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The Research Institute for Computer Science and Control, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA SZTAKI), was established in 1973 by the merger of two research institutions: the Centre of Computer Technics (SzK) and the Research Institute for Automation (AKI). In a short time, the new institute has become one of the primary national institutions for technical research, development and computer application. Both predecessors have grown up on the basis of their own research staff, many of them pioneers in their own professional areas in Hungary. The institutions’ history goes back to the fifties.
The predecessor of the Centre of Computer Technics created in 1960 was the Research Group for Cybernetics (KKCS) formed only just four years before. Its establishment, achievements and research staff are of historic importance because this independent research organisation represents the birth of the Hungarian informatics and computing. It was KKCS that, by understanding its principles of operation and recognising its scientific relevance built the first Hungarian computer; they started the first training in computing, thus educating the first local computer experts. In the leadership of the Group were Rezső Tarján, István Aczél and Tamás Frey, relying on the contribution of József Hatvany, Antal Münnich and later Bálint Dömölky, Imre Molnár and their colleagues. The construction of the first Hungarian computer was motivated partly also by the lack of legal acquisition channels. The Group, comprising mainly young, freshly graduated mathematicians and engineers was occupied first with learning, making themselves familiar with the available professional literature from abroad. The mathematicians were developing program packages, sets of numerical algorithms while the technical staff had the task to construct the machine utilising these operational principles. The computer was called M-3. Here we give some of its basic parameters: 30 operations/sec, a magnetic drum external memory with a capacity of 1024 words of a length of 30 bits. It had no operating system, each computational step and memory addressing had to be programmed individually, and the instructions had to be coded in the octal system. The space requirement of the machine was 60 square meters, not counting the air conditioner! While the construction was still going on, a series of lectures was held and papers were written to prepare the first “users”, i.e. the professionals who had to be enabled to formulate their problems to be solved for the mathematicians. It is the merit of KKCS’ pioneering work to disseminate to computer culture in Hungary. By developing the computer further (this meant inter alia the replacement of the not failure proof components by new, Hungarian products) the way was paved to the various practical applications. KKCS contributed to the elaboration of the static plans of the new Elisabeth Bridge in Budapest, the solution of various problems in chemistry and physics and even the first application in economics was soon prepared. The intellectual leader of the Group became Rezső Tarján, the most significant personality in the initial period of the Hungarian cybernetics, computer technology and science. He was among the first to recognise the importance of the new discipline and soon he became the leading authority in this area. But his work was received with mistrust by the political leadership, so about 1960 he felt forced to resign from his position.
Shortly later the Group was restructured and renamed: the Centre of Computer Technics (SzK) was established. In the new institution the solution of application problems dominated over the construction of computers. István Aczél, the former head of the team responsible for the economic applications was appointed to the job of the new director. The scientific activity of the Centre was organised around departments covering a great variety of subjects reflecting the various application topics and the complexity of the cybernetics. Besides the mathematical, biological, linguistic and technical issues, the economic applications dominated their activity. They participated in the development of the first industry branch specific models, in the solution of the first linear programming, transportation and economic calculations. In this period, research in IT supported linguistics was very popular, so significant efforts were devoted to the questions of computer-aided translation. The great variety of the subjects dealt with may be demonstrated by referring examples like the automation of transport and manufacturing processes as well as the philosophical and social foundation of cybernetics. In this early period of the evolution of IT in Hungary, the computer science has not yet become a routine technical task, the usage of computers supported mainly finding novel approaches and new analysis methods to the problems to be solved. Therefore, the applications made by SZK were based on research and were not mere services provided. In parallel to this, the early sixties brought some improvement in the number of computers in use. It became evident that both the centre and the profile of the national programme of computer technology had to be adapted to the new structure just being formed and its goals and tasks had to be defined accordingly.
Aczél was a high-calibre manager with good capabilities but his early decease prevented him to implement his visionary plans. The new director from 1963 was Tamás Frey, who worked for KKCS before and who had not only the professional abilities and a broad mathematical culture but was also a very attracting character. Under his leadership the weight of the technical application of mathematical logics increased but SZK’s profile – despite all disputes and controversial endeavours - remained solid: a balance was maintained between research and provision of services. The Centre played an important role in the evolution of computer technology in Hungary. One main reason for that was that many from the new generation realised the high potential in it and therefore, were trying to harness the given academic framework. So, János Kornai, one of the most influencing master of the Hungarian theoretical economics, Ferenc Kiefer, the pioneer of modern Hungarian linguistics and Bálint Dömölki, probably the first Hungarian software engineer and a number of talented engineers worked here, all becoming shortly managers of computer centres in ministries and other professional organisations.
However, the history of the Centre was overshadowed from the beginning by the fact that it was under the supervision of the 3rd Department of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences where most of the otherwise outstanding mathematicians, with the exception of László Kalmár, have not recognised the revolutionary importance of computer science. The internal splits and divergent personal ambitions were an impediment to create the Academy’s own computing base. As a result of the fighting Frey resigned and retreated first to the Budapest Technical University then later the Research Institute for Automation, the other predecessor institution of SZTAKI.
In 1969, János Balázs received the mandate to head the Centre. His main task would have been to make the preparations for the reception of the country’s first modern computer. Indeed, in the meantime even the Academy has realised that computers constitute an indispensable condition for any high quality research work. Efforts were done to acquire a computer from the West, and the selection fell on the type CDC 3300, a machine performing very well for scientific calculations. In 1971 Tibor Vámos was appointed as new director with the mandate to merge the Centre with the Research Institute for Automation. The new computer was installed by him which enabled the Institute to provide world class mathematical computing power, consultancy and cooperation contracts to its clients and users. For some time Mátyás Arató, the outstanding representative of the Kolgomorov school of probability theory, András Prékopa, the father of the Hungarian school of operations research and numerous other highly appreciated mathematicians, like Zsolt Harnos were working here.
The other path in SZTAKI’s pre-history was that of the Research Institute for Automation established in 1964. While cybernetics in Hungary was born from nought in long scientific and political struggles by perseverance, automation has organically grown on the basis of the engineering and technical sciences. The scope of the discipline has gradually gone through an extension. At the beginning automation meant mainly the research work of the elements of automation (nearly inseparable from the sciences dealing with electric machines), later the problems of process control – e.g. assisting the manufacturing technology of entire factories by automation – gained the dominance.
Thus AKI had at the time of its origin already a significant past record as the research group of the Department of Operating Economics of Electric Machinery headed by academician Károly Pál Kovács and imbedded into the academic Laboratory of Measurement Technics. Later, another research group for automation was created at the university department chaired by academician Otto Benedikt. There were a number of outstanding talented young people working in the different groups who were the pioneers in the development of the automation theory and research in Hungary. Frigyes Csáki, the first great personality of the automation theory in Hungary, later rector of the Technical University and Vice President of the Hungarian Academy whose influence is still pertaining even after his death, was working here together with academician Róbert Tuschák; István Rácz, a creative person of European authority in the field of the controlled electric driven machines; Andor Frigyes, the first Hungarian professor of process control theory; Vilmos Török, later the leading researcher of the Swedish multinational ASEA and professor at the Stockholm University; László Helm, the pioneer of the pneumatics in Hungary and academician István Nagy, one of the most successful developer of controlled electric driven machines. Later László Bajáki was appointed to lead the development team of control elements. Afterwards, the different laboratories were merged according to the power status of their managers, first under Károly Pál Kovács, then under Ottó Benedikt. Benedikt was an excellent engineer and researcher, his focus was on the controlled electric machine constructed by him, an ingenious device called ‘autodin’. This has lost any significance with the advent of electronics.
The Institute’s background was somewhat peculiar. As for the financial management it was subordinated to the National Committee of Technical Development (OMFB) which acted as an executive tool of the reform policy of the sixties, under its progressive Chairmen thinking in long horizon, like Árpád Kiss and János Sebestyén. In OMFB automation and computer technology was under the control of Béla Zentai, an equal partner of the management. OMFB itself as a government body was operated under Jenő Fock’s, the Prime Minister’s direct supervision, and it possessed substantial financial resources, even in hard currency and was operating freely without the limiting constraints of the socialist plan based economic policy. It was the most important experimental arena of Hungary’s cautious opening towards Europe. The other conditions set for the Institute were favourable, too: compared to the Hungarian average, a significantly higher wage level, and unusually liberal rules for travelling abroad, an exemplary supply of Western periodicals, free flow of information, the most up-to-date instrumentation, and a flexible supply of parts, unknown in the planned economy before, were the signs of positive discrimination. The current Head Office of SZTAKI in the Kende Street was built also owing to OMFB’s special financing aid. The Institute succeeded in hiring such outstanding leading researchers like József Hatvany, member of the US Academy of Technology, pioneer of the Hungarian computer-aided design and automation of the machinery industry. Miklós Uzsoky, one of the most genial electric engineers of all times, worked also here. The rapid increase in the staff in the laboratories from the initial 60 to 300 was achieved by hiring the most talented graduates from the universities and the post-doctorate experts. At this time the focus of the Institute’s activity was computer aided design and manufacturing. The centre of the theoretical and practical problem solving activity was the application of mathematics, the technical and organisational sciences which generated invariably new scientific results.
The goals for the new Institute, powerful by its size by even international standards and created through the merger of SZK and AKI were defined by its first director, Tibor Vámos who was considering the challenges of the age, as being first of all related to the applied industrial topics. This concept involved such progressive research and issues which anticipated the demands of industry and enabled the strategy that by the time the practice recognised the necessity of them, a competitive product and mature application practice be already available.
Research work was directed primarily to the possible implementation and grouped around two profiles where the practical results were produced. Considering the international trends, there are two proven paths to industrial automation. The first is computer aided design and manufacturing. This type of work was pursued at the electronic department led by Miklós Uzsoky then later in the group headed by József Hatvany and focusing mainly on applications in the machinery industry. The goal was to create a human-machine relationship, optimal at the given technical level and to develop a comprehensive system which covers all tasks of the closed, constantly self-renewing cycle of production.
The second large-scale task assumed by the Institute immediately after its establishment or, emotionally even prior to it, was the field of process control. Looking at it critically now, one could say, that it was a premature decision the preliminary conditions thereof having been not met yet.
The group looking for new unexplored territories cooperated with KFKI, the local developer of laser applications, all on the basis of the acoustic-optical diversion of the laser light. Additionally, artificial intelligence related research which has come by today into the forefront of scientific work (pattern recognition, industrial intelligent robots) was also started.
An early result of the research in computer aided design and production was the GD’71 graphic display device, the most relevant tool of the human-machine interface in the computer aided design which was accepted even by Control Data as a product tradeable on the American market. Another product, DIALOG CNC, the first microprocessor based machine tool control has created new trends even in the international arena. Its appearance and eventual impacts were an issue for discussions even in the US Senate.
The first flexible production systems were based on the control elements manufactured by EMG the development of which was mainly to be attributed to the work performed at SZTAKI under József Hatvany’s leadership.
The first successful application in practice of the results of the process control research programme was realised at the Pét Nitrogen Works. Moreover, the process control software developed for the Hungarian licence based minicomputers (the VIDEOTON 1010 family) and the system with the brand name PROCESS, implemented in Soviet and East German factories, were accomplished under the leadership of Sándor Keresztély.
In the theory of automats and linear control, in the principles of identification and parameter estimation Tamás Frey, Katalin Pásztor, János Somló and János Gertler have achieved results acknowledged abroad, too. Until his early death, Előd Knuth has made important contributions to the database research. Under the leadership of András Prékopa an operations research school highly acclaimed all over the world has come into being while Mátyás Arató has created a similarly relevant school in probability theory and statistics. Both with the aim of applying the results in big systems in practice.
Attila Meskó was working here nearly for 10 years who attained outstanding results with his group in solving, both in theory and practice, relevant geophysical problems. The mathematicians of the Institute were all contributing by the application of their theoretical results to the solution of tasks like developing the production control system at the Duna Iron Works, finding new approaches in the operations research for economic planning, designing water reserve systems, and solving problems related to epidemics and breeding in agriculture and healthcare. In these years it was not in the Soviet Union only but also in the US and UK that respected leading research institutions were seeking cooperation with the Institute the result of which was a number of joint projects and joint publications.
The intensive growth of the Institute reached its climax in 1987 with a staff number over 800.
In 1986 László Keviczky succeeded Tibor Vámos as director of the Institute. The social and economic changes of the times required the adaptation of the internal structure which was recognised and carried out by László Keviczky. As a result of the restructuring in 1990 the autonomous organisational units existing even today have been set up, like the Autonomous Research Unit (AKE), the Autonomous Development Unit (AFE) and the Academic Computing Infrastructure (ASZI). As a consequence of the measures not only the staff number of the Institute but its structure and profile have gone through substantial changes. Hardware manufacturing was discontinued and the high-cost generating Technical Division has been dissolved.
Due to these changes affecting the scientific research, The Institute’s operating conditions have positively improved. In order to foster competitiveness, a system of internal bidding procedures has been introduced to allocate internal funds for supporting the priority research projects. Some research groups have received credit-based protected status.
Substantial progress was attained in the infrastructure needed for the research work; new laboratories and pilot systems have been created.
The professional supervision of the Institute was vested as before in two scientific departments of MTA – those of Mathematics and Technical Sciences – represented in the Institution Council (INTA) by their delegates and which was headed by academician Tibor Vámos. Members of this body were among others the academicians Sándor Csibi, Pál Michelberger, Vera T. Sós, Domokos Szász and Róbert Tuschák. Long term strategic issues are dealt with by the Scientific Council established in 1996 comprising the academicians and some senior researchers from the Institute’s staff.
László Keviczky was elected to the position of the Secretary General of the MTA in 1993, later in 1999 to that of the Vice President. Thus the directorate of the Institute was taken over by Péter Inzelt in 1993. During his management period the financial standing of the Institute has been strengthening in spite of all the difficulties afflicting the country in general and scientific work in particular. Its infrastructure has developed constantly and it has earned a good international reputation what was considered in its relationships with the European Union and the US to be an important factor when qualifying for any accession or cooperation applications. The presence of the Institute in the international scientific arena has improved substantially. The number and quality level of its publications have increased as well. It was a big achievement to improve the age composition of its staff, too. Today nearly half of the scientific staff is under 30. The Institute has founded special departments jointly with universities and most of our senior research fellows are also lecturers there. It was in this period that SZTAKI was admitted as the first institution from the post-Soviet area to ERCIM, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics.


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Escuela Popular’s High School Academy under 19 provides intensive English Language Development so that students are able to meet their goal of graduating bilingual and biliterate. Students benefit from the individual attention afforded by a 20:1 student-to-teacher ratio. What sets the Escuela Popular High School 19 and Under Academy apart from other high schools in the area is the fact that we accept students regardless of whether they are at grade level.
In fact, we meet the student where she/he is at academically and accelerate learning from that point forward. Many of our under age 19 students have not done well in traditional schools.
As Lidia Reguerin, the school founder, so wisely explains, “Escuela Popular is in solidarity with its students.” This solidarity is evidenced by the staff’s willingness to accelerate learning by tutoring on Saturdays and after school. This solidarity is also reflected in the relationship structure between teachers and students, which is linear rather than hierarchical.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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Description: Cromwell Manor – Melbourne’s Newest, Hottest Boutique Bordello Brothel 66 Cromwell St, Collingwood, Melbourne Australia +613 9419 1611 * Transexuals * Males - We have them all!
» Condoneria " Pronto Condon "
Description: CoFFI is a volunteer organization of clergy and lay persons committed to facilitating dialogue within and among communities of faith in Alabama about the needs and roles of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons.
Description: Chi-Chapter is the Chicagoland chapter of an international support and social organization focused on the needs of crossdressers, heterosexual, single or married, their spouses or significant others, children and friends.

industry_corpus2: Others


text: Stones Corner Marine is now stocking Fusion Marine products. Included in our range is Stereo Active portable stereo/bluetooth speaker, Marine stereos, Marine Stereo packages including speakers, Marine speakers and Active Safe waterproof storage. Pop into store and see Chris to get the best advice on a stereo for your boat.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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This gentle little bird takes its name from its clearly spoken call note, chick-a-dee-dee-dee. With the coming of spring it also whistles a high-pitched fee-bee. Chickadees are year-round residents in Maine. They rove the winter woodlands in small flocks, examining bark, twigs, and branches for spider eggs, cocoons, and other dormant insect life. This Chickadee can easily be distinguished from the other, small birds. Their white cheeks shine out, separating the solid black cap above from the fringed black bib below.
The White Pine Cone and Tassel grows on the White Pine, a beautiful evergreen tree which grows rapidly and sometimes reaches a height of two hundred feet. Through centuries of evolution, the White Pine's leaves have changed to three-sided needles. The strongest of winds cannot harm them. In fact, wind is necessary to pines and to many other trees, for it scatters pollen grains. The White Pine Cone lacks the lovely color and the sheer beauty of some flowers. Yet, the White Pine Cone and Tassel magnificently reflects Maine's stern climate, her rugged soil, and her independent people.
Maine Wildflower - Twinflower. Art from the 50-stamp series, State Birds and Flowers, issued April 14, 1982 simultaneously in all state capitals.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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Increase the safety and beauty of your jet boat by adding Hydro-Turf traction mats.
Mats include 3M self-adhesive for a faster, cleaner installation.
Provides traction and a new look.
Hydro-Turf mats are grooved for maximun traction.
They are made from fade resistant, durable, thick, high density foam.
Available in an assortment of colors. 3-5 day lead time for some colors.
This product was added to our catalog on Friday 06 April, 2012.

industry_corpus2: Aerospace


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Welcome to the East Rock New Haven homes for sale and real estate portal: your single stop for finding homes for sale in East Rock New Haven CT. Here you can search all available homes for sale.
Considered one of the most desirable and prestigious areas to live in New Haven East Rock is an upscale neighborhood and gets its name from nearby East Rock a New Haven landmark. From the summit overlooking the city there are spectacular panoramic views of New Haven and Long Island Sound.
As of today there a number of East Rock homes for sale that are available to search. The number of homes changes daily, so be sure to keep coming back right here, to the best site for homes for sale in East Rock New Haven.
Thinking about selling or curious about the value of your East Rock New Haven home? Please call Jamie at 917-705-5675 or request your East Rock New Haven home value report.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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An armed robbery and a reported uptick in burglaries have Baltimore’s Jewish community on edge.
The latest incident involved a man outside Bais Haknesses Ohr HaChaim (the Rabbi Weiss Shul) on Clarks Lane this past Tuesday night.
The brazen robbery comes as area Jews are reporting an uptick in home burglaries.
The local Shomrin has reported at least 20 incidents in recent weeks, including four in one day alone.
Anyone with information is urged to call cops at 911, or the Shomrin at 1-410-358-9999.
This story "Stickup, Burglaries Have Baltimore Jews On Edge" was written by John A. Oswald.

industry_corpus2: Media & Journalism


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Chappaqua, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 03/19/2015 -- Newyorksys is celebrating its 5th year in business in 2015, and the premier IT training company is currently offering a 20% discount on all courses to show its gratitude to the clients who use Newyorksys.
The New York-based IT training leader delivers priority training in areas such as Java, Microsoft, Oracle, and SAP and offers the training that employees and corporations need to succeed in today's world. With more than 300+ courses offered, Newyorksys has trained more than 76,000 professionals and provides 100% job assistance. Not only does Newyorksys help people achieve the valuable IT skills they need for the workplace, but it gives them the ability to confidently find a new job.
In celebration of its 5th year in business, Newyorksys is offering a 20% discount on all courses from March 18, 2015, to March 31, 2015.
Newyorksys is a leading IT online training company providing 300+ courses in areas such as Java, Oracle, Microsoft, PeopleSoft, Siebel, SAS, Testing Tools, and SAP.


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Customer choice price will vary depending on what is chosen.
Please specify if you would like a color. Delivery with in the Duluth Mn/Superior Wi area only.


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So after this latest update as of 10/5/17 when i install the program it installs and downloads update. however it doesn’t run, a matter of fact it actually has no exe in the local folder under openiv there is nothing there.
Your installer is broken the last version worked just fine, and because we cant download older versions we cant install mods…….
edit: after deleting the files and reinstalling for the 6th time and 3 reboots later it managed to install correctly… shrug. but hey it works now, thanks for an awesome product.
Just started using openIV. It’s great !
Would be nice to have command line ability to automatically start for GTA5 Windows, cuz that’s all I need at the moment.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


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The Trump administration has settled on a narrow definition of what it means to be a "sanctuary city," and limited the potential financial consequences for state and local governments that refuse to cooperate with immigration enforcement, reports the Los Angeles Times.
At most, the sanctuary jurisdictions will lose grants from the Justice Department and the Homeland Security Department — not all federal funds, according to an order signed Monday by Atty. Gen. Jeff Sessions.
Sessions' memo says that the term will apply only to places that "willfully refuse to comply" with a 1996 federal law that requires federal, state, and local governments to share information about someone's immigration status.
But Sessions' memo makes it clear that the administration has not given up on its goals of using the power of federal funding in the future to push for tougher enforcement. Sessions said the Justice Department can still "point out ways that state and local jurisdictions are undermining our lawful system of immigration."
"Going forward, the [Justice] Department, where authorized, may seek to tailor grants to promote a lawful system of immigration," Sessions wrote.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


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Tomorrow! Tomorrow! What better way to spend a lovely four-day holiday weekend than at Wanderlust Festival at beautiful Copper Mountain. Crisp mountain air, positive energy, friendly faces, enlightening lectures, and great music. I'm excited for Moby's DJ set and of course, Quixotic. To sum up their performance from last year: unbelievable.
I've been following Rachel Brathen on Instagram, yoga_girl, and I'm excited to practice with her. Known for teaching paddle board yoga, she will be bringing the water with her to Colorado. Ohio Congressman Tim Ryan shared an interesting perspective and I can't wait to hear what he has to share this year. The overall experience is like a breath of fresh air and I can't wait to share it with you.
May the light in me honor the light in you.

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


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Chaco teams up with specialty outdoor retailer, Rock/Creek, to raise $5000 for the acquisition of a climbing area near Steele, AL. The area, once treasured by climbers, has been closed to the public for over 20 years.
Chattanooga, TN -- Independent outdoor retailer Rock/Creek and specialty footwear manufacturer Chaco have partnered with the Southeastern Climbers Coalition to raise $5,000 toward the purchase of a long-closed climbing crag in Steele, AL. A portion of the proceeds from every Chaco Performance Sandal sale at Rock/Creek from now until Earth Day will be donated to this effort. Talented filmmaker Josh Fowler and photographer Andrew Kornylak donated their time to produce a video introduction to the Steele story. The film is currently posted online: http://rockcreek.com/steele.
As the movie explains, in 1987, too many climbers wore a path through a landowner's tomato field near Steele, AL. The landowner closed the access down, and a popular climbing area was lost. But a grassroots coalition vowed to one day regain access to Steele.
"We've been working on this project for a little over 8 years now without much success... luckily this past fall, we talked to the right landowner at the right time," explains Southeastern Climbers Coalition president Brad McLeod. "We have 120 days to raise all the funds, so we're teaming up with Rock/Creek and Chaco to make that happen."
Chad Wykle, Chaco Sandals sales rep and long-time defender of climbing access, elaborates: "As soon as we found out about this project, both Chaco and Rock/Creek literally jumped at the chance to work again with the SCC. Chaco as a company, has had a long 20 year history of making incredible footwear for the outdoor consumer. In that 20 years, we have also been committed to the core, to protecting and preserving our natural resources."
Rock/Creek co-owner and Signal Mountain resident Dawson Wheeler explains why Rock/Creek would take on a project like this: "Rock/Creek has taken a position a number of years ago that we want to leave a legacy behind. What we want to be able to look back to is our neighbors. 'How did we impact our neighbors and how did we impact our community at large? ' and you can look back and go, 'See this area; Chaco paid for this area to be here.' This is building ownership and it's also what we should do."
Rock/Creek, member of the Grassroots Outdoor Alliance, is an independent specialty outdoor retailer based in Chattanooga, TN. Rock/Creek was named 2009 Online Retailer of the Year by Backpacker Magazine and SNEWS and was listed as a Top 25 Retailer by Outdoor Business for 2008 and 2009. Along with its online shops, RockCreek.com and ClimbingGear.com, Rock/Creek provides quality outdoor clothing and gear for a host of activities including kayaking, rock climbing, camping, hiking, trail running, and adventure racing. Rock/Creek is committed to making a positive impact on the environment. For this reason, it uses outdoor retail as a platform to encourage outdoor recreation and environmental stewardship and to improve public access to the backcountry. Rock/Creek supports worthy nonprofits such as the Southeastern Climbers' Coalition and the Wilderness Trail Running Association. For related articles on Rock/Creek, visit http://rockcreek.com/media/.


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Home / Blog / Awesome Muscle Building Routine!
There’s a whole slew of muscle building routines out there; while some are better than others, most are familiar with the basics. These include 3 x 10, 4 x 8, and 5 x 5- if you’ve spent a few months in the gym, you should have heard of them by now. However those routines are simply just skimming the surface of your potential for muscle growth. If you really want to pack on muscle you have to think outside the box and try things you’ve never done before. Enter cluster sets.
2 reps, rest 15 seconds. 2 reps, rest 15 seconds, 2 reps, rest 15 seconds. 2 reps, rest 90 seconds and then repeat.
You don’t need to PhD in anything to know that 215 for 8 is better than 200 for 8. But the real magic happens because the brief period of rest allows you to maintain bar speed and produce a ton of force for each rep (1). This force output is important because the more force you use, the more you tap into what we call “high threshold motor units.(HTMU)” All you need to know about HTMU’s is that they connect to the muscle fibers that are responsible for the biggest gains in size and strength. So instead of grinding though your set of 8 reps and getting 2 or 3 quality reps out of it, you’re getting 8 awesome reps with your cluster set.
Researchers put cluster sets to the test. Using junior level basketball players and the bench press, researchers discovered that breaking up the set allowed the players to nearly double their power output (from 25 to 49%) over subjects who did straight sets (2)! More power equals more potential for muscle growth.
If you’re tired of the same old routines, and you want to get big and strong, give cluster training a try. Sure, it’s not as traditional as doing 3 sets of 10, but it never hurts to break the rules once in a while.

industry_corpus2: Sports


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• lot / land - MLS® #131072 $159,900 - GREAT PRICE!
Enjoy the Florida lifestyle at it's best! This lot is within walking distance to the ocean and intracoastal. Here is your chance to own a lot for under $200,000 in the prestigious area of Ormond by the Sea. One of the least expensive lots in this area, so take advantage of this opportunity before someone else does!


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Tell us your thoughts about Clarisonic Replacement Brush Heads so we can help you find the right products. With your review, you’ll also receive 50 Rewards Points. Please note that it may take up to 72 hours for a review to appear on site. All reviews are subject to moderator approval.
This brush head replacement arrived quickly. I had used the regular and "deep pore" heads before and liked them. But I am now using the "radiance" and think it is gentler on my skin and does just as good a job of cleaning my face. Overall very happy!
Love the sensitive skin brush head. The delicate one I didn't feel did the trick and the normal one was a bit to much for my sensitive skin. I use it once a day and keep it in the shower. I always get compliments on my glowy skin, well this is certainly one of the reasons. Love my Clarisonic!
It's a great neutral brush for your Clarisonic. I have sensitive skin but I'm also prone to acne. I feel like this brush is gentle enough on my face yet manages to even my tone very nicely. Plus that's the best deal you'll get for this type of product!
I only use the Clarisonic brush heads with my "mia" as they are softer, last longer, and clean more deeply without irritation. They are expensive to buy individually so I recommend buying them in the twin or value pack when on sale.
I gave my daughter my Clarasonic and bought myself a pink Mia fit which came with radiance brush heads. So I bought radiance replacement brush heads for her also. She is young, 35, and these will certainly keep her complexion radiant. And I'm hoping my radiance brushes will keep me the young looking 67 year old grandmother that I am. I have used Clarisonic products for as long as I can remember...perhaps that's why no one guesses my age. Thank you Clarisonic!


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Lulu Island Winery is the largest winery in Metro Vancouver, covering 15 acres of land. Over the years, Lulu Island has been producing top quality Canadian Icewine, red wine, white wine and a great variety of fruit wines. Our winemaker has decades of wine-making experience and expertise, leading to many award-winning wines. In fact, Lulu Island Winery has been rated as one of the top tourism attractions in Metro Vancouver.
Food pairings such as chocolates, cheese, crackers, fruits and ham are available for winery tour and tasting package (available from deal sites such as Groupon, Dealfind, Buytopia, etc).
Winery retail store with limited selection available at BC liquor stores.
Winery tours include visit to our vineyard and production area, explaining the process of growing/sourcing our grapes. Finally, the tour will conclude with a wine session in one of our largest tasting rooms in Canada.


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The Mash House by Andrew Maynard Architects is an original double-fronted renovated and re-imagined Victorian house. The whole structure uses recycled materials in order to have eco-friendly features like the recycled spotted gum used for the floors or the concrete slab in the back of the house that absorbs heat during the day and releases it during the night, keeping the temperature stable. Huge sliding doors transform the living area into a deck between the court and the backyard.
The kitchen had to be clean and prepared for the taste journeys that the inhabitants want to take. Both clients are caterers, so they need space to work but also a great storage space – the big pantry. All the rooms have been renovated to give the modern elements space to unfurl their glamour.


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This article is about the TV series. For other uses, see Twin Peaks (disambiguation).
Twin Peaks is an American mystery horror drama television series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch that premiered on April 8, 1990, on ABC. It was one of the top-rated series of 1990, but declining ratings led to its cancellation after its second season in 1991. It nonetheless gained a cult following and has been referenced in a wide variety of media. In subsequent years, Twin Peaks is often listed among the greatest television series of all time.
The series follows an investigation headed by FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper (Kyle MacLachlan) into the murder of homecoming queen Laura Palmer (Sheryl Lee) in the fictional suburban town of Twin Peaks, Washington. The show's narrative draws on elements of detective fiction, but its uncanny tone, supernatural elements, and campy, melodramatic portrayal of eccentric characters also draw on American soap opera and horror tropes. Like much of Lynch's work, it is distinguished by surrealism, offbeat humor, and distinctive cinematography. The acclaimed score was composed by Angelo Badalamenti with Lynch.
The success of the show sparked a media franchise, and the series was followed by a 1992 feature film, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, that serves as a prequel to the series. Additional tie-in books were also released. Following a hiatus of over 25 years, the show returned in 2017 with a third season on Showtime, marketed as Twin Peaks: The Return. The season was directed by Lynch and written by Lynch and Frost, and starred many original cast members, including MacLachlan.
Season one of Twin Peaks focuses on the mystery of who killed Laura Palmer (played by Sheryl Lee, pictured in 1990).
In 1989, the logger Pete Martell discovers a naked corpse wrapped in plastic on the bank of a river outside the town of Twin Peaks, Washington. When Sheriff Harry S. Truman, his deputies, and Dr. Will Hayward arrive, the body is identified as homecoming queen Laura Palmer. A badly injured second girl, Ronette Pulaski, is discovered in a fugue state.
FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper is called in to investigate. Cooper's initial examination of Laura's body reveals a tiny typed letter "R" inserted under her fingernail. Cooper informs the community that Laura's death matches the signature of a killer who murdered another girl in southwestern Washington the previous year, and that evidence indicates the killer lives in Twin Peaks.
The authorities discover through Laura's diary that she has been living a double life. She was cheating on her boyfriend, football captain Bobby Briggs, with biker James Hurley, and prostituting herself with the help of truck driver Leo Johnson and drug dealer Jacques Renault. Laura was also addicted to cocaine, which she obtained by coercing Bobby into doing business with Jacques.
Laura's father, attorney Leland Palmer, suffers a nervous breakdown. Her best friend, Donna Hayward, begins a relationship with James. With the help of Laura's cousin Maddy Ferguson, Donna and James discover that Laura's psychiatrist, Dr. Lawrence Jacoby, was obsessed with Laura, but he is proven innocent of the murder.
Hotelier Ben Horne, the richest man in Twin Peaks, plans to destroy the town's lumber mill along with its owner Josie Packard, and murder his lover (Josie's sister-in-law), Catherine Martell (Piper Laurie), so that he can purchase the land at a reduced price and complete a development project, Ghostwood. Horne's sultry, troubled daughter, Audrey, becomes infatuated with Cooper and spies for clues in an effort to gain his affections.
Cooper has a dream in which he is approached by a one-armed otherworldly being who calls himself MIKE. MIKE says that Laura's murderer is a similar entity, Killer BOB, a feral, denim-clad man with long gray hair. Cooper finds himself decades older with Laura and a dwarf in a red business suit, who engages in coded dialogue with Cooper. The next morning, Cooper tells Truman that, if he can decipher the dream, he will know who killed Laura.
Cooper and the sheriff's department find the one-armed man from Cooper's dream, a traveling shoe salesman named Phillip Gerard. Gerard knows a Bob, the veterinarian who treats Renault's pet bird. Cooper interprets these events to mean that Renault is the murderer, and with Truman's help, tracks Renault to One-Eyed Jack's, a brothel owned by Horne across the border in Canada. He lures Jacques Renault back onto U.S. soil to arrest him, but Renault is shot while trying to escape and is hospitalized.
Leland, learning that Renault has been arrested, sneaks into the hospital and murders him. The same night, Horne orders Leo to burn down the lumber mill with Catherine trapped inside and has Leo gunned down by Hank Jennings to ensure Leo's silence. Cooper returns to his room following Jacques's arrest and is shot by a masked gunman.
After solving the murder of Laura Palmer, Kyle MacLachlan's (pictured here in 1991) character of Dale Cooper stays in Twin Peaks to investigate further.
Lying hurt in his hotel room, Cooper has a vision in which a giant appears and reveals three clues: "There is a man in a smiling bag"; "The owls are not what they seem"; and "Without chemicals, he points." He takes Cooper's gold ring and explains that when Cooper understands the three premonitions, his ring will be returned.
Leo Johnson survives his shooting but is brain-damaged. Catherine Martell disappears, presumed killed in the mill fire. Leland Palmer, whose hair has turned white overnight, returns to work but behaves erratically. Cooper deduces that the "man in the smiling bag" is the corpse of Jacques Renault in a body bag.
Donna befriends an agoraphobic orchid grower named Harold Smith whom Laura entrusted with a second, secret diary she kept. Harold catches Donna and Maddy attempting to steal the diary from him and hangs himself in despair. Cooper and the sheriff's department take possession of Laura's secret diary, and learn that BOB, a friend of her father's, had been sexually abusing her since childhood and she used drugs to cope. They initially suspect that the killer is Ben Horne and arrest him, but Leland Palmer is revealed to viewers to be BOB's host when he brutally kills Maddy.
Cooper begins to doubt Horne's guilt, so he gathers all of his suspects in the belief that he will receive a sign to help him identify the killer. The Giant appears and confirms that Leland is BOB's host and Laura's and Maddy's killer, giving Cooper back his ring. Cooper and Truman take Leland into custody. In control of Leland's body, BOB admits to a string of murders, before forcing Leland to commit suicide. Leland, as he dies, is freed of BOB's influence and begs for forgiveness. BOB's spirit disappears into the woods in the form of an owl and the lawmen wonder if he will reappear.
Cooper is set to leave Twin Peaks when he is framed for drug trafficking by Jean Renault and is suspended from the FBI. Renault holds Cooper responsible for the death of his brothers, Jacques and Bernard. Jean Renault is killed in a shootout with police, and Cooper is cleared of all charges.
Windom Earle, Cooper's former mentor and FBI partner, escapes from a mental institution and comes to Twin Peaks. Cooper had previously been having an affair with Earle's wife, Caroline, while she was under his protection as a witness to a federal crime. Earle murdered Caroline and wounded Cooper. He now engages Cooper in a twisted game of chess where Earle murders someone whenever a piece is captured.
Investigating BOB's origin and whereabouts with the help of Major Garland Briggs, Cooper learns of the existence of the White Lodge and the Black Lodge, two extra-dimensional realms whose entrances are somewhere in the woods surrounding Twin Peaks.
Catherine returns to town in yellowface, having survived the mill fire, and manipulates Ben Horne into signing the Ghostwood project over to her. Andrew Packard, Josie's husband, is revealed to be still alive. Josie Packard is revealed to be the person who shot Cooper at the end of the first season. Andrew forces Josie to confront his business rival and her tormentor from Hong Kong, the sinister Thomas Eckhardt. Josie kills Eckhardt but she mysteriously dies when Truman and Cooper try to apprehend her.
Cooper falls in love with a new arrival in town, Annie Blackburn. Earle captures the brain-damaged Leo for use as a henchman and abandons his chess game with Cooper. When Annie wins the Miss Twin Peaks contest, Earle kidnaps her and takes her to the entrance to the Black Lodge, whose power he seeks to use for himself.
Through a series of clues Cooper discovers the entrance to the Black Lodge, which turns out to be the strange, red-curtained room from his dream. He is greeted by the Man From Another Place, the Giant, and Laura Palmer, who each give Cooper cryptic messages. Searching for Annie and Earle, Cooper encounters doppelgängers of various people, including Maddy Ferguson and Leland Palmer. Cooper finds Earle, who demands Cooper's soul in exchange for Annie's life. Cooper agrees but BOB appears and takes Earle's soul for himself. BOB then turns to Cooper, who is chased through the lodge by a doppelgänger of himself.
Outside the lodge, Andrew Packard, Pete Martell and Audrey Horne are caught in an explosion at a bank vault, a trap laid by the dead Eckhardt.
Cooper and Annie reappear in the woods, both injured. Annie is taken to hospital but Cooper recovers in his room at the Great Northern Hotel. It becomes clear that the "Cooper" who emerged from the Lodge is in fact his doppelgänger, under BOB's control. He smashes his head into a bathroom mirror and laughs maniacally.
On October 6, 2014, it was announced that a limited series would air on Showtime. David Lynch and Mark Frost wrote all the episodes, and Lynch directed. Frost emphasized that the new episodes are not a remake or reboot but a continuation of the series. The episodes are set in the present day, and the passage of 25 years is an important element in the plot.
Most of the original cast returns, including Kyle MacLachlan, Mädchen Amick, Sherilyn Fenn, Sheryl Lee, Ray Wise, and several others. Additions include Jeremy Davies, Laura Dern, Robert Forster, Tim Roth, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Amanda Seyfried, Matthew Lillard, and Naomi Watts.
The limited series began filming in September 2015 and was completed by April 2016. It was shot continuously from a single, long-shooting script before being edited into separate episodes. The series premiered on May 21, 2017, and consists of 18 episodes.
In the 1980s, Mark Frost worked for three years as a writer for the television police drama Hill Street Blues, which featured a large cast and extended story lines. Following his success with The Elephant Man (1980) and Blue Velvet in 1986, David Lynch was hired by a Warner Bros. executive to direct a film about the life of Marilyn Monroe, based on the best-selling book Goddess. Lynch recalls being "sort of interested. I loved the idea of this woman in trouble, but I didn't know if I liked it being a real story." Lynch and Frost first worked together on the Goddess screenplay and although the project was dropped by Warner Bros., they became good friends. They went on to work as writer and director for One Saliva Bubble, a film with Steve Martin attached to star, but it was never made either. Lynch's agent, Tony Krantz, encouraged him to do a television show. He took Lynch to Nibblers restaurant in Los Angeles and said, "You should do a show about real life in America—your vision of America the same way you demonstrated it in Blue Velvet." Lynch got an "idea of a small-town thing", and though he and Frost were not keen on it, they decided to humor Krantz. Frost wanted to tell "a sort of Dickensian story about multiple lives in a contained area that could sort of go perpetually." Originally, the show was to be titled North Dakota and set in the Plains region of North Dakota.
After Frost, Krantz, and Lynch rented a screening room in Beverly Hills and screened Peyton Place, they decided to develop the town before its inhabitants. Due to the lack of forests and mountains in North Dakota, the title was changed from North Dakota to Northwest Passage (the title of the pilot episode), and the location to the Pacific Northwest, specifically Washington. They then drew a map and decided that there would be a lumber mill in the town. Then they came up with an image of a body washing up on the shore of a lake. Lynch remembers, "We knew where everything was located and that helped us determine the prevailing atmosphere and what might happen there." Frost remembers that he and Lynch came up with the notion of the girl next door leading a "desperate double life" that would end in murder. The idea was inspired, in part, by the unsolved 1908 murder of Hazel Irene Drew in Sand Lake, New York.
Lynch and Frost pitched the idea to ABC during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike in a ten-minute meeting with the network's drama head, Chad Hoffman, with nothing more than this image and a concept. According to the director, the mystery of who killed Laura Palmer was initially going to be in the foreground, but would recede gradually as viewers got to know the other townsfolk and the problems they were having. Lynch and Frost wanted to mix a police investigation with a soap opera. ABC liked the idea and asked Lynch and Frost to write a screenplay for the pilot episode. They had been talking about the project for three months and wrote the screenplay in 10 days. Frost wrote more verbal characters, like Benjamin Horne, while Lynch was responsible for Agent Cooper. According to the director, "He says a lot of the things I say." ABC Entertainment President Brandon Stoddard ordered the two-hour pilot for a possible fall 1989 series. He left the position in March 1989 as Lynch went into production. They filmed the pilot for million with an agreement with ABC that they would shoot an additional "ending" to it so that it could be sold directly to video in Europe as a feature film if the TV show was not picked up. ABC's Robert Iger and his creative team took over, saw the dailies, and met with Frost and Lynch to get the arc of the stories and characters. Although Iger liked the pilot, he had difficulty persuading the rest of the network executives. Iger suggested showing it to a more diverse, younger group, who liked it, and the executive subsequently convinced ABC to buy seven episodes at .1 million apiece. Some executives figured that the show would never get on the air or that it might run as a seven-hour mini-series, but Iger planned to schedule it for the spring. The final showdown occurred during a bi-coastal conference call between Iger and a room full of New York executives; Iger won, and Twin Peaks was on the air.
Each episode took a week to shoot and after directing the second episode, Lynch went off to complete Wild at Heart while Frost wrote the remaining segments.Standards and Practices had a problem with only one scene from the first season: an extreme close-up in the pilot of Cooper's hand as he slid tweezers under Laura's fingernail and removed a tiny "R". They wanted the scene to be shorter because it made them uncomfortable, but Frost and Lynch refused and the scene remained.
Veteran film actress Piper Laurie (pictured here in 1990) helped cement the Twin Peaks cast.
Twin Peaks features members of a loose ensemble of Lynch's favorite character actors, including Jack Nance, Kyle MacLachlan, Grace Zabriskie, and Everett McGill. Isabella Rossellini, who had worked with Lynch on Blue Velvet was originally cast as Giovanna Packard, but she dropped out of the production before shooting began on the pilot episode. The character was then reconceived as Josie Packard, of Chinese ethnicity, and the role given to actress Joan Chen. It casts several veteran actors who had risen to fame in the 1950s and 1960s, including 1950s film stars Richard Beymer, Piper Laurie, and Russ Tamblyn. Other veteran actors included British actor James Booth (Zulu), former The Mod Squad star Peggy Lipton, and Michael Ontkean who co-starred in the 1970s crime drama The Rookies. Kyle MacLachlan was cast as Agent Dale Cooper. Stage actor Warren Frost, father of Mark Frost, was cast as Dr. Will Hayward.
Due to budget constraints, Lynch intended to cast a local girl from Seattle, reportedly "just to play a dead girl". The local girl ended up being Sheryl Lee. Lynch stated "But no one—not Mark, me, anyone—had any idea that she could act, or that she was going to be so powerful just being dead." And then, while Lynch shot the home movie that James takes of Donna and Laura, he realized that Lee had something special. "She did do another scene—the video with Donna on the picnic—and it was that scene that did it." As a result, Sheryl Lee became a semi-regular addition to the cast, appearing in flashbacks as Laura, and portraying another, recurring character: Maddy Ferguson, Laura's similar-looking cousin.
The character of Phillip Gerard's appearance in the pilot episode was originally intended to be only a "kind of homage to The Fugitive. The only thing he was gonna do was be in this elevator and walk out," according to David Lynch. However, when Lynch wrote the "Fire walk with me" speech, he imagined Al Strobel, who played Gerard, reciting it in the basement of the Twin Peaks hospital—a scene that appeared in the European version of the pilot episode, and surfaced later in Agent Cooper's dream sequence. Gerard's full name, Phillip Michael Gerard, is also a reference to Lieutenant Phillip Gerard, a character in The Fugitive.
Lynch met Michael J. Anderson in 1987. After seeing him in a short film, Lynch wanted to cast the actor in the title role in Ronnie Rocket, but that project failed to get made.
Richard Beymer was cast as Ben Horne because he had known Johanna Ray, Lynch's casting director. Lynch was familiar with Beymer's work in the 1961 film West Side Story and was surprised that Beymer was available for the role.
Set dresser Frank Silva was cast as the mysterious "Bob". Lynch himself recalls that the idea originated when he overheard Silva moving furniture around in the bedroom set, and then heard a woman warning Silva not to block himself in by moving furniture in front of the door. Lynch was struck with an image of Silva in the room. When he learned that Silva was an actor, he filmed two panning shots, one with Silva at the base of the bed, and one without; he did not yet know how he would use this material. Later that day, during the filming of Sarah Palmer having a vision, the camera operator told Lynch that the shot was ruined because "Frank [Silva] was reflected in the mirror." Lynch comments, "Things like this happen and make you start dreaming. And one thing leads to another, and if you let it, a whole other thing opens up." Lynch used the panning shot of Silva in the bedroom, and the shot featuring Silva's reflection, in the closing scenes of the European version of the pilot episode. Silva's reflection in the mirror can also be glimpsed during the scene of Sarah's vision at the end of the original pilot, but it is less clear. A close-up of Silva in the bedroom later became a significant image in episodes of the TV series.
The score for Twin Peaks has received acclaim; The Guardian wrote that it "still marks the summit of TV soundtracks." In fall 1989, composer Angelo Badalamenti and Lynch created the score for the show. In 20 minutes they produced the signature theme for the series. Badalamenti called it the "Love Theme from Twin Peaks". Lynch told him, "You just wrote 75% of the score. It's the mood of the whole piece. It is Twin Peaks." While creating the score, Lynch often described the moods or emotions he wanted the music to evoke, and Badalamenti began to play the piano. In the scenes dominated by young men, they are accompanied by music that Badalamenti called Cool Jazz. The characters' masculinity was enhanced by finger-snapping, "cocktail-lounge electric piano, pulsing bass, and lightly brushed percussion." A handful of the motifs were borrowed from the Julee Cruise album Floating into the Night, which was written in large part by Badalamenti and Lynch and was released in 1989. This album also serves as the soundtrack to another Lynch project, Industrial Symphony No. 1, a live Cruise performance also featuring Michael J. Anderson ("The Man from Another Place").
The song "Falling" (sans vocals) became the theme to the show, and the songs "Rockin' Back Inside My Heart", "The Nightingale", "The World Spins", and "Into the Night" (found in their full versions on the album) were all, except the latter, used as Cruise's roadhouse performances during the show's run. The lyrics for all five songs were written by Lynch. A second volume of the soundtrack was released on October 30, 2007, to coincide with the Definitive Gold Box DVD set.
In March 2011, Lynch began releasing The Twin Peaks Archive - a collection of previously unavailable tracks from the series and the film via his website.
FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper states, in the pilot episode, that Twin Peaks is "five miles south of the Canadian border, and twelve miles west of the state line". This places it in the Salmo-Priest Wilderness. Lynch and Frost started their location search in Snoqualmie, Washington, on the recommendation of a friend of Frost. They found all of the locations that they had written into the pilot episode. The towns of Snoqualmie, North Bend and Fall City – which became the primary filming locations for stock Twin Peaks exterior footage – are about an hour's drive from the town of Roslyn, Washington, the town used for the series Northern Exposure. Many exterior scenes were filmed in wooded areas of Malibu, California. Most of the interior scenes were shot on standing sets in a San Fernando Valley warehouse.
The soap opera show-within-the-show Invitation to Love was not shot on a studio set, but in the Ennis House, an architectural landmark designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles.
Mark Frost and David Lynch made use of repeating and sometimes mysterious motifs such as trees (especially fir and pines), coffee, cherry pie, donuts, owls, logs, ducks, water, fire—and numerous embedded references to other films and TV shows.
During the filming of the scene in which Cooper first examines Laura's body, a malfunctioning fluorescent lamp above the table flickered constantly, but Lynch decided not to replace it, since he liked the disconcerting effect that it created.
Cooper's dream at the end of the third episode, which became a driving plot point in the series's first season and ultimately held the key to the identity of Laura's murderer, was never scripted. The idea came to Lynch one afternoon after touching the side of a hot car left out in the sun: "I was leaning against a car—the front of me was leaning against this very warm car. My hands were on the roof and the metal was very hot. The Red Room scene leapt into my mind. 'Little Mike' was there, and he was speaking backwards... For the rest of the night I thought only about The Red Room." The footage was originally shot along with the pilot, to be used as the conclusion were it to be released as a feature film. When the series was picked up, Lynch decided to incorporate some of the footage; in the third episode, Cooper, narrating the dream, outlines the shot footage which Lynch did not incorporate, such as Mike shooting Bob and the fact that he is 25 years older when he meets Laura Palmer's spirit.
In an attempt to avoid cancellation, the idea of a Cooper possessed by Bob came up and was included in the final episode, but the series was cancelled even before the episode was aired.
Before the one and a half hour pilot premiered on TV, a screening was held at the Museum of Broadcasting in Hollywood. Media analyst and advertising executive Paul Schulman said, "I don't think it has a chance of succeeding. It is not commercial, it is radically different from what we as viewers are accustomed to seeing, there's no one in the show to root for." The show's Thursday night time slot had not been a good one for soap operas, as both Dynasty and its short-lived spin-off The Colbys did poorly.Twin Peaks was also up against the hugely successful sitcom Cheers.
Initially, the show received a positive response from TV critics. Tom Shales, in The Washington Post, wrote, "Twin Peaks disorients you in ways that small-screen productions seldom attempt. It's a pleasurable sensation, the floor dropping out and leaving one dangling." In The New York Times, John J. O'Connor wrote, "Twin Peaks is not a send-up of the form. Mr. Lynch clearly savors the standard ingredients...but then the director adds his own peculiar touches, small passing details that suddenly, and often hilariously, thrust the commonplace out of kilter."Entertainment Weekly gave the show an "A+" rating and Ken Tucker wrote, "Plot is irrelevant; moments are everything. Lynch and Frost have mastered a way to make a weekly series endlessly interesting."Richard Zoglin in Time magazine said that it "may be the most hauntingly original work ever done for American TV."
The two-hour pilot was the highest-rated movie for the 1989–90 season with a 22 rating and was viewed by 33% of the audience. In its first broadcast as a regular one-hour drama series, Twin Peaks scored ABC's highest ratings in four years in its 9:00 pm Thursday time slot. The show also reduced NBC's Cheers's ratings. Twin Peaks had a 16.2 rating with each point equaling 921,000 homes with TVs. The episode also added new viewers because of what ABC's senior vice-president of research, Alan Wurtzel, called "the water cooler syndrome", in which people talk about the series the next day at work.
But the show's third episode lost 14% of the audience that had tuned in a week before. That audience had dropped 30% from the show's first appearance on Thursday night. This was a result of competing against Cheers, which appealed to the same demographic that watched Twin Peaks. A production executive from the show spoke of being frustrated with the network's scheduling of the show. "The show is being banged around on Thursday night. If ABC had put it on Wednesday night it could have built on its initial success. ABC has put the show at risk."
In response, the network aired the first-season finale on a Wednesday night at 10:00 pm instead of its usual 9:00 pm Thursday slot. The show achieved its best ratings since its third week on the air with a 12.6 and a 22 share of the audience. On May 22, 1990, it was announced that Twin Peaks would be renewed for a second season.
During the first and second season, the search for Laura Palmer's killer served as the engine for the plot, and captured the public's imagination, although the creators admitted this was largely a MacGuffin; each episode was really about the interactions between the townsfolk. The unique (and often bizarre) personalities of each citizen formed a web of minutiae that ran contrary to the town's quaint appearance. Adding to the surreal atmosphere was the recurrence of Dale Cooper's dreams, in which the FBI agent is given clues to Laura's murder in a supernatural realm that may or may not be of his imagination. The first season contained only eight episodes (including the two-hour pilot episode), and was considered technically and artistically revolutionary for television at the time, and geared toward reaching the standards of film.
Critics have noted that Twin Peaks began the trend of accomplished cinematography now commonplace in today's television dramas. Lynch and Frost maintained tight control over the first season, handpicking all of the directors, including some Lynch had known from his days at the American Film Institute (e.g., Caleb Deschanel and Tim Hunter) and some referred to him by those he knew personally. Lynch and Frost's control lessened in the second season, corresponding with what is generally regarded as a decrease in the show's quality once the identity of Laura Palmer's murderer was revealed.
The aforementioned "water cooler effect" put pressure on the show's creators to solve the mystery. Although they claimed to have known from the series' inception the identity of Laura's murderer, Lynch never wanted to solve the murder, while Frost felt that they had an obligation to the audience to solve it. This created tension between the two men.
Its ambitious style, paranormal undertones, and engaging murder mystery made Twin Peaks an unexpected hit. Its characters, particularly MacLachlan's Dale Cooper, were unorthodox for a supposed crime drama, as was Cooper's method of interpreting his dreams to solve the crime. During its first season, the show's popularity reached its zenith, and elements of the program seeped into mainstream popular culture, prompting parodies, including one in the 16th-season premiere of Saturday Night Live, hosted by MacLachlan.
David Lynch at the 42nd Primetime Emmy Awards on September 16, 1990, where Twin Peaks was nominated for fourteen awards. He was nominated for directing and co-writing the pilot episode.
For its first season, Twin Peaks received fourteen nominations at the 42nd Primetime Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (Kyle MacLachlan), Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Piper Laurie), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Sherilyn Fenn), Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (David Lynch), Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series (David Lynch and Mark Frost), Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series (Harley Peyton), Outstanding Art Direction for a Series, Outstanding Achievement in Main Title Theme Music, Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore), Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics, and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series. Out of its fourteen nominations, it won for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series and Outstanding Editing for a Series – Single Camera Production.
For its second season, it received four nominations at the 43rd Primetime Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (Kyle MacLachlan), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Piper Laurie), Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series, and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series.
At the 48th Golden Globe Awards, it won for Best TV Series – Drama, Kyle MacLachlan won for Best Performance by an Actor in a TV Series – Drama, Piper Laurie won for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV; while Sherilyn Fenn was nominated in the same category as Laurie.
The pilot episode was ranked 25th on TV Guide's 1997 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. It placed 49th on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list. In 2004 and 2007, Twin Peaks was ranked 20th and 24th on TV Guide's Top Cult Shows Ever, and in 2002, it was ranked 45th of the "Top 50 Television Programs of All Time" by the same guide. In 2007, UK broadcaster Channel 4 ranked Twin Peaks 9th on their list of the "50 Greatest TV Dramas". Also that year, Time included the show on their list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All-Time".Empire listed Twin Peaks as the 24th best TV show in their list of "The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time".
In 2012, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at no. 12 in the "25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years", saying, "The show itself was only fitfully brilliant and ultimately unfulfilling, but the cult lives, fueled by nostalgia for the extraordinary pop phenomenon it inspired, for its significance to the medium (behold the big bang of auteur TV!), and for a sensuous strangeness that possesses you and never lets you go." The series has been nominated for the TCA Heritage Award six consecutive years since 2010. It was ranked 20th on The Hollywood Reporter's list of Hollywood's 100 Favorite TV Shows.
With the resolution of Twin Peaks' main drawing point (Laura Palmer's murder) in the middle of the second season, and with subsequent story lines becoming more obscure and drawn out, public interest began to wane. This discontent, coupled with ABC changing its timeslot on a number of occasions, led to a huge drop in the show's ratings after being one of the most-watched television programs in the United States in 1990. A week after the season's 15th episode placed 85th in the ratings out of 89 shows, ABC put Twin Peaks on indefinite hiatus, a move that usually leads to cancellation.
An organized letter-writing campaign, dubbed COOP (Citizens Opposed to the Offing of Peaks), attempted to save the show from cancellation. The campaign was successful, as ABC agreed to air the remaining six episodes to finish the season. But due to the Gulf War, Twin Peaks was moved from its usual time slot "for six weeks out of eight" in early 1991, according to Frost, preventing the show from maintaining audience interest.
According to Frost, the main storyline after the resolution of Laura Palmer's murder was planned to be the second strongest element from the first season that audiences responded to: The relationship between Agent Cooper and Audrey Horne. Frost explained that Lara Flynn Boyle, who was romantically involved with Kyle MacLachlan at the time, had effectively vetoed the Audrey-Cooper relationship, forcing the writers to come up with alternative storylines to fill the gap. Sherilyn Fenn corroborated this claim in a 2014 interview, stating, "[Boyle] was mad that my character was getting more attention, so then Kyle started saying that his character shouldn't be with my character because it doesn't look good, 'cause I'm too young... I was not happy about it. It was stupid." This meant the artificial extension of secondary storylines, such as James Hurley and Evelyn Marsh, to fill in the space. After ratings began to decline, Agent Cooper was given a new love interest, Annie Blackburn (Heather Graham), to replace the writers' intended romance between him and Audrey Horne. Despite ending on a deliberate audience-baiting cliffhanger, the series finale did not sufficiently boost interest, and the show was not renewed for a third season, leaving the cliffhanger unresolved.
Lynch expressed his regret at having resolved the Laura Palmer murder, saying he and Frost had never intended for the series to answer the question and that doing so "killed the goose that laid the golden eggs". Lynch blamed network pressure for the decision to resolve the Palmer storyline prematurely. Frost agreed, noting that people at the network had in fact wanted the killer to be revealed by the end of season one.
In 1993, cable channel Bravo acquired the license to rerun the entire series, which began airing in June 1993. These reruns included Lynch's addition of introductions to each episode by the Log Lady and her cryptic musings.
Looking back, Frost has admitted that he wished he and Lynch had "worked out a smoother transition" between storylines and that the Laura Palmer story was a "tough act to follow". Regarding the second season, Frost felt that "perhaps the storytelling wasn't quite as taut or as fraught with emotion".
Writing for The Atlantic, Mike Mariani wrote that "It would be tough to look at the roster of television shows any given season without finding several that owe a creative debt to Twin Peaks," stating that "Lynch's manipulation of the uncanny, his surreal non-sequiturs, his black humor, and his trademark ominous tracking shots can be felt in a variety of contemporary hit shows. In 2010, the television series Psych paid tribute to the series by reuniting some of the cast in the fifth-season episode, "Dual Spires". The episode's plot is an homage to the Twin Peaks pilot, where the characters of Psych investigate the death of a young girl in a small town called "Dual Spires". The episode also contains several references to the original show. Twin Peaks actors that guest star in the episode are Sherilyn Fenn, Sheryl Lee, Dana Ashbrook, Robyn Lively, Lenny Von Dohlen, Catherine E. Coulson and Ray Wise. Prior to the airing of the episode, a special event at the Paley Center for Media was held where the actors from both shows discussed the episode.
Reviewers and fans of four seasons of Veena Sud's U.S. TV series, The Killing, have noted similarities and borrowed elements from Lynch's Fire Walk with Me and Twin Peaks, and compared Sud and Lynch's works.
Carlton Cuse, creator of Bates Motel, cited Twin Peaks as a key inspiration for his series, stating: "We pretty much ripped off Twin Peaks... If you wanted to get that confession, the answer is yes. I loved that show. They only did 30 episodes. Kerry [Ehrin] and I thought we'd do the 70 that are missing."
Twin Peaks served as an inspiration for the 1993 video game The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening, with director Takashi Tezuka citing the series as the main factor for the creation of the "suspicious" characters that populate the game, as well as the mystery elements of the story. The show has also influenced a number of survival horror and psychological thriller video games—most notably Alan Wake,Deadly Premonition,Silent Hill, and Max Payne.
The American animated show Gravity Falls repeatedly referenced the Black Lodge along with other elements of Twin Peaks throughout its run.
The song "Laura Palmer" by the band Bastille was written influenced by the "slightly weird, eerie" atmosphere of the show.
The series was released on VHS in a six-tape collection on April 16, 1995, however, it did not include the original pilot episode.
On December 18, 2001, the first season (episodes 1–7, minus the pilot) of Twin Peaks was released on DVD in Region 1 by Artisan Entertainment. The box set featured digitally remastered video was noted for being the first TV series to have its audio track redone in DTS.
The second season release was postponed several times, and the release was originally canceled in 2003 by Artisan due to low sales figures for the season 1 DVD. The second season was finally released in the United States and Canada on April 3, 2007, via Paramount Pictures Home Entertainment/CBS DVD.
In July 2013, it was revealed that a Blu-ray version of the complete series would be released. In January 2014, Lynch confirmed the Blu-ray release and that it would contain the pilot, season 1, season 2, and new special features, and possibly the film. It was announced on May 15, 2014, that the Blu-ray of the complete series of Twin Peaks and the film containing over 90 minutes of deleted scenes would be released on July 29, 2014.
Online, the series is available through the pay CBS All Access service in full, along with Showtime's "Anytime" service for pay-TV subscribers and its over-the-top separate service.
The original series is available for HD streaming via both Hulu and Netflix in the U.S. Hulu also offers The Return, the 18-episode continuation originally aired on Showtime, as an additional-cost subscription option for viewing some of Showtime's programming.
During the show's second season, Pocket Books released three official tie-in books, each authored by the show's creators (or their family), which offer a wealth of backstory.
The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer, written by Lynch's daughter Jennifer Lynch, is the diary as seen in the series and written by Laura, chronicling her thoughts from her twelfth birthday to the days leading up to her death. Frost's brother Scott wrote The Autobiography of F.B.I. Special Agent Dale Cooper: My Life, My Tapes. Kyle MacLachlan also recorded Diane: The Twin Peaks Tapes of Agent Cooper, which combined audio tracks from various episodes of the series with newly recorded monologues.Welcome to Twin Peaks: An Access Guide to the Town offers information about the history, flora, fauna, and culture of the fictitious town.
The Secret History of Twin Peaks, a novel by series co-creator Mark Frost, "places the unexplained phenomena that unfolded in Twin Peaks in a layered, wide-ranging history, beginning with the journals of Lewis and Clark and ending with the shocking events that closed the finale." It was published on October 18, 2016.
The 1992 film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me is a prequel to the TV series. It tells of the investigation into the murder of Teresa Banks and the last seven days in the life of Laura Palmer. Director David Lynch and most of the television cast returned for the film, with the notable exceptions of Lara Flynn Boyle, who declined to return as Laura's best friend Donna Hayward and was replaced by Moira Kelly, and Sherilyn Fenn due to scheduling conflicts. Also, Kyle MacLachlan returned reluctantly as he wanted to avoid typecasting, so his presence in the film is smaller than originally planned. Lynch originally shot about five hours of footage that was subsequently cut down to two hours and fourteen minutes. Most of the deleted scenes feature additional characters from the television series who ultimately did not appear in the finished film. Around ninety minutes of these scenes are included in the complete series Blu-ray that was released on July 29, 2014.
Fire Walk with Me was received poorly, especially in comparison to the series. It was greeted at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival with booing from the audience and has received mixed reviews by American critics. It grossed a total of USD .8 million in 691 theaters in its opening weekend and went on to gross a total of .1 million in North America.
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industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


text:
Leviticus 4:3 if the anointed priest shall sin so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he hath sinned, a young bullock without blemish unto Jehovah for a sin-offering.
Leviticus 4:4 And he shall bring the bullock unto the door of the tent of meeting before Jehovah; and he shall lay his hand upon the head of the bullock, and kill the bullock before Jehovah.
Leviticus 4:6 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle of the blood seven times before Jehovah, before the veil of the sanctuary.
Leviticus 4:7 And the priest shall put of the blood upon the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Jehovah, which is in the tent of meeting; and all the blood of the bullock shall he pour out at the base of the altar of burnt-offering, which is at the door of the tent of meeting.
Leviticus 4:10 as it is taken off from the ox of the sacrifice of peace-offerings: and the priest shall burn them upon the altar of burnt-offering.
Leviticus 4:12 even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire: where the ashes are poured out shall it be burnt.
Leviticus 4:14 when the sin wherein they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bullock for a sin-offering, and bring it before the tent of meeting.
Leviticus 4:15 And the elders of the congregation shall lay their hands upon the head of the bullock before Jehovah; and the bullock shall be killed before Jehovah.
Leviticus 4:17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Jehovah, before the veil.
Leviticus 4:18 And he shall put of the blood upon the horns of the altar which is before Jehovah, that is in the tent of meeting; and all the blood shall he pour out at the base of the altar of burnt-offering, which is at the door of the tent of meeting.
Leviticus 4:19 And all the fat thereof shall he take off from it, and burn it upon the altar.
Leviticus 4:20 Thus shall he do with the bullock; as he did with the bullock of the sin-offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
Leviticus 4:21 And he shall carry forth the bullock without the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bullock: it is the sin-offering for the assembly.
Leviticus 4:23 if his sin, wherein he hath sinned, be made known to him, he shall bring for his oblation a goat, a male without blemish.
Leviticus 4:24 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt-offering before Jehovah: it is a sin-offering.
Leviticus 4:25 And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin-offering with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt-offering; and the blood thereof shall he pour out at the base of the altar of burnt-offering.
Leviticus 4:26 And all the fat thereof shall he burn upon the altar, as the fat of the sacrifice of peace-offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him as concerning his sin, and he shall be forgiven.
Leviticus 4:28 if his sin, which he hath sinned, be made known to him, then he shall bring for his oblation a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he hath sinned.
Leviticus 4:29 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin-offering, and kill the sin-offering in the place of burnt-offering.
Leviticus 4:30 And the priest shall take of the blood thereof with his finger, and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt-offering; and all the blood thereof shall he pour out at the base of the altar.
Leviticus 4:31 And all the fat thereof shall he take away, as the fat is taken away from off the sacrifice of peace-offerings; and the priest shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savor unto Jehovah; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he shall be forgiven.
Leviticus 4:32 And if he bring a lamb as his oblation for a sin-offering, he shall bring it a female without blemish.
Leviticus 4:33 And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the sin-offering, and kill it for a sin-offering in the place where they kill the burnt-offering.
Leviticus 4:35 and all the fat thereof shall he take away, as the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace-offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, upon the offerings of Jehovah made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him as touching his sin that he hath sinned, and he shall be forgiven.


text:
Becker, Ralf; Fischbacher, Urs; Hens, Thorsten (2002). Soft Landing of a Stock Market Bubble - An Experimental Study. Working paper series / Institute for Empirical Research in Economics No. 90, University of Zurich.
This list was generated on Thu Apr 18 23:37:32 2019 CEST.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics