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Michele Owen Black, Appellant, v. Montgomery County; Det. John T. Fallon; Lower Merion Township; Det. Gregory Henry; Bryan Garner; Chief Fire Off. Charles Mcgarvey; Deputy Fire Marshall Frank Hand; State Trooper Robert Pomponio.
Before: CHAGARES, KRAUSE, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges Michael C. Schwartz [ARGUED], James, Schwartz & Associates, 1500 Walnut Street, 21st Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19102, Counsel for Appellant. Carol A. Vanderwoude [ARGUED], Marshall Dennehey Warner Coleman & Goggin, 2000 Market Street, 18th Floor, Suite 2300, Philadelphia, PA 19103, Counsel for Appellees Township of Lower Merion, Detective Gregory Henry, Bryan A. Garner, Chief Fire Off. Charles McGarvey and Deputy Fire Marshal Frank Hand. Philip W. Newcomer [ARGUED], Montgomery County, Solicitor's Office, One Montgomery Plaza, Suite 800, P.O. Box 311, Norristown, PA 19404-0311, Counsel for Appellees Montgomery County and Detective John T. Fallon. Claudia M. Tesoro [ARGUED], John G. Knorr, III, Office of the Attorney General, 21 South 12th Street, Third Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, Counsel for Appellee State Trooper Robert Pomponio.
Plaintiff Michele Black filed a lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law alleging that various police and fire officials, as well as a county and township, violated her constitutional rights in connection with criminal proceedings against her. The defendants moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and the District Court granted these motions.
Two issues are now before us on appeal from the order granting the motions to dismiss. The first issue is whether the District Court erred in determining that Black was not “seized” as required for a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim. The second issue is whether the District Court erred in finding that Black's Fourteenth Amendment due process claim for fabricated evidence required that she be convicted at trial, since she was acquitted. We hold that the answer is yes for both issues. Accordingly, we will vacate the District Court's order and remand for further proceedings.
On November 21, 2012, a fire broke out at the home where Black had grown up in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Black's mother had sold the home two days before. Originally, the closing date was set for November 30, 2012, but it was moved up so the buyers could upgrade the wiring before they moved in. The buyers could not obtain homeowner's insurance unless the old wiring was upgraded because it was viewed as a fire hazard. Black's mother entered into a post-settlement possession addendum which allowed her to remove her possessions from the home while the buyer's contractors upgraded the wiring.
The fire broke out in the third floor of the home. Black was in the home helping her mother remove possessions,2 while the buyer's electricians were upgrading the wiring. The fire resulted in a “V” pattern of fire damage extending from a 220-volt electrical outlet. The electricians extinguished the fire before they called the fire department. After arriving at the home, the Gladwyne Fire Chief called the dispatcher to report an electrical fire.
Defendant Deputy Fire Marshal Frank Hand and his supervisor defendant Chief Fire Officer Charles McGarvey arrived at the scene. Hand was not an electrical expert, but he disassembled the electrical outlet where the fire had started. Hand could not determine that the fire was accidental, so he called the District Attorney's Office and the state police for help. Hand concluded that the fire was intentionally started and was not an electrical fire. Despite fire damage on the electrical outlet, Hand did not preserve the outlet, supporting brackets, electrical box, or the outlet cover. Hand intentionally misrepresented his findings that the wire to the outlet had been cut 18 inches from the outlet to support the proposition that there was no power source for the outlet. His supervisor, defendant McGarvey, witnessed the fire scene and assisted Hand with his investigation.
Shortly after the fire broke out, Fallon, Pomponio, Hand, as well as defendant Detectives Gregory Henry and Bryan Garner, first questioned the electricians. Black “was advised that she was not free to leave the premises until she was questioned by police, and was escorted by police to and from the bathroom.” Appendix (“App.”) A41. These defendants did not check the veracity of the electricians' story. During the interrogation of Black, the officers immediately accused Black of setting the fire. Black also alleges that at the end of her interrogation, Fallon told her that if she did not surrender herself to them at a later date, a warrant would be issued for her arrest, the defendants would have her hometown District Attorney's Office in California send a police officer to arrest her, she would remain in custody until extradited, and remain in jail until her arraignment.
Black returned home to California after the fire. On December 17, 2012, Pennsylvania authorities issued an arrest warrant for Black for arson endangering persons, risking catastrophe, criminal mischief, and recklessly endangering another person. Black flew to Pennsylvania on December 18, 2012 for her arraignment. She was arraigned and was released on $50,000 unsecured bail.3 A condition of her bail was that Black was required to appear at all subsequent proceedings. Black was then required to be fingerprinted and photographed at a police station, which took over an hour.
Prior to trial, Black retained a fire expert, John J. Lentini, who concluded that the fire was unequivocally an electrical one, not an arson. Lentini reached out to Hand to discuss his findings and to review the photographs of the fire with Hand. Lentini never received a response from Hand. Black's counsel emailed the assistant district attorney assigned to the case to advise him about Lentini's findings and to offer to meet the prosecutor and his expert. The assistant district attorney never responded to this offer.
On April 23, 2014, Black's trial began. Fallon and Hand offered evidence at trial that the outlet was not energized and that the wire was cut. Photographs offered by Black, however, taken the day of the fire show the wire was intact. The photographs offered and explained by Fallon and Hand appear to have been taken later. Black presented evidence that the defendants fabricated and suppressed exculpatory evidence. On April 24, 2014, she was found not guilty of all charges. The jury deliberated for less than forty minutes.
Subsequently, Black filed this lawsuit on November 21, 2014. She filed the Second Amended Complaint on June 11, 2015. Black named as defendants Montgomery County, Detective John T. Fallon, Lower Merion Township, Detective Gregory Henry, Detective Bryan Garner, Chief Fire Officer Charles McGarvey, Deputy Fire Marshall Frank Hand, and State Trooper Robert Pomponio. The complaint was brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and alleged, inter alia, malicious prosecution in violation of the Fourth Amendment, violation of her Fourteenth Amendment due process rights due to fabrication, suppression, and destruction of evidence, conspiracy claims under Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), against the defendant government entities, and various state law claims.
The defendants filed motions to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). On September 21, 2015, the District Court granted the motions to dismiss all of the federal claims and declined jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims. In particular, the District Court dismissed Black's malicious prosecution claim because it determined Black never experienced the types of liberty restrictions that constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure. Next, the District Court determined that the Fourteenth Amendment due process claim for fabricated evidence could not succeed because our decision in Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273 (3d Cir. 2014), requires a conviction for such a claim, and Black was acquitted at trial. Finally, the District Court dismissed the conspiracy and Monell claims because Black could not succeed on the underlying malicious prosecution or due process claims. Black filed a timely appeal.
Our review of the granting of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is plenary. McGovern v. City of Phila., 554 F.3d 114, 115 (3d Cir. 2009). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted). We must “accept all factual allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and determine whether, under any reasonable reading of the complaint, the plaintiff may be entitled to relief.” Phillips v. Cty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 233 (3d Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted).
A plaintiff seeking relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 must demonstrate “that the defendants, acting under color of law, violated the plaintiff's federal constitutional or statutory rights, and thereby caused the complained of injury.” Elmore v. Cleary, 399 F.3d 279, 281 (3d Cir. 2005). Accordingly, section 1983 is not a source of substantive rights but rather a mechanism to vindicate rights afforded by the Constitution or a federal statute. Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3, 99 S.Ct. 2689, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979). Black argues that the District Court erred in dismissing her Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim and her Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process claim for fabrication of evidence. We agree.
To prove a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim, a plaintiff must show: “(1) the defendant initiated a criminal proceeding; (2) the criminal proceeding ended in his favor; (3) the defendant initiated the proceeding without probable cause; (4) the defendant acted maliciously or for a purpose other than bringing the plaintiff to justice; and (5) the plaintiff suffered deprivation of liberty consistent with the concept of seizure as a consequence of a legal proceeding.” Johnson v. Knorr, 477 F.3d 75, 82 (3d Cir. 2007) (emphasis added). Black challenges the District Court's dismissal of her Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim based on its determination that she was not “seized” by the defendants.
The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons ․ against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. The Supreme Court in Terry v. Ohio, forged a general definition of the meaning of seizure: “when [an] officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen.” 392 U.S. 1, 19 n.16, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). The restraint by an officer must be “through means intentionally applied” as opposed to an unknowing act. Brower v. Cty. of Inyo, 489 U.S. 593, 597, 109 S.Ct. 1378, 103 L.Ed.2d 628 (1989). A traditional arrest by an officer is a commonly understood type of seizure. Ashcroft v. al–Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011) (“An arrest, of course, qualifies as a ‘seizure’ of a ‘person’․”). But the scope of what may be considered a seizure is broader than this common example and the Supreme Court has supplied some helpful guidance as to the parameters of the term. See generally Terry, 392 U.S. at 16, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (“It is quite plain that the Fourth Amendment governs ‘seizures' of the person which do not eventuate in a trip to the station house and prosecution for crime․”).
An actual physical touching is not required to constitute a seizure of a person, but in the absence of a physical touching, there must be a submission to an officer's show of authority. California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626, 111 S.Ct. 1547, 113 L.Ed.2d 690 (1991). As a corollary, the deprivation or restraint of a person's liberty may be physical, or it may be that “in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed he was not free to leave.” United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980) (plurality). Cf. Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 255, 127 S.Ct. 2400, 168 L.Ed.2d 132 (2007) (“[T]he ‘coercive effect of the encounter’ can be measured ․ by asking whether ‘a reasonable person would feel free to decline the officers' requests or otherwise terminate the encounter.’ ” (quoting Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 435–36, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 115 L.Ed.2d 389 (1991))). So, while an officer merely asking a citizen questions may not be a seizure, circumstances indicating a seizure might include “the threatening presence of several officers, the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen, or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer's request might be compelled.” Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870 (plurality); see, e.g., Brendlin, 551 U.S. at 255, 127 S.Ct. 2400 (“The law is settled that in Fourth Amendment terms a traffic stop entails a seizure of the driver even though the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention quite brief.” (quotation makes omitted)); Brower, 489 U.S. at 598, 109 S.Ct. 1378 (noting that officers' use of a roadblock to stop petitioner's car constituted a seizure of the petitioner and explaining “a roadblock is not just a significant show of authority to induce a voluntary stop, but [it] is designed to produce a stop by physical impact if voluntary compliance does not occur”); Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 555, 100 S.Ct. 1870 (plurality) (holding that no seizure occurred when agents approached a person to ask questions in a public place, and the agents identified themselves but did not display weapons, did not place demands upon the person, and were not wearing uniforms); Terry, 392 U.S. at 19, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (“In this case there can be no question, then, that Officer McFadden ‘seized’ petitioner ․ when he took hold of him and patted down the outer surfaces of his clothing.”).
A person facing serious criminal charges is hardly freed from the state's control upon his release from a police officer's physical grip. He is required to appear in court at the state's command. He is often subject, as in this case, to the condition that he seek formal permission from the court (at significant expense) before exercising what would otherwise be his unquestioned right to travel outside the jurisdiction. Pending prosecution, his employment prospects may be diminished severely, he may suffer reputational harm, and he will experience the financial and emotional strain of preparing a defense.
A defendant incarcerated until trial no doubt suffers greater burdens. That difference, however, should not lead to the conclusion that a defendant released pretrial is not still “seized” in the constitutionally relevant sense. Such a defendant is scarcely at liberty; he remains apprehended, arrested in his movements, indeed “seized” for trial, so long as he is bound to appear in court and answer the state's charges. He is equally bound to appear, and is hence “seized” for trial, when the state employs the less strong-arm means of a summons in lieu of arrest to secure his presence in court.
We have described the analysis in Justice Ginsburg's Albright concurrence as “compelling and supported by Supreme Court case law,”6 Gallo v. City of Phila., 161 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir. 1998), and have expressly adopted her concept of “continuing seizure,” Schneyder, 653 F.3d at 319. Further, we have explained that under this view, “[p]re-trial restrictions of liberty aimed at securing a suspect's court attendance are all ‘seizures' ․ [because] the difference between detention in jail, release on bond, and release subject to compliance with other conditions is in the degree of restriction on the individual's liberty, not in the kind of restriction.” Id. at 320.
We subsequently applied Justice Ginsburg's analysis to determine whether a person was seized for Fourth Amendment purposes. In Gallo v. City of Philadelphia, we held that a plaintiff seeking section 1983 relief for violation of his Fourth Amendment rights was seized post-indictment because he had to post a $10,000 bond, attend court hearings including his trial and arraignment, contact Pretrial Services on a weekly basis, and was prohibited from travelling outside of two states, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 161 F.3d at 222. Noting that we had adopted “a broad approach in considering what constitutes a seizure,” id. at 224, we concluded “that the combination of restrictions imposed upon Gallo, because they intentionally limited his liberty, constituted a seizure,” id. at 225.
In contrast, in DiBella v. Borough of Beachwood, we held that the plaintiffs were not seized when “only issued a summons; they were never arrested; they never posted bail; they were free to travel; and they did not have to report to Pretrial Services.” 407 F.3d at 603. We noted that unlike the “significant pretrial restrictions”7 imposed in Gallo, the plaintiffs' liberty in DiBella was restricted only during their municipal court trial and that merely attending trial does not amount to a seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes. Id. We further explained that “[p]retrial custody and some onerous types of pretrial, non-custodial restrictions constitute a Fourth Amendment seizure.” Id.
Turning to the facts alleged in this case and applying pertinent case law, we conclude that Black was seized for Fourth Amendment purposes. Black, insofar as she was charged with arson and other crimes, meets Justice Ginsburg's threshold of “[a] person facing serious criminal charges.” Albright, 510 U.S. at 278, 114 S.Ct. 807 (Ginsburg, J., concurring). Black's liberty was subject to constitutionally significant restraints by the defendants, according to the complaint.
Less than one month after being interrogated by police and accused of committing arson,8 Black flew from her home in California to Pennsylvania for her arraignment because an arrest warrant had been issued and she had been directed to return. See Gallo, 161 F.3d at 223 (“When he was obliged to go to court and answer the charges against him, Gallo, like the plaintiff in Terry, was brought to a stop․ [I]t is difficult to distinguish this kind of halt from the exercise of authority deemed to be a seizure in Terry.”). She spent more than an hour being fingerprinted and photographed at a police station—and she was clearly not free to leave. See Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870 (plurality). Black was required to post unsecured bail of $50,000. She was told that the bond would be forfeited if she did not attend all court proceedings—compelling her to travel across the United States to attend pre-trial hearings. Even though Black was never incarcerated, that “should not lead to the conclusion that a defendant released pretrial is not still ‘seized’ in the constitutionally relevant sense.” Albright, 510 U.S. at 279, 114 S.Ct. 807 (Ginsburg, J., concurring). Further, the cloud of very serious charges demonstrates that Black was “hardly freed from the state's control upon [her] release from a police officer's physical grip.” Id. at 278, 114 S.Ct. 807.
The defendants seek to distinguish this case from other similar cases by pointing out that the Pennsylvania state court handling Black's criminal proceedings did not impose a formal limitation on her travel. However, in Gallo, we determined that the plaintiff's “liberty was restrained through travel restrictions and mandatory court appearances.” 161 F.3d at 225 (emphasis added); see also id. at 224–25 (“[C]onstraints on Gallo's freedom were not limited to restrictions on his travel, he was also compelled to attend all court hearings.”). Accordingly, it is significant that Black was required to fly from California to Pennsylvania for twelve pre-trial conferences in just a year “to appear in court at the state's command.” Albright, 510 U.S. at 278, 114 S.Ct. 807 (Ginsburg, J., concurring); see Swartz v. Insogna, 704 F.3d 105, 112 (2d Cir. 2013) (“We have consistently held that a post-arraignment defendant who is ‘obligated to appear in court in connection with [criminal] charges whenever his attendance [i]s required’ suffers a Fourth Amendment deprivation of liberty.” (quoting Murphy v. Lynn, 118 F.3d 938, 946 (2d Cir. 1997))). Black was forced to travel this great distance—presumably at great expense—a dozen times to defend herself. This demonstrates that Black was “scarcely at liberty; [s]he remain[ed] apprehended, arrested in [her] movements, indeed ‘seized’ for trial, so long as [s]he [was] bound to appear in court and answer the state's charges.” Albright, 510 U.S. at 279, 114 S.Ct. 807 (Ginsburg, J., concurring). In contrast to Gallo and DiBella, Black did not live in the jurisdiction where she was tried and if she did not travel, she faced serious charges and a possibility of incarceration. Further, Black's life was presumably disrupted by the compulsion that she travel out of state a dozen times. See generally id. at 278, 114 S.Ct. 807 (“Pending prosecution, [her] employment prospects may be diminished severely, [s]he may suffer reputational harm, and [s]he will experience the financial and emotional strain of preparing a defense.”). Black's circumstances demonstrate that she experienced “constitutionally significant restrictions on [her] freedom of movement for the purpose of obtaining h[er] presence at a judicial proceeding” and she was “seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.” Schneyder, 653 F.3d at 321–22.
Considering the totality of the circumstances alleged, Black has sufficiently alleged that her liberty was intentionally restrained by the defendants. Accordingly, we will vacate the District Court's determination that she was not seized as is required for a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim.
We next consider Black's Fourteenth Amendment due process claim for fabrication of evidence. Black has alleged that defendants Fallon and Hand conspired with the other defendants and deliberately fabricated, suppressed, and destroyed evidence from the inception of their investigation through the trial of the criminal case against her. Relying on our opinion in Halsey v. Pfeiffer, the District Court ruled that Black's Fourteenth Amendment due process claim for fabricated evidence must fail because Halsey requires a conviction for such a claim, and she was acquitted at trial.
The legal question before us is whether a plaintiff may pursue a fabricated evidence 9 claim against state actors under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment even if the plaintiff was never convicted. While we held in Halsey that a fabricated evidence claim could proceed when a plaintiff was convicted at trial, we explicitly left open the question of whether such a claim would be viable if a plaintiff was acquitted. Consistent with other Courts of Appeals that have considered this question, as well as our reasoning in Halsey, we now hold that such a stand-alone fabrication of evidence claim can proceed if there is no conviction.
We begin our analysis by examining our decision in Halsey. Much of our discussion in that decision centered upon which constitutional right was implicated by a fabricated evidence claim and, ultimately, whether there could be a stand-alone claim for fabrication of evidence. 750 F.3d at 288–96. The defendants rightly conceded that fabrication of evidence would deny a defendant due process of law,10 but they argued that a plaintiff could only seek redress through a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution action, as “the two claims are intertwined and ․ the former [a due process claim] can only exist as a portion of the latter [a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim].” Id. at 290. The plaintiff countered that the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause protects the right to be free from evidence that is fabricated by state actors and is independent of a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim. Id. at 290–91. Viewing both types of claims, we recognized that not all of the plaintiff's allegations may “fall under the traditional definition of a Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution claim.” Id. at 292. Further, we observed the untenable possibility “that there would not be a redressable constitutional violation when a state actor used fabricated evidence in a criminal proceeding if the plaintiff suing the actor could not prove the elements of a malicious prosecution case, such as the lack of probable cause for the prosecution.” Id. We also observed that “[w]hen falsified evidence is used as a basis to initiate the prosecution of a defendant, or is used to convict him, the defendant has been injured regardless of whether the totality of the evidence, excluding the fabricated evidence, would have given the state actor a probable cause defense in a malicious prosecution action that a defendant later brought against him.” Id. at 289. As a result, we rejected the defendants' argument that claims of evidence fabrication must be tied to malicious prosecution cases. Id. at 292.11 We supported this view by noting “that no sensible concept of ordered liberty is consistent with law enforcement cooking up its own evidence.” Id. at 292–93.
Addressing the issue presented in Halsey we held, accordingly, that “if a defendant has been convicted at a trial at which the prosecution has used fabricated evidence, the defendant has a stand-alone claim under section 1983 based on the Fourteenth Amendment if there is a reasonable likelihood that, without the use of that evidence, the defendant would not have been convicted.” Id. at 294. Nonetheless, we explicitly left open the question we face today. Id. at 294 n.19 (“Nor do we decide whether a defendant acquitted at a trial where fabricated evidence has been used against him has an actionable section 1983 claim.” (emphasis added)). The defendants seem to argue, inter alia, that because we cautioned that courts in our circuit should not use the Halsey decision “beyond the scope of our holding,” id. at 295, we have already foreclosed the question.
We see no reason to require a conviction as a prerequisite to a stand-alone due process claim against a state actor for fabrication of evidence. The harm we were concerned with in Halsey—corruption of the trial process—occurs whether or not one is convicted. It would be indeed anomalous if an attentive jury correctly saw through fabricated evidence, and its acquittal categorically barred later relief to the criminal defendant. Such a result would insulate the ineffective fabricator of evidence while holding accountable only the skillful fabricator. Fabricated evidence is an affront to due process of law, and state actors seeking to frame citizens undermine fundamental fairness and are responsible for “corruption of the truth-seeking function of the trial process.” United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 104, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976); see Napue v. People of Ill., 360 U.S. 264, 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959) (acknowledging the principle that state actors “may not knowingly use false evidence ․ [is] implicit in any concept of ordered liberty”). The Supreme Court has explained that section 1983 is intended “to deter state actors from using the badge of their authority to deprive individuals of their federally guaranteed rights and to provide relief to victims if such deterrence fails.” Wyatt v. Cole, 504 U.S. 158, 161, 112 S.Ct. 1827, 118 L.Ed.2d 504 (1992). A contrary holding would contravene the purposes of section 1983. There is no meaningful reason why due process protections precluding fabricated evidence should turn on whether or not one is convicted at trial.
Our reasoning in Halsey makes no distinction between fabricated evidence leading to a wrongful conviction and wrongful criminal charges. For example, we repeatedly referred to the injury of falsified evidence leading to wrongful initiation of prosecution. See, e.g., 750 F.3d at 289 (“When falsified evidence is used as a basis to initiate the prosecution of a defendant, or is used to convict him, the defendant has been injured․” (emphasis added)); id. at 294 n.19 (“[I]f fabricated evidence is used as a basis for a criminal charge that would not have been filed without its use the defendant certainly has suffered an injury.”). Furthermore, when we explained in Halsey why the injury violated due process, we focused on the corruption of the trial process. See id. at 293 (“[W]e think it self-evident that a police officer's fabrication and forwarding to prosecutors of known false evidence works an unacceptable corruption of the truth-seeking function of the trial process.” (quotation marks omitted and emphasis added)). It is challenging to square away Halsey's broad language about “law and fundamental justice,” id. with a requirement that one be convicted for a fabricated evidence claim to be viable; the harm of the fabrication is corrupting regardless of the outcome at trial or the particular time in the proceeding that the corruption occurs. We stressed in Halsey that we were not suggesting that “there is nothing wrong with the fabricating of evidence if it does not affect the final verdict.” Id. at 295 n.20.
Accordingly, we hold that an acquitted criminal defendant may have a stand-alone fabricated evidence claim against state actors under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment if there is a reasonable likelihood that, absent that fabricated evidence, the defendant would not have been criminally charged. In Halsey, we required a “reasonable likelihood” that a defendant would not have been convicted absent the fabricated evidence, and that standard was merely based on principles of causation. 750 F.3d at 294 n.19. The “reasonable likelihood” standard we employ simply requires that a plaintiff draw a “meaningful connection” between her particular due process injury and the use of fabricated evidence against her. See id.; see also Lamont v. New Jersey, 637 F.3d 177, 185 (3d Cir. 2011) (“Like a tort plaintiff, a § 1983 plaintiff must establish both causation in fact and proximate causation.”).
For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court's order and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
1. These facts come from Black's Second Amended Complaint and are construed in the light most favorable to her. See Leamer v. Fauver, 288 F.3d 532, 535 (3d Cir. 2002).
2. The fact that Black was in the home when the fire occurred does not appear to be specifically alleged in the complaint. But both parties state it in their briefs, Black Br. 3; Montgomery County Br. 3, and it is implied by subsequent events.
3. Release on unsecured bail bond means “[r]elease conditioned upon the defendant's written agreement to be liable for a fixed sum of money if he or she fails to appear as required or fails to comply with the conditions of the bail bond. No money or other form of security is deposited.” Pa. R. Crim. P. 524(C)(3).
4. The District Court had federal question jurisdiction over the section 1983 claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and we have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
5. We have recognized that the lack of a decision on the merits of a Fourth Amendment claim in Albright “as well as the splintered views on the constitutional implications of malicious prosecution claims expressed in the various concurrences, has created great uncertainty in the law.” Gallo v. City of Phila., 161 F.3d 217, 222 (3d Cir. 1998) (citing Taylor v. Meacham, 82 F.3d 1556, 1561 n.5 (10th Cir. 1996) (noting that “Albright muddied the waters rather than clarified them”); Reed v. City of Chi., 77 F.3d 1049, 1053 (7th Cir. 1996) (alluding to the “Albright minefield”)).
6. For instance, we have noted that in Justices of Boston Municipal Court v. Lydon, 466 U.S. 294, 300–01, 104 S.Ct. 1805, 80 L.Ed.2d 311 (1984), the Supreme Court held that release on personal recognizance falls within the definition of “in custody” under the federal habeas corpus statute, and have reasoned that this holding “is relevant given that both seizure and custody concern governmental restriction of the freedom of those suspected of crime.” Gallo, 161 F.3d at 223.
7. We reiterate here that “[w]e hold open the possibility that some conditions of pre-trial release may be so insignificant as to not implicate constitutionally protected liberty interests.” Schneyder, 653 F.3d at 321 n.12.
8. We note that after Black was interrogated, Fallon warned Black that if she did not surrender at a later date she would be arrested in California, remain in custody until extradited, and remain in jail until arraignment.
9. We acknowledge that Black has alleged a variety of wrongful acts including fabrication, suppression, and destruction of evidence. For the ease of reference, we will refer to her allegations collectively as fabrication of evidence.
10. Indeed, we observed that “[t]o the best of our knowledge, every court of appeals that has considered the question of whether a state actor has violated [a] defendant's right to due process of law by fabricating evidence to charge or convict the defendant has answered the question in the affirmative. See Whitlock v. Brueggemann, 682 F.3d 567, 585 (7th Cir. 2012) (collecting court of appeals cases).” Halsey, 750 F.3d at 292.
11. Noting that the boundary between the Fourteenth and Fourth Amendments “is, at its core, temporal,” we observed in Halsey that the Fourth Amendment's protection against unlawful seizure extends until trial whereas the due process of law guarantee “is not so limited as it protects defendants during an entire criminal proceeding through and after trial.” Id. at 291. We determined, however, drawing a precise line between claims invoking the two rights was unnecessary in Halsey (as in the present case) because the fabrication of evidence allegedly infected the entirety of the criminal proceeding, from securing the indictment through trial. Id.; see also id. (“Wherever the boundary between the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims lies, it is in the rear view mirror by the end of trial, when Fourth Amendment rights no longer are implicated.”).
12. Two Courts of Appeals appear to require a conviction as a prerequisite to a stand-alone due process claim. See Saunders–El v. Rohde, 778 F.3d 556, 562 (7th Cir. 2015) (“[A] police officer does not violate an acquitted defendant's due process rights when he fabricates evidence.”); Massey v. Ojaniit, 759 F.3d 343, 354 (4th Cir. 2014) (“Fabrication of evidence alone is insufficient to state a claim for a due process violation; a plaintiff must plead adequate facts to establish that the loss of liberty—i.e., his conviction and subsequent incarceration—resulted from the fabrication.”). While the Massey court provided very little analysis to support its holding, the Saunders–El court noted that the only “ ‘liberty deprivation’ ” in a fabricated evidence case where one is acquitted “ ‘stems from his initial arrest.’ ” Id. at 561 (quoting Alexander v. McKinney, 692 F.3d 553, 557 (7th Cir. 2012)). The Saunders–El court rejected the view that “ ‘the burden of appearing in court and attending trial, in and of itself, constitute[s] a deprivation of liberty [because] [i]t would be anomalous to hold that attending a trial deprives a criminal defendant of liberty.’ ” Id. (quoting Alexander, 692 F.3d at 557 n.2). As explained in Subsection III(A) supra, however, we take a broader view of the liberty deprivations occasioned by the criminal process. Further, considering our Court's concern in Halsey and in this decision with the corruption of the truth-seeking process of trial, we disagree with Saunders–El.
13. The procedural posture of this case is a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and we thus assume all of the facts alleged are true. The evidence may tell a different story and we express no opinion as to whether summary judgment may be appropriate at a later time.
14. Black also asks us to vacate the dismissal of her conspiracy claims and claims under Monell. Because the District Court reasoned that Black could not succeed on her underlying Fourth Amendment malicious prosecution or Fourteenth Amendment due process claims, it correctly determined that she could not succeed on her conspiracy claims. See, e.g., Askew v. Millerd, 191 F.3d 953, 957 (8th Cir. 1999) (“[T]he plaintiff is additionally required to prove a deprivation of a constitutional right or privilege in order to prevail on a § 1983 civil conspiracy claim.”). Similarly, the District Court correctly reasoned that the Monell claims against defendants Lower Merion Township and Montgomery County require a constitutional deprivation, but the District Court already dismissed the underlying malicious prosecution and due process claims. See, e.g., Brown v. Pa. Dep't of Health Emergency Med. Servs. Training Inst., 318 F.3d 473, 482 (3d Cir. 2003) (“[F]or there to be municipal liability, there still must be a violation of the plaintiff's constitutional rights.”). Because we vacate the District Court's determination regarding both the underlying malicious prosecution and due process claims, we will vacate on the conspiracy and Monell claims as well.


text:
Linear algebra is an essential prerequisite of this course. Quantum mechanics I is also extermely useful.
Groups, matrix groups, permutation and braid groups, generators and relations.
structures within a group, subgroups, classes, cosets, factor groups, centers of a group, normalizers.
Homomorphism, Isomorphism, the fundamental theorem of Isomorphisms.
The general linear Matrix group and its subgroups.
Classification of simple Lie algebras and its proof.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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KA • E • RO • U is a testimony to the human spirit that bridges differences and overcomes divisions, so different from the spirit that prevailed in the 1930s and 1940s and sent our grandparents and parents to war.
Time-slip to my Osaka life, 1995, fifty years after the end of WWII—bubble economy ready to burst and the seed to KA-E-RO-U falls into my hands. A WWII Japanese flag. A widow of a US veteran in Akron, Ohio sends the flag to a colleague of mine, asks him to find the family of the fallen soldier who had carried it into the battlefields. In January, the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake; weeks later, the Tokyo Subway sarin attack.
Time leap, 2009—my father has passed away. His dream of wanting to write a novel lingers in my thoughts. Three months married, at-home wife, time on my hands to make his dream come true. I start the novel KA-E-RO-U, set in 1995, about a woman in Arizona who takes a WWII flag to Japan to find the family of the fallen soldier.
Colleagues from my years in Arizona and later in Osaka (now scattered around the world) edit the novel, demanding romance, a believable story and lovable characters, lots of laughs, a few tearjerking scenes, and most important—nothing psychologically deep and depressing like those novels in lit. classes. They also want to “learn something” from it, to see different perspectives of life in Japan from the eyes of Japanese characters and expat characters.
What actually happened to the flag?
My ikebana teacher enlisted the help of her student whose brother was a newspaper reporter. The quest began. The reporter found one relative of the fallen soldier—a younger sister—living in Aomori’s apple-growing district.
The newspaper article was later picked up by the Associated Press and included a picture of the sister with her brother’s bloodstained flag.
Soon after, the widow in Ohio opened her newspaper and read about that flag she had sent to Osaka.
A selection of the best quotes from the book.
Shinko Yamaguchi (山口真功), the award-winning Osaka artist of light and one-scene love stories, did these paintings for KA-E-RO-U Time To Go Home.
I hadn’t completed the first draft when, at one of his exhibitions, my friend Shinko asked me what I’d been up to.
I asked if he minded me using the painting I had of his for the book cover.
I’m profoundly grateful to Shinko. I love his work and have always wanted the world to see it. Now the world can see this master’s paintings on the cover of KA-E-RO-U Time To Go Home.
We invite you to enjoy our collaboration of love.
Feel free to drop me a line. I am interested in what you have to say.

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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Limestone County. The Limestone County Health Department offers Clinical, Environmental and Home Health services to the public. Certified copies of birth, death, marriage, and divorce certificates may be also be obtained from this health department.
Reducing the haul distance lowered the number of dump trucks needed by 50% and avoided the investment in a large capital intensive (non-mobile) primary crusher.
"TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORT ON FLYASH BRICKS" Fly ash utilization reduces the requirement of clay, sand, lime stone in cement manufacturing and hence conserves natural resources. dumping grounds, and create pollution problems.
Pre-Owned / Used cars, trucks, and SUVs for sale in Newmarket, Ontario from Limestone Motor Cars Inc.
Crushed, limestone based, construction gravel (sometimes called driveway stone). Grade 8 is approx. " fractured limestone based stone with a lot of fine particles. When we these small particles and larger components compact together create a very firm stone base.
Truck Dump and Train Loadout Millcreek Engineering performed a Feasibility Study to determine the optimal solution to deliver limestone from the mine via mine haul trucks to the BNSF main line. Several options where conceptualized and cost estimated to determine the optimal system.
Limestone is one of the strongest stones with the highest density, which is why layers of it are commonly used when creating driveways, building pads, and other formations that need a strong, sturdy base. Contact Ash Grove Dump Trucking Excavation and get all the limestone you need for your next commercial or residential project.
We do not supply cans in Limestone County. You may purchase a can of your choice at a local retail store. A 32 gallon can is the largest can that we will physically pickup and dump. Anything over a 32 gallon can, all garbage needs to be in bags, no bags and loose garbage mixed.
Call us at 330-725-5161 Trucking is our bread butter. We specialize in the trucking of Dry Bulk Cargo, Sand, Limestone, Topsoil, Fill Dirt, Gravel and just about anything else that can go in a dump truck.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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Feng Shui Master Wu carries a pig's head to a temple in Dimen.
Celebrating her daughter’s university acceptance, Mrs Wu dresses her for the first time in the costume she weaved for her. Following Dong tradition, Mrs Wu made the dress while pregnant, in anticipation of a major event in the girl's adult life.
According to Dong traditions, a mother makes the dress while she is still pregnant in anticipation of a major happy event in the girl's adult life.
Before Mother Wu takes a long-distance bus back to the factory in Guangdong, she gave Xia an envelope filled with cash, equivalent to six months of her salary. Xia turns to thank her with a kiss.
Mr Wu, unhappy about supporting his daughter’s education, pins his hopes on his 13-year-old son. He brings the boy to the woods to mark his coffin tree. When a boy is born, his family elder designates a small tree that will grow up with him and eventually become a coffin for him and his wife.
Friends and family gather at dawn to pull up a house that has been stacked by the master engineers.
An 80-year-old woman weaves her own funeral cloth so her children will not be burdened with buying one when she dies.
Xia arrives alone at a prestigious university in the provincial capital. She has never been to a city before.
Shielded from rapid Chinese development by a cascade of steep mountains, the lush village of Dimen has kept centuries-old Dong minority traditions alive. But as highways and tunnels encroach, the future of the village is at a crossroads.

industry_corpus2: Others


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Journal Article Dube, Danielle; Alker, Alisa P.; Kim, Kiho; Harvell, Drew. 2002. Size structure and geographic variation in chemical resistance of sea fan corals (Gorgonia ventalina) to a fungal pathogen. Marine Ecology-Progress Series. Vol: 231. Pages 139-150.
Report or White Paper Harvell, Drew. 2001. Biodiversity and health for the workshop on conceptual tools for the developing biodiversity scenarios (April 19-21, Trinidad). Scenarios Working Group of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2002. Climate change and coral reefs. Public talk for Kohala Center, December 2003. Kona, Hawaii.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2002. Climate change seminar series, November 2002. Yale University. New Haven, CT.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2002. Climate warming and disease impacts. International Parasitology Meetings, August 2002. Vancouver, Canada.
Journal Article Harvell, Drew; Mitchell, Charles E.; Ward, Jessica R.; Altizer, Sonia; Dobson, Andrew P.; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Samuel, Michael D. 2002. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science. Vol: 296(5576). Pages 2158-2162.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2002. Topic: Ocean Diseases. Coral disease and reef sustainability meeting, September 2002. World Bank. Akumal, Mexico.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2003. Sick seafans by the seashore: Climate change and coral resistance in disease, November 2003. Department of Biology University of California, Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara, CA.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2003. The rising tide of ocean diseases: Unsolved problems and research priorities. House Oceans Caucus Luncheon, October 2003. Washington, DC.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2003. Topic: Ocean Diseases. Invited Class Lecture, March 2003. Cornell Oceanography.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2003. Topic: Ocean Diseases. Invited Class Lecturer Cornell EAS Course, January 2003. Kona, Hawaii.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2004. Climate change and ecology of seafan resistance to disease. University of Washington.
Journal Article Harvell, Drew; Aronson, Richard B.; Baron, Nancy; Connell, Joseph H.; Dobson, Andrew P.; Ellner, Stephen P.; Gerber, Leah R.; Kim, Kiho; Kuris, Armand; McCallum, Hamish; Lafferty, Kevin D.; McKay, Bruce; Porter, James W.; Pascual, Mercedes; Smith, Garriet; Sutherland, Kathryn; Ward, Jessica R. 2004. The rising tide of ocean diseases: Unsolved problems and research priorities. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Vol: 7(2). Pages 375-382.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2004. The role of inducible resistance in the seafan fungal epizootic, June 2004. Okinawa, Japan.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. 2005. Health of the oceans: What should our priorities be?. A Congressional Briefing at Airdrie House.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. Climate change and coral.
Presentations Harvell, Drew. Coral disease and climate warming. Invited Seminar. Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington. Friday Harbor, WA.
Journal Article Jolles, Anna E.; Sullivan, Patrick; Alker, Alisa P.; Harvell, Drew. 2002. Disease transmission of aspergillosis in sea fans: Inferring process from spatial pattern. Ecology. Vol: 83(9). Pages 2373-2378.
Journal Article Kim, Kiho; Harvell, Drew. 2004. The rise and fall of a six-year coral-fungal epizootic. American Naturalist. Vol: 164. Pages S52-S63.
Book Chapter Kim, Kiho; Dobson, Andrew P.; Gulland, Frances; Harvell, Drew. 2005. Diseases and the conservation of marine diversity. Edited by Norse, Elliot A.; Crowder, Larry, B.. Conservation of Marine Ecosystems. Island Press. Pages 145-166.
Journal Article Koelle, Katia; Pascual, Mercedes. 2004. Disentangling extrinsic from intrinsic factors in disease dynamics: A nonlinear time series approach with an application to cholera. American Naturalist. Vol: 163. Pages 901-913.
Journal Article Lafferty, Kevin D.; Porter, James W.; Ford, Susan E. 2004. Are diseases increasing in the ocean?. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics. Vol: 35. Pages 31-54.
Journal Article McCallum, Hamish; Dobson, Andrew P. 2002. Disease, habitat fragmentation and conservation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. Vol: 269. Pages 2041-2049.
Journal Article McCallum, Hamish; Harvell, Drew; Dobson, Andrew P. 2003. Rates of spread of marine pathogens. Ecology Letters. Vol: 6(12). Pages 1062-1067.
Journal Article McCallum, Hamish; Kuris, Armand; Harvell, Drew; Lafferty, Kevin D.; Smith, Garriet; Porter, James W. 2004. Does terrestrial epidemiology apply to marine systems?. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Vol: 19(11). Pages 585-591.
Journal Article Pascual, Mercedes; Bouma, Menno J.; Dobson, Andrew P. 2002. Cholera and climate: Revisiting the quantitative evidence. Microbes and Infection. Vol: 4. Pages 237-245.

industry_corpus2: Water Resources & Marine


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May (Missimus Maythyme of Clumsetter) is the daughter of Rocky. She was born in May 2013.
She is Lemon, almost Gold and White and is likely to make a fabulous worker just like her mum.
She is now working on local shoots and has spent the whole of last summer busy training with Nigel.
May has now had her two DNA test rests and has come back as Normal for both FN and prcd Mutation for PRA so we hope to now have a litter with her, perhaps in Spring 2016.


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Schroeder Log Home Supply, Inc. is your go-to resource for the maintenance and restoration of log homes. We started our business in 1986 by offering building tools and restoration products. Since our beginning, we have been committed to selling high-quality products that make preserving your log home both easy and affordable. Rod sealants and rod foam backers are essential for all homes, whether you are making changes to an existing home, renovating a historic log structure, or building a new home. We offer both of these products. Our backer rod sealant is used for chinking or sealing, the log joints of log homes. We offer foam and synthetic mortar sealants in addition to sealant tapes in 29-ounce tubes and 5-gallon pails.
Because the first step of sealing a log home is applying backer rod, we also sell foam backers in a variety of shapes and sizes. These backer rods not only provide insulation for log homes, but also reduce the amount of sealant you will need, thereby saving you both time and money. Most importantly, our foam backers act as bond breakers, allowing sealant to move with logs as they expand and shrink. They make log-home upkeep easier and simpler. We offer four different types of backer rod.
Browse through our selection, or request a copy of our full-color catalog, which features all of our products as well as helpful information, or by calling 1-800-359-6614. If you have any questions on foam backers or rod sealant, visit our FAQ page. We have an entire page filled with information on backer rod and chinking. Otherwise, you can always send us and email.
Backer Rod is subject to additional shipping charges based on size and weight. We'll notify you of additional charges before shipping your order.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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Gov. Scott Walker at a Gundersen Health System facility in La Crosse.
Gov. Scott Walker, who has been re-branding himself as the “Education Governor” and making other changes in his image during this campaign, is also running away from his proposal to penalize Medicaid recipients who lack a job.
But the Walker administration denied they were stalling, “saying the state needs time to iron out the details and blaming delays on the Trump administration,” the story reported.
Walker’s change comes as his Democratic opponent Tony Evers has hit the governor for not supporting health care coverage of pre-existing conditions. The Democratic Governors Association has also run anti-Walker ads on this same topic.
Medicaid covers low-income participants and Walker has a long history of resistance to it, rejecting federal funds to expand the program in Wisconsin that has cost state taxpayers more than $1 billion to make up the difference. And in January 2017 the governor announced a plan that would make it tougher for recipients to continue getting Medicaid. Walker implied he was going after loafers dependent on government health care. “We fundamentally believe that public assistance should be a trampoline, not a hammock,” he said.
Indeed the Trump administration was teasing the changes for Wisconsin weeks ago, only to see Walker’s staff stall the issue. It’s unlikely the governor will address the issue before the election, giving the Marquette Law School poll showing health care is the second most important issue for state voters, behind education.
Walker has a long history of camouflaging his views on real views during campaigns. His 2010 campaign was mum about his sweeping plan to crush state employee unions. And he promised private sector union leaders he wouldn’t sign a right-to-work law during the 2014 campaign and then did so after he was reelected. Should he win a third term, you can bet he will embrace the changes to Medicaid he is now delaying.
Health care organizations in Wisconsin have denounced Walker’s proposed changes to Medicaid, Politico reported, “with the Wisconsin Council on Children and Families arguing the plan could hurt local health — as well as the state’s booming economy — because tens of thousands of residents could lose health coverage. ‘With more people uninsured, Wisconsin’s workforce would be less healthy,’ the council concluded.
Walker has been Mr. bait and switch throughout his political career. If voters give him another term, he will strip our citizens with pre-existing conditions from access to health care, starve our educators, stall our road builders and stagnate road repairs.
The middle class in WI has shrunk in the Walker years. The quality of life in this state has deteriorated on his watch. If we let Walker win another election, we will e doomed to a decline from which we may not recover for generations.


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An all-carbon 6.5mm diameter parallel shaft from Easton. The Hyperspeed PRO features a straightness tolerance of +/-0.001in and a weight tolerance of +/-2 grains. Ideal for a range of compound archery including target and 3D. Sold as a factory packed set of 12 shafts.
Supplied with Easton Microlite Nocks.
Easton's new Hyperspeed and Hyperspeed Pro 3D arrows are all-around performers for compound target and 3D shooting. These 6.5mm 3D carbon arrows combine speed performance, with the unmatched precision and durability of Easton's Made in USA Carbon technology. The Hyperspeed is available in the most popular performance spines ranging from 300 to 500. The Hyperspeed Pro is offered in a precision, one-thousandth tolerance straightness.

industry_corpus2: Sports


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Hi-Crush Whitehall LLC filed as a Foreign Limited Liability Company (LLC) in the State of Texas on Friday, August 3, 2012 and is approximately seven years old, according to public records filed with Texas Secretary of State. A corporate filing is called a foreign filing when an existing corporate entity files in a state other than the state they originally filed in. This does not necessarily mean that they are from outside the United States.
Hi-Crush Whitehall LLC has another company listed as an officer. It is not uncommon for one company to hold a position in another company.
Receive an email notification when changes occur for Hi-Crush Whitehall LLC.
These addresses are known to be associated with Hi-Crush Whitehall LLC however they may be inactive or mailing addresses only. Please verify address for mailing or other purposes.


text:
3 weeks post race, I still look back at FATDOG with fondness and joy in my heart. I love to record my memories before they're forgotten... and as the races get longer ( and I get older) , it gets harder to remember!
My husband wanted to FINISH a 50 mile run the year he turned 50 and we accomplished this goal together spending a day in paradise! With over 10,000 feet elevation gain (climbing 7000 ft in the final 20 miles), Jim picked a tough one.
Looking back to our Bryce 50 mile attempt (and my first dnf) , I now realize one of the MOST important things we got out of that DNF was that we TRAINED HARDER for fatdog- we had a new respect for the distance-and an increased focus on high mileage weeks and powehiking hills.
We start at Cayuse. I insist on setting the pace for my husband the first 2-3 hours, pulling him back as he often succumbs to his starting adrenaline rush. I know it killed him to start so slow, watching others pass. There was a pretty undulating dewdney trail above the highway. We already ran into some 120 milers and were already in awe of them!
We get to Cascades aid station where they handed us some safety vests for a short road section.
But first, an out n' back, where we had to tear a page from the RD's "juicy novel" (to prove we did the full distance). I actually read the page- it was juicy! Then finally onto the road . It was actually kinda neat to see all the hubcaps and old wrecks off the treacherous corners of the highway.
Into sumallo grove we went,. Jim downed some pizza, and headed over the bridge onto beautiful skagit trail running along the river. We found our happy pace and were essentially running ALONE already!
This beautiful trail took us to centennial trail. A long flat trail that seemed to go on forever. Several runners were questioning if we passed the next aid or not , even smelled the food! Mmmm. Grilled cheese, must be there soon! Well, it turned out to be a waft of food that worked its way 30 min down the trail. Such a tease! Finally, we hit Shawatum aid station and I ordered up one of those cheese tortillas ! After the out 'n back from that aid station, we hit the trail again.
F-bombing so much , my husband started to question who I was! We hit skyline aid station seemingly quickly.
"Anyone want a fruit smoothie?" - hell yeah!
We spent some time here, changed our socks and stuffed our vests with food in preparation for what would be a grueling long uphill powerhike with NO more major aid stations for the next 6-7 hours.
Like a tank, Jim pulled me up the skyline switchbacks. This was definately his strong section.
The views were starting to arise and we were really getting into the beauty of it all !
Just my luck, I get a hole in my favorite pair of socks at the heel. obviously, since they were my favs, I wore them too much. I stopped at camp mowitch to apply some moleskin. Jim wanted to enjoy the peacefullness on the mountaintop so he asked if we could let a couple of girls pass us so he diddnt have to listen to their chit chat (as us girls do) or their bear calls. I gladly conceded and the rest of the run was almost romantic!
Off to my favorite section- Skyline II & I . Epic 360 degree views!
Roller coaster up n' downs , we just kept powerhiking the hills as they popped up before us. We watched the sun slowly set on the mountains as we ran.
As darkness fell on skyline I , we could see the sun still setting mountain ranges away! .
Bombing down skyline in the dark was fun. Thank god for Jims superpowered headlamp ! after a few hours in the dark, we were shot out into glowstick heaven. Looked like a carnival! . A little run around the lake and over the finish line in 13:20.
1. Changing socks is wonderful !
2. Your 'good old socks' are just that- OLD- get a new pair of your fav's before a race.
3. Listen to the Race Director. If she says 'put more bug spray on at the aid station' -do it ! If she says " carry an extra handheld" do it ! I was happy I did !
4. Training and racing together is challenging for a relationship, but it builds stronger bonds in the end.
5. Beer tastes really good after 50 miles.


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Arsenal's Alexandre Lacazette (centre) during the training session at London Colney.
Illness had restricted the forward to cameo appearances in the North Lonndoners last two Premier League games.
Former Borussia Dortmund forward Aubameyang, 29, is the club’s top scorer with 22 goals in all competitions this season.
“He’s getting better and can start,” said Emirates boss Unai Emery.
Granit Xhaka has returned to training ahead of Arsenal’s crucial clash with the southern Italians.
The influential midfielder who suffered a groin injury during Switzerland’s qualifier with Denmark during at the end of March took part in the Gunners open training session held at the club’s HQ London Colney as witnessed by the Islington Gazette on Wednesday morning.
Club captain Laurent Koscielny also took part in the session before the North Londoners host the Serie A outfit after recovering from a foot injury.
Napoli led by former Chelsea boss Carlo Ancelotti come into the game on the back of indifferent league form having drawn 1-1 at home to Genoa at the weekend after a weakened side lost 2-1 to Empoli last week.
Arsenal's Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang scores his side's third goal of the game during the Europa League match at the Emirates Stadium, London.
The Neapolitans sit second in the Italian league, albeit a whopping 20 points behind leaders Juventus and will be focusing all their efforts on the match in the capital.
Forwards Lorenzo Insigne and Simone Verdi have been included in Napoli’s squad after injury.
The former played the final quarter of Napoli’s 1-1 draw with Genoa last Sunday, having missed the previous three games with a thigh injury.
The 27-year-old Italy international has scored 13 goals this season, while Verdi, 26, has scored four times but did not play against Genoa.
Napoli manager Carlo Ancelotti has fond memories of leading his Bayern Munich team to a 10-2 aggregate humiliation of Arsene Wenger’s Gunners two seasons ago, but insists his current side face a different proposition against the North Londoners.
Emery will be looking to take a lead into the second leg at the atmospheric Stadio San Paolo on Thursday week but will need a response from his side after their disappointing 1-0 defeat by Everton at Goodison Park on Sunday.
A first half goal from Phil Jagielka clinched the victory for the Toffees as the Gunners failed to leapfrog bitter rivals Spurs into the top four.
Speaking after the match Emery previewed the week ahead: “We are thinking about our match on Thursday and the Premier League game against Watford away.
Arsenal and Napoli have met twice before in Europe, home and away in the group stages of the Champions League in 2013-14.
Wenger’s Arsenal beat the Italian side 2-0 at Emirates Stadium aided by a superb display from Mesut Ozil, before losing by the same scoreline at the Stadio San Paolo.
With Chelsea beating West Ham on Monday evening the Gunners slipped back into fifth place with six games remaining.
Emery is a course and distance winner in the Europa League having lifted it three times in a row with Sevilla and is well aware of the importance of the tournament offering a place at the top table of continental football with the Champions League next term to the winners.
However Emery is juggling with league fixtures and has a vital game at Watford on Monday prior to the second leg.
The Hornets will be buzzing after reaching the FA Cup final after beating Wolves in a dramatic semi-final at Wembley and will be a tough opponent for the Gunners in a must-win match for Emery.
The Islington Gazette will be covering both legs of the clash with Napoli as well as the league game at Vicarage Road. See our Arsenal Facebook page, website and newspaper for our extensive coverage on all levels of the club.


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A new range of CMOS image sensors have been developed to meet the requirements for taking vehicle technology to the next level of autonomous control.
ON Semiconductor has announced a scalable family of CMOS image sensors to address the spectrum of applications for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving. ON Semiconductor’s newest sensor family offers car makers and tier one suppliers a choice of robust imaging devices based on a common platform and feature set. The sensors have resolutions scaling from 8.3 megapixels (MP) down to 1.2 MP, with industry leading low-light performance from 4.2 µm pixels. Additional features include functional safety up to ASIL-C, high-dynamic range (HDR), an industry-first cybersecurity option and second-generation wafer stacking technology that reduces package size. Individual products in this platform are currently under evaluation by many technology partners, including Mobileye and NVIDIA, for use with its DRIVE AI computing platform for autonomous vehicles.
The AR0820AT, AR0220AT and AR0138AT form a scalable image sensor family which provides a range of resolutions suited to new-generation ADAS and autonomous driving systems. Automotive manufacturers need different resolutions to address segmentation in their product lines, where specific safety features are standard, but additional cameras or higher resolution cameras enable more advanced safety and luxury capabilities as customer options.
As the industry moves from Level 2 systems for emergency autonomous braking, adaptive cruise control and lane change assistance towards fully autonomous driving, ON Semiconductor’s image sensors enable increasingly demanding ADAS and autonomous driving capabilities. The large 4.2 µm pixel delivers high performance in low-light conditions such as night-time emergency braking for pedestrians and cyclists that is being added to safety tests defined by Euro NCAP. The family’s cybersecurity technology helps ensure reliable and secure operation when multiple cameras around the vehicle are connected to a central system where data and commands must travel by wires between the sensor and the processor.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


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IBM i message console management.
IBM i advanced job scheduler.
IBM i spool file management.
Powerful and flexible z/OS automated operations.
Control, security and centralized menu management capabilities across one or more IBM i servers.
A business intelligence framework for the Columbus suite.
Multi-channel delivery and document workflow.
Compliant content storage, transformation and presentment.
Assured output management for your business-critical applications.
Legacy application print data stream management for the mainframe.
Fault analysis and recovery for z/OS applications.
Application performance management for z/OS.
Application performance analysis for z/OS.
Data management and manipulation for z/OS.
Db2 catalog and object management.
A standalone edit and browse facility for IMS/DC users.
Online library management for the z/VSE environment.
Console management for the z/VSE environment.
Intelligent multi-language code editing for Eclipse.
A powerful Eclipse framework for application lifecycle management.
Real-time IBM i performance management and capacity planning.
Real-time IBM i disk management.
Performance monitoring for Java-based applications.
Interactive testing and debugging for z/OS applications.
CICS code path analysis and storage violation detection.
Automated VSAM data compression for z/OS and z/VSE.
VSAM disk and data management for z/OS and z/VSE.
Online text and help management for your CICS applications.
Comprehensive JES and dataset administration for Eclipse, plus 3270 terminal emulation.
Haven't found what you're looking for? Try using the site search and Product Catalog.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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Homepage»Eat / Drink»Gjelina- The Venice restaurant for seasonal New American cuisine.
Gjelina- The Venice restaurant for seasonal New American cuisine.
Gjelina – This Venice restaurant offers farm-to-plate meals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. It is the perfect place to try seasonal New American cuisine. Its beautiful interiors and chic dining room adds to the wonderful dining experience. The service here is also good but since it is a hotspot, it gets a bit crowded here during rush hours. To avoid waiting outside, you must come here early. You can also book a reservation to secure your table and seats.
All of the food on its menu is made from the freshest seasonal ingredients in the market. If you are eating here for lunch or brunch, you must try the maple glazed slab bacon with sea salt, crispy sunny eggs with prosciutto, romesco, arugula, and lemon, and duck with hashed potato, sunny duck eggs, & grainy mustard. If you are coming for dinner, you can choose its group meals that are good for sharing with your family and friends. The pizzas here taste really good. You must try the lamb pizza, squash blossom pizza, and mushroom goat cheese pizza. For solo orders, you can try their salmon salami sandwich or steak sandwich. This great Venice restaurant also offers a wide range of vegan dishes, sliders, and salads. One of their healthy best sellers is the grapefruit and avocado salad.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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Nottingham Trent University contributed £496m to the UK economy through its staff and students according to a new independent economic impact assessment report commissioned by the University for 2014/15.
This assessment shows the huge economic contribution Nottingham Trent University, our staff and student population, make to the city of Nottingham.
As a result, the University generated some 9,372 jobs, both directly and indirectly.
Nottingham City benefited from an economic impact of £385m, which supported 6,315 jobs. Equally, the student population of 26,895 was directly responsible for more than £189m of the impact on the UK's economy in off-campus expenditure, sustaining 3,439 jobs.
Mike Carr, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Employer and Economic Engagement, said: "This assessment shows the huge economic contribution Nottingham Trent University, our staff and student population, make to the city of Nottingham, as well as the wider region and the UK as a whole.
"As a University, we pride ourselves on working to create opportunities for our students and enriching the society in which we operate. It is pleasing to now also be able to demonstrate the scale of our economic value."
In the year the assessment covered, there were 26,895 students studying at Nottingham Trent University – this included 2,824 students from Nottingham and a further 5,258 students from other parts of the East Midlands. The University directly employed 3,530 staff across its campuses in the city, Clifton and Brackenhurst.
The report is released as the University prepares to welcome around 7,000 new undergraduate students to its campuses this week. As part of the Welcome Week arranged by the University, more than 500 events will be held, designed to help students settle in to their new environment and the city. These range in size from the Vice-Chancellor's Welcome in the Royal Concert Hall for all new students, to small and friendly events in more intimate groups, watching comedy in venues across the city, playing board games or making bath bombs.
Ed Foster, Student Engagement Manager, said: "Starting at university presents a range of academic and social challenges for new students no matter what their background. Each year the NTU Welcome Week forms a key strand in our strategy to support our students.
"Our Welcome Week team works in partnership with a range of professionals from across the University and Nottingham Trent Students' Union to ensure that students have the best possible start to their course, their time at University and their life in the city of Nottingham."
The economic impact assessment was commissioned through Viewforth Consulting, a leader in this field.


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You are able to count on 30 Gallon Water Heater Guys to deliver the most effective services when it comes to 30 Gallon Water Heaters in Alum Bridge, WV. Our team of qualified contractors will give you the support you need with the most innovative technologies in the market. We make sure you receive the most excellent support, the right price tag, and the best products. Call us at 800-211-2519 to learn more.
Here at 30 Gallon Water Heater Guys, we know that you will need to remain within your spending budget and lower your costs wherever you're able to. At the same time, you're looking for the most effective and highest standard of services for 30 Gallon Water Heaters in Alum Bridge, WV. We are going to ensure our cash conserving goals don't translate to a lesser standard of quality work. We make use of the very best products and techniques to make sure that the work is going to stand up to the test of time, and we save some costs with techniques that don't change the quality for your job. We'll do that by providing the very best prices in the industry and preventing expensive blunders. If you need to find great deals, 30 Gallon Water Heater Guys is the company to connect with. We'll be ready to answer your call at 800-211-2519.
To put together the ideal judgments for 30 Gallon Water Heaters in Alum Bridge, WV, you must be kept informed. We will make sure that you understand what should be expected. This is exactly why we make every attempt to ensure you comprehend the strategy and are not confronted by any sort of surprises. Begin by calling 800-211-2519 to go over your job. We're going to reply to your questions and concerns and arrange the initial appointment. Our crew will arrive at the appointed time with all the necessary equipment, and can work closely with you all through the job.
If you find yourself considering a job regarding 30 Gallon Water Heaters in Alum Bridge, WV, you'll find reasons to prefer 30 Gallon Water Heater Guys. Our products are of the very best quality, our cash saving techniques are sensible and efficient, and our customer care ratings cannot be beat. We have got the skills you need to meet your ambitions. Contact 800-211-2519 when you need 30 Gallon Water Heaters in Alum Bridge, and we will work closely with you to successfully carry out your task.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


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From the north, follow the M74 motorway, exiting at junction 17, Lockerbie.
From the south, follow the M74 motorway, exiting at junction 18, Lockerbie.
From Lockerbie, travel west on the A709 for 4 miles to reach Lochmaben.
The nearest railway stations to Lochmaben are Lockerbie (4 miles) and Dumfries (8 miles).
For more information about rail and bus transport for Lochmaben, visit Traveline Scotland. This site includes an excellent journey planner with detailed public transport timetables. Another comprehensive site is Trainline who every day bring together routes, fares and journey times from more than 150 train and coach companies in 36 countries so customers can easily buy tickets and save time, hassle and money.

industry_corpus2: Transportation


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Up for sale is a barely used Fender guitar combo & amp for $150. Also comes with a hard case!
The guitar is in excellent condition and barely ever played. The amp is also super solid and works perfectly (there's just 3 stickers on it). Everything works great, but I just don't need it anymore.
Please message me with any questions or offers.


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Jun 25-26: 2018 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Science Symposium. Discuss scientific topics related to the regulation of biologics and highlight science conducted at CBER by showcasing how scientific research informs regulatory decision making and to provide a forum for developing collaborations within FDA and with external organizations.
patients 1 year of age and older.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: Binds to and inhibits the biological activity of FGF23 restoring renal phosphate reabsorption and increasing the serum concentration of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D.
desorption/ionization – time of flight (MALDI-TOF) for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms cultured from human specimens.
Can cause serious infections in hospitalized patients (e.g., bloodstream infections) and is frequently resistant to multiple antifungal drugs used to treat Candida infections.
Qualitative in vitro diagnostic device intended for the identification and differentiation of microorganisms from processed human specimens. The system acquires, processes, and analyzes spectra to generate data specific to microorganism(s). The device is indicated for use in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings to aid in the diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infection.
C.auris isolates obtained from various culture collections, including the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s and FDA’s Antibiotic Resistance Isolate Bank.
W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc.
patent foramen ovale (PFO) to reduce the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients, predominantly between the ages of 18 and 60 years, who have had a cryptogenic stroke due to a presumed paradoxical embolism, as determined by a neurologist and cardiologist following an evaluation to exclude known causes of ischemic stroke.
No device- or procedure related deaths.
INDICATION FOR USE: For continuous or periodic monitoring of glucose levels in the interstitial fluid under the skin, in patients (14 to 75 years of age) with diabetes mellitus.
Provides real-time glucose values and trends through a Guardian Connect app installed on a compatible consumer electronic mobile device. It allows users to detect trends and track patterns in glucose concentrations. The Guardian Connect app alerts if a Guardian Sensor (3) glucose level reaches, falls below, rises above, or is predicted to surpass set values.
home glucose monitor and not on values provided by the Guardian Sensor (3).
New tools and new approaches for fighting our Nation’s opioid crisis: To 1) decreasing exposure and preventing new addiction, 2) safely treating those with opioid addiction, 3) developing safe and effective novel alternative therapies to opioids, 4) improving enforcement of safety measures and assessing benefit-risk ratios.
Compounded drugs – continuing regulatory and oversight efforts: Conducted 140 inspections, sent 55 warning letters, and issued 40 recalls related to compounding.
USE: Soft Contact lenses that automatically darkens the lens when exposed to bright light. Indicated for daily use to correct the vision of people with non-diseased eyes who are nearsighted (myopia) or farsighted (hyperopia).
Results in slightly darkened lenses in bright sunlight that automatically return to a regular tint when exposed to normal or dark lighting conditions.
INDICATION FOR USE: For use by health care providers to automatically detect more than mild diabetic retinopathy (mtmDR) in adults diagnosed with diabetes who have not been previously diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy. IDx-DR is indicated for use with the Topcon NW400.
GENERIC DEVICE TYPE: Retinal diagnostic software device.
Prescription software device that incorporates an adaptive algorithm to evaluate ophthalmic images for diagnostic screening to identify retinal diseases or conditions.
INDICATION FOR USE: Portable organ perfusion, ventilation, and monitoring medical device indicated for the preservation of standard criteria donor lungs in a near physiologic, ventilated, and perfused state for double lung transplantation.

industry_corpus2: Biopharmaceuticals


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The new published details and dimensions of the killing of Khashoggi are equally surprising. In the latest issue, US media reported that a Zionist spy company has been cooperating in his assassination with the Al Saud by tracking the telephone communications of Khashoggi, while the messages posted on Khashoggi’s social network reveals Mohammed bin Salman’s motives to kill the Saudi critic journalist.
The New York Times also reported that a Saudi activist who was a friend of Jamal Khashoggi’s has accused an Israeli software company of spying on his mobile phone and his connections with Jamal Khashoggi to the Royal Court of Saudi Arabia about the murder of the journalist. The complaint was made by Omar Abdul Aziz Moarez, a Saudi Arabian living in Canada.
Other activists and journalists also filed similar complaints against the NSO company, accusing the company of cooperating with the Mexican and UAE governments to spy on their cell phones.
Amnesty International Human Rights Department has recently accused NSO of cooperating with Saudi Arabia to spy on its staff. Amnesty International announced last week that it would soon take legal and judicial action against the company. In the complaint, Omar Abdul Aziz also said: “Saudi Arabia through his espionage has reached his ties with Jamal Khashoggi”.
The publication of Jamal Khashoggi’s messages in a messenger in a conversation with Omar Abdul Aziz shows that he called the crown prince “a demon” that would not stop swallowing critics and even his supporters. Some political observers believe that having access to these findings made the Saudis to kill him.
On the other hand, reports indicate that Khashoggi and Abdul Aziz are discussing plans for building an “electronic army” for young people in Saudi Arabia against the propaganda of Saudi government in social networks from October 2017 to August 2018. An important issue that can reveal the secret of the tragic murder of Khashoggi’s killing squad.
Part of their plan was to send foreign SIM cards to domestic critics to communicate with Twitter without being tracked. They also sought to obtain financial aid, and Khashoggi said in a message to Abdul Aziz that he would receive $ 30,000.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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Q-1). How many buses are operated between Valsad and Dhasa by Lucky Travels?
A: There are 1 buses that are operated from Valsad to Dhasa by Lucky Travels.
Q-2). What is the time taken by Lucky Travels to complete the journey from Valsad to Dhasa?
A: The journey between Valsad to Dhasa is covered by Lucky Travels in approximately 12 hours 0 mins.
Q-3). How many luxury buses are operated by Lucky Travels between Valsad and Dhasa?
A: There are 0 luxury buses operated by Lucky Travels between Valsad to Dhasa.
Q-6). What are Lucky Travels bus ticket fares from Valsad to Dhasa ?
Keeping your accessibility and satisfaction of road journey in mind, Lucky Travels offers a number of buses throughout day and night. It also grants great convenience for any kind of commuters like business or leisure travellers . Valsad to Dhasa is one of the major functioning routes of Lucky Travels. The skilled drivers and staff ensures complete comfort of its passengers.
Lucky Travels runs several types of buses from Valsad to Dhasa. Generally, AC/Non AC sleeper buses are prefered during night travel. Besides, travelers may opt for AC/Non AC Semi sleeper and AC/Non AC Seater buses while commuting during day hours. All categories of Lucky Travels buses ensure a good travel experience.


text: Promotional umbrellas are a bit bulky, they are rather lightweight and easy to store when compared to glasses or ceramic mugs. Most umbrellas are not sensitive to heat, and they are, of course, waterproof. Therefore, you can order your promotional umbrellas today and keep the extras in storage for a long time until you can use them. Promotional umbrellas make a great gift, no matter what your business, so consider them the next time you're looking for an interesting and effective promotional product to give away to potential clients and customers. We at Dynamic Gift are here to help you with your promotional gift requirements. Call our promotional staff who are highly experience and will provide you with the dedicated professional service you would expect and get your business on its feet again.


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"There are no such things as strangers, only friends we haven't met yet."
About Me I'm not good at describing myself. I'm shy at first but warm up when I get to know someone. I enjoy making new friends. I like to help people and animals whenever I can.
My Philosophy I am not going to question your opinions. I am not going to meddle with your belief. I am not going to dictate to you, mine. All that I say is, examine, and inquire. Look into the nature of things. Search out the grounds of your opinions, the for and the against. Know why you believe, understand what you believe, and possess a reason for the faith that is in you.
What Gives Me Hope Each new day.
What/who changed my life and why My children because they changed the way I look at everything and I learn something new from them each day.
Quotation Wherever a man may happen to turn, whatever a man may undertake, he will always end up by returning to the path which nature has marked out for him.


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Price ina sl045008 c4 bearing in El Salvador are widely used in industrial drive, agriculture, compressors, motors and generators, construction, industrial fan, industrial transmission and other fields. Price ina sl045008 c4 bearing in El Salvador can ensure high quality for more than 80% raw material of Price ina sl045008 c4 bearing in El Salvador provided by the steel plant.
Explorer series bearing of Price ina sl045008 c4 bearing in El Salvador are better than any brand bearings currently in bearing performance , lifetime, design, and the use of performance. Explorer series bearings of Price ina sl045008 c4 bearing in El Salvador have more advantages ,such as higher meet rated , lower noise, reducing warranty costs greatly, increasing running time of the machine.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


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Also known as a "friendly foreclosure," a deed-in-lieu allows the homeowner to return the property to the lender rather than go through the foreclosure process. Lender approval is required for this option, and the homeowner must also vacate the property.
Many have considered and marketed bankruptcy as a "foreclosure solution," but this is only true in some states and situations. If the homeowner has non-mortgage debts that cause a shortfall of paying their mortgage payments and a personal bankruptcy will eliminate these debts, this may be a viable solution.
This represents only a summary of some of the solutions available to homeowners facing foreclosure. Locate a CDPE in your area for an evaluation of your individual situation, property value, and possible options.


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Lexis TESOL Training Centres is proud to launch its new part-time extensive CELTA course to be run at Lexis Japan in 2018.
Not everyone can afford to take a month off work to do a CELTA course so this option allows people who are already working to access the world’s most recognised English teaching qualification!
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