text:
In Node.JS you can handle client’s data using GET and POST methods. However, in order to do that, you first have to install the express module. This is also called as building Node.js REST API with Express.
Before starting, let’s get this clear very quickly that what exactly is REST API?
REST stands for “Representational State Transfer” which relies on stateless client server architecture. The communications between the resources in “RESTful” API follow HTTP standards.
Each resource (like JSON or XML) is represented by URI and the protocols to access these resources are HTTP. Which means that any requests like Create, Read, Update and Delete (CRUD) made against these resources are through HTTP methods.
I hope I’m making some sense over here. Since this is not an article on APIs, I will put the discussion to “REST” and will come right on the topic which is how Node.JS server handles user data using GET or POST methods.
The two most widely used methods to transfer user input data to the server are GET and POST methods.
GET method is used when relatively non-confidential information is passed. Once this information is submitted, you can see it in your browser’s URL. Additionally, the information can be cached as well. It is because of this reason the GET is not the best method to transfer confidential information.
On the other hand, POST method is used to transfer information which is relatively confidential and you do not want the browser to cache. One way to differentiate GET and POST methods is that you look in the URL.
If the information that you submitted is part of the URL, then it’s a GET method. If not, then it’s POST method.
See images below to get an idea of what I’m talking about.
In the last article we learned how to install and create a Node.js server on windows machine. I hope that by now the NodeJS server is up and running on your systems. So it’s best to jump directly to the point where one can send and receive form data from the client to the server.
In this article, we will collect client’s data from one page using HTML forms and then display that data on other page using first the GET and then the POST methods in Node.js.
Along the way, I will try to be as explanatory as possible just to make sure that you grasp the full concept.
Note that I’m assuming you have the basic knowledge of HTML forms before going through this tutorial. If not then I’d highly recommend to learn about HTML forms first.
First things first, let’s create an HTML form where we will receive basic user info such as first name, last name and gender information.
The information submits as soon as the user clicks the “Submit” button.
Node.js will handle this information and transfer it to another page. This information is then displayed using the JSON “Key Value” format.
localhost is our server created on the local machine while 8888 means that the server will use port 8888 to send and receive the request.
user tells the server to create a page on the fly with the name of user so that the full URL will be http://localhost:8888/user.
Enough with the details. Let’s create our node.js page which will collect all this information and then parse it in JSON format.
Though I have explained every piece of code in the snippet above but still let’s dissect the code line by line.
Let’s start from the bottom (line 34). We’re creating a server which will listen to the requests made by the client through port 8888.
On line 37, if the server connects, we are printing the message if the server is listening to the requests.
Now, let’s jump to the top.
On line 2 we are importing the Express module.
Line 5 is storing the express object in the variable, “app”.
On lines 8 and 9, we are routing the name of the file, "index.html" through the given path. app.get() function takes the name of the file, “index.html” and pass it through a callback function. The res.sendFile() function sends a file on a specific path. __dirname generates the root directory where the server resides. If these lines are not added, the server will not be able to access /index.html (http://localhost:8888/index.html) and you will receive an error, “Cannot GET /index.html”.
Before proceeding further, I’d suggest you to go through the documentation of app.get() and res.sendFile() methods.
From lines 14 to 19 we are again using the app.get() method to route the information submitted by the user (first name, last name and gender) from the index.html page to the “/user” page.
Line 24 is optional. It is just printing the user information on the command prompt as well as soon as the user submits it. It is just to keep track of what is being submitted. Or if anything is even being transferred from the server.
Line number 27 is converting the user information in JSON format.
Open up the node.js command prompt from your start menu.
Hit “Enter” and a message stating which port the server is listening to will display in the command line. This means that the server is up and running.
Go to your internet browser and type http://localhost:8888/index.html and hit enter to open up the index.html file in the browser.
Enter information in the fields and then click “Submit”.
As soon as you will click submit, the server will route the request to the /user page and you will now see your entered information in the JSON format.
Look at the address bar. User’s entered information is visible in the address bar as well. The reason is the “GET” method which displays your submitted information in the address bar.
Additionally, you can also go and check your command prompt. The information that you submitted is also visible over there as well.
We will need to download and install body-parser. This is a middle-ware layer which will help us handle POST requests in Node.js using Express framework. Initially, the body-parser used to be a part of express framework but now you have to include and configure separately in your Node.js code.
To download and install body-parser, go to node.js command line and type following code npm install body-parser.
Once installed, our new codes will now be.
Make the following changes in the server.js file.
app.use() function directs the middle-ware (in our case the body-parser) to the path specified. Read app.use() documentation before proceeding further.
Replace app.get() on line 18 with app.post().
Do the same for last_name and gender as well.
Go ahead, run the server. Now you will be able to handle POST request using Express framework in Node.js.
Furthermore, to confirm further, you can see the address bar to see if the information entered by the user is being displayed on the address bar. If not, then this means that your POST handler is working just fine.
Do let me know if this tutorial helps. Notice any error or got stuck somewhere?
Just leave a message in the comments section. I’d love to help you out.
I’ve been on a wild goose chase for the better part of 3 days trying to figure this out. Every resource/help out there says something different and completely out of the scope of the issue.
This post explained everything in the detail and flow I wish I saw 150 searches ago. Thank you! Bookmarked.
i used get method to send data to backend ,but it is used to send undefined instead of original values.what is the reason for this fault.
Unfortunately, with this limited information, I won’t be able to guide you.
You may need to upload your full code.
Wоw, awesome bloց layoᥙt! How l᧐ng have you been blοɡging for?
How might I resolve this?
This is all that I can figure out from the limited information that you’ve provided.


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Just how realistic are the nasty characters that shoot, stab and strangle Gotham's uneasy residents?
Serial killers simultaneously frighten and fascinate. Whether following media coverage of the Long Island Serial Killer or watching Dexter, the public possesses a seemingly insatiable appetite for the macabre.
[eventbug id="comic-con-2011"]Comic book fans are no strangers to stranglers and other killers. Batman's notorious rogues' gallery boasts multiple serial murderers among its members. While some of these fictional characters reflect real-life aspects of serial murder, others perpetuate long-standing misconceptions.
The FBI defines serial murder as "the unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s) in separate events." Specific motives for murder are commonly seen in the offender: sexual gratification, anger, thrill, attention and the alleviation of anxious urges, among others. Serial killers may also demonstrate a modus operandi, ritualized behaviors or signature aspects; for example, a killer may manipulate or mutilate the body after a murder.
Sometimes comics characters mimic the hideous acts of real-world serial killers. In the story arc "The Last Arkham," by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle (from Batman: Shadow of the Bat, issues 1-4), Mr. Zsasz positions his victims' bodies in lifelike poses. In real life, one victim of Gary Leon Ridgway, aka the Green River Killer, was found fully clothed, with two fish placed on her chest, a wine bottle on her stomach and sausages in her hands.
Some serial murderers keep trophies of their kills. In Batman: Cacophony, by Kevin Smith and Walt Flanagan, Onomatopoeia displays in his "man cave" masks of the heroes he has killed. Real-life serial killer Ed Gein fashioned trophies from the remains of his victims; a mounted human head was discovered in Gein's possession, ready to be hung.
Broadcast Thought's comics-dissecting doctors (left to right): Praveen R. Kambam, M.D.; Vasilis K. Pozios, M.D.; H. Eric Bender, M.D.
Scientific and legal jargon can contribute to confusion about serial murderers, their methods and their motives. By analyzing fictional characters, we at Broadcast Thought passionately educate audiences about mental health topics and excite them to learn more about mental illness. We'll be discussing these ideas Thursday during "Detecting Deviants in the Dark Night: Profiling Gotham City's Serial Killers," our panel at Comic-Con International.
How do we fit into the entertainment world? With our expertise as physicians specializing in forensic psychiatry, we offer a unique opportunity for collaboration with writers and other creators to add nuance and realism to characters and storylines that can make them even more compelling. This is our attempt to cast these fascinating characters in a new light, reinvigorate them, and help keep these beloved characters fresh to both old fans and new readers alike.
In real life, serial killers – who commit fewer than 1 percent of murders in any given year – commonly exhibit characteristics of psychopathy, a collection of behaviors and personality traits that often reflect a callous, uncaring nature. However, Batman villains depicted as psychopathic serial murderers are often incorrectly referred to as "psychotic" rather than "psychopathic."
"Psychosis," or experiencing a "psychotic" disorder, refers to a break from reality and is often characterized by disorganized thinking and behavior, hallucinations and/or delusions. Such psychotic symptoms are not commonly seen in the majority of real-life serial murderers and are also not typically depicted in the Batman comics.
An exception is the depiction of the villain Mr. Zsasz in Smith's Batman: Cacophony. Here, Mr. Zsasz experiences symptoms consistent with psychosis, such as racing, jumbled thoughts and the apparent delusion that he is able to both "free" his victims from their current life of misery and send them to a better existence by murdering them. Although such a depiction of a psychotically derived motive is plausible, it is not representative of the majority of serial murderers in the real world.
In fact, many assume that if someone commits murder serially or in a particularly bizarre or gruesome manner, then the perpetrator must be "crazy" or "insane." While it is not considered normal – or acceptable – human behavior to engage in acts of serial murder, this behavior, in itself, does not mean that mental disorders, such as mood disorders or psychotic disorders, either directly cause serial murders or contribute considerably to the development of serial murderers.
So, if serial murderers are not, by and large, mentally ill, then why are they so frequently labeled "insane" in the Batman comic books? Many people use "insane" colloquially, but "insanity" is not a psychiatric diagnosis. Rather, "insanity" is a legal term of art, whose specific definition is determined by federal and state statutes.
Generally, criminal defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity did not know or understand, because of mental illness, the nature and quality of their acts or that their acts were wrong. The majority of serial murderers, both in the real world and the Batman universe, would not qualify for a not guilty by reason of insanity defense because they do not have a mental disorder that causes them not to know or understand the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of their acts at the time those acts were committed.
While it is extremely rare for a real-life serial murderer to be found insane – an estimated 4 percent of serial killers attempted to plead insanity as their legal defense; of that group, only 1 percent was actually found to be not guilty by reason of insanity – serial murderers in Gotham City seem almost by default to be (inaccurately) labeled as "insane."
>The Joker has been called both "psychotic" and "insane" but would in real life be considered neither.
This may be due, in part, to a misunderstanding of the legal definition of insanity. For example, the Joker, who in numerous depictions has been called both "psychotic" and "insane," would in real life be considered neither. His psychopathic traits would likely lead him to a prison cell and not a forensic hospital bed.
For individuals who are found legally insane, psychiatric medication is often prescribed to treat the underlying mental disorder. For example, Maxie Zeus might be prescribed medication to treat his psychotic belief that he is a direct descendant of the Greek god Zeus. Other medications or psychotherapies may also be helpful for "noninsane" characters. The Mad Hatter might be prescribed anti-androgen treatment for his pedophilic tendencies, while Harley Quinn might benefit from dialectical behavior therapy. However, medications are not generally prescribed for psychopathic traits; therefore, psychiatric medications would likely not be indicated for the Joker.
The forensic psychiatrists of Broadcast Thought – H. Eric Bender, M.D., Praveen R. Kambam, M.D. and Vasilis K. Pozios, M.D. – will present the panel "Detecting Deviants in the Dark Night: Profiling Gotham City's Serial Killers" at 7:30 p.m. Thursday during Comic-Con International. Special guest Mark E. Safarik, a retired FBI agent and former profiler with the bureau's famed Behavioral Analysis Unit will join them for the panel in Room 8 of the San Diego Convention Center.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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Do you want to join the fast-paced travel and hospitality industry? There are a variety of career paths, from lodging operations, to special events planning, to travel services. To succeed in this industry, it takes someone with an ability to be a problem solver, be people-oriented and be an effective communicator.
With Bradford's Hospitality and Travel program, you can learn the professional skills you'll need to succeed. Bradford School offers a 16-month Associate in Specialized Business degree program. Our accelerated program is designed to get you the training you need so you can finish quickly and start your career.
With our Hospitality and Travel program, you can learn key skills in event planning, guest relations, resort management, worldwide destinations, and computerized reservation systems.
Our smaller class sizes make it easy for you to get one-on-one personalized attention.
As a Bradford School graduate, our career placement department can help you start your career by finding the right job! As part of our commitment to helping you find a job after graduation, we go a step above by preparing you with networking techniques, a professional resume, and interviewing techniques so you have what you need to succeed.
Our 16 month Hospitality and Travel Specialized Associate Degree program includes an externship to give you valuable experience and help you network with industry professionals.
With an education from Bradford School, you will be exposed to a wide knowledge base and have plenty of hands-on experience, all in a shortened time frame. Our student focused resources are available to help you get in, get done, and get to work.
Our curriculum was designed so you spend the majority of your time in classes directly related to your career. This helps you get the training you need in as short a time as possible.
As a Bradford School graduate, our career placement department can help you start your career by finding the right job! As part of our commitment to helping you find a job after graduation, we go a step above by preparing you with networking techniques, a professional resume, and practice interviewing so you have what you need to succeed.
As long as you stay enrolled full-time at Bradford School, tuition rates will be frozen for you and will never go up from year to year. There are a variety of financial aid programs available for those who qualify.

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


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Listen up! The Scandal of the Election 2016 | Christian Hope – It's about Him!
If I could make every believer sit down and read the blog I liked below.. and then make them read it again, I would come to every house and do that. But I can’t.
So I am doing this instead and hoping you will share it with every believer you know.
If you read nothing else about the election, read this.
After reading this I had some repenting to do myself!
The only thing I would add to this is that if you are making any decisions about this election on FEAR of what can/could/might happen, you are doing it wrong. Get with God and see what HE wants you to do. Not based on media reports, not based on what you feel, but what HE wants you to do. Then DO IT.
Be blessed, and God bless America.

industry_corpus2: Others


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Wheat Ridge, CO –March 2017 – Metro Denver Farmers’ Market is returning to Wheat Ridge and celebrating our 40th season.
Our Wheat Ridge Farmers’ Market starts Thursday, July 6, 2017, and runs through September 28, 2017. Located at 8235 W. 44th Ave (St. James Episcopal Church). Wheat Ridge Farmers’ Market runs from 10 a.m. until 2 p.m. or sellout.
It’s time to go green and buy local produce from Colorado Farmers who live on and work their own farms. Early Season at the Markets! We will have gardening and fresh flowers and plants, beef, honey, rice, fresh European loaves of bread and pastries, herbs, spices and condiments, ready-to-eat foods including breakfast burritos and tamales. Our Peak of the season of fruits and vegetables will arrive in June as our farmers gather COLORADO produce from their farms and bring them to you! They are not only healthy for you but you are getting all COLORADO products!
The Metro Denver Farmers Market provides a unique opportunity for neighborhood residents to buy just-picked produce straight from the local farmers just as if it were from your own backyard. You can’t beat locally grown fruits and vegetables for health and fantastic flavor! Support your Colorado farmers and buy Colorado Proud!
The Metro Denver Farmers Market during the peak season can have over thirty vendors. Alan Mazzotti, Board President heads up the Denver Farmers’ Market, a non-profit organization. We invite you to join in our tradition. If you would like further information regarding the Metro Denver Farmers’ Market, please call the Farm Line at 303.887.FARM or visit their Web site at www.denverfarmersmarket.com. To speak to someone personally call our market manager John Herian at 303-809-2865.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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Sometimes called a “true lover’s knot” or “Celtic knot,” this interwoven motif symbolizes the bond of love. Some legends indicate that sailors were the first to introduce braided rope and knotted jute in the form of a love knot for their beloved as they sailed the high seas. Crewmen would use their knot-tying skills in order to impress their lovers as they counted the days before returning home from voyages at sea.
We went to that land of romance—Italy—to create a collection celebrating this symbol of enduring love. In our artisan’s talented hands gleaming 14K yellow gold is transformed into elegant reminders of your steadfast love.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


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According to published reports, Escambia County (Alabama) Sheriff’s Office investigators have received confirmation that a body found Sunday, December 9, along the banks of the Conecuh River is that of a Pollard woman who had been missing since November 24.
WKRG-TV in Mobile and numerous other media outlets cited ECSO officials as the source for reports that forensic scientists at the state crime lab identified the remains as those of 74-year-old Eva McBride.
The then-unidentified body was found after Santa Rosa County (Fla.) emergency dispatchers received a call from a person who reported finding a body of a female along the river’s banks, near Jay.
After several days of searching by civilian volunteers and several groups including Klaaskids National Search Center for Missing Children in Pensacola, tracking dogs from the Alabama Department of Corrections, Flomaton Fire and Rescue, Monroe County Fire and Rescue, Alabama State Troopers and Daphne Search and Rescue, the formal search was called off.
ECSO officials announced December 5 that the case was being investigated as a homicide, even though there was no evidence of foul play at the time. The announcement that the body had been identified did not specify the cause of death.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


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All auctions END on THURSDAY August 14th, at 12 NOON.
To make a bid, email fighting-back@hotmail.com.
Bids do not include shipping costs if necessary.
Autographed copy of “Leaving an Impact” shoot interview DVD, and signed 8x10.
Autographed copy of ECW One Night Stand 2005, and Broken Table, signed by Bubba Ray, Devon, and Spike Dudley. Copy of IWS Blood, Sweat and Beers 2007 DVD signed by Bubba Ray and Devon. Retro-style tie-dye Dudley Boyz shirt.
Featuring signed 8x10’s of Bret “The Hitman” Hart, The Honky Tonk Man, Rob Van Damn, and autographed Colt Cabana headband.
Pasquale and Bastian Snow (autographed) ISW Summer Slamtasia 2013 promo and match used bath toy, scrub brush and shower cap!
Pair of gloves and fight shorts signed by the no. 1 Welterweight in the UFC, ROBBIE LAWLER!
Special thanks to Ben Ortiz and ATT!
does bidding start at 12 today or is it finished ?
Bidding will be extended until next Thursday (14th) at 12pm noon!
Does the food fighter bundle include that fancy red title belt?
I believe it is just the tights and hat.
Auctions end today at noon!
Five minutes left to bid!
Auctions now closed. Winners will be notified.


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CertsHQ provide free IBM IBM Certified Developer pdf sample questions dumps for all the products. Our IBM Certified Developer pdf practice questions contains all the real IBM Certified Developer preparation material that you require for passing IBM IBM Certified Developer certification exam. If you are not sure whether to purchase our IBM Certified Developer dumps pdf or not, then you can always check out the free IBM Certified Developer sample questions pdf to get a clear idea of what we have to offer. Our IBM Certified Developer products are designed to provide the promised results, and you can get a clear idea of the quality of the material by checking out the free IBM Certified Developer pdf questions.
The IBM Certified Developer certifications are the one most important factor that nowadays will determine your career and make you appear desirable and qualified in IBM Certified Developer certification. It is known add a lot of value to the curriculum vitae and helps you stand out among the IBM Certified Developer certification competing for the job.
But to really get high scores in the extremely difficult for IBM Certified Developer certification is not what everyone can achieve instantly. A great deal of field experience, in IBM Certified Developer pdf questions knowledge and high level of familiarity with the overall questions any answer patter are the keys to getting successful in the IBM Certified Developer certification.
When talking about proving your worth and validating your skills in IBM Certified Developer certification there is one very important thing that all candidates must look on to. And that is the IBM Certified Developer certifications. These are only of the most renowned and highly credible IBM Certified Developer certifications that are known to thoroughly test the candidate's knowledge and skills that are a must-have for the advanced level know-how of the IT world.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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People are talking. Want to listen in?
“It is with great pleasure that I take the time to personally “Thank You” for the job you did on our website. The results since the website was re-created by you in January of 2015 have far exceeded our expectations.
You took the time to hear all our concerns and worked extremely well with both my Inside Staff and IT People. The results of higher quality inquiries and more daily traffic has been superb. Our Sales exceeded our Annual Sales projection for the year. These sales spiked in the last 6 months of our fiscal year ensuring we met our challenging 3 million target. This was a direct result of your hard work on the website.
I strongly recommend you to any company Looking to create or change a website. You are articulate and understand business. These are skills many IT people do not seem to apply well when working with others. The transition from old website to the new and improved was seamless and we appreciated your dedication to making that happen.
UPDATE: In the 12 months following this note, revenue for the online portion of this business has increased by a further 150%.
“The foundation brochure was excellent in its clarity and presentation.
L. said you were amazingly helpful.
“I really appreciate it that you take care of things and anticipate what’s required….
Thanks for fine tuning this for me! I appreciate the attention to making this easier to access….
I really like the layout of the SKU Pages. Very clean, easy to read, and professional.
It looks amazing. Such a great layout. Kudos.
Thanks for everything, Tim… it’s fantastic!


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In SQL, a number – i.e.: any signed, or unsigned, combination of the digits 0 to 9 – is either an exact numeric value or an approximate numeric value. A numeric value may be a <literal>, the value of a parameter or a host language variable or the result of any expression or argument (including a possibly qualified <Column name>) that evaluates to a number.
Exact numeric values have a precision and a scale. The precision is a positive integer that determines the number of significant digits in the radix. The scale is a non-negative integer that specifies the number of digits to the right of the value’s decimal point. Exact numeric values are stored in one of the four exact numeric <data type>s: INTEGER, SMALLINT, NUMERIC or DECIMAL.
Approximate numeric values, or floating point numbers, have two parts: a signed decimal number (the mantissa) and a signed integer (the exponent). The exponent specifies the magnitude of the mantissa, so the value of such a number is the mantissa raised to the power of the exponent. Approximate numeric values also have a precision: a positive integer that specifies the number of significant bits in the mantissa. Approximate numeric values are stored in one of the three approximate numeric <data type>s: FLOAT, REAL or DOUBLE PRECISION.
A <numeric literal> is any number in one of two categories: the exact numeric integers and decimal numbers, and the approximate numeric floating point numbers.
An <exact numeric literal> is either an integer or a decimal number and its <data type> is exact numeric DECIMAL, though it is compatible with the INTEGER, SMALLINT, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, REAL, FLOAT and DOUBLE PRECISION <data type>s. The <literal>’s precision is the number of digits it contains and its scale is the number of digits to the right of its decimal point. A valid integer <literal> is a signed or unsigned decimal integer with an implicit scale of zero, e.g.: -65 or 476.
A valid decimal <literal> is a signed or unsigned decimal integer with an explicit scale (that can nevertheless default to zero), e.g.: 65 or -819.3 or .67 or -.02.
In this example, we’ve shown the real and double precision numbers in a normalized form – with one digit before the decimal point. This is not mandatory, but strongly recommended. We also show a fixed number of digits after the decimal point so that maximum sizes will be apparent; in fact leading zeroes and signs, as well as post-decimal zeros are all optional. The one thing that is not optional is the letter “E” – always upper-case.
The <data type>’s name: either INTEGER, SMALLINT, NUMERIC, DECIMAL, FLOAT, REAL or DOUBLE PRECISION.
The <data type>’s scale (for exact numeric types).
Whether the <data type>’s precision and scale are expressed in decimal or binary terms.
The required syntax for an INTEGER <data type> specification is as follows.
INTEGER may be abbreviated as INT; it defines a set of possibly signed whole numbers that have a scale of zero.
[NON-PORTABLE] INT’s precision must be greater than or equal to the precision of SMALLINT but is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define INT’s precision. FIPS says that INT should have a precision of at least 9 digits. OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book defines INT as a 32-bit, signed binary numeric, i.e.: INT corresponds to the C long int data type. Thus, INT defines a set of values that are possibly signed whole numbers with a precision of 31 bits and a scale of zero, e.g., -6500 or 476673.
[NON-PORTABLE] INT’s radix must be the same as the radix chosen for SMALLINT but is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define whether INT and SMALLINT have a binary radix or a decimal radix. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book defines INT and SMALLINT with a binary radix, i.e.: 2. This gives INT a valid range of -2,147,483,647 to +2,147,483,647.
The required syntax for a SMALLINT <data type> specification is as follows.
SMALLINT defines a set of possibly signed whole numbers that have a scale of zero.
[NON-PORTABLE] SMALLINT’s precision must be less than or equal to the precision of INT but is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define SMALLINT’s precision. FIPS says that SMALLINT should have a precision of at least 4 digits. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book defines SMALLINT as a 16-bit signed binary numeric, i.e.: SMALLINT corresponds to the C int data type. Thus, SMALLINT defines a set of values that are possibly signed whole numbers with a precision of 15 bits and a scale of zero, e.g., -65 or 476.
[NON-PORTABLE] SMALLINT’s radix must be the same as the radix chosen for INT but is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define whether SMALLINT and INT have a binary radix or a decimal radix, i.e., 2. THis gives SMALLINT a range of -32,767 to +32,767. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book defines SMALLINT and INT with a binary radix, i.e.: 2. This gives SMALLINT a range of -32,767 to +32,767.
The required syntax for a NUMERIC <data type> specification is as follows.
NUMERIC is a fixed-point numeric with a decimal precision and decimal scale that are equal to the explicit precision and the explicit scale given; it defines a set of values that are possibly signed decimal numbers with an optionally defined precision and optionally defined scale, e.g., or 65.73 or .6 or -819.3 or -.25.
The optional precision, if specified, is an unsigned integer that defines the maximum precision of acceptable values. The minimum precision is 1.
The optional scale, if specified, is an unsigned integer, greater than zero, that defines the maximum number of digits in the scale of acceptable values. It must be less than the precision and defaults to zero if omitted. You may define a scale for NUMERIC only if you also define a precision: if no precision is defined, the scale must default to zero.
The required syntax for a DECIMAL <data type> specification is as follows.
DECIMAL may be abbreviated as DEC and is a fixed-point numeric with a decimal scale that is equal to the explicit scale given; it defines a set of values that are possibly signed decimal numbers with an optionally defined precision and optionally defined scale, e.g., 65.73 or .6 or -819.3 or -.25.
The optional precision, if specified, is an unsigned integer that defines the maximum precision of acceptable values. DEC’s decimal precision must be at least equal to the precision you define – compare COBOL, which allows “PIC S9(3) COMP-1” but might allot a full-word “PIC S9(5)” for internal storage. The minimum precision is 1.
The optional scale, if specified, is an unsigned integer, greater than zero, that defines the maximum number of digits in the scale of acceptable values. It must be less than the precision and defaults to zero if omitted. You may define a scale for DEC only if you also define a precision: if no precision is defined, the scale must default to zero.
The required syntax for a FLOAT <data type> specification is as follows.
FLOAT is a floating-point numeric with a binary precision; it defines a set of values that are possibly signed floating point numbers.
The optional precision, if specified, is an unsigned integer that defines the maximum number of bits (including the hidden bit) in the mantissa of acceptable values. FLOAT’s binary precision must be at least equal to the precision you define. The minimum precision is 1.
[NON-PORTABLE] The minimum exponent and the maximum exponent for FLOAT are non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define FLOAT’s minimum and maximum exponents. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book allows you to define an exponent ranging from -038 to +038 for FLOAT.
The required syntax for a REAL <data type> specification is as follows.
REAL is a floating-point numeric with a binary precision, i.e.: REAL defines a set of values that are possibly signed floating point numbers.
For example, -1.27982E+15 or .465E-07.
[NON-PORTABLE] The minimum exponent and the maximum exponent for REAL are non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define REAL’s minimum and maximum exponents. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book allows you to define an exponent ranging from -38 to +38 for REAL.
The required syntax for a DOUBLE PRECISION <data type> specification is as follows.
DOUBLE PRECISION is a floating-point numeric with a binary precision, i.e.: DOUBLE PRECISION defines a set of values that are possibly signed floating point numbers.
[NON-PORTABLE] The minimum exponent and the maximum exponent for DOUBLE PRECISION are non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define DOUBLE PRECISION’s minimum and maximum exponents. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book allows you to define an exponent ranging from -038 to +038 for DOUBLE PRECISION.
Throughout this section, we´ve shown examples of <numeric literal>s that conform to the various SQL <data type>s we´re describing. It is important to remember that your DBMS doesn´t see them that way. To an SQL DBMS, <exact numeric literal>s have a DECIMAL <data type> and <approximate numeric literal>s have a FLOAT <data type>.
Now that we’ve described SQL’s numeric <data type>s, let’s look at some example SQL statements that put them to use.
These SQL statements make a Table with four exact numeric Columns, insert a row, then search for any number less than -1.
These SQL statements make a Table with three approximate numeric Columns, insert a row, then search for any number less than 50000.
According to the IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic, “single-” and “double-precision” numbers are defined as follows.
The most significant mantissa bit is assumed to be 1. It is not stored.
You’d find the same specification in, say, an Intel FPU reference text or a C++ manual. But we found discrepancies when looking through documents for Java (where the exponent range is between -35 and +38), Delphi (where the exponent range is between -45 and +38 for single-precision and between -324 and -308 for double- precision), FIPS SQL (where the FLOAT exponent+size are 9+47 and the REAL exponent+size are 7+23). So, for portability reasons, it would be a good idea to avoid the extremes of the IEEE range.
Most DBMSs support IEEE float formats because FIPS requires that the decimal ranges be supported and because the DBMS code itself is written in a language that supports IEEE floats. But never does an official SQL standard tell vendors “how to store the data”. So it might be that your DBMS actually uses the IEEE sizes or it might be that your DBMS actually stores float decimal literals (as xBase does) and processes with base-10 arithmetic. If so, the following information doesn’t apply to you.
[Obscure Information] applies for the rest of this section.
Note that the number is wrong (three thirds should equal 1). Increase the scale. Try again. You’ll never get the correct result because you can’t accurately represent 1/3 as a decimal fraction.
If your Table has 1000 rows, then the conversion to binary happens 1000 times – cumulating the inaccuracy each time – and the conversion back to decimal happens only once, when the final SUM is returned. Rounding won’t save you, because the result – 99.45 – is good to the nearest hundredth. And you won’t check the result in your head. Yet the result is “wrong”.
In theory, this arithmetic exercise is not a “floating point” problem. We introduced the inaccuracy by converting a decimal fraction to binary. Both fixed-point and floating-point binary fractions have the same danger of inaccuracy, because the danger lies in the fact that we’re dealing with binary numbers – not in the fact that we’re dealing with floating-point numbers. So, in theory, the same “wrong” result could be returned for a DECIMAL Column or a NUMERIC Column. In practice, though, the better SQL DBMSs won’t use binary fractions for DECIMAL or NUMERIC values. Instead, like COBOL with “PIC 9V99”, they actually store an integer with an implied decimal point – so the number 1/100 is, internally, 1. No conversion occurs because an integral number of hundredths are being stored, rather than a fraction.
Because of this, for all financial transactions, both money and interest ought to be DECIMAL or NUMERIC. The frequency of definitions like: CREATE TABLE Table_1 (salary FLOAT); is a mistake, justified only by the fact that, in C or Pascal, it’s normal to define big or non-integer variables as floating-point.
A number is compatible with, and comparable to, all other numbers – that is, all numbers are mutually comparable and mutually assignable. Numbers may not be directly compared with, or directly assigned to, any other <data type> class, though implicit type conversions can occur in expressions, SELECTs, INSERTs, DELETEs and UPDATEs. Explicit numeric type conversions can be forced with the CAST operator.
In SQL, CAST is a scalar operator that converts a given scalar value to a given scalar <data type>. The required syntax for the CAST operator is as follows.
The CAST operator converts values of a source <data type> into values of a target <data type>, where each <data type> is an SQL pre-defined <data type> (data conversions between UDTs are done with a user-defined cast). The source <data type>, or <cast operand>, can be any expression that evaluates to a single value. The target <data type>, or <cast target>, is either an SQL predefined <data type> specification or the name of a Domain whose defined <data type> is the SQL predefined <data type> that you want to convert the value of “scalar_expression” into. If you use CAST (… AS <Domain name>), your current <AuthorizationID> must have the USAGE Privilege on that Domain.
CAST (NULL AS <data type>) and CAST numeric_source_is_a_null_value AS <data type>) both result in NULL.
You can CAST an exact numeric source to these targets: exact numeric, approximate numeric, fixed length character string, variable length character string, CLOB and NCLOB. You can also CAST an exact numeric source to an interval target, provided the target contains only one datetime field. That is, you can CAST an integer to INTERVAL YEAR or to INTERVAL MONTH, but you can’t CAST it to INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH. You can CAST an exact numeric source to a UDT target or a <reference type> target if a user-defined cast exists for this purpose and your current <AuthorizationID> has the EXECUTE Privilege on that user-defined cast.
You can CAST an approximate numeric source to these targets: exact numeric, approximate numeric, fixed length character string, variable length character string, CLOB and NCLOB. You can also CAST an approximate numeric source to a UDT target or a <reference type> target if a user-defined cast exists for this purpose and your current <AuthorizationID> has the EXECUTE Privilege on that user-defined cast.
When you CAST, an exact numeric value or an approximate numeric value to an exact numeric target, e.g., CAST (25 AS INTEGER), CAST (1.47E-5 AS DECIMAL(9,7)), or when you CAST an exact numeric value or an approximate numeric value to an approximate numeric target, e.g., CAST (25 AS FLOAT), CAST (1.47E-5 AS DOUBLE PRECISION) – your DBMS checks whether the source is a valid value for the target’s <data type> (or if a valid value (one that doesn’t lose any leading significant digits) can be obtained from the source by rounding or truncation. If so, then the source is converted to that target value. If neither of these are true, the CAST will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22003 "data exception-numeric value out of range".
[NON-PORTABLE] If your source value is not a valid value for your target <data type>, then the value CAST is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define whether the DBMS will round or will truncate the source to obtain a valid target value. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book truncates the source to obtain a valid target value.
If the length of the result equals the fixed length of the target, then the source is CAST to that result. If the length of the result is shorter than the fixed length of the target, then the source is CAST to that result, padded on the right with however many spaces is required to make the lengths the same. If the length of the result is longer than the fixed length of the target, the CAST will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22001 data exception-string data, right truncation. And if the result contains any characters that don’t belong to the target’s Character set, the CAST will also fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22018 data exception-invalid character value for cast.
If your approximate numeric source value is zero, the CAST result is this character string: ‘0E0’.
When you CAST an exact numeric value or an approximate numeric value to a variable length character string target or a CLOB or NCLOB target, your DBMS converts the number to the shortest string that represents that number. As with fixed length target, it strips off leading plus signs, leading zeros, and any insignificant decimal signs and trailing zeros. If the length of the result is less than or equals the maximum length of the target, then the source is CAST to that result. If the length of the result is longer than the maximum length of the target, the CAST will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22001 “data exception-string data, right truncation”. And if the result contains any characters that don’t belong to the target’s Character set, the CAST will also fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22018 data exception-invalid character value for cast.
[Obscure Rule] The result of a CAST to a character string target has the COERCIBLE coercibility attribute; its Collation is the default Collation for the target’s Character set.
When you CAST an exact numeric value to an interval target, your DBMS converts it to the value of the interval’s single datetime field represented by that number – for example, CAST (25 AS INTERVAL YEAR) results in an interval of 25 years. If the number you’re casting is too large for the precision of the target – as in CAST (500 AS INTERVAL HOUR(2)` – the CAST will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22015 "data exception-interval field overflow.
When you CAST an exact numeric value or an approximate numeric value to a UDT or a <reference type> target, your DBMS invokes the user defined cast routine, with the source value as the routine’s argument. The CAST result is the value returned by the user defined cast.
If you want to restrict your code to Core SQL, don’t use <Domain name> as a CAST target: CAST only to a <data type>.
In SQL, when an exact numeric or an approximate numeric value is assigned to an exact numeric target, the source is first converted to an exact numeric value with the precision and scale of the target. When an exact numeric or an approximate numeric value is assigned to an approximate numeric target, the source is first converted to an approximate numeric value with the precision of the target. In either case, if the assignment would result in the loss of any of the source value’s most significant digits, the assignment will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22003 data exception-numeric value out of range.
[NON-PORTABLE] If the assignment of a numeric value would result in the loss of any of the source value’s least significant digits, the result is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define the result using either of two options: (a) your DBMS may truncate the source to fit the target and then make the assignment or (b) your DBMS may round the source to fit the target and then make the assignment. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book truncates the source value to fit the target.
[Obscure Rule] Since only SQL accepts null values, when a null value is taken from SQL-data to be assigned to a numeric target, your target’s value is not changed. Instead, your DBMS will set the target’s indicator parameter to -1, to indicate that an assignment of the null value was attempted. If your target doesn’t have an indicator parameter, the assignment will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22002 data exception-null value, no indicator parameter. Going the other way, there are two ways to assign a null value to an SQL-data target. Within SQL, you can use the <keyword> NULL in an INSERT or an UPDATE statement to indicate that the target should be set to NULL; that is, if your source is NULL, your DBMS will set your target to NULL. Outside of SQL, if your source has an indicator parameter that is set to -1, your DBMS will set your target to NULL (regardless of the value of the source). (An indicator parameter with a value less than -1 will cause an error: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22010 data exception-invalid indicator parameter value. We’ll talk more about indicator parameters in our chapters on SQL binding styles.
ALL returns TRUE either (a) if the collection is an empty set (i.e.: if it contains zero rows) or (b) if the comparison operator returns TRUE for every value in the collection. ALL returns FALSE if the comparison operator returns FALSE for at least one value in the collection.
SOME and ANY are synonyms. They return TRUE if the comparison operator returns TRUE for at least one value in the collection. They return FALSE either (a) if the collection is an empty set or (b) if the comparison operator returns FALSE for every value in the collection. The search condition = ANY (collection) is equivalent to IN (collection).
With SQL, you have several other operations that you can perform on numbers, or on other values to get a numeric result.
SQL provides the usual scalar arithmetic operators, + and - and * and /, to perform operations on numbers. All of them will be familiar; there are equivalent operators in other computer languages. If any of the operands are NULL, the result of the operation is also NULL.
Because two dashes i.e.: -- means “comment start” in SQL, our example of a double negative has to be -(-occurrence_decimal) rather than --occurrence_decimal.
Dyadic * and / have priority over dyadic + and -, but monadic + and - have top priority. It’s good style to use parentheses for any expressions with different operators.
CASE expressions are good for taking error-abating actions in advance.
SQL has no low-level debugging features, so sometimes you will need to force an error somewhere in a complex expression, to be sure it is actually being executed. For this purpose, insert code that would cause a numeric overflow.
[NON-PORTABLE] An exact numeric value added to, subtracted from, multiplied by or divided by an exact numeric value yields an exact numeric value with a precision that is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define the precision of the result. For all these operations, if the result of the operation can’t be exactly represented with the correct precision and scale, the operation will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22003 "data exception-numeric value out of range". [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book gives the result of an arithmetic operation between exact numeric operands a <data type> and precision that matches the <data type> and precision of the operand with the most exact precision, e.g.: for an operation with SMALLINT and INT operands, the result is an INT.
An exact numeric value added to or subtracted from an exact numeric value yields a result with a scale size that matches the size of scale of the operand with the largest scale, e.g.: for an operation with DECIMAL(6,2) and INT operands, the result has a scale of 2.
An exact numeric value multiplied by an exact numeric value yields a result with a scale size that is the sum of the scale sizes of the operands, e.g.: for an operation with DECIMAL(6,2) and NUMERIC(10,4) operands, the result has a scale of 6.
[NON-PORTABLE] An exact numeric value divided by an exact numeric value yields a result with a scale size that is non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define the scale size of the result. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book gives the result of a division operation between exact numeric operands a scale size that matches the size of scale of the operand with the largest scale, e.g.: for an operation with DECIMAL(6,2) and NUMERIC(10,4) operands, the result has a scale of 4.
[NON-PORTABLE] An approximate numeric value added to, subtracted from, multiplied by or divided by an approximate numeric value yields an approximate numeric value with a precision and scale that are non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define the precision and scale of the result. If the exponent of the result doesn’t fall within the DBMS’s supported exponent range, the operation will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22003 "data exception-numeric value out of range". [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book gives the result of an arithmetic operation between approximate numeric operands a <data type> and precision that matches the <data type> and precision of the operand with the most exact precision, e.g.: for an operation with REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION operands, the result is a DOUBLE PRECISION type.
[NON-PORTABLE] An approximate numeric value added to, subtracted from, multiplied by or divided by an exact numeric value (or vice versa) yields an approximate numeric value with a precision and scale that are non-standard because the SQL Standard requires implementors to define the precision and scale of the result. [OCELOT Implementation] The OCELOT DBMS that comes with this book gives the result of an arithmetic operation between approximate numeric and exact numeric operands a <data type> and precision that matches the <data type> and precision of the operand with the most exact precision, e.g.: for an operation with REAL and DOUBLE PRECISION operands, the result is a DOUBLE PRECISION.
Let it grow. The result is DECIMAL(6) if the operation is addition and slightly more if the operation is multiplication. This choice has the advantage that it eliminates “overflow” errors. But there are still undefined areas: What happens if the DECIMAL precision is already at the maximum? What happens if the operation adds 1 to a SMALLINT – does the <data type> upgrade to INTEGER so that the increased precision is valid?
Chop it. The result is DECIMAL(5), regardless. This risks failure on even the most innocuous operations, but it’s a simple rule to follow: output precision = input precision. Programmers can understand it.
These choices are not mutually exclusive and your DBMS might make different decisions for different operations.
will cause an error – be sure your source value fits in the CAST target.
SQL lacks useful functions which in other languages are built-in, e.g.: the ability to detect NaN (Not a Number).
SQL vendors are only obliged to define and to accept IEEE numbers. They can do arithmetic without paying any attention to the IEEE standard at all. In particular, some vendors may use the same routines for approximate numerics as they use for exact numerics, and exact is slower.
Still, you can do the basic arithmetic functions – add, subtract, divide, multiply, compare – provided you take sensible precautions.
We did this operation with an IEEE-compatible compiler: 1234.567 - 1234.000 The result was 0.5670166.
Here, by casting to DEC(8,3) we first change the result 0.5670166 to 0.567. The second CAST casts this back to REAL, with a subsequent result of 0.5670000. Casting is a straightforward way to strip – unfortunately, it’s only useful if you know a lot about the data.
By the way, don’t just transpose the operands. Order of expression evaluation varies.
When doing floating-point division, keep in mind that there is such a thing as “negative zero” and there are floating-point numbers which are so small that you’ll get an exception when you divide by them, even though they don’t exactly equal zero. This makes it a little harder to test for “division by zero” errors in advance.
SQL provides ten scalar functions that return a number: the <case expression>, the <cast specification>, the <position expression>, the three <length expression>s, the <extract expression>, the <cardinality expression>, the <absolute value expression> and the <modulus expression>. Only the last two also operate exclusively on numbers; these are described below. We’ll discuss the rest in other chapters; for now, just remember that they evaluate to a number and can therefore be used anywhere in an SQL statement that a number could be used.
ABS operates on an argument that evaluates to a number. It strips a negative sign (if it’s present) from the argument and returns a non-negative number whose <data type> is the same as the argument’s <data type>, e.g.: ABS(-17) returns 17, ABS(17) returns 17 and ABS(0) returns 0. If the argument is NULL, ABS returns NULL.
[Obscure Rule] ABS can also operate on an interval. We’ve ignored this option for now – look for it in our chapter on temporal values.
The required syntax for a <modulus expression> is as follows.
MOD operates on two arguments, both of which must evaluate to an exact numeric integer. It divides the first number by the second number and returns the operation’s remainder as a non-negative exact numeric integer whose <data type> is the same as the divisor_argument’s <data type>, e.g.: MOD(35,4) returns 3 and MOD(32,4) returns 0. If either argument is NULL, MOD returns NULL. If the divisor_argument is zero, the function will fail: your DBMS will return the SQLSTATE error 22012 "data exception-division by zero".
MOD is new to SQL with SQL3. In the Standard, MOD stands for “modulus” but the result of this function is not actually a modulus – it is a remainder achieved “by means of a modulus”.
SQL provides five set functions that return a number: COUNT(*), COUNT, AVG, SUM and GROUPING. All but COUNT(*) also operate on numbers (COUNT(*) operates on rows). AS do the set functions MAX and MIN also operate on numbers. Since none of these operate exclusively with numeric arguments, we won’t discuss them here; look for them in our chapter on set functions.
In addition to the comparison operators, SQL provides eight other predicates that operate on numbers: the <between predicate>, the <in predicate>, the <null predicate>, the <exists predicate>, the <unique predicate>, the <match predicate>, the <quantified predicate> and the <distinct predicate>. Each will return a boolean value: either TRUE, FALSE or UNKNOWN. None of these operate strictly on numbers, so we won’t discuss them here. Look for them in our chapter on search conditions.
When you’re defining a <data type> specification, think about whether you really need a numeric <data type> for the expected data. Don’t just ask: are the values always bunches of digits? For example, phone numbers are digits but if you define a DECIMAL <data type> for them you might lose a valuable piece of information – whether a leading zero is significant. Identification numbers are digits but if you define a DECIMAL <data type> for them you might have trouble calculating the check digit, which is usually based on a substring extraction. Instead, consider the question: will I ever need to do standard arithmetic operations on the data? If the answer is “no”, use a string <data type> rather than a numeric type.
Once you’ve gone through the decision tree, calculate the required precision and scale by looking at all expected values.
The “typical” SQL DBMS supports most of the standard numeric data types, but often uses preferred local names. Here are some lists of local types derived from vendor manuals. The correlation with the leftmost (“Standard”) column is sometimes imprecise. “ODBC” is not a DBMS but a spec.
Other commonly-seen numeric data types include TINYINT (8-bit signed integer), BIGINT (64-bit signed integer) and SERIAL (integer that goes up by 1 for each new inserted row).
Before we finish discussing numbers, it’s time to add something to our “SQL library”. To be worthy of addition to the SQL library, a routine must (a) be good clean SQL, (b) be callable from C and Delphi, (c) be actually useful in C and Delphi because it does something that those languages can’t and (d) have nothing at all do with “databases” – it should be available for use just like any general function library.
Our addition to the SQL library for this chapter will be a calculator. It won’t match C and Delphi for floating-point arithmetic, but it will give more exact answers. Here it is.
Pass: An arithmetic expression in the string lp_calculation. The string may contain any combination of numeric <literal>s (in valid SQL form), the operators * + * / MOD ABS and parentheses.
lp_result: Result of expression (a string containing a number).
lp_error: SQLSTATE and error message, if expression was invalid.


text:
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industry_corpus2: Transportation


text:
Home CULTURE A Kentuckian in Paris Bullfrog, Speak!
Right along dusk not too long ago, we walked to the pond on the farm where I grew up. Sadie, at 4 years old, wore her galoshes and galloped ahead of us down the gravel drive.
These days, she’s either Rosie the dog or Lightning the horse. The writer in me thrills at her imagination; the mom in me sighs when she informs me she cannot possibly clean up her toys, for horses haven’t any hands. She transforms at will, with a magic—and a freedom reserved for the young and for the eccentric.
Eric and I parted the trail of dust she made and followed at a handy distance. Far enough to speak like married couples do, close enough to scoop her from the ground and kiss away any gravel sting should she fall. Closer to the pond, she galloped back to us and took my hand.
“You can hold my hoof, Mommy,” she said.
I understood and cupped her offered hoof.
There at the edge of the pond, with my child-turned-horse and my husband, the memories of decades past bubbled, rose and surfaced to make gentle pops in the open air of my mind. Snapping turtles, cane poles, blue gill, frogs and the sudden rush of wings from a startled bird all poured into the same bucket. This I carried to every bowl of water fringed with cattails and clothed with summer algae, no matter the coordinates on a map.
The tools that carve us are portable, applicable, meaningful, and we are wise to keep them well.
In the gathering dark by the edge of the drive, the mystery of the pond at night deepened and came alive with sound.
I crouched beside my daughter and pointed.
She gave a little tug of independence with her hoof, and I tried to think young thoughts toward my protesting knees as I rose.
“Looks like somebody cut something down here,” Eric said and nodded at the bank.
I took my eyes off the birds in the cattails and gazed at the stubs whose tips were turning brown.
When a family farm sells, it is a hard thing only to those who mind the tools. In our hearts, we keep the boundaries of fence and tree, of whose name goes with which address, of lilies and crown vetch and the apples whose trees were cut down to make way for the plans of new owners.
I willed away the emotion that loss brings as I crouched down again. I pointed toward the left bank.
I pointed toward the far end of the pond, the wild, wooded, swampier parcel.
I moved my finger with their calls and marked the sound with motion.
Sadie gazed across the pond and moved her finger in time with mine.
I mimicked the sound and her eyes widened.
“Do it again,” her voice barely a whisper.
I tucked my chin, and carved a gentle U in the air, scooping the sound up and out.
She tucked her chin and carved a gentle U in the air, too. She watched my face for approval of her sound and got just what she sought. She turned back to the still water and waited a moment or two.
I’d like to think a special grace from God touched those bullfrogs, for seconds after her command, the warm-up chorus began.
“The darker it gets, the louder the songs,” I said.
A thousand nights bubbled to the surface of my mind where I had lain on my bed and slid toward slumber, accompanied by the symphony of frogs at the pond. There, in my blue childhood room, both windows flung open, white sheers swayed by the breeze, each day had drawn down business into night. The sweetness of long-ago innocent rest made tears spring to my eyes.
When the songs swelled louder than the assurance of next day’s dawn, Sadie put her little hoof back in mine and tugged me in the direction of the house.
The child who transforms at will must also succumb to the imagination that draws creatures from the depths after dark.
From “Bullfrog, speak!” to “Good night, pond,” we turned and galloped for home.


text:
You have 1 additional hand slot, which can only be used to hold a Weapon asset.
The Essex County Express #147.
If you lose an asset that grants you additional slots, you must discard cards in excess of those slots until you have a legal number of assets in play in those slots. For example, if you had a Bandolier, a Shotgun and a Machete in play, and the bandolier was discarded, you would be forced to discard either the shotgun or the machete.
Slots are a constant restriction on the cards you can have in play, and something the game state constantly checks.
I think this card has received inappropriate disdain and mostly overlooked, wrongly in my opinion. In fact, Bandolier (0) is a quite solid card.
The more the player count, the more enemies will spawn, and the more you will need to use backup weapons to be able to keep up with the killing. Even if you keep your Shotgun for when the big baddy spawns, several scenarios throw so many hard enemies at you that you'd wish you didn't discard your Machete. On a side note for solo, though there are much less enemies, you probably want to keep running a Flashlight during the scenario, and Bandolier once again helps you for this.
In other words, Bandolier (0) will maybe not shine in your 0XP deck, but it is an investment that will pay off as soon as you upgrade a two handed weapon. Conversely, I don't think Bandolier (2) is that much of a good card because 2 additional hand slots is just overkill, though the +1 is nice.
One real issue is the severe indirect nerfed it received recently due to the introduction of the Flamethrower, arguably the best weapon in game. Though the body slot necessary for Bandolier (0) used to be mostly irrelevant due to the thin competition for that slot, Flamethrower changed this. Obviously, you may still prefer the Lightning Gun, with which Bandolier stays relevant.
As for non guardians as well as Carolyn Fern, Bandolier (0) is a more dubious card. Except "Skids" O'Toole, who may really like having an additionnal hand slot if he plays Chicago Typewriter or Ornate Bow, other investigators should probably skip this card.
I think it is best to think of this card as an extra hand slot for most characters instead of 'just' for weapon. That way it doesn't make you feel like it is meant to hold extra weapons in your analysis. For instance, Zoe with a Machete can now hold a Flashlight and Ritual Candles in her hand.
Will you sac this for health? Maybe, but only if your low and the guardians typically dont need this stat boosted. This card seems somewhat mediocre to me.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


text:
Locally, CISP has been at work in the Peninsula School District since 2000.
CISP works with most of the schools in the district –– including all the schools on the Peninsula –– by linking students who need help in reading or math with volunteer tutors from the community.
The CISP program at Minter Elementary is led by kindergarten teacher Katie Nettlebeck.
Nettlebeck has been teaching for three years, and was a CISP mentor at Evergreen for a year.
“We use volunteers from the community who come to the schools to work with students in reading or math. It’s a free program. The kids love it and really look forward to it,” she said.
For the students, it’s like being part of a club, “and they really feel successful,” she added.
The focus at Minter is on reading.
Nineteen Minter students meet with their tutors every Wednesday afternoon for an hour. The program runs from October through May.
Other schools might concentrate on math, and some schools offer CISP programs in both reading and math, Nettlebeck said.
She told about a student who was “really struggling with reading so he got into the CISP program and now he really looks forward to Wednesdays.
“His mom came up to me and said he loves reading now and he just can’t wait until Wednesday. He’s so excited about it,” said Nettlebeck.
Each mentor has their own special teaching techniques and tricks to make the reading sessions fun.
Vic Renz has been a CISP mentor for “about seven or eight years,” he said. “The kids learn to visualize the words and to sound them out. We just come up with a unique way of helping them. You can see their eyes get brighter when they figure something out. It really makes you feel good,” Renz said.
Renz’s student is 8-year-old Audrey Bauml.
“I’m doing it so I can get better at reading,” Bauml said. “My mentor is Vic Renz. He’s fun and he really helps me a lot. He’s like a teacher and a buddy at the same time. We’re doing bingo. He’s really a good tutor,” she said.
Betty Nordfors is in her first year as a CISP mentor. She learned about the program from a golfing friend who has been a mentor for about 10 years.
Nordfors lives in Gig Harbor, “…but I chose to come to Minter because I like the country feel. I went to school in Chimacum on the Olympic Peninsula and this kind of feels like where I’m from. I’m a former banker but I love to read and I love kids,” she said.
At first, Nordfors wasn’t sure what to expect from the program, but she has become very attached to her student. “My student is a great little girl and I’ve grown very fond of her,” she said.
Sometimes Nordfors and her student “shadow read” and then the student does it by herself.
The students obviously enjoy the sessions and recognize how important they are.
Eight-year-old Ava Bauml, Audrey’s twin sister, likes the CISP program “because you can learn to be a good reader and that feels good. We need to know how to read so we can teach our children. It’s really, really fun having my own reading mentor. She’s really nice and she has her own way of teaching me.
“We read at home too. That’s good practice. And it helps me with my other studies, too,” Bauml said.
For her part, Nettlebeck said she wants people to know that reading is for everyone.
“It’s how we get knowledge and these kids can really be proud of what they accomplish,” she said.
She’s always looking for more volunteer tutors, as well.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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Easter Bingo Promotions are here!
From freshly green jackpots to springtime patterns to big weekend money, no one does Easter promotions quite like the online bingo community. Here’s a taste of what’s in store for you this weekend (and it actually could be more delicious than the chocolate eggs you raided from your daughter’s Easter basket. And when I say “you”, I’m actually referring to myself. Ahem).
Offering one of the largest jackpots in online bingo history, Bingo at bet365 is hosting a £10,000 Big Ticket promotion. From April 22nd until April 26th (Friday through Tuesday), Bingo at bet365 is running a daily special for Big Ticket Bingo games in the Ticket to Ride room starting at 9pm (UK Time). Each of the five nights features 10 games with a combined prize pool of £2,000, which quickly adds up to £10,000 in cash just waiting to be stuffed into your Easter basket. What’s more is that the tickets are only 5p each!
10c cards and $100 Pots: You read that correctly. You’ll be getting a rather big something for an almost nothing when you play online bingo at Bingo Gala’s Club 75 room at 6:15pm, 7:15pm and 8:15pm this holiday weekend.
$500 Must-Go Jackpot: Someone just HAS to take home this $500 jackpot, but you have to be playing online bingo in the Club 75 room on Sunday at 6:30pm for a shot.
2c for $30: Get a great discounted rate at random times in Bingo Gala’s Club 90 room this Friday and Monday. Discounted games will appear sporadically between the hours of 9am and 4pm.
8c for $80: Fill in the weekend gap with discounted tickets on Saturday at 3:15pm, 4:15pm, and 5:15pm in the Club 90 online bingo hall.
40c for $160: Don’t worry about the math here–just know you’re in the running for a lot of cash without wagering a fortune. Available in the Club 90 room at 4:15pm, 5:15pm, and 6:15pm on Easter Sunday.
Playtime Bingo is also offering big jackpots and great seasonal pattern play with it’s Bingo Lottery (worth almost 300 bbs) and its collectible Spring and Rainy Day pattern tournaments. In fact, Playtime has a $1,000 Rainy Day Collectible JP promotion going on now through May 13th. All players are also eligible for a 100% deposit bonus all day on April 24th.
Don’t be late to these very important dates–a few minutes could mean winning or losing in some of these Easter online bingo promotions. All times are in EST unless otherwise indicated, so set your watches! Have fun and grab the good (and the free) stuff!


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Greetings and welcome to the official project page for the Epoxy floor coating project at your condo association. We are thrilled to be onsite with you!
We have completed the coating application on your parking garage drive lane and entry apron areas. All was smooth sailing and your interior parking garage will be back in business on Saturday, 6/9. Thank you again for having us and enjoy your freshly coated garage surface.
Look at that floor shine!
Thursday, June 7th: Good morning!
Our crew has completed the prep steps in advance of applying the top coat. Yesterday they completed the shot blasting as well as used a diamond wheel to prep the cracks to promote surfaces ready for prime coat and top coat adhesion. They'll be applying the top coat today as they applied the prime coat after their prep work yesterday. The products they are using are TC 275 for exterior area and TC 295 for the interior areas. Thanks again for your cooperation while we prep and coat your garage floors.
Wednesday, June 6th: Hello! The rain is no obstacle for our prep team. They are onsite completing the shot blasting portion of the project to ready the areas for priming and then the top coat. Thank you again for your cooperation in closing the parking garage!
Brian, Joey, and Pat - your Watcher Lake prep team.
We'll be getting things underway tomorrow with shot blasting the garage floor and entry apron in preparation for the prime coat and then the top coat. We're anticipating to be done coating by the end of the day on Friday. We want to thank you in advance for your cooperation as we close down the garage for car usage. You may traverse through the garage on foot, if you need to access your storage units; however, please exercise caution. Thanks!
Friday, June 1st: Hello again Wachter Lake! It feels like yesterday that we were onsite painting your hallways, your exterior foundation, and we are absolutely thrilled to be back onsite with you again this year to apply an epoxy coating to your underground garage floor and entry apron.
Contractor to prep & finish the garage parking deck as delineated by sawcuts. After surface has been thoroughly prepped, contractor to apply a full prime coat of MasterSeal 350 epoxy primer to the entire deck floor, followed by a topcoat of MasterSeal TC275.
Contractor to prep & finish the entry apron. After surface has been thoroughly prepped, contractor to apply a full prime coat of MasterSeal 350 epoxy primer followed by a topcoat of MasterSeal TC295.
We'll see everybody on Tuesday! Have a great weekend!

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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Tired of neck and back pain?
Hop on over to Amazon where you can score this TriggerPoint AcuCurve Massage Cane for just $10 (regularly $19.99). Even sweeter, shipping is free!
This ergonomic massage cane is designed to help ease aches and pains in the neck, back, shoulders, and lower body caused by long days and/or strenuous work. It also features an extra firm tip to help break up knots and a double massage ball which releases tight muscles around the spine.
Good lawd! This thing is ah-mazing!
I had a physical therapist reccomend the Back buddy – similar but with more knobs. Its life changing! So great to deep self massage of hard to reach pressure points.
I just got this delivered today and I absolutely love it. Way better then using my mom’s cane to get into those hard to reach sore spots and the back.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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Acquiring innovative and high quality facades is not an easy task. Between facilitating design, coordination, development etc., it can be a frustrating challenge. Rampart knows this and is here to help in all phases of the project from initiation to completion. We will work with you from the onset to create and develop high quality performance products that meet modern day demands. Starting from the beginning, we will work with you collaboratively during the design process so to assess the proper solutions for the facade that empower the designer. From design to manufacturing and construction, we are fully integrated and approach each project from the mindset and experience of architects, engineers and builders. Rampart Facade Systems will provide you with an unwavering commitment from a projects beginning to completion.
A big part of pre-construction is the identification of project complexity and risk. We develop a proposal around the aspect that are most challenging and pose the greatest risk. This proposal is the clearly defined system intent, associated cost, a schedule that considers supply chain, production and field execution. From here, we innovate to push the project towards success and leave a lasting impression.
At our core, we are first and foremost a design company, and engineering permeates through our entire organization as a key aspect. Our ability to execute is in our ability to identify the efficient path forward in design, researching and prototyping to complete validation. We utilize the most applicable technologies available on the market to take a design to full realization, from the complex assemblies to every last screw.
We firmly believe that the only way to be successful is to produce a highly custom and unique product at the rate and efficiency of a volume manufacturer. To achieve this, we minimize wasted energy and pursue technology that puts processes in the background so that our staff can focus on crafting a precise and beautiful product. Our manufacturing spaces are capable to adapt to meet the variety of architectural challenges in modern buildings.
Rampart systems are designed and manufactured to produce the highest possible efficiencies in installation and site safety. Our talented staff leverage the best in local resources to be a constant on-site presence from inception to completion. The site team is supported by our project management, engineering, quality, and production and logistics teams to ensure that their high priority needs are met as quickly and effectively.
Our project managers embody the professionalism, accountability and responsiveness that client’s demand of a full service facade contractor. At every aspect of the project life cycle, we deploy a dedicated project management team that are identifying the problems, communicating information and administering the right resolutions to minimize impacts.


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1.	Please provide all discussion papers and related documentation with respect to the Ministry’s decision to change the way it processes and charges for third-party criminal history requests.
3.	How much did the “old” third-party request system cost annually to administer (please included salaries, etc). Please be sure not to include the cost of providing individuals with their own criminal record, as that is a separate cost and according to Ministry information accounts for 15% of all requests for criminal histories.
4.	How many third-party requests were received in the last financial year under the previously free service?
5.	How many third-party requests were received in the last financial year under the paying priority service?
6.	How much did it cost the Ministry to provide the priority service?
7.	How much did it cost the Ministry to provide the free third-party service?
8.	How much income in the last financial years was earned under the “old” system from third-party users of the priority service?
9.	How much did each criminal check actually cost the Ministry to carry out, under what was previously the old free 20 working day service?
10.	How much did each criminal check actually cost the Ministry under the old priority paying system?
11.	How was the new pricing regime determined? Who did the Ministry approach for advice, who suggested a three-tier cost structure, and why?
12.	What is the rationale for offering three levels of service? How does the new gold service cost more than twice the cost of the new bronze service to administer? What exactly is the difference in cost in processing the three categories?
13.	Under the new three-tier system the Ministry has transferred responsibility for examining photo-ID to the third-party requester. This will reduce the cost to the Ministry of completing each criminal check. Please advise how much this reduces the Ministry’s cost for undertaking each check.
14.	Why has the Ministry outsourced the receipting of requests to TIMG New Zealand, instead of retaining it in-house?
15.	Was this outsourcing put out for tender? If not, why not.
16.	How much is the Ministry paying TIMG to administer receipt of requests?
17.	How much in the next 12 months has the Ministry projected it will earn under its new pricing regime, for each of the three categories of service now being offered?
18.	Please identify any third-parties that the Ministry will not be charging for its new three-tier service, and explain why these agencies and organisations are not being charged.
19.	Did the Ministry contact any existing commercial third-party users of the criminal checking service for their comments before implementing the new system? Which companies or organisations were contacted?
20.	Why is the Ministry charging foreign-based third-parties the same fee as New Zealand-base third parties, given that the former contribute nothing to the NZ economy through the employment of New Zealanders, payment of GST, and company tax?
Acknowledging receipt of your OIA request. You will receive a response on or before 11 October 2017.
Please see the attached OIA response to your request on 12 September 2017.
I submitted a request under the Official Information Act on 12 September. On 3 October you replied giving yourself an additional 20 working days to respond and assured me a response would be received "on or before 8 November 2017".
That date has passed and it is 41 working days since I submitted my request, and by law you should have responded by now.
The questions I asked in my request are not novel or unique, the Business Analysts who implemented the change in the Ministry's third-party criminal CCH pricing regime would surely have had all the information I am asking for, before the change was introduced.
We apologise for the delay in responding. It has taken longer than expected to collect the information you have requested and consult on the release of some of that information. We will provide a response as soon as possible.
and 3 will follow shortly.
Here is part 2 of your request.
Here is part 3 of your request.


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What is strategy and what does one seek through a strategy?
Growing profitably: Does industry choice matter?
Evaluation: Evaluation shall be conducted by the institute. There would be a comprehensive project to be submitted before the end of the programme. Four grades, namely, Excellent, Good, Average and Poor, would be awarded.Certification: IIMC shall carry out the examination and evaluation required for certification. It will award the certificate of successful completion to participants who complete the programme successfully.
As the participants examine their own management objectives and leadership styles, they will discover why some of their methods aren’t working. This course aims to develop strategic thinking and implementation skills and helps to develop an appreciation of the concepts of corporate strategy. It enables the participant to appreciate the strategic issues facing their organization. It also develops leadership skills to steer successful strategy formulation and implementation.
Prof. Vidyananda Jha is Professor in Behavioural Scianeces at IIM Calcutta. He is a fellow from IIM Ahmedabad, MBA ( PGDRM ) from IRMA and has done his graduation from Patna University. He has been associated with National Dairy Development Board in the past. He has taught courses like Behavioural Sciences;Organisation Behaviour and Organisation Structure and Administration; Management of Change; Management of Creativity. His research interests include Empirical and non revivalist Indian theory of organisations; Organisational Change, Conception of Time in managing organisations, management of arts institutions and organisational policies towards older employees. He has had numerous publications in Indian and International journals over his career.
Prof. Biswatosh Saha is Associate Professor in StrategicManagement at IIM Calcutta. He holds Ph.D in management from IIM Calcutta and B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering from IIT Kharagpur. His past associations include VGSOM, IIT Kharapur and XLRI. His area of interests in research include Institutional analysis, critical management studies, theories of practice, knowledge/technology and power. He has taught courses like Strategic Management, International Management, Managing Innovation. He has contributed to various Indian and International journals in his career.


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What exactly happened and/or who is to blame, if anyone, will be up to the courts to decide. But it’s still a tragedy.
It will be quite some time before we know the outcomes from a host of inevitable lawsuits filed on behalf of those who lost their lives in the Branson duck boat tragedy a few weeks back.
And of course, it will be even longer before those families can get back to some sense of normalcy (if they ever do) in their lives and back to what they would call a regular routine.
But much like the fires that have been ravaging California — as well as a few other states — this particular tragedy was not a mentally ill person intent on doing harm. This tragedy was not the result of a former employee with a grudge or someone who had pledged allegiance to ISIS and sought to do Americans harm.
This local tragedy was born out of what some are calling carelessness or sloppiness, others are calling greed, and others are calling simply a weather event that could have happened at any amusement area in any part of the world if the weather quickly turns bad.
This tragedy in our own backyard hits us especially hard, in many ways because it’s a reminder that some tragedies are hard — if not downright impossible — to prevent. In fact, there are no terrorists to blame in an incident like this. And while there may or may not be someone or some entity to legally blame, no mentally ill person set out to do others harm.
In short, these tragedies are, in some ways, even tougher for us to collectively process because there is no obvious “bad guy” to blame for the senseless ending of life and no enemy to go after in order to pursue justice.
Instead, this tragedy reminds us that even with the best of intentions, life can go horribly awry in the blink of an eye. After all, Branson, Springfield and most all of the Ozarks are the perfect destination for what should be safe family fun over the summer … but this time people lost their lives on a short tourist ride that was supposed to be fun and relaxing.
Perhaps our takeaway as residents of southwest Missouri is that we are a resilient and caring people. Perhaps we learn — whether a tragedy made by nature or by a crazed gunman — that we are stronger together. We are stronger when we support those who lost family, whether here in the Ozarks in a duck boat tragedy or somewhere else due to another cause. We join those who are suffering because it’s only through support, care and concern that we heal.
And whether a local accident or a horrific event farther away, may we choose to support healing rather than finger-pointing.


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Casa Soleada Barcelona. House for holiday, wedding, party, workshop.
We also offer the following services upon request.
If you have any interesting ideas and suggestions, we would love to hear from you! We can certainly help organise everything and turn your ideas into action.
Subscribe to our newsletter to find out about the latest developments, promotions and events at Casa Soleada and in the area.


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Don't forget to check out our monthly newsletter where you can find money saving offers, tips and tricks, events, and much more!
At our repair center, we guarantee professional and satisfactory work. Our trained and professional technicians will perform high quality work to get your vehicle back in upstanding condition. We strive to exceed our customer's expectations.
The experts at Twin Tower Service can perform a large range of services on import vehicles.
Our mechanics can perform any service on domestic vehicles, from routine maintenance to more complex procedures such as full engine overhauls.
We service all types of fleet vehicles. From school buses to ambulances, dump trucks to refrigerated trucks, we service them all!
Twin Towers Service Station LLC has been providing quality car care in Fort Lee, New Jersey, since 1929.
Our shop employs honest ASE-certified technicians and mechanics, and we use the latest technology and equipment for our repairs.
Come by and visit our clean and professional shop in Fort Lee, New Jersey.
John and his team are amazing. I ran into brake issues while traveling from NH with my family and called twin towers. I called twin towers Friday night and John told me if I could be there at 8 on a Saturday morning they would help me. John being a man of his word took me in right off and saved the day. They were able to fix my brake issue and have me back to my hotel by the time of checkout. Thank you for the great work, great price, and getting my car back on the road to finish traveling on our vacation. I recommend this garage to anyone looking to have something done to their vehicle. Thank you again!
Car broke down while we were on a trip. We asked for a highly rated AAA approved service station nearby and Twin Towers was the top on the list. At the very first contact during our initial phone call we could understand why! Very courteous, very diligent, prompt and clean work, kept up updated and informed on the progress the repair and had us out the door and our way home in no time!
Highly recommend. John was fantastic, very honest, quick responses and prices were very fair, I would 100% return and would feel comfortable recommending anyone to go there.
Always professional - they stand by their work.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


text: Perfect for the avid cyclist, this royal, ladies v-neck tee, is made of 100% combed, ringspun cotton, which means it's soft as a puppy. All my apparel is decorated right here in the U.S.A. Machine wash and dry. I mean, don't wanna brag, but I'm kind of a big wheel.


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Another Jump Giant you have to listen to is T-Bone Walker. With his style of playing he has influenced countless others, from Duke Robillard to Ronnie Earl, Rick Holmstrom, Dave Specter and almost every jump player still around.
With his curious way of holding the guitar (almost like a Dobro, meaning horizontal) and his showmanship on stage (doing splits!) he was a joy to watch and listen to.
In this solo we see a number of "his" licks turn up, mostly played out of the first blues position. The intro is a typical T-Bone Walker one that comes in many variations. Listen to his rendition of "Glamour Girl" and you'll hear what I mean.


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This leaflet answers some of the common questions people ask about Plendil ER. It does not contain all the information that is known about Plendil ER.
All medicines have risks and benefits. Your doctor will have weighed the risks of you taking Plendil ER against the benefits they expect it will have for you.
Plendil ER lowers blood pressure by dilating (expanding) small blood vessels away from the heart, letting the blood be pumped around the body more easily.
Your doctor will have explained why you are being treated with Plendil ER and told you what dose to take.
The ER in Plendil ER stands for Extended Release. This means that the tablets are designed to work over a 24 hour period.
Plendil ER contains felodipine, which belongs to the family of medicines known as calcium channel blockers. These medicines do not change the way the body takes in calcium from food.
Follow all directions given to you by your doctor carefully. They may differ from the information contained in this leaflet.
Your doctor may prescribe this medicine for another use. Ask your doctor if you want more information.
Do not use Plendil ER if you are pregnant or breastfeeding unless your doctor says so. Ask your doctor about the risks and benefits involved. PLENDIL ER should not be used during pregnancy unless your doctor thinks that it is the best drug for you. It may affect your baby if you take it during pregnancy.
Your baby can take in very small amounts of Plendil ER from breast milk if you are breastfeeding, but it is unlikely that the amount available to the baby will do any harm.
Do not give Plendil ER to children. There is no information on its use in children.
Do not use after the use by (expiry) date printed on the pack. It may have no effect at all, or worse, an entirely unexpected effect if you take it after the expiry date.
Do not use Plendil ER if the packaging is torn or shows signs of tampering.
Do not use it to treat any other complaints unless your doctor tells you to.
Do not give this medicine to anyone else.
If you have an allergic reaction, you may get a skin rash, hayfever, difficulty breathing or feel faint.
It may not be safe for you to take Plendil ER if you have any of these conditions.
treatment with Plendil ER may affect the level of tacrolimus (a medicine given to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ, e.g. (kidney or liver) in your blood.
any medicines that you buy at the chemist, supermarket or health food shop.
These medicines may affect the way Plendil ER works.
Your doctor or pharmacist can tell you what to do if you are taking any of these medicines.
If you have not told your doctor about any of these things, tell them before you take any Plendil ER.
If you are taking other drugs which lower blood pressure, your doctor may need to change the dose of them to obtain the best results for you.
The usual starting dose is a 2.5 or 5 mg tablet taken once daily.
Your doctor will check your progress and if it is needed, increase your dose of Plendil ER. Sometimes the dose will be as high as 20mg a day.
If you have to take more than one tablet, you must take them together.
Swallow PLENDIL ER tablets whole and wash them down with a glass of water. They must not be divided, crushed or chewed. If they are broken or crushed they will not work over 24 hours as they are supposed to.
It doesn't matter if you take Plendil ER with food or not, but you must not take it with grapefruit juice. Grapefruit juice, but not other fruit juices, may increase the effect of Plendil ER.
If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember, as long as it is at least 12 hours before the next dose is due.
Treatment of high blood pressure is necessary in most people for the rest of their lives. Ask your doctor to explain the reasons for this.
Telephone your doctor, the Poisons Information Centre (13 11 26) or go to casualty at your nearest hospital immediately if you think that you or anyone else may have taken too much Plendil ER even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning. If you take too much Plendil ER you will probably get a headache and feel sick (nausea), dizzy and very tired.
Do not take Plendil ER with grapefruit juice. Grapefruit juice, but not other fruit juices, may increase the effect of Plendil ER.
Do not stop taking Plendil ER unless you have discussed it with your doctor.
Be careful driving or operating machinery until you know how Plendil ER affects you. When you start taking Plendil ER, whether you are changing from another medicine for high blood pressure or not, you may feel dizzy or faint due to the drop in your blood pressure.
Be careful when drinking alcohol while you are using Plendil ER.
Please talk to your doctor or pharmacist about these possibilities if you think they may bother you.
Tell your doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible if you do not feel well while you are taking Plendil ER. Plendil ER helps most people with high blood pressure, but it may have unwanted side-effects in a few people.
These are all mild side effects of Plendil ER.
They are more likely if you are taking a high dose. They usually go away or get less with time. If they do occur, it mostly happens at the beginning of treatment, or when the dose is increased.
This can be a serious side effect. You may need urgent medical attention Serious side effects are rare. If any of the following happen, stop taking Plendil ER and tell your doctor immediately or go to casualty at your nearest hospital.
These are very serious side effects. If you have them, you may have had a serious (allergic) reaction to Plendil ER. You may need urgent medical attention or hospitalisation. All of these side effects are very rare. Tell your doctor if you notice anything else that is making you feel unwell.
Some people may get other side effects while taking Plendil ER.
Keep your tablets in the blister pack until it is time to take them. If you take Plendil ER out of the blister pack it will not keep well.
Keep it in a cool dry place where the temperature stays below 25 °C.
Do not store it or any other medicine in the bathroom or near a sink. Heat and dampness can destroy some medicines.
Keep it where young children cannot reach it. A locked cupboard at least one-and-a-half metres above the ground is a good place to store medicines.
Do not leave it in the car on hot days.
Ask your pharmacist what to do with any tablets you have left over if your doctor tells you to stop taking them, or you find that the expiry date has passed.
Plendil ER 2.5mg are yellow, circular tablets engraved A/FL on one side and 2.5 on the other. They are 8.5mm in diameter.
Plendil ER 5mg are pink, circular tablets engraved A/Fm on one side and 5 on the other. They are 9mm in diameter.
Plendil ER 10mg are red-brown, circular tablets engraved A/FE on one side and 10 on the other. They are 9 mm in diameter.
All strengths are available in blister packs of 30 tablets.


text: It's hard for new mothers to explain: having a baby is such a joyous event, they know. So why do they feel so depressed? Postpartum depression is not uncommon. One study says 1 in 7 new moms experience it and doctors recommend screeneing, either immediately after childbirth or just before. We'll hear a firsthand account from a new mom and discuss the difficulties of accessing proper treatment, on The Sound of Ideas.