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Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in children, adolescents and young adults. Treatment with surgery and a combination of three conventional chemotherapy drugs can cure nearly two-thirds patients with osteosarcoma, but the treatment can also cause irreversible damage to the kidneys and cause permanent hearing loss. The purpose of this study is to evaluate new approaches to prevent these side effects without interfering with the beneficial effects of the chemotherapy drugs on the cancer by using our knowledge of how the drugs damage the kidney and cochlear hair cells in the ear to selectively block these side effects. Preventing these side effects without interfering with the anti-cancer effect of the drugs will improve the outcome in survivors and may also improve the effectiveness of the chemotherapy regimen by preventing treatment delays and dose reductions that are often caused by the side effects. Patients will be carefully monitored to ensure that the new interventions do not adversely affect response to the treatment and do not increase the other side effects of the chemotherapy. Specifically, we will monitor the nutritional status of the patients closely and ask patients to complete a survey describing the side effects after each treatment cycle. We will also collect a small sample of cancer tissue at the time of biopsy and surgery from each patient on this study for testing to determine new classes of anti-cancer drugs currently under development may have a role in treating osteosarcoma. If effective, these new approaches to prevent kidney damage and hearing loss will be applicable in other types of cancers treated with the same chemotherapy drugs.
Current osteosarcoma treatment regimens include cisplatin and high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), which are nephrotoxic and ototoxic, and the damage to kidneys and cochlear hair cells may be irreversible. Preventing these toxicities will improve the outcome in long-term survivors and may also prevent short-term treatment delays and dose reductions that can compromise the efficacy of the treatment regimen and allow for administration of higher cumulative doses of cisplatin. This pilot study evaluates pharmacologically-based approaches to prevent the nephrotoxic effect of HDMTX by prolonging the infusion duration and thereby lowering the risk of drug precipitation in renal tubules; and to selectively block the uptake of cisplatin into renal tubular cells and cochlear hair cells by inhibiting the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) with the proton pump inhibitor (PPI), pantoprazole. Participants with previously untreated biopsy-proven, localized or metastatic osteosarcoma will receive six cycles of the standard Methotrexate, Adriamycin (doxorubicin),cisplatin (MAP) chemotherapy regimen, which includes high-dose methotrexate, doxorubicin and cisplatin. The first 2 cycles are administered neoadjuvantly followed by surgery to remove the primary tumor, when feasible.
A novel randomized, crossover, 2 x 2 factorial clinical trial design allows all patients to receive the new interventions to prevent toxicity and to serve as their own controls. New, sensitive urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury serve as primary endpoints for evaluating treatment-related renal damage. Ototoxicity will be monitored using audiograms. The effect of these interventions on tumor response (radiographic and histologic) and toxicity (including a patient reported outcome survey and nutritional status) will be closely monitored. Other secondary objectives include evaluating bone-specific alkaline phosphatase as a biomarker of tumor burden and constructing a tissue microarray to evaluate expression of proteins that are responsible for resistance to the current drugs used to treat osteosarcoma and assess expression of proteins that are targeted by new anticancer drugs under development for childhood cancers.
The incidence and severity (CTCAE grade) of common toxicities from cisplatin/doxorubicin administered with and without pantoprazole as well as from HDMTX administered as a 4 and 12 h infusion will be compared.
Radiographic response (log ratio of pretreatment and pre-operative tumor volumes) and histological response (percent tumor necrosis) to two cycles (10 weeks) of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the two infusion durations of HDMTX and for cisplatin with and without pantoprazole will be compared.
Urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated from serum cystatin C will be compared to standard measures of renal function (serum creatinine, urinalysis, estimated creatinine clearance, fractional excretion of Mg).
Tissue microarray will be constructed from biopsy specimens, primary resection and resected metastatic tumors to evaluate the expression of proteins that are responsible for resistance to the drugs in the MAP regimen and to assess expression of proteins that are targeted by new anticancer drugs under development for childhood cancers.
Pilot an osteosarcoma-specific patient reported outcomes survey to assess the incidence and severity of tumor-related and treatment-related symptoms.
Average hearing level (HL) threshold in decibels (dB) over the frequency range of 4,000-8,000 hertz (Hz) will be derived separately for each ear from audiograms performed before each dose of cisplatin.
Hearing level threshold ≤25 dB at all frequencies in both ears to be evaluable for evaluation of pantoprazole's effect on cisplatin ototoxicity. Patients with hearing loss can be enrolled but will not be evaluable for ototoxicity objective.
Receiving H2 antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine) or proton pump inhibitors (lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, dexlansoprazole) AND unable to hold the drug for 24 h prior to and 24 h after each cisplatin course on cycles 1-4.


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To a watching world, the sight of Britain on fire this week has surely been shocking. The looting and torching has revealed an inner-city London, Birmingham and Manchester seldom glimpsed in the England usually offered for export via soft-focus period dramas, Hugh Grant movies or stories on Will and Kate.
If the revelation has puzzled outsiders, it has confused Britons no less. The mood here is a mixture of rage, fear and bafflement. Not that we’re not used to riots: We are. England caught fire during that other royal-wedding year, 1981. But 30 years ago, the battle lines were relatively clear. Race was central, especially in the predominantly black south London neighborhood of Brixton. The target then was a police force charged with racial bias. But the recent explosions have had none of that clarity.
Even though the troubles ignited last week after the police killing of a black Briton in the north London area of Tottenham, the copycat outbursts since have lacked that racial dimension. Among the looters, all races have been represented, while their targets have not been overtly political. They have not hurled stones at police stations, city halls or the Houses of Parliament. Instead, these rapidly mobilized crowds have concentrated their fire on stores, especially those selling cellphones, sneakers and large-screen TVs. One looter was seen trying on different pairs of shoes, making sure she stole the right size.
The Guardian’s Zoe Williams has called these the “shopping riots,” noting the way the mobs move from malls to main-street stores, avoiding confrontation with the police, in contrast with the 1981 rioters, who actively sought it. If today’s looters have a political point to make, it is that politics doesn’t matter.
For the moment, the focus is on stopping the looters. Prime Minister David Cameron, who said Wednesday that he is ready to use water cannons and rubber bullets, is keenly aware that a government’s first duty is to secure the realm. His press critics have warned that if he didn’t get things under control, this could be his Hurricane Katrina. Equally under pressure is London Mayor Boris Johnson, who must be mindful that in just one year the city is due to host the Summer Olympics. Many Londoners are hoping that the image that will linger in the world’s memory is that of volunteers wielding brooms, determined to clean up their city.
Most controversial is the suggestion that the riots might have even a tenuous link to the government’s austerity program, aimed at reducing the deficit. Funding for youth services — clubs and outreach workers — in the Tottenham area has just been cut by 75 percent. Those schemes used to keep some of the toughest kids off the streets, but no longer.
It’s too early to know whether spending cuts played any part in England’s burning. But as the United States embarks on its own retrenchment, it should beware — this is an argument that could soon be coming your way.
Jonathan Freedland is an editorial page columnist for the Guardian. Follow him on Twitter at @j_freedland.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


text:
Carpet fitting is as important as buying the right carpet for your space. A luxurious and a high-quality carpet may not look good if not fitted correctly. You can rely on Jason Hughes Expert Carpet Fitter to provide the highest quality of workmanship at an affordable price.
With more than 25 years of experience, I have experience and expertise in handling all aspects of carpet fitting. Based in Stockport, I work all across South Manchester and Cheshire. To find out more and to arrange a quotation, just give me a call.
Carpet installation involves several steps such as choosing the right underlay, seaming, directionality and tension.
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Besides fitting a new carpet, I can also provide you with bespoke carpet refitting services.
"Jason came to fit two carpets for us and we are very happy with the results. Not only did he do a fantastic job with the carpet-fitting itself, but he also went to the extra trouble of sourcing the carpet we wanted at a heavily discounted price. Compared to carpet shops, his fitting prices are very competitive and we have ended up with a far superior job. He also uses good quality underlay, which was important to us to make sure our carpets last. He is thoroughly professional, friendly and helpful and we would highly recommend him. We now wouldn't use anyone else to fit our carpets in the future."
I have a retail shop and Jason has been my fitter for many years. Both I and my customers have been delighted with his service and standard of work. I have also had Jason to fit carpets of my own and the work has been excellent. I would have no problem recommending him."

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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Check back often for the latest in upcoming exhibitions and shows or special events.
Would you like to hold a private viewing in my studio? Invite a few friends.. I'll supply the wine, cheese and of course.. the art.
The 29th Annual Winter Art Fair Off the Square is an indoor fair held in the beautiful and spacious Exhibition Hall of the Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center in downtown Madison. There are 135 booths and artists are allowed to drive into the building, but not to their booths.
The Winter Art Fair Off the Square is one of two juried fairs sponsored and produced by the Wisconsin Alliance of Artists and Craftspeople, Inc. (WAAC), a non-profit, tax-exempt corporation formed to promote and create contact between Wisconsin artists and craftspeople and the public. WAAC takes pride in having been created and operated by the artists themselves. Along with providing a market for exhibitors, we continue to educate the public about art and provide important one-to-one interaction between artist and buyer.
Additionally, a WAAC fund-raising Silent Auction takes place on Saturday, as well as a fundraiser for the Badger Childhood Cancer Network both Saturday and Sunday. For children 12 and under we have the Young Collectors’ Corner, where children may purchase art without adult supervision and at a reduced price takes place both days.
Presented by the Wisconsin Alliance of Artists and Craftspeople, Inc.
Second Touch Art is proud to be exhibiting at the 2nd Annual Arboretum Art Festival set in Chicago’s upscale South Barrington, Illinois. Arboretum of South Barrington plays host to this fest with its mix of shops, restaurants, and entertainment venues.
Art in the Green will be held Saturday, May 5, 2018, 9:00am – 5:00pm and Sunday, May 6, 2018, 9:00am – 4:00pm.
This is a two-day, indoor, event showcasing artwork of all kinds from local and regional artists. The artists will have work for sale in our new Conservatory Annex with entertainment and food vendors throughout the Domes.
Admission: $5 per person. FREE to Friends of the Domes Members - allows for admission to all three Domes, Art in the Green, live music in the Show Dome - as well as free parking.

industry_corpus2: Others


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The following is a Q&A with Third Bridge CEO Emmanuel Tahar, who co-founded the firm with Rodolphe de Hemptinne in 2007. Third Bridge is one of the fastest growing expert networks, having grown 36% to $92 million in 2017 according to regulatory filings [link requires subscription]. Prior to Third Bridge, he and co-founder de Hemptinne were strategy consultants at Bain & Company.
What prompted you and co-founder Rodolphe de Hemptinne to launch Third Bridge in 2007?
Rodolphe and I met in business school and subsequently both worked at Bain. We stayed in touch and reconnected in 2006, with a shared aspiration to become entrepreneurs.
We liked the investment research space because it was clear to us that the appetite of institutional investors for high-quality information was going to grow. Specifically, we saw an opportunity to enter the expert consultations industry.
The market was growing fast but it was fairly US-centric – the incumbent players did not seem able to deliver a consistent offering globally. Also, we anticipated a paradigm shift in the industry that would create an opportunity for ambitious new entrants.
Let me explain. The pioneers of this industry started before the explosion of social networking. At the time, their vision of creating ‘expert networks’ made sense. They were building an asset (the ‘network’) and were in the business of monetizing it, i.e. selling clients access to whomever from the network was available to speak. However, in the world of Google, Facebook, LinkedIn, etc., the network became a commodity. We knew that clients would value partnering with a firm like ours, which was not looking to build a network but rather to be the best at understanding their needs and connecting them with the best sources, regardless of whether the experts belonged to a network or not.
We were able to take advantage of this shift and that has allowed us to grow much faster than the market.
How did your prior experience at Bain inform your vision for the firm?
Bain trained us to look at our industry with a fresh pair of eyes and to apply critical thinking and first principles to anticipate what the future holds.
Working at Bain also taught us what good looks like, especially when it comes to building a sustainable business and a great global team that shares a consistent set of values. There are no shortcuts – it takes effort and time to build a great company, and we always wanted to build a firm that would last. When new recruits join, they are often surprised by how much we invest in our training programs. We are very proud of our Learning and Development team.
Finally, our consulting heritage is still present in our approach to understanding and serving clients. Just like good consultants, we are obsessed with asking questions to understand exactly how we can solve our clients’ challenges. That makes our research more targeted and relevant.
Third Bridge grew by over a third for each of the three years from 2015 through 2017 as you approached $100 million in annual revenues. Where do you see future growth and how do you plan to sustain it?
We are proud to have crossed the $100m revenue mark earlier this year, but our growth journey is set to continue.
We have a lot of runway left with Connections, our expert consultations business. We have been pleased with the continued growth of demand across markets and asset classes, and our market share is low enough that we can continue to outperform the competition for a number of years.
We are also very excited by the potential of Forum, our content offering. We address a similar need for human knowledge by publishing thousands of curated, high-quality expert interviews every year. We are investing aggressively in the quality and breadth of our content, and we are getting smarter about distribution to make it widely accessible for the investment community. We believe that Forum is defining a new category in the investment research space.
You mention your content offering, Forum. How does it differ from other research products on offer currently?
We believe that human experience – and the insights it yields – is the critical ingredient to inspire confidence in a trade idea, more certainty in an existing investment thesis, and ultimately more conviction to make the right investment decision.
In our Forum offering, we identify the important topics and the most relevant experts, and we ask the questions ourselves. Our global team of over 100 moderators, researchers and analysts provides the content – 6,000+ transcripts per year of unfiltered (yet curated) information – to our clients.
Whether it’s helping clients get up to speed on a new company or industry, providing the information they need to increase or decrease an existing position, validating market opinions and model assumptions, or picking up red flags early on a name, our Forum interviews give clients access to unbiased views in a format that is easy to access, search and consume.
The differentiation is all about knowing what questions matter and what experts are relevant: we go deep, discover contrarian views, look for the gaps, and unearth insights that help our clients make better investment decisions.
Compliance has been an important topic for the industry over the years. Have you seen any interesting developments recently?
Of course our industry was impacted by the wave of investigations in 2011 and 2012. It forced a conversation between clients and their research partners to agree on core principles that provided safeguards against the risks of securities fraud.
Once the dust settled, the industry converged towards a situation where the large global players invested significantly and adopted similar principles.
More recently, we have explored ways to protect our clients against a new type of risk; rare cases where experts misrepresent themselves or their experience. We have developed a proprietary detection system called FactShield that uses multiple inputs to create a composite risk score that triggers a review of some individuals and potentially their removal from our systems.
What effect do you see MiFID II’s research unbundling provisions having on the expert-learning industry?
MIFID II has been a positive development for our industry. It’s creating more accountability and pushing asset managers to be savvier about their research spend.
Obviously the change has been painful for some players in the investment research industry, but firms that deliver true value will continue to thrive and will draw the best talent and research spend disproportionately.
The other big growth area we see in the research space besides expert networks is the increasing use of alternative data by institutional investors. Do you see any intersection between alternative data and expert learning?
There are a lot of new developments in the industry. It is still early days, but we are interested in evaluating the applications of AI and machine learning to enhance and supplement what can be done with human insights.
For example, we want to explore how software can help our teams improve the success rate of matching experts to particular requests from our clients.
We estimate the expert network industry at around $1 billion in annual revenues currently. What is your perspective on the addressable market for the industry?
We have a slightly different way of looking at it. Our market is the investment research industry, which is worth globally at least $10 billion in annual spend. We are going to dominate a particular segment of the market: delivering human insights to help clients make better investment decisions. We think that it is a multi-billion dollar opportunity.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


text: Description Besant Technologies offers best Tableau Training in Bangalore with most experienced professionals. Our Instructors are working in Tableau and related technologies for more years in MNC's. We aware of industry needs and we are offering Tableau Training in Bangalore in more practical way. Our team of Tableau trainers offers Tableau in Classroom training, Tableau Online Training and Tableau Corporate Training services. We framed our syllabus to match with the real world requirements for both beginner level to advanced level.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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Global Food And Beverage Category Market Report catches all comprehensive study of the industry by logical investigation and evaluation of upcoming tendencies. The report includes clients expectations which force on the review of food and beverage category industry for the conclusion period span 2012 – 2017. The food and beverage category report also leaves a comprehensive investigation of technological advances and capital requirements and regions classes, application, ingestion, sales, and earnings.
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Real business food and beverage category players have anticipated crossing value more than expectations before the finish of 2025, considering 2018 as the base year and conjecture period in the range of 2018 and 2025. These top players are Nestl?, Coca-Cola, General Mills, Korea Nongshim.Co.Ltd., Mars, InBev, Wyeth, Tyson, Cargill, Danone, Heinz, Danisco, PepsiCo, Kerry Group, Perfetti Van Melle S.P.A, Heineken, LOTTE, Unilever, SABMiller, Kraft Foods and Ting Hsin International Group.
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A Frenchman attempting to become the first person to swim across the Pacific Ocean said Wednesday he was resuming his bid, after storms forced him to suspend the ambitious undertaking.
"Back in the water today! After avoiding a typhoon we're finally back at the swim point and continuing on with the swim," Ben Lecomte tweeted.
Lecomte set off from Choshi in Japan on June 5 and planned to swim across the ocean to San Francisco in six to eight months.
But nearly two months into the epic journey, severe storms forced the 51-year-old to head back to port in Japan.
He and his team waited out several storm systems swirling through the region during the local typhoon season before heading back this week to where he cut the swim short, slightly more than 580 nautical miles east of Japan.
He will be resuming a schedule of swimming for eight hours a day and consuming 8,000 calories daily to keep going.
Part adventurer, part environmentalist, Lecomte organised the swim to raise awareness of plastic contamination and ocean pollution.
His support team is conducting a series of experiments on the trip, including collecting samples of plastic waste.
When he suspended the swim, he said the scale of the pollution his team had already encountered made him all the more determined to complete the journey.
"It's more important now than ever that we make it to the Great Garbage Patch," he said, referring to a massive vortex of trash that floats between the US states of Hawaii and California.
"I want to show people why our oceans are so important."

industry_corpus2: Sports


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Throughout history, the medical community has developed and promoted devices that claim to provide cures, treatments and enhancements for various conditions and illnesses. Many of these devices are fraudulent in nature, never coming close to curing any kind of ailment. One said device was the vibrating chair, built by the Kellogg brothers in nineteen hundred. They claimed the chair would provide stimulation to the intestines to help in digestion and regularity. The "patient" would sit in the chair as it shook violently, and often painfully, with no effect except causing back and joint pain and costing money to use. The chair is on loan to the Museum of Quackery from the St Louis Science Center. The museum itself is run by Bob McCoy, who has published a book entitled " Quack: Tales of Medical Fraud from the Museum of Questionable Medical Devices."
A foot operated breast enlargement pump was purchased by millions of American women in the nineteen seventies and did little more than bruise the breasts. A small suction-like apparatus was placed on the breast and with the use of a foot-powered pump, similar to that of an air mattress pump today, would apply pressure to make the breasts enlarge. Even today around the internet, women are still targeted to use and employ faulty breast enlargement devices and exercises that do little more than exercise the muscles that support the breasts and provide no improvement in size.
Bob McCoy leads the pack in bringing these devices to the public eye, with a large set of fraudulent devices on display in his museum. One extremely interesting device is the psychograph–a device that was supposed to use phrenology to determine ailments and mental capacities in humans. The device had "probes" that would measure the parts of the skull and interpret the mapping of it into a statement of numbers. These numbers would be interpreted to give the patient the results of the test, which would supposedly give them information about their mental faculties. Thirty-three of these machines were manufactured and leased all over Minnesota. The company closed down in the nineteen-thirties due to the rejection of phrenology as a science.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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NEW YORK – The Federal Reserve Bank of New York today issued Community Credit: A New Perspective on America's Communities, a chart book and online tool that examine the credit well-being of U.S. communities through their credit behavior. This resource, updated from last year, presents seven key measures of credit well-being. Together, these measures provide a detailed and holistic picture of credit inclusion and stress, highlighting both progress and disparities. The analysis is based on data from the New York Fed’s Consumer Credit Panel, a nationally representative sample drawn from anonymized Equifax credit data.
By presenting county- and state-level data from 2006 through 2015, this analysis illustrates important aspects of financial health and how they vary by region. The resource released today shows an improvement in several indicators of U.S. credit health since the financial crisis. Importantly, there remains considerable variation in credit well-being across regions, states and counties in the United States as many communities continue to lag in accessing credit opportunities.
Overall, the financial health of communities is showing a recovery following the financial crisis—especially since 2012, which marked a national low in inclusion.
The New York Fed’s Second District consists of New York State, the 12 northern counties of New Jersey, Fairfield County in Connecticut, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.


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Point Number 1) We are Neither, a 1, 2 ,3 or 4 solas alone.
Point Number 3) We believe in Sola energy, alone.
Point Number 4) Our Solas are pure Solas. These solas are alone.
Point Number 5) Our Sola’s are by themselves. Apart. Alone. So alone they are lonely.
We alone truly assent to these 5 solas alone. It is simply because we are so biblical. We are extra concerned (more so than the Concerned Nazerenes). We Take A Stand, where mere mortals simply want to sit. We have a backbone for apprising the truth, when others have none. We refuse to take a small slice from laodicea, and will not tolerate the use of a herescope.We do this alone. We exemplify the 5 solas.
We believe that as a truth warrior, we have the right to be inconsistent. For instance, we can state that we must agree on essentials, and if need be fight over non-essentials….but yet in the next breath fight over non-essentials and defend our inconsistency as consistency. In fact we have the right to switch terms, play word games, mind games and reindeer games as needed. As long as we are defending the truth, we can bend the rules at will. Truth is weak and must be defended from the hordes (ie all those we disagree with) – that is anyone who asks difficult questions, thinks outside the box and try to upset the status quo.
PS Don’t disagree with us. Make your life more truthful by assenting to everything that we teach here at ODMAfia. Your soul with be soothed.
You know my pedigree. I was born via wedded bible believing Republican parents, and was baptized as an adult believer. Moreover, I am a true bible believing double predestination Calvinist who listens to John MacArthur on the radio every morning, Todd Friel in the afternoon, and Apprising and Eric Barger in the evenings. I’m a strict adherent to God’s word, particularly ignoring the beatitudes which are reserved only for liberals and emergents….I’m so devout that I go on persecution binges to tease out those false teachers and heretics – pretty much everyone except those whom I approve of. As you know I’m meticulous about my observance of the word and therefore I more than anyone else take a true stand in defending the truth and discernmentalism. Please join me in Taking A Stand.
Remember, never doubt me. Never question my articles or missives. They are right because I am right and have crystal clear discernmentalist qualities. Doubt me and you should doubt your faith, and secretly harbouring liberal viewpoints.
In this made for discernmentalist TV show “Hex in the City” features witches that are pursued by mighty truth warriors trained exclusively on Walter Martin cassette tapes. Each week these witches are found, exposed for their lack of truth and then condemned. Think if this as groundhog day for truth warriors. However, each episode approaches these vile witches from various angles – but nevertheless they are also condemned (each week) in creative ways as well….
Catch it this fall on CBS!
Battle Axe, not just a game, a way of life.
There is never enough time to bludgeon heretics. Unfortunately, there is not enough time in a day to judge all false of their worldliness. But when we don’t have time to judge, point fingers and cry heresy there is a game to afford in advancing our discernmentalist skills. That is why ODMafia, in conjunction with ODM Games and Judgmental Pointing Devices has come up with a new game: BATTLE AXE.
Battle Axe, while fun for the whole ODM Family (TM), is at heart an educational discernmentalist game. First, you develop skills of speaking loudly but not listening. Second, you must follow this up by being very argumentative. Third and finally only then you must hone skills to attack, ravage, defame, and ostracize your opponent ….all the while allowing you to further increase your false accusations and skillfully articulate your verbal abusive acuity. Indeed, the experts in this game are able to cloak gossip & slander in the guise and claims of mighty righteousness and ministry. If you get that far in this game and equally disparage your opponent… you have won the game and are ready for real life discernmentalism.


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Capture the history and greatest moments of Rangers colourful history in European competitions’ through the newspapers, as written at the time. Starting with coverage of Rangers’ 2:1 win over Nice in 1956, this book charts a glorious history of great games in all the top European tournaments.
Top stories include beating Borussia Munchengladbach 8-0 in the 1960 European Cup Winners Cup Qtr Final, the 4-0 win over Seville in 1962, beating Inter Milan in 1965 and reaching the European Cup Winners' Cup Final against Bayern Munich in 1967. Relive the glorious moments when Rangers picked up their first European trophy, beating Moscow Dynamo to lift the 1972 European Cup Winners Cup; the complete annihilation in 1983 of Valetta beating them first away 0-8 and then 10-0 at home on the second leg.
Newspaper coverage continues right up to last season. A unique and wonderful gift and must-have for all Rangers fans. Now available with colour print option for coverage from 2006 onwards.
Personalise the Rangers in Europe by featuring the recipient’s Name and a Message on the certificate on the title page. The recipient’s Name can also be gold embossed on the front cover.
Brown Leatherette Cover with Colour – For an extra £5 only, you can have all of the above, but with the addition of colour pages (from 2006 onwards).
Luxury Leather Cover – Available in three vibrant colours; Red, Black and Blue, so you can choose a cover that best suits your team and tastes, making your gift really special and personal. Includes colour content for post-2006 coverage and free embossing of the recipient’s name.
Our Personalised Rangers in Europe Football Book contains a minimum of 17% colour pages.
Our Rangers in Europe Football Books are unofficial products, and are in no way affiliated with any football club, unless specifically stated.


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That hood looks repairable No?
I own a 2018 Audi R8, you guys do understand that Audi owns Lamborghini and that the Huracan is an Audi R8. Those that know about these cars know the history behind the vehicles and the parts are shared between the manufactures. The front brakes are the same used on the Audi A7/S7 and it’s more German than Italian. The new Lamborghini Urus is built on the Q8 platform and uses that Audi RS6 engine. You are paying for the name and on your favor buying from the Audi parts catalog will save you money. Good luck on your build.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


text: This collection consists of records related to Citicorp's merger with the Travelers Group. The collection also concerns Citicorp and Traveler’s mutual support for H.R. 10, the Financial Services Act of 1998. Citicorp and Travelers Group merged on October 8, 1998. The $140 billion merger formed Citigroup. The collections consists of articles, biographies, emails, memoranda, and notes.


text: Introducing the 2019 Ford Escape. It features four-wheel drive capabilities, a durable automatic transmission, and an efficient 4 cylinder engine. The engine breathes better thanks to a turbocharger, improving both performance and economy. All of the premium features expected of a Ford are offered, including: a trip computer, an outside temperature display, heated seats, power door mirrors and heated door mirrors, remote keyless entry, an overhead console, and power windows. Audio features include an AM/FM radio, steering wheel mounted audio controls, and 6 speakers, enhancing the audio experience throughout the interior. Ford ensures the safety and security of its passengers with equipment such as: dual front impact airbags, front side impact airbags, traction control, brake assist, a security system, an emergency communication system, and 4 wheel disc brakes with ABS. For added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. You will have a pleasant shopping experience that is fun, informative, and never high pressured. Please don't hesitate to give us a call.


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Check out these year-around colors we saw all over the Heimtextil show in Germany this month. They all have a subtle feel to them and work really well together, or when accenting a neutral. Say “hi” to Merlot, Deep Teal, Cobalt, & Pistachio.
Merlot is still thriving and now can be seen popping up on more textured materials like that great shag throw or a woven tablecloth.
Deep teal is a great blue-green shade that has a calming effect. It looks even more amazing when accented with bright colors (we especially like it with the lime green).
Cobalt is a playful and fun color that reminds us of the summertime. Lets all jump in the pool and relax on the beaches of the Amalfi Coast… Is it summertime yet?
Coming off of the greenery trend, Pistachio brings the outside in with this bright but calming shade. We love this color for a bathroom or entryway!
Do you like these colors from Heimtextil? We are forecasting these colors showing up on a lot of products this year. We will keep you updated!
This entry was posted in 2018, Bold Color, Color, Color Trend, Heimtex, Heimtexil, trend, Trend Blogs, Trend prediction, Trending, Trends and tagged advice, art, bright colors, cobalt, Color, color trends, deep teal, Design, Fun, Inspiration, learning, merlot, neutral palette, Photography, pistachio, subtlecolor, travel, Trends by designworksinternational. Bookmark the permalink.


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Annan Athletic consolidated top spot with a win over East Stirlingshire.
The hosts dominated the early stages, and after the visitors failed to clear a high ball Matt Flynn rose to head in.
Peter Weatherson nodded against the bar as East Stirling hung on, but he soon finished beyond Darren Dolan.
Weatherson grabbed his second after the break with a trademark free-kick from 25 yards, before Alistair Roy pulled one back late on for the Shire with a solo effort.
Match ends, Annan Athletic 3, East Stirling 1.
Second Half ends, Annan Athletic 3, East Stirling 1.
Attempt saved. Peter Weatherson (Annan Athletic) header from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Chris Townsley (East Stirling) is shown the yellow card.
(Annan Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Substitution, Annan Athletic. Smart Osadolor replaces Ryan Finnie.
Attempt missed. Matthew Flynn (Annan Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Goal! Annan Athletic 3, East Stirling 1. Ally Roy (East Stirling) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom right corner following a fast break.
Substitution, Annan Athletic. Liam Park replaces Stuart McColm.
Attempt missed. Stuart McColm (Annan Athletic) left footed shot from the left side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Matthew Flynn (Annan Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box is high and wide to the right.
Attempt missed. Ally Roy (East Stirling) right footed shot from the right side of the six yard box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Michael Wallace (East Stirling) right footed shot from outside the box is just a bit too high.
Substitution, East Stirling. Ally Roy replaces David McKenna.
Attempt missed. Ryan Finnie (Annan Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt missed. Rabin Omar (Annan Athletic) right footed shot from the right side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Substitution, East Stirling. Michael Wallace replaces Andrew Kay.
Substitution, East Stirling. Kristopher Faulds replaces Aron Lynas.
Attempt missed. Matthew Flynn (Annan Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left.
Attempt missed. Peter Weatherson (Annan Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the left following a set piece situation.
Aron Lynas (East Stirling) is shown the yellow card for a bad foul.
Attempt saved. Steven Swinglehurst (Annan Athletic) left footed shot from very close range is saved in the centre of the goal.
Corner, Annan Athletic. Conceded by Darren Dolan.
Attempt saved. David McKenna (East Stirling) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the bottom left corner.
Goal! Annan Athletic 3, East Stirling 0. Peter Weatherson (Annan Athletic) right footed shot from outside the box to the top right corner following a set piece situation.


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This project created an online trip planning service for Waukesha Metro Transit in Waukesha, Wisconsin. Made possible by internet GIS, this site allows travelers to find the most efficient bus itinerary trip possible based on the start location, the end location, travel date, and starting or destination-arrival time. Currently, a similar system is being developed for the City of Milwaukee, and development is underway using integrated Web Services to combine the Waukesha and Milwaukee system to allow users to seamlessly make trip itinerary planning cross the jurisdiction boundary.
CASIR is developing an online multi-modal travel information system to be installed on a set of four multimedia kiosks at Milwaukee's Mitchell International Airport. The multi-modal travel information systems will provide bus and real-time traffic information that allow travelers to search the best routes and best travel modes to get to their destinations. Each kiosk will be two-tiered; the upper tier will have screens displaying real-time traffic information, while the lower tier will have interactive touch screens that allow users to search through bus, taxi and rental car information. The information includes bus routes and schedules, the cost and travel time of taking a taxi, and optimum driving routes given the current real-time traffic conditions on the freeways.
This project provides a standard-based framework for sharing geospatial data at the feature level without the use of the conventional spatial processing approach that requires conflation. Two transportation network datasets are used in the case study to develop a prototype of geospatial data sharing system, which allows the user to access and extract data at the feature level on the Web from distributed sources. It also allows the data providers to provide their data according to a standard data model and framework, so that data about a particular feature can be exchanged. This has important implementations for real-time operations in security and emergency responses.
This study, supported by the National Science Foundation, examines the relationship between bus access and employment among welfare recipients. Dr. Peng has been working with Thomas Sanchez from Virginia Tech and Qing Shen from the University of Maryland to test the following hypothesis: welfare recipients with convenient access to public transportation are better able to find and keep jobs than those without such access. Research is being conducted in 6 cities: Milwaukee, Portland, Denver, Baltimore, Dallas, and Atlanta.
This project developed a framework for a web-based public participation system that allows the general public to utilize the Internet GIS technology without owning the software and with limited training. The article describes the use of Internet GIS, Internet communications, and scenario-building tools to create systems that serve four planning functions: exploration, evaluation, scenario-building, and a forum .
Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems use global position systems (GPS) to track vehicles on an electronic map in real time. Municipal bus systems can use this technology to track the route and schedule adherence of each bus. The Wisconsin Department of Transportation has sponsored this research project (in collaboration with the Center for Urban Transportation Studies at UWM) to evaluate the impact of AVL implementation on public transit efficiency. The first phase of the project has been completed and the project team is working on the second phase.

industry_corpus2: Transportation


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Amerifest 2017-2018 Wee Miss KY Beauty Supreme winner Emalyn Southerland placed higher in the 2018 Amerifest KY State pageant held in Lexington, KY on Friday night November 16th. Emalyn is the daughter of Tim and Mandy Southerland of Morgantown, KY. She took the stage along with 94 other contestants. Emalyn is your new 2018-2019 Wee Miss Kentucky Novice Supreme Winner. She placed 3rd overall, and received two bids to the Amerifest National pageant to be held in July 2019 in Sevierville, TN. She also received KY Ambassador, KY Hospitality, and Prettiest Hair.
Emalyn was representing the Hartford Harvest Festival pageant and director Hannah Blair Ward, where she received her bid to state by winning the 0-7-year-old Grand Supreme title in Oct. 2018.
Emalyn is an active contributor to several non-profit organizations. She loves to make others happy and help others whenever there are opportunities. If there are any local events that you would like for her to attend or assist, please let her parents know. She is also your reigning 2018-2019 Wee Miss U.S. Mini Supreme from the 2018 Amerifest National Pageant held in July of 2018.
Thank you to all the businesses, friends, family, and strangers who have continuously loved and supported Emalyn, through words of wisdom, encouragement, compliments, and contributions. She has always been proud to represent her hometown of Morgantown in each and every pageant she has participated in. Most of all Thank you to our Lord and Savior for giving her this opportunity. Her parents are forever thankful and beyond proud of her as she continues to amaze them.


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Q: What are the benefits of exhibiting at the Summit? – How can we help?
A: Exhibiting at the Summit is the perfect opportunity to raise your company’s profile, strengthen awareness of your products and services to an audience of important decision-makers, and reinforce your position as an industry leader. For more information, please visit: https://summit.imtj.com/exhibit/.

industry_corpus2: Technology & Research


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We find the cheapest flights to Jersey by allowing you to search the entire month for the cheapest available deals. After checking flight estimates on different days we are the only site on the net where you can compare the best meta-search engines in seconds to discover the absolute lowest priced flights to Jersey.
How to use our site to find cheaper flights to Jersey?
In our search engine form you can select which airport you want to fly to Jersey from. After you have done that simply select the 'whole month' option to see the cheapest prices to Jersey from your chosen departure airport.
Skyscanner flights to Jersey - Skyscanner searches hundreds of sites for the cheapest flights - make sure you select this tab on our results page to see their offers.
Momondo flights to Jersey - Momondo is another powerful flight search engine which compares flights to Jersey. Use their handy price calendar to see if you can shave some more off your flight price by looking at surrounding day flights.
Dohop flights to Jersey - Dohop is also shown on our flight results page. We recommend you see their offers too as they can often find cheaper deals than the rest.
We are the only site on the world wide web where you can compare up to 10 different metasearch engines from one convenient location. We call this process meta-meta flight search and in our opinion it is simply the best way of finding the cheapest flights to Jersey in the world.
Remember - the more sites you compare on our results page the more certain you can be that you have found the cheapest flights to Jersey as one site will never find you the best price every time.
Known for its lengthy and hot summers, and relatively warm winters, Jersey attracts a good number of tourists. Only nine miles long and five miles wide, or 14 by 8 kilometres, this small island is the biggest among the British Channel Islands. Sitting right in the English Channel, it was once considered as part of France. Though small in acreage, this island has been big on influence. Not only did this island spawn Jersey dairy cows, but it made popular the knitted sweaters that also carry the island's name.
These days, the history and beauty of this island attract many tourists. The rugged coastline, beautiful beaches and mesmerizing cliffs contrast sharply with the inland landscape enticingly laced with lanes where pedestrians, equestrians and cyclists have priority over motorized vehicles.
Using your preferred mode of transportation, wander at a leisurely pace along these lanes. You'll find treasures such as quaint farmhouses, fine food and remnants of Jersey 's French history in the way of street names and neat fields. British aspects are otherwise rampant. St. Helier, the capital, is an excellent town to explore on foot. Take take advantage of the shopping opportunities offered and keep in mind the low duty rate and no V.A.T.
Once a day, from Elizabeth Castle, you'll hear the booming sound of the noonday gunfire. Make sure you take the time to make your way up to view St. Aubin's Bay and visit the museum.
You also shouldn't miss the German Underground Hospital . And the Jersey Zoo ensures a great day to be had for the whole family. Founder and animal lover, Gerald Durrell, created this refuge for endangered animals. The park ensures visitors leave enlightened and inspired by their day spent among such magnificent animals.
So what are you waiting for? find your cheap flights to Jersey now!

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


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How do I know which legal documents I need to file?
Legal document preparation services can assist you in filling out and even filing your own legal paperwork. A big bonus is that this can save you a bundle of money compared to hiring an attorney. Here’s a brief overview of some of the most common types of situations requiring our assistance.
If no children are involved, and you and your ex can agree on the terms of your divorce, dissolving the marriage can be quite straightforward once you know what to do and when to do it. To start the process, fill out the “Petition for Dissolution of Marriage” form and submit it to the court.
If children are involved, issues like child custody and child support will be dealt with at the same time as the divorce request is being processed.
Child custody in Arizona is actually a mix of legal decision-making and parenting time – due to the complex nature of the legal forms that need to be filled out, professional document preparation services can be an enormous help in streamlining the process for you.
To establish a new child custody agreement, the first step is to fill out and file the “Petition to Establish Legal Decision-Making (Custody), Parenting Time, and/or Child Support” form. During the process, both parents will be asked to provide a range of information, including their name, address, telephone number, occupation, information about the children, and more.
Arizona law states that you cannot modify an existing order for child custody unless it’s been at least a year since it was decreed. Exceptions can be made if the child’s emotional, mental, or physical health is at risk. If you wish to file for a modification, you’ll also have to prove that the change is justified – if you can’t do that, your request will be denied.
To start the process of getting a new child support order approved that wasn’t already dealt with during a separation or divorce proceeding, you’ll have to fill out the application form on the Arizona Department of Economic Security website. You’ll also be asked to provide birth certificates and proof of paternity for all children involved, plus your legal separation documents or other related paperwork.
There are several different types of wills that are considered legal in Arizona, including typed and handwritten ones. To ensure your will is legal, use a form that’s been approved by the Arizona Judicial Branch.
All of the forms you need are available for free on the Arizona Judicial Branch or Arizona Department of Economic Security websites. But don’t forget that you don’t have to go through this process alone. We’re on your side and can help you sort out all of the details regarding what forms are required, filling them out, and filing them correctly.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


text: Our mission is to empower our clients, both business and individual, to manage financial priorities, make the most of new opportunities, and maximize their financial growth. As the world becomes more complex one often has to wear many hats in order to get the job done. Our firm is a year round financial resource for tax, accounting, advisory services, and other special financial services. Our clients are the foundation of our practice. We provide personalized services that are both enjoyable and empowering. We provide timely, high quality services with integrity while assisting our clients in obtaining their maximum financial potential.


text: This keepsake spa tray is filled with all the necessary essentials for a relaxing and invigorating spa experience in the comfort of your own home. When you are all done store them away in the convenient tray. Makes a great gift for a loved one.


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The Dictionary offers complete and precise information as well as an updated bibliography in an easy-to-use alphabetical arrangement. Articles on authors provide a brief description of their lives, a presentation of their works, and an assessment of their influence on the Christian tradition. Other articles deal with types of works and their particular characteristics. Despite the wealth of articles, movements and developments within the centuries can be easily grasped, providing valuable insight into the formation of the Christian tradition as we understand it today.
The long-awaited successor to Berthold Altaner’s Patrologie handbook, the Dictionary of Early Christian Literature presents the life and work of Christian authors up to the eighth century and an assessment of their lasting influence on the Christian tradition. The Dictionary offers compact and precise information as well as an updated bibliography in an easy-to-use alphabetical arrangement. Articles on authors provide a brief description of their lives, a presentation of their works, and an assessment of their influence on the Christian tradition. Other articles deal with types of works and their particular characteristics. Despite the mass of articles, movements and developments within the centuries can easily be grasped, providing valuable insight into the formation of the Christian tradition as we understand it today.
understanding the influence of early Christian literature upon contemporary theological development.
For many years Altaner’s Patrologie served German readers as a standard handbook on early Christianity. Its publishers have updated and replaced it in dictionary form in this fine reference work now available in English translation.
The Dictionary includes numerous articles covering Christian writers of the first eight centuries, providing biographical data, summarizing their thought, and surveying the literatures they produced. Key figures (e.g., Augustine Chrysostom) receive especially comprehensive treatment. The Dictionary also treats anonymous works, literary terms, schools of thought, and such interesting topics as the ancient apocryphal literature regarding the Apostles. Articles tend to be informative, concise, and well-written. They include helpful cross-referencing and extensive bibliographies, giving information about available editions, translations, and an up-to-date list of secondary sources (with an understandable preference for German language sources).
Happily, the Dictionary does not exhibit the Western bias evident in other works; it incorporates many Eastern writers and topics. However, this Eastern focus turns out to be the only major downfall of the translation as such: O’Connell’s transliterations of non-Greek and non-Latin terms reflect a reliance on the German text rather than a direct knowledge of the Eastern languages, It is obvious that the Dictionary originated as a patrology. One must search through an article in order to discover an ancient author’s dates, when dates could have been easily provided as part of the article heading. The Dictionary includes no graphic helps, such as maps or diagrams. The index is strictly of names of ancient authors, texts, and literary topics. The Dictionary does not include articles on such topics as art or architecture, and its treatment of theological topics is sparse. It confines itself mainly to the classic items of interest and is not attuned to more recent interests in the study of early Christianity, such as hagiography-a major literary genre provoking widespread interest today that receives no treatment in the Dictionary. Nevertheless, its solid classical form and function are also its strengths, and the Dictionary fulfills its purpose admirably. It will be a welcome addition to the library of any student of early Christian literature.

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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Airlift amazing finds with the LEGO® City 60196 Arctic Supply Plane, featuring an opening back and ski landing gear, plus an ice cutter vehicle with rotating cab, articulated saw arm and spinning blade, an ice scooter and a frozen saber-toothed tiger encased in an ice formation with translucent blue bricks. This Arctic Expedition set includes 4 LEGO minifigures.
Includes 4 minifigures: an arctic explorer, arctic pilot, expedition leader and driver, plus a saber-toothed tiger figure.
Features a cargo plane with opening hold and ski landing gear.
Also includes a frozen saber-toothed tiger encased in an ice formation build with translucent blue blocks.
Accessory elements include a saw, 2 beacons, 2 cargo boxes, radio, laptop and a pair of snowshoes.
Lower the ice cutter saw blade and cut into the ice mountain to free the prehistoric tiger.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


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Sometimes you need cash at very short notice and immediately. By definition this may rule out banks, employers and other conventional lenders where extended application processes may be required – and that may mean delays. The good news is that same day loans exist whereby you can apply to get a cash advance on your next payday almost immediately.
To use an example, you may just have spotted a fantastic bargain but the seller is not willing to hold it and will sell on a ‘first-come first-served’ basis. If you’re still a few weeks away from your payday you may need quick access to cash to clinch the deal.
That’s where a type of loan called a payday loan may save the day. You just make an online application that’s very simple and you’ll usually get an almost immediate decision. If it’s positive, the money could be in your bank account in as little as 2 hours (assuming your bank can accept instant transfers).
to show that you’re in permanent employment and in receipt of regular, predictable income.
You may even be able to secure this sort of loan if you have issues on your credit history.
A payday loan works very simply. As part of the loan application you’ll typically need to provide your bank details and your pay dates as well as confirmation that you are in permanent USA employment.
Assuming the fast cash loan is approved, you’ll also be given full details of the interest and any charges (such as bank transfer fees). You will need typically to pay back the entire amount on your next payday or the one after that, depending on the date of the loan. As a general rule, the lender will debit your bank account directly with the agreed sum on the pre-agreed date and the loan is repaid.
Same day loans offer fast access to cash and the ability to take out a loan without having to face long repayments of debt going over months and months ahead. They may give you the flexibility you need to get through a difficult month.


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A strong safety culture is critical to reducing accidents, injuries, and other work-related hazards. But many workers see safety measures as tedious and time-consuming. They often require an exhaustive list of protocols and can even reduce productivity. But harnessing the power of technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) may not only inspire and empower workers to take safety into their own hands, they might also reduce workplace injuries and accidents.
Statistics show that there’s a strong correlation between worker engagement and better safety practices. In 2016 Gallup found that engaged workers have 70% fewer workplace accidents. Empowering employees through mobilizing a hands-on environment, especially younger workers with more visual, technology-driven approaches, has a tangible impact on reducing incidents. Data can also be used by managers to measure the specific progress and results of training programs for employees using VR and AR technology through an integrated platform.
So just exactly how do VR and AR work in the safety industry? These technologies are most widely seen in training scenarios. VR and AR simulations allow workers to experience workplace hazards in a virtual environment. This engagement gives them the freedom to problem solve and hone their reflexes in safety, transcending more traditional methods of safety training.
While similar technologies, it’s important to know the key differences between VR and AR. VR provides a completely virtual experience of the world, typically through a wearable headset. In contrast, AR superimposes computer-generated images and information on top of the user’s actual view of the world. This is more readily seen in applications that utilize wearables like smart safety glasses and other PPE devices. Although both technologies have their benefits, AR is usually considered more adaptable for safety-related efforts . EHS reports that on-the-spot ussage of AR technology can provide an immediate boost to safety practices, including the ability to display instruction manuals and guides over a workplace scene in an instant. Voice commands and virtual interactions enable workers to free their hands and move safely to perform a task without the risk of dropping a device or losing momentum.
Accessibility is at its highest point, with growth in the virtual reality industry expected to reach $30 million in just the next two years, according to Forbes. The number of employees utilizing VR is also exploding, and according to investment bankers Piper Jaffray, over 500 million VR headsets will be sold by 2025. That’s great news for companies seeking competitive ways to stay ahead of the curve and safety industry professionals seeking a widely available way to maintain their own health and safety goals.
When an entire workplace is engaged and individual employees feel empowered, a safer and more productive workplace follows. VR and AR technologies are an accessible, proven way to accomplish occupational safety goals and generate a culture of employee engagement and empowerment. We're looking forward to seeing even more applications of these innovative technologies as we move forward into Industry 4.0.


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The December 5th Fund gives families dealing with cancer one great day. It's a day to strengthen their love for one another, and to focus on what matters most - family. December 5th, 2015 served as the launching pad for this non-profit organization.
Our mission is to give back a day without worry, a day without the normal burdens that many take for granted. The December 5th Fund creates memories that last a lifetime, long after the burden of cancer is gone.
What if you could provide a day full of memories to a family stricken with cancer? This fund was created in memory of Karen Frossard and 100% of the proceeds will go towards programming and helping families affected by cancer.


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It's easy to secure a booking - just check the availability of your chosen chalet, complete the enquiry form and send it to us. Providing the dates are free, we'll require your deposit payment to secure the booking.
We shall reply to your enquiry via email, so please look out for our response.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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Seokguram Hermitage, which is located on top of Mt. Tohamsan, is known as “Stone Cave Hermitage,” in English. And alongside Bulguksa Temple, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. The hermitage was first called Seokbulsa Temple (Stone Buddha Temple). And it was originally constructed under the guidance of then Prime Minister, Kim Daeseong. The temple was completed in 774 A.D. just after Kim’s death. It’s believed that Bulguksa Temple was constructed by Kim for his parents in his present life, while Seokguram Hermitage was built for his parents from his previous life. The grotto at Seokguram Hermitage is designated National Treasure #24.
Through the Iljumun Gate, and winding around the side of Mt. Tohamsan, you’ll make your way towards Seokguram Hermitage. As you first approach the hermitage grounds, you’ll notice the monks’ dorms, facilities, and visitors’ centre to your right. It’s up on the hillside, where two shrine halls reside, that you’ll find the world famous Seokguram Grotto.
So up a long set of uneven stairs, passing by the remnants of a failed Japanese reconstruction of the grotto from 1913-15, you’ll make your way towards the breath-taking grotto. And when you finally do get to the top of the stairs be prepared to see the very best that Korean Buddhism has to offer the world in artistic achievement!
You first enter the outer wooden chamber that allows you to look in on the Seokguram Grotto that is now shielded by protective glass However, you still get an amazing feel for the sophisticated artistry that resides inside the grotto.
The first thing to catch your eye is the centerpiece: a 3.5 metre tall statue of Seokgamoni-bul (The Historical Buddha). He looks out over the East Sea, while striking the Touching the Earth mudra. The elegant statue sits on a 1.34 metre tall lotus pedestal. With a serene look in his eyes, the Buddha welcomes all visitors to the Seokguram Hermitage.
After having your fill of what artistic serenity looks like, look around the rectangular antechamber. At the very front, there are a pair of Vajra warriors that guard the ancient entry. These two figures are very visible because they are muscular with clenched fists and grimaces adorning their faces. The next stone images that appear inside the narrow entry chamber are the Sacheonwang, or the Four Heavenly Kings. These four images are meant to ward off any evil from entering the inner chamber.
Looking a little deeper inside the octagonal chamber, and around the imposing image of Seokgamoni-bul, you’ll notice that he’s surrounded in back by two rows of stone figures. The bottom row are the Nahan (The Historical Disciples of the Buddha). The upper figures are images of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.
The most interesting image inside this vaulted chamber, other than the serenely seated Seokgamoni-bul, is the partially hidden stone statue of Gwanseeum-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Compassion). Hidden behind Seokgamoni-bul stands the eleven-headed statue of Gwanseeum-bosal. This statue stands 2.18 metres in height and holds a vase containing a lotus blossom.
Just below the grotto is another shrine hall: the Geukrak-jeon Hall. Housed inside this hall, and sitting on the main altar, is a statue of Amita-bul (The Buddha of the Western Paradise). It’s joined by a guardian mural and metal reliefs of Sanshin (The Mountain Spirit), Dokseong (The Lonely Saint), and Chilseong (The Seven Stars).
HOW TO GET THERE: Much like Bulguksa Temple, you’ll need to catch a bus out in front of the Gyeongju Intercity Terminal. From this bus stop, you should board either Bus #10 or #11. You should get off at the Bulguksa Temple Bus stop. This part of the trip should take about an hour. From the Bulguksa Temple parking lot, you’ll need to catch Bus #12, which will bring you the rest of the way up to Seokguram Hermitage. The final leg of the trip up to the hermitage takes about 10 minutes, and the bus leaves every 30 minutes.
OVERALL RATING: 10/10. With it being the most beautiful and crowning achievement of religious artistry in Korea, Seokguram Hermitage rates a perfect ten out of ten. In all of my travels throughout various temples in Korea, I have yet to be spell-bound as much as I am when I visit Seokguram Hermitage. Other temples and hermitages may be bigger in size and scope or have greater historical/cultural significance, but all pale in comparison to the simple beauty the hillside grotto radiates.
A look towards the East Sea as you make your way towards Seokguram Hermitage.
And a look towards Gyeongju.
The Iljumun Gate at the hermitage.
A look up towards the grotto.
Just before entering the grotto.
Finally, a look inside the grotto.
A closer looking at the amazing 8th century statue of Seokgamoni-bul.
The view from the grotto towards the East Sea.
The Geukrak-jeon Hall just below the grotto.
Amita-bul sitting all alone on the main altar inside the Geukrak-jeon Hall.
A mural dedicated to Jijang-bosal.
Two reliefs. To the left is Sanshin, while to the right is Dokseong.
And the final relief inside the hall is dedicated to Chilseong.
Continuing with our tour of Gyeongju, I’ve included a posting on Bunhwangsa Temple (분황사). Bunhwangsa Temple has the oldest pagoda in all of Korea, so enjoy!
In total, I’ve visited Gyeongju probably about six times, and of those six, I’ve visited Bunhwangsa Temple three times. Depending on how much time you have, how much energy you still have after walking all day, and how late you’re running in the day if you still want to visit Bulguksa Temple and Seokguram Hermitage, you should visit Bunhwangsa Temple.
Bunhwangsa Temple (“Famous Emperor Temple”) is probably best known for its brick pagoda. Once one of the four most famous temples in the early Silla Dynasty, Bunhwangsa Temple is a lot smaller and in important in scope in present day Korea. The aforementioned brick pagoda at Bunhwangsa Temple is the oldest pagoda in all of Korea dating from 634. Originally, the pagoda was nine stories high; however, the pagoda only has three in the present day. At the base of the pagoda chamber openings, with doors that are slightly ajar, are the fiercely protective stone figures. Also, there are lions adorning the base of the pagoda. There is only one worship hall at this temple with an out of place, supersized, Buddha. There are future plans to expand the Bunhwangsa Temple grounds and return the temple to its past glory during the Silla Dynasty.
HOW TO GET THERE: To get to Buhwangsa Temple, you should walk down a country road that starts at the Gyeongju National Museum. The country road runs along a field. This field is the former temple grounds for Hwangnyong-saji. Cross over the railway tracks along this road and proceed for about a kilometer.
Also, if you don’t want to see Tumulus Park, Anapji, and the Gyeongju National Museum, and you simply want to go directly from the intercity bus terminal, you can catch a bus from the opposite side of Gyeongju Bus Terminal: take Bus #10 (15 minute interval), #11 (11 minute interval), #15 (3 times a day), #17 (6:20 am, only once a day), #18 (9 times a day), #277 (9 times a day) to get off at Bunhwangsa Temple (15 min ride). Also, you can take a 10 minute taxi ride from the bus station.
Admission for adults is 1,300 Won. And it’s open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m (except in winter when it’s open from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.).
OVERALL RATING: 7/10. This temple, simply for possessing the oldest pagoda in all of Korea rates a 7 out of 10. Honestly, this pagoda is amazing, not only because it’s so old, but because it’s so beautiful, as well. However, there is very little else to this temple besides this pagoda. Let’s hope that the future temple additions will be as breath-taking as the historical pagoda!
A look at the kilometre long field that you’ll have to pass to get to Bunhwangsa Temple.
One of the four corners of the beautiful pagoda.
A look inside the slightly ajar doors with the fierce guards protecting its entry from any evil spirits.
A little less open, but no less protected.
A look at one of the ancient lions.
This one has seen better days, and yet, it’s still as fierce as ever.
The solitary worship hall at Bunhwangsa Temple with a view of the newly tidied courtyard.
The rather large Buddha statue inside the worship hall.
A painting of three Buddhas on the exterior of the worship hall.
Another unique painting on the exterior of the worship hall.
A faded painting depicting a court on the exterior of the worship hall at the temple.
The temple’s university for monks at Bunhwangsa Temple.
A faceless sculpture of a Buddha beside the temple’s university and behind the worship hall at the temple.
And a newer looking sculpture of Buddhas in the main courtyard at the temple.
Some beautiful irises were in bloom when we visited.
The restored bell pavilion with father and son paying 1,000 Won to bring the temple’s bell.
An extremely unique wooden drum at Bunhwangsa Temple.
A better look at the drum’s grotesque features.
A look at the temple remains of Hwangnyong-saji in Gyeongju.
Continuing with postings about Gyeongju, today’s temple is Hwangnyong-saji Temple remains (황룡사지). Unlike most temples that will be posted on this blog, Hwangyong-saji are the remains of a temple. Following our geographic walk through downtown Gyeongju, you’ll come across these remains.
After wandering the downtown area of historical Gyeongju, passing such sights as Tumulus Park, Cheomseongdae, Wolsang Park, Anapji, and the Gyeongju National Museum, you can come across the remains of Hwanngnyong-saji Temple. Walking east of the Gyeongju National Museum, towards a seemingly vacant farmer’s field, is Hwangyong-saji Temple remains. Cross over the railroad tracks and follow the path through the field; here, you’ll see the six metre high, three tiered, stone pagoda that rises out of a rice paddy. Originally, the pagoda dates back to the 9th century, but was resurrected in 1980. Where the pagoda stands is the former site of Mitansa. Just north of this pagoda is the site of the largest temple of the Silla dynasty: Hwangyong-saji (“The Imperial Dragon Temple”).
From a mound in the middle of this compound, you’ll be able to see massive cornerstones to the former temple buildings. From this vantage point you will also be able to tell that the former temple grounds were extensive and that the temple buildings were numerous. The temple was constructed in 553. In fact, there was a bell four times the size of the famous Emille Bell at the Gyeongju National Museum. Also, there was a nine-story pagoda in the temple courtyard that reached 70 metres in height! In total, this pagoda was destroyed five times over six centuries. But finally, in 1238, during the Mongol invasions, it was burnt to the ground never to be rebuilt again. Presently, there are 64 massive foundation stones on the lawn to indicate and highlight just how magnificent this temple formerly was. Additionally, there are a tall pair of flagpole supports that stand on the northern side of the field. From these flagpoles it isn’t much further to Bunhwangsa; probably, only a two minute walk. So if you’re going to one, you might as well go to the other. If you’ve packed a lunch, like some of the other Koreans during lunch time; it’s a nice little picnic area, or even a nice place to rest for a few minutes.
Admission is free to the field.
OVERALL RATING: 2.5/10. Because it’s more of an after-thought than it is the main reason you’re visiting Gyeongju, it rates so low. Because there are only remains, and not really a temple per se, it rates so low, as well. However, because it’s so close in proximity to everything else, and makes for a nice little mid-day break from your adventures, this historical site is worth seeing. Also, it is a rare insight into the brutality of Korea’s past. For all these reasons, Hwangyong-saji may not be at the top of your list for places to see in Gyeongju, but it should at least be on your list.
A view of the field that houses the remains of the temple with elevated earth highlighting where the former buildings stood.
A picture of two bases of destroyed pagodas at Hwangyong-saji Temple.
The elevated outline of Mok Tap Ji at Hwangnyong-saji Temple.
A better look at the remains at Mok Tap Ji.
More remains at Hwangyong-saji Temple. This time, the remains are from the elevated earthly remains from Geum Dang Ji.
A better look at the remains at Geum Dang Ji.
One final look at Hwangnyong-saji Temple, and the sprawling remains of the former temple spread out throughout a field.
One of the fierce guardians, Ha, on the entrance doors of Beopjangsa Temple.
In the next few postings I thought I would write about Gyeongju. I thought I would post the postings as you geographically move through the city towards your final destination of Seokguram Hermitage. That’s why, today, we’re starting off with Beopjangsa Temple (법장사); it’s the closest temple to the intercity bus terminal. So without any further ado, here’s Beopjangsa Temple!
Beopjangsa Temple is a rather unimpressive temple along the main road in Gyeongju. In fact, if it wasn’t between where you’re dropped off at the bus station and the rear entrance of Tumulus Park, I don’t think I would have noticed it. The temple is on small, cramped grounds. This temple has one main hall, and that’s about it. The one redeeming thing about this temple are the fierce guardian paintings of Heng and Ha on the entrance doors.
HOW TO GET THERE: This temple is very easy to get to. When you leave the intercity bus complex, you should walk straight towards Tumulus Park for about 300 metres. Remain on the left side of the main road. You’ll have to keep your eyes open for this temple because it’s really easy to pass it by without even noticing it, especially with all the beauty that surrounds you.
Admission to this temple is free.
OVERALL RATING: 2/10. The one noteworthy attribute to this temple are the two fierce guardians, Heng and Ha, on the front doors that protect Beopjangsa Temple from evil spirits. While this temple pales in comparison to the historical grandeur of Gyeongju, it’s worth a quick step inside the grounds to take a couple pictures of the impressive front door paintings of the temple guardians.
The second fierce guardian, Heng, that protects the temple from evil spirits.
And the main hall at Beopjangsa Temple.
NOTE: After receiving an overwhelming response for my first posting about Singyesa Temple in North Korea, I thought I would update the posting with even more pictures and some observations. I hope you’ll enjoy the update!
Hello Everyone, I decided to dig deep into the archive of Korean temples and find this gem. This temple comes from my two day adventure to NORTH KOREA in 2007!!!
Yours truly with a North Korean worker from the neighbouring hotel. This picture was taken by his co-worker at the hotel. In the background is Kim Il Seong and Kim Jung Il. We were instructed that if we wanted to take pictures we couldn’t cut the painting in half with our cameras because the Kim’s are gods and that would be sacrilege. So for most pictures the North Korean hotel workers took the pictures.
Recently, unless you’re Wolf Blitzer (of CNN fame), or Bill Richardson (former Governor of New Mexico), North Korea is virtually impossible to get into. This all started with the killing of a South Korean woman on July 11, 2008 when she was shot to death by a North Korean soldier. This shut down the Gumgangsan Mountain complex to tourists. And then it worsened in 2010 with the sinking of the Cheonan and the shelling of Yeonpyeong-do.
So when it was still possible to visit Gumgangsan Mountains in North Korea, I decided to jump all over an invitation to join a few other co-teachers at the hagwon I was working at in March of 2007. I actually didn’t even know that such a thing existed until they asked if I wanted to go. In total, there were six of us going. After living in Korea, at that time, for three and a half years, this was going to be the most unique opportunity of my entire adventures throughout the Korean peninsula.
So after work at seven on a Friday night in March, we made our way over to the Busan Station to catch a KTX (bullet) train up to Seoul. We had to be up there by 11, so we were cutting it close. But fortunately, everything ran smoothly and we got to the bus we needed to get to at a university in Seoul. Overnight, we slept in the bus as we made our way from the north-west side in Seoul over to the north-east side near Seokcho. We arrived at five in the morning outside immigration on the South Korean side of the border. The instructions we received just before brokering the DMZ were unforgettable. We were instructed to hand over all our cell phones, and that if we had cameras that zoomed past 5X we had to hand those over as well (I guess the North Koreans just don’t like to be checked out). Also, we were told that bags that had either U.S. or South Korean flag patches attached to them couldn’t be carried over the border. And we were instructed, when communicating with North Koreans, that we couldn’t smile, make eye-contact, talk politics (makes sense), and that our room and trails at the parks we would be visiting would be bugged. Lastly, we couldn’t take pictures, besides in the areas that were approved by the North Korean government. So this ruled out the road to and from the Gumgungsan complex we would be staying at. In fact, we were told there would be soldiers standing along the road and countryside with red flags; if we were caught taking unauthorized pictures of North Korea, they would raise a red flag, our bus would pull over, and it would be a quick trip to and from North Korea.
With all that being said, you might be wondering why I decided to go to North Korea; well, I guess the quickest answer to that is that you only live once. So with “Wonderwall”, by Oasis, playing on the bus radio, we crossed through the DMZ. And like we were warned, there were a countless amount of soldiers with red flags waiting our arrival. Looking around the barren landscape, I notice numerous missile silos up in the mountains pointing towards the south. It didn’t get much more real than this.
Well the surreal severity of the situation became even more intense when we got to the “Immigration Office.” And you might be wondering why I put that in quotes; well the “Immigration Office” was a massive wedding tent. In the background were two massive paintings attached to a local factory. And in the air was playing propaganda music. Like cattle, we were told what line and number we had to go through immigration. Sweating a bit, like all the other foreigners waiting to get into North Korea, it was finally my time to confront the immigration officer after I passed through the security check. Slapping my passport and visa down on the desk, the man scanned both, and looking up with frog eyes (he must have had a medical condition, because both eyes pointed in opposite directions), he proceeded to ask me “Poost time Gumgangsan?” I didn’t want to ask him anything, but I didn’t understand what he was asking, “Pardon,” I asked as politely as I could. Again, “Poost time Gumgangsa?” Scratching my head mentally for a second, I finally figured out what he was asking, “Yes, first time in Gumgangsan.” And with that said he welcomed me to North Korea. Now, almost in mockery of the all surreal situation, there were a row of portable toilets (I guess they were literally trying to make us crap ourselves) and a stuffed life-sized bear with a North Korean dancing inside. Surreal!
Finally, with everyone through immigration without any problems, we were on our way to the green-fenced complex that would be housing us during our two day stay in North Korea. After dropping our stuff off at the hotel (ie former palace of Kim Il Sung’s wife), we made our way over to the trail at Manmulsang. After the early morning and the afternoon of hiking, it didn’t take me long to crash after dinner.
The hotel we stayed at in North Korea.
Manmulsang: the first trail we hiked when we got to North Korea.
The next day we had a fully booked day to Samilpo Lake, Kuryongyon countryside,and Singyesa Temple. On the way to Kuryongyon we saw Singyesa. Our tour guide promised us that on the way back from climbing around the North Korean countryside at Kuryongyon, we would go.
The next day, in the morning, we visited Samilpo Lake.
This graffiti promoting the Dear Leader and the Greater Leader were everyone. Specifically, this one was located at Samilpo Lake. In translation, it reads: Our Friend, Kim Il Sung, Hooray!
And around lunch time we visited the trail at Kuryongyon.
So after a 2 to 3 hour hike, we returned to Singyesa Temple. Singyesa Temple (신계사) was built in 519. However, the temple was completely destroyed during the Korean War. The only thing that remained was, and is, a stone pagoda. In 2004, in collaboration with the Jogye Buddhist Order in South Korea and both Korean governments, the temple started to be resurrected. And in 2007 there was a lone South Korean monk/care-taker. In 2007, a lot of buildings had been resurrected, but had still to be fully furnished with internal and external paintings, as well as altar pieces. It must be noted that Singyesa Temple is more of a decorative piece than an active Buddhist temple. There are no followers at this temple other than the South Korean monk/care-taker in North Korea.
In total, there are 5 buildings at Singyesa Temple. There is a bell tower, living quarters, prayer halls, and the main hall. Some, in 2007, were incomplete, whether they were void of internal or external painting. Also, most noticeably, there was no bell in the bell tower. However, there were some gorgeously simplistic main altar pieces in the main hall. The colour scheme was uniquely orange, something I have yet to see in South Korea. The most unique aspect of this temple is a stone tablet marking a visit from Kim Il Seong in 1947 and 1948.
With a quick whirlwind tour of North Korea, and unforgettable moments along the way, it was time to get back to the South and work at 10 a.m. on Monday.
Admission is free and is only open when (and if, Gumgangsan is open up to foreigners again) the tour bus is willing to visit Singyesa.
OVERALL RATING: 9/10. Just for being North Korea alone, and being scared the entire time I was there, this temple is rated so highly. The temple itself is rather non-descript, other than the uniquely orange colour scheme. Also, when you first enter the temple grounds, there is the granite marker indicating a visit from Kim Il Seong in 1947 and 1948.
Enjoy the pictures of this temple, which is a rare inside look into North Korea from a foreigner’s perspective.
TRANSLATION: (left) National Heritage Sight 95: Shingyesa Temple.
(right) Our Great Leader Kim Il Seong, and our Dear Leader Kim Jeong Il and a communist revolutionary fighter/leader Kim Jeong Suk visited in Juche 36 (1947), on Sept 28th, and the Great Leader, Kim Il Seong visited here again in Juche 37 (1948), on Oct., where he taught us these meaningful words: that this temple was made with flying gable roofs and nice buildings and the three storied pagoda is worth being a national heritage treasure. Shingyesa Temple was a big temple which is amazing and graceful in its architecture. Shingyesa Temple used to have many treasures, but in our homeland’s liberation war, it was brutally bombed by America. So everything was burned and only the sights remain. Shingyesa Temple’s worth as a national treasure is to show Chosun’s history of architecture and progression.
The Singyesa Temple grounds as we approached.
The future sight of the bell tower. In 2007, and maybe still the same to the present day, there are no ceremonial bells common to all Korean Buddhist temples.
The main hall with the only remaining artifact from the original temple: the ancient pagoda.
A better look at the pagoda that has seen numerous kings and queens, wars, and communist rule.
A look out from the main hall towards the temple courtyard and with the Geumgang Mountains in the background.
A look across the main hall entrance and the uniquely coloured orange exterior.
A better look at the ornately orange woodwork at Singyesa Temple.
Some of the artwork on the exterior of the main hall. This is Bohyun-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Power) depicted on top of a white elephant.
A painting from the life of Buddha.
Another painting from the life of the Buddha decorating the main hall.
One of the guardians of the temple.
And just one more painting from the temple before I had to leave. We only had about 30 minutes to look around the entire temple. And for me, that’s not much.
The beautiful arched bridge at Songgwangsa Temple.
Songgwangsa Temple, which means Spreading Pine Temple, in English, sits on the western slope of Mt. Jogyesan, in Jogyesan Provincial Park. Songgwangsa Temple was first constructed at the end of the Silla Dynasty in the late 1100’s. Bojo Guksa (1158-1210), otherwise known as Jinul, built the temple as a centre for furthering Buddhism studies. As one of the three treasure temples, Songgwangsa Temple represents the seung (monk). In 1969, the temple was reorganized as a monastic centre for all sects of Mahayana Buddhism, and it was also made an international meditation centre.
You first approach the temple up a long winding path that intersects some beautiful pine and cedar trees. This 15 minute walk that neighbours the Sinpyeong stream will take you past a beautiful wooden bridge and an artificial pond that is cloaked in colourful paper lanterns. You’ll know that you’re getting closer to the temple grounds when you come across a field of budos dedicated to former monks at Songgwangsa Temple.
Just to the left of the ancient Bulimun Gate is one of the most picturesque entrances to a Korean Buddhist temple in all of Korea. Protruding out of the Sinpyeong stream is a temple building, as well as the Woohwa-gak pavilion that spans the width of the stream. The mirror-like surface of the stream coupled with the dragon-based bridge make for quite the photo-op.
Having passed through the Woohwa-gak pavilion, you’ll make your way through the Cheonwangmun Gate with the Four Heavenly Kings inside. These recently refurbished statues make for quite the welcoming committee at the temple. It’s only after circumnavigating the Jonggo-ru Pavilion, which also acts as the temple’s bell pavilion on the second story, that you finally enter the main temple courtyard at Songgwangsa Temple.
Straight ahead is the beautiful Daeungbo-jeon main hall at Songgwangsa Temple. This massive main hall is beautifully packed with Buddhist artistry both inside and out. The wooden latticework is second-to-none, as are the various Buddhist themed murals like the one dedicated to Wonhyo’s awakening. As for the interior, and sitting on the main altar, are seven golden statues. Sitting in the centre of the set is Birojana-bul (The Buddha of Cosmic Energy). He’s joined on either side by Munsu-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Wisdom) and Bohyun-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Power). To the right of this triad is Mireuk-bul (The Future Buddha) and Gwanseeum-bosal (The Bodhisattva of Compassion). And to the left sit Yeondeung-bul (The Past Buddha) and Jijang-bosal (The Bodhisattva of the Afterlife).
The other buildings you can enjoy to the right of the main hall, and open to the public, are the Jijang-jeon, Yeongsan-jeon, and the Yaksa-jeon. Both the Yeongsan-jeon and the Yaksa-jeon are extremely small in size. While the Yaksa-jeon is dedicated to the Buddha of Medicine, the Yeongsan-jeon is a hall dedicated to eight paintings from the Buddha’s life. As for the Jijang-jeon, this cavernously wide hall houses a green-haired seated statue of Jijang-bosal, as well as the Ten Kings of the Underworld. As for the murals that adorn this hall’s exterior walls, they are amazing in their masterful beauty.
As for the buildings to the left of the main hall, there’s the beautiful Seungbo-jeon, which is the very embodiment of the “seung” aspect that Songgwangsa Temple stands for as a treasure temple. The exterior walls are beautifully adorned with some amazing renderings of the Ox-Herding murals. Sitting inside this hall are row upon row of smaller sized golden monk statues. As for the main altar inside this hall, there sits a statue dedicated to Seokgamoni-bul (The Historical Buddha).
In total, and rather remarkably, there have been some 16 national masters that had once studied at Songgwangsa Temple. In fact, the first of these, Jinul, has a budo dedicated to him behind the Gwaneeum-jeon. This budo dates back to 1213, and you get a commanding view of the more than 50 buildings at Songgwangsa Temple. As for the Gwaneeum-jeon hall itself, it’s beautifully surrounded on all sides by lush gardens. Sitting inside this hall is a statue of Gwanseeum-bosal sitting all alone on the main altar. She is surrounded on all sides by beautiful murals, as well as a dragon altar that completely engulfs her.
HOW TO GET THERE: From Suncheon, there is city bus #111 or an intercity bus from Suncheon to Songgwangsa Temple. Both are roughly 3,000 won. Also, from Jeonju, you can take local bus #806, #814 or #838 to Songgwangsa Temple.
OVERALL RATING: 9/10. Songgwangsa Temple is beautifully situated in the mountain folds of Mt. Jogyesan. Its beautiful entry that spans the Sinpyeong stream with its dragon-based bridge is a feat of Buddhist artistry. With its numerous halls like the massive Daeungbo-jeon and Seungbo-jeon, Songgwangsa Temple has a little of everything for everyone.
The beautiful trail that leads to Songgwangsa Temple.
The Bulimun Gate at Songgwangsa Temple.
The gorgeous covered arch bridge and stream that flows down from the Jogye-San Mountains.
As I promised, one of the greatest views within a temple grounds.
A look under the dragon-based bridge.
A view from inside the bridge.
One of the four guardians of Songgwangsa Temple that you have to pass to get to the temple’s courtyard.
The main hall at Songgwangsa Temple.
The amazing view behind the main hall.
A look inside the Jijang-jeon at Songgwangsa Temple.
A look inside the Seungbo-jeon Hall.
The Gwaneum-jeon at Songgwangsa Temple.
A look inside the Gwaneum-jeon.
The stairway that leads up to Jinul’s stupa.