ISPs can voluntarily contribute their data per surveyed service tier as the most recent and authoritative data. Many ISPs have chosen to do so. When such information has not been provided by an ISP, we rely on the FCC’s Form 477 data. All facilities-based broadband providers are required to file data with the FCC twice a year (Form 477) regarding deployment of broadband services, including subscriber counts. For this report, we used the June 2017 Form 477 data. It should be noted that the Form 477 subscriber data values are for a month that generally lags the reporting month, and therefore, there are likely to be small inaccuracies in the tier ratios. It is for this reason that we encourage ISPs to provide us with subscriber numbers for the measurement month.
As in our previous reports, we found that for most ISPs, the actual speeds experienced by subscribers either nearly met or exceeded advertised service tier speeds. However, since we started our MBA program, consumers have changed their Internet usage habits. In 2011, consumers mainly browsed the web and downloaded files; thus, we reported average broadband speeds since these were likely to closely mirror user satisfaction. By contrast, in September 2017 (the measurement period for this report) consumer internet usage had become dominated by video consumption, with consumers regularly streaming video for entertainment and education. Both the median measured speed and how consistently the service performs are likely to influence the perception and usefulness of Internet access service and we have expanded our network performance analytics to better capture this.
Specifically, we use two kinds of metrics to reflect the consistency of service delivered to the consumer: First, we report the minimum actual speed experienced by at least 80% of panelists during at least 80% of the daily peak usage period (“80/80 consistent speed” measure). Second, we show what fraction of consumers obtains median speeds greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, and less than 80% of advertised speeds.
Although download and upload speeds remain the network performance metric of greatest interest to the consumer, we also spotlight two other key network performance metrics in this report: latency and packet loss. These metrics can significantly affect the overall quality of Internet applications.
Latency (or delay) is the time it takes for a data packet to travel across a network from one point on the network to another. High latencies may affect the perceived quality of some interactive services such as phone calls over the Internet, video chat and video conferencing, or online multiplayer games. All network access technologies have a minimum latency that is largely determined by the technology. In addition, network congestion will lead to an increase in measured latency. Technology-determined latencies are typically small for terrestrial broadband services and are thus unlikely to affect the perceived quality of applications. The higher latencies of geostationary satellite-based broadband services may impair the perceived quality of such highly interactive applications. Not all applications are affected by high latencies; for example, entertainment video streaming applications are tolerant of relatively high latencies.
Packet loss measures the fraction of data packets sent that fail to be delivered to the intended destination. Packet loss may affect the perceived quality of applications that do not request retransmission of lost packets, such as phone calls over the Internet, video chat, some online multiplayer games, and some video streaming. High packet loss also degrades the achievable throughput of download and streaming applications. However, packet loss of a few tenths of a percent are unlikely to significantly affect the perceived quality of most Internet applications and are common. During network congestion, both latency and packet loss typically increase.
The Internet is continuing to evolve in its architectures, performances, and services. Accordingly, we will continue to adapt our measurement and analysis methodologies to help consumers understand the performance characteristics of their broadband Internet access service, and thus make informed choices about their use of such services.
A list of the offered ISP download and upload service tiers that were measured in this report are shown in Table 1. It should be noted that while upload and downloads speeds are measured independently and shown separately, they are typically offered by an ISP in a paired configuration. Together, these plans serve the majority of Internet users of the participating ISPs. Generally, a service tiers becomes added to this report when five percent or more of an ISP’s customers subscribe to that tier and there are at least 30,000 subscribers in that tier. Each tier requires a certain number of panelists to meet the program’s target sample size, and it becomes difficult and costly to recruit panelists for tiers with few (i.e., less than 30,000) subscribers or across a very large number of tiers.
*Tiers that lack sufficient panelists to meet the program’s target sample size.
Chart 1 (below) displays the maximum advertised download speeds among the measured service tiers for each participating ISP for September 2017, grouped by the access technology used to offer the broadband Internet access service (DSL, cable, fiber, or satellite). In September 2017, the weighted average maximum advertised download speed was 117 Mbps among the measured service tiers.
Maximum advertised download speed among the measured service tiers varies both by ISP and technology.
The maximum offered download speed tier included in this report for ISPs using satellite technology is between 12-25 Megabits per second (Mbps). Similarly, the maximum download speed offered by DSL providers ranges between 3-45 Mbps. In contrast, ISPs using Cable and Fiber technology offer much higher maximum download speeds. The maximum download speeds included in this report for ISPs using Cable technology are between 100-200 Mbps. Among participating broadband ISPs, only Cincinnati Bell, Frontier, and Verizon use fiber as the access technology for a substantial number of their customers and their maximum speed offerings included in this report are between 100-150 Mbps. A key difference between the fiber vendors and other technology vendors is that two of the fiber vendors offer symmetric maximum upload and download speeds. This is in sharp contrast to the asymmetric offerings for all the other technologies where the maximum upload speeds offered are typically 5 to 10 times below the maximum download speeds offered.
Chart 2 plots the migration of panelists to a higher service tier based on their access technology. Specifically, the horizontal axis of Chart 2 partitions the September 2016 panelists by the advertised download speed of the service tier to which they were subscribed. For each such set of panelists who also participated in the September 2017 collection of data, the vertical axis of Chart 2 displays the percentage of panelists that migrated by September 2017 to a service tier with a higher advertised download speed. There are two ways that such a migration could occur: (1) if a panelist changed their broadband plan during the intervening year to a service tier with a higher advertised download speed, or (2) if a panelist did not change their broadband plan but the panelist’s ISP increased the advertised download speed of the panelist’s subscribed plan.
Chart 2 shows that the percentage of panelists subscribed in September 2016 who moved to higher tiers in September 2017. Between 2% to 50% of DSL subscribers, 4% to 100% of cable subscribers and 14% to 80% of fiber subscribers moved to higher speed tiers. There were also between 1% to 75% subscribers who migrated to a higher speed tier using a different technology from what they had in September 2016.
Advertised download speeds may differ from the speeds that subscribers actually experience. Some ISPs more consistently meet network service objectives than others or meet them unevenly across their geographic coverage area. Also, speeds experienced by a consumer may vary during the day if the network cannot carry the aggregate user demand during busy hours. Unless stated otherwise, all actual speeds were measured only during peak usage periods, which we define as 7 p.m. to 11 p.m. local time.
To compute the average ISP performance, we weigh the median speed for each tier by its subscriber count. Subscriber counts for the weightings were provided from the ISPs themselves or, if unavailable, from FCC Form 477 data.
Chart 3 shows the median download speeds experienced by the subscribers of the ISPs participating in MBA, averaged across all analyzed service tiers, geography, and time, for 2017. The median download speed, averaged across all participating ISPs, was approximately 72 Mbps in September 2017. As can be seen in this chart there is considerable variance of median speed by both ISP and by technology. While cable and fiber providers had median speeds ranging from 78 to 120 Mbps (with only one outlier provider with 56 Mbps median speed); the DSL and satellite providers had median speeds that ranged from 2 to 20 Mbps. However, as we observed above while examining advertised download speeds, the increase in median download speed is not uniform across access technologies and ISPs.
Chart 4 shows the ratio of the weighted median speeds experienced by an ISP’s subscribers to that ISP’s advertised speeds. The ratios for both download and upload speeds to the advertised download and upload speeds are shown. The actual speeds experienced by most ISPs’ subscribers are close to or exceed the advertised speeds. However, DSL broadband ISPs continue to advertise “up-to” speeds that on average exceed the actual speeds experienced by their subscribers. Verizon, instead, advertises a speed range for DSL performance and has requested that we include this range in relevant charts; we indicate this speed range by shading on all bar charts describing Verizon DSL performance. Out of the 17 ISP/technology configurations shown, 11 met or exceeded their advertised download speed and four reached at least 90% of their advertised download speed. Only Cincinnati-DSL (at 79%) and Hawaiian Telecom (at 59%) performed below 90% of their advertised download speed.
As discussed earlier, actual speeds experienced by individual consumers may vary by location and time of day. Chart 5 shows, for each ISP, the percentage of panelists who experienced a median download speed (averaged over the peak usage period during our measurement period) that was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised download speed.
Even though the median download speeds experienced by most ISPs’ subscribers nearly met or exceeded the advertised download speeds, there are some customers of each ISP for whom the median download speed fell significantly short of the advertised download speed. Relatively few subscribers of cable or fiber broadband service experienced this. The best performing ISPs, when measured by this metric, are Optimum, Charter and Verizon-Fiber; more than 90% of their panelists were able to attain an actual median download speed of at least 95% of the advertised download speed.
In addition to variation based on a subscriber’s location, speeds experienced by a consumer may fluctuate during the day. This is typically caused by increased traffic demand and the resulting stress on different parts of the network infrastructure. To examine this aspect of performance, we use the term “80/80 consistent speed”. This metric is designed to assess temporal and spatial variations in measured values of a user’s download speed. Consistency of speed is in itself an intrinsically valuable service characteristic and its impact on consumers will hinge on variations in usage patterns and needs.
Chart 6 summarizes, for each ISP, the ratio of 80/80 consistent median download speed to advertised download speed, and, for comparison, the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed shown previously in Chart 4. The ratio of 80/80 consistent median download speed to advertised download speed is less than the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed for all participating ISPs due to congestion periods when median download speeds are lower than the overall average. When the difference between the two ratios is small, the median download speed is fairly insensitive to both geography and time. When the difference between the two ratios is large, there is a greater variability in median download speed, either across a set of different locations or across different times during the peak usage period at the same location.
Chart 6: The ratio of 80/80 consistent median download speed to advertised download speed.
Customers of Charter, Comcast, Cincinnati Bell Fiber, Frontier Fiber, Optimum and Verizon Fiber (Fios) experienced median download speeds that were very consistent; with each provider delivering in excess of 90% of the advertised speed to at least 80% of the panelists for at least 80% of the peak usage period. In particular, Charter and Optimum provided 80/80 consistent speeds that were in excess of 100% of the advertised speed. As can be seen in chart 6, cable and fiber ISPs performed better than DSL and satellite ISPs with respect to their 80/80 consistent speeds. For example, for September 2017, the 80/80 consistent download speed for Viasat satellite was 24% of its advertised speed. Similarly, Cincinnati Bell DSL and Hawaiian Telecom DSL had an 80/80 consistent download speed of respectively 58% and 30% of the advertised speed.
Latency is the time it takes for a data packet to travel from one point to another in a network. It has a fixed component that depends on the distance, the transmission speed, and transmission technology between the source and destination, and a variable component that increases as the network path congests with traffic. The MBA program measures latency by measuring the round-trip time from the consumer’s home to the closest measurement server and back.
Chart 7 shows the median latency for each participating ISP. In general, higher-speed service tiers have lower latency, as it takes less time to transmit each packet. Satellite technologies inherently experience longer latencies since packets must travel approximately 44,500 miles from an earth station to the satellite and back. Therefore, the median latencies for satellite-based broadband services are much higher, at 594 ms to 612 ms, than those for terrestrial-based broadband services, which range from 12 ms to 37 ms in our measurements (with the exception of Verizon DSL and Hawaiian Telecom DSL with latencies of 51 ms and 80 ms respectively).
Among terrestrial technologies, DSL latencies (between 25 ms to 80 ms) were slightly higher than those for cable (15 ms to 34 ms). Fiber ISPs showed the lowest latencies (12 ms to 20 ms). The differences in median latencies among terrestrial-based broadband services are relatively small and are unlikely to affect the perceived quality of highly interactive applications.
Packet loss is the percentage of packets that are sent by a source but not received at the intended destination. The most common reason that a packet is not received is that it encountered congestion along the network route. A small amount of packet loss is expected, and indeed packet loss is commonly used by some Internet protocols to infer Internet congestion and to adjust the sending rate to mitigate for the congestion. The MBA program considers a packet lost if the packet’s round-trip latency exceeds 3 seconds.
Chart 8 shows the average peak-period packet loss for each participating ISP, grouped into bins. We have broken the packet loss performance into three bands, allowing a more granular view of the packet loss performance of the ISP network. The breakpoints for the three bins used to classify packet loss have been chosen with an eye towards commonly accepted packet loss standards; provider packet loss Service Level Agreements (SLAs); and various standards. Specifically, the 1% standard for packet loss is referred to in international documents and commonly accepted as the point at which highly interactive applications such as VoIP will experience significant degradation and quality. The 0.4% breakpoint was chosen as a generic breakpoint between the highly desired performance of 0% packet loss described in many documents and the 1% unacceptable limit on the high side. The specific value of 0.4% is based upon a compromise value between those two limits and is generally supported by many network performance and SLAs provided by major ISPs. Indeed, most SLAs support 0.1% to 0.3% SLA packet loss guarantees , but these are generally for enterprise level services which generally have more stringent requirements for higher-level performance.
Chart 8: Percentage of consumers whose peak-period packet loss was less than 0.4%, between 0.4% to 1%, and greater than 1%.
The MBA program also conducts a specific test to gauge web browsing performance. The web browsing test accesses nine popular websites that include text and images, but not streaming video. The time required to download a webpage depends on many factors, including the consumer’s in-home network, the download speed within an ISP’s network, the web server’s speed, congestion in other networks outside the consumer’s ISP’s network (if any), and the time required to look up the network address of the webserver. Only some of these factors are under control of the consumer’s ISP. Chart 9 displays the average webpage download time as a function of the advertised download speed. As shown by this chart, webpage download time decreases as download speed increases, from about 7.7 seconds at 0.5 Mbps download speed to about 1.7 seconds for 25 Mbps download speed. Subscribers to service tiers exceeding 25 Mbps experience slightly smaller webpage download times decreasing to 1 second at about 200 Mbps. These download times assume that only a single user is using the Internet connection when the webpage is downloaded and does not account for more common scenarios where multiple users within a household are simultaneously using the Internet connection for viewing web pages as well as other applications such as real-time gaming or video streaming.
Chart 9: Average webpage download time, by advertised download speed.
Participants have contributed in important ways to the integrity of this program and have provided valuable input to FCC decisions for this program. Initial proposals for test metrics and testing platforms were discussed and critiqued within the broadband collaborative. M-Lab and Level 3 contributed their core network testing infrastructure, and both parties continue to provide invaluable assistance in helping to define and implement the FCC testing platform. We thank all the participants for their continued contributions to the MBA program.
The measurements that provided the underlying data for this report relied both on measurement clients and measurement servers. The measurement clients (i.e., whiteboxes) resided in the homes of 6,034 panelists who received service from one of the 13 participating ISPs plus Viasat. The participating ISPs collectively accounted for over 80% of U.S. residential broadband Internet connections. After the measurement data was processed (as described in greater detail in the Technical Appendix) test results from 4,378 panelists were used in this report.
The measurement servers were hosted by M-Lab and Level 3 Communications, and were located in ten cities across the United States near a point of interconnection between the ISP’s network and the network on which the measurement server resided.
The measurement clients collected data throughout the year, and this data is available as described below. However, only data collected from September 1 through 6 and September 28 through October 21, 2017, referred to throughout this report as the “September 2017” reporting period, were used to generate the charts in this Report.
Broadband performance varies with the time of day. At peak hours, more people are attempting to use their broadband Internet connections, giving rise to a greater potential for network congestion and degraded user performance. Unless otherwise stated, this Report focuses on performance during peak usage period, which is defined as weeknights between 7:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. local time at the subscriber’s location. Focusing on peak usage period provides the most useful information because it demonstrates the performance users can expect when the Internet in their local area is experiencing the highest demand from users.
Our methodology focuses on the network performance of each of the participating ISPs. The metrics discussed in this Report are derived from traffic flowing between a measurement client, located within the modem or router within a panelist’s home, and a measurement server, located outside the ISP’s network. For each panelist, the tests automatically choose the measurement server that has the lowest latency to the measurement client. Thus, the metrics measure performance along a path within each ISP’s network, through a point of interconnection between the ISP’s network and the network on which the chosen measurement server resides.
However, the service performance that a consumer experiences could differ from our measured values for several reasons. First, as noted, we measure performance only to a single measurement server rather than to multiple servers, following the approach chosen by most network measurement tools. ISPs, in general, attempt to maintain consistent performance throughout their network. However, at times, some paths or interconnection points within an ISP’s network may be more congested than others and this can affect a specific consumer’s service.
Congestion beyond an ISP’s network is not measured in our study and can affect the overall performance a consumer experiences with their service. A consumer’s home network, rather than the ISP’s network, may be the bottleneck with respect to network congestion. We measure the performance of the ISP’s service delivered to the consumer’s home network, but this connection is often shared simultaneously among multiple users and applications within the home. In-home networks, which typically includes Wi-Fi, may not have sufficient capacities to support peak loads.
In addition, consumers typically experience performance through the set of applications that they utilize, not as raw speed, latency or packet loss. The overall performance of an application depends not only on the network performance but also on the application’s architecture and implementation and on the operating system and hardware on which it runs. While network performance is considered in this Report, application performance is generally not.
Download speed: This test measures the download speed of each whitebox over a 10-second period, once per hour during peak hours (7 p.m. to 11 p.m.) and once during each of the following periods: midnight to 6 a.m., 6 a.m. to noon, and noon to 6 p.m. The measurement results from each whitebox are then averaged across the measurement month; and the median value for these average speeds across the entire set of whiteboxes is used to determine the median download speed for a service tier. The overall ISP download speed is computed as the weighted median for each service tier, using the subscriber counts for the tiers as weights.
Upload speed: This test measures the upload speed of each whitebox over a 10-second period, (the same measurement interval as the download speed). The speed measured in the last five seconds of the 10-second interval is retained, the results of each whitebox are then averaged over the measurement period, and the median value for the average speed taken over the entire set of whiteboxes is used to determine the median upload speed for a service tier. The ISP upload speed is computed in the same manner as the download speed.
Latency and packet loss: These tests measure the round-trip times for approximately 2,000 packets per hour sent at randomly distributed intervals. Response times less than three seconds are used to determine the mean latency. If the whitebox does not receive a response within three seconds, the packet is counted as lost.
Web browsing: The web browsing test measures the total time it takes to request and receive webpages, including the text and images, from nine popular websites and is performed once every hour. The measurement includes the time required to translate the web server name (URL) into the webserver’s network (IP) address.
This Report focuses on three key performance metrics of interest to consumers of broadband Internet access service, as they are likely to influence how well a wide range of consumer applications work: download and upload speed, latency, and packet loss. Download and upload speeds are also the primary network performance characteristic advertised by ISPs. However, as discussed above, the performance observed by a user in any given circumstance depends not only on the actual speed of the ISP’s network, but also on the performance of other parts of the Internet and on that of the application itself.
The standard speed tests use TCP with 8 concurrent TCP sessions. This year we also introduced a single TCP speed test (termed as Lightweight tests), which ran less frequently and thereby provided less strain on consumer accounts that are data-capped. The Lightweight tests were used exclusively to provide broadband performance results for Viasat. The Technical Appendix to this Report describes each test in more detail, including additional tests not contained in this Report.
The Validated Data Set which this Report is based, as well as the full results of all tests, are available at http://www.fcc.gov/measuring-broadband-america. To encourage additional research, we also provide raw data for the reference month and other months. Previous reports of the MBA program, as well as the data used to produce them, are also available there.
Both the Commission and SamKnows, the Commission’s contractor for this program, recognize that, while the methodology descriptions included in this document provide an overview of the project, interested parties may be willing to contribute to the project by reviewing the software used in the testing. SamKnows welcomes review of its software and technical platform, consistent with the Commission’s goals of openness and transparency for this program.
Chart 1 above summarized the maximum advertised download speeds among the measured service tiers for each participating ISP, for September 2017, grouped by the access technology used to offer the broadband Internet access service (DSL, cable, fiber, or satellite). Chart 10 below shows the corresponding maximum advertised upload speeds among the measured service tiers. As shown in Chart 10, the maximum upload speed of ISPs using DSL and satellite technology lags ISPs using cable and fiber technologies. The maximum advertised upload speed is between 0.8 to 6 Mbps for ISPs using DSL technology, and 3 Mbps for ISPs using satellite technology. In contrast, among cable-based broadband providers, the maximum advertised upload speeds among the measured service tiers is 10 to 35 Mbps. Similarly, for ISPs using fiber technology the maximum upload speed ranged from 20 to 150 Mbps. As noted previously, except for Cincinnati Bell fiber, the upload and download speed offerings for fiber technologies are symmetric. The computed weighted average of the maximum upload speed of all the ISPs is 18 Mbps.
Chart 3 above showed the median download speeds experienced by each ISP’s participating subscribers in September 2017. Chart 11 below shows the corresponding median upload speeds. The median upload speed for this period across all consumers was 14 Mbps.
Chart 11: Median upload speeds by ISP.
Chart 12 below show the median download and upload speeds by technology for September 2017.
As seen in the chart, the median download speeds for DSL and satellite technologies, which are both 16 Mbps, lag the median download speeds for cable and fiber technologies which are respectively 97 and 73 Mbps. Similarly, the median upload speeds for DSL and satellite technologies, which are respectively 2 to 3 Mbps, lag the median upload speeds of cable and fiber technologies which are respectively 11 and 82 Mbps.
Observing both the download and upload speeds, it is clear that fiber service tiers are generally symmetric in their actual upload and download speeds. This results from the fact that fiber technology has significantly more capacity than other technologies and it can be engineered to have symmetric upload and download speeds. For other technologies with more limited capacity, higher capacity is usually allocated to download speeds than to upload speeds, typically in ratios ranging from 5:1 to 10:1. This resulting asymmetry in download/upload speeds is reflective of actual usage because consumers typically download significantly more data than they upload.
Chart 12: Median download and upload speeds by technology.
Chart 4 (in Section 2.B) showed the ratio in September 2017 of the weighted median of both download and upload speeds of each ISP’s subscribers to advertised speeds. Charts 13.1 and 13.2 below show the same ratios separately for download speed and for upload speed. The median download speeds of most ISPs’ subscribers have been close to, or have exceeded, the advertised speeds. Exceptions to this were the following DSL providers: CenturyLink, Cincinnati Bell, Frontier DSL, Hawaiian Telecom DSL, Windstream and Viasat with respective ratios of 95%, 79%, 92%, 59%, 94% and 90%.
Chart 13.1: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed.
Chart 13.2 shows the median upload speed as a percentage of the advertised speed. As was the case with download speeds most ISPs meet or exceed the advertised rates except for a number of DSL providers: CenturyLink, Cincinnati Bell DSL, Frontier DSL, Hawaiian Telecom DSL, Verizon DSL and Windstream which had respective ratios of 87%, 83%, 91%, 79%, 95% and 83%.
As noted, median speeds experienced by consumers may vary based on location and time of day. Chart 5 above showed, for each ISP, the percentage of consumers (across the ISP’s service territory) who experienced a median download speed over the peak usage period that was either greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised download speed. Chart 14 below shows the corresponding percentage of consumers whose median upload speed fell in each of these ranges.
Chart 14: The percentage of consumers whose median upload speed was (a) greater than 95%, (b) between 80% and 95%, or (c) less than 80% of the advertised upload speed.
Even though the median upload speeds experienced by most subscribers were close to or exceeded the advertised upload speeds there were some subscribers, for each ISP, whose median upload speed fell significantly short of the advertised upload speed. This issue was most prevalent for ISPs using DSL technology. On the other hand, ISPs using cable and fiber technology generally showed very good consistency based on this metric.
We can learn more about the variation in network performance by separately examining variations across geography and across time. We start by examining the variation across geography within each participating ISP’s service territory. For each ISP, we first calculate the ratio of the median download speed (over the peak usage period) to the advertised download speed for each panelist subscribing to that ISP. We then examine the distribution of this ratio across the ISP’s service territory.
Charts 15.1 and 15.2 show the complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median download speed (over the peak usage period) to advertised download speed for each participating ISP. For each ratio of actual to advertised download speed on the horizontal axis, the curves show the percentage of panelists subscribing to each ISP that experienced at least this ratio. For example, the Cincinnati Bell fiber curve in Chart 15.1 shows that 90% of its subscribers experienced a median download speed exceeding 83% of the advertised download speed, while 70% experienced a median download speed exceeding 95% of the advertised download speed, and 50% experienced a median download speed exceeding 106% of the advertised download speed.
Chart 15.1: Complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed.
Chart 15.2: Complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed (continued).
The curves for cable-based broadband and fiber-based broadband are steeper than those for DSL-based broadband and satellite-based broadband. This can be seen more clearly in Chart 15.3, which plots aggregate curves for each technology. Approximately 80% of subscribers to cable and 60% of subscribers to fiber-based technologies experience median download speeds exceeding the advertised download speed. In contrast, only 40% of subscribers to DSL-based services experience median download speeds exceeding the advertised download speed.
Chart 15.3: Complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by technology.
Charts 15.4 to 15.6 show the complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median upload speed (over the peak usage period) to advertised upload speed for each participating ISP (Charts 15.4 and 15.5) and by access technology (Chart 15.6).
Chart 15.4: Complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed.
Chart 15.5: Complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed (continued).
Chart 15.6: Complementary cumulative distribution of the ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by technology.
All actual speeds discussed above were measured during peak usage periods. In contrast, Charts 16.1 and 16.2 below compare the ratio of actual speed to advertised speed during peak and off-peak times. Charts 16.1 and 16.2 show that while most ISPs show only a slight degradation from off-peak to peak hour performance, satellite ISPs show a markedly larger degradation. Hughes customers experience a drop from 261% to 185% in the ratio of median download speed to advertised speed from off-peak hours to peak hours. Similarly, ViaSat customers experience a corresponding drop from 131% to 90%.
Chart 16.1: The ratio of weighted median download speed to advertised download speed, peak hours versus off-peak hours.
Chart 16.2: The ratio of weighted median upload speed to advertised upload speed, peak versus off-peak.
Charts 17.1 and 17.2 below show the actual download speed to advertised speed ratio in each two-hour time block during weekdays for each ISP. The ratio is lowest during the busiest four-hour time block (7:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.).
Chart 17.1: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, Monday-to-Friday, two-hour time blocks, terrestrial ISPs.
Chart 17.2: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, Monday-to-Friday two-hour time blocks, satellite ISPs.
For each ISP, Chart 6 (in section 2.C) showed the ratio of the 80/80 consistent median download speed to advertised download speed, and for comparison, Chart 4 showed the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed.
Chart 18.1 illustrates information concerning 80/80 consistent upload speeds. For all ISPs, the upload 80/80 speed is lower than the upload median speed. For most ISPs, the upload 80/80 speed is slightly lower than the upload median speed. However, in the case of Hughes, Via Sat and Verizon DSL, the 80/80 speed was considerably lower than the upload median speed.
Chart 18.1: The ratio of 80/80 consistent upload speed to advertised upload speed.
Charts 18.2 and 18.3 below illustrate similar consistency metrics for 70/70 consistent speeds, i.e., the minimum speed (as a percentage of the advertised speed) experienced by at least 70% of panelists during at least 70% of the peak usage period. The ratios for 70/70 consistent speeds as a percentage of the advertised speed are higher than the corresponding ratios for 80/80 consistent speeds. In fact, for many ISPs, the 70/70 consistent download speed is close to the median download speed. ViaSat and Hawaiian Telecom showed a considerably smaller value for the 70/70 download speed as compared to the download median speed.
Chart 18.2: The ratio of 70/70 consistent download speed to advertised download speed.
Chart 18.3: The ratio of 70/70 consistent upload speed to advertised upload speed.
Chart 19 below shows the weighted median latencies, by technology and by advertised download speed for terrestrial technologies. For all terrestrial technologies, latency varied little with advertised download speed. DSL service typically had higher latencies than either cable or fiber.
Chart 19: Latency for Terrestrial ISPs, by technology, and by advertised download speed.
As shown in Charts 20.1-20.7, peak usage period performance varied by service tier among participating ISPs during the September 2017 period. On average, during peak periods, the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed for all ISPs was 59% or better, and 90% or better for most ISPs. However, the ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed varies among service tiers. It should be noted that for Verizon-DSL, which advertises a range of speeds, we have calculated a range of values corresponding to its advertised range.
Chart 20.1: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by ISP (0-5 Mbps).
Chart 20.2: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by ISP (6-10 Mbps).
Chart 20.3: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by ISP (12-18 Mbps).
Chart 20.4: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by ISP (20-25 Mbps).
Chart 20.5: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by ISP (30-50 Mbps).
Chart 20.6: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by ISP (60-75 Mbps).
Chart 20.7: The ratio of median download speed to advertised download speed, by ISP (100-200 Mbps).
Charts 21.1 –21.7 depict the ratio of median upload speeds to advertised upload speeds for each ISP by service tier.
Chart 21.1: The ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by ISP (0-0.64 Mbps).
Chart 21.2: The ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by ISP (0.768-0.896 Mbps).
Chart 21.3: The ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by ISP (1-2 Mbps).
Chart 21.4: The ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by ISP (3-5 Mbps).
Chart 21.5: The ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by ISP (6-10 Mbps).
Chart 21.6: The ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by ISP (20-50 Mbps).
Chart 21.7: The ratio of median upload speed to advertised upload speed, by ISP (75-150 Mbps).
Table 2 lists the advertised download service tiers included in this study. For each tier, an ISP’s advertised download speed is compared with the median of the measured download speed results. As in past reports, we note that the download speeds listed here are based on national averages and may not represent the performance experienced by any particular consumer at any given time or place.
In Section 3.C above, we presen0ted speed consistency metrics for each ISP based on test results averaged across all service tiers. In this section, we provide detailed speed consistency results for each ISP’s individual service tiers. Consistency of speed is important for services such as video streaming. A significant reduction in speed for more than a few seconds can force a reduction in video resolution or an intermittent loss of service.
Charts 22.1 – 22.3 below show the percentage of consumers that achieved greater than 95%, between 85% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised download speed for each ISP speed tier. Consistent with past performance, ViaSat/Exede showed low consistency of speed with 52% of consumers experiencing an average service speed of 80% or less of the advertised speed. ISPs using DSL technology also frequently failed to deliver advertised service rates. ISPs quote a single ‘up-to’ speed, but the actual speed of DSL depends on the distance between the subscriber and the serving central office.
Cable companies and fiber-based systems, in general, showed a high consistency of speed.
Chart 22.1: The percentage of consumers whose median download speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised download speed, by service tier (DSL).
Chart 22.2: The percentage of consumers whose median download speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised download speed (cable).
Chart 22.3: The percentage of consumers whose median download speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised download speed (fiber and satellite).
Similarly, Charts 23.1 to 23.3 show the percentage of consumers that achieved greater than 95%, between 85% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised upload speed for each ISP speed tier.
Chart 23.1: The percentage of consumers whose median upload speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised upload speed (DSL).
Chart 23.2: The percentage of consumers whose median upload speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised upload speed (cable).
Chart 23.3: The percentage of consumers whose median upload speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, or less than 80% of the advertised upload speed (fiber and satellite).
In Section 3.C above, we presented complementary cumulative distributions for each ISP based on test results across all service tiers. Below, we provide tables showing selected points on these distributions by each individual ISP. Overall, performance depended less on a specific technology and more on the engineering and marketing choices made by each provider. For example, Optimum and Charter, which are cable-based companies, provided average download speeds over 92% and 93%, respectively, of advertised rates to 95% of their panelists. Cox and Mediacom, also cable-based companies, provided median speeds of at least 55% and 59% of advertised speed to 95% of their panelists. Verizon’s fiber-based service provided speeds of 93% or better to 95% of its panelists whereas Frontier Fiber provided speeds of 72% or better to 95% of its panelists.
Below, we provide the detailed results of the webpage download time for each individual service tier of each ISP. Generally, website loading time decreased steadily with increasing tier speed until a tier speed of 15 Mbp,s and does not change markedly above that speed.
Chart 24.1: Average webpage download time, by ISP (0-5 Mbps).
Chart 24.3: Average webpage download time, by ISP (12-18 Mbps).
Chart 24.4: Average webpage download time, by ISP (20-25 Mbps).
Chart 24.5: Average webpage download time, by ISP (30-50 Mbps).
Chart 24.6: Average webpage download time, by ISP (60-75 Mbps).
Chart 24.7: Average webpage download time, by ISP (100-200 Mbps).
 The actual dates used for measurements for this Eighth Report were September 1-6, 2017 inclusive and September 28-October 21, 2017 inclusive.
 This year, at the request of and with the assistance of the Hawaiian Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA) we added the state of Hawaii to the MBA program. The ISPs whose performance were measured in the State of Hawaii were Hawaiian Telecom and Time Warner Oceanic (which is now a part of Charter Spectrum).
 All reports can be found at https://www.fcc.gov/general/measuring-broadband-america.
 The First Report (2011) was based on measurements taken in March 2011, the Second Report (2012) on measurements taken in April 2012, and the Third (2013) through Seventh (2017) Reports on measurements taken in September of the year prior to the reports’ release dates. In order to avoid confusion between the date of release of the report and the measurement dates we have shifted last year to numbering the reports. Thus, this year’s report is termed the Eighth MBA Report instead of 2018 MBA Report. Going forward we will continue with a numbered approach and the next report will be termed as the Ninth Report.
 We first determine the mean value over all the measurements for each individual panelist’s “whitebox.” (Panelists are sent “whiteboxes” that run pre-installed software on off-the-shelf routers that measure thirteen broadband performance metrics, including download speed, upload speed, and latency.) Then for each ISP’s speed tiers, we compute a median of from the set of mean values for all the panelists/whiteboxes. The median is that value separating the top half of values in a sample set with the lower half of values in a sample set; it can be thought of as the middle value in an ordered list of values. For calculations involving multiple speed tiers, we compute the weighted average of the medians for each tier. The weightings are based on the relative subscriber numbers for the individual tiers.
 See 2016 Report at https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/measuring-broadband-america/measuring-fixed-broadband-report-2016.
 As described more fully in section 2, a service tier is initially added to this report only if it contains at least 30,000 subscribers and has 5% or more of an ISP’s total number of broadband subscribers.
 The ISPs that provided SamKnows, the FCC’s contractor supporting the MBA program, with weights for each of their tiers were: AT&T, Cincinnati Bell, CenturyLink, Charter, Comcast, Cox, Mediacom, Optimum and Verizon.
 For an explanation of Form 477 filing requirements and required data see: https://transition.fcc.gov/form477/477inst.pdf (Last accessed 5/2/2018).
 Video traffic comprised 73% of Internet traffic in 2016, and some expect it to grow to 82% by 2021. See Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2016-2021 White Paper, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visu... (Last accessed July 19, 2018).
 Of the 4,545 panelists who participated in the September 2016 collection of data, 4,355 panelists continued to participate in the September 2017 collection of data.
 We do not attempt here to distinguish between these two cases.
 For a detailed definition and discussion of this metric, please refer to the Technical Appendix.
 Charts 5 and 6 exclude Cox due to a sampling issue affecting a subset of test results that understated Cox’s nationwide download speeds. Specifically, a local transit link carrying less than 3% of Cox’s nationwide traffic was used for approximately 54% of Cox’s MBA tests from Arizona, and during two weeks that overlapped with the testing period, a delay in upgrading the transit link negatively affected test results for Arizona panelists from a subset of MBA servers. Other MBA test results for these same panelists and for panelists in all other markets showed higher performance within the same peak period and day when tests were routed over the network paths used by 97% of Cox’s traffic. With respect to Chart 5, omitting the affected test results would show that the percentage of Cox subscribers whose median download speed was greater than 95%, between 80% and 95%, and less than 80% of the advertised download speed was 82%, 10%, and 8%, respectively. Including the affected test results would show that these percentages were 66%, 17%, and 17%, respectively. With respect to Chart 6, omitting the affected test results would show that the 80/80 consistent download speed for Cox was 85% of its advertised download speed, and including the affected test results would show that that figure was 37%. Unless otherwise noted, other charts and tables in this report include the affected test results, but would likely show similar changes if adjusted.
 Viasat, operating under the brand name Exede internet, left the program as a participating ISP this year and consequently no longer provide panelists with an increased data allowance to offset the data used by the MBA measurements. We, however, continue reporting results for ViaSat Exede tiers by using lightweight tests aimed at reducing the data burden on Viasat panelists. These tests are described in greater detail in the accompanying Technical Appendix to this Eighth MBA Report.
 The period of September 7-27 2017 was omitted because of hurricanes Harvey and Irma that widespread network congestion in parts of Florida and Texas. Additionally, there were some residual effects of congestion due to Apple’s release of its iOS 11 on September 19. Omitting dates during these periods was done consistent with the FCC’s data collection policy for fixed MBA data. See FCC, Measuring Fixed Broadband, Data Collection Policy, https://www.fcc.gov/general/measuring-broadband-america-measuring-fixed-broadband (explaining that the FCC has developed policies to deal with impairments in the data collection process with potential impact for the validity of the data collected).
 Independent research, drawing on the FCC’s MBA test platform [numerous instances of research supported by the fixed MBA test platform are described at https://www.fcc.gov/general/mba-assisted-research-studies], suggests that home networks are a significant source of end-to-end service congestion. See Srikanth Sundaresan et al., Home Network or Access Link? Locating Last-Mile Downstream Throughput Bottlenecks, PAM 2016 - Passive and Active Measurement Conference, at 111-123 (March 2016).
 The September 2017 data set was validated to remove anomalies that would have produced errors in the Report. This data validation process is described in the Technical Appendix.
 As discussed previously, measured service tiers were tiers which constituted 5% or more of an ISP’s broadband subscriber base and had at least 30,000 subscribers.
 In these charts, we show Verizon’s median speed as a percentage of the mid-point between their lower and upper advertised speed range.
 In Reports prior to the 2015 MBA Report, for each ratio of actual to advertised download speed on the horizontal axis, the cumulative distribution function curves showed the percentage of measurements, rather than panelists subscribing to each ISP, that experienced at least this ratio. The methodology used since then, i.e., using panelists subscribing to each ISP, more accurately illustrates ISP performance from a consumer’s point of view.
 As described earlier, Verizon DSL download and upload results are shown as a range since Verizon advertises its DSL speed as a range rather than as a specific speed.
 In this chart, we have shown the median download speed of Verizon-DSL as a percentage of the midpoint of the advertised speed range for its tier.
 Chart 18.2 excludes Cox due to the sampling issue discussed in note 15 above.
 Chart 22.2 excludes Cox due to the sampling issue discussed in note 15 above.


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Tottenham Hotspur have signed Atletico Madrid defender Toby Alderweireld on a five-year contract, the Premier League club said on Wednesday.
The 26-year-old spent last season on loan with Southampton, making 26 Premier League appearances, and had been linked in media reports with a permanent move to St Mary’s.
But the Belgium international will join countrymen Jan Vertonghen, Moussa Dembele and Nacer Chadli at White Hart Lane after joining Spurs for a fee reported in British media to be around 11.5 million pounds.
“I’m very proud to be a Tottenham player. I’m happy to be here and hope to have a wonderful time with this team,” the club’s twitter feed quoted him as saying.

industry_corpus2: Sports


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The board of directors of NYC's controversial animal shelter system, The Center for Animal Care and Control (CACC), will hold its second meeting open to the public on Wednesday, April 29, at 1 p.m., One Police Plaza, 2nd floor press room.
The Shelter Reform Action Committee (SRAC), a coalition of animal advocate groups and concerned citizens, which suedCACC to get such meetings open to the public, will present the CACC board with a demand to change its by-laws to oust the Mayor's authority to hire and fire board members. SRAC has investigated the not-for profit corporation laws and determined that such an outside influence over any board of directors is unlawful, and SRAC is prepared to go to court over the issue.
The Mayor has abused this power by firing two board members last June who criticized the Giuliani Administration's management style.
Last year the City killed more than 45,000 companion animals, the vast majority of which were healthy and adoptable. TheCACC operation is the largest animal shelter system in the country, and yet received about half the funding per capita than the rest of the country's shelters.
Animal advocates complain that the CACC board members do not -- and cannot -- do their jobs while under the control of the Mayor.
"Rudy Giuliani has micro-managed 175,000 animals to death since he became mayor," says Gary Kaskel, SRAC co-chairman. "The picture is bleak for the future unless he allows professionals to run the shelters in a humane and responsible way, and gives them the proper funding to do the job."
This year the City budget is $34 billion. The Board of Ed budget is $8 billion. The Child Welfare budget is $1.5 billion. The Animal Care and Control budget is just $5.7 million. Advocates says this is only enough money to collect and kill animals and the Mayor's policies are callous and inhumane.
will shelter animals will ever come out alive with this group in charge?
John J. Doherty, Sanitation Commissioner; chairman for the third year in a row. Career bureaucrat; rose in ranks from garbage collector to commissioner. Has no known prior interest in animal welfare. Has no apparent compunction about lying to animal advocates or committing perjury before the City Council. Obstructed the hiring of a qualified executive director [Ed Sayers] in favor of an inexperienced "city manager" [Marilyn Haggarty-Blohm] to further the Mayor's micro-management grip on CACC. Seems more interested in containing bad press than advancing animal welfare. Refuses to meet with animal advocates.
Neal L. Cohen, MD, Health Commissioner since February. Also Commissioner of Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services since 1996. Clinical psychiatrist at Mount Sinai, Gouverneur, NYU-Tisch andBellevue hospitals. Lifetime involvement in a profession with strong links to pharmaceutical industry and animal research; has no known prior interest in animal welfare. and refuses to meet with animal advocates. Unknown entity at this time, but does not appear sympathetic to shelter animals.
Yolanda Jiminez, Deputy Police Commissioner for Community Affairs. Has no known prior interest in animal welfare.Has refused to meet with animal advocates.
Lia Albo, employed by the Fund for Animals. Currently runs the Have-A-Heart low-cost spay neuter clinic in Manhattan, an important community-based service. The clinic does business with the CACC, a conflict of interest. Another conflict arose when she interfered with a CACC volunteer who approached a fundraising source for Fund for Animals. Has professed a philosophy that euthanasia is the solution to animal over-population. Has stated that she "would rather see a cat dead than declawed." Also boasted of taking stray dogs off the street directly to private vet for euthanasia -- a violation of the law. Non-confrontational board member who permits CACC status quo. Seen by most as uncooperative and refuses to meet with animal advocates.
Todd Davis, a former Assistant District Attorney who prosecuted animal cruelty cases, now employed at Arthur Andersen & Co. Member of NYC Bar Association's Committee on Legal Issues Pertaining to Animals. Author of "Animal Fighting and Cruelty Cases in NY, a guide for judges, prosecutors and defense counsel." Has a demonstrated interest in animal welfare. Has too often been an apologist for CACC rather than a proactive advocate.
Daniel D. Ricciardi, MD, a private practice clinician and hospital administrator. Lifetime involvement in a profession with strong links to pharmaceutical industry and animal research; has no prior known interest in animal welfare. Head of Italian-American political group. Appears strongly allied to John Doherty. Seems more interested in containing bad press than advancing animal welfare. Is publicly arrogant and refuses to meet with animal advocates.
Arlene Pedone, has no known prior interest in animal welfare. Apparently appointed by Mayor because of fundraising contacts. Sits on several other non-profit boards. Appears to have limited time for animal advocates.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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Casper and Lucky are looking for a home!
Home » Casper and Lucky are looking for a home!
Casper and Lucky are now ready for adoption! These two sweet cats came into our care when their owner Stanley passed away suddenly last month. Stanley was a long time client and friend who stopped in frequently just to say hi, and visited daily to cuddle our bottle-feeder kittens last winter, so his face may be familiar to many of you.
His boys Casper (black & white) and Lucky (orange tabby) are 8 and 5 years old respectively. Casper was originally adopted as a kitten from our adoption program, and Lucky was a stray kitten who adopted Stanley.
The boys understandably were very stressed after losing their dad and finding themselves in a shelter, but after a few weeks being fostered by one of our clients (thank you!), they are completely back to their wonderful happy and healthy selves. They are both social and sweet mannered boys, who love company, cuddles and belly rubs. Lucky likes to investigate and play, while Casper likes to sit near you, but both boys will follow you around the house to spend time with you.
Casper is a “BIG BOI” – he weighs 29.7 pounds! Lucky is no lightweight either, but weighs a more reasonable 14 pounds. Casper had a urinary blockage last spring, and had to have surgery to remove bladder stones, so the boys will need to eat a veterinary diet designed for urinary protection for the rest of their lives, to prevent that from happening again. Weight loss definitely is a priority for Casper though, so we are excited that Purina Canada has offered to provide 6 months of weight loss/urinary protection canned food for the boys, to kick start their healthy diet!
An unusual and important benefit is that Casper and Lucky both have Trupanion pet insurance policies, which have been in place for many years, and as long as the boys are adopted before the coverage lapses (Trupanion is keeping an eye on this for us), the company will allow those policies to be transferred to their new owner. We very strongly recommend that their adopter continues their policies, since if Casper ever has urinary health issues again in the future, those would be then covered by his pet insurance.
Casper and Lucky are easygoing boys who would make wonderful companions for a lucky person or family. They are indoor-only, and are so gentle that they should be fine with children. We don’t know specifically how they are with other cats and dogs, but don’t have any reason to suspect they would not adjust, provided that all pets go through an appropriate introduction period. Both boys are up to date on their exams and vaccines.
Do you have room in your home and your heart for Casper and Lucky? If so, please give us a call (416-538-8387) or send us an email ([email protected]) and we would love to give you more details!


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Resisting the requirement on Wednesday to turn right at Barbridge Junction, Cleddau cruised on, northwards, still on the Shropshire Union.
Onward then, past two charmingly named boats, Rough Grazing and Meadow Sweet.
Beeston Iron Lock is a curiosity: single boat passage is advised as the protruding horizontal flanges on the iron plates could cause two boats side by side to jam.
(Initially built on “running sand” the lock had collapsed but was later rebuilt by famous canal engineers William Jessop and Thomas Telford using iron as a chamber lining).
and then places when unusually shaped hills appear.
Then came the real visual treat, the sight of Beeston Castle, high, high up on its sandstone outcrop.
This was the reason for the diversion (the first one, that is).
necessary diversions from the walk route -twice – and disasters, a broken shower pump and specs lost overboard preventing the Captain’s participation).
But the effort in climbing so high up to the castle was well worthwhile. You reach the Victorian ticket office – and climb the steep pathway and steps to the outer gatehouse.
a group of pupils was being instructed in medieval warfare.
High winds whipped around the hilltop. It was all but impossible to stand still. (How would the primary school teacher evaluate the success of her lesson plan? Her pupils were tasked with drawing the scene below. “Look, notice the railway line – and the canal,” she urged them, then as one they gasped as their papers took off, like birds on the wing).
delays at Calveley Services while the Captain did a slow motion trip backwards into the bow, taking the operating hosepipe with him, drenching himself and the deck (very much a disaster at the time) – and then came news of a full-blown Delay.
– and come upon a combined musical ensemble in a concert rehearsal.
And how long will the watery route be blocked…? Who knows…?
Miles, locks and tunnels so far covered since leaving Higher Poynton: 169 miles 6 tunnels, 110 locks.
Nantwich proved a very good place to lurk while waiting for the canal to reopen!
Happy days in France, by the way.

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


text: The work "Confessions of a magnetiser" exposed! : exhibiting the folly and falsehood of a recent pamphlet with the above title : with remarks, showing the falsity of the notions hitherto prevalent in regard to what has been denominated "mesmerism" and giving the outlines of the author's new theory of mind represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Mid-Continent Public Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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After dismantling an iPhone to remove the speaker and test it out, I found out that it works great and plays all the tones properly when connected directly to the PC’s speaker out port, the limitation I talked about earlier must exist within the iPhone software right? Wrong….sorta, it turns out that there was defiantly something going on with my iPhone when I tried to play any tone higher than 14khz from the official source of the Teen Buzz mosquito ringtone website. I just had to figure out what the problem was, the tones listed were all created with an audio utility program called Audacity, so I downloaded the program to see if there were any additional settings I might have missed but it appears I didn’t miss any. I searched and found tone generation software called NCH Tone Generator and I proceeded to create another set of mosquito ringtones to see if these would work on my iPhone. They worked great!
I am not sure if it something to do with the encoding built into Audacity or with the software on the iPhone itself. Either way, they are working now on the iPhone through the Safari browser and through the media player.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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We all undergo the effects of aging at some point or another. But if you feel like you’re being treated badly at work because of your age, then it may be time to talk to a lawyer.
Houston employment discrimination attorney David C. Holmes can help. He carefully and personally reviews your case to see if you have a legitimate claim against your employer for age discrimination.
We understand how you feel. We’ll look at all the aspects of your complaint to determine whether or not you have valid case of age discrimination.
Company policy. We review the policies and procedures of your place of employment to see if they’re legally required to follow ADEA statutes.
At-will cases. At-will employees (those whose employment can be ended without liability on behalf of you or your employer) don’t have to be given a reason for their job loss. We do the necessary investigation into your case to see if your age was the reason you lost your job.
Settlement options. Lawsuits can be long and expensive. We negotiate out-of-court settlement options for clients and companies who wish to avoid a drawn out trial.
If you think you’re a victim of age discrimination, it may be time to speak with a labor lawyer who can offer you an honest assessment of your case. To schedule a free initial consultation with an attorney at the Law Offices of David C. Holmes, contact us at 713.586.8862 or online.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


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One of the simplest ways you can help conserve the environment is by composting your food scraps and garden waste.
By composting you will enrich your garden, help reduce waste going to landfill and save the cost of treating it as garbage.
Composting breaks down your food scraps and garden waste, and converts it into rich and nutritious soil, by taking advantage of good bacteria and invertebrates (including millipedes and earthworms).
Adding compost to your garden will enrich the soil, adding nutrients and useful bacteria, and help plants grow better with less water.
Worm farms are ideal for people living in flats or houses with small backyards, and is a cheap and easy way to cut down on your garbage.
Worms quickly and efficiently break down food scraps and garden waste, and produce a rich fertiliser called worm castings, which is great for indoor and outdoor plants, and vegetable gardens.
The most common worms used in worm farms are Tiger Worms, Red Wrigglers and Indian Blues. Worms are available at good hardware stores or plant nurseries.
You can purchase a worm farm from us (just add worms), or you can make a cheaper version by using a polystyrene fruit box with drainage holes underneath.
You can purchase discount compost bins, worm farms and bokashi bins from our Civic Centre offices and then collect your purchase from our Epping Depot (68-96 Houston St, Epping). Alternatively, if you live in the City of Whittlesea, we can deliver your product for a $6.36 fee. It is recommended that residents pay for the delivery of a compost bin as they are quite large and may not fit into your vehicle. Allow 3 to 4 business days for delivery.
We also offer free composting and worm farming workshops throughout the year as part of our Hands on Sustainability program.
Put a layer of coarse material such as prunings, dry leaves and shredded newspapers on the base of your heap.
Add alternate layers of food scraps or garden waste with soil or compost - like making lasagne - so that it won’t smell or attract flies.
Turn it over with a garden fork once a week to speed up the process. After turning it, cover it with soil. The composting material should feel damp. If not, add some water.
Add a thin layer of damp shredded paper or cardboard each week, to speed up the process.
For more information on composting and worm farming, visit the Sustainability Victoria website.
For more information, and to enquire about purchasing discounted compost bins and worm farms, call us on 9217 2170 or email wasterecycling@whittlesea.vic.gov.au.


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Jungle / Ragga Jungle Producer and DJ from Austria.
Listen to all music and sounds of OSCI and follow this user by signing in for free. You can listen to 0 tracks and mixes and follow this user as 122 did before. This artist liked 2 tracks, followed 122 others and reshared 0 tracks and mixes. 57 other people are following this page too.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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Join the wave that has saved and invested millions with Evati.
Want to signup now ? Download the app today, or get started with your web browser.
with friends with saving for your future. At Evati, we believe this balance is the key to living your healthiest, happiest, and best life possible.
for other great ways to save.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


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Located in Rye, The Jay Estate is a landmark on New York State’s Path Through History.
The Jay Estate in Rye is the childhood home of one of our nation’s leaders and Founding Fathers, John Jay. Join us for a guided tour of the 1838 mansion inclusive of architectural and historic details - everything from John Jay's career and life, his connection to slavery and freedom.
Jay served as a spymaster during the Revolutionary War; as a diplomat and Minister to Spain; as a negotiator of the Treaty of Paris and the Jay Treaty; as an architect of our state’s constitution; as an author of the Federalist Papers; as our first United States Chief Justice; as Governor of New York State; and as an anti-slavery advocate who founded the New York Society for the Manumission of Slaves and signed the Gradual Emancipation Act into law.
The house is an official project of the Save America’s Treasures Program and at 176 years old, it is the oldest National Historic Landmark structure in New York State to be using an energy efficient geothermal heating and cooling system. In 2009 it was designated as an important site in the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area list because of its architectural significance, exploration of themes of freedom and dignity and best green management practices. It is also 1 of 13 sites on the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County. This historic 23 acre oasis, once part of an expansive 400 acre farm, still boasts a magnificent view to Long Island Sound.
You may RSVP by email or phone to Dorothee Von Huene-Greenberg at dgreenberg@pace.edu or 914-260-0335. If you email your RSVP to Dorothee, please follow up by mailing a check (payable to Wellesley-in-Westchester) to Dorothee at 222 Central Avenue, Pleasantville, NY 10570.


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Lee Coombs and Kostas G – Warehouse Magic FREE DOWNLOAD!!!
We are giving our Warehouse Magic track away for free!
Grab it while you can as it won’t be free forever!


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A viral magazine theme, perfect for gaming and health related blogs. Fully responsive, social media integration, Adsense optimized, SEO ready, custom widgets included, live editing, customizable homepage, clean & translation ready.
Whether you need a professional magazine template, responsive design, SEO optimized blog, fine tune for fast loading or an Adsense optimized theme, it’s all included in our Rawdrop WordPress Theme. Best of all, everything is mobile-ready right from the start. The next level of magazine WordPress themes is here.
Make changes to your site using our live editor, to streamline the design process. Intuitive theme option to help you make changes where it matters.


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Using the Canvas app on an iPad, how can I see peer review feedback? Easily accessed on my laptop, I can't find that info on the iPad.
If you are a student, you can click on the GRADES menu item for your class in your iPad, and then click on the assignment in question. From there, your peer review will be over on the right after you click the SUBMISSION tab. This is covered in the online guide here: How do I view assignment comments from my instructor in the Canvas app on my iOS device? . If your peers left comments on the document directly using the "crocodoc" file viewing program, those comments will be viewable by clicking on the document icon you would see immediately below any comments, also seen on the screen capture in that help file.
comments (the "regular" ones, in other words) are indeed a bit tricky to find right away. You have to click on the little menu tab icon over on the far, far right of the screen, as illustrated on the above instruction page under the heading View Menu Tab. Then, you must click on the Comments button (number 4 on the illustration shown in that section) to view the student comments.
I tested this myself, and student peer reviews ARE indeed visible this way, though admittedly there's a few more steps to go through!


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Internet and Network Security | Network security is protection of the access to files and directories in a computer network against hacking, misuse and unauthorized changes to the system. It includes both hardware and software technologies. Effective network security manages access to the network. It targets a variety of threats and stops them from entering or spreading on your network. Tekwire, Sprint security professionals will keep watch over your network for you, so you and your team can focus on taking care of your business.
Visit - httpstek-wire.net/ to get instant internet security services.


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Microsoft on Tuesday released five security bulletins as promised. All five addressed vulnerabilities that could allow an attacker to take complete control of an affected system. Three of the bulletins were rated critical, and one addressed a high-profile, zero-day exploit in Internet Explorer.
The most anticipated of the bulletins is MS06-013, a cumulative update for Internet Explorer. That critical bulletin addressed a flaw that Microsoft named the "DHTML Method Call Memory Corruption Vulnerability." Code taking advantage of the flaw popped up all over the Web weeks in advance of Microsoft's patch. Microsoft considered, but rejected, releasing the patch before today's regular monthly patching event. The flaw is rated critical for Internet Explorer 5.0 Service Pack 4, IE 6.0 SP1 (except on Windows Server 2003) and IE for Windows XP SP2.
But that fix is only one of 10 new vulnerabilities that are fixed in the cumulative IE patch -- and eight of the fixes are for critical problems. Meanwhile, the patch also includes a non-security update to ActiveX resulting from Eolas Technologies' patent dispute with Microsoft.
The other two critical bulletins address a vulnerability in the Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC) Function (MS06-014) and a vulnerability in Windows Explorer (MS06-015).
A cumulative update bulletin for Outlook Express (MS06-016) fixes a problem rated "important" on the Microsoft threat scale; while a cross-site scripting flaw in Microsoft FrontPage Server Extensions prompted a bulletin (MS06-017) with a "moderate" severity rating.


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Model steam engines are manufactured according to a variety of scales and gauges. The choice of scale and gauge is crucial as they are the major differentiating factors between the model steam engines. What makes things more confusing is that many model steam engine enthusiasts, and even seasoned fans, often use the two words ‘scale’ and ‘gauge’ interchangeably. However, they are two distinct attributes.
For starters, scale establishes the size relationship between the model engine and the real one. It is often represented as a ratio, such as 2mm:ft or 1:148 scale. This means that every part of the model engine is one-one forty eighth the size of the original steam engine. On the other hand, gauge is an attribute of the railway track. It is the distance between the inner edges of the track rails. Gauge is a more important attribute to consider, when purchasing a model steam engine. Let us understand why by looking at the main gauge types.
O Gauge model engines were produced from the beginning of the 20th century, and were among the most popular models for a long time, until the 1960s. Since then, they have lost their popularity and are difficult to find. They were manufactured in multiple scales from 1:1.48 to 1:43.5. But, they eventually lost their fame to smaller scale models. O Gauge model steam engines are not known for their finer details and accuracy. In fact, they were designed for pre-adults and therefore, cost-effectiveness, and durability were given more importance. Although they are valued by some collectors because of their rarity, most of the collectors and enthusiasts, with an attention to detail, do not prefer these models.
OO Gauge or Double-O Gauge model steam engines belong to a family of model railway systems, which follow the standard gauge model. The OO Gauge has a railway track that is 16.5mm wide, and is built at a scale of 1:76.2 or 4mm:ft. A highlight of OO Gauge models is that they rank very high in terms of realistic appearance and finer details. For this reason, they are of great value to serious collectors. Moreover, many of the manufacturers also place a lot of emphasis on durability and affordability. Naturally, they are among the most popular model steam engine categories today.
G Gauge models are big in size. They are manufactured on a scale range of 1:22.5. Because of their relatively huge size and highly durable construction, they make the best garden railway models. Their extensive use as garden models have led to modern train enthusiasts to believe that the G in G Gauge stands for Garden. The truth is that the G comes from groß, which means “big” in German. Oh yes, the G Gauge models were born in Germany, just like many others. A large scale means that the parts are not as intricate as the other models, say O Gauge for instance. Therefore, they are easy to produce and are readily available.
As you can see, the choice of gauge will be quite obvious to you based on the purpose of your purchase of a model steam engine. If you want a garden mode, then G Gauge is what you need. If you are a collector who enjoys the finer details, then OO Gauge is what does the job for you. However, if you are buying a model engine for your kid, then O gauge is just the thing.

industry_corpus2: Transportation


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signed an order allowing the UPND to hold a rally at Freedom Park in Kitwe this afternoon.
The PF in conjunction with some police officers and Kitwe city council had cancelled the UPND rally.
The UPND went to court to seek a mandatory injunction to order PF, police and all state institutions to not only allow UPND to hold the rally but also to facilitate the holding of the rally.
Just yesterday, the Constitutional Court ordered former PF officials that had been masquerading as ministers to get out and refund the money they have so far stolen under false pretences.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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Dalco Air Conditioning and Heating Company Technicians are NATE certified on all Lennox cooling and heating systems.
Our service technicians are NATE Certified.
Our Technicians are trained for all residential and commercial systems.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


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DALLAS, April 5, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- Braemar Hotels & Resorts Inc. (NYSE: BHR) ("Braemar" or the "Company") today announced details for the release of its results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2019.
Braemar plans to issue its earnings release for the first quarter after the market closes on Wednesday, May 1, 2019, and will host a conference call on Thursday, May 2, 2019 at 12:00 p.m. ET. The number to call for this interactive teleconference is (323) 794-2597. A replay of the conference call will be available through Thursday, May 9, 2019, by dialing (719) 457-0820 and entering the confirmation number, 6337154.
The live broadcast of Braemar's quarterly conference call will be available online at the Company's web site, www.bhrreit.com on Thursday, May 2, 2019, beginning at 12:00 p.m. ET. The online replay will follow shortly after the call and continue for approximately one year.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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Children’s Hearing Scotland are recruiting people to undertake training to become panel members.
Inverclyde Council’s Communities Vice Convener and Young People’s Champion Councillor Natasha Murphy said: “There are currently 55 members serving on the Inverclyde Panel and we are hoping to recruit another 30 this year.
“There is no one type of person or background that makes the ideal volunteer. You need to be a good listener, reliable and above all you need to care.
Children’s Hearings make decisions about the help and guidance necessary to support children and young people facing serious problems in their lives.
Decisions are always made in the best interests of the child or young person to help and protect them.
Christine Love is the Area Convenor for Inverclyde. She said: “Panel members make life changing decisions for children and young people who need support.
“I volunteer to give something back to the community I grew up in and to help children and young people who are maybe in need of help.
The recruitment evening will be held on Wednesday 19 September between 5.30pm and 7.30pm at Inverclyde Council’s Customer Contact Centre, Municipal Buildings, Clyde Square, Greenock.
A number of agencies work within the Children’s Hearings System System including police, education, social work, the Scottish Children’s Reporter Administration (SCRA) and Children’s Hearings Scotland (CHS).
Children and young people who commit offences or require care and protection are dealt with in the same system as they are often the same children and young people.
Lyle Hill is 426ft / 130m above sea level and provides a magnificent panoramic view over the Firth of Clyde. At the summit is the Cross of Lorraine monument dedicated to the Free French forces in WW2.


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The Kullman Firm is one of the oldest and most experienced labor management and employment law firms in the United States. We exclusively represent private and public employers in all matters relating to employment laws and regulations, discrimination issues, labor relations, pension and benefit plan matters, and all other areas concerning human resources management. The firm’s attorneys are always available to consult with clients on-site, whether their facilities are located within the United States or abroad, and since labor matters are often emergency situations, our attorneys are willing to travel throughout the country on a moment’s notice in a crisis.
While the firm is justifiably proud of its record in defending clients in court, before arbitrators, and in administrative proceedings, we are even more committed to providing proactive legal advice to help our clients achieve their business goals while complying with applicable law. Our representation of clients in a wide range of industries, from airlines to hospitals to wood products, provides our attorneys with a sound understanding of the general business practices of most companies. A substantial amount of our practice is devoted to counseling clients within their unique business climate on how to achieve their business goals in a legal manner.
A list of representative clients is available upon request.


text: All our used Ford F-150 Heritage engines have a 6 month to 2 year warranty. When you buy your Ford F-150 Heritage engine from our company you will have confidence that we strongly stand behind the quality of our used car and truck engines. Start saving money and time now by searching through out inexpensiveFord F-150 Heritage engine. We stock a large inventory of Ford F-150 Heritage used engines. Note that our sellers inventory changes daily as we sell engines and take on new stock everyday while dismantling new vehicles. If you don't see your engine listed below, please fill out our used Ford F-150 Heritage engine locating form. Feel free to contact us with any questions.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


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At our website you can not only find solved mcqs but Online Quiz as well. Students and Job Seeker can prepare for their Job Tests and Educational Tests by taking our Online Quiz.
You can take all these online Quizzes for fee. After clearing all of our Online Quizzes tests, You will be able to pass your exam with extremely good marks as we have plenty of online quizzes designed for you for better preparation.
This portion will be updated on regular intervals and we will be adding More and More Quizzes regularly.


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Over the weekend, I picked up a copy of USA Today and chuckled when I read the money section’s headline, “‘Ghosting’ Creeps into Workplace.” You see, recruiters and hiring managers are guilty of ghosting practices too. So, I found it a bit amusing now that the employment market is in the job seeker’s favor, employers are noticing an uptick in interview and new hire no-shows. As a career coach, many job seekers have confided in me about their frustration with their job search after going through an arduous application and interview process only to be left in the dark about their status.
However, I do not advocate the practice of ghosting employers because as we see, what goes around comes around. I believe some job seekers are just not sure what to do if they change their minds or find a more suitable employment opportunity.
There was another instance, however, where there was more at stake regarding my professional reputation. My hiring manager at the time knew that I was in the process of relocating and referred me to the office’s regional manager whose territory just got expanded to the area where I was moving. This led to a conversation with a recruiter and an invitation to an open house hiring event. By this time, I had already interviewed with other companies but, was grateful for the chance to relocate and transfer as an internal candidate. However, before I could attend the event, I accepted an offer with better compensation and benefits that my current employer could not come close to. So I sent an email to the regional manager advising her of my decision and thanking her for the opportunity. I never got a reply but, I can live with the fact that I gracefully bowed out.
But, what if you accepted a job offer and even signed the offer letter and changed your mind after you have carefully considered the consequences. Whatever the reason, I recommend informing the recruiter immediately. You may feel awful or even embarrassed, however, bowing out promptly provides an opportunity for another suitable candidate who may be next in line. So before you think about ‘ghosting,’ an employer check out LiveCareer’s sample offer reversal letter and create an email to rescind your acceptance of the job offer.
Hopefully, you never have to send one of these, and you certainly do not want to make this a common practice. Happy hunting!
P.S. I provide professional and personalized career coaching. Available services include strategic career planning, resume writing, interview preparation, LinkedIn profile optimization, personal brand development, and more. Request a complimentary consultation today.


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Please note there is limited space available for Corporate groups so please be sure to grab one fast! Email info@underthestars.in for more information on how to get involved.
Professionals in London sleep rough for one night near the famous Tower Bridge in support of Action for Children.
There are two categories of corporate registration. You can either register a group of up to 25 ppl or a group of up to 15 ppl to participate in Under The Stars. Both categories will be provided with a reserved space and group entertainment throughout the evening.
The corporate team of up to 25 ppl is required to donate a minimum of Rs.40,000/- of which Rs.15,000/- must go to the common pool to be distributed equally to all our NGO partners. The remaining Rs.25,000/- can go towards one of our NGO partners of your choosing.
If you are registering a corporate team of up to 15 ppl then you are required to donate a minimum of Rs.25,000/- . Rs.15,000/- will go to your chosen NGO and Rs.10,000/- to the common pool.
Please visit this page for more details on the NGOs you can sponsor for this event.
The causes we are partnered with are registered and are highly reputable charitable organisations working in the areas of poverty alleviation; shelter for vulnerable children or the disabled, health support for the impoverished and education.
The event will serve not only as a chance for your employees to take on a meaningful and unique challenge for a social cause it is also a feel good exercise and an opportunity for team building.
Under The Stars promises to be widely publicised and as one of our Corporate partners your involvement will be mentioned in all our communications with the media in the lead up and aftermath of the event.
Be an activist, make a statement, be a part of something bigger this Joy of Giving Week….
contact info@underthestars.in to arrange the registration of your Corporate team.

industry_corpus2: Others


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I had the absolute pleasure of photographing Kayley at my Millbury photo studio a few months ago. Kayley's mom brought her in for a very special photoshoot. These photos were taken only 3 days before surgery to remove a benign brain tumor found just a few days prior. As you can see, Kayley has amazing hair, and she was unsure if the surgeons would be able to save her long locks. Her mom wanted to capture her sparkle, her beauty, and that gorgeous hair! Kayley's positive outlook and bravery were above and beyond her teenage years during her photo session. We had lots of fun; she twirled and jumped and laughed, and I can't help but think her attitude was a huge factor in her recovery from surgery. She's doing very well, and she went back to school just a few weeks later. Such a fun session we had together, and I'm so happy she's doing well! AMAZING!!!!!
Today, is Kayley's 17th birthday. Her family and friends are overjoyed that she has accomplished so much this past year. I am incredibly grateful that I was able to capture such special photos of her.
Shawna Shenette is a High School Senior Portrait photographer with a gorgeous photo studio in Millbury, MA. She loves to work with High School Seniors to create a one-of-a-kind portrait session that is uniquely YOU. Shawna creates the perfect session based on your personal style and personality, including hobbies, interests, and sports. Shawna Shenette Photography’s schedule books up very quickly, so please be sure to contact her early to book your High School Senior Portraits, as she is the most sought after senior photographer in the area.
The beach is my most favorite place to be in the whole world. There's nothing more relaxing than the sounds of the waves crashing or the smell of the salty air. Ahhhh! When you combine my love for high school senior photos and the beautiful blue ocean, I am in heaven! We are so lucky here in central Massachusetts, too, because we can usually find a beach within 60-90 minutes of most towns.
Tonight, I'm off to shoot another High School Senior Photo session at the beach; I thought sharing this session from last year would be the perfect way to get me in the mood. The weather is perfect, and I know it's going to be an absolutely amazing photo shoot!
Shawna Shenette is a High School Senior Portrait photographer with a gorgeous studio in Millbury, MA. Shawna loves to work with High School Seniors to create a one-of-a-kind portrait session that is uniquely YOU. Shawna creates the perfect session based on your personal style and personality, including hobbies, interests, and sports. Shawna Shenette Photography’s schedule books up very quickly, so please be sure to contact her early to book your High School Senior Portraits, as she is the most sought after senior photographer in the area.
Oh my! This summer is flying by. I can't believe it's already August. I need to take advantage of these warm months and hit the fabulous beaches we have here in Massachusetts. As a Massachusetts High School Senior Photographer, I definitely have some late afternoon beach sessions coming up; I think spending the mornings and afternoons of those days relaxing by the ocean. Sounds fabulous, right?
This photo session below was actually shot last year, but I never had the chance to blog it. That doesn't mean that I don't love the photos, though! Quite the opposite...and it's actually a very different backdrop than my usual senior photo sessions. As a Senior Photographer, I love when you have your own ideas and we collaborate to create an editorial senior photo shoot that is totally YOU! So much fun!
Your Senior Year is going to be AMAZING, and your High School Senior Photos should be ABSOLUTELY AMAZING!!! I can guarantee that the SSP Senior Model Rep Photo Shoot will be nothing short of AMAZING, that’s for sure! I have something sooooo fun lined up for this year’s shoot, and you definitely do NOT want to miss it!
The 2017 Senior Model Rep Application is now available! Don’t wait, apply today!
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE A 2017 SHAWNA SHENETTE PHOTOGRAPHY SENIOR MODEL REP?
PLUS you’ll have the opportunity to earn gift cards, print products, your own Senior Portrait Session, and your entire Senior Photo Shoot gallery of images!
ARE YOU READY TO APPLY AND BE. ABSOLUTELY. AMAZING?
Are you active on social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter?
Are you willing to actively and professionally promote SSP to your class of 2017 friends?
Do you participate in sports or other school activities?
Will you be an exclusive SSP Model Rep and not part of any other photographer’s Model Program?
Are your parents willing to give you permission to be part of the SSP Model Program?
Only FIVE reps will be chosen…what are you waiting for? APPLY NOW!!!
Shawna Shenette is the Premier Massachusetts Senior High School Photographer. Her work can be seen on Chic Critique Forum, BaystateParent Magazine, PurePetites Magazine, Bride and Groom, and many other prestigious publications. She specializes in high school portrait photography, child photography, maternity photography, family photography and wedding photography in Central MA, Worcester County, Boston and surrounding areas.
Shawna Shenette Photography is officially booking 2016 Seniors for this summer! Some spots have already been filled, with June being completely SOLD OUT already!!! Don't wait! My Senior Model Reps haven't even started to share their images yet, so I am positive these spots will be snagged soon. Get your Senior Portraits done before school starts and before your schedule is filled with extra-curricular activities.


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