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Experiencing a property fires can be traumatic event that no one wants to ever experience first hand. Yet every year there are property fires in Albemarle, North Carolina that cause thousands of dollars in property damage, numerous injuries and grief for families and business owners. Looking at the devastation left behind after fire, smoke and water damage, many property owners feel as if the destruction cannot be repaired. If you have suffered a property fire, you may be wondering where to begin the process of property repair, the extensive clean up, and how to salvage any of your fire, smoke and water damaged personal possessions. Properties can be fully restored back to pre loss condition if a professional fire, smoke and water restoration company is called in. However with fire and smoke damage restoration, your quick timing and a rapid response is critical to the restoration and recovery process of your property. Fire, smoke and water damage will only get worse as every hour passes, the sooner professionals are called in the quicker they can get to work securing your property, and preventing any further damage from occurring. Professional fire damage restoration companies such as Fire Water and Storm Pros of Albemarle, North Carolina specialize in assessing the damage left behind from a property fire as well as repairing homes and contents damaged by fire, smoke and water.
Fire Water and Storm Pros of Albemarle, North Carolina has over 30 years of experience and expertise in fully restoring fire, smoke and water damaged properties. We fully restore back to pre loss condition both residential and commercial properties. Fire Water and Storm Pros will take on partial fire loss jobs to complete fire loss jobs. We maintain 24 hour business operations as we know fire can strike at any time and how time sensitive fire damage can be so we have 24 hour emergency service. It is our goal to arrive at your home with in one hour of your call for assistance. Once on scene we will access the damage done and develop a plan of action to begin the Restoration process of your property. One of the first steps will be to secure your property with emergency board up service, boarding up your windows and doors. The damage to a property following a fire is not just damage from the flames which consumed your building, but also the direct heat, smoke, soot, water and even chemical damage. Fire Water and Storm Pros IICRC certified fire damage restoration professionals are equipped and trained to handle every type of damage to your property. We have the equipment, experience and expertise needed to restore your fire damaged property. We carry the largest assortment of the most advanced equipment in the industry, including the latest in ozone, vaportek, portable water extraction units, truck mounted water extraction units, thermo Foggers, dehumidifiers, air movers, air scrubbers and generators. All of our equipment is preloaded onto our trucks, which are ready to assist at a moments notice. We offer a complete range of services including temporary roof repairs, emergency board-ups, water extraction,debris removal and haul away, fire damage repair of both your homes building materials and also your smoke and heat damaged personal possessions at our off site content restoration facility, temporary utilities, Odor control and removal, and complete property repair and restoration.
Fire Water and Storm Pros of Albemarle, North Carolina will work with your insurance agency and meet with your insurance adjustor to inspect the damages. If you require assistance with the property insurance claims process, we will be glad to put our 30 years of experience in dealing with and networking with insurance companies to your advantage. Over the last 30 years we have developed strong relationships with the various insurance agencies we have worked with. Fire Water and Storm Pros is also fully licensed, bonded and insured. We are a FEMA approved contractor due to our level of both experience and commitment to helping out property owners facing disaster recover fully. We are also an IICRC certified company, which is the highest certification available in the industry, and we not only meet the IICRCs standards, we exceed them. We are also members of the Better Business Bureau in good standing with an “A” rating due to the level of complete customer satisfaction and customer trust we have earned over the last 30 years. If you have suffered a property fire, be it residential or commercial, call the experts at Fire Water and Storm Pros today for a damage assessment and see what we can do to help you restore not only your property but also your peace of mind.

industry_corpus2: Safety Management


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If you are planning an event in Bedfordshire, contact us to see if we can help.
We have hosted tipi weddings, parties and corporate events in Bedford, Luton and Woburn.
Love Tipis has a good knowledge of the area, its venues and facilities to help you create the perfect party or wedding.
Or contact us today to find out more about what we have to offer.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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One of the most popular lines of apps that are available on Google Play for Android phones are those involving cameras. And which each one getting better than the last, users are lucky to experience some of the best photo taking and editing abilities for free. Here’s a review at some of the best free photo apps for android available on Google Play for your Android device.
One of the most downloaded and top rated apps available today is Wonder Camera by Baidu Int’l Inc. The highlight of this application is how smooth and clear it can make your face look.
It uses its advanced face detection system to focus on the key points on your face to make the shape of your face look perfect. It also uses a smooth-skin effect to erase blemishes or otherwise unsightly imperfections on your face. Wonder Camera continues to add features to its application, making it increasingly popular.
It may not be the best camera app to take pictures of scenery or still life objects, but it is quite fascinating how well it works for sprucing up otherwise bland photos that you take of yourself.
Cymera – Camera & Photo Editor is an increasingly popular photo application. With the amount of features it offers, its no surprise that people are relying on Cymera for their photography needs.
The camera itself is quite powerful. It offers seven different lenses that are commonly found on DSLR cameras. This includes out of focus, anti-shake, self-portrait, timer modes, all intended to help you make the most from your photography experience. Another great feature offered by Cymera is how much it can spruce up your already existing photographs.
The app offers tons of borders and stickers that you can add to a picture, and then the option to share them to get laughs from your closest friends and social media followers.
Lastly, Cymera offers the option to make a storytelling collage to piece all of your photos together to make a beautiful story of events. There are tons of other great features offered by Cymera, but these basics are the reason you should try it out. You will be certain to come across many other features that you enjoy with Cymera.
Wondershare Software’s PowerCam is a very powerful photography app. It offers one of the most extensive lines of features that are offered in a mobile application. With over 36 effects, PowerCam affords you the opportunity to find exactly what it is you are looking for each time you snap a picture.
PowerCam’s Color Splash feature will allow users to add color against black and white, or the other way around if they so choose. And the best part is how simple it is to make all of these neat effects occur on your photographs.
Lastly, PowerCam has a Smile Shot feature that will detect a smile and capture the photo automatically. This is very helpful and makes even the most novice of photographers, take excellent looking photographs.
One of my personal photo app favorites is Aviary. When I came across this app, I was having a hard time finding a single application that would do everything that I needed. But I found it all with this one simple app that synced between all my Android devices. One of my favorite tools is the ability to sharpen or blur objects in my photos.
This really makes images and elements of your pictures stand out as you want them to. Also, the auto focus is great when adjusting brightness, contrast and color temperature.
Finally, the photos that you can add are hilarious and have added a lot of enjoyment to otherwise boring pictures. If you want, you can even download other picture packs from Aviary and have even more fun with this already amazing application.
With as many photo apps as there is on Google Play for Android, it is hard to figure out which are the best. Hopefully with this quick rundown, you can find the perfect photo app for all your photography needs.
Author bio: This article was submitted by Lewis Jacobs, an avid blogger and tech enthusiast. He enjoys fixing computers and writing about internet trends. Currently he is freelance writing for clearinternet.org.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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There are currently no Dowagiac Union notable alumni listed. Be the first to add an DUHS famous alumni.
This section is to remember Dowagiac Union High alumni who have passed away.
There are currently no memorials for Dowagiac Union alumni.
The Dowagiac Union HS alumni site is made so that students and teachers from the Dowagiac high school can reconnect with those that they met while attending high school.	You can also find out what other graduates are doing now, share memories with other alumn, upload pictures from Dowagiac Union HS and find other alumni. If you are an alumn of Dowagiac Union High you should register now in the alumni directory. We also encourage you to interact with the rest of the alumni on this site. You can find old friends, share photos and stay updated on the latest school news.
Mark Wiggins has someone searching for them.
Anne Davis has someone searching for them.
Greg Wolske has someone searching for them.
Kathryn Barks has someone searching for them.
Debbie Toney Frizzell updated her profile picture.
Debbie Toney Frizzell added photos to their personal photo gallery.
Debbie Toney Frizzell registered as a DUHS Class of 1975 alumni.
Rita Brunkel registered as a DUHS alumni.
Rita Brunkel updated her profile picture.
Rita Brunkel added photos to their personal photo gallery.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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Time trialling is known as the race of truth. Competitors race alone starting at one minute intervals they ride against the clock over a specified distance, the rider with the fastest time at the end of the event is the winner. Distances vary from 10 to 100 miles with the specialist areas going up to 12 and 24 hours. Most club riders compete at 10 and 25 miles in weekly leagues organised by Southend Wheelers or other local clubs or associations to which they belong. Veteran Age Standard records for Time Trials can be found here.
Southend Wheelers offers a full programme of weekly events throughout the year for all age categories of 12 and above. Club riders under 16 years must gain permission from their parents/guardians before entering. The Southend Wheelers Wednesday Time League runs from April through to August meeting at The Star in Steeple from 18:00 for a 19:00 start (18:45 late August). The course is 10 miles. This event is open for anyone to "come and try". Marshalling the Wednesday events is done on a rota of regular riders. For 2019 this is being organised by Andy Merchant. The list can be found here, please e-mail him for further details.
The Essex Roads events that we alternate with are based at West Hanningfield Village Hall, using the East Hanningfield circuit.
What do I need to know to enter or assist at a Time Trial event?
Where can I can I find more about club events?
E-mail us wednesdaytt@southendwheelers.org, or come to our Social & Training Rides at Canewdon each Sunday, see the events page. In the Summer you are welcome to attend the Wednesday evening events and try for yourself, providing you have membership of the CTC or British Cycling.
Full address details for each known venue can be found at the bottom of the page, refer to the National CTT Handbook for HQs for Open Events.
Note - by entering a time trial, you are agreeing to your name and racing category being published in the results.
Wednesday League -will once again alternate between Steeple and Hanningfield; the Steeple events will be run by Southend Wheelers (some events are supported by East Essex Tri) using The Star as HQ this year. Please show your appreciation for The Star by staying for a drink or a meal after the event.
Saturday League - new for June 2019 - a test series of 5 events have been announced for every Saturday in June. These will be run on a 7 mile course near Canewdon starting and finishing near Loftman's corner and travelling past Ballards Gore Golf Club to/from the roundabout near Golden Cross. More details later in the year but it will be expected that racers will take their turn to marshall. This is a new course so the record is there for the taking.
Maldon Autumn Saturday 10s - Maldon CC are running 6 Saturday morning events in September and October; these are also listed but do not count towards any leagues.
BAR - To qualify for the BAR riders must complete a 10, 25 and 50 mile time trial and the Club Road Race Championship.
Pre-entering events will ensure that events are not cancelled due to lack of entries.
All events require marshals - please notify the marshalling secretary of your duties.
Please contact timetrial@southendwheelers.org for further details.
Click here for details of Veteran Age Related Records.
1. Formerly a 40 year old lady rider would have the same handicap as a 48 year old man, now in a 10 mile TT she has a better handicap than a 65 year old man.
2. Formerly a 40 year old man would concede 5 minutes 30 seconds to a 65 year old in a 10 mile TT, he now he only concedes 1 minute 59 secs.
The CTT allocate each approved course with a code; for instance the 10 mile course we use at Steeple is known as the E21/10. The letter E signifies it is in the Eastern Region. 21 is the course number and 10 indicates the distance. Where the basic route of the course is incorporated in longer distance events the i.e. 25 miles it become E21/25. Approved courses may be used by any club but some may use different HQ’s close to the start. Listed below are the courses we most often use for our competitions. The location shown is that of the HQ we would most commonly use.

industry_corpus2: Sports


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Spend some quality time with family/friends doing something a bit different. Solve the clues exploring in your home town or when visiting somewhere new, working as a team and having lots of fun.
A 16thC timber-framed Wealden hall-house which contains collections of Sussex interest. Displays feature Lewes from the 16thC to the present day.
Historic display interpreting Lewes - 25-minute indoor audiovisual programme over 1:150 scale-model of town circa 120 years ago. History of Lewes from Saxon beginnings.
Small converted farmhouse, home to Virginia Woolf and her husband Leonard from 1919 until his death in 1969. Furniture and personal items, garden and summerhouse.
Old-world Sussex gardens of 16thC house, boyhood home of diarist, John Evelyn. Lawns, fine mature trees and colourful bedding displays.

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


text: Thank you for your interest in this new Summit White 2019 Buick Encore Preferred FWD with a 1.4L 4 cyl engine and 6-Speed A/T transmission for sale at Musson Patout Buick GMC. If you have a question about this Encore we're here to help. Give us a call at (337) 465-4161 or if you are in the Lafayette or St. Martinville areas come in for a test drive.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


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Is Spiked Water the New "It" Drink?
Under the "New!" sign in the beer section at the Bowery Whole Foods in Manhattan, I did a double-take: Tucked between the beers and ciders were bottles upon bottles of spiked sparkling water. While spiked seltzer first came to our attention early last year, as reported by Betches, it feels like this drink is everywhere this spring—but is it here to stay?
Spiked seltzers and hard sodas are the biggest emerging trend in beer and spirits right now. While the trend emerged last summer with the brand, SpikedSeltzer, and went largely dormant over the winter, it's picking back up steam this spring. Its sales are at "almost 50% more than they were a year ago in this category [in the New York area]," Chris Manca, a Specialty Coordinator for Whole Foods Market’s Northeast Region, who handles primarily beverage and spirits, told me over the phone. When you consider the spike in sparkling water popularity—sales increased 56% between 2009 and 2014, according to the Boston Globe, this is hardly surprising.
SpikedSeltzer was launched in 2013 by beverage mogul Nick Shields (who worked for Nantucket Nectars when it was still a startup and was as a fifth-generation brewer at the now-closed Haffenreffer Brewery in Boston) and Dave Holmes, who came over from the financial industry. Later this year, you'll see it at Target (six-packs are already available at Whole Foods across the country).
Created under a off-shoot of Boston Beer Company (who produces Samuel Adams), Truly Spiked & Sparkling markets itself as the "lowest-calorie and lowest-carb spiked sparkling water available," which is how you know they aren't going for those craft beer drinkers. It's also one of the lower-alcohol options with a 5% ABV.
Nauti Sparkling is the youngest member of the spiked sparkling water world—it was just introduced just this month! It's being produced by the Massachusetts brewery Wachusett, and is currently only available on the East Coast, but has plans to go nationwide this month.
We want to hear your opinion: Is spiked sparkling water here to stay, or will it go the way of water with little, edible balls? Tell us in the comments below!
You do realize that you can add alcohol to tap water right?
Hi Mike, these are flavored, sparkling, fermented drinks—similar to how beer is essentially water flavored with hops and made sparkling by fermented sugars, so while it's definitely possible to have a vodka and water, it wouldn't taste quite the same as these.
My point was there is no fundamental difference to tap water and purified or spring water, so paying more is ridiculous, unless the water could be contaminated. I find the whole concept of this drink preposterous and simply a way to part fools with their money.
Oh and this thread was meant to be a reply to John Doe on my other thread but I can't find a way to edit or delete posts here, at least on my phone.
This is flavored sparkling water. What are you not getting?
This is flavoured recycled dinosaur piss and you are expected to pay a premium price. If you want to pay that for it go ahead as fools are easily parted with their money.
I think I must be weird or something because spiking sparkling water with alcohol makes no sense to me. I see the market growing for FLAVORED sparkling water, and that does make sense to me. Since the 52 OP must have tasted these, tell us what it was like? Did you taste alcohol or feel a buzz with any of them?
Yet another way to part fools from their money. The only reason to buy bottled water is if the local tap water is contaminated or tastes foul. I suspect in the venues where these products are sold that will not be the case, so why pay more for recycled dinosaur piss?
You realize the difference between tap water and alcohol right?
And tap water and sparkling flavored seltzer?
Yes. Do you guys realize you are being ripped off by buying recycled dinosaur piss whatever flavour is added? They use purified water in the ingredients. How is that different to tap water? The list of benefits they cite is hilarious. There is nothing special about this drink. It is simply another way to overcharge for water.

industry_corpus2: Others


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Recommended for tables, desks, carts, workbenches, or wheelchairs.
- The mount’s C-clamp base opens up to 1.75"
The TAB802 desk, cart, or table mount can be used with all large tablets 8.9 to 12.9 inches in screen size, including Apple iPad Pro, iPad Air 2 and iPad Air, iPad 4, 3, and 2, Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1, Galaxy Note Pro 12.2, Galaxy Tab 4 10.1, Galaxy Tab Pro 10.1, Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2, Galaxy Tab S 10.5, Kindle Fire HD 8.9, Google Pixel C, Nexus 10, and Nexus 9, LG G Pad 10.1, Sony Xperia Tablet Z4 and Tablet Z.
This mount includes Arkon’s Slim-Grip Universal Tablet Holder and Heavy-Duty Aluminum Desk or Cart Mounting Pedestal with 22” Adjustable Arm and C-Clamp Base. The tablet is held securely in place with the Slim-Grip spring-loaded holder, making it easy to insert or remove the tablet with one hand.
Included with the holder are 8 support legs (4 short and 4 longer versions) 4 short and 4 longer versions that can be customized with the mount to provide the perfect fit for your tablet. The top and bottom adjustable-leg design of the holder helps keep any side buttons and ports unobstructed. For most devices, the best mount holder configuration is to attach 2 short support legs on top and the 2 long support legs on the bottom of the holder. For smaller tablets, use all 4 short support legs on the holder.
For larger tablets such as iPad Pro, use all 4 long support legs and mount iPad Pro horizontally. For vertical viewing, adjust the 360° swivel. The heavy-duty mount is made of strong yet flexible aluminum, and is ideal for an office or workspace where easy access to a tablet is needed, but where surface space is at a premium. Install the C-clamp base on a desk, cart, worktable, bench, lectern, or other table-like surfaces. This mount also installs easily onto the bottom rail of a wheelchair. The C-clamp maintains a firm grip and opens as wide as 1.75 inches. Bend the 22-inch adjustable arm and rotate the swivel ball adapter head at both the top and the bottom of the pedestal for 360-degree rotation for exact positioning of the tablet.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


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009120302 - This is a genuine part for Multiquip; not an aftermarket part.
009120302 - SLE Equipment is a full line Distributor and carries 99% of all lines in the outdoor power equipment industry. Our search can be utilized to find parts for outdoor equipment from the top manufacturers in lawn equipment.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


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“This book… ultimately asks: Is marriage worth the sacrifices and the risks? While King doesn’t provide any clear-cut answers, she does lay bare the fears that lurk inside the most outwardly happy wives.
“…In telling Clare’s story, King skillfully weaves in just the right amount of detail at just the right time, while throwing in enough twists to keep the reader guessing.
… King manages to tell all of the primary characters’ stories without shortchanging any of them or allowing them to overshadow Clare. Each story threads in and out of the other stories as, together, they flow seamlessly toward the finish.
“Like her Lowcountry neighbors, Anne Rivers Siddons and Mary Alice Monroe, King writes about women dealing with family crises and, in the process, growing stronger.

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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The Roadmap to Success training program assists men and woman released from prison who are either living in a state work release or a federal residential reentry center, or are having difficulty overcoming the barriers to employment. The program consists of 150 hours of training over a four and a half week period. The training curriculum targets in on soft skills development and job readiness, and focuses on each of our student’s strengths to prepare them for employment.
The Manufacturing Academy is a 10-week course that offers the basics in manufacturing and safety to better position candidates for entry-level positions. The Academy uses an accredited curriculum sponsored by the Aerospace Joint Apprenticeship Committee (AJAC).


text: The latest way to serve alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks this summer! Ideal for presenting an impressive cocktail, serving ice cool beer or a refreshing juice, the traditional drinking jar is a real rustic and unique drinkers glass. With a screw on lid and reusable plastic straw, this glass jar is perfect for celebrating the summer and ensures there won't be any bees enjoying your drink! The jar is both practical and stylish! Coloured jars with matching straws are also available (KCHMGLSJUGCOL).


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High speed off-road Apache rally cars can take on all terrains which makes the spectacular Kent countryside the perfect place to put them through their paces. Surrounded by over 200 acres of woodland and fields our tailor made rally course is packed with sweeping bends and high speed straights designed to put these dedicated drifters to the ultimate test!
Enjoy an exhilarating mud buggy session in the South East of England, where your skills are tested at our amazing 500 metre off road track. . Safety briefing and equipment and full tuition are provided.
Jam-packed full of remarkable attractions like the amazing 'Boxpark' and the stunningly beautiful 'Wandle Park', you're bound to have an amazing day out after you've encountered all the adrenaline-fuelled thrills of off-road karting in Croydon! Tailor-made for the thrill-seeker or petrol-head junkie, you'll rip-roar around our mud-filled track at heart-racing speeds as you hop behind the wheel of our speedy and powerful vehicles which have been custom-built to overcome the treacherous terrain! With the largest number of off-road karting venues across both the UK and Ireland, we're the best in the business. You can book your exhilarating experience by clicking on the venue that you like the look of or, alternatively, you can give us a call on the number provided.
"A fun day out! Staff were great and friendly! "


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Growing up on a farm in southeastern Iowa, Dr. Hirschy watched his family go to chiropractors for back problems and medical doctors for medical problems. His chiropractor helped him recover from a back injury in junior high and another in high school.
Dr. Hirschy grew up playing with the son of a medical doctor. They became best friends. “My best friend chose to become a medical doctor and I chose chiropractic as my career.” To this day, the two remain great friends!
Dr. Hirschy went to Palmer College of Chiropractic right after high school. In practice for over 40 years now, he specializes in chiropractic orthopedics. This specialty, non-invasive care focuses on bone, joint, muscle and nerve disorders to help patients heal in a more precise, thorough way.
He recalls the difference in the perception of chiropractic care when he first began to practice compared to now. Forty years ago, patients came in viewing chiropractic care as an alternative to medicine for times when medicine didn’t help.
Today, chiropractic care is more understood and accepted. Dr. Hirschy looks forward to working with those who are open to a partnership towards greater health.
Dr. Hirschy is married with three grown children, an electrical engineer, landscape designer and a floral designer. “I enjoy spending time with my seven grand-children and am preparing for another on the way.” He also enjoys reading, gardening and woodworking.
Dr. Hirschy is the Chairman of the Local Board of Health for almost 20 years now. He’s a member of the First Baptist Church, Gideons International, and the Rotary Club. He has served on many other committees over the years.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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of California, San Francisco. We have collaborations with researchers worldwide.
The Brenner computational genomics research group is seeking a Research / Laboratory Manager. The Research / Laboratory Manager will play a key role in facilitating effective laboratory operations and research efforts for a cutting-edge genomics, computational biology, and bioinformatics research group.
Day-to-day management and requisition of laboratory materials and supplies, organization and maintenance of chemical and lab equipment inventories, and upkeep of the common laboratory including space safety procedures/protocols including for collaborative programs.
Routine information management, interfacing with department and service structures, outreach and website production, calendar maintenance, travel coordination, management of correspondence, and meeting schedules and retreats, including for collaborative programs.
Learn and employ standard laboratory and program management tasks including procurement and reimbursement, personnel appointments, and budget and grant preparation, management, review and reporting including for collaborative programs.
Production of weekly reports and recording of information in standardized forms.
Depending on skills, preparation of reagents and buffers; equipment maintenance; scientific software development and graphics; editing of research papers and grant proposals.
Overtime may be required for this position; limited travel might be required.

industry_corpus2: Biopharmaceuticals


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Are you searching for an lawyer who will help you with a family legislation challenge or other civil matter? Our corporate and enterprise law group knows that business owners and entrepreneurs face a mess of legal issues. Conversely, an legal professional at law can characterize another person in the follow of legislation, however can not make choices on their behalf, together with whether to settle or another choices.
Gene Thompson, Attorney at Legislation is proud to serve clients all through Northeast Oklahoma, Creek County, Sapulpa, and different areas in Oklahoma. Ensure you obtain the compensation you deserve with the effective legal steerage of James A McAuliff, Legal professional At Regulation private injury attorney.
Besides in Labor & Employment Regulation, she will not be certified by the Texas Board of Authorized Specialization in different areas of follow. I serve your entire Riverside County and handle prison law and household law instances. If you are in search of a Houston, Texas, divorce and family legislation legal professional, think about a lawyer who has been the place you at the moment are.
Firm founder and attorney, Cynthia Tracy, has skilled the emotional divorce course of and confronted the kid custody and property division issues you might now be going through. The attorneys on our Maryland felony defense team are expert, seasoned, and aggressive criminal protection attorneys that may guide you thru the criminal justice system.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


text: Join the Cozby Library and Community Commons at 2 p.m. on Saturday, January 26 for the Five Money Questions for Women seminar! This seminar shares perspectives on a process women can use to identify financial goals and set a strategy. Financial Advisor Brooke Bradley will discuss Rule of 72, systematic investing, employer-sponsored retirement plans, and IRAs as strategies for saving.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


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Safe and efficient aircraft navigation.
Our air traffic controllers use a range of tools to optimise the flow of traffic approaching and departing an aerodrome. Innovative surveillance systems - such as radar, multilateration and ADS-B equipment - provide us with a three dimensional picture of air traffic.
Airways’ PBN procedures and flow management tools smooth and direct air traffic, reducing delays and providing fuel savings.
Airways provides en-route control services, separating aircraft in controlled airspace and ensuring a safe and efficient flow of traffic between airports in the New Zealand domestic and Oceanic regions. Read about the different stages of air traffic control from one of our controllers.
Airways’ aerodrome services enable the safe, efficient operation of aircraft within the vicinity of the aerodrome.
Flight information is provided to aircraft operating throughout New Zealand and New Zealand’s Oceanic airspace. The service includes the ability to submit flight plans and gather weather information through Airways’ Internet Flight Information Service (IFIS).
For complete access to these services, please visit IFIS here.

industry_corpus2: Aerospace


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A collection of greeting cards with images and details of masterpieces from the Mauritshuis, including envelopes.
The paintings of the Mauritshuis have been digitally photographed with high resolution and adjusted to color fastness, to match the original as much as possible. Printed in Europe according to the highest quality standards.


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We currently have no Call Centre & Customer Services jobs in Bourne End.
Search for Call Centre & Customer Services jobs in Bourne End.
Receive Call Centre & Customer Services job opportunities in Bourne End by email or mobile.


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At Felician, we understand that even the best students are limited without the proper facilities. So to ensure your success, both Lodi and Rutherford campuses offer cafeterias, study lounges, academic and administrative offices, and computer labs so you can get the most out of your education.
And to meet the diverse needs of a diverse student body, we offer a wide range of resources to make your life at Felician easier and more fulfilling. These include chapels, childcare, studios, research facilities, laboratories and much more – not to mention one of the world’s greatest resources only 12 miles away – New York City.


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Dear visitors, Most na Soči is located on a rocky crest above the confluence of two rivers, the Soča and the Idrijca, and next to the accumulation lake for the Doblar Hydro Plant. The town has only been known as Most na Soči since 1952. Before that it was called Sveta Lucija (St. Lucy) after its patroness, who the church here is dedicated to. Some people disliked the name because it belonged to a Christian martyr from the 3rd century. As a result the name was changed into Lucija first and then into Most na Soči, the name that is still used today.
Sveta Lucija was one of the most important prehistoric settlements in Slovenia, which is proved by rich archaeological finds. The settlement was established between the 8th and 4th century BC (Early Iron Age) and according to the finds it wasn’t a small one. The priest Tomaž Rutar was the first one to collect these remains of the past, keep them and write about them in the 19th century. Archaeologists started to explore the burial grounds systematically as early as 1884. Until this day, 6570 graves and 35 houses and workshops have been found. The stone foundations of a Roman house can be seen in the more recent part of Most na Soči.
The first church of St. Maurus (sv. Maver) was first mentioned in 1192 and is now a cemetery church. A desire to form their own parish, independent from the parish of Volče, grew as the number of inhabitants increased. In 1584 an application was filed to get the permission to build a new church in Most na Soči. They got the consent (the document is still preserved) and only 6 years later the first holy mass was said in the new church. It was dedicated to St. Lucy and consecrated in 1612 (as we can read on the stone built into the front of the church).
During the First World War, in September 1915, all of the interior and part of the ceiling were destroyed. After the war they renovated the altar, the organ loft, the benches and the organ. In 1927 the painter and sculptor Tone Kralj started planning the complete restoration of the church. He painted St. Valentine first (the right altar), continuing by painting a picture of Mary (the left altar) in 1928 and in 1929 a picture of St. Lucy for the main altar. He went on restoring and painting the church 10 years later, in 1939. He painted the glorification of the church’s patroness on the ceiling of the presbytery in the autumn of 1939. He went on to paint the 12 Apostles, the 4 Evangelists and the brothers Cyril and Method above the columns and the arches. The Italian authority didn’t like the angels depicted in red, blue and white – the colours of the Slovene flag. To avoid being exiled Kralj went to Venice to study architecture and it was there that he painted 8 oil paintings from the life and martyrdom of St. Lucy (1940) and 14 paintings presenting the Way of the Cross. The statues in the church were also made by Kralj. There is a statue of the Good Shepherd above the left confessional box and a statue of the Merciful God above the right one. One the left side of the nave you can see a statue of St. Ana with Mary, while the Heart of Jesus is on the right hand side. Shortly before he died, Kralj remade the communion table into a new altar, ambon and a pedestal for the Easter candle with the crussified and risen Jesus. After the painter’s death in 1975 the paintings were restored.


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What’s in store for 2017…..
Greetings and Happy New Year ACT alumni, supporters, and followers! We hope that you are all well, rested, and ready to take on 2017 with vigor and optimism. We certainly are, and have a number of exciting new developments to share with you.
Before telling you about all our new initiatives, it is worth remembering that ACT began, in 2014, as a 3-day course that attracted an applicant pool of around 30 students. Fast forward to 2016, and our 2 week training program has attracted over 200 applicants. That’s a 366% growth rate in our curriculum and a 566% growth rate in our applicant pool over 3 years! While we are proud of our achievements, we will not rest until ACT is recognised throughout Africa as a center of excellence in entrepreneurship training. Our aim is very simple: to be the best.
Since the end of the 2016 program, we have been assisting our alumni in developing viable businesses, and are happy to report that 2 young ladies and 2 young men are close to launching their own companies. Mendy Lusaba is focusing on empowering women through a domestic workers’ training and placement scheme. Nyasha Maturure is working on addressing the accommodation challenges that students face on university campuses. Tafara Tobaiwa is developing a waste management business. And, lastly, a team constituted of three of our Alumni, Alec Musasa, Ibra Sururu and Anthony Chadokwenda, are using technology to help schools and their teachers better manage administrative challenges. Watch this space.
As our alumni will testify, ACT is unlike any entrepreneurship training program in Zimbabwe. We get our hands dirty. We sweat. We bleed. We cry. And we deliver. There is no secret to our recipe: we focus on quality above all else. We bring you the best coaches, deliver the best curriculum, and offer you the best chance of realising your entrepreneurial ambition. We don’t speak entrepreneurship. We do entrepreneurship. And this year ACT will continue to focus on inspiring, developing and supporting young Zimbabweans to pursue the entrepreneurial dream by delivering a number of exciting initiatives and activities.
First, we are very pleased to announce our partnership with the The African Leadership Academy (ALA) based in South Africa, with whom we will run a Youth Hackathon (for ages 15-22 only!) on 11 March 2017 that will prepare participants to apply for the globally recognised Anzisha Prize. Applications for the Youth Hackathon will be open in a few weeks. Register on our website to be notified when the admission process commences.
Second, please stay tuned for our main event, the 2017 ACT Entrepreneurship Program! This year’s program will run for 3 full weeks! The main addition to last year’s program is that we will run a corporate hackathon in collaboration with one of Zimbabwe’s most well known companies: watch this space to find out who! During the course of that extra week, our students will be using design thinking to try and solve some of the challenges the company faces, and will present their findings to the company’s senior team! We are extremely grateful to the company for its support and beyond excited to see what our students can do.
Finally, for our alumni, we will be running master classes in Intellectual Property, Leadership, how to deal with ZIMRA, and more!
This is going to be a huge year for Zimbabwean entrepreneurs!
Get in touch, register on our website so that you don’t miss out on any event, spread the entrepreneurial word, and, as always, please feel free to send us suggestions and feedback!
Thank you for your continued support, and see you soon.
← Welcome to the ACT Entrepreneurship Blog!


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Big Data Architect in Herndon, VA at Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.
Design and architect innovative large-scale solutions for Big Data ingest, storage, processing, and analytics use cases using Big Data technologies, including Hadoop, Hive, HBase, and Spark in Cloud environments, such as AWS or Azure. Architect, maintain, and enhance enterprise data models and structure data for optimal performance. Work as part of a team to comprehend the business needs of Big Data scientists and translate them as technical requirements for Big Data engineers, including developing high-level conceptual and details solution architecture artifacts. Mentor and collaborate with a cross-functional team of engineers to execute and develop the proposed solution. Develop best practice guidelines and design principles and recommend enterprise Big Data architecture strategies, processes, and methodologies. Manage and foster client relationships successfully by being their trusted advisor and demonstrate and communicate the measurable benefits of a chosen technical solution effectively to the C-Level executives.


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Charles Spurgeon–arguably one of England’s greatest preachers. I say, definitely great hair.
Matthew Henry is our genius in residence. After all, if you can write a commentary on the WHOLE Bible with a quill pen..well…your just plain awesome.
Psalm 40 is such a rich passage! The more you stay and linger, the more insight and beauty you behold!
As we treasure v3 together we could summarize this verse as: Great deliverance is a compelling witness. David says that those who hear of how God wrought great deliverance in his life will be moved in 3 ways.
(1) They will see. They will see God’s deliverance. It is evident not only from David’s position, out of the pit, but also from his disposition, a new song in his mouth. It becomes then undeniable that David has been delivered and that it is God who accomplished it!
(2) They will fear. That is, they will be forced to recognize that God exists, that He answers, that He is real, that He is powerful, that He is forgiving, and on and on… For the believers who hear of David’s deliverance, this is a fear of recognizing our hope and trust is horribly misplaced if it is not in God. For the unbelievers who hear of David’s deliverance, this is a fear of realizing the God they wish to denounce and deny is nevertheless there.
(3) They will put their trust in the Lord. The believer will be renewed in clinging to the Lord. The unbeliever will be compelled to turn to the Lord in faith and repentance. God’s deliverance of His people from life’s trials is a great evangelistic testimony to the world. When others see how God cares for His people, it is a great means of their own deliverance from sin, calling them to come to Him by faith. Our testimony of God’s salvation remains one of the best means of sharing with others about our Lord and Savior!
When Scripture is our starting position, great clarity begins to inform the issues and questions of our day.
1. “children are a heritage” A blessing, not a bother. One who belongs, not a burden.
2. “from the Lord” A gift, not an accident. An image-bearer, not a coincidence.
3. “the fruit of the womb a reward” Value and Purpose, not choice or hinderance.
With Scripture as our starting point, may we uphold, defend, rejoice, and celebrate life! For if children are truly “from the Lord”, then there really is no such thing as an “unplanned pregnancy”!


text: Urban Plates Woodland Hills offers its guests made-from-scratch cuisine that features grass-fed beef, sustainably sourced seafood, free-range chicken, and the freshest produce available. Our neighbors in Woodland Hills will find dishes created by the very same chefs who stand ready to tailor each item specifically to their tastes. From complete plates with savory sides to salads, sandwiches, desserts, craft beers and curated California wines, there’s an endless bounty of flavors to enjoy at Urban Plates Woodland Hills. So come step inside, see all that we have to offer and spend some time within the comfortable confines of our restaurant next time you’re in Woodland Hills.


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We clean our homes and cars and want to take care of the environment. But many of us neglect our most important resource -- our inner ecology.
That is where The Body Ecology Diet comes into play. Nutrition expert Donna Gates has written a book about B.E.D. that provides a guide to restoring health and vitality. The book explains that there are three simple dietary transitions people can partake in to clean their systems and strengthen their immunity.
The three are as follows: Adding cultured foods to your diet, changing the quality of fats and oil consumed, and reducing intake of carbohydrates and sugars.
What struck me about the book was how simple the advice is. And yet as a society we've gotten away from medicinal foods to instead put toxic elements into our bodies. So it isn't as easy to follow as it seems with all the unhealthy temptations out there.
For me one of the most interesting parts of the book was the recommendation to avoid antibiotics unless they are absolutely necessary. The reason being because antibiotics can cause the yeast or fungus Candida albicans, which in turn can weaken the immune system and cause the body to be more susceptible to cancer, diabetes and other dreaded diseases.
One of the solutions proposed by the book is to take more probiotics -- which are the good kind of bacteria that our body needs. Probiotics should be taken after an antibiotics treatment to balance things out.
Another important point the book makes is how the colon not only produces bowel movements but also provides important vitamins and nutrients to the rest of the body. So the colon is considered the root of the body, similar to the roots of trees. So therefore it is really important to cleanse the colon.


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New filament materials are always exciting, but that doesn’t mean there’s nothing left to get excited about with older, more mature and trustworthy materials like PLA. The Stick Filament team certainly saw room for some good ol’ innovation when they developed their filament interlocking system.
By incorporating plug/sheath connectors on the ends of filament sticks, colors can be mixed for multicolor prints. It’s extremely easy to connect them, and their stick format makes storage especially convenient; no need for spools. And it comes in PLA, HIPS, and glow in the dark. For those that are into rainbows and tiedye, Stick Filament is definitely worth a try.
Pretty, eh? There are a couple quid pro quos, though. Currently it’s only available in 3mm; 1.75mm is in beta testing. And I don’t know if this stuff will work with bowden extruders as the retraction would probably pull the pieces apart. Maybe it’d work. I’d try it but my extruder is 1.75mm. If you’d like to try it sample packs containing 75 sticks of PLA filament in 5 colors (15 sticks for each color) with a total weight of 250g are available for about $18. Let me know if you try it.


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Tennent's Vital is just a few weeks away and applications are now open for staff to work at the event.
Red Hot Chilli Peppers and Avicii are among the headliners at this year's festival which takes place at Boucher Road Playing Fields.
Positions are currently available at the moment for bar staff to work at the festival on August 25 and 26.
If you or someone you know is interested in working at Tennent's Vital simply email vital@shine.net and someone will be in touch.
Closing date for applications is THIS Friday, July 30 so you better be quick.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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Many times a card sketch or color challenge inspires a card project and this time it was the Sugar Pea Mix It Up Challenge for August-#SPMIU34 challenge I like stripe, dots and circles so I combined as many of these elements as I could. After searching through my collection of paper I could not find a stripe paper that I liked, so I created my own. I cut strips of cool blue paper and added them to a white card base and die cut the background paper. I stamped a trio of flowers and leaves from a Simon Says Stamp set. I watercolored them using Zig markers and fancy cu them out. I also cut out a circle of vellum paper to put behind the flowers. I outlined each flower using a glitter pen from a beautiful set of Kaiser Craft pens. A thread nest behind the flowers add some visual interest. Some glittery Nuvo drops complete the layout. Love the color combo!
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TBILISI (Sputnik) – Warships of the Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) entered Georgia’s Poti Sea Port, the Georgian Interior Ministry said Monday.
The former Georgian president, who has been accused of a litany of crimes in his home country, shot to global fame in August 2008 during the military conflict in South Ossetia after he was caught nervously chomping on his tie during a live television broadcast.
How do you play golf with a huge alligator lying right next to the hole?
Will Sanders' Socialism Lead Him to Victory or His Downfall?
Sacramento Police not charged in killing of Stephon Clark; US crimes in Venezuela to be explored; Efforts to end election fraud in Georgia and beyond.
The largest alligator ever caught was 6-metres long and weighed about 1 metric tonne. Still, you don’t see a reptile as big as this one every day.
PRAGUE (Sputnik) – Georgia’s aspirations to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the alliance’s military exercises held on the Georgian territory curb the development of Moscow-Tbilisi relations, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Grigoriy Karasin told Sputnik.
TBILISI (Sputnik) - The foreign ministers of Georgia and Northern Macedonia, David Zalkaliani and Nikola Dimitrov, signed an act "On the establishment of diplomatic and consular relations" between the countries, the Georgian Foreign Ministry reported on Saturday.
TBILISI (Sputnik) - The Polish Embassy in Tbilisi will function as NATO Contact Point Embassy in Georgia until 2020, Polish Ambassador to Georgia Mariusz Maszkiewicz told reporters on Tuesday.
TBILISI (Sputnik) - About 80 percent of Georgian citizens stand behind the country's aspiration to join the European Union and NATO, the highest figure recorded since 2013, a poll carried out by the Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRCC) Georgia showed on Monday.
The explosion took place in an apartment building in the Digomi district in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, Rustavi2 TV channel reported. According to the media outlet, there are people under the rubble of the building.
TBILISI (Sputnik) - Georgian presidential candidate Salome Zurabishvili, supported by the ruling Georgian Dream party wins in the second round of the election with over 50 percent of votes, the exit poll data commissioned by two Georgian television channels shows.
A traveler on a Delta Airlines flight from Washington, DC, to Atlanta, Georgia, was arrested on Wednesday after he reportedly talked about bombs mid-flight and requested that Jewish passengers raise their hands.
TBILISI (Sputnik) - The chief of the national disease control center in Georgia announced Friday that a UN inspection of a lab in Tbilisi suspected of bioweapon research found no proof of illegal activities.
Will May lose leadership over Brexit; Vote counts continue in Georgia and Florida; NYT publishes a damning Facebook report.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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Updated home for a large family. 5 bedrooms or 3 bedroom workout room and den. Many updates; 2 new furnaces, 2 new ac units, new stamped concrete patio and front porch, new garage doot and new driveway, new hot water tank. All on a park sized lot. Hurry, homes like this dont come around often at this price!
I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #58031375579). Please send me more information regarding 48761 W Ranch Dr, CHESTERFIELD TWP, MI, 48051. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 48761 W Ranch Dr, CHESTERFIELD TWP, MI, 48051 (MLS® #58031375579). Thank you!

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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The case for humans being innately and uniquely endowed with a ‘language instinct’ rests largely on the ‘poverty of the stimulus’ argument, or what is sometimes called ‘Plato’s problem’: How do we know so much when the evidence available to us is so meagre?
Is this really true? Is the stimulus really so impoverished?
The quantity of the stimulus – i.e. the input available to a child – is certainly not impoverished: it has been estimated (Cameron-Faulkner et al. 2003) that children hear around 7,000 utterances a day, of which 2,000 are questions (cited in Scheffler 2015). This suggests that in their first five years children are exposed to 12.5m meaningful utterances. At an average of, say, ten words an utterance this is larger than the entire British National Corpus (100m words), from which several hefty grammars and dictionaries have been derived.
What about the quality? While it’s true that the speech between adults often includes ‘disfluencies’ of the type mentioned by Harris above, studies suggest that ‘motherese’ (i.e. the variety that caregivers typically use when interacting with their children) ‘is unswervingly well formed’ (Newport et al. 1977, cited in Sampson 2005). In one study ‘only one utterance out of 1500 spoken to the children was a disfluency’ (ibid.).
Chomsky and his followers would argue that, even if this were true, the child will have little or no exposure to certain rare structures that, in a short time, she will nevertheless know are grammatical. Ergo, this knowledge must derive from the deep structures of universal grammar.
One much-cited example is the question-form of the sentence with two auxiliaries, e.g. The boy who was crying is sleeping now. How does the child know that the question form requires fronting of the second of the two auxiliaries (Is the boy who was crying sleeping now?), and not the first: *Was the boy who crying is sleeping now?, especially if, as Chomsky insists, the number of naturally-occurring examples is ‘vanishingly small’: ‘A person might go through much or all of his life without ever having been exposed to relevant evidence’ (Chomsky 1980: 40). The explanation must be that the child is drawing on their inborn knowledge that grammatical transformations are structure-dependent.
A quick scroll through a corpus, however, reveals that the stimulus is not as impoverished as Chomsky claims. Pullum & Scholz (2002, cited in Sampson op. cit), using a corpus of newspaper texts, found that 12% of the yes/no questions in the corpus were of the type that would refute the ‘invert the first auxiliary’ hypothesis. (It is significant that Chomsky impatiently dismisses the need to consult corpus data, on the grounds that, as a native speaker, he intuitively knows what is grammatical and what is not. Unsurprisingly, therefore, generative linguists are constantly, even obsessively, fiddling around with implausible but supposedly grammatically well-formed sentences such as John is too stubborn to expect anyone to talk to and What did you wonder how to do? [cited in Macaulay 2011]).
But even if it were the case that the (spoken) input might be deficient in certain complex syntactic structures, you do not need to hypothesize ‘deep structure’ to account for the fact that a question of the type *Was the boy who crying is sleeping now? is simply not an option.
Why not? Because language is not, as Chomsky views it, a formal system of abstract symbols whose units (such as its words) are subject to mathematical operations, a perspective that ‘assumes that syntax can be separated from meaning’ (Evans 2014: 172). Rather, language is acquired, stored and used as meaningful constructions (or ‘syntax-semantics mappings’). Children do not process sentences from left to right looking for an available auxiliary to move. (They don’t even think of sentences as having a left and a right). They process utterances in terms of the meanings they encode. And meaning ‘isn’t just abstract mental symbols; it’s a creative process, in which people construct virtual experiences – embodied simulations – in their mind’s eye’ (Bergen 2012: 16).
Thus, the child who is exposed to noun phrase constructions of the type the little boy who lives down the lane or the house that Jack built understands (from the way they are used in context) that these are coherent, semantic units that can’t be spliced and re-joined at will. Is the little boy sleeping? and Is the little boy who lives down the lane sleeping? are composed of analogous chunks and hence obey the same kind of syntactic constraints.
What’s more, experiments on adults using invented syntactic constructions suggest that patterns can be learned on the basis of relatively little input. Boyd et al. (2009: 84) report that ‘even small amounts of exposure were enough (a) to build representations that persisted significantly beyond the exposure event, and (b) to support production.’ A little stimulus goes a long way.
Bergen, B.K.(2012) Louder than words: The new science of how the mind makes meaning. New York: Basic Books.
Boyd, J.K., Gottschalk, E.A., & Goldberg, A.E. (2009) ‘Linking rule acquisition in novel phrasal constructions.’ In Ellis, N.C. & Larsen-Freeman, D. (eds) Language as a complex adaptive system. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Cameron-Faulkner, T., Lieven, E. & Tomasello, M. (2003) ‘A construction based analysis of child directed speech.’ Cognitive Science 27/6.
Chomsky, N. (1980) various contributions to the Royaumont Symposium, Piatelli-Palmarini (ed.) Language and Learning: The debate between Jean Piajet and Noam Chomsky. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Evans, V. (2014) The Language Myth: Why language is not an instinct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Everett, D. (2012) Language: The cultural tool. London: Profile Books.
Harris, R.A. (1993) The Linguistics Wars. New York: Oxford University Press.
Macaulay, K.S. (2011) Seven Ways of Looking at Language. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pullum, G.K. & Scholz, B.C. (2002) ‘Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments.’ Linguistic Review, 19.
Sampson, G. (2005) The Language Instinct Debate (Revised edition). London: Continuum.
Scheffler, P. (2015) ‘Lexical priming and explicit grammar in foreign language instruction.’ ELT Journal, 69/1.
PS: There will be no more new posts until the end of summer and things calm down again.
Words come out of the mouth and go into the ear. But they’re stored in the mind. And retrieved from the mind. And understood in the mind. They’re also learned in the mind.
That, at least, is the conventional wisdom – especially from the point of view of cognitive psychology. ‘Language is instantiated in the minds and therefore the brains of language users, so that linguistics is to be regarded as a branch of psychology’. Thus argues Ray Jackendoff (2002: xiv). Chomsky, of course, took this view to an extreme: the observable messiness of language in use (or performance) ‘surely cannot constitute the actual subject matter of linguistics’ (1965: 4). Rather, ‘linguistic theory is mentalistic, since it is concerned with discovering a mental reality [or competence] underlying such behaviour’ (ibid.).
Theories of second language acquisition follow suit: ‘Second language acquisition is first and foremost a mental process – one that occurs in a behavioural and social context, to be sure, but fundamentally a matter of acquiring a new knowledge system. Cognition and cognitive factors, therefore, are central to any account of how and why SLA works’ (Long & Richards 2001, p.vii) . Anything else, such as the social contexts in which language is used, or the physical stuff of the brain itself, or even the body in which the mind/brain is housed, are considered marginal, messy, uninteresting – mere noise.
Not only is language a mental phenomenon, according to this view, but the ‘mind’ of which it is a product is construed as a kind of computer (or as Pinker [1997: 92] charmingly puts it ‘the on-board computer of a robot made of tissue’). Hence, ‘mental life can be explained in terms of a computational process’ (Johnson-Laird, 1988: 26). Or, put another way, cognition – and, by extension, learning – is basically information-processing. Furthermore, because of the limitations on the amount of attention that humans can allocate to any particular cognitive task at any one time, this processing is necessarily controlled before it is automatic. In short, humans are ‘limited capacity processors of information’.
Within this framework, second-language learning is viewed as the acquisition of complex cognitive skill. To learn a second language is to learn a skill, because various aspects of the task must be practised and integrated into fluent performance. This requires the automatization of component sub-skills. Learning is a cognitive process, because it is thought to involve internal representations that regulate and guide performance.
Because learning is a cognitive process, this ‘information processing’ view of learning is known as a cognitivist one, and the metaphor that best captures it is MIND IS COMPUTER. Associated with this model, therefore, we find a host of information-processing terms like input, intake, output, feedback, automatization, filters, as well as the term processing itself. And, because cognition is implicated, we find a further set of terms like noticing, attention, consciousness-raising, and restructuring.
How does this actually impact on current methodology? On the one hand, you could argue that all these various models of mind and language operate at a level far removed from actual classroom practice, and that teachers carry on doing what they’ve always done – that is, teaching effectively. On the other hand, you could also argue that the ‘mind is a computer’ metaphor has percolated down (or up?) and underpins many of our methodological practices and materials, including the idea that language learning is systematic, linear, incremental, enclosed, uniform, dependent on input and practice, independent of its social context, de-humanized, disembodied, … and so on.
It is a model of language learning that, arguably, turns the learner into an automaton – ‘a robot made of tissue’. As David Block (2003: 97) notes, ‘in the ideal world of cognitive scientists, the human mind is still conceived of as dependent on external stimuli to which it responds…The adoption of the computer metaphor of input-output does not disguise the fact that there is still a view of mental behaviour as systematic and mechanistic’.
Is there an alternative model – an alternative metaphor, even?
Language development is essentially a social process. These approaches view mind as distributed and learning as something inter-mental, embedded in social interaction. This means that individuals and environments mutually constitute one another and persons are not considered to be separable from the environments and interactions through which language development occurs. In this view, knowledge is not owned solely by the learner, but is also a property of social settings and the interface between person and social context.
Extended systems theorists… reject the image of mind as a kind of input-output sandwich with cognition as the filling…. Instead, we confront an image of the local mechanisms of human cognition quite literally bleeding out into body and world.
What, I wonder, would be the characteristics of a methodology that subscribed to this distributed, ‘leaky’, and co-adaptive view of mind? And, specifically, what are the correlates of input and of noticing, in this alternative to a computational, information-processing model of language learning?
Block, D. (2003) The Social Turn In Second Language Acquisition, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Clark, A. (2011) Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.
Jackendoff, R. (2002) Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1988) The Computer and the Mind: An Introduction to Cognitive Science, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Long, M. and Richards, J. (2001) ‘Series editors’ preface’, in Robinson, P. (Ed.) Cognition and Second Language Instruction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McLaughlin, B. (1987) Theories of Second-and Language Learning, London: Edward Arnold.
Pinker, S. (1997) How The Mind Works, London: Penguin.
Listen! Repeat! Understand! The sequence below comes from an advert for a self-study language course – an advert that I have used countless times on training sessions to (gently) mock the folk theory that language acquisition (both first and second) is primarily a process of imitation – and imitation in advance of understanding, no less. The text of the advert spells it out: ‘You probably can’t remember, but at that time [i.e. when you were a child] you first reproduced sounds, then words, and then entire phrases without really understanding anything. Very quickly you were able to speak, understand and make yourself understood’. And of course they add, ‘This is the best way to learn any language’.
It’s amazing how this notion has resisted the hatchet-job that Chomsky and his followers inflicted upon it so long ago. Mindless reproduction of the type described cannot of course account for the almost limitless creativity that even quite young children allegedly exhibit. Summing up the evidence, Lightbown and Spada (2006: 14) confidently declare that ‘imitation and practice alone cannot explain some of the forms created by children’, citing a figure of less than 10 per cent of children’s output as being directly imitative.
So, if, in Chomsky’s terms, language use is rule-based creativity, and if performance is contingent upon competence, then it follows that we should teach (or have learners figure out) the rules of the language, so that they can generate their own meanings, rather than have them simply imitate a model. The learning sequence might better be summed up as Listen! Understand! Figure it out! Create!
It’s something of a shock, therefore, to come up against this sentence in Vygotsky’s Thought and Language (, 1986: 188, emphasis added): ‘In learning to speak, as in learning school subjects, imitation is indispensable’. Or, as Lantolf and Thorne (2006: 166) gloss it, ‘Imitation is the process through which socioculturally constructed forms of mediation are internalised’. That is to say, the transition from skills (including linguistic ones) that are initially other-regulated to those that are self-regulated is engineered by – hold your breath – imitation.
In fairness, and as Swain et al (2011: 58) point out, Vygotsky’s notion of imitation was a far cry from mindless parroting: ‘Vygotsky differentiated imitation from automatic copying. In Vygotsky’s view, imitation is a potentially transformative mechanism that is applied consciously and is goal-directed. Intentionality of the imitation, the reflection and examination of the results, and the subsequent revisions differentiates the action from simple mimicry’. This is reminiscent of Bakhtin’s (1981: 428) claim that, to make an utterance is to ‘appropriate the words of others and populate them with one’s own intentions’.
Imitation, then, is like a benign form of plagiarism, in which the child cobbles utterances together, in a kind of cut-and-paste fashion, using whatever linguistic affordances are available in order to achieve their immediate communicative purposes. These linguistic affordances include, not only words, but multi-word chunks, such as lemme-see, I-wanna-do-it, etc, that, initially at least, are unanalysed into their component parts (Tomasello 2003). In this sense, they constitute what one scholar (Clark 1974: 1) has called performance without competence: ‘The important question is no longer whether imitation can help children to acquire syntax, but precisely how a child gradually extracts grammatical information from the repertoire of imitated sequences at his [or her] disposal’.
So, to tweak our learning sequence yet again, maybe what’s happening is more like Listen! Imitate! Understand! Figure it out! – not a million miles from the Listen! Repeat! Understand! formula that I habitually mock.
The question then is (as ever): how does this apply to the learning of a second language? How does one ‘populate the words of others with one’s own intentions’? Eva Hoffman (1998: 220), a Polish teenager learning English in the United States, describes the process of appropriation: ‘Since I lack a voice of my own, the voices of others invade me… By assuming them, I gradually make them mine. I am being remade, fragment by fragment, like a patchwork quilt’. In a similar, patchwork fashion, a student of academic writing will selectively imitate (or copy) features, both micro- and macro-, of a model text as a first step in discovering her own academic ‘voice’.
If imitation is fundamental to first language acquisition, should we be integrating more imitation-type activities into our second language classrooms? And how can we ensure that, in order to be ‘transformative’, imitation meets the criteria that Swain et al. establish (2011: 59), i.e. that it is ‘deliberate, reflective, and accompanied by some kind of instruction’?
Bakhtin, M.M. (1981) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, Austin: University of Texas Press.
Clark, R. (1974) ‘Performing without competence’, Journal of Child Language, 1, 1.
Hoffman, E. (1998) Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language, London: Vintage.
Lantolf, J.P., and Thorne, S. (2006) Sociocultural Theory and the Genesis of Second Language Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lightbown, P.M. and Spada, N. (2006) How Languages are Learned (3rd edn.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Swain, M., Kinnear, P., and Steinman, L. (2011) Sociocultural Theory in Second Language Education: An Introduction through Narratives, Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Tomasello, M. (2003) Constructing a Language: A Usage-based Theory of Language Acquisition, London: Continuum.
Vygotsky, L. ( 1986), Thought and Language, edited by Kozulin, A., Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press.
I’ve just seen this somewhat dispiriting documentary about Nim, one of a number of primates who have been sequestered, domesticated, scrutinised, feted, and ultimately abandoned in the name of linguistic research. Even the shots of the Columbia University forecourt that I walk through every day failed to enliven a story of wanton cruelty, institutional pettiness, dodgy science and bad hair.
The film charts a succession of sudden, traumatic abductions, starting when baby Nim was snatched screaming from his mother’s arms. Over a period of several years, with only humans to interact with, the young chimp was taught to sign, using an adapted form of American Sign Language, and acquiring a working vocabulary of several hundred words. When he outgrew his cute and cuddly stage, and/or when the funding ran out, he was packed off to a sort of primate Guantánamo Bay. The story is only slightly redeemed by the efforts of one of his former minders to track him down. Even in his hoary old age, Nim still retains a trace of his former competence, pathetically signing ‘play’ from within the bars of his prison.
Frustratingly, the film hardly touches on the linguistic controversies that fuelled this research. In the 1970s, when this unhappy story took place, the debate as to whether only humans are innately equipped with a modular language acquisition device (LAD) was still a fairly hot issue. Not for nothing was Nim named Nim Chimpsky, in (cute) recognition of Noam Chomsky’s role as the leading protagonist of the debate.
What was at stake was this: if highly intelligent apes, exposed to a similar linguistic environment as human children, could acquire an extensive lexicon, but fail to develop even the rudiments of a ‘grammar’, this would go some way towards supporting the view that humans are uniquely hard-wired for language acquisition. On the other hand, if evidence of syntax, however primitive, could be demonstrated, Chomsky’s notion of a ‘Universal Grammar’ (UG) would either need to be extended to nonhuman primates, or it would need to be re-evaluated entirely.
And the findings? Nim’s vocabulary was impressive, but more impressive still was his ability to form two-sign, three-sign, and even longer strings: MORE EAT, HUG NIM, BANANA EAT ME NIM, etc. Moreover, a superficial analysis of the data would suggest that Nim was operating according to some kind of embryonic grammar, producing word order patterns not dissimilar to those of human children’s first utterances. For example, he consistently placed the sign for MORE in front of the sign it modified: MORE TICKLE, MORE DRINK, etc. But, as Jean Aitchison (1983) notes, “a closer analysis showed that the appearance of order was an illusion. Nim simply had a statistical preference for placing certain words in certain places, while other words showed no such preference” (p.55).
However, as Roger Brown(1973) argued, with regard to similar results for Washoe, an earlier case study of primate signing, “While appropriate order can be used as evidence for the intention to express semantic relations, the lack of such order does not establish the absence of such intentions” (p. 41). This is because the use of appropriate word order, of the verb-object type, for example, as in GIVE BALL, is not strictly necessary, since the context in which the utterances are generated usually resolves any ambiguity. That is to say, the pragmatics of the situation renders syntax redundant. But if that is the case, why do (human) children show evidence of a proto-syntax right from the start?
In the end, we don’t seem to be much the wiser as to whether the higher primates have a rudimentary LAD, despite all the anguish that was inflicted in trying to find one. Nor, for that matter, do we really know whether humans have an LAD either, or whether their faculty for language acquisition isn’t just a spin-off of their vastly more developed cognitive capacities.
What we do know is that the chimpanzees who have been studied do not use their linguistic capacities in the same way as humans, even very young ones, do. Nim, for example, rarely initiated a conversation, and was unable to grasp the basics of turn-taking. As Aitchison (1983, p. 57) concludes, “Nim did not use his signs in the structured, creative, social way that is characteristic of human children”.
In fact, Nim’s ‘language’ was simply a more elaborated version of the way chimpanzees use gestures and vocalizations in the wild: to regulate two-way social interactions such as grooming, feeding, and play. As Tomasello (2003, p. 11) puts it, nonhuman primate communication functions “almost exclusively for imperative motives, to request a behavior of others, not to share attention or information with others in a disinterested manner”.
As someone once said, “Your dog can tell you he is hungry, but not that his father was poor but happy”.
Aitchison, J. (1983). The Articulate Mammal: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics (2nd edn). New York: Universe Books.
Brown, R. (1973). A First Language: The Early Stages. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
Tomasello, M. (2003) Constructing a Language: A Usage-based Theory of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
There’s no entry for X in the A-Z. If there were, one of the few candidates would be X-bar theory, which is in fact a (1981) refinement of Chomsky’s theory of language known as Transformational-generative (TG) grammar. (For what it’s worth, X-bar theory argues that all phrases – whether noun phrases, verb phrases etc – have the same structure, and that this structure is a linguistic universal, i.e. it’s common to English, Japanese, probably even Klingon).
As I say, there’s no entry for X-bar theory. There’s no entry for TG grammar in the A-Z, either. Nor for its predecessor, generative grammar. Nor for Government and Binding theory, nor the Principles and Parameters theory, nor the Minimalist program. In fact, there’s no mention of Chomsky or any of his theories in the entry on Grammar at all.
This might strike some readers as odd, even perverse. At best, negligent. After all, the study of TG grammar (or any of its offshoots) is a key component of any self-respecting linguistics course on any MA TESOL program in the US. It is often the only theory of grammar that is studied. In fact, in many of the standard texts, such as Fromkin et al. (2007) An Introduction to Language, or the Ohio State University Language Files (ed. Stewart and Vaillette, 2001) it’s not even called TG Grammar, nor ascribed to Chomsky by name. It’s simply the grammar that is. The one and only. And, just in case you don’t know which one I’m talking about, it’s the one that involves the endless “tree-diagramming” of (invariably invented) sentences, like The child found a puppy and Where has Pete put his bone? (both from Fromkin et al.).
Well, to be perfectly honest, I’m not sure that I really understand it. I can get my head around basic Phrase-structure grammar, even X-bar theory, and just about understand what Theta-theory is on about. But, as much as I want to get to grips with the Minimalist program (not least because it seems to be arguing a central role for lexis in determining syntactic structure), I’m struggling. In the end, all those upside-down trees leave me cross-eyed.
But there are more cogent reasons – both linguistic and pedagogical – for treating TG grammar cautiously, it seems to me. On linguistic grounds the theory seems flawed since it is based entirely on invented sentences in their written form. Try to apply the descriptive framework to spoken data – e.g. authentic utterances like: But the spa, you might want to use it, you know – and it just doesn’t fit. By the same token, TG grammarians will reject forms as being ungrammatical even when they are commonly attested (one of the texts I consulted disallows the sentence John bought what? for example). Chomsky’s dogged insistence on making the “well-formed” sentence the centrepiece of his theory of language seems to undermine the whole enterprise – this, along with the misguided notion that all sentences are generated from the word up, and are hence all entirely original. (Chomsky’s acolyte, Stephen Pinker, woefully betrays his ignorance of developments in corpus linguistics by claiming – in The Language Instinct – that “virtually every sentence that a person utters or understands is a brand-new combination of words, appearing for the first time in the history of the universe” (1994, p. 22) Compare this to the corpus linguist, John Sinclair’s (1991) claim that “by far the majority of text is made of the occurrence of common words in common patterns”).
The blinkered disavowal of the validity of performance data is, of course, a side-effect of their (Chomsky’s, Pinker’s etc) mentalist agenda, which is to demonstrate both the universality and innateness of their grammar. This means cherry-picking your examples (and re-configuring your theory fairly regularly so as to accommodate new, potentially disruptive, evidence), while consigning anything that doesn’t fit to the damaged goods bin – the one labelled “performance”.
Linguistics and its hyphenated fields have a great deal to offer to language teachers, but the fullest benefit can only come when their implications are integrated and formed into a sound theory of language pedagogy. Because linguistics is only indirectly applicable to language teaching, changes in linguistic theory or arguments amongst linguists should not disturb language teachers.
So, why does the teaching of TG grammar (including X-bar theory) persist in the US academic context? And was I wrong to ignore it in the A-Z?


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text: A power operated pulse reaper was developed at OUAT, Bhubaneswar and evaluated in farmer’s field for harvesting green gram. The performance of the developed reaper was studied for 3 different varieties of green gram namely OUM-11-5, PDM-54 and Local at three machine speed (1.8, 2.3 and 2.8 km/h). The highest effective field capacity of 0.248 ha/h was observed at 2.8 km/h speed while the lowest of 0.161 ha/h at 1.8 km/h for the local variety. The highest field efficiency was found to be 81.38% for OUM-11-5 variety at 2.8 km/h speed while lowest field efficiency was 78.61% for PDM-54 at the same speed of 2.80 km/h. The cost of harvesting with this machine was found to be Rs 625/ha as compared to Rs 3100 /ha in traditional method of manual harvesting by using local sickle and Rs 5000/ha by manual uprooting.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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industry_corpus2: Transportation


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[USA], Jan 05 (ANI): It seems that American singer-songwriter Demi Lovato is unhappy with a fat-shaming video game ad that appeared on her Instagram feed and she did not hold back on her views after seeing it.
The 26-year-old singer called out the photo application and the makers of the game on her Instagram story.
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