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The Offa's Dyke Castles Alternative is a route from Monmouth to Hay-on-Wye that follows a line further east than the Offa's Dyke Path. It gives an excellent alternative to Days 17 and 18 of the End to End Trail, particularly if you have walked Offa's Dyke before and would prefer to follow a different route. The Castles Alternative was originally published by the Offa's Dyke Association in 1980, revised in 1987 and 1994, and the description is given below with their permission, with a few updates of my own (including minor updates to the foreword). The maps are the original ones from the Offa's Dyke Association booklet, scanned in and then amended where necessary, so my apologies for their presentation. I hope to get time to re-draw them at some point, but don't hold your breath. The maps appear a bit small when viewed from a browser, but if I make them any bigger, Internet Explorer 6 can't print them. Firefox doesn't have the same problem: it's to do with JPEG files not having an "actual size" stored in them I think, so the browsers make their own mind up when printing, and IE6 isn't very good at it (in my view). To get bigger maps, save them as separate images and print them whatever size you want with a graphics package. Copyright of the original text, maps and diagrams remains with the Offa's Dyke Association, and it may not be copied without permission.
This name is used to describe an alternative (not waymarked) to the official Offa's Dyke Path route between Monmouth and Hay-on-Wye. Existing rights of way are used, but although there is evidence that these paths are receiving increasing usage, the route is seldom as clear as the official route: care must therefore be taken to keep exactly to the route, especially near farmyards and when crossing gates and stiles. Remember to act responsibly when crossing farmland so that others walking this route in the future may be welcomed. This route misses out White Castle and the Hatterall Ridge, but these exceptions are amply compensated for by the castles at Skenfrith, Grosmont and Longtown and the spectacular Cat's Back Ridge above Llanveynoe, and by the use of generally higher and more interesting terrain. We think many walkers will enjoy this route and we hope that these notes and maps will make its following more practicable. The maps are diagrammatic and should be used with the accompanying notes and the relevant OS maps. We recommend the use of sheets 161 and 162 of the 1:50,000 OS Landranger maps (and a compass to help you use them!): the relevant 1:25000 Explorer sheets are OL14 - Wye Valley the Forest of Dean, 149 - Hereford and Ross-on-Wye, and OL13 - Brecon Beacons Eastern Area.
A route between Hay and Monmouth via the Border Castles is briefly mentioned in Frank Noble's early Offa's Dyke guide, and this was followed by his initial YHA groups in the early 1960s. The route was surveyed in 1975 by a team under the direction of Ernie and Kathy Kay, and a set of notes were published following survey. Mark Richards' guide includes maps of the 1975 survey route, from whihc this route deviates but little. Our thanks are extended to these three sources of much aid and advice.
John Allder, Iain Liddell, April 1980.
The following notes are a rewrite, based on a complete re-survey of the route, of the description worked out in 1980 by J.A. and I.L. This new survey was carried out by the undersigned during April to June 1987. Part of the route was also checked by Eve Tovey and her colleagues and they have produced the wet weather alternative which avoids the Cat's Back and Black Hill.
Kathy and Ernie Kay, June 1987.
And one more for the online edition, 2007!
I walked most of the route in 2002, and have updated the description and maps to bring them up to date as at that time. I haven't rechecked most of the route since, but it should still be more or less correct - email me if you find anything needs changing. The sections I haven't checked are the final part of the route into Hay, from the road below Hay Bluff (both routes), and the wet weather alternative route. These sections remain unchecked since the 1994 revision to the Offa's Dyke Association booklet.
Start at GR508129. From Agincourt Square, turn up Castle Hill (the lane to the left of Woolworth's store) - this leads to Monmouth Castle. Turn right behind Woolworth's and down steps to cross the River Monnow on a new bridge to reach playing fields. (N.b. this bridge is M.O.D. property and isn't dedicated to the public, i.e. it can be closed.) Head right along the river bank to the end of the next bridge - to Vauxhall Training Camp. N.b. should the first bridge be closed, the alternative street route (see map) is via Priory Street, Monk Street and Osbaston Road.
GR508134. Go through railings and right (i.e. over the bridge) to the road at the entrance to Vauxhall Training Camp. Go left along the road. (The map shows the alternative route by road from Agincourt Square to this point.) Note the old mill with the remains of a weir and leat on the left.
GR507136. Fork left (Forge Road) beside the river at the old weir; follow the road past all the buildings. At the end of the road go into the field and keep straight on to reach the river bank at a large weir. Follow the riverbank, crossing a small footbridge. Beyond a field with a couple of fruit trees in it (below a house), cross a stile into an orchard and turn right up its edge on a clear path, through an iron gate in front of a barn and out to the road by another iron gate.
GR501141. Head slightly left and across the road to take Manson Lane (footpath sign). Go through the gateway ahead into the field, then keep the field boundary on your left, to turn left (gap) well before the end of the field.
GR502144. Cross a sunken lane on the left by a broad track and continue downhill. Cross a stream. Go up a holloway and along the right edge of a field to its top - cross a stile in the corner and continue with woodland on your left. At the top of the field cross a stile a few yards to the right. Aim just right of both the crest of the next field and the barn visible ahead, then cross a fence on the right, by an electricity pole. Aim across the corner of the field to reach the Great Manson farm track by means of a gate just right of all the main farm buildings. Turn right up a track and left along a minor road.
GR499156. Follow the road to Old Shop and Moyle's Cross. (A potential alternative route marked on the OS map leaving the road at Old Shop on a track left of the cottage - not through its garden - was still not followable in 2002. It would, after 100 yards, continue on a shelf in woods just above fields on the left. It would then go through a gate and continue on a shelf at the edge of the field, and through a further gate to meet a surfaced drive. The upper fork then leads to the road; turn right to the junction at Moyle's Cross).
GR496175. Go over an iron gate ahead into a field; proceed with a hedge on your right. After two fields, cross the remains of a gate in a holloway in the right corner of the field. Climb the field, with a hedge on your right, then cut across left to a stile 50 yards left of the field corner. Cross and continue in the same direction with the hedge now on your right. Cross another stile in the next field corner and keep straight on, passing well to the left of the farm (Parkside), to go through a gate at the top corner of the large field.
GR485190. Cross the field at right angles to the high-voltage power lines and go to a gap at the furthest corner. (To reach Pembridge Castle continue on right of next field to a road, turn right and follow the road for 400 yards). To continue route to Skenfrith: Do not go through the gap, but swing left and contour across the right side of a large field, under power lines, to a large barn, reached at the end by going through a gate in the fence on your right 80 yards before the barn. Do not go through the gate just beyond the barn, but swing right downhill with a fence on your left. Near the bottom of the slope pass a restored house on your left (over a fence) and join its drive to cross the stream. Continue on this drive for 2/3 mile to Llanrothal, at the end of the drive (gate) turning right along the last few yards of road into what used to be Llanrothal Court farmyard but was, in 2002, being converted to housing. (Llanrothal Church - mediaeval - is just to the left along the road at this turn).
GR469189. Go straight on past the buildings (on your left), down a slope and straight across the field ahead (no visible path) to a stile in the middle of the opposite side. Cross and go half right in the next field, now on a clear path, and through a gap in a hedge. Continue in the same direction (north, parallel to the river) in the third field, still on a clear path, to join the bank of the River Monnow as it bends to the right. Follow the river to enter Daren Wood over a stile by a gate. The path is soon by the river again. At a sharp lefthand bend in the river cross a tributary stream on a footbridge. Continue along the bank of the Monnow, at first by the edge of the lawns of Sand House to a footbridge and stiles, then through meadows by the river for 2/3 mile into Skenfrith; there are stiles and footbridges where necessary.
GR459203. Cross a stile to the road at a sign ("Tregate Bridge 6.5km"), cross the bridge and enter the village, the Bell Inn on your left.
GR457202. Turn right at the castle (which should be visited), passing the church on your right and continuing on the road to Drybridge House after crossing a small stream.
GR453205. Turn right in front of Drybridge House and follow a surfaced lane ("No Through Road") towards Birch Hill Farm, with views to the River Monnow down to the left.
GR454213. In just over 1/2 mile, just before the first farm buildings, go right over a stile, then keep left. Cross two stiles through the garden, between the rightmost building and a pond, to a track, and descend to a stile above the riverbank, continuing in the field above the river. This bit is waymarked for Skenfrith (Three Castles Walk). The path descends almost immediately to a "footbridge" across nothing on its way into trees and a stile. Over this, cross a muddy patch on a boardwalk and then a stream. Then, keeping a hedge on your right, make directly for Trevonny Farm, visible ahead, through three fields.
GR444219. In the fourth field go on to a stile in the field corner, then continue, hedge now on your left, turning left on a track through a gate. This avoids Trevonny farm by following a permissive path, with the farm to your right. Turn left along the farm access road, past Box Farm to the B4347.
GR433218. Head right along the road for 350 yards, then go left at a junction just before a postbox. Soon you will pass White House Farm on your left. 300 yards from the junction (at the summit of the road) fork right uphill on a track (stile and iron gate), doubling back right immediately after the stile (not through the second gate straight ahead). Follow the track for about 40 yards, then at the first opportunity turn left off the track into the field above (footpath sign). Climb the field (no visible path), gradually converging with the line of trees to the right (on a bank). At the top corner of the field cross a stile in the fence (at the edge of the trees), and climb up right immediately onto the bank to follow a clear track along the top of it, with a fence on your right. A stile takes you into the corner of the next field: continue straight on, now with the fence and line of trees on your left. Cross a stile in the field corner then continue straight on (no visible path), cutting across the bottom of the next field to join a fence. Follow it, now with a wood on your left. A clear (but sometimes muddy) track appears at the next field corner. Follow the track straight on when the fence on the left turns away. A modern barn on your right is all that remains of Upper Graig Farm. Continue through a gate on a track to the far side of the next field.
GR416224. Go through the righthand of two gates then diagonally up right to a stile visible at the opposite corner of the field (keep left of the bottom end of a tongue of woodland). Cross it and head left along a farm track (this is soon enclosed). At a sharp lefthand bend the track begins to become surfaced.
GR409225. Turn right through (gate and stile) and straight on down a steep track. After 600 yards, the track bears sharp left, then descends past Barns farm. Keep straight on to the left of the main buildings and farmyard and follow the surfaced drive down, through a gate to the road beside a stream.
GR406241. Go left over the stream on a footbridge and up a steep path to Grosmont village; turn left up the road to the Market Hall.
GR405244. Continue on the main road through the village to the school, then turn left along the road signposted "Abergavenny 11". Continue for about 600 yards, then immediately beyond a large corrugated iron building to the right, cross a stile on the right into a field. Cross diagonally and over a stile (above a gate) to reach a green track below an orchard to the left; follow this until it fades out, then continue to a stile into the road just left of a house. Turn right and proceed down the road for about 150 yards.
GR396253. A path enters the second field on the left over a stile; head down the field to a gate in the middle of the hedge and continue down with a fence and holloway, with a stream on your right, to a gate at the end of the next field. Continue down to a gate, turning left just before it to follow a track along the bottom of the field. Cross a stile in the corner. Go half-left here to cross two more stiles into the corner of another field (ignore all the gates). Climb left to the top of the field to the right of another holloway. Using a large solitary tree as an initial bearing, descend to a narrow stile in a fence to reach the A465 just south of Llangua church.
GR389255. Cross the A465, go over stile then the River Monnow on an iron footbridge. Take the path trending left from the bridge past a meander in the river to an old gateway near the river, and diagonally right across a field to cross a railway (it is not easy to cross the track formation - take care) by stiles at the end of field. Proceed at a right angle to the railway with a small stream/ditch on your left. At some times of year you could find this field and the next hard to cross due to crops, as the right of way isn't walked much. Before the end of the field, cross the ditch and circle the right edge of a large field. 100 yards before you'd reach the railway again, go over a stile on the right. Cross a field to reach a stile crossing a hedge beside the railway embankment on the left (do not cross the railway via the gate to the left). Follow the embankment to a stile in the left corner of the next field. Head diagonally right across two fields - gate between - to Llancillo farm and cross the stream and stile below and to the left of the farm buildings to reach and go right on the farm drive.
GR368254. Cross a stile to the left of a barn to the left of the farmhouse and go up the field to Llancillo church, passing to the left of the motte. Go through the churchyard, over a stile and immediately another one across a small orchard. Continue along the lower edge of a field on a high terrace above a stream on the right for two fields, with a stile between them. Cross a small stream and go through a gate. Head up the centre of the field, making for a barn and tall tree on the horizon. Cross a stile by a gate to the right of a barn and keep a hedge on your left for two fields. At the end of the second field go over stile and footbridge: head diagonally right across the field to a gate into a road below and left of Arcadia farm.
GR356262. Turn right along the road, forking left just beyond the Arcadia farm buildings onto the drive leading to Upper House farm. Just before the farm, bear right over a gate and follow a sunken lane, keeping the farm on your left. Continue at the end of the track (stile) and through a field with a hedge on your right. Go through the gate ahead into a young plantation, still with the hedge on your right, then at the top of the plantation turn left, then right in 20 yards through an iron gate. Cross a field, keeping the hedge on your right to reach Pen-yr-Heol farm drive. Go left along the drive to the road: there are fine views towards Hatterall ahead and Skirrid half-left.
GR350268. Turn left along the road, and, after 150 yards, turn right up Trelandon farm drive. Turn left opposite the farmhouse and then right through two gates to pass round the left side of a newish barn. Continue up a farm track with a stream below on your right to reach a stile in the hedge. Cross and go straight on with a dry "valley" and fence on your right to a stile at the top of the field. Go straight on across the next field (footpath sign) to a stile, then across the next as well to join a hedge at a corner. Keep straight on, now with the hedge on your left.
GR338272. Follow the hedge round to the left, passing through a gate and then immediately right through a gap. Keep the hedge on your left for a few metres to another gate. Go through and descend (no path), keeping to the right side of the field. (Hatterall ridge is ahead, Longtown and Cat's Back are half-right). At the bottom of the field, a track is well-defined to the right of an outcrop. Head down the righthand edge of the next two fields and then through Garngaled farmyard (no longer lived in). Continue downhill slightly to the right (aim for the church seen below), and follow the lefthand side of the fields as you descend (waymarks, stiles and gates) to reach a gate left of a bungalow. Go through and down the right side of field to reach a gate and stile in a holloway. Go through the gate (ignore the stile to the right) and follow the track down to the road by the bridge at Clodock. Turn right along the road.
GR327275. Cross the bridge and turn right along the riverside path. Enter the churchyard by a stone stile (the first of many in the area, several of which are recycled headstones!), and leave by another. Follow the river bank by a garden and through one field into another, leaving the second field through a gate one field away from the river. Keep to the left of the hedge for one field, then cross a wide stile and go across the next field. Cross a stone stile into an orchard and turn left, crossing two stone stiles to reach a road.
GR327281. Cross the road bridge and immediately turn left over a stone stile into a field. Make for the corner of the hedge, initially following the river. Cross to other side of the hedge by a stile just beyond the corner. Go through four fields with a hedge on your left to reach the Pen Rhewr farm road. (To visit Longtown village turn right along the road to a T-junction. Turn left here for the post office and shop, 300 yards away, or right for the pub).
GR324285. Cross the road and go through two iron gates. Pass a sewage works, cross a field in the same direction and cross a stile. Cross the centre of a field to the far corner above the river. Go through a gate, down a slope by the river and cross a stile in a hedge on a concrete slab. Turn right, at first with a hedge to your right, then across the corner of a field in the same direction, and down to a stile by a gate into a lane.
GR321288. Turn right uphill on a lane past a stone barn on your right, and, about 40 yards beyond this, turn left along a hedged track. At a farmhouse, turn right and follow a lane below the ramparts of Longtown Castle (on your left) to join a road just right of the church, shop and Outdoor Education Centre.
GR322291. Turn left along the road, with the castle to your left, through the "Roman" camp to leave Longtown with a new school on your left. Follow the road for 1/2 mile to Perthi-Pertion, with cottages on each side of the road.
GR318297. Beyond the house, and before a new bungalow on the left, turn left at the second footpath sign pointing left (through a gate into a field), and head away from the road at an angle of 60 degrees (bearing 290 degrees). Pass through the lower of two iron gates. Follow the top (right) side of a field to join a surfaced lane over a stile. After 20 yards, go through an iron gate ahead. Go forward on a roughly surfaced track through trees to another gate, then turn right before the gate, on a track with a fence on your left, parallel with the drive to Lower House Farm. Cross a stile in a fence and continue in the same direction in the edge of a deciduous wood, with a ditch and fence on your left. Leave the wood at a gate and continue along an old sunken grassy lane with a fence now on your right and the farmhouse now below you on the left. Descend to cross a stile near the farmhouse, and follow the path down the slope to reach a footbridge over the River Olchon.
GR309303. Cross the footbridge and turn right, keeping between the holloway and stream as far as a waterfall, where you bear slightly left and cross a wooden stile in a fence. Follow the left side of the field, cross a stile in a fence ahead, then swing right away from the farm, descending to recross the River Olchon by a footbridge. Cross the corner of the field to the left, heading upwards to cross a stile. Climb and cross the next field, aiming for the lower edge of a group of trees on the far side, where you cross a stile to reach a slightly sunken green track. Where this track bends right, cross the stile into the corner of a field and climb diagonally, heading to the right of Llanveynoe church. (Celtic crosses and other antiquities make St Beuno's worth a visit).
GR304313. Leave the field at a gate and turn L along the road. Take the right fork at Papillon Cottage and follow the minor road to its end at a farm.
GR295324. Go through the gate straight ahead; after 20 yards (wet) go through another gate on the left. Climb up through trees to cross a stile at the top of them, cross a small field to cross another stile by a gate into more woodland. Follow a rising track through the trees. Keep right at the top of the wood to cross a stile into a field corner. Follow a path along this narrow field to reach a minor road: follow this to the right for 150 yards to reach a car park and picnic site. (See below for the "bad weather" route).
GR288328. Cross the stile by the car park onto the hill. Aim half left upwards onto and over the rocky top of the Cat's Back Ridge, keeping to the right of the ridge as it broadens and eventually reaching the trig point on Black Hill.
GR275348. Bearing slightly left keep to the top of the ridge (Crib y Garth) until the head of the Olchon valley is reached on the left. (N.b. in wet conditions the path rising from the Olchon valley may be followed to here.) Trend right and make for the main north-south ridge (compass bearing 300 degrees), rising gradually all the time and keeping near the right edge, overlooking the valley to the east.
GR253359. Reach the main north-south ridge just north of a 100-foot drop bearing the route used by most Offa's Dyke Path walkers off Hatterall Ridge by Llech y Lladron (The Robber's Stone), a rock outcrop on the left. (Just before this you cross the official Offa's Dyke Path route - paved along this stretch - which makes it's way towards Hay to your right. It crosses the shoulder of Hatterall Ridge, passes the source of the River Monnow and descends the east face of Hay Bluff by a rhiw (a narrow grooved path), crossing two streams and traversing the heathland at the right edge of gorse bushes to meet the Gospel Pass road. This route is, however, little used as most ODP walkers proceed to Hay Bluff). You, on the other hand, should swing right and continue in as straight a line as the peaty morass will allow to reach the summit of Pen-y-Beacon (Hay Bluff).
GR244367. Swing right and then left down a rhiw descending the northwest edge of the bluff: at a group of rocks go sharp right and down a track leading to the Gospel Pass road adjacent to the car park. Turn right along the road for 400 yards to where the ODP rejoins from the right.
GR240377. This point marks the end of the Castles Alternative route - the Offa's Dyke Path via Cadwgan may now be followed into Hay-on-Wye. However, there is also the alternative former ODP route via Hay Common into Hay. Both of these are described below.
This is the former official ODP route via Hay Common.
GR240377. After going 400 yards along the road, 100 yards before a road junction, go down a track on the left to reach a T-junction of roads below. Go forward on the green track beside the road opposite (or on the road itself). Go forward on the road over the cattle grid and immediately take the right fork.
GR230397. In 1 1/4 miles (at a point with fine views to Hay) the road bends sharp left at Pen-yr-Henallt. In a further 1/4 mile, at a horseshoe bend in road, where it swings right for the second time, go over a stile to the left of a gate on the left and go forward by a line of old trees, soon passing a long barrow to your left (an exposed stone chamber). Near the end of the field swing right to a stile by a cattle trough in a dingle (beware of going too far down to the right). Over a stile, go up and immediately over another stile into the wood. This leads into a field: go straight across, contouring, through a small patch of wood, across an arm of a field, into another larger wood.
GR224403. Cross a boggy area and swing right downhill at a large tree. Head out into the field, pass a cottage (ruined) through a gate to the right, then go left then right round the field to a stile by a gate in the hedge on the left. Go down across the field heading for Hay Church seen in the valley ahead; down left of slope with bracken and gorse, then at the bottom this leads to an enclosed track. Follow the right side of the next field, soon swinging to the right with an iron fence to the right. Where the track swings left by a confluence of small streams, go through the gate below (not the kissing gate to the field above). This soon leads to a footbridge and down a dingle, crossing and recrossing the stream. Follow the track down to the B4350 and follow this right into Hay town centre.
GR240377. Continue down the road for a further 1/4 mile.
GR240382. Where a wall leaves the road to the left, fork left along an ill-marked track across grass midway between the wall and road.
GR238395. Nearly a mile further on, the track converges on a wood and goes through a gate into a sunken track. Ford a stream, then pass Cadwgan farm on your left.
GR237397. Beyond the farm, go down the lane and cross a stile on the right, heading diagonally across to the lower side of the field just R of an old incomplete hedge boundary. Take the track sloping down steeply to the right, then swing left and go down to cross a stile into a lane just right of Upper Dan y Fforest farm. Turn left, then immediately right over a stone stile. Continue straight down over three more stiles, with a stream to your right, then go right over a stile and footbridge. Turn left and continue with a stream on your left to a stile and road.
GR237409. Turn left along the road for about 400 yards, then cross a stile on the right. Go diagonally left across the field to a stile in the corner, and forward to Cusop Dingle, with Dulas Brook on the right. Go through a gate, over a footbridge, and continue with the main stream on your right. The path continues straight on through kissing gates, with the buildings of Hay visible ahead. The final kissing gate leads to a narrow alley right of a car park.
GR233423. Reach the B4348 opposite the castle at Hay-on-Wye.
GR288328. ...from the car park cross the stile and follow the well-defined track along the foothills.
GR278357. A track on the right soon leads down to reach Craswell road and the Bull's Head public house, but your route is ahead through a gate - the enclosed track can be very muddy. There are several streams and no bridges, but the track is easily negotiable. Continue in a north-westerly direction along the track through fields and wooden gates. After the 8th gate keep straight ahead at a crossing of tracks.
GR267364. Cross a stream, bear right along a wider path which swings left ot continue northwest (a lane on the right leads back to the Bull's Head). Keep right after passing through a gate near a sheep pen on the right.
GR262366. There is no footbridge, but the ford is easy to negotiate (as is another at GR258368). Cross open land keeping within a short distance of the wire fence on the right. When this fence turns sharply right keep straight ahead - there is no single clear path.
GR243375. A short distance after passing old some quarries on the right, the path is joined by the Offa's Dyke Path coming off Hatterall Ridge.
GR240377. In 1/4 mile the Gospel Pass road is reached and either of the two routes described above can be followed into Hay.
These notes describe briefly some of the buildings to be seen on the route. Many have their own guides or are described in more detail in standard guides to the area.
Pembridge Castle is an example of a small, private border castle. It was held by the Wake family up to the 14th century, and then by the Mortimers. The earliest feature is the northwest tower which is early 13th century. The gatehouse and curtain wall are late 13th century.
Llanrothal, now only a farm near the Monnow, was once a village and still has a church with a Norman nave and also 13th century features. Only the east end is in use.
The route includes two of the Castles of the Trilateral, held by the Duchy of Lancaster as a check to the growing power of the Lords Marcher. The third (White Castle) is on the Offa's Dyke Path north of Llantilio Crosseny.
Skenfrith Castle was probably built by the Justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, 1219-1232, and then passed to the Crown at his fall. The castle has a moat fed by the Monnow, a curtain wall with a simple gate and drum tower, and in the middle a round three-storey keep on an earlier motte, late 11th century or early 12th century.
Skenfrith Church is early English, has a perpendicular tower with a timbered belfry and contains some good woodwork inside.
Grosmont Castle is mentioned in 1182 but the earliest masonry is early 13th century, comprising the Great Hall and the curtain wall to the southwest of it. Hubert de Burgh built the gatehouse and three four-storey drum towers, 1220-1240. Further apartments were built c1330, including the elaborate chimney, and a drawbridge was added to the gatehouse, from which the pit survives.
Grosmont was a corporate borough until 1860, is the centre of a complex road network, and has a little town hall with an open market area at ground level. The church, which is large and much of which is now unused, is cruciform with a south chapel funded by Henry III's queen, and has an octagonal tower with a spire.
Llancillo has Norman work in the church, whose chancel has tufa quoins. The mound has traces of a shell keep.
Clodock has a church with Norman nave and chancel arch, and 17th century woodwork including a 3-decker pulpit. The watermill retains the large wheel of 1868 and other machinery.
Longtown, the ancient borough of Ewyas Lacy, was the centre of the de Lacies' territory until 1240. There are references to the borough in the 13th century. The church dates nowadays mostly from 1868, but has a Decorated E window and a timber chancel roof of 1640. It was built as a borough chapel because the parish church was too distant. The market place is in front.
Longtown Castle may be the earliest round keep in England, being late 12th or early 13th century. It stands on an earlier Norman motte, the whole occupying one side of a large rectangular area of uncertain date (Roman? Saxon?), part of which was adapted to form an inner and outer bailey, with a cross wall with gatehouse between.
Llanveynoe church is of predominantly recent building, but it contains carved panels, probably 11th century, of a crucifixion and a cross with inscriptions.

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


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The appearance of your smile and the comfort of your mouth can do a lot to make you feel good and confident. Dentists offer you a lot of services to help you both maintain the health of your teeth and improve the appearance of your smile. Having a healthy and pleasing smile can increase your sense of self-confidence. Also, proper dental care will eliminate pain and discomfort in your mouth, allowing you to eat and drink without negative side effects from your mouth. Here are some of the standard maintenance and cosmetic services you can get at a dental office. For more specific information on dental services available to you from a dentist, you can visit a website like www.genesisdental.net.
Dentists recommend that you have your teeth cleaned regularly—at least once a year, but preferably once every six months. At a dental cleaning, you will get your teeth cleaned deeply in order to get rid of the plaque in the hard-to-reach areas of your mouth. At regular cleanings, your dentist will also identify any cavities, decay, or disease that may be present in your teeth or gums. Without regular checkups, decay may go unchecked and develop to a degree that requires extensive and expensive repair work. These regular exams allow your dentist to identify and get rid of any problems in your mouth earlier in order to save you money and work further down the road.
You can also go to your dentist for cosmetic services to enhance dental appearance. One popular cosmetic service is teeth straightening. People who have crooked teeth will often invest in clear or traditional braces to straighten their teeth and increase their confidence in their smile. Your dentist can determine how extreme your case is in order to determine the best process for straightening. In addition, many people choose to have their teeth whitened in order to reverse the everyday effects of teeth yellowing. Teeth whitening, like straightening, can help you enhance your smile’s appearance, which can make you feel more confident about yourself. If you would like more information on specific services and procedures available from a dental office, you can visit a site like www.genesisdental.net.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


text: At Darin Autos Limited we aim to bring you the widest choice of used cars in ENFIELD, MIDDLESEX and at great prices. We have some fantastic deals on used HYUNDAI cars, which are always changing. Browse our used cars below and contact us for more information on any of our second hand cars.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


text:
Q1: Can I use 200-601 exam Q&As in my phone?
Yes, PassQuestion provides CCNA Industrial 200-601 pdf Q&As which you can download to study on your computer or mobile device, we also provide 200-601 pdf free demo which from the full version to check its quality before purchasing.
Q2: What are the formats of your Cisco 200-601 exam questions?
PassQuestion provides Cisco 200-601 exam questions with pdf format and software format, pdf file will be sent in attachment and software file in a download link, you need to download the link in a week, it will be automatically invalid after a week.
Q3: How can I download my 200-601 test questions after purchasing?
We will send CCNA Industrial 200-601 test questions to your email once we receive your order, pls make sure your email address valid or leave an alternate email.
Q4: How long can I get my CCNA Industrial 200-601 questions and answers after purchasing?
We will send CCNA Industrial 200-601 questions and answers to your email in 10 minutes in our working time and no less than 12 hours in our off time.
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Sure! All of PassQuestion CCNA Industrial 200-601 practice questions come from real test. If you can practice well and get a good score in our practice Q&As, we ensure you can pass your Managing Industrial Networking for Manufacturing with Cisco Technologies exam easily.
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Q7: What is your refund process if I fail Cisco 200-601 test?
If you fail your 200-601 test in 60 days by studying our study material, just scan your score report and send to us in attchment,when we check, we will give you full refund.
B. IGMP snooping verifies the source IP address of every IPv4 packet to ensure that it hasn't been originated from a port different than its return path.
A. An I/O connection will timeout based on the lower of 4x RPI or 100ms. Safety I/O timeout is calculated as 4xRPI.
B. An I/O connection will timeout based on the lower of 3x RPI or 100ms. Safety I/O timeout is calculated as 3xRPI.
C. An I/O connection will timeout based on the lower of 4x RPI or 150ms. Safety I/O timeout is calculated as 2xRPI.
D. An I/O connection will timeout based on the lower of 3x RPI or 150ms. Safety I/O timeout is calculated as 3xRPI.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


text:
She always seems to have it together. Birthdays, friends’ birthdays, appointments, family trips, field trips - no date goes unremembered. Somehow she’s always on top of it. The secret to running the world is a personalized daily planner with plenty of space for notes. Surprise your mom with a gorgeous seven page Mothers planner sticker gift set so she can plan her days in style.
This feminine sticker kit includes seven sheets of stickers ranging appointment reminders to decorative illustrations of lush, pink flowers. All of our stickers are fitted for the Erin Condren Life Planner Vertical but may be compatible with other organizers. This Mother's kit give your mother a unique gift she can cherish all year long with this elegant light brown and pink weekly planner sticker set.

industry_corpus2: Others


text:
A few years ago I received this as a gift. The Gingerbread Architect is a great book, and it comes with recipes and ingredients for 12 different gingerbread masterpieces.
This year, I opted to make the Urban Brownstone, which is rated as one of the more difficult houses to make in the book. Despite the written difficulty level, I found the baking of the walls to be pretty easy, and the decorating wasn’t too difficult either. It was definitely easier going than last year’s Second Empire house.
Without further ado – here are the photos from my process this year. Hope you enjoy the photos as much as I enjoyed making this year’s house. Happy Holidays everyone!
Plans - enlarged, copied and cut from The Gingerbread Architect.
Rolling and cutting 8 pounds of gingerbread dough. This was the front wall piece, which needed the windows cut out.
Everything is baked at this point. Here I've melted hard butterscotch candies into the windows, and piped icing for mullions.
The base for the house. I cut a hole in the base to string the LED lights through, and ran the AC cord out the back.
Pre-construction tools. Icing, piping bag, various tips for the bag, and that's what she said.
First wall is up on the board, held up with a complex system of coffee mugs.
Four outside walls are up. Held together with pins while the icing "glue" dries.
View of the inside. Lights in a bunch at the bottom. I used more pins to secure the lights higher on the vertical gingerbread struts.
Details - front stairs, door below the stoop, Rice Krispies hedge, mini Chiclets patio.
Details - sanding sugar roof, Candy Bloks chimney.
Details - front door, flower baskets, windows boxes with flowers and leaves.
Money shot! With the windows lit, you can almost see people having holiday parties inside.
Another shot of the finished house. Party on Wayne! Party on Garth!

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


text:
Inventory management is an important part of compliance with legal cannabis, and most states have an established system through which they can fulfill their seed-to-sale traceability requirements.
For the legal cannabis industry, retailers can’t be caught with a discrepancy in their inventory as it pertains to their records or their agreements with their suppliers, and must effectively account for every single gram of cannabis that is brought under their brand. At the same time, inventory management means being aware of your demand so that you can sufficiently supply your customers, and not be caught without product in times your customers demand it most. It also protects retailers from unnecessary losses when overstocking.
POS Systems as well as Enterprise Resource Planning and Data Analytics tools have come out in support of the cannabis industry and are tackling some of the most specific inventory management needs of cannabis retailers.
For instance, platforms like Headset and Baker allow dispensaries to see times of the day, week, month and year that demand particular higher inventory and alert cannabis retailers to the need to increase stock at high-demand times such as before weekends, or before holidays like 4/20.
Simply put, if you’re using Excel spreadsheets, or manual counts where you’re writing information down on a scrap piece of paper, human error can run you into the risk of a compliance violation pretty fast.
Even though your state may have a required seed-to-sale traceability software platform, it’s a good idea to safeguard your specific products with a secondary inventory management system that helps you automate your product. Use pre-packaging to help with preciseness when placing your inventory on the shelves.
Just because there is a high degree of automation available for the compliance requirements necessary for cannabis sales doesn’t mean cannabis employees should get slack on inventory or how to inventory counts properly and precisely.
No computerized system is foolproof, and employees should be trained on “old school” ways to do inventory as well as how to integrate their inventory counts into your chosen inventory management system… and this still doesn’t involve using unreliable tools like scrap paper to take inventory counts.
Along with safeguarding your cannabis retail by having employees log in to the POS system for authorization for purchases, limiting discounts to friends and family, or ensuring that employees are monitoring each other’s actions and not heavy-handing, enforcing employee theft policy should be a huge priority. The privilege of legal cannabis is showing that it won’t be abused by having unaccounted for cannabis or inventory gone missing. Establish a zero-tolerance policy on employee theft right from the beginning of the employment relationship and stay firm in its enforcement. Engage your employees in the inventory management work so that they know that every single gram is being monitored and traced, and that your POS system and inventory management system won’t let them get away with theft or fraud of any kind.
When people think about inventory management, they often think about running out of a specific product or having their shelves go empty. Inventory management is also about ensuring that you’re not overstocking your shelves, resulting in spoiled or expired product if it’s not purchased by your customers. You may also need to sell off your product at discounted rates that have you at a serious financial loss. Learn about what’s selling and what’s not by again using your intel to see what products are hot, and what are some less popular options going into people’s baskets. Be aware of the expiry date of all your products and make sure you’re stocking your products so you’re not losing the value and shelf date of certain products as time ticks on.
Par levels in retail means any amount of a specific product that must be available on hand for a specific period of time. For instance, based on your sales patterns for products you have in store, you should have X amount of X brand vaporizers in your store. When your inventory dips under your par level, you’ll know it’s time to order more. Setting par levels is a basic safeguard to ensure you’ll never be fully sold out of a product and that it will always be available on the shelves.
It can’t be fully overstated how important it is to ensure that inventory management practices in your cannabis dispensary are airtight, not only to meet your state compliance requirements, but to build trust within your staff and ensure you’re constantly moving product in a way that never has you at a loss. Be proactive about inventory management through your staff training, POS systems and by employing some of the age-old techniques in retail that have been designed to safeguard your business from empty shelves.

industry_corpus2: Biopharmaceuticals


text:
Decide where the grommet is going to be placed, we placed ours about 1cm below the top grate screws so the grommet did not interfere with the grate. Drill a pilot hole with the 2mm bit, the grommet is 3/4" about 9.2mm, we didn't have a 9mm steel bit so went with a 10mm bit, its a little loose, but once fitted with the collar it doesn't move. After drilling, paint the hole with black enamel paint and leave till dry (about 4hours), this will prevent corrosion. Fit the collar, and boom you are done.
This was alot easier than I expected, we decided to place the handles about 3-4cm from the top lip of the WSM Stack. The ProQ Oem handles have a lip that only allows the handles to move to 90°, but on others, you will need to make sure that the handle will not rotate and squeeze your fingers against the top lip. We place the handles at about 90° to the front of the unit. Use a marker with the handles to mark the pilot holes and check that its level. Use the 2mm drill bit to drill the pilot holes, then use the ceramic/enamel drill bit to drill the holes for the bolts. We used oil on the bit whilst drilling to prevent heat and ripping of the enamel coating. Once the holes are drilled, paint with black enamel paint and wait for it to dry. Fit the handles with a washer to prevent it from loosening up.
Result Easier to carry the weber and I can finally get my ET-732 probes into the unit with no effort.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


text:
At Shower Filter Guys, you will find skilled and experienced personnel to attend to your Shower Filter needs in a most efficient and effortless way. They have been in this trade for the longest time and therefore understand the dynamics of having the appropriate shower water filter for your bathroom requirements. Their training on every aspect of safety and usability come to test when you seek to have a Shower Filter installed at your premises. Shower Filter Guys in Cusseta, GA is dedicated to the provision of high class shower water filter that meets all your needs.
The Shower Filter services that you will get in Cusseta, GA have been sanctioned so that you do not get worried that you are getting poor quality service. We adhere strictly to the laws on the design and installation of shower filters that are approved by the authorities for purposes of protecting you from suffering from exposure to harmful substances. You will rest with full knowledge that all your concerns on health are taken consideration at every stage. Too much of chlorine or chloramines could mean that you spend much more money in seeking treatment, not mentioning the fact that you could lose your investment because they Shower Filter may fail to meet the quality standards. In Cusseta, GA, you will be sure to get the standards that are recommended for your safety.
From Shower Filter Guys in Cusseta, GA,you can be sure to get high output sprite Shower Filter that will give you the most in terms of showering experience while preserving your skin from coming into contact with high amount of chlorine,dirt,metal trace element or bad smell in the water. By making a call at 888-384-1899, you will learn new and exciting details about how to make the most out of sprite Shower Filter.
Shower Filter Guys in Cusseta, GA can be contacted through 888-384-1899 in order to discover the various aspects of designs and safety features in a modern,safe,top notch shower head filter for all your needs. Our experts have the skill, training and experience to minimize the harmful substances found in your average shower water filter.They will design and install a shower head filter that meets your specifications in terms of standard, safety and efficiency. Talk to our experts and have any other issue addressed in a simple ways so that your health is not compromised. These shower filters also come with replaceable cartridge.


text:
A major insurance carrier contends that 44% of all lawsuits in the U.S. involve inadequate or non-existent warnings. Typically, a plaintiff complains that had he been warned about the hazards of his behavior, serious injury or death could have been prevented. The manufacturer will argue that a warning was not necessary or that the written warnings provided were adequate.
A product can be defective if the manufacturer fails to provide adequate instructions or warnings for reasonably foreseeable uses and harms. The warning must contain facts necessary to permit a reasonable person to understand the danger and, in some cases, how to avoid it. It must be clear and convey the requisite intensity equal to the nature, degree, and extent of risk of harm to the user. Furthermore, it must be sufficiently conspicuous. The adequacy of product warnings are typically judged under a reasonableness standard. The courts weigh various factors, including the content, location and intensity of the warning. No bright line rules exist as to what constitutes an adequate warning, and the adequacy is determined on a case-by-case basis.
Many private and government guides exist to assist in establishing adequate warnings. One such guide is the Manufacturer's Guide to Developing Consumer Product Instructions. It includes hints on getting product warnings noticed by the consumer. For example, it suggests that instructions to the consumer be placed where the consumer is likely to be looking when first using the product. Supplemental directives, which are messages that relate or point to the complete set of instructions, can be more eyecatching than the main document. These include hang tags that can direct the consumer to instructions and emphasize their importance. Supplemental directives also include the use of an abbreviated set of safety instructions in a highly visible area.
Designers and manufacturers whose products have extended delivery times might consider sending instructions and training materials to the purchaser in advance of the product itself. Include a clear message that safety instructions should be maintained. Further, the end user benefits if an address, phone number, or website is made available-where the consumer can access new, supplemental, or replacement instructions. Many more helpful hints can guide the consumer more easily through product warnings and instructions, including the use of appropriate size paper and print, the use of white space to break up different elements on a page, highlighting on key phrases, and avoiding long sentences.
Studies have pointed out that providing the end user with warnings about trivial matters or inundating them with voluminous warnings may actually invite danger. This is true because important warnings are then more likely to be ignored. Therefore, it is important not to blur a warning with excess language. Obvious statements such as "use with caution" or "use common sense" can weaken the impact of other instructions.
Where there is no reasonable design alternative and guarding is unfeasible, manufacturers and designers are left with providing the consumer with clear, effective warnings in order to prevent injury. Although instances exist where excessive warnings many actually increase a hazard, plaintiffs attorneys are expert at using 20-20 hindsight to argue that a so-called simple and inexpensive warning could have prevented an injury. Thus, using rational criteria regarding the nature and use of warnings is always appropriate when placing fluid power products in the hands of consumers.
Does your warning provide meaningful information?
Consider these frivilous warnings: On packaging for an iron: Do not iron clothes on body.
On children's cough medicine: Do not drive car or operate machinery.
On over-the-counter sleep aid: Warning: may cause drowsiness.
On hair dryer: Do not use while sleeping.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


text:
Have you been looking for the perfect city to raise your family? One that boasts affordable housing, a low cost of living and a low crime rate? According to a recent article on Forbes, Raleigh came out on top, beating out other leading cities such as Grand Rapids, Michigan; Ogden, Utah; and Omaha, Nebraska.
In addition to quality schools and minimal commute times, Raleigh, NC features an established economy built upon the financial services, retail, software and energy industries. With about two-thirds of locals owning their homes, and most household incomes over the US large metro area average income, Raleigh is an affordable place to live. If you are looking to purchase a home for your new family in the capital of North Carolina, turn to the Mission Possible Team.
With just about 72% of Raleigh-area homes at the median income level, there is no doubt that our REALTORS® can help you find a home that suits your style and budget. From historic downtown homes to modern homes located in the suburbs, there is something for everyone in this metropolitan city.
If you want to know more about Raleigh, NC or would like to browse houses currently on the market, contact us today to see why we are Raleigh’s leading real estate company. We look forward to helping you find the perfect home to raise your family!


text:
My dad and I made brownies for our friend's party. I helped mix all the ingredients.
I got to taste the batter and it was delicious, but the brownies were too sweet.
Daddy finished reading me The Magician's Nephew by C. S. Lewis. This is the first story in The Chronicles of Narnia. At first I didn't like it, and kept wanting to read other books, but by the end I really liked it and I can't wait to read The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.


text:
Ronnie Irani has been appointed chairman of the Oklahoma City Boathouse Foundation board of directors.
The Oklahoma City Boathouse Foundation will honor a late natural gas baron by christening the newly named Aubrey K. McClendon Whitewater Center on Thursday during the Oklahoma Regatta Festival. McClendon was key in the OKC Boathouse Foundation’s formation and served as chairman from 2006 until his death on March 2, 2016.
The Oklahoma City Boathouse Foundation named Luke Reynolds as the OKC Riversport junior varsity women’s head rowing coach.
Spring is picking up – families have their choice of fun things to do this weekend.
The Oklahoma City Boathouse Foundation has named Mike Eggert as director of guest relations and Lucas Williams as team building coordinator for its Riversport Adventure Parks.
The board of trustees of the Oklahoma City Community Foundation approved $147,000 in grants to seven organizations through the Access to Health Care iFund program.

industry_corpus2: Sports


text: Scott Jovovich was a Principal dancer with such companies as The Joffrey Ballet, The Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, The Northern Ballet Theatre (England), The Universal Ballet (Korea), Ballet Arizona, and the Lar Lubovitch Dance Company. His repertoire includes leading roles in ballets by many of the world’s foremost choreographers. Mr. Jovovich was featured in the Broadway Musicals, “JEROME ROBBINS BROADWAY” and “FOSSE”, “CAROUSEL” at Lincoln Center, and “ONCE UPON A MATTRESS” with Sarah Jessica Parker. He has appeared in numerous TV commercials and soaps, performed on the 1989, 1997, and 1999 TONY AWARDS Broadcasts, THE ROSIE O’DONNELL SHOW, and was a guest on “MONDAY NIGHT SPORTS”. He is the owner and Director of JovoDance Productions, an umbrella organization which includes JovoDance - a performing arts school in Bucks County, JovoDesigns – a costume company, and JovoSport – a dance and sportswear company. Jovovich has directed and choreographed for nightclubs, musical theater, ballet, commercials and industrials. As a teacher, Mr. Jovovich has been on the faculty of The Joffrey Ballet School, The Shirley Rock School, The Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre School, The Hong Kong Academy for the Performing Arts, The Brandywine Ballet Theatre School, The New York City Dance Alliance, and The University of the Arts in Phila.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


text:
Daniel Tarullo, the Federal Reserve’s head creator of the financial regulations after the financial crisis, is gearing up to resign, reported The Wall Street Journal.
According to WSJ, Tarullo on Friday (Feb. 10) wrote to President Trump informing him he will resign around April 5. The move was widely expected, and with his resignation, it removes a big voice for imposing more regulations on banks and non-banks to prevent another financial crisis and meltdown of the banking industry. President Trump and his advisors have been critics of a lot of the rules crafted by Tarullo, the 64-year-old Fed governor.
WSJ noted that shares of big banks gained in trading Friday on news Tarullo is leaving this spring. His departure will also give the Trump administration more discretion to shape the central bank amid accusations the central bank lacks transparency and isn’t accountable to anyone. With Tarullo leaving, three of the seven spots on the Fed’s board of governors will be vacant. What’s more, Janet Yellen’s term as the chairwoman ends in early 2018. Trump could change monetary policy by filling the vacancies, but WSJ noted it’s not clear if Trump will look for officials that would change Yellen’s course when it comes to interest rate increases.
WSJ noted Tarullo’s term doesn’t end until 2022, but many thought he would step down before then, paving the way for Trump to appoint someone else for the post of Federal Reserve vice chairman heading up bank oversight. Tarullo had filled it on an informal basis, but if Trump had named someone for the role, it would have reduced Tarullo’s influence, noted the report. Tarullo told WSJ he had a “fairly strong presumption” that he would resign in the early part of 2018 even ahead of the November election, noted WSJ.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


text:
Saying that the fight to democratize Philippine society and realize systemic changes to ensure a pro-people government is far from over, EDSA 2 veterans led by former Akbayan Representative Risa Hontiveros on Thursday enjoined the public to “reclaim the spirit of Edsa” which she said was “hijacked” by the past administration.
“We must reclaim the aspirations posed by the people during EDSA 2 by making accountable those who rode on and abused its progressive spirit to rule unjustly and illegitimately,” said Hontiveros said who led a wreath-laying activity at the People Power Monument to commemorate the historic event.
“Gloria, together with her family and cabal of cronies, put to naught many of our opportunities to reform the country’s political and economic system. Worse, they roll-backed the gains we won at Edsa by institutionalizing plunder and corruption. They think they are above the law. Well, I tell them, they will have their day of reckoning,” Hontiveros said.
The former lawmaker added that while the people might have won the battle in 2001, the war against corruption is far from over.
“We have to continue our advocacy against corruption especially those done during the nine-year term of GMA and those being carried out by her midnight appointees and other loyalists like the Ombudsman,” added Hontiveros, referring to Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez who continues to protect GMA and her supporters from being investigated.
For their part, Akbayan Vice President Machris Cabreros and Akbayan fifth nominee Francis Isaac echoed the same sentiment, saying that there is no way this country will move on if justice will not be served.
"For our country to move on, we must bring to justice those who are responsible in plundering the country. We entrust the new administration will remain steadfast in attaining this important goal and will refrain from repeating the grave sins of its predecessor," said Cabreros and Isaac, who were both student activists during Edsa 2.
Isaac added that he was at Edsa to fight corruption and will continue to do the same as his contribution in nation building.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


text:
It seems to have got a little chillier since I last wrote to you, so can I please remind everyone that they need a coat, hat and gloves in school to wear on the play ground. I have certainly been glad of mine recently!
I would like to say a big thank you first of all, to the parents and members of FoWs who have kindly offered to help run the library on a Tuesday and Friday after school. It was my aim in the New Year to establish a regular pattern of opening hours, so that children, adults and members of the community can use the library on these days, which we have now achieved and I am thrilled. We are so lucky to have the library as a resource and I would like to see it used as much as possible, so please feel free to come along on a Tuesday and Friday from 3.15pm, where you will be able to browse our stock of books and borrow one or two to take home and enjoy. I would also like to thank those of you who so kindly donated books for our library. We now have plenty to be going on with and there are a number to be catalogued, so for now, we will not need any more. If you are a parent, grandparent or a member of our community who would like to make use of the library, please pop in during opening hours and let the librarians know and they will pass your information on to me. I will then create a library card for you. We do look forward to seeing you!
Our school council have been very active recently and are taking a key role in the improvement of our school for the children. They even have their own blog now: schoolcouncil.westwoodblogs.org, where you can read our minutes and see what our current topics of discussion and areas of development are. On Friday 13th February at 3.15pm, alongside my Tea with the Head, they are holding a cake sale as they have agreed that they would like to raise money for small play equipment for play times and lunch times. If you were able to make or donate some cakes for this event, we would be very grateful as the school council have planned it and will be running it on the day. If you have a moment to read our minutes, there may be other areas that you are able to help with in supporting them and our school. Thank you.
Around the school we are as productive and focused as ever, with lots of great learning taking place. Last Tuesday we held a maths day, which the children thoroughly enjoyed. With maths a focus for us this year, we are exploring different ways to engage children in their maths and to make it even more exciting for them. The impact of the Big Write and blogging has been huge to improve writing and we are now trying to emulate this with our maths. We also have a maths blog now too – maths.westwoodblogs.org. I would ask that you join us in our challenge, further developing our Home School Learning Partnership, by working with your child for a few minutes each week on their homework and by using Mathletics. A fantastic online resource, Mathletics is individually tailored to all of the children’s needs and allows developmental progress through a series of activities and online challenges against pupils of similar ability – a far cry from the Cuisenaire and counters approach that I had at school! Every child has their own login, found in their HASP book and the link can be found on the Home School Learning Partnership Page, under the Community tab on the school website. Have fun!
I have had the very good fortune to spend time teaching in nearly all of our classes over the past two weeks. What occurs to me each time is that the children always enjoy their learning and are keen to engage in discussion in order to find out more and to develop their own knowledge, skills and understanding. With the IPC, I believe we have a curriculum which both inspires and excites our learners and the topics being taught across the school are fun, a key element to successful teaching and learning.
You are most welcome to have a look at our School Development Plan for this year, as I have now added it to the ‘Our School Curriculum’ page of the website. On that note, we always welcome suggestions and improvements as I believe a successful school is constantly looking to improve in all areas. In particular, our website is very much a key resource for information and communication, so if you feel that this could be improved in any way, please let us know, but do make suggestions for any area of school life.
Once again, thank you for your continued support in making our school community so successful and welcoming.
This entry was posted in Blogging, IPC, School News on January 30, 2015 by Mr Rockey.
…well, some of us have! I am thrilled to firstly let you know that the Lowtons have arrived safely in Mexico and that I can also point you in the direction of a new blog in the Westwood stable – Bella and Oscar travel the World. As part of their learning, Bella nad Oscar will be posting, and indeed have bgun to already, write about their adventures, with added photos. We are hoping to link up with them at some point, so watch this space. In the meantime, check out their brilliant blog….
This entry was posted in International, Learning on January 26, 2015 by Mr Rockey.
What a fun maths day!
This entry was posted in Learning, Maths on January 20, 2015 by Mr Rockey.
At the end of a wonderful week, I thought I’d spend a few minutes sharing what I’ve enjoyed – we ask the children to do it all the time and they do it so well.
Our Google Hangout session in Clover class with our friends from Georgetown Elementary in Michigan went brilliantly yesterday, giving true meaning to the sense of international learning. The children were able to ask questions and get first hand answers about the weather, climate, locality and the clothes that you would need to live to live in Hudsonville. Without a live video conference, we would have had no way of knowing that they currently have a foot and a half of snow, with Snowmen aplenty dotted around the countryside. It brought it home to me that, as teachers, we try to impart and share knowledge on a daily basis to enrich children’s lives, yet the knowledge we share is often researched in preparation. The value of yesterday’s learning was far and above anything I could have taught the children and they will remember it much more clearly, which is super. I now have some more ideas for connecting classrooms and, of course, each class has their own international link so I am hoping that this will take off to strengthen international links and knowledge. HUGE thanks to Mrs Woodring and Room 104 for their time, laughter, fun and good conversation yesterday. I know it will happen again.
I also happened to be having a wander around school this afternoon and I saw the progress and development in Lotus class’ electricity skills and understanding. i was with them earlier in the week and it was great to see how independently they were working with circuits, looking at fair testing and challenging their thinking. I also saw some fabulous writing in Thistle class from today’s Big Write. Considering that this was from our very youngest children, I was very proud. Continuing the theme in Clover class, the children got the opportunity to dress up in clothes from around the world which made for a very hands-on learning experience which they clearly enjoyed. I’m looking forward to Monday when I get to teach in Orchid class again, which I haven’t for a while. Everyone in and around school has worked so hard this week, it has been a pleasure to see and is a reminder of the wonderful community we have at our school.
This entry was posted in International, IPC, Learning, School News and tagged Google Hangout on January 16, 2015 by Mr Rockey.
The last two days I have had the opportunity to get back into the classroom to do some teaching with Lotus and Clover class. Every chance I get, I like to grab with both hands as it lets me see how the children are enjoying their learning first hand. I can honestly say that it has been a joy and a privilege. The children have all worked hard, committed to their learning and we have had a lot of fun too. It has been very diverse, also, with some super IPC learning on Electricity with Lotus class and today in Clover class we have been writing questions.
The reason? It’s quite exciting really. Tomorrow I am back in Clover class and the children will be asking their questions to some Y1/2 children in Georgetown Elementary School, Hudsonville, Michigan to find out what the weather is like there and the sorts of clothing they need. I thought it would add a little more excitement the already brilliant All Dressed Up topic that they are doing. Watch this space!
Below I have added some audio which I recorded of the children describing what they had learnt in their own words. Just to note that in Clover class today the children practised asking me questions, hence some of the responses!
This entry was posted in IPC, Learning, Teaching on January 14, 2015 by Mr Rockey.
It seems strange to think that we are already into the Spring term and that February will be half way through the academic year, but when you consider all that we have done and the children have achieved so far it is easy to understand where the time has gone. I always enjoy spending an assembly with the children on our first morning back, discussing resolutions, plans and challenges to improve ourselves. As always, the children’s responses were positive, thoughtful and uplifting and it is a pleasure to see our school community in discussion and working together so well. Today has been very much about that – settling back into learning and trying our best, which is always good to see and very evident throughout our school.
Another positive start to the term and i know one in which so much will be achieved by everyone. I look forward to chatting with you on the playground and don’t forget to keep up to date with what we are doing on our class blogs at westwoodblogs.org.
This entry was posted in School News on January 6, 2015 by Mr Rockey.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


text: iProdiJayy is an extraordinary online store for men & women. Shop custom clothing from hoodies to t shirts, polos, button ups, tank tops & more. Cheap & affordable fashion online.


text: Race 3 at Feilding had another good turnout once again with Vet 2 men and junior men dominating the feilds. Competition was hot between these two grades. Mathew Waghorn 1st home, but hot on his heels was young 14 year old Gareth Cannon followed by Vet rider Steve Stannard and Open rider Dominic Furkert. It was great to see a good handful of under 13's who tackled the less technical course with a mix of both girls and boys taking part.


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My newest film is now available to view on YouTube. You can purchase the DVD with more material on CreateSpace.com. First Moon Rising is a collaboration with Georgette Star, educator, spiritual guide and founder of Maiden Spirit, a young girls support program based in Portland, Oregon. The production offers an inspiring glimpse into the heart of the Maiden Spirit Spirituality and Rite-of-Passage program, which is the gradual and intentional preparation for a girl’s conscious and celebrated rite of passage into sacred womanhood at menarche (first moon or period).
Subject line: Keep Up The Pressure! Votes on 2 bills are scheduled this week!
TOP 2 videos were produced for end-of-year membership/holiday/open house parties; also, 3 clips produced under heading, “An interview with Dr. Sandra Steingraber”; also, the video at the bottom, created for a special event in 2011, which introduces our history, purpose and environmental health initiatives and a name change: from Oregon Toxics Alliance to Beyond Toxics!


text: As some of the versatile and experienced craftsmen in their industry, the refresh of the Northeastern Exteriors logo was inspired by the classic, historic look of icons stamped into the metal that lasts the test of time. The work NEE produces focuses on using natural materials, which significantly outlast their man-made counterparts. Their projects are built using modern tools, equipment and techniques but with the time-honored attention to detail of traditional craftsmen.


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I graduated from HS in 1992 but somehow I still dont feel even slightly old.
The best was getting the cassette so you could rock the album in your car.
And to make you children a little more jealous: I saw RHCP on their BSSM tour - flaming hats and all.. Better yet (for me) was that Smashing Pumpkins opened for them supporting their Gish album. Part of the tour included Nirvana as the 1st opener. By the time the tour got to me, however, Nirvana had dropped off and were replaced by a band I had never heard of called Pearl Jam. They were a real crowd pleaser - I'm sure they've got a bright future.
I finished HS 16 years after you. 2008. When I'm 34 I'll be one of them people who feels very old and wishes I was still in my youth, I just know it. Unfortunately.
All that excitement and great bands, I even wish it was half as good these days. I'm going to buy an album that's out on Monday for the first time in a while, very excited for it. But I just know listening to it in the car on the way home will most probably be a big disappointment.
When I was 17, I would have been deathly envious of you.
It was AMAZING. IMO the best time for music.
The Flaming Lips in 1993...I would have killed to see them in their formative days (well...not so formative since they started in 1983 but they changed a lot). That was right when Transmissions from the Satellite Heart was coming out. I would just love to be able to compare shows from then and now after they have done things like Yoshimi.
That doesn't compare to some of the line-ups going on these days. Did you see (I think it was) funfunfun fest's line up last year?


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You are here : Member Forums General Discussion Rent by Bitcoin?
Okay everybody; how about this one?
Bitcoin is a speculation. And therefore possibly non taxable.
Indeed, Australia have announced that from July Bitcoins are accepted as part of their payment system and is non taxable. And that should be the same worldwide. Just accept this as read.
As a Landlord I now demand my rents to be paid by the tenant in Bitcoin and this falls outside the HMRC.
I could convert my bits to sterling to pay my mortgage? Yes indeed.
If I am wealthy enough I let can fund my mortgage from my day job. So HMRC might argue that the tenant is getting a benefit in kind and tax the person accordingly which the Landlord could compensate from the bitcoin.
Convince the mortgage company to accept Bitcoin or.... open a Goldmoney account; they accept Bitcoins into their Dubai account which is then transferred to your nominated bank account. Send this back to Goldmoney into their Toronto vault. Once there you can load up on your Goldmoney MasterCard which every institution accepts. Goldmoney is actual storing your money as gold. And you pay out in gold. No tax on that.
But have I missed anything? There is no legislation here yet on bitcoins.


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You know the story. Starting too fast while sharing your message and you can’t slow down. You begin talking faster and faster. You know you’re doing it but you are unable to slow down. I’ve got a tip for that which I’ll share later, but first let’s stop the speed from picking up in the first place.
If you normally talk too fast, and you know who you are, practice by reading some material from a magazine, a book, newspaper, or Gary Montgomery’s blog. When you see a period, stop. When you see a comma, stop. When you see a semi-colon, or colon, stop. Stop for a count of five. You probably thought “five seconds, that’s too long!” I agree if you are reading to an audience but what you are doing is practicing and the best practice begins with exaggeration. Stop so that you recognize you are stopping and stepping out of what you normally do and you recognize you are learning something new.
To use an analogy from coaching kids in baseball and softball, I’ve had young players try to make the throw to first too fast. After a great catch on the ground ball, she rushes the throw and the runner is safe at first. We need to adjust thinking. So I teach them to pat their glove three times after catching the ground ball and count each pat, out loud (it’s usually slower when you say it out loud.) It gives her time to position her feet and see the target, the girl playing first base, before throwing. No we aren’t going to normally do that in a game (although some have) but this is learning. We need to exaggerate to learn.
As you face your audience and start to speak; wait. It may feel a little uncomfortable but use your five second count again, (not out loud this time.) Look left, look right, smile, feel your feet grounded on the floor or stage. Now you are ready to begin …s..l..o..w..l..y. Know what words you are going to use. I’ve seen many start talking at this point and not know where they are going. Know your open, your story, know what you are trying to accomplish in the open. Your slow start and intentional pauses will put you at ease and your audience will be comfortable because you are comfortable.
And here’s the tip I promised in case it happens that you do begin talking too fast and feel you can’t slow down; just stop. Try to make it appear you are stopping on purpose. Perhaps a drink if you have water nearby (if not you should). Attempt to find a reason to pause in your presentation; stop to draw attention to a particular word or point you are making. Make the stop feel like a pause for effect. But even if you are unable to have a reason to stop, just stop; smile and breathe. It might look a little irregular but it is better than gasping for air and becoming anxious because you are going too fast and can’t slow down.
Bottom line: prepare. Think slow, start slow, and get comfortable being with a group of people who need to hear your message.
A lot more great ideas at Gary’s presentation skills seminar coming up in Louisville, KY, September 17, 2015, “Making Magic in the Front of the Room..” For more information go to www.icanplay.com/magic, or call Gary at 502.339.0040.
Let’s call him Bill. He was up in years. Retired, he was a person who people catered to but now he was soliciting help in his many service projects. He wanted them to listen to him. But he mumbled, and spoke softly. In the past Bill got away with the mumbling because he was the boss. They had to listen. Now he wanted others to listen but there was no requirement. Bill asked me to help him with his communication skills.
Folks, we were making progress. Bill vocalized what he needed to do. Next was doing what was needed to do.
Bill started to speak up, but it wasn’t loud enough.
He spoke louder, but not loud enough. What I wanted him to do was shout. Go past what he needed. Bill needed to understand what the extreme was, way past what he needed to do.
“How about this? Can you hear me now?” He proclaimed.
“Louder,” I shouted at him.
I wanted Bill to experience the extreme, what it felt like to be extremely loud.
In addition to increasing volume some other things were happening. Bill’s posture improved. By trying to project his head was up, shoulders back. He stood taller and he was leaning forward. These are positive communication techniques, which are immediately improved by attempting to project, which Bill identified as getting louder. But in addition to louder, Bill was using better communication techniques and his pace improved. He was speaking slowly and separating his words. He was bringing energy!
Although we did not talk about it, the mumbling, throwing words together, went away because of the better techniques Bill was using as he spoke louder.
A key for Bill is to speak up. We started to use the ‘yelling’ practice to identify the skills needed to make Bill think louder, so that he would speak louder!
Not long after we started working together I was at a function with Bill and his family, which included grandchildren. His grandson told me how, for the first time, he was able to understand his grandfather when they visited. He said he talks louder and slower.
Bill was building for a speaking event. He had donated to a project with a Church organization and was being honored. Some heavyweights were there, the mayor, Archbishop, politicians, and many other distinguished guests. Bill gave his speech. He did a great job. He slowed down, enunciated, used great communication posture, head up, and shoulders back. He was great!
Bill called the other day. Said he spoke at a rotary. Members of the audience said they couldn’t hear him. I asked, “Did you project?” He said he forgot. Communication is something we need to practice all day, every day 24-7. We need to make great communication part of who we are, not what we do. Otherwise we forget. That’s just the ways it is. Speak up!


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Park in the underground garage on the 2nd level - take elevator to 4th floor.
In addition to the presentation, as a group we will be covering what is new in Office 365 & SharePoint, updates on upcoming events, and pointers for you and your company. Remote attendance via Microsoft Teams will be provided and details shared the day of the meeting. As always, meetings are free to attend and lunch will be provided.
Ever wonder what it would take to breach the security of your Office 365 tenant? Come to this session and wonder no longer!
We'll show some of the most common ways attackers are getting access to your tenants, identities and data in a live demo. More importantly, we'll cover how to protect yourself from these breach points in the future, and even how to detect suspicious activity within your tenant.
Max Fritz is an Office 365 and EMS Architect at Core BTS. He focuses on improving collaboration and simplifying implementation, and has worked with Office 365 for the past eight years. He is a self-proclaimed geek, passionate about a broad range of messaging and collaboration tools and can't stop talking about the technology he loves.
Max is the founder and leader of the Minnesota Office 365 User Group, and holds MCSA and MCSE Microsoft certifications. Max can be found speaking at Microsoft 365 conferences all over the country.


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I'm battling an addiction and, I admit, I'm in serious need of a Pin-tervention! Just recently, I've been 'busy' sifting and sorting through my 'lazy old likes' and have either re-pinned them or deleted them - whittling down over seven thousand (ahem!) likes and leaving myself with twenty-six boards and well over nine hundred lovely looking projects to attempt - eventually.
In my defence, it wasn't a complete waste of time - and that some-day has already arrived. That's right, I've actually started to work on some projects inspired by all of that pinning. So, I'm bringing back Tried & Tested, and will be regularly reviewing and revealing the results of my crafting efforts that have been inspired by all of the beautiful projects and tempting tutorials that can be found on the internet!
To prove that I mean business this time around, I started with a project that has been languishing in my 'likes' for a very, very long time. The tutorial, 'Random Snow', is in Russian, but beaders familiar with basic square stitch should find the diagram fairly easy to follow. The basic pattern is repeated - over and over and over - but the end result is more than worth a little tedium!
Materials: Blue Moon Beads - 4mm Champagne Glass Pearls & 6mm Champagne Glass Pearls; Miyuki - Size 11 Galvanised Gold Seed Beads.
I went for a 'classic' look, using some of my favourite Champagne Glass Pearls from Blue Moon Beads and some Galvanised Gold Seed Beads. I'm absolutely loving this combination at the moment - there's just something timeless about it! Given the time it took to stitch (oh so long!) I'm unlikely to be making another one anytime soon, but I am ever so pleased that I finally made something from my Pinterest boards.
I'd love to hear from other 'addicts'. If there's enough of us, we could encourage each other to move away from the computer and into the craft room!
That is gorgeous!!! Very elegant.
What a lovely bracelet. ! I think it was worth the time spent on it! Your chat about pinterest made me laugh. I've just started using it and can see how it could be quite addictive! Good luck working through your projects!
I love this! totally going to try this!
Gorgeous bracelet! I'm the same way on Pinterest! It will probably take me years to even try everything I have pinned!! Lol!
Gorgeous bracelet, the colours are timeless. Great patience in working past the tedium. I'm sure you will enjoy wearing it.
That is exactly my goal for today. Thanks for this post. Maybe it's the kick in the pants I need to get back to my table.
I'm ignoring beadwork as a possible hobby - along with quilting and a couple of other oh so appealing crafts that would swallow every moment of my day, if I should dare to start a project! But I really admire those who make time for these lovely projects.


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When you apply for a credit card, you may receive some pressure about the credit card balance insurance in case something happens, such as illness or injury, that keeps you from paying your bill. However, you do have to weigh whether or not the insurance that the credit card company is offering is worth the extra expense.
The Financial Consumer Agency of Canada recently released statistics that show the top credit card balance insurance complaints. Compared to 2007 to 2008, 2009 to 2010 saw a 129 percent increase in the number of complaints. Those complaints involved insurance added without cardholder consent, claim problems, cancellation issues, confusing policy documents, and negative option billing.
Salespeople can be rather aggressive because they are enticed by fat commissions and bonuses. They use pitches that assure the cardholder will receive full protection against financial hardships. They make it sound like credit card insurance is a natural thing. The fact of the matter is that a lot of people simply do not take it. Nonetheless, the sales presentation is rather zippy and can lead to them signing up for insurance coverage even when you don’t consent.
In a recent CBC-commissioned survey shows that 15 percent of credit card applicants couldn't remember being told that they had the right to decline coverage. Another 22 percent of applicants said they were not advised that the insurance was optional.
It is best to refuse any application item if you do not fully understand what it entails. You can ask a customer service representative to explain more so that you can grasp what it is all about. That way you can make an informed decision about whether or not to take it.
The FCAC has also received complaints from Canadians who have had issues with the insurance providers when claiming payments. These problems included long delays, claim denials, and payments that were lower than expected.
It is best to review the small print of the cardholder agreement. You may find that physical exams are required before insurance claims can be processed, resulting in even longer delays. If you miss credit card payments because of these delays, the delinquency can lower your credit score.
Before you sign any insurance agreements, make sure you understand the claim procedure and what their turnaround time is. The turnaround could be so slow that you become late on your payments before you get any help and that defeats the purpose.
Insurance cancellation requests can take a long time. One of the trickiest aspects of cancelling is that you may have to contact the insurance company. This company is typically different from the card issuer. It is more or less very common for cardholders to have a difficult time cancelling insurance if it is through a third party provider.
In order to make cancellation easier, you can request written instructions on how to cancel the insurance. That way you know exactly what steps need to be taken so it is easier for you.
Consumers tend to complain about the marketing materials that they receive about the insurance. When they look at their policy documents, they do not see the coverage and the policy language matching the advertisement. Promotional wording has a tendency to make it sound like you won't be charged a dime for insurance if you pay off your credit card balance in full each month. However, it is typical among most cards that you pay a premium based on the account's balance. Even if you don’t have a balance, your fee is based off of your average daily balance.
When looking at your credit card statement, you will notice that the insurance charges may not be clearly labeled. They typically appear under the interest charges. Nonetheless, some consumers mistake those premiums as part of the interest costs.
As far as the policy documents, the insurance certificate has to full disclose the covered injuries and illnesses, as well as the terms and conditions of the insurance. This issue, however, is that the insurance certificates are not usually issued until after the insurance is sold. To get an idea of what you are buying, you can ask for a specimen insurance certificate before you sign the application. That way you know exactly what you will receive before the insurance is sold.
It is illegal for credit card companies to add insurance to your account without your signature. Negative option billing is a sales tactic that is deceptive. It is the act of providing insurance without first asking the consumer. This is, perhaps, the most common complaint among Canadian cardholders.
One marketing ploy is to give you a 30 day trial. This means that you will receive the insurance for 30 days for no cost at all. They may tell you that you have the right to cancel at any time to avoid being charged. However, the insurance still shows up after 30 days and this means that billing begins. The only way to stop it is to ask for removal. If you don't say anything, then the charge is going to show up on the card.
It is a responsibility of financial institutions to advise you of what you are purchasing from the very start so you can be informed about what you are signing up for. On these offers, it is important to make sure you call the card company within the first 30 days of the account and make sure any offers that you may have been signed up for and you do not want are canceled.
If you do not remember signing up for insurance, ask the credit card company to provide you with proof that you signed up for coverage. There is a history of cardholders getting money back when they have proved they did not sign up.
All in all, you have to be wary of insurance. Even if you decline, a representative can check a box that says you gave consent. If you decide you do not want it, you have to tell the card company to make sure it stops. If it doesn't, you can dispute the charges and possibly receive a refund.
Can I Get a Credit Card Without a Job?
The " 5 Complaints People Have Against Credit Card Balance Insurance" article is property of CreditCardsCo™ and is copyrighted. The article may not be published, rewritten, broadcast or redistributed without prior written permission.


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Looking forward to speaking at the 2018 International Urban and Extra-Urban Studies conference this week in Heidelberg. Giving a paper on gender, class and driving in Delhi.
Marked by high levels of diversity and gentrification, changing demographics in east London highlight the need for new analytical tools to examine how formerly familiar spaces must now be re-negotiated. Conceptual frameworks of habit and affect have informed the contemporary analysis of how encounters with difference unfold within transforming cityscapes. However, findings from a participatory research project with young people suggest a more reflexive management of classed and racialised encounters is occurring as accumulated cultural knowledge is tested and revised from which new practices emerge. Attention to processes of reflexivity highlighted the capacity of young people to consciously weigh options and choose a range of strategies under conditions of ‘breach’, including: degrees of acceptance of change; re-working space use through avoidance and adapting everyday practices such as dress and food; as well as developing attributes that enable engagement such as empathy. Feelings of judgement appeared as a dominant driver of reflexivity, while disposition and place contextualised and modified responses. Yet, while the possibilities for subjective re-evaluation and adaptation are apparent, the study raises questions of inequality in the expectation that young people are being asked to adapt to new cultural norms not of their making.
Chatting with Laurie Taylor, William Kornblum and Ian Sinclair about the social life of subways.