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For week three of the Open Education course at the Open University that I am participating in (though we are now in week 5), one of the activities is to choose a Creative Commons license for “your blog content and other material you produce.” Of course, the latter is so vague that it might be difficult for some to say what license they might use for all of it, as they might end up using different licenses for different things. I am likely to just use one, but I may be in the minority.
I have already gone through some soul-searching on this very issue, but in a direction I haven’t seen in any of the other blogs I’ve looked at for this course: in an earlier post I asked why even use CC-BY instead of, say, CC0, which is more like putting one’s work into the public domain. I’m still undecided, but at this point (as you can tell from this site) am still using CC-BY for my blog.
But what I haven’t done is try to explain why I use CC-BY instead of CC-BY-NC (non commercial) or SA (share alike) on my blog, and why I would probably use CC-BY on any OER I might create (unless I decide to use CC0 instead). Generally, I use CC-BY because I want to leave my work free for anyone to use however they like. But the issues involved are really quite complicated.
I’m only going to discuss NC and SA and SA in this and the next post, because I can’t imagine asking people not to make derivatives of what I create–it just seems part of sharing freely, to me, that people can revise and remix my work. This post is about why I don’t use CC-BY-NC, and the next is about why I don’t use CC-BY-SA.
I’ve read several blog posts in the OU Open Education course that opt for CC-BY-NC (such as this one by Nick Hood, this one by David (I can’t find a last name) , this one by Daniela Signor and this one by Sukaina Walji.) Some express the sentiment that if they are giving away things for free, then they don’t want others to be making money off of them. I have to say that I kind of get this sentiment, but also not. I guess the idea is that if any money is to be made from what is produced, then the producer should be the one to benefit rather than someone who has just taken the content for free. This sentiment seems to make sense in a market economy, where many people feel that their work should be compensated monetarily if someone else is making money from it; alternatively, some may think it wrong for others to make money from something they have either not worked on or not paid for.
Of course, this sort of thinking should lead people to support open access publishing, since, increasingly, there is not much that publishers do that justifies them closing off access to publications and charging a fee…but that’s an argument for another day (and more complex than I’m making it out here, yes).
I get the idea that if money is being made from something, it seems fair to give some money to those who created the item in the first place. But it seems to me that once you decide to give your work away to be used, altered and remixed by others, it might be better thought of as a gift than a market commodity. And when you give something away as a gift, you might be said to be allowing the recipient(s) to do whatever they like with it. Sure, some people might be a bit upset if they gave a gift that another person decided to sell–but would they be upset because the other person made money off of something that they got for free and therefore didn’t have the right to make money from? To me, that doesn’t really make sense; if you give it away, it becomes someone else’s to do with as they wish.
When I give my stuff away, I’m saying goodbye to control over what happens to it afterwards, because it’s no longer just mine.
I realize that one of the benefits of CC licenses, though, is to allow people flexibility in the degree to which they want to think of their creations as gifts. And some people won’t accept that way of thinking. So here are some other thoughts.
If someone is going to be able to make money off of something I created, they are going to have to do some work that I chose not to do, such as marketing it. After all, if I already put it out for free for others to reuse, change, remix, then there is probably going to have to be some kind of value added to it in order for others to be willing to pay. Such as, at least, making it well-known through publicity efforts.
An argument for using NC could alternatively be made as follows. A person might use NC on their work so that IF someone else thinks they could make money from what the first person has created, then in order for that to happen the other party must contact and discuss this with the creator, and the creator could set terms that require payment to him/herself. I see that, but even then one is not likely to get much (how much do we get in royalties for academic books, say? A pittance, usually), and to me, especially thinking about my own work, this overvalues the remote possibility of a significant financial gain while ignoring some much more likely costs.
I’ll just add that this post by Daniel Clark, for the OU Open Education course, nicely addresses the point about the ambiguity of “commercial” in the NC licenses. These comments by David Wiley do too (on a discussion of NC licenses for OER, hosted by UNESCO). And having a license with ambiguous terms is not just a philosophical problem; it can mean that fewer people will use your work because they may be unsure whether their use falls under the vague “commercial” terms.
I have sometimes wondered whether this blog counts as “non commercial,” even, given that it is hosted and supported by the University of British Columbia, which, after all, charges money for its courses and thus “makes money” in some sense. It is syndicated on UBC’s “A Place of Mind” site, and thereby acts as part of the university’s publicity strategy in some (very small) sense. To the extent that my blog might help attract students (hmmm, not sure about that one) or donors (ditto), one might say it’s part of the university’s revenue stream. I realize that’s quite a stretch, but that it could even make sense to consider it shows that “non commercial” is unclear.
And this post by David Wiley shows that I am not alone in asking this sort of question (though the question there is slightly different: it’s about whether a textbook licensed NC could be used for a course that students have to pay for, and Wiley answers yes). I don’t ever use images for this blog that have an NC license, even though I am pretty sure I could. Who knows; maybe someday I’ll move this blog over to a platform on which I actually try to make some money through ads (highly unlikely but…). I refuse to go through and change images from the past were such a thing ever to occur.
There is, however, a more pressing argument for the use of NC, given by Stephen Downes (an example can be found here, in the UNESCO discussion noted above). One part of this is that without the NC clause, commercial ventures can take what is freely available and work hard to “enclose” it completely by closing off access to its free versions. Here’s another iteration of this argument, this time focused on the real-world example of Flat World Textbooks at first publishing free textbooks and then beginning to charge for them. This is a harder point to argue against, for it is clear that those who have a vested interest in profit-making from educational resources will be motivated to find ways to enclose any free versions that might exist (though David Wiley does provide a rebuttal to such arguments, in the UNESCO discussion). Downes defines “commercial use” as “the act of restricting access,” in the UNESCO discussion, which makes sense to me, and I can see the point of trying to use NC to keep access open.
After all, in my “gift” image provided above, what could happen is that I could give something away to anyone and everyone who wanted it (because it’s not just one thing, but reusable, revisable, remixable by anyone), but then one of those recipients could decide they want to make sure no one else can have that gift as a gift. That goes against the spirit of what I tried to do in the first place.
So really, the issue seems to come to this (as I’m understanding it): using something like CC-BY only (or CC0) is freeing it in the sense of making it “libre” but could lead to it not being free in the sense of “gratis” (see Wikipedia on libre and gratis). But if you use an NC license, then you might be (if Downes is right) protecting the freedom of that work in terms of it being “gratis,” but it’s not “libre” in the sense of it being available for anyone to do anything they like with it. You’re restricting it to only some kinds of uses.
Downes addresses this distinction somewhat differently, here. He argues that we can look at freedom from the perspective of either the people who already have access to some work or those who do not yet have such access. For the former, freedom in the sense of libre means they can do whatever they wish with the work they already have. For the latter, allowing work to be behind a paywall means many can’t access it at all, much less do anything further with it. The second perspective, he argues, is as important as the first (and for those who can’t access works at all it is more important).
(c) if someone can add value to my stuff and make some money, that’s fine with me b/c I gave it away by choice rather than trying to do so myself.
I still think of it like a gift, and because of (b) I am not terribly concerned about it becoming enclosed so that others can’t access it freely. I agree rather with Mike Seyfang here, that what I’m most concerned about is people finding and using my work. That’s pretty cool. But unlike what he says in that post, I kind of don’t care about people recognizing it as my work.
…we want, I think, something like a ‘free content declaration’, a statement we can link to that identifies our desire, as providers of open content, to ensure that it remains open.
And CC-licenses won’t do this for us, Downes argues. But he uses NC in the meantime, which I have decided not to do, for reasons noted above.
There is, though, an argument that the “share alike” CC license (CC-BY-SA) could prevent commercial enclosure, which I’ll consider in the next post.
Posted in Open Access, open ed, OER and tagged #h817open on April 17, 2013 by Christina Hendricks.
Great, clear and well referenced post. I will be pointing people to this in future.
Thanks, David–I’m glad it might be useful to others. I spent a whole lot of time researching all this and trying to weigh the issues as carefully as possible. I don’t think I’ve said anything new here, but maybe it’s useful as a resource connecting to a lot of other great things other people have said.
One thing I’d say is that commerce and enclosure are separate issues. In the language of free software, it is possible to have commercially produced free software. It’s just not possible to have proprietary (enclosed) free software, whether produced commercially or non-commercially, as it’s a contradiction in terms.
NC is enclosure, or at the very least it excludes people. If someone works for a university that fits the definition of noncommercial and produces their work for the university under an NC license, they will be alienated from that work if they choose to or are forced to work somewhere that doesn’t fit the definition of noncommercial. Likewise they cannot benefit from commercial materials that could benefit their work, and anyone who is reliant on commercial actors for their access to the work is excluded.
Hi Rob: Thanks for the comment!
I agree that NC excludes people, and too many people, given its ambiguous nature. Good point about moving jobs–hadn’t thought of that. However, if it’s one’s own work, isn’t it possible to change the CC license and then use it for commercial purposes later? Of course, this requires that one’s work at a university count as one’s “own,” and is not the property of the university itself, which is an issue in some places, I know. UBC’s policies are, I think, that teaching materials belong to the faculty member, but I also know that they are in the process of being revised, so I need to keep an eye on this.
I also agree that commerce and enclosure can be separate issues, for the reasons you note. Stephen Downes’ argument is that even though legally something licensed as SA, for example, should not be able to be enclosed, large commercial interests will work hard to do so anyway, by various means–some of which are, I think, legal (like finding ways to encourage their own works to show up in search engines while the free versions are buried). I don’t know enough to say whether such things are likely to happen or not, though they are certainly possible (and he gives some examples of situations where such things have happened). Perhaps only time will tell which strategy is best, whether his fears are warranted or not?
It is possible to relicense if one is the copyright holder yes, I do mean where the university owns the work. I should have been clearer. I could wriggle a bit and say if it’s collaboratively written you’d need to get your co-authors’ permissions as well, but that wasn’t what I had in mind.
Large commercial interests will always try to enclose, and we will always have to adapt to their strategies. Licenses are revised to do so over time. But licenses are just a part of the equation, and reform of existing institutions or the creation of new ones is also necessary. So I guess I agree with Downes here, although I still think copyleft is important once you receive the work.
Good point, Rob, about licenses being just part of the equation, and revisable over time. I agree about reforming institutions and creating new ones, though what, exactly, that will look like to avoid the enclosure issue is something I’m not sure about yet.
I wonder how important your second point (“b”), is. I.e. that you don’t immediately see anyone using what you produce for commercial purposes. My feeling is that I still have the capacity to be surprised. Who knew that people would repackage Wikipedia content as books to be sold on Amazon? And presumably people buy them. Crazy, but true.
Me, I think a) I am against the enclosure of the commons and b) using your gift analogy, if I give someone a gift and they immediately (or even subsequently) sell it off then, no, I’m not sure they’ll be getting any more gifts from me.
On the other hand, I realize that my blog doesn’t explicitly have any license at all. I’d better fix that pronto!
(b) is my weakest point, and I knew it all along. If I think that people might use my freely-given work in all sorts of ways I can’t imagine (which I say either in this post or the next one, on ShareAlike…can’t remember), then why not be able to imagine they could use it in a way that leads to commercial enclosure? I can certainly imagine some commercial uses of my work; it was the large ones that might lead a company to try to enclose the free versions I was having a hard time imagining for what I do (as opposed, say, to some tech/application/software work, e.g.). But who knows.
I am against enclosure of the commons as well, and am pretty convinced by the arguments that ShareAlike may do that better than NC, though the situation there is pretty complex too (see next post). Using NC just leaves out too many possible uses that I would be happy to allow. If worrying about having some big corporation or what have you enclosing the free versions of your work, SA might do the trick better.
Oh, and one more thing: I very specifically don’t want my employer (the university) re-packaging and commodifying my work for commercial use. We are guilty of enough self-exploitation as it is. At the same time, I realize that this is a grey area. In so far as people like my work (teaching, research, whatever), then the university benefits, and among its benefits are financial. But so be it. At least with a CC-BY-NC license they can’t be too crass about it.
Your point here is a valid one, that many of us already allow ourselves to be too exploited, so why let the university profit off our work in yet another way? That does give me some pause, but at the same time, it’s really up to individuals to decide whether they want to give this stuff away to any and all, including their own employers (who, as you note, are already profiting from our “free” work in blogs and possibly OERs, which could be considered a voluntary add-on to our contracted work). I completely understand and respect your desire to not allow this to happen. Me, I’m not quite as fussed about it. At least not at the moment. But I’m open to further discussion and possibly changing my mind at some point.
I should also, by the way, thank you for spending the time to think through and explain these issues in such detail and clarity. Very helpful.
I may have this wrong, but as the original author and licensor of content, I believe I am free to grant *additional* rights to that content on an ad hoc basis (but not to revoke them after they have been released under a certain license.) This for me is the reason in choosing, with Stephen, the NC license, because “enclosure” is a very real thing (cf http://www.edtechpost.ca/wordpress/2011/09/19/seo-as-enclosure/ – enclosure can be effectively accomplished on the internet by obscuring/burying the original in search results.) I don’t want to prohibit “commercial” uses when that refers to things like charging nominal fees to cover printing charges to turn something I’ve written into a handout for a workshop, but this is something that can still be arranged even with an NC license by simple request.
To the person above arguing that commerce and enclosure aren’t the same thing – sure, they’re not. But commerce, when based on a model of value through scarcity, has a natural tendency to enclose. And when the people building the maps (google) to the commons also are driven by profit, you brew a perfect storm of commercial interests restricting access to free (in EVERY sense other than “free to sell”) resources to the majority of people they were intended to serve.
By granting additional rights on an ad hoc basis, I’m assuming you mean that if someone asks to use your work in a commercial way you can agree to let them do that, even though technically that might otherwise violate the terms of the NC license. I don’t know for certain, but the number of discussions I’ve read about this indicating that such a thing is perfectly fine indicate to me that it probably is; but again, I haven’t looked into it deeply. David Wiley did point out to me, in a tweet, section 8e of the NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/legalcode), which indicates that you can’t add additional provisions but you can alter the license through a written agreement. So it does appear that if you agree in writing to allow some commercial use, then that’s probably fine. Of course, if it’s not, it’s unlikely anyone is going to press the issue.
I worry, though, about relying on people to come to me to ask to use work in a commercial way when I have the NC license on it. It’s an extra step, of course, and some people are not willing to make it when there are other options out there that are more or less equally good (which I think is the case for my own work). Perhaps I am not giving people enough credit, but the message that seems sent with NC is: if you want to use it for a commercial purpose, then forget it. I suppose one could try to reach out through some kind of message on one’s work, saying that one is open to discussion on some commercial uses…just ask (or something like that). But then, for me, I’d have to weigh which sorts of commercial uses I think are okay and which are not, and this could get a bit messy, and I’m not sure I want to put myself in the position of determining the relative merits of some commercial uses over others. On what grounds, exactly? Likely enclosure down the road? perhaps, but I don’t know what is going to lead to that and what is not.
I am rather more persuaded by Pat’s point that if work is publicly funded (which mine is, for the most part), then it ought to be available to the public to do with as they choose rather than me being the judge of who gets to use it for what. However, I do realize that commercial enclosure could mean that this precisely does not happen, that it no longer is available.
I’m still not persuaded, however, that commercial enclosure of my own work is likely. Thank you for the extra example of how it can happen, in your post, which helped me see the issue even better. It is certainly the case that commercial ventures can use SEO to hide free/open options that are doing the same thing (in this case a service, but in terms of licenses we’re talking about a work of some kind). I can imagine that if I created something worth monetizing by a large company, they could effectively bury my free version in search results. Still, if it were useful enough, it might be on various sites, or in a repository that is well known and well used (hoping someday such a thing exists for OER), and thus still findable. Maybe not the very top result(s), but not completely gone.
Generally I am very sympathetic to the arguments you’re putting forth, and I, too, am worried about commercial enclosure being a tendency. Ultimately one has to balance dangers, and I’m still waiting to see evidence that works licensed with CC-BY are fairly often enclosed in a way that makes them difficult to access for a lot of people. That it can happen, I have no doubt, but that it is likely is something I haven’t yet seen evidence for. So at this point, I prefer to err on the side of allowing commercial uses, especially given the sorts of things I create right now (which I don’t think are terribly likely to get monetized by anyone big enough to carry out effective enclosure). Right now, I think that NC leads to more downsides in my particular circumstances than up.
I don’t think SEO can be, enclosure, even with the adoption of effectively as a disclaimer. Partially as a properly licensed material can be removed from the enclosure, and so is an enclosed item, not enclosed land. So for example, when Flat World changed their license, people actively downloaded the content and hosted elsewhere. This was an action of counter enclosure. If a site, via it’s own SEO, attracted people in who could, then, in theory, strip all of those assets and re-host them. So the SEO would be a Pyrrhic victory.
Also, if the material is indexable via google – then to an extent it is accessible – either by a web browser, or some agent spoofing.
To accept SEO as enclosure would be to assume the original material should place higher in search results, but often repositories, such as MERLOT and OER commons place higher in search results than the original material? I would assume a site bringing together resources may naturally place higher as more people link to it. The bigger the library, the more visitors. I don’t think there is an argument that suggests the original should appear higher in search results than duplicates? I think without a framework which can assess the correct place a site should return, then SEO as enclosure seems a hard measure to assess.
If tying the scarcity to SEO, then, perhaps, but that then relies on how much people want to look for something, and which tools exist to facilitate the discovery of them. With all OER in a central repository, as one example, then SEO is nothing at all.
Pat, no argument, I use the term “enclosure” only metaphorically when applied to openly licensed materials, as of course you are correct that the original always remains. But what I was referring to was the practice of enabling the selling of unaltered/unimproved copies of open resources through burying the original so effectively via SEO that the original effectively vanishes from sight. So sure, new copies of the free (price) resource can be circulated in the hopes of I making the fact that these were always available without cost, but this I implies someone even knows this obscuring is going on. If you think this is a fairy tale, look into the insane number of titles being published on Amazon, for profit, that are essentially mined open content, particularly Wikipedia content. Is this “enclosure?” No, I agree, not in the traditional sense. But I’d be surprised if it doesn’t run counter to the original licensors in choosing an open license. Will choosing an NC license prevent this? Likely not, but at least it’s not giving blanket license to do this, and when commercial interests control many of the means of discovery for people (e.g. Search engines, online stores – only in or DREAMS do most people outside of the edtech echo chamer choose a site like Merlot first) it becomes not just a possibility but a likelihood.
gutenberg and wikipedia are scraped like no one would believe. But I still think this means an “original first” SEO position?
Does anyone looking to buy something not look for something cheaper elsewhere?
For example, Independent (UK newspaper) 1,800 possible license violations, or failure to attribute properly.
So if even commercial orgs – not just these SEO “slums” (Severance) are stealing licensed content, then you have two options.
2) CC without NC, and allow good commercial usages (which might beat the SEO spam as well).
But I also think CC and Wikipedia need to pull their finger out and start litigating.
Why should a work that already exists, and has already been paid for, when distributed in a different economy incur a second payment?
I can see – and compare with say Chuck S’s piece on his son – but if the work is created by public funding – then how is not CC-BY a minimum? Because the public paid for it, so logically they have some right to access.
How can this argument be applied for example, if the NC enclosure criticism argument is also used. If a public good can be kept closed and not CC-BY, then that is akin to NC anyways.
The NC as enclosure prevention is also problematic, as it Chuck S’s belittling of websites as content slums – because there is content everywhere, and the idea of a monolithic single educational voice sounds like some Babelesque folly. I think if your work is “online” in some form, then it is likely that it is already part of a “slum”. Just see how much Wikipedia and Gutenberg have been scrapped. Shakespeare’s been scrapped, and I think he a *teensy* bit better than Severance.
All rights reserved, but online, is too me, arrogant and hypocritical. venerating the self over the potential of plurality.
Two – What is wrong with someone making money from your stuff? If economically you’re ok, then I can’t see the harm?
Good point, Pat, about work done by me under the aegis of my work, which is paid for (in part) through public funds. So whatever teaching/learning materials I create should be open to public access. Now, to play devil’s advocate, though, NC could still be open to public access (as could SA). They can still see it, use it, create derivatives, etc. How does not allowing others to make money from such materials mean they are not getting enough access? Why is CC-BY a minimum for public access? Ultimately, as you know, I think CC-BY is a minimum, but I want to hear more about why it might be one for public access.
Perhaps your other points explain this, but I’m having trouble getting your point about the NC enclosure criticism. That is the one that says you should use NC in order to avoid commercial enclosure. I’m not getting what you mean by this: “If a public good can be kept closed and not CC-BY, then that is akin to NC anyways.” Do you mean that if you use NC to avoid commercial enclosure, you’re still closing off a public good, enclosing it in some way? I’m afraid that’s not your point, though. Explain?
When talking about Chuck S, I think you’re referring to this post (just for anyone who doesn’t know). I agree with you that I’m not terribly worried about having a single educational voice, or about my work ending up in “content slums” (I don’t even really know what that is supposed to mean). If it’s just someone else putting up my teaching videos on their own YouTube channel, e.g., then I don’t care. I can’t tell from his posts what else happened to him, though he does talk about other hypothetical situations like writing a book, publishing as CC-BY, then trying to charge for print copies when someone else has already put it up for sale in print on Createspace. But again, that’s not something I, personally, am concerned about. If someone really wants to keep the option of making money off their work in some way, then perhaps NC is better for them.
I agree with you, as you can tell, about others making money from my stuff. And that’s probably because, as you point out, I’m economically fine because I have a job that pays me to make this stuff whether I share it or not. I don’t need to make money to survive off of what I create in any other way that through my salary. I’m lucky that way; some people do need to make money off of what they create, and I don’t begrudge them that option.
And I, too, prefer the potential for plurality, for collaboration, even just for sharing what I’ve done and letting others do whatever they will with it, even if I don’t end up knowing about it. Which is why CC0, or something like it, is still attractive. It’s just the possibility of learning from what others have done with my stuff, and possibly connecting to them and collaborating that keeps me using CC-BY for the moment (as discussed in comments to this post).
Still, all rights reserved and online is a way for some people to make a living from what they’ve created–people can see it and decide if they want to purchase. I’ll happily pay an artist or a developer for something I can’t create myself, and want, if it means that will allow them to keep working and they couldn’t do so otherwise. I would prefer works to be open to sharing, revision, derivative-creation, but in the current market structure, that isn’t always feasible economically for everyone.
However, I fear this is getting me into dangerous territory of trying to legislate when it’s okay for people to charge money for their stuff and when it’s not…beyond the publicly funded stuff discussed above, I worry about telling others whether they can charge, whether they can close off their work and when they ought not to. Where do I draw the line between those who really need the money from selling their works and those who just want a little more? Which is why I’ve worded my posts in a way that focuses on my own decisions, in my own situation. Still, of course, I’m up for trying to convince others with arguments about the problems with NC, which is partly what I’ve attempted to do here as well.
NC – If you create a public good – to what rights do you, as creator have a say over how it is used by anyone? That’s why NC is a bit sly – it is a public good, but as long as you don’t want to make money from it.
Right, okay–if it’s a public good, then it should be given to the public. I guess it depends on what makes something count as a public good. Publicly funded, perhaps? Things do get a bit sticky, though, because where is the line between what people create due to their publicly-funded jobs and what they create on their “own time”? And, say, if they’re using their own equipment and own hosting service, etc. (unlike what I’m doing–this blog and my equipment belong to my Uni).
We agree insofar as I do think of what I create as a public good, just b/c I want to share it and others might find it useful…and I get value from what others share similarly. But what should count as a public good is an interesting question, really.
As for #2: I do see that by using NC in the way Downes suggests, the hope is to avoid the bad commercial, but in the process you get rid of all commercial uses (unless people choose to ask you for use for their “good” commercial, which many people won’t do…they’ll just go find something else). And that in using an NC you are suggesting that noncommercial is all good and commercial is all bad, even if that’s not what you mean to suggest–that’s the implication, in a way. And that’s a false dichotomy, indeed.
How it’s self promotion, though,… because one wants to keep the possibility of selling one’s stuff for oneself? Or one’s promoting oneself as only supporting the “pure angelic”?
Well copyright blurs the edges of who owns what and when, but that is probably an employment contract issue.
Yes, copyright and employment contracts make things complicated. From what I can tell reading the legal documents from UBC about all this, I own my teaching and learning materials, as well as my research materials, in the sense that I could copyright them if I want. Which is why I have the choice to put CC licenses on. At least I think I’m right about that.
And okay, if you’re not going to let other people revise or make derivatives, that does suggest that you’re thinking your work is perfect as is. I suppose that using NC could suggest that too, that people who are using it for some kind of money-making purpose couldn’t possibly add to your work in any way, including putting it to new uses or making derivatives (as long as you don’t use ND), because it’s good as is. Or rather, perhaps, it could suggest that only those using it for noncommercial purposes, or making derivatives for such, can add anything of use to it; the commercial ones can’t possibly do so. Though that’s not the main reason most people use NC, I think, it is an implication one can get from the use of the NC license. And to me, that doesn’t make any sense.
Sorry–that was unclear. I just meant that it makes no sense to suggest that only noncommercial uses or revisions of one’s work can add any value. Though, again, I think many people who use NC don’t think this way, it can appear as an implication of the use of NC, an unintended message, as it were.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


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Basically, Hotel Hawa Mahal in Jaipur is an element of the ‘Choice Hotels International’, one of the most admired hotel chains in the globe. Hotel Hawa Mahal, one of the best three star hotels in Jaipur is sited in close proximity to the major historic, tourist and business hubs of Jaipur. This is one of the cheap hotels in Pink city that is surrounded by flourishing green surroundings. This budget hotel in Jaipur endows brilliant lodging, impressive dining facilities and above all, wonderful meeting and banquet spaces for the both business and holiday travelers to enjoy. Being one of the best three star deluxe hotels in Jaipur, Hotel Hawa Mahal emphasize greatly on the excellence and superiority in room amenities and hotel features. This budget hotel in Jaipur offers all the ‘present-day’ amenities to please all kind of travelers. Hotel Hawa Mahal is a sophisticated and reasonably priced budget hotel in Jaipur. This 3 star hotel will satisfy all your requirements efficiently. Undeniably, your hunt for a good, comfortable lodging in Jaipur ends at Hotel Hawa Mahal.
Hotel Hawa Mahal, one of the cheap hotels in Jaipur is only 11 Kms away from Jaipur Airport, 3 km away from ‘Interstate’ Bus Terminal and just one kilometer away from the Jaipur Railway Station. This hotel is well-situated for the expediency of both business and holiday tourists. This 3 star hotel in Jaipur is located exactly at the Civil Lines, on Ajmer Road of Jaipur.
This budget hotel has two categories of guest rooms. They are: Privilege rooms and Deluxe rooms. At Hotel Hawa Mahal, all the guest rooms are completely air-Conditioned and sumptuously prearranged to satisfy the global customers. Guests can chill out and unwind in the soothing atmosphere of the hotel rooms that is also appealing, trendy and modish. The hotel rooms are equipped with latter-day amenities such as, Internet connectivity, TV with satellite channels, Electricity backup, drinking water from reverse osmosis processes and so on. Stylishly designed bathrooms are resourced with sumptuous granite and marble stones.
This 3 star hotel has special ‘Non-smoking’ rooms for guests who cannot withstand smoking. Apart from selected bedrooms, Smoking is strictly forbidden in all the other areas of this deluxe Inn. This budget hotel in Jaipur can make an exclusive effort to ‘hold back’ a non-smoking room for the guests. However, it is offered on the availability basis.
Rooms Prices : The Cost of a Single deluxe room is 4000 INR and the Double deluxe room is 5000 INR. The cost of the Single ‘Privilege’ Room is 6000 INR and double Privilege room is 6000 INR.
Hotel Hawa Mahal boasts a great restaurant named “The Rangoli”.
The Rangoli : The experienced chefs at Rangoli prepare premium Chinese and Indian food items that will tempt you to eat more than normal. Regardless of whether it’s a splendid banquet meal or a light evening snack, Rangoli’s dutiful and polite staff is super ready to transform your dining experience into a cherished moment. Every evening, the Rangoli presents unbelievably pleasant “Live Ghazal” music for engaging the guests.
Hotel Hawa Mahal, one of the best budget hotels in Jaipur also has a cool Bar called “The Scarlet”.
The Scarlet : The Scarlet is one of the stylish Bars in entire Jaipur. This Bar has a superior choice of alcohols, liquors and wines and serves them in a classy ambiance. The Scarlet is a fantastic Bar to tune your mood precisely for a grand celebration or happening.
Hotel Hawa Mahal also offers 2 celestial venues for all your conference and banquet needs.
The Padmini : The Padmini is a conference hall in Hotel Hawa Mahal. It is an excellent location that can hold up to 200 guests at a time. The Padmini welcomes you to host grand wedding events, huge business conference or small group cocktails parties.
The Ranasanga : The Ranasanga is a small conference hall that is with all mod cons. This place can provide accommodation for a small group of 30 guests. The Ranasanga is an unimpeachable spot for small corporate gatherings, trainings and meetings.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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“The very first key will be to realize the way resumes are organized. Different women and men need different resumes, in reality, every individual needs different variations of their own resume to use for many functions. Our resumes are usually the very first impression a prospective employer receives of us. Finding the maximum of templates and creating a CV by utilizing a resume building service may definitely make things a fantastic deal easier.
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Our site is very likely to make a custom of producing a winning resume a matter of many minutes. In the majority of cases, it’s likely to also export your resume into major employment social network sites like LinkedIn. You’re also able to have a hyperlink to a resume hosted on its site, and share the exact same on social media platforms. If you decide to click on the links on our site, we may get compensation.
Our free resume templates will supply you tons of choices to make your individual statement. Together with our totally free resume builder tool you’re already a single measure in the ideal direction. In the majority of cases, you can locate a free download to get a resume builder with no difficulties. Though the totally free version lacks any powerful features provided by other builders, it’s still one of the very used restart tools. Read-only PDF version will protect your data from any modifications and formatting issues because it’s non-editable.
The restart creator can be found via the online portal isn’t any additional applications that the users are called to download. Our creator is also practical for everybody who lacks adequate technical expertise, however wish to produce a tasteful and crystal clear document. If you aren’t certain or don’t understand the best way to use our specialist CV creator, look at the fast instruction below.
Remember, free resume templates have been made to catch your focus, not the interest of those folks who really matter, including hiring managers and recruiters. The ideal thing about bookmarking sites is that they have lots of resume samples that it is likely to use. There isn’t a huge variety of templates available to pick from.
There are lots of beautiful resume templates out there, but it can be easy to feel as a lot of the largest cost a ridiculous quantity of cash, need particular design applications so as to edit, or both. Templates can often be downloaded and then utilized in a word processor. Implementing a resume template will be getting a suitable and smart practice for many explanations. For that reason, it gets quite difficult to opt for a completely free template. You might use different preset templates which are professional, impressive, and easy to use.
The program you choose need to get a template library with an assortment of chronological and functional resume options that match your nature and the kind of job that you’re applying for. Some applications have databases of prewritten phrases you can use in case you become stuck while writing a work description or objective. It’s easy to edit your resume within the app, so it’s likely to make adjustments when you need without needing to begin from scratch.
All information provided should be considered fictional. The details you include on your resume should be about the job which you’re applying for. You can import the easy information from social media like Google, Facebook or Twitter. Several websites have resume templates you’ll have the ability to use to make your very own personal resume.
The perfect thing is that you can see the option to check grammatical errors, which is crucial since you can’t afford an error in your resume or CV. The only alternative it provides is that you may choose three distinct layouts. If you’re overwhelmed by all the choices, you can also simply use one of many awesome templates. The typical template selection isn’t as powerful as a range of the options above, but they get the business done. There’s no more decision to download the document in any picture format, which is required in many circumstances.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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« Letters To Twilight DOT com!
Does anyone know how to contact stephenie Meyer because I have found a fault and my friends have told me to email it to her (Stephenie).
dear stephanie meyer i was just wondering if you could maybe make an alternative ending to twilight. im a really big fan of team jacob and i really think that bella wouldve been happier with him and they couldve had a bunch of little black-haired children, and she wouldnt have to change herself for jacob like she did for edward.
Stephanie Meyer you have made the best books ever! I’m 18 and I am head over heels with Twilight. I really wish you would continue on with it. I can’t wait till Breaking Dawn is out in theaters. But I’m pretty sure I’m going to be sad at the end since there won’t be anymore.

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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The way we think about computing is fundamentally shaped by the nineteenth-century civil service. In his brilliant book, The Government Machine (MIT Press, 2003), Jon Agar shows how the computer was the product of a technocratic vision of government that developed from the late eighteenth century and sought to manage a rapidly changing world by gathering as much statistical and other information as possible.
The civil service that emerged in the Victorian period had at its heart an administrative and intellectual division of labour. Thousands of clerks were employed to carry out routine set tasks, such as copying letters and making arithmetical calculations. Middle managers controlled the flow of this routine work and dealt with any hitches. Senior civil servants (the ‘First Division’) dealt with complex matters of policy advice and development.
The computer arose from the dream that the routine clerical work of government could be mechanised. The vision of the nineteenth-century scientist Charles Babbage in developing mechanical engines whose functions anticipated aspects of our digital computers was to produce a machine that could perform the routine mathematical calculations carried out by clerks in offices such as the Admiralty. Much later, the aim of the scientists and technicians at Bletchley Park building early electronic computers was similarly to speed up the decryption of military cypher traffic.
The organisation of the civil service into hierarchies that split routine work and decision making reflects the principle of the division of labour, most famously described by the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith in his 1776 book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Smith describes how manufacturers increase their output by dividing the process of manufacture into different components, with each worker being a specialist in just one part of the process.
Adam Smith illustrated the division of labour by referring to the example of the manufacture of pins: ‘one man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head … it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper; and the important part of making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them’.
Smith calculated that by these means, ten people could make 4,800 pins a day, whereas if they had each made the whole pin, they would only have produced about 200 pins a day. Smith saw this principle of the division of labour as fundamental to efficiency and thus to prosperity, and as manufacturing became more and more automated, the aim became to identify those elements of the division of labour what were susceptible to automation.
Faster, cheaper, more efficiently: these are the words we are accustomed to associate with automation and computers. Computers are a means of reducing costs, eliminating the routine, enabling governments and companies to perform their business quickly and cheaply. We judge automation by its ability to cut unit costs and increase speed. Businesses look to keep IT costs as low as possible, to minimise support costs.
But is this vision of automation, rooted as it is in the Industrial Revolution, the right one? Can it be true that computers are just a means of streamlining the division of labour? When I started work as a librarian in the civil service in 1979, if I wanted to answer a letter, I drafted a reply in longhand. I put my draft reply in the outbox, and a messenger would take it to the typing pool. A professionally trained typist would type the letter, and a messenger would bring it back for me to check and correct.
The typing of a letter was a small example of the division of labour. However, with the emergence of personal computers and word processing, I started to type the letter myself. The typing pool disappeared, even though I am a very inefficient typist. If I needed to have a draft of my letter checked, I sent it by email, rather than office messenger, and this job also disappeared.
Far from reinforcing the division of labour, the personal computer has dissolved it. The production of a letter has become a job involving one person, rather than the three or four who were involved in 1979. Since this involves my very poor and inefficient one-finger typing, it is by no means clear that this is an improvement in efficiency, even if it may involve some reduction in staff costs. The networked computer is an all-purpose machine that challenges the idea of the division of labour. I can use a networked computer to do a host of things that previously required specialist equipment and facilities: make phone calls, send text communications, write, calculate, read books, watch films, listen to music, book travel, take photographs, make videos— the list is endless. This is the antithesis of the division of labour.
Because the networked computer is an all-purpose machine acting as an extension of my mind, giving me new opportunities for creativity and imagination, it is much much more than something that just enables routine jobs to be done more quickly and cheaply so as to promote economic growth and prosperity. The networked computer is a powerful means of reimagining the world and reshaping human understanding in more beautiful ways.
When I was a teenager, I was entranced by the music of John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen. I was excited by the way Cage had experimented with audio frequency oscillators, wire coils and variable speed turntables in the 1930s and 1940s to produce some of the first electronic music. Stockhausen said of his pioneering 1955 electronic piece, Gesang der Jünglinge (Song of Youths), “I often dream that I can fly, and I want to make music fly. I put my hands on the faders and I send sounds through the air.” The attraction of electronic music is not that it is cheaper or more efficient, but rather that it opens up new creative visions. The most exciting explorations of digital technology are those which investigate its potential to generate innovative sounds and visions. David Hockney did not produce iPad art because it was quicker or more efficient but rather because of the new affordances of the iPad. Artists exploring algorithmic art do so because of the different form of creativity it offers.
To make music fly—to make all human knowledge and creativity fly into completely new and unexpected dimensions—to create unexpected visions of greater beauty and complexity, pushing our imagination further than before—these are what the computer is capable of doing. These are more worthy and compelling ambitions than that of simply performing routine tasks more quickly and cheaply. We need to jettison the idea of the computer as a business machine and instead start to embrace more fully the idea of the computer as a dream engine and extension of our imagination. Adam Smith, writing at the beginning of the industrial period, saw the division of labour as one of the chief explanations of the apparent difference in wealth between advanced European countries and what he saw as more backward agricultural states. The division of labour, and our assumptions about automation promoting efficiency, are deeply enmeshed in these Enlightenment ideas of the nature of progress. Our visions of computing are profoundly linked to Enlightenment conceptions of the arc of progress.
The computer will free us from repetitive labour, promote education and bring continual growth and prosperity. The Enlightenment vision of progress is a linear one. Our assumptions about the value of computing are closely tied to such a view of progress.
the oceans and increasing global inequalities, does the optimistic Enlightenment view of progress still hold? Maybe we want to think about other shapes in imaging history and the future. Our view of history remains dominated by Europe which presents itself as the apotheosis of human achievement—a process Jack Goody has called ‘the theft of history’. That needs changing, and we need to decolonise history. In breaking away from Enlightenment historical models, China, India and Africa all offer potential alternative perspectives. And we can turn to other historical periods—how did Babylonia engage with the emergence of writing? How do the middle ages suggest alternative approaches to the division of labour? We must embrace the beauty and excitement of the networked computer for its own sake and explore how this all-purpose machine can reshape and reignite our imaginations. But for this to be successful, it needs to be a process which breaks away from commercial constraints. This means abandoning cost and efficiency as yardsticks for computerisation. Forget management life cycles; think instead of tinkering, experimenting, wrangling and failing (best of all, failing expensively). Don’t get Google or Microsoft to run your corporate systems; build and run them yourselves. This is another reason why the fight for the health of the internet is so important. A healthy internet means an untrammelled human imagination.
Andrew Prescott researches Digital Humanities at the University of Glasgow. He is a medieval historian who previously worked in the Department of Manuscripts at the British Library, where he coordinated a number of digital projects, including most notably Electronic Beowulf.


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From the US to Israel, we know that the path to safety for all is in building joint struggles for justice and showing up to protect and defend one another. That’s the exchange–between people’s movements rather than policing–that we must grow.
We are working with an incredible group of advisors and campaign partners (public soon).
This campaign is a direct response to the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions call from Palestinian civil society, as well as the Vision For Black Lives Policy Platform call to divest from deadly systems and invest in education, health, and safety of Black people. We also see this campaign as complementary to the defense and expansion of the definition of sanctuary led by groups like Mijente.
If you’re part of an organization or group we invite you to endorse the campaign here.
If you’re part of a JVP chapter or other local organization and want to think about how to build coalitions, check out our additional resources below.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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When you have a mass tort lawyers - roundup issue, there are many benefits to choosing a local mass tort lawyers - roundup lawyer. In addition to supporting a member of your Savoy community, you are also choosing a lawyer that is more convenient to travel to, being local to Savoy, than if you were to choose a lawyer outside of the Savoy area.
By hiring a reputable Savoy mass tort lawyers - roundup lawyer, you can ensure that your case will be handled in the most professional manner possible. And finding a good, experienced local Savoy mass tort lawyers - roundup lawyer will give you the comfort of knowing that if you should have another mass tort lawyers - roundup issue in the future, your lawyer is right around the corner.


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If you require Low Cost Car Rental in Panama City, our competitive prices we offer are the best on the web. No matter how large your group is, we can compare both Automatic and Manual Transmission vehicles to suit your needs. Perhaps while you are in Panama City you might want to pick up a Mini Bus, a Luxury Prestige Car or a Simple Cost Effective Model? The Car Rental option for you is only a few clicks away, so you you can relax and enjoy your time in Panama City, Panama.
When you make a reservation to collect, it's good to know you're Renting A Car from a great company. We search for Low Cost Prices from trusted suppliers, such as Avis, Enterprise and Alamo, that attain very high standards of safety, cleanliness and value. When your online booking is complete, you can relax, knowing you'll be picking up a great Rental Car in Panama City, and you can focus on more important matters.
When you book your Rental Car for collection in Panama City, you are able to include some additions with your reservation. The extras are offered to make your experience more convenient. You are able to include additional insurance cover for peace of mind, add an extra driver or if you are travelling with children, have Child Seats. Simply select the items you require via our easy to use booking process. We also offer full support, so if you have any issues regarding you reservation or you wish to make any changes to your reservation, CarHire4Lower.com help is available online or you can contact us by phone.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


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The atmosphere in the house affects your mood. Coming into a cozy apartment is nice to plunge into the process of rest and thought. When the walls themselves help you to think and find answers to complex questions. Important in the setting will be the wyckes furniture. It plays a key role in arranging your home. Someone prefers functional furniture that will help alleviate some household chores. Others believe that the main feature of the wyckes furniture should be simplicity and elegance. How many people, so many opinions. But the main thing that all of them are united by this independence in choosing the design of their home. What is a challenge in our time.
How to choose the right wyckes furniture?
First, decide on your inner world. What are your distinctive features? You are a creative person or are leaning towards meticulousness and accuracy. Each of these factors will be important in the selection of wyckes furniture. If you are a disciplined person and like order, furniture in minimalist style will suit you. It should not be much. Surfaces and corners should be smooth and neat. The main thing here is to keep a balance between rigor and order. After all, the main thing is the maximum functionality without saturated colors. Creative people should pay attention to the bright design and non-standard examples of wyckes furniture. Resting in such a room, they will enjoy the uniqueness of their design and generate new ideas. It is also possible decoration of furniture with its decor. I know how some artists order their usual colorless wyckes furniture, which they turn into works of art. It all depends on you, because you will live surrounded by these objects and the right situation is a guarantee of coziness and comfort.
Where can I buy new wyckes furniture?
In the distant past, people had to make furniture for themselves. They turned out amazing shapes and not always practical. Lack of choice pushed them to such steps. We were lucky much more. Nowadays we have a lot of wyckes furniture. The range is so large that the eyes just run away. A large number of companies are doing everything to make your wishes come true. Furniture can be bought in large stores or pick up there such styles that you will make to order. It is also possible to order wyckes furniture online. You do not have to go to large shops for hours. The official website of the company presents thousands of copies of finished furniture. And even if you could not choose there something to your taste, you can always make an order according to your sketches. Do not be afraid to change the interior of your home. Buy new wyckes furniture. You will be pleased to be in the new atmosphere of the house, drinking a mug of coffee with freshly baked muffins.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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On June 28, 2018, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker signed House Bill 4640 (the so-called “Grand Bargain”) into law. Among other things, this new law will bring Paid Family and Medical Leave to Massachusetts starting on January 1, 2021.
Who is eligible to take Paid Family and Medical Leave?
This new leave law covers nearly all private sector employees.
What leave benefits are available?
Up to 26 weeks of job-protected paid family leave to care for a covered servicemember.
This leave entitlement is subject to a combined maximum of twenty-six weeks of total leave in a year, which means that employees cannot take more than 26 weeks of paid family and medical leave in one benefit year.
Does Paid Family and Medical Leave run concurrently with federal FMLA or other mandated leaves of absence?
Yes. Paid family and medical leave will run concurrently with both federal FMLA and Massachusetts Parental Leave. However, if an employee takes Paid Family and Medical Leave but, at the time, is ineligible for federal FMLA may still take FMLA in the same benefit year, but only if the employee is eligible to take FMLA.
Is there a waiting period for taking Paid Family and Medical Leave?
In most circumstances, there is a 7-day waiting period before an employee can take paid family and medical leave. During that period, employees may use accrued sick leave or vacation pay or other paid leave.
The only exception is where an employee wants to take medical leave during pregnancy or recovery from childbirth. The employee will be able to take paid family and medical leave if the employee’s need for leave is immediate and the employee provides documentation from her medical provider.
What are the employee’s return to work rights?
Following the employee’s return from leave, the employee must be restored to the same or equivalent positions that he/she previously held.
How is the Paid Family and Medical Leave program funded?
The program will be funded through a payroll tax, which will be split between employers and employees.
Employees will be required to cover 100% of the contributions for family leave and 40% of the contributions for personal medical leave.
Employers with over 25 employees will be responsible for paying 60% of the contributions for personal medical leave.
Employers with 25 or less employees will not be required to contribute towards personal medical leave, but they will still be required to deduct the payroll tax from employees’ wages.
These contributions will begin on July 1, 2019.
Family member: The spouse, domestic partner, child, parent or parent of a spouse or domestic partner of the employee; a person who stood in loco parentis to the employee when he/she was a minor child; or a grandchild, grandparent or sibling of the employee.
o Continuing treatment by a health care provider.
o Making arrangements following the death of the military member.
While these leave rights are several years away, all Massachusetts employers need to start preparing for paid family and medical leave. In the coming months, we expect that there will be guidance released to help employers prepare for this leave.


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Promote your company through an article about Caribbean Sea holidays, day trips or courses. Costs start at just £50 (€70 / $80) for a permanent article that promotes your services to our 50,000+ monthly visitors.
Know enough about Caribbean Sea to write an article about it? Been on Caribbean Sea holidays and want to share your experience? Please get in touch with your ideas.
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industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


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As hedge fund performance stalls and bonuses drop, job security concerns increase.
The 2012 Hedge Fund Compensation Report reveals that hedge fund managers anticipated an increase in base salary but a shortfall in year-end bonuses. The average reported cash compensation for 2011 was $311,000, just slightly higher than last year’s compensation. The annual industry report is based on data collected directly from hundreds of hedge fund managers and employees.
Last year 45 percent of hedge fund professionals reported double digit positive returns for their fund. This year that number dropped to only 16 percent. The number expecting their funds to be down 10 percent or less went from 3 percent to 22 percent. Only 4 percent expect their funds’ performance to sink by double digits.
This decrease in fund performance and bonus payout has some professionals worried. Employees surveyed cited market conditions and the pace of redemptions as concerns and the hedge fund job market is supporting those concerns.
According to this year’s report, although one out of four funds is looking for research analysts, there is little other hiring going on in the industry. Even in this difficult environment, 44 percent reported that, overall, they are happy with their compensation.
The Report has grown to become the most comprehensive benchmark for hedge fund compensation practices in the industry. Respondents participating over the years represent some of the largest and most recognized hedge fund firms, including: Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Barclays, Citi, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, JP Morgan Chase & Co., RBC, UBP Asset Management, UBS and Wells Fargo Alternative Strategies.
"I did find very useful your salary guide - that definitely helped me to negotiate my offer."
"I’m very pleased with the copy of the Private Equity Compensation Report I purchased this morning."
[I use the Report] to benchmark my own compensation vs. the industry.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


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How to Cut Costs Without Reducing Quality or Guests’ Experience - We often talk about the astounding number of ways there are to lose money in the restaurant business, whether it’s in the kitchen, dining room, bar, storage areas or back office.
This being the case, it stands to reason that there are also lots of things that operators can do to stem potential losses by modifying how they do business in these areas.
Evaluate your inventory levels product by product and base your reorder levels on how much you think you’ll actually use until the next delivery comes in and add in a small but reasonable safety factor. By reducing excess inventory you’ll have less waste and spoilage and you’ll likely see your staff do a better job of portioning and handling your expensive products when there is less of it on hand.
One of the most basic and effective cost controls in the restaurant business If actual usage is greater that the POS (point of sale) usage, investigate immediately. Could be a sign of theft, over portioning or other food-use problems.
If there’s a training gap or people are careless when slicing, dicing, or prepping anything in your kitchen, good, usable (and expensive) products can end up in the trash. Move all the trash cans out of the kitchen, and replace them with clear plastic food boxes.
Operators occasionally inspect the contents of dish room trash cans and often find expensive china, glass, silverware, etc. They are potential profit holes.
Having a video camera pointed towards your back door and dumpster area allows you to play back the suspicious periods of occurrence.
Specific times are set for removing trash, giving managers the opportunity to visually inspect what is being discarded.
Consolidating the majority of purchases with one supplier tends to offer the opportunity to lower overall food prices and costs. Close relationship with their prime supplier is one of the main reasons for their success.
A casual or slow pace especially during these times may indicate that they could get the same amount of work done on their shift with fewer hours on your clock.
Prepare the weekly labor schedule based on anticipated sales and customer counts. As business slows or ramps up, adjust employee hours accordingly.
Detailed specs are needed to ensure consistency of your products and to accurately compare bids.
11. Don’t accept deliveries during lunch!
Have a plan to use usable trim and by-products somewhere else on the menu. Soups, garnishes, sauces, etc.
It makes it much easier for staff to see what has been tossed and the dishwasher can separate utensils before emptying the scrapings into the trash.
Over purchasing is one of the most expensive things. It leads to more waste, spoilage and over-portioning.
Keep a record of what you ordered, the quantity ordered and the quoted price.
After properly checking in a delivery, have one or more of your employees put the delivery away.
Use a properly designed cashier checkout form so you can catch any cash discrepancies for each cashier.
Weigh products that you buy by weight.
Keep your scales (and portioning) accurate by regularly calibrating them using a separate weight like a roll or two of coins. A roll of dimes weighs 4 ounces; a roll of quarters, 8 ounces.
There are times when a higher food cost can mean more profit. Steak may have a high food cost but it will usually bring in more gross profit dollars.
It’s a fact: What gets measured improves your bottom line and your biggest and most volatile costs are food, beverage and labor costs.
An often overlooked area for cost savings is that of linen and laundry. To reduce this cost is to issue towels and aprons at the beginning of each shift rather than allow staff to get them whenever they want.
A proven method for reducing theft and unrecorded sales is to keep backup inventory of liquor, beer and winder under lock and key. Keep a inventory log of all items issued and of deliveries from vendors.
Have you ever watched as your bartender is pouring a draft beer and has the glass tilted to the spout while foam flows down the drain? On average, restaurants waste 5-10 % on draft beer. Temperature, air pressure and dirty beer lines greatly affect your yield.
It’s amazing how much silverware gets thrown into soiled linen bags.
Schedules should be made to meet the demand of anticipated sales. Actual labor cost should be compared with sales daily as a measure of efficiency.
The shift manager can carry it during the shift and refer to it often to see when employees should begin side work or cleanup as business slows down.
Having a POS or cash register system capable of sending orders to the kitchen or bar will help reduce your cost of sales by at least 5%. You ensure accountability and reduce the opportunity for theft.
When you establish a selling price you also establish the anticipated profit.
First, projecting a cost target is to create a master inventory list and pricing of every ingredient you purchase. Using the master inventory, you can calculate the cost of every recipe and menu item for comparison with the selling price of the menu item.
The prerequisite for controlling food cost is to know what your food cost should be – your food cost target. The difference is the potential cost savings lost to over-portioning, theft & waste.
Table condiments, chips and salsa, bread and butter; are all surround costs which need to be considered to have accurate menu cost expectations.
Pre-portion is necessary to control costs and stick to predetermined recipes.
Display quick-reference charts at each station, containing ingredients and portions for each menu item.
A set of forms that contain a listing of all the products a restaurant uses. It is divided into separate sections such as meat, produce, cleaning suppliers and paper. The order guide form is used as a tool for counting and tracking all items in the restaurant making it easier to reorder also placing orders with vendors.. By seeing historical product usage, you can adjust your pars as needed and keep inventory at optimum levels.
Holding managers accountable to maintain documented reasons for voids and discounts will reduce the likelihood of them using the void function to pocket cash sales.
A proven method for tracking cash on hand is to first never mix cash received from sales with your cash-on- hand fund. Change the fund and petty cash fund at the end of every shift and have managers sign off.
Every so often during a shift pull a cashier’s or bartender’s cash drawer. Count the actual cash in the drawer, if there is a ‘overage’, you either have a problem with incompetence or someone’s cheating the business.
By establishing and constantly re-evaluating par levels for all prepped items, you help to reduce excessive waste.
If you cut your own steaks, seafood, poultry, etc., it is a certainty that the true cost per pound of the finished product will be significantly greater than the original purchase price.
Finding the optimum levels for your restaurant and meal periods ensures maximum productivity. When sales or customer counts are too low = possible scheduling or shift management problems Too many customers or too high of sales per each labor hour expanded = understaffing problems resulting in poor customer service.
Common methods for controlling cash at that cash register is to only allow the opening and closing of the cash drawer by ringing a sale or pressing the ‘No Sale’ key, both of which provide an audit trail.
Customer displays are used to show the price of each item being rung and the total of the bill. One of the easiest ways for bartenders or cashiers to steal from you is to under-ring the sale in the cash register while still charging the customer the full amount.
45. Never allow more than one person to access a cash drawer!
Rather than scheduling prep before you open, consider doing the majority of it during open hours and off-peak times. That way if you do suddenly get an unexpected rush you’ll have enough bodies to meet the demand.
By cross-training some of your staff to be able to do multiple jobs it allows you to reduce the number of staff schedules, especially for the kitchen line. It also allows you to supplement and employee’s hours by allowing them to work where needed rather than finding a few extra hours to make them happy.
Having additional staff to take up the slack when full-time workers are absent or approaching overtime is also a great way to avoid excessive overtime.
Keeping oil clean and fresh not only enhances the flavor of the food, but also prolongs the useful life and therefore helps controlling the cost.
Incorporating the temperature setting and use of equipment into opening, shift change and closing procedures can produce significant cost savings.


text:
OmniMount is voluntarily affecting a product safety upgrade for the following flat panel wall mounts: all FP-CL units (also marketed as “37ARM”) shipped between June 1, 2005 and December 15, 2005; all Plasma CL units (also marketed as “48ARM”) shipped between March 3, 2005 and December 15, 2005; and all Plasma UCL units (also marketed as “48ARMUA”) shipped between November 2, 2004 and December 15, 2005. During this time, some units were shipped with screws that were too short to properly engage the wrist pin. This could lead to a loosening of the wrist pin, and in rare cases, mount failure. Because OmniMount holds its products to the highest safety standards, a solution has been developed which is both safe and easy to implement.
OmniMount has designed a Safety Upgrade Kit to eliminate any chance of the wrist pin loosening. This free kit includes an installation guide and DVD. Consult OmniMount Customer Service if you have any questions regarding the proper installation of this Safety Upgrade Kit. Consumers will be able to call OmniMount Customer Service toll-free at 1-800-668-6848 Monday through Friday between the hours of 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. (Pacific time), send an e-mail to the company at safetykit@omnimount.com, or write to OmniMount, 1181 Trapp Road, Saint Paul, MN 55121, Attention: OmniMount Safety Upgrade Kit. OmniMount believes that most consumers, with a little assistance, can easily and safely install the Safety Upgrade Kit.
It is important that all FP-CL/37ARM units shipped between June 1, 2005 and December 15, 2005; all Plasma CL/48ARM units shipped between March 3, 2005 and December 15, 2005; and all Plasma UCL/48ARMUA units shipped between November 2, 2004 and December 15, 2005 be modified with this Safety Upgrade Kit. Use of the mount without this Safety Upgrade Kit may result in loosening of the wrist pin and, in rare cases, mount failure, which could result in property damage or personal injury. Until the Safety Upgrade Kit is installed, it is safe to use your flat panel, but we advise against movement of the flat panel.
No other OmniMount products are affected.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


text:
SpectroCoin is an all-in-one solution for Bitcoin. Services offered include a wide range of Bitcoin solutions, from exchanges to Bitcoin e-wallets. SpectroCoin builds its business policy on Bitcoin's philosophy of making financing quicker, frictionless, and flexible. Our service provides a solution for each client's needs instead of asking them to adapt to us. That includes every aspect of service, starting from the number of payout methods to the range of support languages available.
SpectroCoin has successfully combined technological reliability, infrastructural comprehensiveness, relevant experience, and academically based financial knowledge. By balancing these key strengths, SpectroCoin is able to be flexible and provide the highest-quality service for clients.


text:
Looking over racks of cards and boards at Computex occasionally nets you a mystery like this.
Remember the good old days when SiS (TPE:2363) was designing competing chipsets for various x86-platforms and were involved in all sorts of litigation?
Computex 2010: There is a fifth too…….
Remember when we said there was a fourth WARM partner yesterday?
It looks like Bulldozer and Ivy Bridge, the next generation AMD and Intel CPUs, are both delayed.
Smart enough to run both Linux and Android.
Insignal from Korea has just outed a cheap board that should ease the development of ARM-based embedded applications.
It looks like Intel X79 boards are making the rounds, and here is a tasty one, the Gigabyte GA-X79A-UD3.
Windows 8 on ARM is going to be a lot more than Intel is giving it credit for, and a lot less than the MS hype.
Sandy Sniper? Assassin Bridge? Hello Kitty?
Gigabyte is putting out a killer new board, or is that a new Killer board?
Gigabyte was showing off three mobos before Computex, two Llano based and one Z68 with a twist.
Now we just need the CPUs….
It looks like Bulldozer is close, really close, and the 990FX boards for it look are mode or less done.
It’s the S|A weekly roundup!
The crew over at Xtreview spilled the beans on the clock speeds of mobile “Llano” chips this week,and NGOHQ leaked a whole bunch of Llano slides, the most impressive part of them being the 145 design wins number.
Two days late but at least not a dollar short.
Every time Microsoft (NADSAQ:MSFT) lost a market and woke up one or two years after they start half-hearted attempts to regain the market.
Word has come to SemiAccurate that Nvidia plans to talk about ‘Synergy’ at Computex, something we are told is the new name for Optimus on the desktop.


text:
My heavens, betrayed by one of our own protectors!
Player fcm (wolf) has been ejected; the Guard role card has been discarded.
Player chris -- The King -- has been detained.
Player blind (human) has been shredded.
No players are required to vote today.
Note: Chris may privately choose any other living player to switch roles with; Chris' new role will be revealed and he may then use the new role's power today as well. The player who receives the King role in exchange will be privately informed so, and this information will not be publicly revealed.
The game is once again at lynch or lose. However, if Chris chooses to use his power(s) today, that may effectively determine the conclusion of the game, in which case I will process an ending as soon as possible.
Hmm. So well I guess it's only Zark and me here.
It's gonna be just random either way I guess.
The real question is if this will be a tiebreaker or if the king will intervene.
Actually, there is no vote required today. So our votes are meaningless. We just have to wait for Chris to do something I guess.
Our votes are meaningless anyway. The king can trade places with either of us and get out of detention.
Was FCM alpha or convert?
The king can trade roles not places.
The King has made his selection, and roles have been swapped.
Chris' new role is the Princess. Chris now holds the sole (albeit essentially useless) vote for the day. The Princess' other power of personal protection is no longer in effect as, regardless of faction, the role is now eligible to be killed.
Because nothing can effect the outcome at this point, the game is technically over. Locking thread and writing up the conclusion.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


text:
I am a very caring professional. I was the CEO of a Home Health and Hospice agency for many years. Now I am starting a new company to combat Alzheimer’s. My wife is a nurse and possible the kindest person I have ever met! We have lots of experience. We have been animals dozens of times in our lives.
We are traveling a lot for my start-up, primarily to San Francisco. My wife is extremely fulfilled when she is caring for animals.
My wife and I are both extremely experienced animal caretakers. We have both helped dozens of people over the years, primarily with dogs and cats. My wife is the biggest animal lover I have ever known. We are both professionals as well. April is a Nurse and I am a doctor of cognitive neuroscience.
April and Jeff are wonderful!!
While away visiting family for the holidays, we knew that both our home and dogs were in the best hands.
Our nearly 12 year old rescue dog is a good girl, but projectile sheds. She loves the outdoors, yet her joints are older than she realizes. Our less than 1 year old rescue dog is rambunctious, loves to chew and still also timid. Jeff and April managed to care for each of them on their own terms- with walks that were appropriate for the older dog and runs that satisfied the younger one.
The pictures they texted made us feel closer to home and showed two happy, loved and exercised dogs.
When we got home, the house was tidy, dogs were relaxed and we were thrilled. Having a couple who cares and communicates gave us the peace of mind to truly enjoy our time away.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


text: It’s the fervently held opinion of Ross that Waiheke offers kayaking every bit as good as the legendary Abel Tasman National Park. He should know – he's been offering guided kayak trips for 20 years. Experienced sea kayakers can comfortably circumnavigate the island in four days, exploring coves and sand spits inaccessible by land. Paddle boards also available for hire.


text:
Queso Blanco with Roasted Corn, Kale, and Tomatoes with tortilla chips is a perfect appetizer to enjoy while watching the Super Bowl, or any of your favorite sports on game day for that matter.
Kevin is still mourning the loss of his beloved Steelers.
Logan has finally accepted that his Broncos wouldn’t be enjoying a back-to-back Super Bowl victory, but we’ll still be going to a Super Bowl Party this coming Sunday anyway.
Kevin and Logan don’t usually miss a chance to enjoy watching the a good football game.
I love any chance to spend time with friends enjoy some of my favorite game day appetizers – like this Queso Blanco with Roasted Corn, Kale, and Tomatoes.
I first made this recipe for Queso a couple of years ago when we had a neighbor get together to celebrate the last day of school.
We ended up with rain, and lots of friends would be going out of town for the summer, so rather than canceling the party, we ended up clearing out Kevin’s garage and moving the party in there.
The rain let up enough later that we could sit out on the driveway and roast some s’mores around the fire pit.
It was a fun time and everyone agreed that Queso Blanco with Roasted Corn, Kale, and Tomatoes was pretty awesome.
You might not think of thinks like roasted corn, tomatoes, or kale (especially) when it comes to something like queso….but believe me it is my favorite way to eat queso.
To roast the corn, you can either grill corn on the cob and cut it off or you can use the cheater method of draining and drying canned corn.
Once it is dry, you cook it stovetop in a cast iron pan until it starts to blacken.
It develops a really awesome flavor, and doesn’t taste like it was canned.
The tomatoes and kale add a little extra veggies to go along with the mounds of cheese (and no doubt dozens of tortilla chips you’ll use dipping), but they also add some nice color and texture. YUM!
Last, but not least, Sweet and Spicy Rosemary Bar Nuts are the perfect snack to have in a bowl.
What will you be eating this Super Bowl Sunday?
Cut the cream cheese and Queso Blanco into cubes.
Add to a slow cooker on high heat. Pour in the milk and salsa verde. Stir to combine.
Cover and cook until melted and creaming, stirring periodically.
While the cheese is melting, add the corn to a cast iron skillet over medium-high heat and cook (dry, without oil) until it begins to roast and brown, about 5 - 10 minutes.
Meanwhile, remove the seeds and stem of the poblano and dice it. Add it to the pan with the corn.
Stir and then cook an additional 3-5 minutes until corn has a grilled or roasted appearance.
Dice the tomatoes; finely chop the cilantro and the kale.
Stir into the melted queso.
Cook over low for 20 – 30 minutes, until heated through. Serve.
Use a poblano or a jalapeño depending on your personal heat preferences. Poblano peppers will be milder than jalapeños. Deseeding the pepper will also tame the heat without taking away the flavor. I like using both, with seeds removed.


text:
Which gunpowder battles would you like to see animated? Discuss that here.
I'll vote for Rossbach or Leuthen.
I would like to see Battle of Minden (August 1st, 1759) explained in this way.
If I continue to get requests for Frederick the Great, Rossbach and Minden will be animated.
Sorry about that. I haven't had time to dig into the site yet.
Blenheim's already been animated, Cowpens is in the animating stages although I'd like to do a number of Revolutionary battles. At this point, Brandywine or Monmouth are on that list.
A couple from the Mexican war, Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.
Viewed your site. Terrific idea. I just wish I could zoom in better, everything was unreadable, Too bad my system is so bad.
All of my animations are offered in PowerPoint format which I strongly recommend using to view them. However, this may prove problematic for some - like Mac users - and many are offered in video format.
The original video quality was quite poor and but 10 animations have been released in a better quality video format where the text is readable. I hope to have 24 animations in such format by the end of the year.
Yes the videos are just way more epic thank you.
Would like to see a suvorov and conde battle.Maybe novi and rocroi.
u already have done adolphus,frederick and marlbrough.Turenne is missing though.
From the napoleonic wars rivoli,wagram,saragossa.lutzen.
Recently saw the Six Days Campaign of 1814, this was awesome use of visuals to make clarify the events.
If you are still looking for suggestions, may I recommend the Battle of Chateauguay in October 1813. It is one of the batlles of the 1812 war.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


text:
The Naples Asian Professionals Association announced it is holding its annual Asia Fest in celebration of the Lunar New Year: The Year of the Dog. This celebration will feature Asian cuisine, vendors and live cultural entertainment, and will be held on February 9, 2019, from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. at the Alliance for the Arts on McGregor Boulevard in Fort Myers.
The Naples Asian Professionals Association (NAPA) is a 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization. A portion of the net proceeds from Asia Fest go to support the organization’s mission of promoting the professional development of Asian Americans in Southwest Florida. Scholarships are provided by NAPA to local students, and financial support is also given to other non-profit partners in education.
In 2018, the organization raised thousands of dollars at its annual Asia Fest to provide grants and educational support.
To be eligible to receive a scholarship from NAPA, Asian-American high school students in Collier County and Lee County are evaluated on the basis of their academic achievements, commitment to community services, an essay, and a final review by the NAPA committee.
NAPA asks the community to join them in helping to enrich their community with cultural diversity as well as other multicultural values.


text:
Waurn Ponds Hearing Clinic provides a comprehensive range of hearing services.
We are centrally located on Pioneer Road providing easy parking and access to our services. We cater for all hearing needs from age 3 and upwards. We are a privately owned independent local business. We can provide clear independent advice about the full range of hearing products and services available. We are able to fit trial hearing aids from several manufacturers for those unsure of whether hearing aids are the answer.
We are accredited providers of services for eligible pensioners and veterans under the Office of Hearing Services scheme and Victorian Workcover. We are able to provide repair and maintenance services on site. We have a large range of assistive listening devices on show in our reception area for those wishing to explore available options.
We also provide Ear Wax removal services.
‘I was, and still am, pleasantly delighted with the outstanding service, time, attention to detail and helpful advice received at Waurn Ponds Hearing Clinic.
‘I am writing this statement because to me the recipient of my observations has been very satisfying in controlling and aiding my very poor hearing.
Fiona Sutherland’s approach was not to rely on just one product but to test me on several.
‘I was using my third set of hearing aids (from another hearing provider) without much success.
‘Love the technology in my aids – they work really well with my smartphone.
As a team we can provide you with clear, understandable options for your consideration. We see both private and government-funded clients, and provide the same service to all. At your first consultation we will ask you to provide us with some honest answers to your current issues and after completing the hearing test we will explain what your hearing levels are in comparison with others.
If intervention is possible we will explain the options and any costs involved. Our staff do not receive any commissions for sales nor do we have any preferred supplier deals, so we are free to provide you with all the options on the market. We strongly encourage you to bring a family member or a friend to the appointment. If hearing devices are an option we encourage a free trial of the device for a few weeks so you can gain a clear understanding of how it feels to wear a hearing aid and any benefits it may give.
We aim for none of our clients to put their hearing aids in the drawer as only clients that have seen benefits after trial will be encouraged to pursue hearing aids.
Get in touch or book an appointment today!
We encourage you to book an appointment with us today or to call our staff for a friendly chat.


text:
Guest User ‘hi. I have been researching the JENNIFER PHP. Would it be possible to use JENNIFER not on the Apache server, but on the Nginx environment?
It would be possible if your environment transfers the pho-fpm on the Ngnix. The JENNIFER PHP supports the following Linux and php versions.
It works over Linux kernel 2.6.18 or above. Also, the JENNIFER only supports the PHP based on apache2 module and php-fpm.
The JENNIFER supports from PHP 5.2.x to 5.6.x based on Apache module and php-fpm. We continue to expand the supporting version.


text:
David Tan: Reading log - "Falling leaves"
Reading log - "Falling leaves"
How does the text relate to the theme of a journey?
The storyline of the novel “Falling Leaves” is about Adeline Yen Mah’s life. Her true life journey in China during the civil war was a time of fear, isolation and humiliation and how she beat the odds. Her mother died two weeks after her birth and Adeline was considered to be a source of bad luck by her family. Her father remarried a beautiful Eurasian woman one year later who was incredibly abusive, and her siblings treated her horribly except James. This is the story of how she survived to become a doctor and most successful in the family.
What is the main issue in the text?
The important point is that all Adeline wanted was the love and acceptance from her family, even though her step-mother who treated her like dirt, she became a successful person in spite of that. Adeline always had this dream of a united family where no one was treated badly. Her step-mother was neither kind nor good, yet she yearned for her approval for her entire life. Despite her family members mistreated her again and again, she never gives up on her dream.
What quality do you admire or dislike in a character?
My least favourite character would have to be Niang, the step-mother as I cannot believe how selfish, mean and cruel any person could be especially to a child who is not their own. Although Adeline excelled in her studies, she didn’t say a word of praise or encouragement; on the contrary, she ill-treated her. As for her own daughter, Susan, I couldn’t believe she chose to disinherit her with a ridiculous excuse. Her irrational act causes her to be forlorn and childless. She died without a friend.
How does the text develop your understanding of the world?
It was horrible during the civil war in China. From the novel we understand the concept of inflation by the illustration of Adeline’s second brother, Edgar stole two American dollars and change it to two bags of China currency and buried them in the backyard. Besides that, in Shanghai, there were cars and trams, beautifully dressed people listening to jazz. Meanwhile, there was a lot of poverty, too. Apart from that, a money-driven society in Hong Kong somehow had neglected the importance of love in family. In order to be respected by society, one has to be rich and well off. Money makes the world go round.


text:
I don't know about y'all, but I am BEAT. It's been a WHIRLWIND of a week. I took the entire week off and enjoyed every single second of it! It was such an amazing feeling to wake up every morning, knowing I'd get to hang with my daughter all. day. long.
My older brother, his wife & their two young boys flew into Kansas City early Sunday morning. I haven't seen them in almost two years, so the week was spent catching up and best of all, watching our kiddos interact with each other for the first time.
I am the youngest of three, and I was cursed blessed with having two OLDER brothers. Just when I finally think we've gotten over the hump of being the teased little sister, they prove me wrong. In their eyes, I'm still an 8 year old running around with my dolly. We still fight like we're teenagers, but hey, they're family. And I kinda love 'em.
We celebrated Thanksgiving with my family on Thursday and spent the weekend celebrating with Jon's side. My mother in law is a caterer, total SCORE. We always like to mix it up with Jon's side of the family with regard to the menu, and this Thanksgiving was FULL of meat. We had deer. We had two different flavors of ribs. We had lamb. We had pork tenderloin.
After we recovered from our meat coma, we ran out for a quick trip to the Christmas tree farm and got our tree up and decorated later that day. It was a WET weekend here in Kansas City so we didn't get out much and while I tend to go stir crazy, I actually loved being rained in with the family. After the bustle of the week, it was nice to wind down in our home.
It's a chance to take some extra time off work and just BE. Be with those you love, making MEMORIES that will last a lifetime.
Those moments, THOSE are what I'm thankful for.
Thanks for allowing me to share some of these moments with YOU. I am so thankful for the friendships I've made with so many of you ladies all across the United States. I hope you had a wonderful holiday weekend surrounded by those you love most, making memories that you'll treasure forever.

industry_corpus2: Others