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Dogs are beloved pets, but they may also behave unpredictably, and not all owners take the time to train them. The pain inflicted by an attacking dog may be severe, and there may be additional complications related to infection or disfigurement if biting is involved. If you or your child is hurt in this type of incident, you may be able to recover compensation with the assistance of our Middlesex County dog bite lawyers. In many cases, a personal injury lawsuit is the only way that a victim can afford the large medical bills that may accompany a serious bite. At Siegel & Siegel, we represent not only dog bite victims but also people who need a premises liability attorney or guidance in a wide range of other personal injury claims.
There is strict liability for dog bites in New Jersey under New Jersey Statutes section 4:18-16. You may hold a dog owner liable under this statute even if it has not ever acted viciously before and even if the dog owner was as surprised by the viciousness as you were. You must have been on public property or have been legally present on private property when you were bitten. The statute applies only to bites rather than to injuries like scratching or fractures from falling.
Dog owners defending against a dog bite lawsuit may claim that you were comparatively negligent. This means that you owed a duty to use reasonable care, failed to use reasonable care, and then were injured. New Jersey follows a rule of comparative negligence, whereby your damages are reduced by an amount equal to your percentage of fault. For example, if you were taunting the dog through a fence, and then it snapped at you, you may be comparatively negligent. Our dog bite attorneys can help Middlesex County residents argue against any allegation of comparative negligence.
Damages that may be recovered following a dog bite include past and future medical expenses, past and future hospital bills, pain and suffering, emotional distress, lost income, and lost earning capacity. These damages may vary somewhat based on the extent of the injuries and the need for future treatment. In general, scars and disfigurement are a compensable loss, but they are valued differently according to the specific circumstances of the victim. This is another reason why retaining an attorney may make a significant difference to the amount of compensation that you receive.
In cases in which you were hurt by other dog actions, such as jumping, you may be able to sue for negligence. This means that a victim will need to establish that the owner owed them a duty of reasonable care to control the dog's conduct, the owner did not meet the duty, and since they did not meet the duty, they caused harm to the victim. For example, if you were walking down the street, and a dog jumped on you, causing you to twist an ankle, you might be able to sue for negligence even though you could not sue for strict liability. Most likely, you would need to show that the dog had a history of knocking people over or otherwise harming them to show that the owner had a duty to take additional measures to keep people safe from the dog.
Dog bite injuries may be extremely painful and often also leave embarrassing scars. Our Middlesex County dog bite attorneys may be able to help you recover compensation if you have been attacked by someone else’s animal. We represent victims in Plainsboro, Cranbury, South Brunswick, North Brunswick, New Brunswick, Edison, Piscataway, Trenton, Princeton, Hamilton, and West Windsor, as well as other areas of Middlesex, Mercer, Burlington, Monmouth, and Union Counties. Contact us online or call us at 609-799-6066 to set up a free appointment. We assist people who need a personal injury lawyer or a wrongful death attorney to help them seek the justice that they deserve.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


text: RNA-seq analysis was performed on poly(A)+ RNA from various tissues dissected from various stages of D. melanogaster. Total RNA was isolated by the Peter Cherbas group. Isolation of poly(A)+ RNA and strand-specific library construction were performed in the Brenton Graveley lab. Libraries were distributed among 3 labs in the Drosophila Transcriptome group for sequencing (Celniker, Gingeras, and Graveley) for paired-end RNA sequencing (2x76+ nt) on the GAIIx platform. Fastq files were generated using pipeline version 1.5. Reads were aligned to the genome and a splice-junction database using Bowtie 0.12.0-beta1 and SPA5.pl (to identify only uniquely-mapped reads).

industry_corpus2: Biopharmaceuticals


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Crazy as it sounds, not all Brazilians will be rooting for their country in the 2006 World Cup.
In fact, some will be working hard to keep Carlos Alberto Parreira and his Brazilian players from repeating as world champions.
To be fair, most would have been happy to help their countrymen—but they couldn’t catch on with Brazil’s team, so they’ll take part as members of other national squads instead. In addition to Parreira, four other Brazilians will be coaching national teams, and five Brazilian-born players have been summoned to play with other nations.
And it’s no surprise: the country’s soccer talent pool is so deep that some say its second-stringers could contend for the title. Standouts such as Real Madrid’s Julio Baptista and Valencia’s Edu were left off the final roster.
“Every time is like this,” Mario Zagallo, Brazil’s assistant coach and a former player, said recently.
The most prominent names among coaches include Zico, a former Brazilian all-star who commands the Japanese national team, and Luiz Felipe Scolari, who led Brazil to their fifth world title in the 2002 World Cup and now coaches Portugal.
Players include one of Portugal’s stars, Deco, who was born in Brazil and grew up playing locally before adopting Portuguese citizenship. The FC Barcelona midfielder said he made the move after realising he would not have an opportunity to play on Brazil’s national team.
Parreira recently said Deco would likely have a chance to play for Brazil now, but Fifa doesn’t allow players to switch back their citizenship once it’s been changed.
Brazilian-born midfielder Antonio Naelson made a similar move, seeking Mexican citizenship so he could play for that country.
Barely known in Brazil, Naelson has been included in coach Ricardo Lavolpe’s Mexican squad for the World Cup.
Spain enters the tournament with midfielder Marcos Senna, a 29-year-old Brazilian naturalised Spaniard who moved to Villarreal in 2002 after failing to settle with Brazilian clubs. He debuted with Spain on March 1 as a substitute in a 3-2 win over CÃ´te d’Ivoire in a friendly.
“It would be a dream come true to participate in this World Cup,” he said before his final selection.
Japan, one of Brazil’s opponents in group F, selected midfielder Alessandro Santos, who was born in Brazil and now is a regular starter on Zico’s team. And Tunisia will count on Brazilian striker Jose Clayton, a key player in the African team’s campaign to qualify for their second straight World Cup finals.
Another Brazilian in Germany is coach Marcos Paqueta, who will lead Saudi Arabia. Paqueta, who has been coaching Arab clubs since 2004, has seven Brazilians as members of his staff.

industry_corpus2: Sports


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All users hooked onto Internet Radio will be very familiar with Pandora. The service that allows users to create custom playlist and every particular station is set by a specific artist or song or a mixture of multiple items fused into a single station.
The feature and functionality embedded in Pandora that totally takes away the cake would be the Feedback function that has an impact not only on the particular track, but on the entire Playlist on a whole.
So here how it works: there are two feedback options thumbs-up and thumbs-down. So whenever you hit the thumbs-down button on any artist or song, Pandora remembers that and makes sure songs very similar to the disliked one are never played often on your playlist.
Similarly if you hit the thumbs-up button for an artist or song makes Pandora play that artist or song and everything closely related to that genre more often. The whole idea of this sort of feedback is to make music listening on Pandora more customized and also ensuring that only that music is played often which a particular user will prefer listening to.
After initial release in the year 2000, Pandora has diversified by infiltrating new areas such as Web-Browsers and Smartphone. So now, an Android user or iOS owner with internet connectivity can have Pandora access 24×7. The buck does not stop there, with a single account, a user can access his/her saved playlist, artist, music on various devices without taking the pain of setting up everything from scratch.
A question that frequently arises is “How does Pandora make money?” Well, they do make their own share of profits after paying the royalties to various record companies. The most important revenue is the advertisements but there is also user-subscribed accounts. So if a user doesn’t want to see or hear the ads, he or she can subscribe to Pandora One at $36 annually. Pandora greatly makes profit as this subscription fee to cover the users content cost per stream and make up for lack of the advertising.
The Pandora service is limited only to the United.States at this point of time, after the recent Copyright Royalty Board rulings increase the fees and seek license guarantees, this ruiling affects all U.S based internet radio stations. In the present times, Pandora service is widely accessible on all iOS devices, Android, Blackberry, Windows Mobile devices, HP WebOS and Sprint Nextel have their very own modified Pandora version.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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Nothing to Do with Real Estate?
Posted in Nothing to Do with Real Estate? on May 21, 2017 by Triple Crown Real Estate Group ~ brokered by eXp.
Boxes from online orders to all those moving boxes …use them when cleaning out your closet. Pack your stuff…print out a label and mail it free to Goodwill. A convenient, green and easy way to donate! The box plus those unwanted items don’t go in our precious landfills. If you have any boxes and anything you no longer need… use Give Back Box®.
Check it out at Give Back Box® is a great way to donate unwanted items!
Whats the saying, April showers bring May flowers…its so true! Gardening is one of my passions, however since starting our real estate business in 2013, it has been on the back burner. So, I am happy we have planted some things that will bloom with very little attention.
Who says things don’t grow in Texas? I have been blessed to have a fabulous back yard that is not only home to lots of fun and entertaining around the pool, but also a gorgeous setting when taking a break from real estate & just taking in the beauty that God provides. Listening to the birds, the cool breeze or the warm sun on my skin. Nothing pleases me more than beautiful flowers!
You too can have a beautiful garden here in Texas. When I arrived in Highland Village over 22 years ago, I came from an area on the east coast where the soil was very different and everything that grew easily did not do well here! After trying to plant some of the things I loved on the east coast, I quickly realized I needed to educate myself. I took classes on Texas gardening and found the things that grow here are different but just as beautiful.
A good start to learning is the free classes at Calloway’s or a local master garden class (that’s where I started). It was fun and now I enjoy beauty all around me. Check out some classes below!
Keep Lewisville Beautiful presents the 2016 Garden Secrets series of classes, led by Denton County Master Gardeners and the Texas AgriLife Extension. All classes will be held at the MCL Grand, 100 N. Charles St., Lewisville, TX 75057 (map) in Classroom 1. Classes are free (with one exception–see below), but space is limited, so RSVP by phone at 972-538-5949 or email at info@keeplewisvillebeautiful.org. City of Lewisville residency is not required.
Area News: Argyle-New Law Beware!
Another local city has passed a new law!
Driving distractions can be a major problem and with the increase in vehicle accidents is was just a matter of time. As safety becomes a concern for the citizens, new laws are put into place.
Don’t let yourself be tempted by a text or phone call that comes in while driving ~ there are too many accidents occurring due to this small device, this small device that we seem to be unable to ignore. What can’t wait until you are stopped and safe? Laws will continue to be put into place to make sure you are safe even if you think it would never happen to you. Ask yourself…do you think it is possible? We’ve all heard the stories!
Think before you pick up the phone while driving and please be safe out there ~ because even if your not the one…there could be someone else who is in another vehicle being distracted! It is a responsibility that we all should not be taking lightly.
Going Bananas? We Don’t Monkey Around!
Real Estate should not feel like a circus ! We do believe monkey business should be left for the monkeys and real estate left for the professionals who work in the business full time and are passionate for the clients. Real estate is usually one of the biggest investments you will ever make-so make sure you are not “monkeying” around.
For a little fun we thought we would talk about “Bananas” on Banana Day!
Celebrity Birthdays this month include Jon Bon Jovi (3/2), Jessica Biel (3/3), Chuck Norris (3/10), Albert Einstein (3/14), Adam Levine (3/18), William Shatner (3/22), Reese Witherspoon (3/22), Lady Gaga (3/28), and Celine Dion (3/30).
A disaster supplies kit is simply a collection of basic items your household might need in the event of an emergency.
You may need to survive on your own after an emergency without the help of others.
Use this reminder to create a new supply kit or to restock a previously created one.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


text: Great corner lot close in to everything for your new site built home. Walk to shopping & restaurants. Behind the Save-A-Lot plaza/Wells Fargo. Right across from the new Walmart! Close in to everything - don't miss this - price JUST REDUCED!! Seller motivated - any reasonable offer will be considered.


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Oysters are born in the summer and get nice and fat with the onset of winter. This year has brought an especially good crop of New York varieties: Pine Island, Fisher’s Island, Blue Point, Great South Bay, etc. They’re all the same species (Crassostrea virginica), but their flavors are marked by the waters in which they’re raised. Here are three top places to slurp your share of the local abundance.
Marlow & Sons is currently serving Pine Island and Fisher’s Island oysters. “Deep, cold waters like we have off Long Island tend to make an oyster briny,” manager Tom Mylan tells us. (As opposed to warm-water oysters, which are “creamy and fruity.” “They get big, too,” Mylan says.) Marlow & Sons present the bivalves straight up, in the classic style.
Craftsteak’s raw bar isn’t famous, but their selection is impressively wide-ranging, including Great South Bay and Widow’s Hole oysters. Chef Chris Albrecht: “Both are nice and delicate oysters. The Widows Hole is a little bit more briny, with a flavor like it just came out of the sea. The Fisher Island oyster” — which they’re also serving — “has a little less of a briny taste.” Craftsteak serves them with preserved horseradish or mignonette sauce.
At the Oyster Bar in Grand Central, they shuck 6,000 oysters a day. Generally, any medium-size Atlantic oyster is called a Blue Point, but Mike Garvey, the general manager, notes that “technically it has to has to spend a certain amount of time in Great South Bay, and most ‘Blue Point’ oysters don’t.” Naturally, he carries the real thing, from just off Fire Island, plus ones that live in the Oyster Ponds, out near Orient Point on the North Fork. They come raw, as oysters Rockefeller, and as a roasted appetizer with chipotle hot sauce.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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If you purchased Dallas Investment Property thinking it would be an easy way to build a secure financial future for yourself, you might be in for a bit of a shock. Although buying that Dallas Investment Property may have been easy, turning that purchase into a consistent source of income is not. It is called an investment property because your initial investment of the purchase price should ideally grow and flourish into more money for you as time goes on. This can either be because the housing market is on the rise and you can sell the property for more than you paid, or because by renting the property to someone else you can build equity or bring in income.
When your Dallas Investment Property becomes a rental property, you must suddenly take on the role of property manager. There is much more involved in property management than most people realize. The requirements on your time and energy go way beyond simply finding tenants and collecting rent.
First you have to prepare your Dallas Investment Property for rental. That includes making sure that it meets all safety codes, is clean and well maintained and attractive to prospective tenants. Sometimes that can mean a simple paint job and in other cases major renovations are required. Next you have to decide how best to find tenants: signs, fliers, advertisements. Then you need to make sure you are available to answer inquiry calls and show your Dallas Investment Property on a moment’s notice. Once you have interested renters, you still need to do background and credit checks to make sure they will be able to pay their rent and care for your property.
Once they move in you can start collecting rent, but you also need to be on call for emergency and maintenance issues any time of day or night. You also need to periodically check on your Dallas Investment Property to be sure your tenants are complying with their lease agreement and your property is protected. You also must keep careful records of all your income and expenditures as well as adhering to all legal codes. And then, if you should ever have a tenant who becomes unreliable, you have to be ready to initiate eviction proceedings or hire a lawyer to do it for you.
This example assumes that you have only one Dallas Investment Property. If you have more than one, the requirements on your time and energy just keep multiplying. You need to ask yourself, do you really have the time to effectively manage your Dallas Investment Property yourself? Is it really cost effective to do so?
What if your Dallas Investment Property could start working for you? What if you could take a small percentage of your gross rent and let someone else take over every aspect of property management? Better than that, what if you had an entire team of trained experts to take over for you? Now you can, with Real Property Management Dallas.
Specialized Property Management is your one-stop property management solutions company. A talented team of professionals are here and ready to work for you. We have solutions to all of your Dallas property management problems from advertising and property showings to maintenance and inspections.


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LOCATED IN FRIENDLY "OLD" VELDDRIF!
This large stand - one of few left in Velddrif - is located in old part of town where you can really enjoy the country atmosphere. Here is no time limit to commence building, no building guidelines. This level stand can be subdivided in 3 stands or just enjoy as huge yard for gardening or/and pets. Grab this opportunity to get hold of a property with several developing possibilities. Call us soon!


text: The dates for the 2010 Florida Bowlriders have formally been announced, courtesy of Martin Ramos of Kona Skatepark. Kona skatepark is going to be providing a base of operations with free camping grounds at the park. As always, bands, barbecues and bonfires are on the itinerary. Be on the lookout at Kona's site for more info about what to expect. For reference, check out BusStop's coverage from last year's event here and here.


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10 YRS Guangzhou Veitop Libang Co., Ltd.
3 YRS Jieyang City Kelo Hardware Manufacturer Co., Ltd.
2 YRS Guangzhou Veitop Libang Co., Ltd.
9 YRS Jieyang Qiwang Hardware Products Co., Ltd.
6 YRS Guangzhou Kungfu Decoration Materials Co., Ltd.
2 YRS Ruian Xinhao Hardware Products Co., Ltd.
3 YRS Jieyang Haopeng Hardware Plastic Products Co.,Ltd.
2 YRS Xiamen Xinsanxin Precision Machinery Co., Ltd.
2 YRS Shanghai GSH Industry & Trading Development Co., Ltd.
4 YRS Zhejiang Qingtian Zhongsheng Locks Co., Ltd.
2 YRS Jieyang City Jiayu Industrial Co., Ltd.
5 YRS Foshan City Huifeng Yuan Expanded Hardware Products Co., Ltd.
3 YRS Foshan Run Rises Hardware Industry Co., Ltd.
2 YRS Jiangmen Tianhao Hardware And Electric Appliance Co., Ltd.
5 YRS Guangzhou Viyate Hardware Co., Ltd.
1 YRS Dongguan Gioriun Industry Co., Ltd.
9 YRS Lufeng Jiazi Huanan Furniture Accessory Factory Co., Ltd.
7 YRS Guangzhou Longcharm Hardware Co., Ltd.
6 YRS Guangzhou Jindeli Hardware Products Co., Ltd.
If you have your drawings or pictures, please kindly contact our sales staff for quotation. (2). Every sofa bed hinges quality checked before packing. (3). we have been in this field for more than 20 years,making us experienced (2).
5 YRS Guangzhou Bluware Precision Hardware Manufacture Co., Ltd.
1 YRS Guangzhou Xinyang Hardware Co., Ltd.
Special design Iron china supplier furniture hardware kitchen cabinet door hinge Commodity Special design Iron china supplier furniture hardware kitchen cabinet door hinge Item NO. Why choose us Strictly follows the international quality assurance management system and implements strict quality control on the products. We have more than 20 years experience with focusing on the damand of market user and we will continuously enhance our own competitiveness spirit.
2 YRS Shanghai GD Industry Co., Ltd.
Alibaba.com offers 12,623 iron furniture hinge products. About 82% of these are furniture hinges, 2% are door & window hinges, and 2% are other furniture hardware.
A wide variety of iron furniture hinge options are available to you, such as furniture hinge, other furniture hardware. You can also choose from wood, stainless steel, and metal. As well as from commercial furniture, home furniture, and outdoor furniture. And whether iron furniture hinge is yes, or no.
There are 12,623 iron furniture hinge suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of iron furniture hinge respectively.
Iron furniture hinge products are most popular in South America, Mid East, and North America.
You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 1,778 with ISO9001, 948 with Other, and 84 with ISO14001 certification.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


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Thank you so much. Every bit helps. The cats have all settled down with Isis still hissing upon occasion--which Mena ignores.
Or... you smell like vet!

industry_corpus2: Others


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F&F Automotive was established in 1962 by Cleve Fogleman and has remained a well known and trusted auto service center in the Carrboro community ever since. READ ABOUT THE F&F HISTORY FROM MICHAEL FOGLEMAN.
Over the years F&F Automotive has consistently provided reliable repair services and maintenance for a wide array of privately owned and fleet vehicles. With a strong ASE Certified team of technicians, F&F continues to upgrade their operations to meet the demanding requirements of today's "smarter" cars and trucks whether they are European, Asian or domestic. We're also a North Carolina State Inspection Licensed Facility.
You won't find many automotive service centers that are still in continuous operation after more than 50 years, consumer trust always drives this type of commercial longevity. The F&F Automotive priority is a focus on customer service and getting it right the first time, and we plan on sticking to that successful business model for the next 50!

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


text: There was an earthquake at 6.10 a.m., but we only felt a slight shock. There were three days of continuous rain. We saw transport ships arriving in the bay.


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If you have an old cushiony chair that you want to get rid of, then my dear friend, change your mind. Because, with this DIY, you can make your chair look beautiful and useful. You might be thinking it is hard to upholster an old chair, but all that you need to do is just pain with a normal latex paint over the upholstery, and soon you will produce an amazingly beautiful chair.
– one quart of regular latex satin paint, get your preferred color.
– One water bottle spray.
– 12-inch or even small paint brush.
– Fabric medium that should equal the amount of the paint that you use.
– Acrylic craft paint, choose your favorite color, but it should match the latex paint color.
Use an old paintbrush to spread the paint evenly on the fabric and consider painting the fabric with thin layers, don’t make it thick. However, after painting two thin coats, then soften the harder parts with sandpaper.
Now, paint the wooden part with paint and let it dry for a day, then with sandpaper sanded the wood to get a rough finish. Now, your old chair looks beautiful with these simple changes.


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You'll be able to trust in Geothermal Heat Pump Guys to offer the most effective products and services regarding Geothermal Heat Pumps in Walnut, IA. You'll need the most advanced technology in the field, and our team of highly skilled contractors can provide exactly that. Our materials are always of the very best quality and we know how to save you money. We intend to help you to make decisions for the task, reply to your questions, and schedule an appointment with our workers when you call us at 888-273-1335.
At Geothermal Heat Pump Guys, we are aware that you have to stay in your financial budget and lower your costs everywhere you're able to. Though, saving your money should never indicate that you compromise quality for Geothermal Heat Pumps in Walnut, IA. We provide the very best quality even while still saving you money. We utilize the finest practices and materials to guarantee that the job will withstand the test of time, and save you money with techniques that won't change the quality of any job. That is possible given that we appreciate how to save you time and cash on materials and work. Call up Geothermal Heat Pump Guys when you need the very best services at the best cost. Call up 888-273-1335 to talk to our client service representatives, today.
You should be kept informed with regards to Geothermal Heat Pumps in Walnut, IA. You won't want to go in without consideration, and it's good to understand what to expect. We take the unexpected surprises out of the scenario by giving adequate and detailed advice. Begin by dialing 888-273-1335 to discuss your task. In this phone call, you will get your questions addressed, and we can set up a time to commence work. We will work closely with you all through the entire process, and our crew is going to arrive promptly and prepared.
You will find a lot of reasons to decide on Geothermal Heat Pump Guys regarding Geothermal Heat Pumps in Walnut, IA. Our supplies are of the highest quality, our cash saving strategies are sensible and powerful, and our customer service ratings are unrivaled. We have got the skills you will want to fulfill your objectives. Contact 888-273-1335 when you want Geothermal Heat Pumps in Walnut, and we're going to work together with you to expertly complete your task.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


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1SpinMillionaire offers players a chance to participate in two weekly jackpot draws at GalaxyPig Casino, earning draw tickets by simply playing their favorite slots.
Getting something extra for simply playing your favorite games is always nice. With GalaxyPig Casino, you can get a shot at a big progressive jackpot for playing at some of the best-known slots through their exclusive 1SpinMillionaire promo.
Once you log in to GalaxyPig Casino, you'll notice a number of slots marked with the 1SM logo. All games featuring this logo are a part of the promo, so you can take your pick. There are many popular titles to choose from, including Starburst, Gonzo's Quest, Jack and the Beanstalk, etc.
Once you've picked your favorite, there is nothing special you need to do. Just start spinning and making your way towards those 1SM tickets. Depending on the slot you choose, you'll receive one ticket for every €10 or €20 wagered. Detailed information about this can be found at the 1SM promo page on the GalaxyPig Casino site.
Every 1SM ticket is assigned a random number, and more of these you gather, better are your chances to win.
The 1SpinMillionaire promo features a progressive jackpot. More participating players naturally means a bigger jackpot. The promo runs from January 1 to March 3, 2017, with two weekly draws taking place on Tuesdays and Fridays.
All tickets are issued for the relevant period, and players compete for the jackpot gathered over that period. Ticket numbers are issued randomly, while the winning numbers will be taken from one of the official lottery draws to make everything fully transparent.
Getting involved with 1SpinMillionaire at GalaxyPig Casino comes at no extra charges to players. You'll still have the same chances of winning on your favorite slots, and no part of players' winnings is being withheld.
So, by playing designated 1SM slots, you risk nothing in exchange for a shot at a nice jackpot, twice a week. The more you play, the better your chances get, as you can accumulate quite a few tickets without too much effort.
1SpinMillionaire is a real win-win situation, so you should take advantage of this exclusive GalaxyPig promo as much as you can.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


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This activity uses non-expendable (reusable) computers and LEGO robots, sensors and software; see the Materials List for details.
A student uses his senses other than sight to distinguish between two similar objects.
Students consider human senses and the many everyday human-made sensors so common in their lives. They learn about the three components of biosensors—a special type of sensor—and their functions and importance. With this understanding, students identify various organs in the human body that behave as sensors, such as the pancreas. Using LEGO® MINDSTORMS® robots, provided rbt robot programs and LEGO sensors (light, ultrasonic, sound, touch), students gain first-hand experience with sensors and come to see how engineer-designed sensors play important roles in our daily lives, informing people of their surroundings and ultimately improving our quality of life. **Note: This activity uses the retired LEGO NXT robot which is no longer available for purchase.
Sensors relay important information about environments in rapid and quantitative ways. Engineers design and use sensors in their everyday work. They create sensors to gather data, make measurements and perform tasks, such as identify diseases, measure pollution and open doors. Sensors monitor the integrity of bridges and other large structures to make sure they are safe for use. Other sensors are designed to diagnose illnesses and monitor treatments through the analysis of blood and tissue samples. In this activity, students experiment with an abundance of sensors and gain an awareness about sensors that are encountered in their daily routines, making strong connections between biotechnology and sensors that are pervasive in the everyday world.
Discuss various types of sensors (for color, distance, sound and touch) and the qualities (external stimulus and output response) that distinguish them from other ordinary objects.
Define a biosensor, including its three major components: sensitive biological recognition element, transducer, signal processor.
Describe different sensors in the body.
The teacher must have a basic knowledge of biosensors, as well as the human senses/anatomy.
Whether we know it or not, we have all experienced sensors. They are present in our remote controls, microwave ovens, car fuel tanks and many other applications—but can any of you define a sensor? How exactly does the Wii remote control work? A Wii remote, like many smart phones, is equipped with an accelerometer. An accelerometer is a device that measures acceleration, or change in an object's velocity, due to the object's weight and movement. So when you move or tilt a Wii remote or an iPhone, you input sensor information into the device by simply moving your hand. Remote controls use buttons to take user input; some automatic mechanical doors are equipped with light or touch sensors as a safety feature.
Think about your senses and how they work. What can you observe using only one sense? (Ask two volunteers to come up to the front of the class. Use available objects in the room to test the senses of the students by isolating one sense. For example, have the two students close their eyes and give one student a tennis ball and one student a baseball. Or, give one student the red LEGO ball and the other the blue LEGO ball.) Close your eyes and hold out one hand. Keeping your eyes closed, tell us what object have I placed in your hand. (Listen to student answers.) Now open your eyes. Look at the objects and tell us what additional observations you can make about the objects by using your eyes.
When your eyes were closed, what sense did you use to make a decision about the ball? What about when your eyes were open? How did you come to this conclusion? What "sense" did you use to come to this conclusion? Were you able to get a picture of the object in your mind just from touching it?
(As another example, play some audio files, such as a barking dog, meowing cat and a person eating chips. See the website URLs in the Additional Multimedia Support section. After playing a sound clip, ask students to describe what they can tell from the sound. What are you hearing? What is the animal? What is happening? What conclusions can be drawn just from the sound information?
Now that we all have a better idea of sensors, what other sensors have you come across in your daily lives? (Listen to student answers. If available, prompt students with some photographs of everyday items that use engineer-designed sensors. Write their ideas in a chart on the classroom board, recording external stimulus and response for each sensor. Example answers: Thermometer, thermostat, smoke detector, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer in game controllers and iPhones, fingerprint reader, eye retinal scanner, remote control devices, grocery store automatic doors, garage door.) What classifies these items as sensors? What is the information input? What in the surrounding environment do they respond to? What is the output?
Everyday applications of sensing technology.
A biosensor is a special type of sensor. It is a device for the detection of a target, or analyte, which combines a biological component with a physiochemical (relating to both physical and chemical properties) detector component. A biosensor consists of three parts: sensitive biological recognition element, transducer and computer. The most widespread example of a biosensor is a blood glucose biosensor. This sensor measures the glucose level in the blood and accounts for 85% of the biosensor market. Why is this sensor important? (Answer: This sensor is crucial for people with diabetes so they can monitor their blood sugar levels themselves.) Another biosensor example is a pregnancy test, which senses the hCG protein in urine.
Testing blood glucose level using a biosensor.
What sensors do we have in our bodies? (Be patient with students; let them come up with some of the limitless examples). For example, if our muscles require more oxygen, such as when we exercise, then our hearts increase the amount of blood they pump, thus increasing our heart rates. So, the heart can be considered as a type of sensor. As another example, the pancreas can also be thought of as a sensor. The pancreas regulates the level of glucose in the blood by excreting hormones. Malfunction of the pancreas leads to diabetes. The adrenal glands are also an important sensor in the body. These glands release hormones to cope with the changing levels of stress during the day.
As you explore the sensors, think about how your body uses its senses. Do these sensors work in some of the same ways? Can you draw any connections between an organ and a sensor? Perhaps a sensor idea of yours would be helpful for the advancement of medical research. Do you have any ideas that might help medical science through the use of a sensor? For example, might color detection or profiling help detect contaminants in blood or urine?
In today's activity, you will explore four different sensors: light, ultrasonic, sound and touch. With the light sensor, you will detect color. It can tell you the color of the red or blue ball by measuring reflected light. Think about the difference in wearing a black vs. a white shirt in the summer. Which color reflects light? Which color absorbs light? How do you know? (See if students know.) Black absorbs light (and heat) whereas white reflects light/heat. The light sensor works in a similar way; lighter colors reflect more light, and the sensor can measure this and use this information to determine the ball's color.
The ultrasonic sensor can measure distance by transmitting waves. It works similar to the process of echolocation used by some animals such as bats and dolphins. When the ultrasonic sensor emits a sound, the sound wave travels until it hits an object and is reflected back to the ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor determines the distance traveled by the sound wave by measuring the time it takes for the sound wave to come back. In this way, the ultrasonic sensor can determine the distance to the object that reflected the sound wave.
Another way to think about an ultrasonic sensor is to imagine throwing a ball at a wall. If you throw a ball at a wall from one foot away and then throw the same ball at the same wall, with the same speed, from 10 feet away, will it take longer to come back to you? (See what students say.) The answer is yes! It works this way because of the definition of speed. Speed is equal to the distance divided by time (speed = distance/time), so by knowing the speed of the transmitted wave and the time taken for the wave to reflect and come back to where it began, the distance can be calculated.
For the other two sensors, the sound sensor works just like a microphone, and the touch sensor works just like a button.
Sensitive biological recognition element: The biological component of the sensor may be a number of things such as microorganisms, DNA or enzymes, and may be created using bioengineering methods.
Transducer: A device that transforms an original signal from the interaction with the target into something that can be measured. May work in a physicochemical, optical, piezoelectric or electrochemical way.
Signal processor: Any associated software or signal processors that displays data from the transducer in a user-friendly manner. A typical example is a computer with software that displays data graphically.
To explain the three components of a biosensor, use a glucose monitor as an example. The biological recognition element required for a glucose monitor is blood, more specifically the biosensor has the ability to isolate the molecules necessary to test glucose levels, such as enzymes, antibodies and microorganisms. The second component of the blood glucose biosensor is the electrochemical transducer, which obtains a measurement of the glucose level by causing a chemical reaction to occur. During this chemical reaction, electrical current is produced. An electrochemical transducer measures this produced electrical potential energy between the biological component and an electrode. The signal processor is the computer component that displays the user's glucose level based on the measured current.
Gather materials and make copies of the Sensing Your Surroundings Building Instructions, one per group, and the Sensing Your Surroundings Worksheet, one per student.
Prepare the group computers, making sure they have the LEGO software and rbt files loaded. With an example pre-built robot, test the rbt robot programs before class.
(optional) If timing is limited, assemble the LEGO MINDSTORM NXT robots in advance, instead of having student groups assemble their own during the activity. Follow the Sensing Your Surroundings Building Instructions.
Various human organs behave as sensors.
Write the word "sensor" on the classroom board and have students write down what they know about the word. Then have students share their ideas and brainstorm as a class to develop a full understanding of the concept.
Present the information in the Introduction/Motivation section to inform students about senses, sensors and biosensors. Explain the vocabulary words and their definitions.
Part 1: Everyday Sensors: Have students pair up into groups and identify the external stimulus and response for each everyday sensor mentioned. Keep track of this information in a chart on the classroom board. After writing the answers on the board, discuss with the class what qualities make these objects sensors as opposed to other objects such as scissors or a window.
Have students define a biosensor and list the three components on a sheet of paper.
Then have students describe different human body sensors. Ask them to list three body sensors and choose one organ to describe in detail how it acts as a sensor.
Part 2: LEGO Sensors: Divide the class into groups of five students each. Hand out the LEGO components, worksheets and instructions.
Have teams each build the general chassis design as illustrated in the instructions.
One team at a time, run the rbt robot programs and have students fill out their worksheets. The four robot programs perform the following tasks, which enable student to envision the sensors in the LEGO kit as simple biosensors or other real-world sensors for other helpful purposes (such as a distance-measuring sensor to detect how far a car is from a curb or a color/light sensor to sort recycled bottles). If necessary, go through the first sensor (DetectColor.rbt using the light sensor) with the class.
Detect Color.rbt: The robot detects the color of the LEGO ball (red or blue) placed directly over the light sensor. The robot says "red" or "blue," accordingly.
Detect Distance.rbt: The robot moves forward until it detects an obstacle 10 inches away. Then it says, "Watch out!"
Detect Sound.rbt: The robot detects sound and announces, "You're good!" if the class is quiet or "Attention!" if the class is loud.
Detect Touch.rbt: The robot moves forward until an obstacle is detected via its front touch sensor and then it moves backwards until an obstacle is detected with its back touch sensor.
Have students complete the Creative Thinking questions on the second page of the worksheet.
Lead a class discussion, giving students the opportunity to share and explain their observations, results and answers.
analyte: A targeted compound that is analyzed in a test.
biosensor: A device for the detection of an analyte, which combines a biological component with a physiochemical detector component; consists of three parts: a sensitive biological recognition element, a transducer and a computer.
electrochemical: Generates electrical energy from chemical reactions.
hormone: The secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect.
physiochemical: Having physical and chemical properties.
piezoelectric: Generates electrical energy from applied mechanical stress (pressure).
stimulus: Something causing a response; something in the environment detected by a receptor. For example, a chemical that causes a nerve impulse.
Brainstorming: Write the word "sensor" on the classroom board and have students write down what they know about the word. Then have students share their ideas and brainstorm as a class to develop a full understanding of the concept. Students' initial ideas reveal their base knowledge of the topic.
Observations: Observe students as they engage in the Everyday Sensors and LEGO Sensors portions of the Procedure section. Make sure all students are participating in the LEGO robot building and testing, as well as completing their Sensing Your Surroundings Worksheets.
Concluding Discussion: After students have completed the Creative Thinking questions on the second page of the Sensing Your Surroundings Worksheet, lead a class discussion, asking students to share and explain their observations, results and answers. Review students' worksheet answers to gauge their comprehension of the subject matter.
Sensor Weekend: Assign students to pay close attention to the human-made sensors in their world by taking note of all the sensors they encounter over the course of a weekend, preparing a list that includes at least five different kinds of sensors, the more unusual the better, including a description of the external stimulus and response of each. Have students share their lists with the class.
Make sure to build the robot design as illustrated in the Sensing Your Surroundings Building Instructions.
Make sure all sensors are connected to appropriate ports, as detailed in the building instructions.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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