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This article is part of our Buyer's Guide: Investigating Hadoop distributions: Which is right for you?
Examine the key characteristics necessary to evaluate in a Hadoop distribution comparison, focusing on enterprise features, subscription options and deployment models.
For example, a subscription provides technical support and training, as well as access to enterprise features not available to the open source community. While the enterprise editions of vendor Hadoop distributions all provide the core components of the Hadoop ecosystem stack, the key differentiators are what these vendors offer beyond the openly accessible functionality.
Recent changes in the market have thinned the ranks of Hadoop distribution vendors. For example, in 2016, Pivotal Software pulled the plug on its own Hadoop distribution and said it would start reselling the Hortonworks Data Platform (HDP) instead. IBM did the same thing a year later. Then, in 2018, Cloudera Inc. purchased Hortonworks, its former archrival.
But there's still a group of suppliers to consider, including Hadoop specialists Cloudera and MapR Technologies Inc. and the three leading cloud platform providers: AWS, Microsoft and Google. To further complicate things, Cloudera plans to roll out a unified offering that combines features from its own Cloudera Distributed Hadoop (CDH) distribution and HDP in 2019, but said it will also continue to develop and support the two existing platforms at least until the end of 2021.
To determine the right Hadoop provider, a company must be able to perform Hadoop distribution comparisons for specific vendors based on several key characteristics, such as deployment models, enterprise-class features, security and data protection features, and support services.
Note that while the Hadoop big data management ecosystem is engineered to support scalable data storage and high-performance distributed computing, the actual performance may vary for several reasons, including the software implementation. However, many performance issues depend on the planned applications themselves. To address this, buyers should examine how the Hadoop product distributions are targeted to meet the business needs of user organizations.
The Hadoop offerings from AWS, Microsoft and Google deploy solely in cloud environments. AWS uses its Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, the central part of Amazon's cloud computing platform, and its Simple Storage Service data store to underpin Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce), which bundles its Hadoop distribution with the Spark processing engine and various other big data tools and technologies. In addition, Amazon EMR provides the option of using MapR's Hadoop distribution instead of the Amazon distribution.
Microsoft utilizes its Azure cloud infrastructure for HDInsight, a managed service that is currently based on HDP. Likewise, Google offers a managed service on its cloud platform called Google Cloud Dataproc. The service is built around the open source versions of Hadoop and Spark.
The cloud deployment model provides a rapid yet low-effort means of provisioning a Hadoop cluster, and AWS, Microsoft and Google all enable users to resize their environments on demand to handle dynamic computing and storage capacity needs. This elasticity is desirable for organizations with computational and storage needs that may vary over time.
While Cloudera and MapR also offer cloud-based deployments, they aren't limited to that model. These vendors allow users to download distributions that can be deployed on-premises or in private clouds on a variety of servers, including Linux and Windows systems. Cloudera and MapR also provide sandbox versions that can run in a virtual environment such as VMware.
The bottom line: Consider whether the organization prefers to manage its big data environment in-house or use a managed service. In-house management implies oversight and maintenance of the software environment, as well as continuous monitoring of the system, whether that environment is a physical platform on premises or a cluster that runs in the cloud. The on-premises option may be preferable if the company has an experienced IT staff that knows the proper system sizing characteristics or if security concerns warrant managing the system behind a trusted firewall.
The alternative is to use a vendor with a hosted services platform that will help configure, launch, manage and monitor operations. This may be preferable if the organization isn't sure what size system it will need or if it expects the required system size to fluctuate based on changing demand. The benefit of working with a cloud or managed service is that it will provide the necessary elasticity for both storage and processing resources.
Before the merger of Cloudera and Hortonworks, there were some notable differences in the development approaches of those two vendors and MapR that should be factored into a Hadoop distributions comparison.
Cloudera often augmented the Hadoop core with internally developed add-on technologies -- for example, its Impala SQL-on-Hadoop query engine; Cloudera Manager administration tools; and Kudu, an alternative data store to the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) for use in real-time analytics applications. The company eventually open sourced some of those technologies after doing the initial development work itself, but it kept others proprietary.
Hortonworks, on the other hand, touted that it was "innovating 100% of its software in the Apache Hadoop community, [with] no proprietary extensions." Add-on technologies that it was the driving force behind, such as the Atlas data governance framework and Ambari provisioning and management software, were launched as open source projects from the outset. Hortonworks also banded together with IBM and other companies to form a group called the Open Data Platform Initiative (ODPi), an organization devoted to creating a common set of core technical specifications for Hadoop platforms. ODPi members claim that this will improve interoperability and minimize vendor lock-in.
Cloudera hasn't fully clarified how it will harmonize those two approaches. But the company said its unified Cloudera Data Platform (CDP) distribution will be "a 100% open source data platform."
MapR has taken a third path by eschewing some core Hadoop components and developing its own foundational technologies in an effort to support large clusters with enterprise-class performance needs. For example, instead of using HDFS, MapR built a file system that was initially known as MapR-FS and is now the MapR XD Distributed File and Object Store. It also created a NoSQL database, first called MapR-DB and now MapR Database, as an alternative to the HBase system that's tied to Hadoop.
Reflecting a strategic focus on real-time and stream processing applications, the MapR Data Platform also includes an internally developed event streaming technology that was introduced as MapR Streams and is now called the MapR Event Store for Apache Kafka.
From a features standpoint, the enterprise version of Cloudera's existing CDH distribution provides tools for operational management and reporting, as well as supporting business continuity. This includes such items as configuration history and rollbacks, rolling updates and service restarts, and automated disaster recovery. The HDP distribution developed by Hortonworks offers proactive monitoring and maintenance, plus data governance and metadata management tools. The unified CDP offering will blend features from CDH and HDP, with some overlap on functionality to ease migrations, Cloudera said.
MapR's enterprise offering provides tools to better manage and ensure the resiliency and reliability of data in Hadoop clusters, as well as multi-tenancy and high availability capabilities.
While its cloud platform is AWS' primary calling card for Amazon EMR, it also offers tools for monitoring and managing clusters and enabling application and cluster interoperability as part of the Hadoop service.
Amazon EMR collects and utilizes metrics to track progress and measure the health of a cluster. Users gain cluster health metrics through the command-line interface, software developer kits or APIs and can view it through the EMR management console. Additionally, Amazon's CloudWatch monitoring service can be used along with its implementation of the Apache Ganglia performance monitoring component to check the cluster and set alarms on events triggered by these metrics.
Microsoft's Azure HDInsight managed service offers more than 30 Hadoop and Spark applications that the company said can be installed with a single click. The service uses the Azure Log Analytics tool as an interface for monitoring clusters, and it's integrated with various other technologies in the Azure cloud, including Azure Cosmos DB, SQL Data Warehouse, Blob Storage and Data Lake Storage.
Google Cloud Dataproc provides automated cluster deployment, configuration and management, although users can manually configure systems if they prefer. Cloud Dataproc also includes built-in integration with other Google Cloud Platform services, such as Google Cloud Storage and the BigQuery data warehouse.
The bottom line: Choosing a Hadoop vendor that provides value-added components as part of its enterprise subscription may mean committing to a long-term relationship -- especially if these components integrate with its standard stack distribution. If companies are concerned about vendor lock-in, they should consider those vendors that are participating in the OPDi.
Despite the expanding use of open source software for enterprise-class applications, there remain suspicions about its suitability for production use from a security and data protection perspective. However, the Hadoop distribution vendors have taken steps to alleviate some of this anxiety.
For example, before it was acquired by Cloudera, Hortonworks had teamed up with other vendors and customers to launch a Data Governance Initiative for Hadoop, with an initial focus on the Apache Atlas project for managing shared metadata, data classification, auditing and security and policy management for data protection. It also integrated Atlas with Apache Ranger, an open source security tool for enforcing data access policies.
Cloudera provides tools that enable users to manage data security and governance for the CDH platform, supporting an organization's need to meet compliance and regulatory requirements. The company said it plans to build a single stack of security and data governance tools into CDP, but it didn't specify whether that will be based on the CDH stack, the Hortonworks one or a combination of the two.
In addition, Cloudera and MapR provide data encryption. Both CDH and HDP from Cloudera support encryption of data at rest while MapR provides encryption of data transmitted to, from and within a cluster.
Amazon EMR encrypts data at rest and in transit. It also offers identity and access management (IAM) policies to set permissions for individual users and groups in Hadoop systems. In addition, the IAM policies combine with tagging if needed for cluster-by-cluster access control. Other security features include Kerberos authentication and Secure Socket Shell support.
Azure HDInsight includes Enterprise Security Package, a technology bundle designed to help organizations protect their data through the use of Microsoft's Azure Virtual Network service, server-side encryption of data at rest and integration with Azure Active Directory for user authentication. ESP also incorporates Ranger for setting access control policies and searching the audit logs that track access to cluster resources.
Google Cloud Platform's standard security model applies to Cloud Dataproc. That provides a set of authentication, authorization and encryption mechanisms, including IAM permissions and both Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security encryption. Data can be user encrypted for access by only specified users when a cluster is set up, when the data is in transit to or from a cluster, or when a processing job is submitted.
The bottom line: The Hadoop vendors provide different approaches to authentication, role-based access control, security policy management and data encryption. Buyers should carefully specify security and protection requirements and review how each vendor addresses those needs. Doing a comprehensive Hadoop distribution comparison will help distinguish needs from wants.
The fundamental value proposition for the open source software model is the bundling and simplification of system deployment with support and services. One alternative for deploying Hadoop involves downloading the source code for each component from the open source repository and then building and integrating all the parts together. This takes both skill and effort and is likely to be an iterative process. Open source vendors have already done the heavy lifting, providing preconfigured distributions and maintaining up-to-date integrated stacks.
What differentiates the vendors to a large degree is their support models. For example, Cloudera offers subscriptions with business-day and 24/7 support options for enterprise license holders. In both cases, it promises an initial response within one hour to a total functionality loss on a production system, although support technicians only work on problems from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. local time Monday to Friday with the 8/5 business-day option. For its 24/7 customers, the company also offers premium support that includes a 15-minute response time on critical issues. Cloudera recommends opening an online support case when technical problems arise, but it said customers can call for help if need be.
All AWS accounts include basic support, which provides 24/7 customer service, access to community forums and documentation, as well as access to the AWS Trusted Advisor application. Developer support includes 12- or 24-hour response times, depending on the severity of the issue, and email access to support engineers during business hours (8 a.m. to 6 p.m. in the customer's country). Business-level support provides 24/7 phone, email and chat access to support engineers as well as shortened response times based on severity. Enterprise-level support adds less than 15-minute response time for critical issues, plus a dedicated technical account manager and a concierge support team.
MapR offers three levels of support. Beyond a free Community Support option that provides a support knowledge base and other information resources, production users can choose between the company's standard support and technical account management support programs. Both include follow-the-sun support and 24/7 phone support with a one-hour initial response time on severe system errors. The TAM service adds a technical account manager to be a single point of contact during a customer's normal business hours, as well as performance and upgrade guidance.
The bottom line: If support services are the source of added value from the vendor, the costs for the different support subscriptions should be aligned with customer expectations. Subscriptions providing one-hour or even 15-minute response times on a 24/7 basis with dedicated support staff will cost a lot more than 24-hour response time from a web-based interface during business hours.
Hadoop and related technologies have transformed the BI, analytics and data management industry since the big data framework was created in 2006. But, as we've examined, the open source Hadoop framework offers only so much, and companies that need more comprehensive performance and functionality capabilities as well as maintenance and support are turning to commercial Hadoop software distributions. Hopefully, this information will help companies make a more informed choice when purchasing a Hadoop distribution.
Which Hadoop distribution product best meets your organization's needs, and why?
Discover the uses of Hadoop distributions and the first steps in evaluating these products, as well as how the merger of rivals Cloudera and Hortonworks affects the market.
Which Hadoop distribution product best meets your organization's needs?


text: Tools for Change offers a multi-day event of personal development and skills-building for people of all sectors of society. It started at the IofC conference centre in Caux, Switzerland, as an annual conference. In 2009, it was organized for the first time in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A revised programmes structure have been introduced. Participants have an opportunity to examine the core values of Initiatives of Change and their relevance to those working for an inclusive, just and peaceful society. An international faculty address theory and practice around creating and sustaining positive change. Every activity contributes to the development of participants in a unified, interactive learning experience.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


text:
A beautiful handmade soap deliciously fragranced with Cranberry and Lime. Sweet and zesty, this soap is ideal for every moment of your day. It also contain a layer of organic oats for a mild exfoliation. A great gift idea which will also give a touch of happiness to your bathroom or kitchen.
Each bar measures 6 x 8 x 2 cm approx.
Weight: between 90 to 100gr approx.
Beautifully packed and wrapped in cellophane.
Ingredients: Aqua, Propylene glycol, Sodium stearate, Sodium laureth sulfate, Glycerin, Sucrose, Sodium cocoate, Sodium xylene sulfonate,Stearic acid, Tetrasodium EDTA,Tetrasodium etidronate, Perfume (fragrance), Benzyl Alcohol, Citral Citronellol, Hexyl Cinnamal, Linalool, Limonene (naturally derived from essential/fragrance oils). Other:Cl16185, Cl10020 (colouring), Organic Oats.

industry_corpus2: Others


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Performance by Fourthwall on 28th February 2006 at The Wharf Theatre, Tavistock.
What a cracking production of Hugh Whitemore’s play Breaking the Code by Fourthwall. A strong cast have once again met their objective to present ‘challenging and thought-provoking work’ within the community.
On reading Alan Turing’s obituary in the Times in June 1954, one would have been left oblivious to much of the substance of this fascinating play about the last 26 years of his life. Yes, he provided the theoretical concepts for the modern computer (the notional Turing Machine) and the basis of artificial intelligence. But how did he come by an OBE in 1946? For ‘wartime services to the Foreign Office’ goes the rather obscure citation. This was modest recognition to avoid thrusting too much attention on Turing, at a time when much had to remain secret for so long. The 40-year rule ensured that he remained little known outside academic circles until the secrets of Enigma and Bletchley Park could be made public. Secrecy prevailed till long after his death, yet few individuals can have contributed so much during World War II, or saved so many lives. A colleague wrote “I won’t say that what Turing did made us win the war, but I daresay we might have lost it without him.” For reasons of security and propriety, little mention of his wartime achievements was possible, or the homosexuality that led to his death.
Turing’s achievements had been in breaking the Enigma code, along with ‘a motley collection of mathematicians, linguists and chess grandmasters’, helping to win the Battle of the Atlantic against the German U-boats. Once the battle was won Turing was diverted (December 1941) to the problem of speech encryption; some of this work remains secret to this day. After the war Turing was involved in the development of early computers, before going on to look for mathematical solutions to biological problems, of the kind hinted at in the play by his interest in the patterns made by fir cones. His last scientific paper in 1952 gives an answer to the question posed by Rudyard Kipling in his Just so Stories on ‘How the leopard got his spots’, which are in their way just as intractable as those posed by the cryptographers of the Third Reich.
The play by Hugh Whitemore is based on Alan Hodge’s biography Alan Turing, The Enigma (still in print). Whitemore’s aim was to explore the way in which Turing failed to reconcile his homosexuality with intellectual life. The play revolves around the last 26 years in Turing’ life, ending in his premature death aged 41, a convicted homosexual, who died by his own hand; a tragic consequence of society’s inability in the 1950s to accept homosexuality without resorting to the blunt instrument of the law.
Phil Rayner takes much of the credit in directing this excellent production in which Peter Dann heads a strong cast. Rayner also plays Turing’s boss Dillwyn Knox at Bletchley in a way that seems just right for the times; intelligent yet slightly vague, with cultivated understatement.
Peter Dann plays an utterly convincing Turing; awkward, diffident and stuttering when young, later confident and in command with his wartime achievements and academic accolades behind him. His was a fine performance that reached its climax in his address on Speech Day at Sherborne School, where he had been a pupil. It was written with subject matter and metaphor tuned to teenage boys, but delivered by Peter Dann with such surety and conviction that I felt back at school. And what a speech; unfolding a far-sighted comparison of the growing capabilities of computers with the power of the human brain (likened to porridge!). Turing speculated on how long it might be before computers would be capable of the subtleties of human thought. He was in little doubt that computers would be able to think, and he devised a simple test (the Turing Test). A machine capable of human intelligence can be interrogated by a human being, with responses indistinguishable from another human. The whole play depended on Peter Dann’s credibility as Turing, and he did not disappoint. His performance is a tour de force!
The way in which the problem that deciphering Enigma code presented was set out in a briefing for Turing by Pat Green, played by Kath Harvey. It was just enough for the audience to appreciate the scale of the problem that confronted Turing and his colleagues, deftly put over in a way that did not risk losing the audience.
Nic Early as Ron Millar plays Turing’s lover, who precipitates the chain of events that lead to Turing’s own admission of his own sexuality to the police. Nic Early and Peter Dann’s portrayal of the relationship is utterly convincing, making the contrast between the boorish petty thief, and the naïve academic.
Detective Sergeant Mick Ross is well played by John Lawrey, the persistent policeman. Clive Lovatt brings authority to the role of John Smith, a senior civil servant with concern that the enquiry might create embarrassment for the Foreign Office.
Meg Morris plays Turing’s mother, providing the emotional climax to the play when Alan admits to her that he is a homosexual. For the first and last time in the play she takes her son in her arms. Meg Morris shows us how, even in those less demonstrative times, a mother’s love is unconditional.
Gareth Jeffries captures the gauche enthusiasm of a boarding school boy as Turing’s school friend Christopher Morcom. Alex Bishop was composed and convincing in the difficult part of Turing’s Greek lover, Nikos.
For me the play offset the disappointment of Robert Harris’s book Enigma (and the film of the same name derived from it) that chose to use fictitious characters rather than basing them on the people actually involved. Now, thanks in part to the Hodge biography, Whitemore’s play and Fourthwall, Turing’s life and achievements are no longer seen in the distorted way given at the time of his death.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


text:
Meet my new friend 2.2250738585072012e-308, We've been hanging out recently. If you've not heard of him, he's about ten years old but thats pretty old in [dog and in] software years. He's getting pretty famous in his old age, but he had humble beginnings as a lowly bug report on a Sun Microsystems website.
It's rumoured he was first discovered back in 2001, but his big break didn't come until recently, when it was realised that he has the potential to be a key component of a Denial of Service attack that could bring down many java based systems [that accept floating point numbers as input]. This includes commonplace application servers like Tomcat, who accept floating point numbers as part of the HTTP protocol.
2.2250738585072012e-308 has now been placed firmly in my mental bag of tricks along with divide by zero, 2^32, null, imaginary numbers, localised floats and all the others that routinely get brought out to help me test and investigate software.
But why am I doing this now? This information has been around for years. The software has been vulnerable for years. The hard work was done 10 years ago when some clever person found this bug. Their good work was ignored, by us... by me. I've added that bug to my toolkit, that should help me catch a few instances of it as time goes by. But if we think like testers - about testing - for a moment. I'm behaving as if I'm back on the happy path: "I know about all the 'typical' bugs again." But what other bugs are there?
The most effective way to learn from this is to not only take note of this instance, but to learn how to get even better from the experience. People like Sun (now Oracle), and other organisations, publish lists of bugs found by their community. Even better they often publish lists of 'recently' fixed bugs! So you can find a bug and suggest a solution! So now I'm going to start browsing these sites for useful intel' on the systems I'm testing. I recommend you do to.


text: Christmas Party: We hope to see many of you at our annual Carols & Punch Christmas Party. Doors open at 7 and close when the wine and food run out! Open to residents and friends.


text:
Despite her tearful on-air apology on Wednesday, People reports that show staff is now being notified that they will no longer be working on the show. According to the publications, NBC network execs "think it might be flawless time to give her Today time slot to Kelly, who has a huge fan base and is extremely well-liked and relatable", a source told Radar.
An official statement has yet to be made by the network.
The appointment of Kelly's attorney comes as the anchor has parted ways with her agency, CAA. "If Megyn is leaving, they better also be telling us that [executive producer] Jackie Levin is following her out the door", the insider said. In 2015, a Pittsburgh woman named Megan Kelly made headlines after she started getting an influx of emails meant for the then-Fox News host.
Kelly's arrival at NBC was widely trumpeted as a huge win for the network.
"The country feels so divided and I have no wish to add to that pain and offense", she said in a tweet Wednesday.
In this May 5, 2016 file photo, Megyn Kelly poses for a portrait in NY.
The Daily Mail has learned that Kelly's team began multiple negotiations with rival networks once the backlash came rolling in from the host's offensive comments. Even her own coanchors condemned her "ignorant" and "racist" dialogue. On the subject of the "costume police" injecting political correctness on Halloween, Kelly discussed blackface with an all-white panel, and her comments got her in hot water.
So the big question here is, "Why did NBC publicly shank Megyn Kelly?".
"I was wrong and I am sorry", Kelly said. NBC News chair Andy Lack spoke about the situation during a town hall meeting.
Regardless of her employment status, Kelly will reportedly be paid her entire $69 million contract. And her suggestion for NBC to hire an "outside investigator" to look into Farrow's obstructed reporting on Weinstein probably wasn't popular among her bosses.
"Megyn Kelly is done", one source - named as an NBC executive - said. So who really has the last blackface-but-only-if-it's-a-costume laugh? "First day on the job @NBCNews!" she tweeted, posting a black-and-white photo of herself standing in front of NBC's peacock at the network's 30 Rockefeller Plaza headquarters.
In recent months, prior to the recent controversy, tensions have been growing between Kelly and NBC News management.

industry_corpus2: Media & Journalism


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This topic contains 4 replies, has 2 voices, and was last updated by George 9 months ago.
There has been a lot written and said about hub- vs. belt driven skateboards – with which I don´t want to bore you.
First of all to get the wording straight: Both hub and belt driven skateboards rely on brushless electrical motors. Typically these motors are either directly part of the wheel (“hub”-driven) or placed underneath the skateboard deck with a belt that connects the motor to the wheels (“belt”-driven). There are some exceptions (hybrids) like “geared hub” which I do not consider here for simplicity.
At the beginning, ALL electric skateboards were belt-driven. The first electric skateboards with hub motors entered the market in early 2016. Since then, hub-technology has advanced but still the belt-driven systems seem to be more mature.
There are exceptions and the pros & cons actually depend very much on the specific board.
So, before actually buying a hub-driven electric skateboard I recommend to do some further research.

industry_corpus2: Sports


text:
Items where Author is "Amin, Amin"
Amin, Amin (2013) NASIONALISME MASYARAKAT PERBATASAN (STUDI KASUS DI BADAU KECATAN NANGA BADAU KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU). Undergraduate thesis, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
This list was generated on Thu Apr 25 03:21:59 2019 WIB.


text:
In Cedarbluff Mississippi 39741, all Medicare supplement standardized plans are offered to qualified individuals under the age of 65 and/or to Medicare-qualified individuals due to disability or end-stage renal disease. In some states, a limited selection of Medicare supplement standardized plans is available to such individuals.
Medicare.gov provides tools that will allow you to compare plans in Cedarbluff MS 39741 Clay county, but the decision is complicated. Insurance agent Graves recommends that you “work with a licensed insurance agent who can show you both Medicare Supplement Plans and Advantage Plans from multiple companies. Each type has its positives.” The questions to cover, he says: “You need to understand the costs, doctor networks, coverage levels and maximum out-of-pocket for each. Enroll in what suits your situation best.” Organizations such as Consumer Reports and the Medicare Rights Center can also help you research your decision.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


text:
On November 5-6, 2018, the Rubenianum will host an international conference on artistic collaboration in the early modern Low Countries.
In the early modern Low Countries, distinctive patterns of collaboration developed. Not only legal agreements but also relationships of trust fostered an artistic culture in which collaboration was a central practice – seemingly as important to the participating artists as to their works’ viewers. TheTemptation of St. Anthony (Madrid, Prado), painted in Antwerp in about 1520–24, was described a half a century later and far from its geographical origins as a collaboratively painted work: a 1574 list of works that King Philip II of Spain sent to the monastery of El Escorial expressly described the painting as having figures by Quinten Metsijs and a landscape by Joachim Patinir.
Rubens, considered the ‘genius’ of the Flemish Baroque, is mainly associated with two types of collaborative relationships: on the one hand, as a friend and equal of other masters, such as Jan Brueghel I; and on the other hand, as the supervisor of his pupils, workshop assistants and affiliates working in other media, such as tapestry weavers, sculptors and printmakers, who executed his designs. Yet Rubens also collaborated in ways that are perhaps less often considered collaborations: his ‘autograph’ works undoubtedly benefited from dialogue with colleagues, friends and patrons; in reworking objects in his own collection, Rubens ‘collaborated’ with artists from earlier periods. Rubens was not exceptional in working so collaboratively with his colleagues, as the prevalence and variety of artistic collaboration in the early modern Low Countries attests.
Collaboration has long been a critical component of artistic practice, employed in different periods, places and media. Yet the early modern Low Countries saw particularly rich elaborations of this practice, with not only artists but also dealers and collectors involved in shaping collaborative artistic relationships, the products they spawned and how these works were viewed. This conference takes artistic collaboration to be the process of two or more individuals contributing substantively to a work’s conception and production, such that the end result is something different from what these individuals could have produced alone. A wide range of motives prompted such collaborations, and they occurred within particular historical circumstances.


text:
Just when you thought it was safe to go outside again, another man-made satellite is expected to crash into the Earth sometime on or around October 23, 2011. This time, the potential noggin’ basher is the ROSAT satellite.
The final flight of the Space Shuttle Program is scheduled for tomorrow – July 8, 2011. The Space Shuttle Atlantis is being prepped for launch scheduled for 11:26 am Eastern Standard Time. I encourage all of you – our loyal Outer Space Universe Fans – to watch this historic event live on NASA.gov.

industry_corpus2: Aerospace


text:
One thing I will not tolerate are traitors in our midst, [player]. But I would be a fool to play my hand so early--it would not sufficiently cut the corruption out of our lands and only cause the infection to grow worse.
But you, a young adventurer, could go places my agents could not... could learn the truth... could find the true head of the beast.
If you are brave enough, then enter Skull Rock to the east of Orgrimmar, find a lieutenant's insignia off one of the Burning Blade there, and return to me.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


text:
If you want to shape world commerce, go to business school in the center of world commerce.
At Fordham, you will have access year-round to internships that students in Boston, St. Louis, or Washington, D.C., can only hope to have during the summer.
Your class might visit the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the New York Stock Exchange, or the United Nations.
You may connect with executives at companies such as Tiffany & Co., Mashable, or BBDO.
Your Integrated Marketing Communications course might be taught by a former EVP at global advertising powerhouse McCann Erickson.
You can test out your idea for a “local” mobile app on one of the world’s largest, most diverse, and most fascinating populations, 9 million strong.


text: The Marchutz School has partnered with over 300 U.S. institutions of higher learning to offer accredited arts courses in the Aix-en Province of France. Marchutz faculty have over 25 years of experience guiding students to refine their creative expression and instill an appreciation of the landscapes and native art of Europe. Students of all levels are welcomed and assisted according to their needs and experience. Field trips to local sites and/or Paris and Venice are included.


text:
"Does laser treatment work on port wine stains?"
Zocdoc›Answers›Does laser treatment work on port wine stains?
Is it possible to use laser treatment to remove a 'port-wine stain type birthmark? My 12 year old child has a prominent mark of this sort on his face and as he gets older, he's becoming very self conscious about it.
Port wine stains (or nevus flammeus) are a congenital malformation of blood vessels that shows up as a dark red to purple stain on the skin, and they are very common on the face. Unlike some other 'birth marks' such as stork bites, port wine stains tend not to go away with age. Therefore, unless something is done for your child, the port wine stain is likely to stay with him. The best treatment for port wine stains involves flashlamp pulsed dye laser therapy. This therapy has been used with excellent results in children. In the majority of treated children, it eliminated or at least lightened the port wine stain. The laser has best results in smaller port wine stains than in larger ones. Unfortunately, the age of the child also predicts the effect of the laser. The laser is less effective in children older than 1 year than in those less than one year old. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to expect that the therapy will be at least of some benefit for your son. The first step would be to set up an appointment with your pediatric dermatologist to discuss your options and to arrange for treatment.
Is a lumpectomy needed for all cases of breast cancer?


text:
You may join the meeting by calling 1-877-810-9415 for access.
Please use the access code to join the meeting: 40477672#.
Introduce yourself when you make the connection.


text:
Please ensure packages are not opened for full price refund (less shipping/mailing cost). All returns are to be properly packaged and returned upon instruction from our refund department. All opened packages, if still more than 50% (fifty percent) full, will be refunded at 35% of the original product price only.
We can ship to virtually any address in the world. Note that there could be import restrictions in some countries and the products may be subject to import tariffs in others.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


text:
Google has released its new Duo app in the UK, giving FaceTime, WhatsApp, and other video-calling apps a run for their money.
Duo, which was unveiled at Google's I/O developer conference in May 2016, is free to use and enables 1-to-1 video calls. It relies on your number, lets you reach people in your phone’s contacts list, offers end-to-end encryption, and has nifty features like Knock Knock, which allows you to see live video of your caller before you answer. And it's super easy to use, because the app's interface is ridiculously simple.
The new app is already available in the UK version of the Google Play Store for Android devices and should also be available in Apple's App Store for iOS devices. Another part of the attraction of Duo is that Google built in the capability to stay online and connected even when you're on a slower network; the video quality is reduced "gracefully" to ensure that calls aren't disconnected.
Duo is rolling out for Android and iOS now and will soon be live across the globe. If you want to know more about how it works, check out Pocket-lint's hands-on with the app, where we tell you how to get started with it, place video calls, and manage preferences, and more.


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In the week just passed, the U.S. Senate killed a proposal to permanently end the federal estate tax that is now scheduled to phase out gradually by the year 2010, only to be reinstated the following year. This was done to avoid dealing the one of the silly rules Congress has imposed on itself, requiring it to make projections of revenue gains or losses on tax legislation 20 years into the future – when the experts are almost never able to make accurate projections six months into the future. In April of 1999, when the issue was being raised by Republicans, I invited Gary & Aldona Robbins to give the "guest lecture" at SSU, as their work is the state of the art on this subject. They work as a team, at Fiscal Associates, in Arlington, Virginia. Aldona worked in Treasury's tax division back in the Carter administration, and they worked together in the Reagan Treasury. While most tax experts become bean counters, they are a dynamic duo. They understand the animal spirits that can be encouraged or smothered by tax policy. There is nothing like them in the Democratic Party. They write as clearly as they think, so I will not say much more than that they make a persuasive case that the federal estate tax costs more to collect and administer than the revenues it produces.
Their lecture today makes "The Case for Burying the Estate Tax." The economic literature is piled high with cases for and against death duties, but not one that is as classical and comprehensive as their report, published by the Institute for Policy Research as Policy Report #150. What you will read here is the "Quick Study" of the long report, which runs 29 pages, and should be read by every tax accountant in the country. You can log onto IPI's website [www.ipi.org] and access the report directly, in Adobe Acrobat format.
Until recently, estate taxes were the exclusive headache of the super rich, their tax attorneys and their estate planners. However, a strong economy, an ever-widening distribution of wealth -- both positive developments -- coupled with short-sighted tax policy are extending the grab of estate taxes.
Estate taxes even threaten the middle class. Average Americans who purchased homes 20 or 30 years ago, own a farm or built up a family business could find their estates large enough to be taxed. And high marginal tax rates (from 37% up to 55%) often force heirs to liquidate assets to pay the estate tax bill.
Not surprisingly, the plight of family farms and businesses has caught the attention of policy makers. Over 50 bills dealing with estate taxes were introduced during the 105th Congress. Proposals ranged from relief directed to specific groups of taxpayers, such as farmers and closely-held businesses, to the elimination of estate and gift taxes. More proposals will undoubtedly be considered during the 106th Congress.
Until the 1920s estate taxes were used as a sporadic, and temporary, way to finance wars. When hostilities ceased, the tax was repealed.
Loophole closing preoccupied tax reformers during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Lower income tax rates enacted in 1981 were extended to estate taxes and the exemption was in- creased to remove smaller estates from the tax rolls.
Since then, estate taxes have been on the rise, this time a weapon in the arsenal to fight federal deficits.
Nominally, tax rates start at 18 percent on taxable estates of less than $10,000 and rise to 55 percent on taxable estates over $3 million. In the thirteen years since this schedule was put in place, asset values have more than tripled. But, because bracket amounts are not indexed, more estates hit the top tax bracket today than ten or fifteen years ago.
The unified credit of $192,800 translates into an exemption amount of $600,000. Although the tax schedule gives the impression that the estate tax starts at 18 percent, in fact, the unified credit means that most people will begin paying at a marginal rate of 37 percent on the first dollar of taxable estate.
In 1995, 69,722 estates were required to file an estate tax return. Almost a quarter of those returns reported the size of gross estate to be under $1 million. Over half reported estates under $2.5 million and 96 percent under $5 million.
Less than half the estates filing returns owed tax. Over half (54 percent) of the $11.8 billion in tax was collected from estates valued at less than $5 million. Estates worth between $5 and $20 million paid 29 percent of the tax while those over $20 million paid 16.9 percent.
While the U.S. population quintupled in the last fifty years, estate tax returns increased tenfold. As a result, smaller estates make up a much larger share of total returns today that in 1945 (88.7% versus 33.4%). Because exemptions levels have not kept up with asset values, more smaller estates must file returns.
In short, estate taxes are more likely to affect small to medium-sized estates today than fifty years ago. While the top tax rate is lower today, it hits much sooner, subjecting relatively small estates to high marginal rates.
People save for two reasons -- either to consume in the future or make bequests. Estate and gift taxes hit the latter directly.
Lawrence Summers, now Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, has estimated that about half of all saving is directed toward bequests. As shown earlier, estates today face marginal tax rates between 37 and 55 percent. Because of the huge part that bequests play in saving, these high estate tax rates discourage saving which, in turn, leads to less investment, slower economic growth and lower tax revenues.
Taxes affect growth by changing the aftertax returns to the factors of production -- capital and labor. If taxes are cut, the aftertax return on the next dollar of invested capital goes up, and investors supply more capital. Because estate taxes are tied to asset values, they act primarily on capital, with higher tax rates raising the cost of capital and lower tax rates reducing the cost.
For the economy to produce the most output at the lowest cost, average and marginal tax rates should equal each other. Economy-wide, the marginal federal estate tax rate is 2.8 times higher than the average rate while that for state and local governments is 1.9 times higher. Putting the two together, the marginal estate tax rate on U.S. capital are 2.6 times higher than the average rate. Because marginal estate tax rates are much higher than average rates, economic efficiency suffers.
Who are most likely to have medium-sized estates that pay the highest tax rates? Typically they are owners of small businesses and family farms who amass wealth during their lifetimes through hard work and thrift. Because wealth is often unexpected, these people may not take full advantage of ways to reduce estate taxes. As a result, those who come late, or not at all, to estate planning end up paying most of the tax. In contract, the very rich, particularly those with inherited wealth, routinely plan ways to mitigate the death tax and pay lower estate tax rates.
All told, estate taxes are detrimental to the economy. Added to income taxes, estate taxes can bring the total tax rate on new investment to 100 percent. Small business -- which have fueled much of the current expansion -- are hit particularly hard.
We estimate that eliminating the federal estate tax would reduce the average, economy-wide marginal tax rate on all U.S. capital by 0.25 percent. This lower tax on capital would raise the return to savers and investors.
*Annual gross domestic product would be $137.2 billion, or 0.9 percent, above the baseline.
*The stock of U.S. capital would be higher by almost $1.7 trillion, or 4.1 percent above the baseline.
*The economy would have created almost 275,000 more jobs than in the baseline.
*Between 1999 and 2010, the economy would have produced almost $1 trillion more in GDP than otherwise.
One major protest against eliminating the estate tax will undoubtedly be the loss of revenue to the federal Treasury. However, there are several reasons why this argument doesn't hold water. First, estate taxes are a minor source of federal revenue. In 1995, the $11.8 billion in estate taxes amounted to less than one percent of federal revenues..
Second, the estate tax imposes extremely high compliance costs -- about as much as the tax raises. Tax compliance adds nothing to output and diverts resources away from productive activities that do.
Third, doing away with estate taxes would produce positive economic growth effects large enough to offset most of the static revenue loss.
* Between 1999 and 2008, eliminating the estate tax would cost the Treasury $191.5 billion.
* But the over $700 billion in additional GDP would yield $148.7 billion in higher income, payroll, excise and other federal taxes.
* In other words, higher growth would offset 78 percent of the static revenue loss over the first ten years.
* By 2010, the dynamic revenue gain from eliminating the estate tax would be enough to offset the annual static revenue loss completely.
The high economic payoff makes reducing the estate tax an excellent candidate for a pro-growth tax cut. And elimination of the estate tax should be one element of any broad-based tax reform that aims to reduce the double taxation of saving and investment.
Estate taxes have increasingly reached into middle-class America over the last several decades.
The largest estates do not pay the highest tax rates. That dubious honor falls on medium-sized estates, often belonging to people who have started and shepherded successful businesses.
Estate taxation hurts the economy. Its sheer complexity results in high compliance costs -- as much as estate taxes raise by one estimate.
Estate taxes have hit small businesses particularly hard. Heirs sometimes must liquidate at least part of a successful enterprise to pay the estate tax bill.
High marginal tax rates on estate assets raise capital costs and depress saving and investment. Almost any move to reduce estate taxes should more than pay for itself through higher growth.
All in all, American taxpayers, the economy and government would be better off without estate taxes. Serious reduction or outright elimination of estate taxes would be one of the best legacies that the 106th Congress could leave future generations.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


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According to new research from the Office of National Statistics (ONS), the UK construction industry is set to face a major labour crisis, with the loss of over 500,000 workers over the next decade.
The findings, which form part of the Labour Force survey, equates to a quarter of the total construction workforce in the UK. It points to the high age demographic of the industry with many of those workers expected to retire during the next 10-15 years.
Matters are made worse with Britain’s exit from the European Union, and the potential end to free movement of EU citizens to the UK. Whilst this could help retain skilled UK-born workers, it also means companies cannot rely on labour from the continent plugging any skills gaps in the workforce.
“The findings of the ONS report will undoubtedly make for sober reading for construction companies across the UK. Despite the ageing workforce being a long-term issue for the industry (a 2011 study estimated that one-in-five workers were over 55), very little has been achieved in addressing the sizeable skills gap.
Insight Data are the UK’s specialist provider of market intelligence and prospect data for the fenestration and wider construction industries. Trusted by industry-leading brands, Insight’s unrivalled database helps businesses unlock live intelligence, business information and contact details for 70,000 potential customers. This includes builders, main contractors, architects, builders merchants and businesses in the glass and glazing industry.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


text: Below is a list of nursing schools in Minden, Louisiana that offer nursing programs in Minden, Louisiana. The average salary for registered nurses in Louisiana is $60,230 per year in 2014. View salaries for registered nurses in Louisiana by year. You'll notice that their salary is on the rise each year in most cases.


text: Every Thursday, 9:00 am, Brown Learning Center Try practicing yoga in a beautiful garden setting, strengthening your body and spirit. Our yoga class is open to all levels. We will practice slow, easy motions to get into the rhythm of nature. Led by Beth Sheehy. Bring Yoga mat, small towel, and a water bottle. Wear layers appropriate to the season. Classes are rain or shine. Class will move outdoors as weather permits. Members may bring a friend.


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A network of dentists with a focus and passion for dental sleep medicine.
With the growing demand for OAT, many dentists are now looking to engage in treating their patients for snoring and OSA with Oral Appliance Therapy. Many dentists are wanting to increase their knowledge and understanding of dental sleep and OAT, as well as increase their clinics’ foci and treatment in OAT and related dental sleep therapies. The Snore Centre can help.
An Alberta company, growing in Alberta. Opportunities in Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, Red Deer, Edmonton, Grande Prairie, Lloydminster, and Fort McMurray.
Initial and ongoing training support, clinical and administrative.
Access to independent level 3 scoring and interpretation through TSC partner Sound Sleep Solutions.
Our Clinical Director is Dr. Shouresh Charkhandeh. Dr. Charkhandeh is a general Dentist and active member of the AADSM & AASM. He is a well-respected dentist with a focus on Dental Sleep Medicine.
He is a major advocate for an inter-disciplinary approach to Dental Sleep Medicine which focuses on the collaboration of Sleep Physicians, Sleep Dentists and other healthcare professionals.
Dr. Charkhandeh received his Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) Degree and Bachelor of Medical Sciences from the University of Alberta, Canada. He then furthered his education and training by completing a Research Fellowship in the area of “Sleep and Dental Sleep Medicine” at the University of Antwerp Hospital (UZA), in Antwerp, Belgium. Dr. Charkhandeh is a general dentist who maintains a group of private practices with an interest in Dental Sleep Medicine and TMD Management. He is actively involved in clinical research in Dental Sleep Medicine and his research focuses on developing new technologies to improve treatment outcome predictability and patient selection in Oral Appliance Therapy for patients with OSA (i.e. Obstructive Sleep Apnea) and improving clinical workflow efficiencies, utilizing different digital technologies. He is the recipient of the “2012 & 2015 Clinical Research Award” and “2015 Clinical Excellence Award” from the American Academy of Dental Sleep Medicine (AADSM). He has lectured at numerous meetings such as American Academy of Sleep Medicine Annual Meeting, AADSM Annual Meeting, IAO (International Association for Orthodontics) Annual Meeting, Interdisciplinary Belgian Dental Sleep Medicine Academy Annual Meeting (iBEDSMA), Dutch Society of Dental Sleep Medicine Annual Meeting (NVTS) and many more Sleep meetings across North America and Europe. He is the founder and director of Alberta Dental Sleep Medicine Study Club and the Clinical Director at The Snore Centre in Canada. He is also the Chief Dental Officer at Zephyr Sleep Technologies, the developer of “MATRx TM” Technology. Dr. Charkhandeh is a major advocate for the importance of an inter-disciplinary approach to Dental Sleep Medicine which focuses on the collaboration of Sleep Physicians, Sleep Dentists and other healthcare professionals. He has been treating OSA patients for many years and also has trained hundreds of dentists in Dental Sleep Medicine.
If you have been looking to introduce Oral Appliance Therapy into your practice or grow your existing OAT service, The Snore Centre may offer a great solution for you. If you’d like to learn more, we’d be happy to chat with you.
Oral Appliance Therapy – A few facts and quotes.
OAT is quickly becoming a leading therapy instrument in sleep conditions and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) treatment. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) officially declared the use of the dental appliance as an appropriate first-line treatment for mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) for specific qualifying patients based on comprehensive, long-term evidence showing its efficacy.
In a survey of the Apex360 Editorial Advisory Board in 2015, panellists were asked ‘What was the most significant trend or change you saw in the dental industry in 2015’. Lou Shuman, DDS, CAGS, President and CEO, Cellerant Consulting Group responded: The most significant trend was the medical community's increased recognition of dentistry's vital role in solving sleep breathing problems. Business and practitioner interest in the sleep sector grew significantly as a result of the potential impact of oral appliance therapy (OAT) in treating sleep apnea and snoring.
San Francisco, California, Nov. 6, 2014 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global sleep apnea devices market is expected to witness substantial growth owing to high prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients, according to a new study by Grand View Research, Inc. Downsides of urban lifestyle such as long working hours, obesity, diabetes, and anxiety have resulted in increased sleep disorders, consequently driving sleep apnea devices demand. Leading market players have invested heavily in the development of compact therapeutic devices, which is expected to favorably impact sleep apnea devices market growth. Lack of patient compliance and discomfort caused by the devices may pose a challenge to industry participants.
Published on March 18, 2015 – Sleep Review Oral appliances have been increasing in popularity as an alternative treatment method as they are less invasive and expensive than CPAP. Frost & Sullivan anticipates that the US oral appliance market will double by 2020, with custom appliances seeing five times the revenue increase during that period.
The Snore Centre is a multidisciplinary clinic offering personalized assessment, diagnosis and treatment for snoring, sleep apnea and a variety of other sleep disordered breathing conditions.
With locations in Calgary, Edmonton and Leduc, we are here to serve you better.


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WWICS – The leading immigration consultant – Your one stop solution for business visa, permanent residency visa, study visa, available at these locations.
Do you want to immigrate to your dream country? Do you have any query related to immigration? Are you looking for an immigration consultant who can provide you with the right and genuine guidance? You have come to just the right place. WWICS is your one stop solution to all your immigration requirements.
Starting from the initial assessment of your profile to finally landing in your dream country. For anything and everything you want to know and get assistance in applying for permanent resident visa, business visa, study visa, skilled worker visa, citizenship by investment, waste no time in contacting us at any of our offices located globally.
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Phone : 020-30067100, Mob: +919075040056.
Phone : 0265-3363800-32, 9227114111, 9915007032.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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I had a lot of fun shooting Aberdeen's Living Christmas Tree music performance tonight and there are two more free performances tomorrow if you are in the area.
At 3 pm and 7 pm the 120-member choir, 60-member orchestra and 40-member children's choir will perform in the Aberdeen Civic Arena downtown. Full details about the event are at AberdeenLivingChristmasTree.com.
After I felt I had the standard type shots accomplished I started experimenting with long exposures, sometimes zooming partway through the exposure, and sometimes turning the lens out of focus partway through. I'm basically happy with the results in coming up with something a little out of the ordinary.
What a fantastic event! Beautiful pictures. Amazing to see community come together at such a time of year.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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Peel and slice the onion. Peel the ginger and garlic, then finely chop or grate them on a microplane.
Heat a lug of oil in a large pan over a medium heat, add the onions and cook for around 8 minutes, or until softened and slightly golden, stirring regularly. Add the ginger and garlic cook for a further 2 minutes.
Meanwhile, mix the tikka masala paste, yoghurt and tomato purée together in a bowl. Halve and add the chicken thighs to the bowl. Stir everything together and get all the chicken covered in the paste mixture.
Scrape everything into the pan, making sure you get all the paste mixture in there. Cook the chicken for 5 minutes or so, or until you see it start to colour.
Add the tinned tomatoes, drained lentils and coconut milk. Bring to the boil, reduce the heat and simmer for 1 hour, stirring occasionally. Add splashes of water to loosen, if needed.
When the time’s up, stir in the spinach (if using) and allow it to wilt. Next add the mango chutney and taste for seasoning.
Pull the chicken apart with forks and stir it through. Serve with wholemeal basmati rice and yoghurt on the side, if you like.
For babies and toddlers, leave out the seasoning. Allow to cool, then chop and/or mash to the desired consistency.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


text: Your guests will dine in elegance on one of our amazing Dining Room tables. Seating available from 2 to 12, in wood or glass. Choose matching chairs and china cabinet or go with an eclectic look and mix it up.


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Most commercial and industrial facilities are high traffic acitivity areas with delivery trucks coming and going, pedestrians and warehouse associates going here and there. Firstly, every organization should put priority on worker safety without compromise. Our warehouse racking proctectors are designed to be highly visible so warehouse equipment drivers can easily spot them, preventing a disasterous possibly life-threatining collison with racking systems. Choose highly colorful bollard posts to warn drivers of potential impact with buildings. Prevent injuries from accidental trips into operating machinery with our steel machine and rack guards. Cones and portable folding sign stands are very useful for temporary warnings of possible dangerous situation. Signs and lighting need to be guarded, again for protection of employees.
Safety is super important in all facilites and should not be taken litely; it only takes a very small investment in the right protective product to have peace of mind.
Some of the worst industrial accidents in the history of the US could have been avoided with proper safety solutions and measures. These incidents include The Centralia Mining Disaster of 1947 (111 casualties due to burning),Imperial Sugar Refinery Explosion of 2008 (13 casualties), Texas City Refinery Explosion of 2005 (15 casualties), and Texas City Disaster of 1947 (581 casualties) to name a few.
According to the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, such incidents can be avoided by implementing effective safety solutions in workplaces and industrial sites. Our wide range of facility safety products can meet various types of needs and be used for different applications.
The heavy-duty cable protectors are insulated to reduce chances of any electricity-related incident. With proper installation of the equipment, any kind of cable-related incident can be avoided. Heavy duty cable protectors are included among the workplace safety products, but these can be used in entertainment sites, mass congregation areas, roads and highways, shopping malls and any place where uncovered cables, cords and hoses can cause harm to pedestrian or vehicular traffic.
The commercial floor mats are effective facility safety solutions, specifically for sensitive areas such as laboratories, storage facilities, chemical stores, etc. The mats can also be placed on the floor near electric control units.
To reduce the damage caused by pallet jackets, forklifts and other such equipment, rack protectors can be installed. These are also used to hold magnets in place. Ultra beam protectors, included among facility safety products, reduce chances of damage by covering the beams. These can also be used to reduce inventory damages in warehouses due to collisions with heavy lifting equipment.
Wall impact protectors can reduce damages caused due to collisions. Manufactured with polyethylene or rubber, these are useful for avoiding damages due to collisions with forklifts or pallet jackets. These can also protect on-site workers.
Warning signs and cones are included among essential facility safety products. According to the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, warning cones and signs should be placed near job sites, construction zones, hazardous areas etc. These can also be used to restrict unauthorized access in specific areas and for warning people about upcoming hazards.
Spill containment pallets, walls and railroads are commonly used in industrial sites. These can meet all your railroad spill containment needs and reduce accumulation of slippery or hazardous liquids on the ground.
Industrial accidents are common not only in high risk areas such as oil, chemical, gas, aircraft and nuclear facilities. Accidents can also happen in other areas such as active construction sites, roadside construction etc. Proper health and safety maintenance is not only important for the safety of employees and workers, but also for protecting pedestrian and vehicular traffic against various types of accidents. Hence, our range of facility safety products can effectively meet all your safety requirements in accordance with federal and state guidelines.
The Majority of our facility safety products are manufactured in the US to ensure the highest quality. To choose workplace safety products, measure the area of placement and specify your requirements to our representative. This is necessary as you may need to pair different products for maximum facility safety solutions.
Doyou have high damage costs, especially in the warehouse? A Beam impact protector is an essential safety product which is often ignored, resulting in increased damages due to collisions. These are upright protectors which not only increase the visibility of exposed beams, but also provide beam impact protection and reduced chances of collapse. These are also used to protect warehousing racks from external impacts such as collision with pallet jacks, forklifts and other warehouse transport equipment.
Maximum Support– Our steel beam impact protector can secure your beams, protecting them from collision or collapse. With more protection, you can also increase the load on shelves and place/store delicate or sensitive equipment without worrying about them being damaged. This way, beam impact protection can also reduce inventory damage costs.
One Person Installation – Designed for heavy duty application, a beam impact protector does not require specialized hardware or other mechanical tools for installation. It can also be installed by a single person easily – just remember to order the correct size as per your requirements. Our beam impact protection racks are suitable for up to 4” wide placements. Also, the steel beam impact protector does not have to be secured with straps or other such materials. It can be installed with a simple sliding process.
WSIB Approved Colors – These bright yellow and black beam and rack protectors meet the necessary workplace safety requirements set by WSIB.
Heavy-Duty Magnet Support – All our beam impact protection equipment is supplied with heavy-duty magnets that do not allow the beam impact protectors to shift.
Why are Beam and Rack Protectors Necessary?
Within warehouses, pallet jacks, forklifts and other such equipment can cause accidents leading to damages and inventory loss. As warehouse operations require fast and speedy transportation, placement and movement, the chances of forklift collisions with storage racks is high. Twisted steel beams and other such damages can also cause the racks to collapse. Worse, the racks can also break if they are loaded inaccurately or burdened with extra weight.
Reduced Warehouse Damage Costs - The high cost of warehouse damages can be avoided by installing a beam impact protector. As steel beams are more vulnerable to bending or breakage, a steel beam impact protector can adequately secure the beams from damage, scratching, breaking or bending, even if they collide with heavy warehouse equipment and machinery. The beam impact protector is specially designed and manufactured to absorb shock and has insulation to protect it from steel beams.
Reduced Low Level Impact Collision–Many times, the recommended weight to be placed on the racks is exceeded. Combined with low quality beam manufacturing or previous damage, the racks can collapse. Damages caused due to high impacts on low beams can cause a lot of damage in warehouses. Hence, a beam impact protector can significantly reduce the chances of collapse and associated damages.
Get in touch with our representative for further guidance, information or any related details about beam impact protector equipment. These are essential warehouse safety products for ensuring reduced damages due to accidents and collisions.


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A soft-laminated folded map of Costa Rica, now in the 27th edition shows: Costa Rica 1:650 000, Cocos Island 1:150 000, San Jose 1:20 000, Meseta Central 1:300 000, Costa Rica administrative and time zones.
The Republic of Costa Rica ("rich coast") is bordered by Nicaragua, Panama, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Costa Rica abolished its army in 1949 and is today an oasis of peace and tranquility in Central America. Democracy, a policy of neutrality and exemplary environmental standards (approx. 25% of the country is protected as national parks and nature reserves, 5% of the world's biodiversity is to be found here) have ensured this paradise remains pristine, indeed the country has seen a boom in ecotourism in recent years. The vegetation varies from evergreen rainforests, mangrove swamps and oak forests to pampa and is the natural habitat of a wide variety of animals and plants. The face of the country is dominated by wide strips of cultivated land where tropical fruits and spices, used in Costa Rica's diverse and delicious cuisine, are grown. The colloquial term for a native of Costa Rica is "Tico" or "Tica", the local language is Spanish, "Pura Vida" being the omnipresent motto that pervades life for the approx. 4.6 million people living here.

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


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2018 has been quite an eventful year for this month’s FHM Hero JM De Guzman.
His comeback ABS-CBN teleserye, the recently-concluded Araw Gabi, has really opened a lot of doors for this talented actor. Now, he has a movie with FHM October Muse Rhian Ramos, Kung Paano Siya Nawala, and he’s also currently filming a new one with Arci Muñoz. There’s no downtime for this Kapamilya star, and he has no caomplaints about it.


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Your dog may be your best friend…..but it’s important to realise that your dog is a dog. The foundation of Chris’s training and the reason it is effective is because it is based on how socially well-balanced dogs interact with one another.
Understanding and communicating through DOG BODY-LANGUAGE is the key to becoming the leader in your relationship with your dog. It’s a lot like learning a foreign language – dogs communicate very differently than humans.
Most people have dogs who see them as their playmates or pals. That’s all fun and games until the moment a dog won’t listen it’s owner – it may jump on people, not come when it’s called, bark at strangers or destroy your house when left behind… More than likely, you can think of something your dog does that you wish they wouldn’t.
Maybe you’ve been there, repeatedly saying “no” to your canine’s naughty behavior, frustrated because they just don’t seem to listen to you or they ONLY listen if you have a treat. In their eyes, you are a playmate TRYING to be a pack leader.
The great news is that once you’ve established yourself as the pack leader, which Chris will teach you how to do, you can return to being your dog’s best bud and playmate at any time and on YOUR terms. This will allow you to bring the very best out in your relationship with your dog, whether you’re at home, at the beach or out in public.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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So you’ve got the ideal suit for the summer however in order to complete your look you’re going to have to make sure your accessories are also just as fitting as the suit itself. One of the biggest downfalls for men is failing to try different footwear options with their suits. Yes you can keep wearing the same shoes you did through the winter, however the summer months offer a great chance to add a little more character to your look so why not make the most of it and try something different.
We’ve highlighted a few pieces of footwear you can throw on with your suit this summer.
Brogues are often seen as the go-to shoe for the summer. They offer an added element of style with their perforated designs and make for a great option during the transitional weather where warm sunny days can turn too wet and cool evenings. To add to this, brogues can also be worn well beyond the summer and into the colder months as well.
The versatility that brogues offer also makes them a great addition to your wardrobe. They can be worn to achieve formal looks but they can just as easily accompany a smart/casual get up, making them ideal for summer outings with friends or a day at the office.
If you fancy something a little more adventurous then you could adopt a pair of loafers for summer. Loafers offer a great alternative with the weather brightening up as in most cases they’re worn without socks, allowing for a more comfortable option in the hotter weather. Be warned though, although you might be wearing them without socks your feet are still likely to work up a bit of a sweat so be sure they’re made from a high quality leather. Cheaper materials will ruin easily and only create a pungent smell. Alternatively, you can wear ‘invisible socks’ to protect your feet from sweating while leaving the ankle bare.
A real benefit of purchasing a pair of loafers is their ability to accommodate for both casual and formal looks equally well. When it comes to wearing them with a suit (whether you’re going smart or more casual) we’d recommend you ensure the trousers don’t fall too far low and sag over the loafers, wearing tapered trousers can help to prevent this. On the other hand, if you intend on baring your ankles then be sure to get the gap between your loafers and ankles just right, show too much and your trousers will be sure to look like they’re too small for you.
Both brogues and loafers should be kept to neutral tones and in lighter shades where possible for formal looks. Sandy and stone coloured tones (such as browns and greys) are an ideal choice for summer.
Wearing trainers with a suit is an area which divides many people. It’s a look which people tend to either love or hate but if you can pull it off then it’s certainly worth attempting for the summer. However, before you do delve too deep into throwing on trainers with your suit you need to ensure you pick the right type. We’d recommend you steer clear of trainers which go beyond the ankle, instead opting for low trainers that aren’t too bold in their design (crisp white trainers are ideal for the summer).
While for the most part trainers create a casual look, they can on the rare occasion offer a more comfortable option for busy days at work where you might find yourself rushing around and on your feet for most of the day.
Regardless of what footwear you go for you want to ensure your trousers are well fitted to suit each type. At Hemingway we place an onus on delivering suits which provide the best possible fit to our clients so if you want to look your very best this summer then be sure to get in touch.


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Independent, tailored financial advice you can rely on.
FPS London is an independent financial advice consultancy based in Ealing. We’re not tied to any financial service providers so we can give you 100% independent, tailored financial advice you can trust.
Service – we deliver an excellent service to our clients.
We offer a friendly, personalised service and look after a select number of clients, most of them living or working in the Ealing area or nearby. These tend to be people with higher incomes or with more than average capital. We help them resolve often complicated financial situations, as well as more straightforward matters.
We take time to get to know you face-to-face. We believe this is the best way to build trust and confidence; it gives you a chance to get to know us too. With a clear idea of your circumstances, and lifestyle, we can give you advice that’s tailored to your needs.
Don’t worry if you find financial planning confusing or if you haven’t the time to find out more. We take the complexity out of investments so you can make truly informed decisions.
We’re here to advise and support you as much or as little as you need. And we’re happy to work with your other professional advisors such as your accountant and solicitor.
Our first meeting is all about fact finding. We need to build a picture of you, your lifestyle, financial circumstances, and your aspirations for the future. We’ll need to gauge your attitude to risk so we can suggest investments you will be comfortable with.
We’ll discuss strategies to help you achieve your financial needs for the future you want. It’s never too early to plan for your retirement, and it’s not all about pension schemes. We’ll suggest tax efficient investments and other ways you can plan for a comfortable, worry-free retirement.
If you are a business owner we can advise you on succession planning and how to capitalise on the asset you’ve worked hard to create. We’ll help you get the most out of your business when it comes time to sell and move on.
The next stage is to present you with a detailed financial plan and investment management strategy.
But our work with you is ongoing.
We believe you should have a choice of how you want to pay for our advice. We think choice is a crucial way to make sure you get a professional service and impartial advice. That’s why we allow the fee to be deducted from the investment or pension or you can pay by a cheque, the choice is yours.
Our fees are charged upfront and are based on an hourly rate, a percentage of the investment or a fixed fee. For some services, such as personal pensions, it is often beneficial to deduct the fee from the plan rather than by paying the fee from your personal account.
The value of pension and investments [and the income they produce] can fall as well as rise. You may get back less than you invested.


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When I woke up in Haines Junction; a small Canadian town, feeling like frozen herring wedged in the driver’s seat of my truck, I knew my journey to Alaska was almost complete. Some would say I resigned myself to that fate for trying to drive to Alaska in only three long days. If I knew what I know now, my drive across two thirds of North America would have been quite a different experience.
My drive started in southern California with my dad next to me in the passenger seat. We drove nonstop until Prince George, British Columbia where we stayed the night. I remember looking at him sound asleep after having driven from Prince George to Dease Lake, BC as night fell over the mountains. If you look up the distance between those two places on google maps you’ll see it reads “969 km” a truly remarkable feat of driving. Well, that was the average driving distance for both of us every day during our epic odyssey.
Having taken control of our monstrous truck at Dease Lake, I managed to navigate the expanses of northern British Columbia all the way to Haines Junction in the Yukon Territory. Specters of moose and deer silhouettes lined the road’s edge during a truly harrowing night drive.
The wildlife and the scenery in the northern reaches of North America amazed both myself and my father while we blazed the trail north. Crossing signs warning of moose, elk and bison were posted alongside a vista of snow capped peaks and frozen lakes. These wildlife posts contrasted the yellow human crossing signs scattered throughout Seattle, Washington; the last metropolis we had ventured through.
There we sat in Haines Junction with a Yukon cold that engulfed our truck with it’s icy grasp. I remember the frozen peaks surrounding the town; they looked as if they were cresting waves of rock and ice, bound to break upon the valley below. Storm clouds rolled in from the south across these mountains; a bad sign surely.
The town of Haines, Alaska was our destination and it lie due south. We had to travel through the storm as well as over the Chilkat Pass. The pass rises to a humble elevation of 3,510 ft along the Haines Highway, however we respected that we were in the great north and you don’t take the winter passes lightly.
We sat in the truck thawing while we game planned our drive to Haines. My research had revealed that snow plows start their plowing of the Haines highway starting at 7 a.m. Following those giant vehicles along the icy road seemed to be the best call so we headed over to the junction at 6:45 a.m. to wait for our yellow chauffeurs to arrive.We waited and waited. The only yellow we viewed were the illuminated clouds, now surrounding the valley on all sides being caressed by the rising sun’s glow.
7:30 came with no sign of the plows. Had we been forsaken? The majestic morning’s sunrise with it’s evolving shades of purple and orange and yellow said otherwise. Slowly the blue sky above became shut in by the clouds. We pressed on, I couldn’t afford missing my ferry to Juneau, which left Haines at 2 p.m. We were on our own as we charged forward into the storm.
“We will take the drive slow, we have good winter tires and you know the icy stretches of road according to the information you downloaded”, my dad said to me to quell some of my anxiety. Having only slept around three hours total in the last day, it was my dad behind the wheel now. The road beneath us was frozen, the black asphalt was a light shade of gray with wisps of frost skipping across its surface. I was confident at the start of the drive that we would make the trek to Haines with plenty of time. The journey according to our truck’s GPS stated the drive to be about 3 hours long.
Three hours six minutes to Haines, four hours fifteen minutes to Haines, five hours thirty minutes to Haines, six hours to Haines. The GPS estimates for our drive to Alaska kept extending as we inched along the crystalline highway. My adrenaline constantly built as I envisioned having to spend two additional days in Haines if we missed our ferry. That wasn’t an option; not only because my expenses were racking up from my drive but I did not want to miss my first day of work either.
“Let’s stretch our legs a bit,” my dad announced as we slid to a stop at the border between the Yukon territory and British Columbia. A massive sign demarcating the border was the backdrop that we stood before while taking some quick snap shots. While standing there I was still anxious to get moving but was distracted by a couple of things. Frost and snow had built up on the truck during our drive; the biting wind and chill had created a frozen layer of white ice that covered the entirety of the truck’s rear. I peered closer to observe the small snow crystals stacked on top of one another, their density caused the white truck to appear as if it had just received a new paint job.
The stillness I felt at that moment, with the snowflakes gently swirling down around me was broken by a distant rumbling. The rattling of chains and the chatter of an engine brake broke the landscape’s muted soundtrack. I looked behind me up toward the decline of a small hill we had just driven over. Lumbering was not a word I would use to describe the logging truck that was charging over the frozen road. “Run!” I shouted to my dad as I ran to the passenger seat to roll up the window I had left open. The window seal clasped shut just as the behemoth truck roared passed us. It sent up a plume of ice crust from the road that soiled our freshly “repainted truck” with specks of brown dirt.
“Perfect!” announced my dad pointing to the tracks of the logging truck. “We will follow this truck’s tracks because it has broken up the ice a bit.” My elation was immeasurable as our pace started to quicken.
Six hours to Haines, five hours seven minutes to Haines, four hours to Haines. We were going to make it according to the GPS as long our rate of travel kept up. The view out of the truck; compared to the GPS map’s sterile landscape, was a wild and frantic topography. Although we now traveled behind the logging truck, the snow and ice got thicker as we started the first steep inclines of the Chilkat pass. Looking out to the side of the road revealed that the snow in areas along the pass were as deep as six feet. The logging truck with it’s weight and the trucker’s experience had sped into the distance. Without the truck’s help we started to inch along the snow covered road at a snail’s pace again. That was when we drove into the heart of the storm.
Inch by inch the snow on the road had become deeper and even challenged my dad’s driving skills; he is a professional delivery truck driver. Playfully, I had extended my hand outside of the window and let the hypothermic air cascade across my fingers. That didn’t last very long. The heater in the truck was worth it’s weight as I thawed my freezing hand in front of it; we didn’t want to get stuck there.
As the desolate landscape rolled by; devoid of any viewable life other than the small tree tops poking through the snow, my heart pumped with a vigor I had never experienced before. My breaths were deep and the words were few between my dad and I. A fear that my heart beat would trigger an avalanche due to its quaking stirred inside me.
As we had neared the top of the pass my dad looked over at me and asked ” You’re buckled in right?”. I was, but I gave the harness a couple of tugs for some reassurance before we arrived at the top of the pass, we were readying for our descent. The jagged peak rose before us with a ridge like a shark’s fin cutting through the ocean whitewash. The road was blazed white, I would guess the snow depth was around eight inches of powder; but who knew how much ice was concealed under that white blanket.
The tracks from the logging truck were long gone as we reached the peak, the valley below us was freckled with large conifers visible through the frosty clouds. The guard rail and yellow road blazes alongside the road were our only tools while we navigated the serpentine pass’ first curve. The Chilkat mountains displayed what they were capable of and I humbled myself in the presence of mother nature’s power that day.
Four hours to Haines. It was 11 a.m. and I doubted we would make the ferry. I looked outward to the road and then to the sky, it was filled to the brim with woolen snowflakes dancing in the air. The sight was ethereal but also disappointing. It looked like we were going to be spending our next few days in Haines and I was going to miss some work; but we focused on driving out of there safely.
My thoughts about Juneau, work, and a place to live all meandered around my mind as we reached the first big bend in the pass. The snow that drifted through the air suddenly caught my attention once more. The crisp opaque flakes that swirled around the bend started to flicker with a light yellow glow. The intensity of the light flashes on the snow increased as we neared the corner. My heart beat fell into sync with the radiant light waves. Suddenly, from around the corner a wave of grayed snow and ice peeled off the road into the valley below.
Our chauffeur! the snow plow truck had arrived to meet us at the top of the pass! Never in my life was I happier to see a road, a very black road traveling through the majestic valley below. As the giant vehicle passed us we decided to slide onto that side of the road and continue our journey into Alaska.
Four hours to Haines, three hours to Haines, two hours to Haines. We had done it! albeit with a bit of luck. As we descended from the Chilkat pass, every mile revealed a completely new landscape. The snow casually melted away and in its place came a light shower of rain. The dry, snowy, mountainous terrain we had left became the luscious temperate rainforest of coastal Alaska. My spirit settled knowing our drive was nearing its end.
Story and Photos contributed by Andy Davidson Jr.


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What is VO2 Max and does it relate to watts?
V = Volume & O2 being oxygen. This is expressed in litres per minute.


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The Grand Theft Auto has seen massive profits for an extended period of time. With the release of GTA5 having taken place in 2013, people are anxious to find out when the next game installment in the series is going to happen. Well, we know for sure that Rockstar is going to come up with GTA 6 soon but maybe not as soon as we want them to. Today we will be talking about some of the recent rumors concerning the lead characters, the possible city setting and the speculated release date for the game.
Rockstar has decided to codename GTA 6 as “Project Americas” and from what we have gathered so far, the game is probably three or four years away from being officially released. Now, the information that we have right now only came from one source, and we have no way to confirm or deny the truth levels behind the rumor. Our advice is to take this with a pinch of salt until we have other sources confirming this information.
The report which put the release for GTA 6 3 to 4 years away came from The Know. This means that we can expect to play the game either in 2021 or 2022. Rockstar is known to struggle with meeting the release dates for their games so you should know that it might be pushed back even further.
Going back to Vice City?
The Know also stated that their insider has said that the game will be set in Vice City For those that are unfamiliar with the name, Vice City is a town that has appeared before in the game and it represents Rockstar’s version of South Florida. We are uncertain about believing this rumor or not. Vice City has been one of the most loved locations of the game so making a comeback into that world would be fantastic. But it seems to have that “this is what we would like you to think will happen” kind of vibe. As we said before, take this with a pinch of salt. The game is still a long way from being released so we may see something different.
The GTA franchise mostly features women as either prostitutes or the girlfriends of the protagonist. Very rarely do we seem them in a position of power, and even then they get killed. One prominent rumor circulating the GTA community is that we will finally see a female lead character take the reins in GTA 6 but we will have to wait to see if that will be the reality.


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The rechristened Grand Opera House reopened with the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra performing, under the direction of Robert Shaw, on Monday, April 6, 1970. The Grand was awash in fresh white and gold splendor, and live-reporting television crews on platforms greeted the opening night concert-goers as the standing-room-only crowd surged into the restored building. And just like that, The Grand Opera House was – again – up and running.
The Macon Civic Club started its long run of benefit shows every February. High school orchestras and dance academies made their Grand performance the highlight of their year. And a longhaired rock group called The Allman Brothers Band started a regular series of appearances on the stage, reaching their peak with a live concert taping for ABC’s “Don Kirschner’s Rock Concert” in September 1973.
But as has happened with many venues before and especially since, something of a vacuum happened after The Grand Opera House roared back to life. The place was clean and beautiful, and the calendar seemed full. Ticket sales were sometimes brisk and sometimes not; many of the higher-culture events struggled to find a reliable audience once the novelty of having such things come to The Grand wore off.
And money was a problem. Ticket revenue may have been paying for the shows and the staff, but the care and upkeep of the building, especially a building with as much traffic as The Grand, was a constant need. The Grand Opera House was revived with high expectations for elegance, but that elegance was expensive to maintain. Appeals were made (and answered) by the Bibb County Commissioners for emergency infusions of cash to keep The Grand going.
As The Grand’s financial picture steadily diminished, it had to rely almost entirely on being a rental house, and “an elegant museum,” as a January 1985 news release stated. By this point, The Grand Opera House had been through five capital and renovation campaigns in fifteen years. It couldn’t go forward and couldn’t afford to go backward, and even running in place was proving impossible. How much longer could this go on?


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Expert Jewelry Repair - Bring your damaged jewelry to Milan— as a master jeweler, he puts nothing but the highest regard for care and perfection into its repair.
Diamond Setting - Whether large or small, intricate or simple, Milan’s decades of experience ensure that no matter stone or setting, your jewelry gets a stunning finish— while you watch!
Pearl Restringing - Has your favorite set of pearls come unstrung? Heirlooms, romantic gifts or everyday adornments, Milan restrings your precious piece back to perfection.


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Hey, you guys! You all know how I love my book lists. Today I’ve created a short list of new releases that I can’t wait to read. They are in no particular order.
This book looks beautiful. I can so relate to discovering the magic in words, and I think kids will too.
I love the idea that simple acts can change the world, and I love when authors put big ideas into easy-reading text for kids. This sounds right down my alley. Oh, and the cover illustration looks amazing and definitely promising for the rest of the book art.
I’m a fan of Kate Messner’s Ranger in Time series. It’s a really cool way to introduce young readers to history, and I’m pretty much a sucker for an interesting time travel story. I’m sure this new release won’t disappoint.
I’ve been hooked on Duck for years! He’s a hilarious favorite in our house. When there’s a new Duck book, we’re game! Doreen Cronin’s voice always pulls me in, and this Valentine’s book looks no different.
I think the idea of this book is super cool. Stanley has written well-received adult devotions that can pair with this new children’s book for a family devotion time. How neat is that!
Come on! How do I mention new arrivals and not mention my own??!! That’s crazy talk! Yes, this is a new book I’m particularly excited about. It’s an early reader written by myself and published with Christian publisher Little Lamb Books. The story follows Teeny Sweeney, an entrepreneurial third-grader, ready to finally outwit Amanda Mayweather. Unfortunately, things take a bit of a hairy turn (Hehe, pun intended).
There you have it! I hope that you’re just as excited about this fresh round of books as I am!

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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Fit Small Business: Get Your Business Into Shape! › Forums › Ask a Question › Amazon selling course.
Hi Krista. I enjoyed the article and I’ll be using it as a guide for getting started selling on Amazon.
I have seen several people selling courses on how to make an income by selling on Amazon. Adam Hudson is one I was looking at recently and he’s very convincing.
I was wondering if I could get your thoughts on whether you believe there is value in such courses? I think the cost is around $2000.
I’m not sure if it’s worth mentioning I live in Australia (Amazon just launched here) and I had limited success trying to sell kindle books on Amazon a few years ago.


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Abstract—Polycaprolactone (PCL) and gelatin electrospun nanofiber matrices are very promising for heart valve tissue engineering. The main aim of this study was to test the growth capability of fibroblasts on these materials and to determine their effect on the mechanical properties of the tested materials. Matrices from PCL and gelatin were placed in standard 8-well culture plates and cultured for six weeks with COS-7 cells. Viability of cells was assessed by acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. Mechanical properties were compared before and after culture with COS-7 using uniaxile tensile tests. In tested conditions proportion of viable cells after 6 weeks of culture constituted ~90%, with no significant differences between materials and samples. Significant reduction in maximum stress was seen for PCL, from 0.49±0.01MPa to 0.37±0.03MPa (p<0.05). Deformability of gelatin increased from 87.2±13.8% to 157.1±15.2% (p<0.05) after 6 weeks in culture. Modulus of elasticity did not change significantly for both tested materials. We conclude that both materials are suitable for tissue engineering purposes due to their biocompatibility, but the rather prominent changes in mechanical features of gelatin raise some doubts about its use as stand-alone scaffold material.
Index Terms—Fibroblasts, heart valve, nanofibers, tissue engineering.
P. Stradins and M. Kalejs were with Augusts Kirhensteins Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Ratsupites str. 5, Riga, Latvia and still are with Department of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu str. 13, Riga, Latvia (e-mail: peteris.stradins@stradini.lv, martins.kalejs@stradini.lv). V. Priedite, R. Lacis, I. Ozolanta, M. Murovska, and V. Kasyanov are with Augusts Kirhensteins Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Ratsupites str. 5, Riga, Latvia (e-mail: teirpriedite@gmail.com, modra.murovska@rsu.lv, valentina@stradini.lv, Kasyanov@latnet.lv).
Cite:Peteris Stradins, Martins Kalejs, Viktorija Priedite, Romans Lacis, Iveta Ozolanta, Modra Murovska, and Vladimir Kasyanov, "Fibroblast Growth on Nanofiber Material Matrices and Changes to Their Mechanical Properties," International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 328-331, 2013.

industry_corpus2: Biopharmaceuticals