text:
Private Detective West Midlands gives a wide range of services for the variety type of individuals in Coal Pool. From unfaithful partners to recovering debt in Coal Pool, Fallings Heath, County Bridge, Darlaston Green and Darlaston, the Private Detective West Midlands team provides expert services which are very effective.
Popular services that Private Detective West Midlands carries out include Lie Detector Tests, Surveillance, and Investigations in Coal Pool. Private Detective West Midlands gives a multitude of services ranging from Marital to Business in Coal Pool of West Midlands.
Private Detective West Midlands have understanding, learned staff to help you with anything you may require. Private Detective West Midlands is well versed with the tricks of the trade, having operated for many years in Coal Pool and the nearby areas.
Somebody who owes you cash has recently skipped town in Coal Pool without leaving a sending address. So as to get the debtor, private agents from Private Detective West Midlands can investigate him to get back your cash.
Your spouse has been showing some actions that indicate he could be having an affair within Coal Pool. He keeps his phone screen hidden from you and is also secretive with his devices like the phone and his laptop and therefore you have decided to find help from Private Detective West Midlands, Dudley's Fields.
A staff member who works for your company in Darlaston has been working at a different place while he was supposed to be on sick leave. Private Detective West Midlands can help you collect the evidence that proves your suspicions that your employee is working 2 jobs, while taking sick pay from you.
You are worried about the whereabouts of your youngsters when they are with their dad in Daw End. He does not keep good company and you worry about their influence on your children, so, you think Private Detective West Midlands could help by investigating his behaviour.
You come upon your landlord in your Dudley's Fields home when there is no one, though he says he is checking things out, you are not convinced. Finding out if your landlord has bugged your Coal Pool home is doable though the help of Private Detective West Midlands.
You want to be sure that a potential business partner in Coal Pool is honest in their dealings. If you want to study a company's background in Fallings Heath, come to Private Detective West Midlands for assistance.
You have noticed your lovely looking nanny takes your children to places you did not sanction in Coal Pool lately, and you are worried. You will need Private Detective West Midlands to carry out an employee monitoring service on her, so that your mind could be at rest.
Being a solicitor, you're supposed to deliver court papers to someone whose address is unknown near Coal Pool. Private Detective West Midlands can find you the address using their many years of experience in this field and then they can serve the court papers.
The Private Detective West Midlands team can investigate the residential address of a previous spouse and serve these documents in West Midlands. Private Detective West Midlands is quite specialist and also skilled inside their services shipping and delivery.
This is a frequent incidence inside Dudley's Fields where individuals claim they can have got experienced a lot more accidental injuries compared to they managed it concerning help make a lot more coming from insurance policy in case there is a major accident compared to they actually are worthy of. Private Detective West Midlands can investigate into cases of insurance fraud in the Coal Pool area.


text:
How do you beat Cut the Rope Experiments level 3-24 in Sticky Steps? This page contains the solution of level 3-24 in episode 3 (Sticky Steps) from the popular iOS and Android game Cut the Rope Experiments. This step-by-step walkthrough will guide you through each and every part of this game and assist you with the solution to complete this level with 3 stars.
Detach the suction cup and reattach it once the candy collects a bubble and a star. Use the button to shoot the candy with a new rope. Pop the bubble, the candy will swing and collect a second star. Cut the right rope, the candy will swing to the left and collect the third star and a bubble. Let the bubble rise up and cut the rope, the candy will fly to Om Nom. Feel free to add a comment when you've got a different strategy.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


text:
The expert advisers at Bourne & Co can assist you in minimising your liability to a range of taxes.
Self-assessment tax returns are notoriously complex, and many individuals can be susceptible to making errors.
Our advisers have many years’ experience in reviewing clients’ income tax affairs.
Bourne & Co can help you to make the most of the tax opportunities that may be available to you.
Trusts are useful ways in which to ensure that assets are set aside for your beneficiaries, outside of the scope of inheritance tax.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


text:
Dutch ovens are tools that can last a lifetime; good thing, too, because some of them can get pretty pricey. The only caveat? You have to care for them properly. You don't have to season or love them quite as much as a cast-iron skillet (that enameled coating really helps make your job easier!), but there are some things you should never do.
Here are five mistakes to avoid with your prized Dutch oven.
1. Using it on very high heat.
I confess to making this mistake for years before I realized the truth. Because Dutch ovens do such a great job of retaining heat, using them on medium-high or high heat is actually too hot. The pot can scorch if it's this hot and food can burn and actually stick to the surface. Cooking at medium heat is more than sufficient for the pot.
Follow this tip: Always cook on medium or low heat, even when frying or searing. Use high heat only when boiling a full pot of water, or reducing a stock or sauce.
2. Preheating it empty or on high heat.
Just like above, preheating a Dutch oven on high heat is as bad as cooking with it on high heat. It can heat up too fast and the surface and food can burn. Also, you never want to preheat it while empty -- this can cause the enamel to crack -- so drizzle your olive oil in first and then switch the stovetop on.
Follow this tip: Pour oil or drop that pat of butter into the pot before you start heating it -- and make sure that heat is no higher than medium. Also, never place an empty pot in a hot oven. If you're baking no-knead bread, we've found that it's OK to put an empty pot in a cold oven and preheat both together, slowly, but know there still could be a risk of the enamel cracking. If you're concerned, the safest bet is to use a non-enameled Dutch oven when baking bread.
3. Not using enough oil or butter to coat the bottom of the pan.
While the enameled coating on a Dutch oven may look glossy and nonstick, it's actually not. Like all other nonstick pots and pans, it needs a sufficient amount of hot fat on its surface to ensure food won't stick to it. You'll want to drizzle enough oil or melt enough butter to completely coat the surface before sautéing those onions.
Follow this tip: Don't skimp on the amount of oil or butter you're cooking with. Follow the recipe and make sure the fat completely covers the bottom of the pot before you start cooking.
4. Using metal utensils when cooking.
Again, I am a culprit here: I've definitely scraped the bottom of my Dutch oven with a serving spoon before and completely regretted it when I saw the scratch it left behind. Play it safe and use utensils that won't run any risk of scratching that precious enamel coating, like silicone, wood, or heat-resistant plastic.
Follow this tip: Opt for using silicone, wooden, or heat-resistant plastic utensils with your Dutch oven. If you have to use a metal spoon or whisk, be careful not to scrape it on the enameled bottom or sides.
5. Not drying it completely.
While Dutch ovens can technically go in the dishwasher, doing so can dull the enamel coating, so your best bet is to hand-wash your pot. When you do so, make sure you dry it completely, as any excess moisture that lingers could cause rust to form.
Follow this tip: Hand-wash your Dutch oven, and dry the base and the lid completely before putting it away.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


text:
Habitat PANEL LED 240W 80x3W LED 18500LM Combo - Duration: 21 seconds.
superwinch EXP zewnętrzne gniazdo - Duration: 12 seconds.
Automatyczny hebel w wyciągarkach Superwinch EXP - Duration: 12 seconds.
Dioda w wyciągarce Superwinch EXP - Duration: 30 seconds.
Superwinch EXP Automatyczne sprzęgło przekład - Automatic clutch - Duration: 13 seconds.
Superwinch Terra ATV 25 35 45 wyciągarki do Quada - Duration: 31 seconds.
Superwinch Terra 25 35 45 wyciągarki - Duration: 59 seconds.
Hebel do wyciągarki 2000A - Duration: 26 seconds.
PANEL LED 96X3W 21120LM 288W Habitat - Duration: 26 seconds.
Jaki uchwyt do auta i na rower? Czy warto wybrać RAM Mounts? Michał Mikulski Enduro Offensywa - Duration: 3 minutes, 5 seconds.
Dlaczego warto stosować środki Nanoprotech Auto Moto Anticor Lubricant i Electric? - Duration: 59 seconds.
AUTO & MOTO Nanoprotech Lubricant Anticor Electric - Duration: 40 seconds.


text:
March 1-14 in Downtown Fort Collins, it's Great Plates! Special limited-edition dinner meals priced starting at only $25! Dine, Discover, Donate!
In 2017, Great Plates raised over $110,000 for the Food Bank for Larimer County. How much will they raise this year, with your help!

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


text:
Come along with me and try it out!
I’ve autocrossed there, it was a blast. We’re in after I read all the class stuff.
We got to run 1 1/2 hours after our supposed start time so that was kind of irritating.
ACE has done its own “Fun AutoX” in the past.
No run groups and no workers on track. Just run all you want.
Also, AMP has sound limitations that doesn’t allow most of us to run.
Plus the added day to just try and get noise qualified to run there makes it all unappealing.
Not knocking your thread, just posting my thoughts.
I've heard that and have been trying to search around the forum for some pictures/videos, it sounds like a blast and lots of fun! I'd drop a few bucks to run all I want, maybe it can be set up again sometime.
Yep you’re right on. I’m not going to go after all, at first I thought it was an ACE event. I don’t want to be waiting around all day to get a turn.
That is a good “track” though. I don’t know the first thing about putting an ACE event together, so if anyone knows how, I’ll be your first “in”.
I added a disclaimer at the top for not an ACE hosted event, hope that would clarify it. I would agree that the waiting around part is a bit of a bummer.
Maybe we can get a ACE track day setup for the fall for plenty of time for planning and preparation.

industry_corpus2: Sports


text:
To prepare for the 2019 growing season, Kelly McGowan, a horticulture field specialist with University of Missouri Extension, says a number of chores need to be done this fall prior to cold weather.
For starters, vegetable garden clean up is important to reduce the incidence of over wintering insects and diseases.
“Residues of diseased plants should be removed from the garden and, if burning is permissible where you live, diseased plants should be destroyed,” said McGowan.
Fall tillage of annual beds and vegetable gardens is also a good idea. Doing this may expose potential insect larvae to birds and other prey. This is also an excellent time to incorporate compost or other forms of organic matter beneficial to your garden.
“Now is also a good time to soil test flower and vegetable gardens. If soil amendments are needed, such as lime or sulfur, you will have time to incorporate and adjust soil pH to a desired level,” said McGowan.
Fall is an excellent time to mulch trees, shrubs and perennials according to McGowan.
“Don’t be too anxious though. Allow the soil temperatures to significantly cool before applying mulch. Applying mulch to perennial plants too early can slow the cooling period of the soil and delay plant dormancy,” said McGowan.
Once soil temperatures have cooled, following several days in the low 20’s, and bark mulches are applied, the soil temperatures should remain consistent during the winter.
“Don’t be in too big of a hurry to cut back perennials either, even though the tops seem dormant. Besides, the vegetative remains of some of the perennials may add character to the landscape and flower beds,” said McGowan.
Ornamental grasses should not be cut back until new growth emerges from the base in the spring.
For answers to this and other gardening questions, call the Master Gardeners of Greene County Hotline or the MU Extension Center in Greene County at 417-874-2963.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


text:
Our team identifies the most appropriate, cost-effective system solution to meet each individual’s low carbon or energy saving needs. We are based in Adelaide and the Adelaide Hills and work throughout South Australia.
Sol Energy specialises in sustainable development options for the built environment – new build and existing. We offer concept design, feasibility studies, energy audits, efficiency upgrades such as LED lighting, solar PV, battery storage solutions, solar powered RO desalination plants, plus more.
Thanks, Sol Energy for our solar system – our first bill since the install was -$37!! We admit that we are those sort of people who don’t like the look of solar energy and having an old heritage home we resisted for a long time. Who wants ugly solar panels all over their house, especially an old house built in 1900??? Sol Energy was great as they listened to our concerns and came up with real solutions. Our house still looks great despite having a very powerful solar energy system! You don’t even notice them and we still produce energy during winter and when days are cloudy! Great communication regarding how the system works and during installation and we could not be happier with the performance or look of our system. Highly recommend!
Dr Alison Booth (Veterinarian and business partner of Semaphore Veterinary Surgery) – “We installed a Sol Energy System in May 2014. Prior to installation, Sol Energy presented us with a thorough feasibility analysis based on our usage profile, hours of operation, and billing data that we supplied.
A detailed proposal was given to us to show us how we could maximise savings associated with solar panel installation. The information we received was comprehensive and Sol Energy’s staff were very happy to spend time with us to go through the details of the system prior to installation. We thought the service was very professional.
The install was done without interruption to our business and was of a high quality.
We opted for a 10 kW system and have never looked back. We have reduced the yearly cost of electricity of the site by about 65%. We are on track to pay for the system within 4-5 years.
For us, it was a no-brainer. We own the site and have a mature business that we intend to be still running in 10-15 years time. The ongoing maintenance costs are minimal and the system comes with a long warranty and good after sales service.
I can thoroughly recommend Sol Energy to any business committed to saving money and reducing their carbon footprint”.
Petrea and Andrew Stacey – “Simon provided us with a detailed quote and explained everything in a clear and concise manner. He was not pushy or a “salesman”, but instead gave us all the information we needed, an option that would meet our needs, and answered all of our questions. Both Simon’s knowledge and customer service were exceptional. We are extremely satisfied with the result of having our solar panels in place. We highly recommend Sol Energy and will definitely use their services again in the future. Installation went smoothly. No problems to date. Very knowledgeable and honest. Great customer service – friendly and professional. Provided follow up”.
Nathan Judd – “Out of the 3 quotes we obtained you were the only person who examined and measured out roof. This gave us confidence in your professionalism. You communicated sensibly and pitched at a good level, and never created any pressure to seal the deal”.
Laurie & Bev Baldacchino – “We thought Simon conducted himself in a very professional manner. We were very happy with the finished product. The installation of the solar panels & all the electrical work was of the highest quality. He has always been very helpful with any questions we ever needed to be answered & would recommend the Sol Energy Company to anyone thinking of having solar panels installed.
Marilyn and Tony Pederick –“Excellent service, Prompt attention to any query and rectification. I would recommend Sol Energy to anyone who wants to avail themselves of their service”.
or at our Stirling, SA 5152 location by appointment.
Sol Energy is very excited to become an Authorised Sonnen Partner with Service and Installation certification.
Sonnen systems are a safe, clever, high-tech solar-home storage system designed in Germany and manufactured locally (from November) at the old Holden car manufacturing site in Elizabeth, South Australia.
We are glad to support local manufacturing and the future of renewables in our state.
Contact us today for a free energy appraisal.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


text:
I made this cake over easter, it’s lovely for a weekend with family because it should be eaten fresh in one sitting! You can make it with normal oranges or grapefruit too. I love the combination of citrus and cake. The smell of it cooking will bring the whole family to the kitchen. Because it’s best served hot it always works wonderfully as a pudding as well.
Use a knob of Butter to generously grease the cake pan.
In a small pan, over a medium heat, melt the Brown Sugar, ¼ cup of Butter and 2 tsp Water. Stir until the sugar has dissolved and then bring to the boil for 2 mins without stirring. Pour this mixture into the bottom of the cake pan and spread out.
Peel and slice the Oranges into fours.
When the caramel has set (after about 3 mins), lay out the slices of Orange on the top. Start in the middle and work out, making a pretty pattern, cut any left over oranges into quarters and fit the pieces between the whole slices to fill the whole base.
Whisk the Flour, Polenta, Salt, Baking Powder and Soda together.
In another bowl, Cream the remaining Butter and Granulated Sugar, when light and fluffy add the Vanilla and Orange Zest.
With the mixer on full speed add the Eggs, one at a time, and whisking until blended completely before adding the next.
Turn the mixer down to medium and add the Four mix in three additions, with the Buttermilk in-between.
Pour this mix onto the oranges and smooth it out, but don’t disturb them.
Bake for 50mins or until golden brown and a cake tester comes out clean.
When the cake is done leave it to cool for 3 mins and then turn it out onto a serving dish. I like to serve it warm with clotted cream, but yoghurt would also be lovely.


text:
To provide training at an advanced level for management level officers such as Masters, Chief Engineer Officers, Chief Mates, Second Engineer Officers and any person onboard oil tankers who have immediate responsibility for the loading, discharging, care in transit and/or handling of the oil cargo.
The course meets the requirements under 2010 Manila Amendments to STCW convention Chapter V, Regulation V, as applicable for oil tanksers.
3.	have a good working knowledge of the English Language (spoken or written).
For candidates who meets minimum entry criteria, STCW Certificate will be issued upon successful completion of the course.
For candidates who do not meet minimum entry criteria, Certificate of Attendance will be issued.
The possession of an Advanced Tanker Safety Certificate (appropriate for the type of tanker the participant is likely to serve on) is one of the requirements for the issue of an appropriate Dangerous Cargo Endorsement (s) under the Singapore Merchant Shipping (Deck Officers) and (Marine Engineer Officers) Regulations.

industry_corpus2: Transportation


text:
Somebody must actually govern. Eight Golden State pros weigh in on what it will take.
Despite his image as being a guy with ideas - mystical or not - former California Gov. Jerry Brown used to immerse himself in the intricate details of the budget. He even refused to hire a budget director so he could manage the process himself. The goal was, in his words, to "innovate."
Ronald Reagan, by contrast, wanted to innovate from a big-picture standpoint. He hewed to core beliefs and then, like a corporate chief executive, left the details to subordinates. "Reagan liked things simplified," observes a former aide to fellow Republican Gov. Pete Wilson, "not because he was a simple man, but because he didn't want to waste time getting information."
These examples of how past governors have ruled California - at times successfully and at times not - are a reminder that there is no one Jello-mold way to run an organism as vast and complex as a state with 35 million people and the world's sixth-largest economy. Never mind those unruly lawmakers in Sacramento. Still, certain traits and skills can put success within reach. Interviews with former governors, management experts, and analysts suggests that traits such as consensus building, the ability to focus on overarching goals, and vision - as gauzy a characteristic as that might be - are qualities that foster gubernatorial accomplishment.
They may be needed now more than ever. With polls showing a majority of Californians are ready to oust Gov. Gray Davis (D) in this fall's recall election, attention is focusing on the leadership skills and management acumen that will be needed to help bring the Golden State out if its financial funk and crisis of confidence.
Indeed, the person who wins the Oct. 7 vote - Mr. Davis or one of the 135 other certified candidates whose résumés suggest a lot more "can do" than "have done" - will be piloting the state into a perfect storm of challenges: a gaping deficit, political gridlock in Sacramento, controversy over immigration, and soaring fees at a university system that has been the envy of the world.
"[Californians] have lost faith in the institutions of government," says Steve Merksamer, former chief of staff to Gov. George Deukmejian and a member of the Reagan administration in Sacramento. "Whoever the next governor is will have to heal the state and ameliorate the divisions."
The experts have some suggestions on ways to do that. Among them: Calling a California constitutional convention, freezing all hiring and spending, and bringing together the best minds in private industry to examine and redefine state operations.
The first order of business, arguably, is to calm an aggravated political environment. That's Job 1 for the next leader, says Leon Panetta, a former California lawmaker and chief of staff to President Clinton. Mr. Panetta says the next governor can learn much from the bipartisan leadership of Democratic Govs. Earl Warren and Pat Brown (Jerry Brown's father), who were not afraid to reach across the party aisle. "[They] built coalitions," he says. "The [new leader] will need to know where the political buttons are ... to get this done."
On the Republican side, Pete Wilson (governor 1991-99) had an astute knowledge of power brokering that enabled him, at times, to cut unlikely deals with the likes of powerful Assembly Speaker Willie Brown.
But healing the body politic - and forging policy - requires conviction as well as compromise.
"This is not a job where you can fly into it and go as the wind blows, because the wind blows in a lot of different directions in Sacramento, as it does in Washington," Panetta says. "You need to know what are the three or four things that need to be done...."
Indeed, the very details of the job are enough to test an executive's attention span. During one 30-day period each fall, aides typically bring the governor as many as 1,000 large folders, each containing a bill to sign or veto. Then, sometimes, a forest fire or some other news intervenes, and well-laid plans go up in smoke.
In the midst of these demands, striking a workable balance between delegating tasks and being personally engaged is vital. "It's not the management model that makes it work," says John Thomasian, director of the National Governors Association Center For Best Practices in Washington. "It's the person that makes it work."
The most successful governors have some grasp of how the gears of government function. Translation for movie actors, talk-radio personalities, and anyone else on the ballot: Be a quick learner. "They will need to know where the money goes and how it's being spent, and you have to understand that before you have begin to delegate," Mr. Thomasian says.
Even seasoned political pros will learn things that only the job itself can teach - and they will learn to get help. "Press releases will say [the governor] is doing this and doing that, but the answer is, somebody else he's hired will be doing it," says former Lt. Gov. Leo T. McCarthy, a Democrat. "The learning curve will be however long he's there, especially on the budget."
Still, says former Gov. Brown says, in media on the recall story are overplaying candidates' inexperience. He says he's known most of the recent governors, and they came to the job with common sense and a college degree.
"It's not like you're constructing a bridge and [the governor is] the foreman and if you don't go [to work] every day the whole project stops," Brown says. "In truth, everything runs pretty well on it's own. Whether its Reagan or Brown or Wilson, ... the shape of government is only modestly affected by the chief executive."
That doesn't make the governor a cipher. He or she can notch important victories, but steering a vast bureaucracy that today includes some 130,000 employees is as much art as science.
Brown, who served as governor from 1975-83, says he personally shepherded his most important programs - from alternative energy to forestry practices - through the process. "I didn't appoint a budget director. Every governor before or since has brought one in but I didn't. I did the budget in a very direct way.
But he also benefited from advice. "In order to innovate, you have to have people with ideas and you have to be in dialogue," Brown says.
Governor Reagan (in office from 1967-75) was perhaps the ultimate delegator. He froze hiring and then conducted an audit of state funds. Edwin Meese, his chief of staff in Sacramento, says the next leader should consider the same steps.
Meese says Reagan also created a 250-member task force to examine every department and say how each could be improved. "It resulted in tremendous savings, which were returned to the people in tax refunds."
The state's diverse population and complex budgeting process, as well as the effect of voter initiatives, set up competing trajectories the next leader will have to confront. Every budget item has its backers, says Thomasian. "The governor is going to have to choose between [things like] covering uninsured children, increasing teachers salaries, hiring more teachers, reducing the payroll of public safety workers. There is no elegant solution."
Indeed, with Republicans shouting "no new taxes" and Democrats yelling: "no more budget cuts" and with voter initiatives setting items in stone, the governing process has been somewhat hijacked.
What's a governor to do? How about a state constitutional convention, says James O'Toole, an expert on corporate leadership at the University of Southern California. "We now have this tremendous amount of direct democracy, which doesn't work - as James Madison pointed out when he was creating the Constitution of the United States. The US. Constitution is this little thing with 27 Amendments. The California Constitution is a huge volume with [hundreds of] amendments. This is a sign state government is breaking down."
The next governor should recognize that leadership about character, not just about politics, experts say. "Leadership is a matter of how to be, not how to do," says Frances Hesselbein of the Leader-to-Leader Institute (formerly the Peter F. Drucker Foundation). "In the end it is the character of the leader that determines the performance."

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


text:
Geographic coordinates are the approximate centre of the area covered by B21 0HP, and are not necessarily those of any specific postal address within it.
B21 0HP is a residential postcode in Birmingham. It was first introduced in January 1980.
The most common council tax band is A. Estimated residential property values, based on historical transactions and adjusted for inflation, range from £82,980 to £114,937 with an average of £95,408. Housing types are typically terraced (including end of terrace). None of the houses sold since 1995 have been new builds.
In the 2011 census, there were 55 people resident in B21 0HP, of which 26 were male and 29 were female. This includes overnight visitors as well as permanent residents.
B21 0HP is in the Birmingham travel to work area. NHS services are provided by the Heart of Birmingham Teaching Primary Care Trust.
B21 0HP has a Healthy Living Index of 10/10 (Very high).
B21 0HP is approximately 158m (518ft) above sea level.
Residents of B21 0HP are represented at different levels of local, regional and national government by elected representatives. Where known, these are shown here.
Ofcom publishes annual statistics for Broadband availability. This is the most recent data for B21 0HP.
The most recent Ofsted rankings for schools near B21 0HP.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


text:
How often have you been in a situation where you think the plant is getting enough water because that’s the amount of water Google says the plant should be getting. Or you dig your new garden in a certain location because that seems the logical place to dig. Or you go ahead and saddle your horse even though she is laying back her ears and nipping at you as you tighten the cinch.
We’ve all been in those positions or similar ones, haven’t we?
The point is, we can recognize those situations for what they are - humans coming from a perspective of entitlement and superiority - and then begin the work of moving forward. We don’t have to stay in that hierarchal paradigm.
I love gardening, and when I owned my house in Minnesota I had plenty of room for many luxurious gardens.
There was an area outside of my office window where I wanted hydrangeas because ‘won’t it look pretty to look and see hydrangea bushes while I’m working?’.
So, off in my car I went, drove the couple of miles to my local nursery, bought a snowball hydrangea bush, got home, plopped it in the ground without any forethought, grace or ceremony and then treated myself to a nice cuppa iced tea afterwards.
Within days the hydrangea bush was no longer beautiful but struggling, sad and weary.
Well, obviously, I should have done my research and made sure that was a good site for the bush and the ground was prepped properly.
But above and beyond that? I pulled the human card and acted out of entitlement and superiority. After all, I was the human, I knew what I wanted and I knew best how to get it……*sigh*.
I didn’t treat the bush as an equal with her/his/its own authority and agency. I didn’t consult to see if it wanted to come home with me and once I got it home I didn’t consult where or even if she/he/it wanted to be planted.
I didn’t consult with the land about what she/he/it wanted or needed, if that particular spot even wanted to support another plant.
Now, decades later, thanks to learning about right relationship and practicing animism, I am more aware of how my thoughts, speech and actions affect the beyond-human sentient beings. Because we are all equal and each one of us has our own agency, autonomy and authority, I am much more conscious of the interaction we have together, and how we affect each other. More specifically, I am aware of their wants, needs and desires and how important it is to respond to that instead of pulling the human cards of entitlement and superiority.
When we remember the relationships we have with the beyond-human sentient beings are about mutuality, cooperation, reciprocity and exchange, we are already changing our human-centric perspective and nurturing and tending the authentic, equal relationship we have with them.


text:
A 17-year-old Michigan cancer patient was able to achieve her goal of graduating high school in a special ceremony before she died.
Kalamazoo Central High School Principal Valerie Boggan personally presented Yeatise Gaines with a cap, gown and certificate of completion at the hospital on May 14, ahead of the scheduled June 4 commencement.
School administrators, teachers, and more than 20 family members gathered around Yeatise's hospital bed to celebrate her accomplishment. She passed away the next day.
Ms Gaines says her daughter dreamed of studying oncology in college so she could help children with cancer, just like herself.
Yeatise has been battling cancer since she was just 18 months old, and it was the radiation treatment that sent her cancer into remission but weakened her lungs and ultimately killed her.
The teen asked to be taken out of school for the third time after Thanksgiving, but the dedicated student continued her studies through home schooling.
Her tutor, Ruby Sledge, told the Kalamazoo Gazette that she was focused girl who took school very seriously.
Ms Sludge also admired the way Yeatise would stay strong even through the most painful periods of her illness.
'I never heard her complain,' Ms Sledge told the Gazette. 'I would give her an A plus on attitude.
'This was a case where the teacher learned from the student,' Sledge said.
During her long battle with cancer, Yeatise underwent 10 surgeries, was in crutches for four years and had severe back pain.
Her mother is just glad that her daughter is no longer feeling that pain.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


text:
Wanda Renee (Compton) Hooper, age 62, of Rockmart passed away on Wednesday, January 16, 2019. She was born in Atlanta on Tuesday, March 20, 1956. Mrs. Hooper was the daughter of the late Harold Douglas Compton and the late Margie Wills. Besides her parents, Mrs. Hooper is preceded in death by her son, Nick Hughes, her brother, Butch Compton and her grandson, Preston Hooper.
Survivors included her husband, Lamon Steve Hooper of Rockmart; her daughter, Stacy Hooper of Rockmart; her granddaughter, Julie Hooper of Rockmart and a number of other relatives.
In accordance with the family’s wishes, Mrs. Hooper will be cremated.

industry_corpus2: Others


text:
SOLD OUT! There will be a few church pew seats (ALL-AGES) that are first come, first served when doors open. There’s always a possibility of more seats becoming available at the door due to no shows or last-minute cancellations.
In his early twenties, Smither turned his back on his anthropology studies and headed to Boston at the urging of legendary folk singer Eric von Schmidt. It was the mid-’60s and acoustic music thrived in the streets and coffeehouses there. Smither forged lifelong friendships with many musicians, including Bonnie Raitt who went on to record his songs, “Love You Like A Man” and “I Feel the Same. (Their friendship has endured as their career paths intertwined over the years.) What quickly evolved from his New Orleans and Cambridge musical experiences is his enduring, singular guitar sound – a beat-driven finger-picking, strongly influenced by the playing of Mississippi John Hurt and Lightnin’ Hopkins, layered over the ever-present backbeat of his rhythmic, tapping feet (always mic’d in performance).
Smither’s first albums, I’m A Stranger, Too! (1971) and Don’t It Drag On (1972) were released on Poppy Records, home of kindred spirit Townes Van Zandt. By the time Smither recorded his third album, Honeysuckle Dog with Lowell George and Dr. John helping out, United Artists had absorbed Poppy and ultimately dropped much of their roster, including Smither. Smither made his next record in 1985, when the spare It Ain’t Easy on Adelphi Records marked his return to the studio.
By the early ’90s, Smither’s steady nationwide touring and regular release of consistently acclaimed albums cemented his reputation as one of the finest acoustic musicians in the country. His 1991 album, Another Way to Find You, was recorded live in front of an in-studio audience with no overdubs or second takes. This would be the first of two albums with Flying Fish Records. His next recording, Happier Blue, was embraced by Triple A radio and received the NAIRD (now AFIM) award as Best Folk Recording of 1993. Up On The Lowdown (1995) marked the first of a trio of albums to be recorded with producer Stephen Bruton at The Hit Shack in Austin and his first of five albums with roots label HighTone Records. Up On the Lowdown rode the crest of the newly formed Americana radio format wave and sparked considerable interest abroad. A tour of Australia with Dave Alvin and extensive solo touring in Europe led to an expanding global interest in Smither. His song, “I Am the Ride,” from this album inspired the independent film, The Ride, for which Smither also composed the original score.
In early 1997 Smither released Small Revelations. It climbed the Americana and Triple A radio charts and led to concert dates with B.B. King, Bonnie Raitt, Nanci Griffith, and the hugely successful, original Monsters of Folk’ tour with Ramblin’ Jack Elliott, Dave Alvin and Tom Russell. Small Revelations also generated several film projects for Smither. Emmylou Harris recorded his song, “Slow Surprise,” for the The Horse Whisperer soundtrack on MCA. And his recording of “Hold On” was used in the indie feature film Love From Ground Zero. Smither also shared insight into his guitar style and technique on two instructional DVDs, available from Homespun Video.
His CD, Drive You Home Again (1999), garnered four-stars from Rolling Stone. And with it, Smither continued to tour world-wide. Shortly after, in 2000, Smither released his one-man-tour-de-force, Live As I’ll Ever Be. Recorded in-concert at various clubs and concert halls in California, Dublin, Galway, Boston, and Washington DC, it has proven to be a fan favorite, capturing Smither at what he loves to do: performing in front of an audience.
In 2005, jazz great Diana Krall covered “Love Me Like A Man,” introducing what is now a blues standard to a whole world of jazz fans. Shortly after, Smither’s song “Slow Surprise” was included in the independent film, Brother’s Shadow. In addition, Smither narrated a two-CD audio book recording of “Will Rogers’ Greatest Hits.” Continuing to expand his creative horizon, Smither was invited to contribute an essay to Sixty Things to Do When You Turn Sixty, a 2006 collection of essays by American luminaries on reaching that milestone. In 2009, Melville House published Amplified, a book featuring 16 short stories by notable American performing songwriters. Smither’s story Leroy Purcell about a touring musician’s encounter with a Texas State Patrolman leads off the collection.
With the release of his 12th recording Leave The Light On (2006) on his own imprint, Mighty Albert, Smither began a new label relationship with the renowned acoustic and modern folk label, Signature Sounds. For the recording, Smither reunited with producer David Goodrich and session musicians Mike Piehl, Lou Ulrich and Anita Suhanin. As an added treat, Smither invited good friend and Grammy Award-winning multi-instrumentalist, Tim O’Brien, along with rising American roots stars, Ollabelle, to add their distinctive talents on several tracks. Smither followed this with Time Stands Still (2009), his most stripped down recording in some time, working with just two accompanists after the same trio had played a rare band performance – a non-solo setup required in order to play a Netherlands festival.
About the recording Smither says, “We’re the only three guys on this record, and most of the songs only have three parts going on. We had a freewheeling feeling at that festival gig, and we managed to make a lot of that same feeling happen in this record.” In 2011 Smither put out two fan projects: a collection of live tracks from newly discovered concert recordings from the 1980s-1990s titled Lost and Found and the rollicking EP, What I Learned in School, on which Smither covered six classic rock and roll songs.
Smither followed these fan-projects with Hundred Dollar Valentine (2012), a ★★★★★ (MOJO) studio record of all Smither-penned songs. With longtime producer David “Goody” Goodrich at the helm, this collection sported Smither’s trademark acoustic guitar sound and evocative sonic textures meshed with spare, brilliant songs, delivered in a bone-wise, hard-won voice.
In 2014 Smither released Still on the Levee (2014) – a double-CD retrospective. Recorded in New Orleans at the Music Shed, this career-spanning project features fresh new takes on 24 iconic songs from his vast career and some very special guests including the legendary Allen Toussaint and Loudon Wainwright III.
The coffee table –style book Chris Smither Lyrics 1966-2012 and Signature Sounds’ Link of Chain – an all-star tribute record including a stellar list of artists offering their takes on some Smither favorites including Josh Ritter, Bonnie Raitt, Loudon Wainwright III, Dave Alvin, Peter Case, Tim O’Brien, Patty Larkin, and many others were fan-favorite accompaniments to the retrospective CD .
In March 2018, Smither released his eighteenth record, Call Me Lucky (Signature Sounds/Mighty Albert) once again teaming up with producer and multi-instrumentalist David Goodrich. Also joined by Billy Conway (Morphine) and Matt Lorenz (The Suitcase Junket), Smither recorded eight new originals along with some very special and surprising covers at the Blue Rock studios in the Texas hills in June 2017.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


text:
Headquartered in Columbus, Ohio, Big Lots, Inc. is a community retailer operating more than 1,400 Big Lots stores in 47 states, dedicated to friendly service, trustworthy value, and affordable solutions in every season and category – furniture, food, décor, and more. Our stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol BIG.
We exist to serve everyone like family, providing a better shopping experience for our customers, valuing and developing our associates, and creating growth for our shareholders. Big Lots supports the communities it serves through the Big Lots Foundation, a charitable organization focused on four areas of need: hunger, housing, healthcare, and education.


text:
Real Madrid demanding £113m for Gareth Bale?
Real Madrid reportedly decide to set the asking price of forward Gareth Bale at £113m.
Real Madrid eye Christian Eriksen instead of Paul Pogba?
Real Madrid may reportedly look to sign Tottenham Hotspur's Christian Eriksen rather than bring in Manchester United's Paul Pogba for a higher price.
Potential moves at the Etihad, Old Trafford and Stamford Bridge make the headlines.
Goals from Son Heung-min and Christian Eriksen were enough to give Spurs victory in their first game at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium.
It was a first victory in six games for Spurs.
Paris Saint-Germain attacker Kylian Mbappe is Real Madrid's leading summer transfer target, according to a report.
Rumoured Real Madrid target Christian Eriksen is reportedly valued at £200m by Tottenham Hotspur, despite the playmaker having just a year to run on his contract.
Returning Real Madrid boss Zinedine Zidane insists that "there will be changes in the summer" as Los Blancos look to improve on what has been a poor season.


text:
PC with RME Fireface 400 interface running Steinberg Cubase, Real Guitar, Spectrasonics Trilian, and Toontrack EZdrummer. Korg Triton Studio keyboard workstation, Yamaha Motif XS-Rack synth module (horns). Mixed in Cubase using AKG K712 headphones.
“Make Your Own Kinda Music” is a male vocal one-man-band pop track.
Dan has submitted a song that, to our ears, is part demo/sketch and part final product. So what exactly does that mean? Well, let’s dig a little deeper.
Starting with the composition and arrangement, “Make Your Own Kinda Music” has a distinctly mid to late 1960s male pop song vibe. Those of you who remember B.J. Thomas’ “Raindrops Keep Fallin’ on My Head” will recognize the sound. Plenty of chord shifts, modulation, as well as the requisite vocal pads, were the order of the day. Kudos to Dan for nailing the vibe here!
As for the actual sound sources, the software/plug-in derived rhythm section plants the seed of what live players could aim for (hence the “demo” statement) but falls far short of a finished product in our minds. That said, the lead vocal was well recorded and delivered, minus sibilance or other artifacts. We also felt that the vocal pad, as well as the faux string parts, were quite workable and worthy of keeping.
As we have mentioned in the past, ‘demo’ is not a dirty word around these parts. Without the availability of live players, we all find ways to intimate our ideas to some degree. Minus the ability to actually play and record multiple instruments, the level to which we master programming obviously has a huge impact on matters.
Could Dan have done better with his programming here? Sure, but given that, the smart play may be to enlist the help of someone more savvy at the job. There are myriad resources available, including live musicians who connect via the web with files, who could provide pro-level drum and bass parts for surprisingly reasonable rates. Sometimes it’s best to give a hat or two to another person in order to get the best result!

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


text:
Johnson said the Brexit “dream is dying, suffocated by needless self-doubt”, days after the Tory cabinet had appeared to agree to support Theresa May’s Brexit plan. “We are headed for the status of a colony,” Johnson declared in his resignation letter.
In his own letter, Mr Davis (pictured, right) said he did not “believe” in the Brexit plan and he was not the best person to deliver it. Prominent Leave campaigner Dominic Raab has been appointed to replace him.
Speculation continues that internal discontent by Brexiteers could lead to an early vote of no confidence against Theresa May. However, at a meeting this evening of the ‘1922 Committee’, the parliamentary group of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons, May was reported to have received “strong backing”.
The committee has not said that it has received the necessary indication from 48 Tory MPs to trigger a motion of no confidence, meaning that under parliamentary rules, May’s leadership is secure for now.
However, the conflict seems far from over, and the trickle of resignations continued this evening with the departure of Chris Green, Parliamentary Private Secretary to the British Department For Transport. Conor Burns MP, Parliamentary Secretary under Boris Johnson, has also quit. Uncertainty remains about the stance of other senior Brexiteers, such as Liam Fox and Michael Gove.
Even if the current wave of dissent comes to nothing, the fate of the Irish border hangs in the balance amid doubts over the detail of May’s Brexit plans.
Sinn Fein’s Mary Lou McDonald has said that Ireland must not become collateral damage amid the Tory ‘civil war’. The Sinn Fein president was speaking after meeting business leaders in Belfast.
“Our sole priority is the protection of Irish interests north and south,” Ms McDonald said.
The Sinn Fein leader also warned that Britain should not “persist with a strategy that is about brinkmanship”.
“We need an answer to the Irish question, Europe has provided that answer by way of the Irish protocol [maintaining the current border regulations by default]” she said.
“Mrs May seems still to be at sixes and sevens and is causing confusion in terms of what her and her Government’s position is.
Asked for her view on the Chequers deal, Ms McDonald said it appeared to be selective about the freedom of movement of goods.
She said she would await the publication of the British government’s white paper.
“But all of this gets set to nothing if Mrs May insists the north of Ireland must exit the customs union and the single market.
“You can’t make that assertion on one hand, and on the other hand insist that you will ensure there is no hardening of the border and protect the Good Friday Agreement.


text: Labyrinth: The Awakening, 2010 - ? expands on Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 - ?, a 1-2 player card-driven board game simulating at the strategic level the ongoing bid by Islamic extremists to impose their brand of religious rule on the Muslim world. This expansion continues where Labyrinth left off adding new rules and cards to cover the last five years of history. Included are new mechanics to simulate the grass roots political movements of the Arab Spring and the resulting Civil Wars. Labyrinth: The Awakeningprovides 120 all new event cards, four new country mats, additional markers, cubes and cylinders, and 7 new scenarios, including 2 that are playable to conclusion in 7 turns or less.


text:
Some veteran observers of south Lebanon see parallels between Israel's confrontation with Lebanese Shiites in the 1980s and the US-led coalition's campaign against Sadr in Iraq.
"The similarities between Iraq today and south Lebanon [in the 1980s] are very striking," says Timur Goksel, a university lecturer in Beirut who served with the UN peacekeeping force in south Lebanon from 1979 to 2003. "Even the language of American military commanders is the same as Israeli commanders back in the 1980s, talking of wiping out the enemy. But if you go in to wipe them out, then you will lose."
The US military appears to appreciate the symbolic importance of Najaf. The troop buildup may be geared more toward coercing Sadr to call off the uprising than a preparation for military action.
But a wrong move could reignite the Sadr revolt, analysts say. The coalition should back away, Mr. Goksel says, and allow the Shiite leadership to negotiate with Sadr behind the scenes. "Going in by force only undermines the efforts of the Shiites trying to talk an end to it," he says.
That view was shared by Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi, who warned last week that relying on force "is a big mistake with severe consequences."
The US military has been criticized for adopting counterinsurgency tactics previously used by Israeli forces in Lebanon and more recently in the West Bank and Gaza, such as bulldozing houses of suspected militants, sealing off villages with razor wire, mass detentions, and excessive use of firepower.
It was similar tactics by Israel in the 1980s, coupled with a growing perception that Israeli forces had no intention of a swift departure, that goaded the Lebanese Shiites to turn to armed resistance.
It is making clear our intent to depart that is all important here and the case is not helped by neocons (Bill Kristol, John McCain, etc.) and opponents of the President (John Kerry, etc.) who call for more troops and delaying the handover of sovereignty for their own ulterior motives.
Seems clear to me from the article that we do indeed to learn an important lesson from Israel's experience in Lebanon--Syria and Iran are the enemy.
Yeah, I'm sure that the Iranian Foreign Minister is giving free, valuable advice to the Coalition, the opponent of the Iranian funded Al-Sadr.
Usually, Orrin is for order first, then self-government.
Perhaps he thinks our departure will magically result in order.
I don't think Lebanon ratifies that idea.
The strategic goals are different. The US is trying to build a viable democratic muslim state. Israel was just trying to keep Hezbollah out of rocket range of their northern border.
In the 1980s the US Marines sat at the Beruit airport and did nothing and still got their barracks bombed out for their trouble.
The whack-jobs want to kill Americans on principle, and they will attempt to do so regardless of our actions. So why not accommodate their desire to go to paradise as expeditiously as possible?
The best way to deal with Iran is to set up several American bases right on the Iraqi-Iranian border, and put most of our troops there on July 1. Same for Syria, although a direct overthrow would certainly send a message to Tehran. And Hezbollah would probably implode on its own.
We're not finished with the Sunni and friends in Fallujah yet. They need a drubbing if they don't disarm as we've requested. As with mules, sometimes it takes a 2 by 4.
No question we could overthrow any government we wanted, and as many as we wanted -- Syria, Iran etc.
Problem is, just overturning them does not always, or even usually, get you the result you want.
Unless you have infantry to go in and take control for a while, all you've done is put the governments in play. As Wall Street watchers may know, putting a company in play usually throws the old rascals out, but it doesn't usually end up with the expected group of new rascals in.
Just keep turning them out--our rascals will inevitably win in the long run. The End of History is not optional.
That's a pious hope that history does not support.
Anyway, sometimes the interim costs are pretty high.
If we had an adequate army, we could constrain the range of possibly bad outcomes. If we had . . .
The army is too large, it deters us from using real weapons.


text:
Comprehensive coverage of a number of key contributions to advanced signal processing for wireless communications is offered here in a unified framework. The book focuses on explicit algorithms for performing advanced processing tasks arising in receiver design for emerging wireless systems.
Combines the theory and practical - with simulation tools for the understanding and design of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) communication networks. UWB is a revolutionary technology - recently receiving FCC approval. The UWB standard has several advantages including high transmission rates and the ability to carry signals while accounting for solid matter interference. Provides a theoretical analysis of the fundamentals of UWB radio communications supported by practical examples developed using computer simulations using MATLAB. UWB devices can be used for a variety of communications applications involving the transmission of very high data rates over short distances without suffering the effects of multi-path interference. UWB communication devices could be used to wirelessly distribute services such as phone, cable, and computer networking throughout a building or home. These devices could also be utilized by police, fire, and rescue personnel to provide covert, secure communications devices. The book presents the theoretical analysis of fundamental principles of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio communications supported by practical examples developed using computer simulation. The simulation codes are provided in the form of user-customizable MATLAB) functions which are included in the book. The examples are inserted within the theoretical treatise in order to help and guide the reader in the understanding of analytical principles. The book covers issues related to both UWB signal transmission and UWB network organization. In particular, the topics covered by the book are: principles of UWB radio transmission and modulation (PPM, PAM and DS-UWB for Impulse Radio, OFDM for the multi-band approach), UWB channel modeling, receiver structures, Multi User Interference modeling, Localization, Network organization: advanced Medium Access Control and routing design strategies.
An essential aid for any engineer working in the field of next-generation wireless, this handbook provides well illustrated examples and noteboxes for difficult concepts. Perfect for the practicing engineer complete with problem sets and real-world implementations.
Comprehensive coverage of physical-layer and upper-layer aspects are a unique feature of this book. It covers the latest in both U.S. and international standards. Experts who helped to write the DSL standards describe the many advances in DSL technology and applications since the writing of their bestselling "Understanding Digital Subscriber Line Technology."
This volume presents an overview of computer-based simulation models and methodologies for communication systems. Topics covered include probability, random, process, and estimation theory and roles in the design of computer-based simulations.
A unified foundation for understanding and building any wireless network. A true systems approach to wireless networking Air interference design and network operation Planning, mobility management, radio resources, power management, and security 3G, WLANs, HIPERLAN, WATM, Bluetooth, WPAN, OFDM, UWB, wireless geolocation, and more This is the first book to present a unified common foundation for understanding and building any contemporary wireless network, voice or data—from PCS to wireless LANs, Bluetooth to IMT-2000 3G. Using extensive practical examples, Kaveh Pahlavan and Prashant Krishnamurthy present a true systems approach, illuminating the principles, commonalities, key differences, and specific implementation issues associated with virtually every leading wireless system. Coverage includes: Air interference design: wireless medium characteristics, media access, and an exceptionally thorough discussion of physical layer issues Wireless network operation: planning, mobility management, radio resources, power management, and security Implementation of cellular telephone and mobile data networks based on CDMA, TDMA, and GSM Key wideband local access technologies: IEEE 802.11 WLANs, HIPERLAN, and connection-based voice-oriented WATM Emerging OFDM and Ultrawideband (UWB) technologies Ad hoc networking, Bluetooth, and WPAN Wireless geolocation and indoor positioning techniques and systems The most detailed discussions of channel characteristics and deployment tools available in any book Whether you're an electrical engineer, telecommunications/networking specialist, or software professional,Principles of Wireless Networksbrings together the insights and techniques you need to begin building any wireless system.
Hac provides readers with the state of the art in real-world design and architecture for tomorrow's high-speed, wireless multimedia, voice, data, and video networks. Coverage includes architectures based on distributed control, hierarchical organization, ATM LANs, LANE, and the Intelligent Network.
Breaks down the fundamentals of UWB, equipping engineers with the understanding of this newly approved communication standard.
From entertainment to telephony, emerging wireless systems will make possible a new generation of wireless multimedia applications. "Multimedia Wireless Networks" is the first book to help network professionals systematically address QoS in today's most important wireless networks -- and tomorrow's.
Ultra-Wideband stands poised to replace any current wireless technology and revolutionize even the SOHO market.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Physiotherapie, Ergotherapie, Note: 1,0, DIPLOMA Fachhochschule Nordhessen; Abt. Leipzig, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Haut ist das grosste Organ des menschlichen Korpers und dient neben der Stoffwechselfunktion und Reizaufnahme vor allem dem Ausdruck. In der sich kontinuierlich schneller entwickelnden Welt und im Fortschritt des menschlichen Wissens, entstehen faszinierende Neuerungen auf allen Ebenen. So entstand in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine Therapiemethode, die einen Therapieansatz verdeutlicht, der ganzheitlich und interdisziplinar charakterisiert ist. Wer kennt sie nicht, die kleinen bunten Streifen, welche bei Sportlern immer wieder Anwendung finden und zunehmend auch im offentlichen Lebensalltag Einzug halten. Jeder sieht sie, aber kaum einer kennt sie, die Kinesiotapes. Mittlerweile existieren mehrere Bucher uber die Therapiemethode aus Fernost. Jedoch ist kein Buch vollkommen ergiebig. Sie beschreiben hauptsachlich Anlageformen und Moglichkeiten der Anwendung, beinhalten jedoch wenige Informationen uber die Schnittstelle zur Farbtherapie. Auch die Wirkung der Klebestreifen ist nur einseitig transparent. Jeder Autor versteht es hierbei, seine Auffassung der Methodik zu publizieren, vernachlassigt jedoch den wichtigsten Faktor neben der kinesiologischen Wirkung- die farbliche Bedeutung. Diese Hausarbeit hat das Ziel, systematisch theoretische Grundlagen des kinesiologischen Tapens und der Farbtherapie zu schaffen. Beide Therapiemethoden werden hierzu separat beschrieben, um kritische Faktoren des K-Tapings aufzuzeigen und folgerichtig das Verstandnis der Wirkungsweisen und Anwendungsmoglichkeiten dieser farbigen Klebestreifen zu verdeutlichen."


text:
With a history that dates all the way back to 1943, Williams Interactive is one of the casino industry’s oldest and most experienced game providers. They haven’t always been into gambling machines, but started as a company manufacturing pinball games. Their focus shifted to slots in 1994 and ever since then they’ve been an incredibly popular choice for casino enthusiasts.
They don’t create the most visually attractive slots, but what most players love about them are their varying reel designs, potential to pay huge amounts and simple yet captivating bonus features. It’s a well renowned provider with a library of games that is packed with amusement at its best. Don’t just take our word for it, but check it out for yourself!
For your convenience we have gathered most of Williams Interactive’s slots below and made these available to enjoy completely free. Look around and we’re sure you’ll find plenty of games that will give you a great time.
Williams Interactive or WMS which the company is also formally recognized as is nowadays a part of the huge gambling conglomerate known as Scientific Games. This enormous organization with more than 9500 employees and offices all over the world acquired WMS in 2013. Williams Interactive do, however, still have their own division within this conglomerate and are still creating highly amusing games.
Even though the company has been in the slot making industry ever since 1996, they didn’t release any online games until 2012. They had their focus on land based casinos and therefore it’s common to find a lot of their slots available in many of these in big parts of the world.
When it comes to online games, WMS have created about 130 slots as of March 2019. They usually release at least one game every month and at times as many as four. The most unique characteristic about their slots library is probably the apparent love for the famous board game Monopoly. Out of all of their creations as many as eight of their slots are based on this popular board game, which is quite fascinating.
Williams Interactive have never been renowned for their ability to make visually appealing slots, such as NetEnt, Yggdrasil and some other providers have. Although symbols can be detailed, many of their slots have quite simple graphics and animations compared to what exist nowadays. What may lack as a treat for the eyes is, however, completely made up by amusement.
Among the slots that WMS have created there are a lot of highly entertaining games, which is mainly a result of their passion to create innovative reel designs. They’re definitely one of the most creative slot providers when it comes to this and it’s a perfect recipe for getting a varying and captivating gambling experience.
This game has as many as 10 reels where a segment of three at a time will spin. Should you win on the first three reels, you will advance to the next three and should you reach the very end of them, an enormous jackpot of 20000x your stake await.
Here you’ll find four sets of five reels with three rows that spin on every game round. One of the sets are considered to be the main one and any bonus and wild symbol landing on this will be transferred to the other three sets of reels.
In Zeus III you’re spinning on six reels that all have a varying amount of rows. The game looks like a pyramid turned sideways where the first reel has two rows, the next one three, etc.
In addition to a fairly common design of five reels with four rows, this game has two extra reels on the side. For every matching symbol showing up on these a multiplier will be added to all winnings, up to a stunning one of x250.
The above mentioned slots are just a glimpse of the innovation and interesting reel designs you may encounter while browsing through the game library of Williams Interactive. Other releases that a lot of casino enthusiasts appreciate include Raging Rhino, Montezuma, Bruce Lee and Wizard of Oz.
The games that Williams Interactive create can vary quite a lot from one to another, but in general they speak to players who appreciate really big winnings. Many of the games are high volatile ones that can pay several thousand times the stakes on a single spin. This potential also means that a lot of the slots may eat your balance quickly as good hits and valuable features usually aren’t that easy to get.
It should also be mentioned that even though there are some exceptions to the rule, the slots don’t tend to have that many features in them. You can expect to find one or two in the majority of them. With the addition of graphics that aren’t very polished, it all boils down to that WMS’s slots are best suited for casino enthusiasts who are mainly looking for huge cash outs.
However, fans of monopoly couldn’t get a better experience than with WMS and thrill seekers who appreciate innovation will also be in for quite a treat.
The success story of WMS traces all the way back to 1943 when Harry E. Williams founded a Pinball machine producing company known as Williams Manufacturing. In 1964 this company was acquired by a jukebox maker known as Seeburg Corporation. Nine years later the Williams division within this company began creating arcade games. Some of them became huge hits, such as Robotron 2084 and Defenders.
In 1980 the Seeburg Corporation went bankrupt and Williams Manufacturing (at that time known as Williams Electronics Manufacturing Division) was sold as a separate company. In 1987 the name was changed to WMS Industries, which is one of the names that many casino enthusiasts know them by today.
It wasn’t until 1994 that WMS entered the slot manufacturing business. After having stopped making arcade- and pinball games in 1998 and 1999 respectively, gambling machines were the primary focus of the company. With these they elevated the casino industry by creating Reel ‘em In which was the first slot to ever include a bonus feature that could be triggered.
The game was a huge hit among thrill seekers and this success continued with several other great slots that followed. Especially a line of branded games which started appearing in the early 2000 were well received by casino players. These included the beginning of WMS’s famous Monopoly series, as well as slots such as Men in Black, Star Trek, Top Gun and the Wizard of Oz.
For many years all of the games that WMS created were only provided to land based casinos. This changed in 2012 when the company announced the formation of Williams Interactive, which is the name that most online casino players are familiar with. This is the division within the company that has created all of the slots that can be enjoyed online.
Only a year after the formation of Williams Interactive, the entire company of WMS was acquired by Scientific Games who bought them for $1.5 billion. Since then they’ve been a successful brand to this enormous conglomerate that has about 10000 employees scattered in offices all over the world.


text:
This field station is located in the La Chonta forest concession of La Chonta Forestry Agribusiness Company Ltda. The La Chonta forest concession has an area of 100,000 ha, and is located in the province of Guarayos (15 ° 47’S, 62 ° 55’W ) of the department of Santa Cruz, 30 km east of Ascensión de Guarayos.
The average annual temperature is 25.3 ° C, but it can drop to 10 ° C when cold winds come from Argentina during the dry season. The average annual rainfall is 1,517 mm, with a dry season from May to September. During the dry season around 40% of the species lose their leaves.
The soils have a high concentration of cations, which suggests that these soils are moderately fertile inceptisols. Likewise, in 10 – 15% of the sampled area, anthropogenic soils have been found that have a high content of calcium and magnesium. Anthropogenic soil stains have a surface area of 0.5 – 9.5 ha, and appear to be more common in areas near ephemeral water courses. The terrain is gently undulating and is dissected by some permanent water courses and many ephemeral water courses.
The forest has been classified as tropical sub-humid forest according to the Holdridge system. It is located in the Chiquitano transitional forest eco-region, which is characterized by having both Chiquitanian and Amazonian forest species. Some 178 species of trees with a diameter larger than 10 cm have been identified. The diversity of species per ha is 96. The most common species are Pseuldomedia laevis, Ampelocera ruizii, Hirtella triandra, two species of Ocotea and Terminalia oblonga. The canopy reaches a height of 20 – 25 m, being that the emergent trees can reach up to 40 m in height (Hura crepitans and Bolivian Ficus). The density of individuals with diameter greater than 10 cm is 367 per ha, and the basal area is 19.6 m2 per ha.
Lianas are a very common way of life in this forest. About 70% of trees with a diameter greater than 10 cm have some degree of liana infestation. Approximately 110 species of lianas and vines have been identified. The understory is sometimes dominated by herbaceous vegetation, such as Costus sp, Heliconia sp., And ferns.
Chonta has been used by the company since 1974. Until 1997, Swietenia macrophylla was mainly used, and a few other species at very low intensity (0.1 – 1 tree per ha). In 1996 the company developed a General Plan for Forest Management, and made radical changes in its management and processing practices. In 1995 about 30% of the concession was burned in a fire that originated in agricultural areas near the concession. This burned area was defined as an area in recovery in the management plan. The remaining area of the concession has been divided into annual exploitation areas that have a total area of approximately 2,370 ha. The cutting cycle is 30 years, and the minimum cutting diameters stipulated by the Forestry Superintendence are applied. The company considers that 18 species of the 170 species identified are commercial. However, only eight of these species are currently harvested in significant volumes. The volume used is 6 m3 per hectare, which corresponds to 1 – 3 trees per ha. The management of the company has received the certificate of good management according to the criteria of the Forest Stewardship Council in 1998.
Basic equipment in the kitchen (refrigerator, stove, oven, basic kitchen utensils).
Santa Cruz has an international airport (Viru Viru Internacional – VVI) with direct flights to various destinations in the Americas and with good connections to Europe.


text: Mary Pat Fleming is Executive Vice President and Chief Operations Officer of Revere Bank. Ms. Fleming has over 40 years of progressive banking and management experience. Ms. Fleming comes to us from Mercantile Potomac Bank of Gaithersburg, Maryland where she held the position of Finance Division Manager and Chief Administrative Officer. At Revere Bank her responsibilities include risk management, human resources, strategic planning, compliance, security, loan documentation, loan operations, and deposit operations. Ms. Fleming graduated from Radford College with a Bachelor of Science in Business Management.


text:
Basic up to 26k, first year on target earnings is 43K although bonus is uncapped.
A minimum of 12 months experience in a sales function.
An individual who will thrive in a results driven working environment where the focus is always on client and candidate relationships.
A strong communicator, you will able to build rapport quickly over the phone and face-to-face.
Driven and ambitious, you will aspire to become a full consultant within 18 months of joining the company.
With a high level of personal ambition, you should be money motivated and have aspirations to reach the top of your profession.
Our client is a leading executive search company specialising in the delivery of retained search assignments across the sectors they work in.
They have track record of placing candidates from mid level manager to CEO.
You will be responsible for all aspects of the process of originating retained search assignments for the search consultants to deliver on.
You will be tasked with pitching both on the phone and face to face to secure new business opportunities.
Market research to identify prospect opportunities.


text:
Symphony Showcase | A Tempo!
Two violinists, one pianist, one trumpeter, and one vocalist will solo with UW Symphony Orchestra with conductor James Smith.
In addition, the music of composition student Nathan Froebe will be performed.
They’ve prepared for months and now are ready to show off a bit on the stage of Mills Hall: Our annual Symphony Showcase, a concert featuring the winners of our annual concerto competition in solo performances with the UW Symphony Orchestra, conducted by James Smith. This year’s winners are all graduate students with impressive worldwide resumés; one is a composer whose new work will be premiered by the orchestra. Please join us on Sunday, February 14, at 7:30 PM for our concert and reception in Mills Hall! (Note: Parking is free on Sundays in Grainger Hall.) Concert tickets are $10 but are free for students of all ages. Buy in advance ($4 fee) or in person in Mills lobby.
Meet the winners and the works they will play, and read full biographies on this webpage.
Violinist Paran Amininazari, doctoral student of Assistant Professor Soh-Hyun Park Altino. Paran is also a member of the Madison Symphony Orchestra and a founding member of the Willy St. Chamber Players. Sergei Prokofiev’s Violin Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 63, one movement.
Yunkyung Hong, a doctoral composer studying with Professors Laura Schwendinger and Stephen Dembski. “Yun” has won many awards and commissions worldwide and is employed by UW-Madison’s MOOCS (massive online courses) program as a sound designer. Her new work is called Transparency.
Pianist and Collins Fellow Kangwoo Jin, doctoral student of Professors Christopher Taylor and Jessica Johnson. Kangwoo is a winner of many competitions and received his master’s degree from Indiana University. He is also a teacher in the school’s Community Music Lessons program. Rachmaninoff’s Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor Op. 18, third movement.
Garrett Mendelow, doctoral percussionist and Collins Fellow studying with Professor Anthony Di Sanza. In 2012, Mendelow won second place in the biennial Tromp Percussion Competition in The Netherlands, and in 2014, he was a semifinalist at the ARD International Music Competition in Munich, Germany. Arena Concerto, by Swedish composer Tobias Broström.
Luis Alberto Peña, a doctoral piano student of Professor Christopher Taylor. Luis has soloed with many orchestras and won awards in Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela and the USA. Richard Strauss’s Burleske in D Minor for Piano and Orchestra.
Did you know that the Wisconsin Brass Quintet, the Wingra Wood Quintet and the Pro Arte Quartet are our contribution to the Wisconsin Idea? Over decades, the three ensembles have logged thousands of miles giving concerts and master classes in high schools, concert halls and colleges all over Wisconsin. And we want to visit your town!
We’ve given it a new name: the “Music Engagement & Outreach Program,” and we have a new coordinator, Beth Larson, a violinist who graduated from UW-Madison in 2011 and performs with the Madison Symphony Orchestra, the Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra, and the Willy Street Chamber Players. With Beth’s help, the three groups have begun an exciting new partnership with Milwaukee’s High School of the Arts, working not only with bands and orchestra but with literature and science classes as well. Contact Beth to learn more.
Blogger Greg Hettsmanberger has been writing about classical music for Madison Magazine for several years now, and has now begun a stint on TV as well and started a new personal blog, “What Greg Says,” mostly about music. You can catch his TV segment on occasional Wednesday mornings just after 6:30 AM on WISC-TV/Ch. 3. In his debut appearance, he included our upcoming Schubertiade as one of his recommendations.
Meanwhile, another faithful classical music critic, Jake Stockinger, just passed the 1.4 million mark in hits to his blog, The Well-Tempered Ear, in continuous publication since 2009. Congratulations, Jake!
The CML program was founded in 1968 and is still busy offering lessons to students young and old(er) in our community. Our teachers are graduate students recommended by their major professors, and are available in the areas of instrumental, voice, and even composition. Registration for the spring semester just opened; click here to learn more.
Read biographies of our current teachers.
Faculty News: Laura Schwendinger, Uri Vardi & David Perry.
Do you seek one or more musicians for your wedding, private party, corporate event, or church service? Our students routinely gig in the community and now there’s an updated place for you to advertise. See this website and send your request to the email listed. Note: All arrangements are made between the students and the employer.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


text:
Scott Moss introduces himself, the course repository, and sets the agenda for the day of starting with Node.js basics, then introducing topics until a server is deployed.
Scott gives an overview of use cases when creating apps with Nodejs.
Scott describes installing node using both from Nodejs source, and using NVM. Scott explains several costs and benefits of each, and why NVM is the preferred method.
Scott demonstrates how to download Nodejs without the aid of NVM.
Scott gives instruction on the recommended way to download Node js using nvm.
Scott introduces the first exercise: getting Node.js installed!
Scott troubleshoots some common issues with Node.js installation, and demonstrates how to execute a file.
Scott gives an overview of process, require, __dirname, module, and global, that are all global variables provided to apps by Node.js.
Scott introduces what Node modules are, and recommends ESM as it is the newest standard. This course will be using CommonJS.
Scott demonstrates a pattern for Commonjs exports while explaining the difference between default and named exports, coaches on the importance of explicit exports, and advises against using the exports global.
Scott demonstrates how to use the require keyword to import node modules. It's specifically detailed how to require modules that are user-created.
Scott directs students to complete an exercise using the Jest testing suite to convert prewritten browser code to Node.
In addition to going over the solution, Scott also answers questions about the testing suite being utilized, and the style choices for the exercise solution.
Scott walks through several examples of how to read and write to files using the fs Module that is shipped with Node js.
Scott briefly speaks to the http module, then moves on to talk about the path module that normalizes paths for the user, and mentions the url and crypto modules.
Scott introduces modules created by other people on the internet, and why it's more efficient to utilize these than writing them from scratch. The community of Node js, public modules, and malicious modules are all discussed.
Scott gives an overview of how to require custom local modules, remote modules, and shipped modules. Attention is given to why it's important to note if the remote module has the same name as a shipped module.
Scott gives an overview about how to select reputable modules, what dependencies and devDependencies are in a package.json file, how to install a single node module, and most common use cases.
Scott introduces another package manager created by a different company that does similar things to npm.
Students are instructed to complete a program that saves and retrieves contacts from an address book.
Scott live codes the solution to the exercise, instructs on how to add formatting to the output JSON, and discusses using path.resolve() versus path.join().
Scott shows the "hack" around the process module called commander that was used to create commands, have aliases, and have a full CLI.
Scott explains why it's imperative to handle errors in Node js.
Scott introduces how servers interact with the Node js environment.
Students are instructed to refactor and fix a simple static asset server.
Scott live-codes the solution to the exercise, and gets feedback from students on how they solved the exercise, and difficulties they had.
Scott explains the three paths to debugging, including using logs, using the node inspector, and utilizing text editor integration.
Scott details how Node js has advanced to be extremely versatile over the last few iterations, and gives several use cases for testing in Node js.
Scott gives a brief description of test suites, assertion libraries, mocks, and spies.
Scott defines what unit, integration, E2E, UI, snapshot, and performance testing are.
Students are directed to find and debug several issues in the app, and then implement unit tests to ensure that they stay fixed.
Scott live codes the solution to the exercise using Chrome inspector, and fields a question from the audience afterwards about how to autopopulate the chrome inspector with the files. How to write the tests to test for the bugs that were caught is also briefly covered.
Scott details the checklist to go through to make modules sharing-ready.
Scott details what to think about when deploying the server to a cloud provider. Questions are also answered about versions, and the difference between a static site generator and static site server.
Scott demonstrates how to deploy the module to Heroku, and describes how to publish to npm.
Scott gives an overview of how to take this knowledge and bring it further than this course.
A question is asked about CMS, and Scott wraps up the course by giving further resources and thoughts.


text:
For Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, much of philosophy was mere nonsense. Then came Frank Ramsey’s pragmatic alternative.
Vienna in the 1920s was an exciting place. Politically, it was the time of Red Vienna, when the municipal government experimented with radical democratic reforms in housing, healthcare, education and worker’s rights. There was optimism in the air, despite postwar hyperinflation and rising conservatism. It was also an exciting time intellectually, for one of the most influential movements in the history of philosophy was in full swing: the Vienna Circle.
They were a group of philosophers, mathematicians and physicists who gathered around the German philosopher Moritz Schlick, and included luminaries such as Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath and Herbert Feigl. The Circle put forward an ambitious programme that would have all knowledge constructed out of an objective foundation of observation and deductive logic. Their ‘veriﬁability principle’ would assert that a meaningful sentence had to be reducible, via truth-preserving logic, to a basic language of observation statements. Metaphysics, ethics, religion, and aesthetics were either to be revised so as to be stated in this scientific language, or else declared meaningless – mere nonsense. These new scientific philosophers were socially progressive, at home in Red Vienna, and they saw themselves as intellectually progressive as well. Unfortunately, others all too readily concurred, such as the fascist student who gunned down Schlick on the steps of the University of Vienna in 1936.
Theirs was an idea whose time had come. A similar group was developing in Berlin, with Hans Reichenbach and Carl Hempel as its most prominent members. In Cambridge, Bertrand Russell had also been arguing that philosophy must proceed by a logical analysis that bottoms out in simple, metaphysically fundamental existents in the world. But it was Russell’s Viennese student Ludwig Wittgenstein who most intrigued the Circle with his first book, written mostly during the First World War on the perilous Eastern and Italian fronts, where he was ultimately taken as a prisoner of war.
Schlick told Albert Einstein Wittgenstein’s book was the ‘deepest’ work of ‘the new philosophy’. The Vienna Circle adopted it as a kind of founding document. They noticed, but swept under the rug, the fact that Wittgenstein’s account of nonsense differed from their own. While the Circle tossed large swaths of metaphysics and ethics – the questions of life – into the bin, Wittgenstein thought that they transcended, and were more important than, the elementary language. Despite this tension, Wittgenstein was engaged with the Circle right up to Schlick’s death.
After the war, it took Russell three years of effort to get Wittgenstein’s manuscript out of Europe. It was first published in a German journal, Annalen der Naturphilosophie (uncorrected by its author, with typos and mistakes), and then placed into the hands of a translator. That was the 18-year-old Frank Ramsey, a brilliant Cambridge mathematics undergraduate who would become famous as a pioneer of subjective probability theory, decision theory, two branches of economics, Ramsey Theory in pure mathematics, and a vast number of philosophical innovations.
The relationship of this remarkable young man to the Vienna Circle is a fascinating moment in the history of philosophy. It is, however, largely misunderstood. Once we see it aright, the way is cleared to a promising alternative position about truth and knowledge, one that might have had a tremendous influence on the Vienna Circle, had things unfolded differently.
The Circle listed Ramsey in their Manifesto of 1929 as one of those ‘sympathetic’ to their mission, and this is still a frequently expressed opinion. But it simply isn’t true. Ramsey, young as he was, pulled against Russell, Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, who at the time were engaged in a quest for certainty and purity. In contrast, Ramsey sought conceptions of truth and knowledge that had their basis in what would work best for human beings. He called himself a ‘pragmatist’, after the founder of the American tradition of pragmatism, Charles S Peirce (1839-1914). While Peirce too was committed to taking experience seriously, and to declaring abstruse metaphysics meaningless, he thought that truth was what would best fit with human experience and knowledge – a conception of truth miles away from the reductionist theory typified by the Vienna Circle.
Ramsey’s translation of Tractatus was published in 1922, with Wittgenstein making line-by-line revisions by post. In September 1923, Ramsey spent a fortnight with Wittgenstein, in his home in the mountains close to Vienna. During this marathon conversation about the Tractatus, Ramsey was relieved to find his ‘Critical Notice’ of it, which was already in press, was still right. In the summer of 1924, Ramsey went to Vienna for six months, to be psychoanalysed (he was paralysed about relations with women), and to spend more time with Wittgenstein. He was introduced to Schlick by Wittgenstein’s sister Gretl (of the famous Klimt portrait) and he soon met another Circle member, the mathematician Hans Hahn, who arranged for him to use the university library.
What they found most interesting was Ramsey’s extension of Wittgenstein’s notion of tautology. Like all empiricists, the members of the Vienna Circle struggled to say just why the statements of logic and mathematics are legitimate, since they cannot be verified by experience. In the 18th century, David Hume had invoked a too-convenient separation of matters of fact and relations of ideas, with the latter (which included the mathematical and logical) simply being exempted from the observational criterion.
Almost a century later, John Stuart Mill had made an unsuccessful attempt to treat mathematics as an observable science. The Circle was happy to find the first part of their own answer in Wittgenstein’s idea that the truths of logic are tautologies. That is, they are true come what may, and hence stand away from the empirical standard of meaningfulness. Ramsey’s idea was that mathematics also consists of tautologies. The Circle adopted these two moves as the turning point in their philosophy.
While the Circle was discussing ‘The Foundations of Mathematics’, Ramsey was writing a new paper, ‘Facts and Propositions’. It was published in the 1927 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, and was mentioned in the Manifesto as another of Ramsey’s sympathetic papers. In it, he utilised Wittgenstein’s conception of tautology in a novel way. Wittgenstein had argued (in Ramsey’s words) that a logical truth ‘excludes no possibility and so expresses no attitude of belief at all’. From here, Ramsey arrived at one of his most fruitful insights. Beliefs exclude possibilities, and that is how we can tell one belief from another. What it is to believe a proposition is, in large part, to behave in certain ways, and to take various possibilities as either alive or dead. It is of the essence of a belief that it has a causal impact on our actions, and we evaluate beliefs in terms of how well they work. In a paper written at the same time, ‘Truth and Probability’, he went on to argue that some habits are a better basis for action than others. Truth is linked to usefulness.
Schlick and Ramsey remained in contact after Ramsey’s time in Vienna. In 1927, Ramsey invited Schlick to present a paper at the Moral Sciences Club, a discussion group at the University of Cambridge, and they both got along very well. Presumably, Ramsey kept to himself his opinion that Schlick’s The General Theory of Knowledge contained some ‘sad rubbish’; his first impression remained steady throughout his life: ‘He didn’t seem to me much of a philosopher, but a very nice man.’ But despite this ongoing contact, Schlick and the rest of the Circle seemed to be unaware that Ramsey was moving at speed away from their project, that he was developing a pragmatic outlook that clashed with their attempt to construct the world out of logic and observation.
In the 1950s, Carnap and Hempel were still seeking to articulate that constructionist project. The idea was that classes of experience are constructed from individual time-slices of sensory experiences, then concepts (such as ‘blue’) are built up, then objects, and then higher concepts. But what about unobservable entities such as electrons? Or scientific laws and theories that make generalisations about what is observed – and go well beyond it? The solution was again found in Ramsey.
In ‘Theories’, a paper he wrote in 1929, Ramsey argued we can indeed construct a scientific theory from simple observational facts, using a set of axioms and a dictionary that translates the primary language into the secondary, theoretical, language. But he is clear that these definitions are not necessary for the ‘legitimate use of the theory’. It is merely ‘instructive’ to show how such definitions could be constructed. Part of the instruction is to show how it might be done, for Russell, Carnap and others ‘seem to suppose that we can and must do this’. But part of the instruction is negative: Ramsey thought that the project wouldn’t work.
Scientific theories presented another problem for the Circle. How does the theory of mass change or get improved upon? On their explicit-definition account, it seems that every time the theory changes, we change the meanings of the terms in the older versions or refer to new, different entities. Ramsey thinks this shows that ‘the dictionary alone does not suffice’, unless we are happy with a finite, primary system much less rich than the theory itself. All ‘useful theories’ must have ‘more degrees of freedom’ than the primary system. There would be no point in having a secondary system – no point in having a scientific theory – unless it went beyond a catalogue of the current facts. That is, Ramsey showed Carnap’s project – as he understood it from Carnap’s work The Logical Construction of the World (1928) – could be completed, but would be no good at all.
He then made a new move, which Carnap and Hempel would pick up in the 1950s, after the strict definitional approach had indeed proved too limited. We can elucidate the role of theoretical terms such as ‘electron’ in a long and complex formal sentence that contains both theoretical and observational terms. The sentence will start with: ‘There are things we call electrons, which …’, and then go on to tell a story about those electrons. We assume that there are electrons for the sake of the story, just as we assume that there is a girl when we listen to a story that starts: ‘Once upon a time there was a girl, who …’ Any additions to the theory are to be made within the scope of the quantifier that says that there exists at least one electron. The theory can now evolve while still being about the original entities.
Additions to the theory of electrons are not beliefs that are true or false in the strict sense of the primary language. We commit ourselves to the existence of the entities in our theory, knowing that if it gets overthrown, so will our commitment to its entities. In the meantime, we use the theory. As always, Ramsey was interested in how we use something, not in pure metaphysics – he was interested in a ‘human logic’ that tells us how we should think. Such a logic ‘is not merely independent of but sometimes actually incompatible with formal logic’.
construct a logic, and do all our philosophical analysis entirelyunselfconsciously, thinking all the time of the facts and not about our thinking about them, deciding what we mean without any reference to the nature of meanings.
I used to worry myself about the nature of philosophy through excessive scholasticism. I could not see how we could understand a word and not be able to recognise whether a proposed definition of it was or was not correct. I did not realise the vagueness of the whole idea of understanding, the reference it involves to a multitude of performances any of which may fail and require to be restored.
He now thinks that we will often run into terms ‘we cannot define, but … can [only] explain the way in which they are used’. Ramsey thought that the ideal language Wittgenstein was trying to construct was mere scholasticism, ‘the essence of which is treating what is vague as if it were precise and trying to fit it into an exact logical category’.
Philosophy must be of some use and we must take it seriously; it must clear our thoughts and so our actions, or else it is a disposition we have to check … ie the chief proposition of philosophy is that philosophy is nonsense. And again we must then take seriously that it is nonsense, and not pretend, as Wittgenstein does, that it is important nonsense!
The standardisation of the colours of beer is not philosophy, but in a sense it is an improvement in notation, and a clarification of thought.
Both objections hold for the Vienna Circle too, although one thing Ramsey did share with them was an incredulity toward Wittgenstein’s idea that there is something inexpressible yet important – that one could peer through the fence, glimpse the unsayable, and stand in awe of it.
We cannot really picture the world as disconnected selves; the selves we know are in the world. What we can’t do we can’t do and it’s no good trying. Philosophy comes from not understanding the logic of our language; but the logic of our language is not what Wittgenstein thought. The pictures we make to ourselves are not pictures of facts.
We need the irreducible secondary world, full of hypotheses, laws and claims about the existence of objects, if we are to think about the world at all.
Wittgenstein was stung by this onslaught. In 1930, he wrote: ‘Ramsey’s mind repulsed me’; he had no capacity for ‘genuine reverence’; he had an ‘ugly mind’; and ‘his criticism didn’t help along but held back and sobered’. He told his friends that Ramsey was a ‘materialist’. Ramsey thought that Wittgenstein’s philosophy needed sobering up, and needed to pay attention to human beliefs, rather than independently existing propositions.
since I began to occupy myself with philosophy again, 16 years ago, I could not but recognise grave mistakes in what I set out in that first book. I was helped to realise these mistakes – to a degree which I myself am hardly able to estimate – by the criticism which my ideas encountered from Frank Ramsey, with whom I discussed them in innumerable conversations during the last two years of his life.
I feel very guilty that I’ve not yet written a review of Carnap’s book, which is really inexcusable. I found it very interesting, though some things I thought certainly wrong and others I felt very doubtful about.
He apologised for the delay: ‘I am very sorry and will do it when I next have leisure. At the moment I am in bed with a very severe attack of jaundice.’ Ramsey would not have the chance to set his position against Carnap’s. That liver infection would kill him a few weeks later.
In the 1930s, the Vienna Circle started to feel the pressure, from other quarters, of what Ramsey called ‘the objection from philosophy of science’ and the objection about solipsism. In response, they would develop more liberal, inclusive, behaviourist versions of logical empiricism. That is, many in the Circle moved closer to Ramsey, without knowing it. Had they felt the force of Ramsey’s objections and pragmatist alternative earlier, pragmatism and analytic philosophy would not have been thought to be in such opposition to each other. The Vienna Circle would not have been seen as the bogeyman of philosophy, as it is now, but as delivering a human account of what it is to have a belief be responsive to the way things are. Ramsey was the bridge between 20th-century pragmatism and analytic philosophy, and when he died, that route was obscured – only to be recently rediscovered and put on the map.
Previous Post Can the Senate Decline to Try an Impeachment Case? What if They Decide to Break the Government Some More?

industry_corpus2: Math & Statistics