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Get yourself the coolest radio controlled cars on the planet from Nitro RCX. Play in confidence, knowing that if you break them, they'll have the parts.
"NitroRCX.com is the #1 Online Source for Low-Price and High-Quality Exceed RC Radio Controlled Cars from on-road racing electric to off-road nitro-fuel powered!
And you may wonder how high is the quality? Well, ask for yourself here or go to YouTube.com and search for Exceed RC.
One of the biggest reason why customers are happy to shop at NitroRCX is not only because our rc products are affordable but the replacement parts and upgrades for everything are also cheap to buy too! So go ahead. Enjoy the Hobby!
We guarantee to have 100% Parts to Support ALL the cars we sell which is very important that you can buy parts to repair damage due to wears and tears or freaked accident!
So bottom line, you get to have fun playing with this fast-n-furious crazy speed nitro rc car without having to worry about spending a whole lot to repair the damage!
Also, you can look for our hot 1/8 scale trucks and buggies in upcoming magazines such as Car Action, Xtreme Racing and many other popular rc publications as they are ready to take on the biggest names in RC!"


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We are lucky that this was all that happen to us... My hometown of Suffolk is devastated right now many are with out homes due to the tornado... I've been watching the news and just my mouth is dropping at all the damage that has been done... it took my husband over 2hours to get home from the naval base to our home... well we still aren't out the woods we have more storms and a watch for a little longer..
hope everyone is staying safe..
Prayers are being lifted up!
You are in my prayers Aimee!!
OMG...I'm so glad that was the only damage. Ya'll are in my prayers.
Glad you guys are safe! That looks like it was so scary!
Oh no-I am so glad that he wasn't in it at the time!!!

industry_corpus2: Others


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Vashikaran specialist in louisiana Vashikaran is the best or most powerful way to control whom and for a short time to resolve the issues of love affair. This is the most effective way to help solve any problem like black magic, voodoo love spell. It should be astrology and vashikaran mantra and its result is well-served in India's shortest period. Astrologer is a wise astrologer and husband and wife relationship solution is a matter of accounting, but the violating science is the old way of astrology. Vashikaran specialist in louisiana There are many problems in life, and some people need averaging but they do not get results from others, but astrologer is doing intensive study on astrology and orchestration, so astrologer correctly resolves your problem. We are presenting you with a famous astrologer Vashikaran experts who have astrological background in astrology service.
vashikaran specialist baba ji in louisiana Our vashikaran expert Baba gives you a simplification of all your problems. Most people want to control their emotions, feelings, and emotions, or if their beloved / lover or anyone else is then the best option to have a great knowledge of this astrological world. A vashikaran expert astrologer helps you to give you a complete answer to your questions. People who attract a person to behave in our mind may fulfill their wishes with their curing expert. vashikaran specialist baba ji in louisiana If you have problems in your career - your experts will be told the right way to achieve your future success. Take full advantage of our Indian astrologers Our devising expert astrologer gave us an opportunity to serve our services. In the vashikaran Sanskrit is derived from language and it means someone is under control and under propaganda. Once a person uses the Vashikaran mantra by our apprentice expert astrologer, then the wave of Mantra works on that person.
vashikaran specialist astrologer in louisiana Vashikaran expert is one of the most effective methods of irrigation, due to many problems, the problem is associated with serious or complex problems, and either the problem is related to the simplest or simplest problem and it is resolved shortly. Vashikaran is the most effective way in this ritual, which supports the problems of solving any kind of Krishna magic, voodoo-spell, love spell, etc. vashikaran specialist astrologer in louisiana All of these teachings should be run by the teaching expert, where science fails to resolve. If the use of irrigation is used or solved or used for implementation then it is useful to solve any kind of problem, so we use the teaching specialist.
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Three University of Arkansas at Little Rock students won awards during the Bilateral Model Arab League Conference Feb. 15-17 in Houston.
The Model Arab League is a student leadership development program created by the National Council on U.S.-Arab Relations. It is a simulation of an international organization, the League of Arab States, which has 22 member countries.
Julie O'Hara, senior political science major, won the Outstanding Delegation Award, while Solane Nemera, senior political science major, and Sydney Brazil, junior philosophy major, won the Distinguished Delegation Award.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


text: The Enhanced Photo Session is an incredible way to capture wonderful photos of your family at an incredible venue! It includes an hour photo shoot with a photographer and an assistant. The shoot can take place virtually anywhere on Disney property including locations inside of the theme parks. All of the images will be professionally retouched and edited and you will receive a 6x6 proof book containing all of the session images. You will also be granted access to a special website which will allow you to log in and view the session photos with the enhancements and order professionally printed prints if you choose. The photo CD is not included with this package, but it can be added for an additional $50. and will include all of the retouched photos as well as a copywriter release. You will be able to select your location(s) when you make your reservations.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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It is so much difficult to live with fibromyalgia. A lot of changes are made in your body and those changes affect your lifestyle as well. Muscle pain, fatigue, and exhaustion are included in its symptoms.
All of these things together make it harder to live a life you imagined. You might have to let go the things you love. Due to which you feel depressed and discouraged about getting a pain free life. Yet, there are some options for you.
You should visit your doctor for a prescription of medications and treatments that work out for you. For a healthy diet, right medications, daily exercise and a balanced lifestyle, you may have a look at colon hydrotherapy.
Colon hydrotherapy refers to a colon cleanse. It puts water into your colon by using tubes. This process is considered to wash away all the toxins, allergies and dirt that have been gathered there.
It is believed that the overall health increases with it and your immune system boost up. You have the ability to fight infections and illness if your immune system works properly.
Numerous types of bacteria and viruses are spread everywhere due to which infection and illness can be caused. If you have a stronger immune system, there are more chances of not getting sick.
If you are a fibromyalgia sufferer, there are chances that your infection of illness like cold or flu can activate your fibromyalgia symptoms. A person without fibromyalgia usually encounters pains and aches due to cold and flu. So, having fibromyalgia symptoms can make this pain even worse due to this cold or flu.
Your proneness towards illnesses can be eliminated by colon hydrotherapy. Your chances of not getting sick will be improved by it.
In addition, to make you better to fight against illnesses, colon hydrotherapy also reduces inflammation. Your health and wellness depend strongly on the digestive area. Your digestive system possesses everything you eat and drink. In your digestive area, more of your immune system lives.
A lot of factors play a role in your health and digestive system is one of the most significant ones. You will feel healthier and better if your digestive system is healthy.
Toxins and impurities found in the colon can be flushed out by colon hydrotherapy. Inflammation can be caused by germs, toxins, and impurities in your colon. And that inflammation cause pain, fatigue, and stiffness what are the symptoms of fibromyalgia. So, your inflammation can be reduced and the severity of fibromyalgia symptoms can be reduced if you cleanse your colon.
It is considered that high levels of toxins are present in the bodies of fibromyalgia sufferers, which are gathered in your muscles and thus leading to symptoms linked with fibromyalgia. The most overwhelming symptoms are fatigue, muscle stiffness, and pain. So, removing these toxins from the body can help you relief from fibromyalgia symptoms. Due to which you can live a pain-free life or at least you can have less pain.
Toxins accumulate in their primary place that is the colon and digestive area. This is the place where these toxins come in and go through the digestive system as well. Sometimes, too many toxins are present in your body and are accumulated in other areas of the body due to which fibromyalgia symptoms can occur. Your symptoms can be reduced by removing as many toxins as you can.
People often suffer from irritable bowel syndrome which is directly related to health and wellness of digestive region, if they are also suffering from fibromyalgia. Cleaning out your colon by colon hydrotherapy can help alleviate this and allow your body to reset the digestive process. Cleaning the colon can be a helping hand to the body. Toxins can get out quickly by colon cleanse and your body can be back on track as early as possible.
If your digestive system starts to work properly, rest of your body will be invaded by it. Nutrients will be carried out to many parts of your body by blood vessels in a better way that includes your muscles as well. You will feel more relieved from symptoms if your muscles receive more nutrients from the bloodstream.
Fibromyalgia can make the living worse. The symptoms can get even worse. You have to let go the things you love just because of your constant pain and stiffness. Your mood and happiness are strongly affected by it. You never feel good at all while having pain. You don’t want to socialize also.
Try various types of therapy. Choose your healthy lifestyle. Try to do exercise, as it painful but it is good for muscles. Make it sure that you are doing everything within your limits. Colon hydrotherapy is good to fight against fibromyalgia. But find the combination that suits you. Search more and more on numerous things that can lessen your pain and try to understand your disease as much as possible.
Previous story Does Chinese Medicine Work for Fibromyalgia?

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


text:
Offers an exploration of Matisse's world, uncovering the secret life of the artist, whose paintings shocked and infuriated his contemporaries while paving the way for modern art.
It was an energetic 'No' to provincialism, and a vigorous 'Yes' to nationalism as an enabler of poetry. This work is a Douglas Dunn's anthology of poetry.
A collection of short fiction and non-fictional essays, many appearing in print for the first time, a real treat for longtime fans.

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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Welcome Home to Waterford Park!
Waterford Park is premier gated community with beautiful water views, gazebo, playground and interior walking trails making many pleased to call Waterford Park home. Surrounded by greenbelts, parks and ball fields, the trails give homeowners the opportunity to ride bikes, walk, run or jog around the neighborhood with family and friends.
Children living in Waterford Park will attend schools within the award winning Mansfield ISD.
Waterford Park is surrounded by serene living that boasts acres of greenbelt, including parks, hike/bike trails, soccer and baseball fields and quick access to Joe Pool Lake. The natural beauty of Waterford Park mixed with its close proximity to dinning, shopping, churches make this a much sought after community.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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WHY SHOULD YOU JOIN POHMS?
The health care industry is in a constant state of change. We feel that networking with our peers helps individually and as a group to be more proactive as we meet the constant challenges before us.
WHO CAN BELONG TO THE GROUP?
Active members with voting rights must have at least one physician who practices Hematology or Oncology. Associate members are additional staff members from offices with one Active member, Associate members do not have voting rights.
Allied and Corporate members are any interested party, such as professional and pharmaceutical representatives, Allied members have no voting rights.
Corporate and Allied sponsors are parties not in an oncology practice but are interested in promoting the improvement of business conditions among POHMS' practices.


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Chicago, IL - Patients who need help with the cost of prescription medications can now get a complimentary discount card from the state's largest association of physicians.
"Illinois State Medical Society physicians are committed to providing the best possible care to their patients, and medication prices have risen over 200% in the last decade," said ISMS President Katherine M. Tynus, M.D. "Illinois Rx Card can help make some prescriptions more affordable, and that's why we are making the card available to our member physicians for sharing with their patients," she added.
Illinois residents can print a discount card, search drug pricing, and locate participating pharmacies at www.illinoisrxcard.com.
Founded in 1840, ISMS is a professional membership association representing Illinois physicians in all medical specialties, and their patients, statewide. Dr. Tynus practices internal medicine in Chicago.


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Builders League is a new international minecraft survival server (SMP). We have room for 30 players and we also have a 30 slot mumble channel.
Our goal is to obtain a strong and awesome community and maintain a smooth gameplay.
We have no whitelist integrated at our server which means everyone can join, but nobody can build until they have registered and filled out an "application form".
Guest - This is our first rank, and you cant do anything at this stage.
Builder - The first real rank on the server. At this rank you are allowed to build and you have access to the most basic commands - this rank requires you to fill out the "application form"
VIP - This rank is only obtainable via. "M1p.dk". It costs 3,5 euro a month to earn the title of "VIP". VIP grants access to a lot of extrodinary commands.
Why choose Builders League? And what can Builders League offer you?
- Your very own region where you can build whatever you want. This ensures no-grief.
4. Wait for a response via. email.
/cp 1' Sætter den nuværende placering til 'Public'. Giver adgang til builder og op efter.
/cp 2' Sætter den nuværende placering til 'Private'. Giver kun adgang til dig.
/cp 3 navn1 navn2 navn3' Sætter den nuværende placering til 'Players'. Og gir adgang til nævnede spillere.
HUSK!!!. Sæt din Container EFTER du har skrevet din command.
» Graviton and secret container strategy?

industry_corpus2: Gaming


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So you have the engagement ring (congrats by the way!) and wedding preparations are well underway, when all of a sudden, you do what all future brides do…..you start to think about going on a diet in preparation for the big day!
So here are my top ten weight loss tips, just for you my gorgeous bride to be…..
1 Buy a beautiful dress which fits your amazing body!
2 Learn to be happy for who you are!
Self acceptance and self love are so important. You body has been there for you every single minute of every single day since the day you were born! She has carried on despite your judgemental comments and she has stayed with you despite your criticisms. Cut her some slack! She’s doing an amazing job at allowing you to fully experience this wonderful thing called life!
The scales will only tell you the numerical value of your gravitational pull. They will not tell you how beautiful, amazing and wonderful you are. Your weight is not a reflection of your self worth nor will it ever show you how much you are loved by your friends, family and future husband. Enjoy your wedding day, you are awesome just how you are!
5 Stress Reduction not waist reduction!
Use the money you are planning on spending on a diet, detox, cellulite treatment and splash out on a pamper day, spa day or something extra delightful and luxurious for your wedding. Shoes, there are always shoes!!! You can never have too many shoes!!!
7 Losing weight really won’t make you happy.
Losing weight is not the key to the ‘happy life’ door. Instead it’s about loving your body. To feel confident in your body and happy in your life, it’s not about focusing on the food and dieting, it’s about focusing on living your life to the full………. something which diets are very good at taking away from you.
8 Find ways to start improving your self care regime.
9 Be your own personal cheerleader.
If you had a friend who constantly told you that you were ‘fat and useless’, commented on your ‘flabby tummy’ and your ‘disgusting thighs’ and those ‘hideous stretch marks’ what would you do..?? I’d like to think that you would have the courage to tell that bee-etch to take a hike. The problem is that the friend in question is your inner mean girl, the part of you that constantly criticises and judges your body. Being mean and bitchy to yourself does not motivate you to eat differently or work out more, it just creates the momentum for body hatred and self criticism. So try and image your body as a separate entity, your own personal cheerleader. In order to get the best out of her you would encourage, praise, nurture and love that person; try it, you might be surprised what happens!
10 Think of your body as the most valuable possession you will ever own, and treat her accordingly.
Health (particularly mental health which dieting and food obsession plays havoc with) is far more important than what you weigh and what size your wedding dress is.
So my lovely, thin doesn’t equal happier, healthier or better.
Losing weight doesn’t mean you’ll have a more spectacular wedding than what you will be having already.
Forcing your amazingly perfect body to become smaller so you can take up less space in this world and on your big day won’t change anything….it will just add to the pressure and stress of wedding preparation.
You are unique, wonderful, perfect, gorgeous and beautiful already my darling.
Every lump, bump, wobbly bit, stretch mark and scar and I’m sure your fiancé would agree with me on that one. YOU are perfect in his eyes.
Now go and enjoy yourself! Life is for living, not for counting calories….
How to enter: Simply leave a comment below and let me know which tip is your favourite and why??


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Sarah Palin net worth: Sarah Palin is an American politician, author and television pundit who has net worth of $12 million. Sarah Palin is the former governor of Alaska who ran for Vice President of the United States on the 2008 Republican ticket. Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho, but moved to Wasilla, Alaska as an infant and still considers it her home. In 1984, she won the Miss Wasilla Pageant and went on to win third place and the Miss Congeniality award in the competition for Miss Alaska. At the same time, she attended college in Hawaii, Idaho, and Alaska, eventually earning her bachelor's in communications from the University of Idaho. In 1992, Palin won a spot on the Wasilla City Council. In 1996 she became mayor, and in 2006, she became the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska.
In 2008, she was catapulted into the national political spotlight when presidential hopeful John McCain chose her as his running mate. McCain and Palin lost, but she has managed to retain her status as one of the most talked-about personalities in politics. In 2009, Palin surprised the political community by announcing that she would not seek gubernatorial re-election in 2010, and resigned the governorship of Alaska with eighteen months left in her term. Shortly afterwards, Harper Collins published Palin's autobiography Going Rogue: An American Life, which sold over a million copies within two weeks of hitting shelves, one of only four political memoirs to do so. Palin also signed a multi-year contract with FOX News. Palin has been married to oilfield manager and commercial fisherman Todd Palin since 1988, and the pair have five children.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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"Oglala Calendar Moons from BLACK ELK SPEAKS" by Theodore Walker, Jr.
That portion of the year we call "January"
is called "Moon of Frost in the Tepee" by Black Elk (p. 137, 267).
That portion of the year we call "February"
is called "Moon of the Dark Red Calves" and "Moon of the Dark Red Calf" by Black Elk (p. 90, 138).
That portion of the year we call "March"
is called "Moon of the Snowblind" by Black Elk (p. 90, 105, 138).
That portion of the year we call "April"
is called "Moon of the Red Grass Appearing" by Black Elk (p. 63, 139).
That portion of the year we call "May"
is called "Moon When the Ponies Shed" by Black Elk (p. 18, 139), also "Moon of Shedding Ponies" (p. 196).
That portion of the year we call "June"
That portion of the year we call "July"
is called "Moon of Red Cherries" by Black Elk (p. 57).
That portion of the year we call "August"
is called "Moon When the Cherries Turn Black" and "Moon When the Cherries are Ripe" and "Moon of Black Cherries" by Black Elk (p. 16, 61, 132, 248).
That portion of the year we call "September"
is called "Moon When the Calves Grow Hair" and "Moon of the Black Calf" and "Moon When the Calf Grows Hair" by Black Elk (p. 81, 133, 140), and also "Moon When the Plums Are Scarlet" (p. 177).
That portion of the year we call "October"
is called "Moon of the Changing Season" by Black Elk (p. 10).
That portion of the year we call "November"
is called "Moon of Falling Leaves" and "Moon of the Falling Leaves" by Black Elk (p. 18, 134,135).
That portion of the year we call "December"
is called "Moon of the Popping Trees" by Black Elk (p. 7, 179, 253).
American Indian Astronomy, Teacher's Guide at "http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/books/science/s802.html"
NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT: copyright 1997 Theodore Walker, Jr.
This copyright covers all content and formatting (browser-visible and HTML text) in this and attached documents created by Theodore Walker, Jr.


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WHAT IS IT? The Boyesen Spectra Supercooler is a special, limited-edition version of the standard Boyesen Supercooler high-flow water pump. Spectra colors are red, blue or white, while the standard Supercooler is offered in black, silver or magnesium. There is also an orange Supercooler for KTMs only.
WHAT STANDS OUT? Here’s a list of things that stand out with the Boyesen Spectra Supercooler water pump and impeller.
(1) Difference. Much as with titanium and stainless steel exhaust pipes, there is no mechanical difference between the design and performance of a standard Boyesen Supercooler and the Spectra Supercooler, save for the colors. Boyesen also offers Spectra clutch covers in the same colors.
( 2) Color choices. The marketing appeal of the Spectra line of Supercoolers is that you can get Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki and Kawasaki water pumps in red, blue or white. This means that you could have a red water pump on a Yamaha, a blue water pump on a Honda or a white water pump on any of the brands. Given that the standard-issue Boyesen Supercoolers are offered in black, silver and magnesium, a consumer can choose from any of six colors. The only exceptions to this rule are the KTM pumps. There are no red, blue or white options for KTMs, although there are black, silver, magnesium and orange options.
( 4) Plumbing. Stock water pumps aren’t very hydrodynamic. Their internal shape and impeller create excessive air bubbles in the water. Air bubbles, created by cavitation, hamper not only water flow but the amount of water per cubic gallon pumped. The Supercooler’s smooth interior surfaces eliminate coolant “pinch-points,” resulting in a hydrodynamically efficient interior that increases fluid flow re-entry rates into your bike’s engine. Unlike the stocker, Boyesen’s water inlet has an increasing diameter, artfully curved shape and no 90-degree bends.
percent more efficient at moving water than the stocker.
mud or gets bogged down at low speeds.
rider, you can skip it.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


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Fun Adirondack (ADK) Christmas and New Year's Eve family activities and events for everyone: kid-friendly, parents, families, pet-owners singletons, handicap-accessible or retired.
Pendragon's Holiday play, Public skating schedule, Skate into the New Year, First Night Saranac Lake, Mid's Park Lake Placid activities, Titus Mt Opening $10 ticket, First Night Saratoga, New Year's Eve fireworks: Saranac Lake, Lake George, Malone, Saratoga Springs, Speculator Polar Plunge Enjoy!
5-8 pm Lantern Lit Wagon/Sleigh Rides at Lake Clear Lodge, (Dec 26,27,30,31, Jan 1,9,16,17,22,23,29,30, Feb 5,6,12,14,15,17,19,20,24,26,27, March 4,5,12) subject to change.
Friday - January 1, 2016 - HAPPY NEW YEAR!
7 pm Indian Lake Theatre presents "The Peanuts Movie"
2 pm Indian Lake Theatre presents "The Peanuts Movie"
7 pm Indian Lake Theatre presents "Mocking Jay"
Kids' Station, Plattsburgh New Year Celebration!
1-3 pm The Children's Museum at Saratoga presents Community New Year's Eve Dance party!

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


text: Wow. . . Completely remodeled rancher on river lot. New pella windows, drywall, vinyl flooring, electrical. New kitchen and appliances. New bathroom. 2 new decks. Rear deck is 27. 3×13. 8 with steps to river. Front porch is 27×8. Won’t last long.


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In honour of the fact, I have just bought 2 tickets to see Doctor Who at the cinema!
Matt Smith on the big screen-excited much!!!


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One of God's creatures looking for a meal!
Mountain creature in the sink this morning!!!!


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As executive director of the Hume Center, my research portfolio broadly covers wireless, cybersecurity, unmanned platforms, and data analytics, as they apply to the national security sector. This includes topics such as signals intelligence; cyber warfare; electronic warfare; information operations; computer network attack, defense, and exploitation; automated intelligence analysis; intelligence visualization; and many other related areas.
My personal research interests surround wireless security and robustness at all layers of the network stack, which includes topics such as physical layer security, electronic warfare, quality of service in cognitive radio networks, and authentication and encryption in wireless networks. I have worked extensively with software-defined radio (SDR) and cognitive radio (CR) technologies, and am interested in robustness and security issues surrounding SDR/CR-based networks.
Summary: This research reimagines digital signal processing within the context of deep learning. By replacing signal processing logic with neural networks trained to perform the same task we can eliminate the need for traditional serial processing enabling significant latency and computational complexity reductions. Similarly an entirely new world of cognitive radio is possible when the signal processing environment is built natively on top of a machine learning engine.
Summary: In contested and congested environments, meeting quality of service requirements for wireless systems can be challenging. This reserach investigates distributed, optimal approaches to resource allocation in scenarios such as LTE carrier aggregation, radar spectrum sharing, and M2M communications for industrial control systems. Solutions range from straight forward utility maximization to secure auction techniques.
Summary: This project is investigating how legacy military radar systems operating in the 3.5 GHz frequency band can securely coexist with commercial secondary users, such as LTE and WiFi. The research focuses on security aspects of spectrum coordination and advanced array techniques for radar transmit eigen-nulling in multipath channels.
Summary: This project investigates jamming and anti-jamming techniques in OFDM/MIMO-based 4G communications systems such as LTE and WiMAX. By understanding the weakensses, hardened profiles of these standards can be proposed for use in military communications systems.
Summary: This project studies how use of machine learning to develop a state machine model for one's adversary in electromagnetic battlespace enables optimal strategy selection. Additionally it studies the advantages and disadvantages of sophsiticated spoofing and deception attacks. We seek to understand fundamental bounds on the capacity for adversary learning, nonstationary strategy development to reduce the fidelity of learning, and implementation approaches in realistic environments.

industry_corpus2: Artificial Intelligence


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BluePrint® offers the best cold-pressed juice cleanses to get you back on track with a healthy lifestyle!
A low-sugar cleanse to offset a weekend of overindulgence.
Our most popular option, for both first-timers and intermediate cleansers.
Lowest in sugar out of all our cleanses.
Perfect for first-timers in need of flavor variety.
For first-timers, or anyone that’s “meh” on green juices.
Our most intense cleanse, for green juice lovers only.


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Having had a look around without any luck, does anyone know where i can get a reverse gear lockout plate/mechanism. Reverse on mine is left and back. I have seen the Tornado cable mechanism, but would rather a selector guide plate incorporating a reverse gear latch of some form. Any ideas?
IPCW LED taillight users - backup bulb and harness?
Reverse Rotation Automatic Transaxle. Planetary gearset?


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The Oxford Household provide a recreation of a 15th Century encampment in which the liveried troops of the Earl of Oxford muster and train for battle. The primary fighting unit of the household is the bill block; heavy infantry equipped with polearms. These troops are supplemented by archers and armoured knights.
The troops and non-combatants of the household provide an ongoing display of life in a mediæval camp. Tents, weapons, armour and everyday items will be available for close inspection. Food is prepared, children are cared for and the troops arm for battle.
In the arena or on the battlefield the troops will undertake mediæval drill and combat. Artillery (which correctly includes Longbows and crossbows as well as early handguns) demonstrate period distance weapons.


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A few years ago, my band took a trip up the east coast to play some shows in and around New York City. One of the stops was in Asbury Park at a club called The Saint. Not more than probably a mile down the road was the Stone Pony, the legendary venue where some great bands got their start including New Jersey's most loved Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band (you thought I was going to say Bon Jovi, right?).
For my singer, it was a somewhat mystical experience having grown up a big fan of the Boss. For me, it was another bit of musical history to add to my own. And 39 years ago today, it all got started when the E Street Band released Greetings from Asbury Park, NJ to little popular success but eventual critical acclaim. The album only sold 25,000 copies, but it widely considered one of the great rock records of the '70s.
Oddly enough, the most famous version of the opening track of the record was not recorded by Springsteen. "Blinded by the Light" was turned into a whirling dervish of a prog-pop song by Manfred Mann's Earth Band, who took it to number one on the charts in 1977.
The rapid-fire, beat-poet-style lyrics of "Blinded" are a tribute to Springsteen's youth. In what would become typical Springsteen fashion, the song was a wistful, sarcastic and sentimental look back at his home state, perfectly appropriate for the first song on an album named it and the town where his career began.
What is surprising is just how many of the lyrics are flubbed and misunderstood from this particular song, not to mention how many people just don't get what the hell many of the lyrics mean. Much of the imagery hers is from his youth growing up in AP and many of the references are to actual people.
So, I did some digging and here's a synopsis of what you might be missing.
Here, like in the rest of the song, Springsteen is alluding to various moments from childhood summers using a flash of imagery to describe playing with Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez, his original drummer, and his little league team, the Indians, as well as getting sick -- the mumps -- and jerking off.
This self referential moment is a shot at his younger know-it-all self with a massive chip on his shoulder.
This is one of the most misunderstood lyrics in music history. The Manfred Mann version says "revved up" instead of "cut loose," but neither say "douche" as many would believe. The Boss is talking about a car -- a deuce coupe -- or some say a motorcycle. Either way, someone was getting revved up and not like a douche.
Some silicone sister with her manager's mister told me I got what it takes She said, "I'll turn you on, sonny, to something strong if you play that song with the funky break"
Springsteen claims this to be the first reference to breast implants in rock music. He's probably right as he talks about typical drunk patrons at a bar -- in this case, a stripper -- in the same way Billy Joel crooned "they sit at the bar and put bread in my jar and say, 'Man, what are you doing here?'" in "Piano Man."
Go-Cart Mozart was another character from his childhood. "Early-Pearly" is a curly-haired woman on a motorcycle who visits him in the morning and flashes her smile, or pearly whites, at him.


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Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants Sophia Houari1,2, Sylvie Babajko1,2, Sophia Loiodice1,2, Ariane Berdal1,2, Katia Jedeon1,2 1Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Paris-Diderot University, Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris-Descartes University, Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Cordeliers Research Centre, 2Unit of Formation and Research (UFR) of Odontology, Paris-Diderot University Understanding enamel formation and possible alterations requires the study of ameloblast activity. Here, we describe a reliable and consistent method to micro-dissect enamel organs containing secretion- and maturation-stage ameloblasts that may be used for further quantitative and qualitative experimental procedures.
3D Magnetic Stem Cell Aggregation and Bioreactor Maturation for Cartilage Regeneration Aurore Van de Walle1, Claire Wilhelm1, Nathalie Luciani1 1Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS and University Paris Diderot Chondrogenesis from stem cells requires fine tuning the culture conditions. Here, we present a magnetic approach for condensing cells, an essential step to initiate chondrogenesis. In addition, we show that dynamic maturation in a bioreactor applies mechanical stimulation to the cellular constructs and enhances cartilaginous extracellular matrix production.
Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload Bérengère Koehl1, Florence Missud1, Laurent Holvoet1, Ghislaine Ithier1, Oliver Sakalian-Black2, Zinedine Haouari1, Emmanuelle Lesprit3, André Baruchel4, Malika Benkerrou1 1Reference Centre of Sickle Cell Disease, Hematology Unit, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, 2School of Pharmacy, Université Paris Descartes, 3Etablissement Français du Sang, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, 4Hematology Unit,, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Univsité Paris Diderot We have outlined a method of continuous manual exchange transfusion for the treatment of sickle cell disease in patients. This safe protocol was designed to effectively limit iron overload in patients in need of chronic transfusions and can be used extensively without any special equipment.
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Arnaud Dubory1,2, Elisabeth Laemmel1, Anna Badner3, Jacques Duranteau1,4, Eric Vicaut1, Charles Court2, Marc Soubeyrand1,2 1Laboratoire d'étude de la microcirculation, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot Paris VII, U942, 2Department of orthopaedic surgery, Bicetre Universitary Hospital, Public Assistance of Paris Hospital, 3Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 4Department of Intensive care and Anesthesiology, Bicetre Universitary Hospital, Public Assistance of Paris Hospital Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound imaging is a reliable in-vivo tool for quantifying spinal cord blood flow in an experimental rat spinal cord injury model. This paper contains a comprehensive protocol for application of this technique in association with a contusion model of thoracic spinal cord injury.


text: Avalon-Long Live the King is a medieval fantasy piece depicting the Isle of Avalon where the mystical sword Excalibur of King Arthur was forged. Composer Tyler Arcari unearths a solid piece for young bands that is both bold and dramatic. This piece is sure to spark the imagination of students and give them strong musical content with which they can develop their musicianship.


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One of the major reforms being pushed in opening up the selection of the next UN Secretary General is a joint letter from the Presidents of the General Assembly and the Security Council on how the process would unfold. In the 1996 andd 2006 elections, the Council was more transparent in sharing updates as it considered potential nominees, but in neither year did the process include a formal engagement between the top officers informing other member states on the process. Such a reform was strongly encouraged this year by civil society groups such as 1for7billion and several UN members. It was one of several reforms which survived debate and was included in a resolution adopted by the Geneal Assembly last month.
This week, the Security Council held discussions on the body’s “working methods,” including how it would go about nominating the next Secretary General. There was continued support for the nomination of qualified female candidates and providing sufficient time for non-Security Council members to hear candidates’ visions for the organization. Inner City Press noted that UNGA President Mogens Lykketoft says that he has been discussing the release of a joint letter with the Council president.
The question is when should such a letter be distributed, officially opening the contest? And what should such a letter say?
Below is a draft of such a letter as it might emerge.
A key assumption being made in this imagined text is that the letter would be circulated next month, during the United Kingdom’s Council’s president. The UK has been a vocal proponent of a more transparent process, advocating three principles to which it was committed as part of next year’s selection — equality in gender consideration, predictability in the timeline, and transparency through involvement of all UN member states as well as civil society.
It is quite likely that if a joint letter is to be released, it would occur in November.
However, rumors are that Russia is encouraging a postponement of the letter’s release until early next year. The same suggestion was raised in a discussion by Global Memo with an official with the Slovene mission. Former Slovene President Danielo Turk is a rumored candidate for the post, and an official with the mission has confirmed that he won’t officially announce until the process is defined in a joint letter or otherwise. The same official has raised the suggestion that the newly elected members of the Council — Egypt, Japan, Senegal, Ukraine, and Uruguay — might prefer that any joint letter from the President of the Council detailing an election in which they will take part be held until they assume their seats in January. During the October 20th working methods session of the Securty Council, however, Eygpt urged the “expeditious commencement” of the process and release of the joint letter (video, 1:22:50 mark). A top NGO official working on reform to the process however has suggested a postponement to next year would kill the momentum for a joint letter and other transparency reforms.
This draft text posits how PGA Lykketoft and UK Ambassador Matthew Rycroft would describe the interest in a transparent process during the past year and what procedures might have been agreed to during this week’s “working methods” session in the Council. They invite UN members to put forward candidates meeting certain criteria and to do so by a set deadline. Should such aspects be adopted as part of the process, the selection will be far more open, transparent and inclusive than it has been in the organization’s 70-year history. It reflects a more conservative approach in echoing the Assembly resolution while leaving out the more far-reaching proposals advocates have put forward.
Share your thoughts on this sample text in the comments below or with us on Twitter.


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Hi friends! Apologies for the unintentional blog hiatus. I dealt with a Nor’Easter (which causes significant joint pain) as well as a virus of some kind and I was basically in bed from Saturday to Monday, and it took several days for my body to catch up from that. I decided to give my body time to rest, which meant not pushing myself to publish blog posts.
That being said, I’m should be back to normal this week, which means you get a post today and on Friday! Today we’re talking how to increase blog page views. There are more than a couple of things that I did in October that made me grow my blog traffic despite not posting for a while at the beginning and the end of the month due to viruses. The fact that my traffic grew even though I dealt with that says a lot about their power.
For the first time since I started doing these, I’ve not included Google+ here. That’s because Google has decided to shut it down for consumers after a security breech (x).
Pinterest (67.51%): I put a lot of time and effort into Pinterest, so I’m glad to see that it’s paying off! I use Tailwind to schedule my posts, and I also participate in Tailwind Tribes, which are kinda like Pinterest group boards but within Tailwind only. Get a free trial of Tailwind here. Additionally, I noticed a huge jump in my traffic from Pinterest when I started treating Pinterest like a search engine. And it is! I optimize my posts for Pinterest success, which includes having large, vertical images for my posts, among other things.
Google (5.1%): I’m glad to see this as the second one on this list (even if there is a huge gap between Pinterest and Google). I use SEO in almost all blog posts, and if people are finding my posts from search engines like Google, then I’m doing my job. Here’s how you can use SEO to stand out as a blogger.
Facebook (2.26%): I’m not surprised to see this percentage be so small because I haven’t participated in my blogging Facebook groups much recently due to my schedule. I’m hoping to change that in November.
Twitter (1.45%): Ah, Twitter. My favorite social media network. I would really like to see this number be higher, so we’ll see what I can do about that.
This list does not include direct traffic, as that is not a source.
Big thing this month: relaunch/repost old blog posts. By this I mean that I took old posts and used them as the base for a new post in October. I generally added a lot to it, as well as updating the information for 2018. I only did this for 3 posts due to other posts that needed to go up (September blog traffic report, 2018 Recent Reads, etc.), and they were enjoyed, but not the biggest draw this month.
Bought the Genius Blogger’s Toolkit and began implementing things from that – but I won’t share them because that’s not fair to the people who made it!
Relaunching/reposting old blog posts. I’m not saying that this doesn’t work, as I only did it 3 times and maybe if I continue doing this I’ll find success.
Not posting on Instagram for several days in a row will mean lots of people will unfollow you. Seriously, when I got sick at the beginning of the month, I didn’t post for 5 days and nearly 50 people unfollowed me. Rude! Additionally, when I got sick at the end of the month, I lost another 20 followers when I didn’t post for 3 days. This is so frustrating because I’ve been hovering around 2650 followers for over a year. I go up to nearly 2700 and then lose around 50 followers. I go up to 2670 and lose around 20. It’s very annoying. If you have any tips, help a girl out!
Remember my keyword trick? It’s the real deal. Basically, you start typing something related to your blog post idea in a search engine and see what term autocomplete comes up with. This helps you figure out what very specific terms people are searching for in search engines. It’s more specific than most SEO keyword finders are, and can help your blog show up in more search result and have more people clicking in because you’re dealing with the specific thing they’re searching for, which can help you domain authority increase. If you look at the list of my most popular posts from this month, 5 of them are posts I used this keyword trick for.
8+ posts – Just barely made it!
What is your favorite way to increase blog page views?

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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I received a copy of HAZED in my mail box this week. How exciting! I love how it is a Kid's Edition and the A5 boutique size is gorgeous. What a lovely magazine to curl up and read.
Packed to the brim of beautiful NZ businesses, read about Wishbone Design, Chasing Will, Marcel + Bear, Made for Play, Gotu Toys, Baby Bundles, Imagination Doors and Punk Baby. Find links to so many more NZ businesses, some lovely recipes and much more!
I love the design and layout of this magazine, so clear and the colours used throughout are gorgeous. Really looking forward to the next edition!


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Glass: Approx 30mm x 20mm, 3mm thick.
Approx. Bale: 13mm x 6mm. Length of Pendant including Bale: 2".


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Athens U niversity of Economics and Business (former Athens School of Economics and Business), is the oldest educational institution of our country in the fields of Economics and Business Administration. Since 1920, it has created a great tradition in educating the youth of our country. Thousands of its graduates are now senior administrative and financial executives in the public and private sectors, faculty members in Greek and foreign universities, as well as members of international organizations.
Athens University of Economics and Business (former Athens School of Economics and Business), is the oldest educational institution of our country in the fields of Economics and Business Administration. Since 1920, it has created a great tradition in educating the youth of our country. Thousands of its graduates are now senior administrative and financial executives in the public and private sectors, faculty members in Greek and foreign universities, as well as members of international organizations.
University of Warsaw (UW), founded in 1816, is the best university and a leading research centre in Poland and also in the entire group of countries that recently joined the European Union.
Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski is the oldest and the biggest university in Bulgaria. It consists of 16 faculties, 3 departments, and many research centres and laboratories. The University employs permanently around 1 600 senior and junior teachers, and many part-time collaborators. During the academic 1999/2000 the University signed a contract to join the Socrates Programme of the European Commission.
The School of Informatics, part of City University, London is at the forefront of international excellence and leadership in education and research for the information and computing professions.
The Technical University in Košice (TU KE) was established in 1952 with the aim of serving the educational and research needs of Eastern Slovakia. The University has more than 18,000 Master and Bachelor students, about 700 PhD students. Almost 900 teachers work here, and the same number of research and administrative staff.


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At Lbl Internet marketing SEO is one of the pillars of our internet marketing products we can help you with.
A simple explanation for SEO is that we are in the internet real estate business. Meaning that we move business websites from a bad neighborhood to a better neighborhood. This better neighborhood is the first page of Google.
Before we talk about optimizing a website for the search engines I will give a little explanation about what a search engine is.
I think we have all used a search engine or have heard people talked about it. You probably have heard many times things like “I will Google it”, or “I will look it up online”, or something like that.
What we mean is that we go to Google.com and do a search for a word or a phrase, and google will give us the most relevant websites for that word or phrase.
Why I mention Google is because this is the largest search engine, and good for about 65 % of the searches people do. Other big search engines are Yahoo and Bing.
A search on Google will give you the most relevant websites for the keyword that you typed in.
A barber shop would like to be found for the phrase “hair cut” or maybe “beauty salon”.
This is where we can help you. Our job is to tell the search engines that your website is the best optimized for your keyword.
Meaning that if someone types in your keyword, that your website shows up on the first pageand people will click on it.
How much competition for you keyword.
The market you are in.
A few years ago all you had to do is put the keyword that you would like to rank for in the page several times but nowadays that does not work anymore. Google did a major update that looked at all the sites that did this keyword stuffing and penalized them with lower rankings.
I hope that this article made it easier for you to understand Search Engine Optimizing and the importance for your business website.
Having a strong web design is important but if your customers can not find your site you need to let us do SEO.
I am not sure if there is a new style of doing SEO. SEO is a constant changing animal and just like any other business model you have to adapt to new demands and optimize your strategies. What works great today might be less effective tomorrow.
I use total white hat tactics that will never lead to any problems and will only improve the ranking of your website in the search engines.
One of the things that can have a huge impact is what is called on page SEO. The words and sentences used on your website in combination with giving you readers to find more related information on a different page is very important.
An other thing is that other websites talk about you and let their readers know about your content and where they can find it. This is called a backlink and although important it also something that has to be done according to our white hat guidelines.
Lbl internet marketing is specialized in SEO, and we will be glad to help you with taking you website to the next level and provide you with more exposure for your business in that way.
Click here to go back to our product page.


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CISR – National Environmental Engineering Research is recruiting for the various posts for the year 2015. Interested and Eligible candidate can apply here on or before 5th June 2015.
The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) is a research institute created and funded by Government of India. It was established in Nagpur in 1958 with focus on water supply, sewage disposal, and communicable diseases and to some extent on industrial pollution and occupational diseases found common in post-independent India.
Eligible candidates can apply and send their hard copy of filled application to below mention address on or before 05.06.2015. Interview will be held 09.06.2015, For more details kindly Check Official Notification.

industry_corpus2: Water Resources & Marine


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It all started with a phone call from Missouri to Michigan. Baseball was originally the subject, but as always, it quickly turned to music. The friendship was forged years ago between Mike Reed and Nathan Ellis when their bands, SMALL BROWN BIKE and THE CASKET LOTTERY, toured together. But this was today, and the two decided to start from scratch. The idea was shared with Mike's former band mates, his brother Ben Reed in Chicago and former SBB drummer Jeff Gensterblum in New York. From there, ABLE BAKER FOX was born.
MP3's were exchanged and soon a marathon practice session in Chicago would result in 11 songs. ABLE BAKER FOX booked a long weekend with Ed Rose at Black Lodge Recordings, and Voices was made official. What started as a phone call about baseball had turned into something much more. One year from its inception, ABLE BAKER FOX was moving ahead.
Voices hits on all cylinders and builds on the years of rock the four veterans have behind them. With a trio of singers to draw from, ABLE BAKER FOX use their differences for layers of texture and contrast, melodic, and aggressive guitars and bass for dynamic foundations, rock solid drumming holds it all together. Some songs reflect the foursome's coming of age in the 90s, while others fill the post–punk pantry that made their previous efforts successful. Eleven songs born of four seasoned songwriters who decided to turn it up, and rip the knob off.
Able Baker Fox: "Face on Fire"


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Are public hospitals reforming efficiently in West Bank?
The structure, function, and capacity of the health care system in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) had been largely shaped by the complex political history of the country. Since the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994, the reform efforts were subsidized much by the international aids to rebuild the country’s institutional capacity. No previous studies have provided a realistic evaluation of Palestinian achievements in the conduct of public healthcare, we examine the relative productive efficiency of public hospitals (their managers’ success in the usage of resources) during 2010–2015 within West Bank and Jordan. Then, we estimate the efficiency of policies within which managers operate (the program efficiency) across the two countries.
We employ the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models to distinguish between within-country managerial efficiencies and public policy “program” efficiencies across the two countries. The study follows two key steps, the first step evaluates managerial efficiencies and explores trends in performance within each country. Then, we examine the program efficiencies across the two countries.
Public hospitals improved their year-specific overall efficiency from 75 to 80% in the West Bank and from 78 to 86% in Jordan in 2010 and 2015 respectively. Changes in efficiency are driven by scale effects in West Bank and by managerial enhancements in Jordan. Program efficiency in West Bank outperformed Jordan during 2010–2012, there was no significant difference in mean program efficiencies between the two countries during 2013–2015.
This work addresses a gap in the DEA literature by empirically investigating the efficiency of public hospitals as distinct from program efficiency in a developing country, namely, Palestine. Findings stimulate hospital managers to enhance potential improvements, policymakers to allocate resources, and international donors to focus on the right adoption of new technology to get better benefits from their considerable investments in public hospitals.
The structure, function, and capacity of the health care system in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) had been largely shaped by the complex political history of the country . The OPT comprises West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip. The never-ending conflict between the Palestinians and the Israelis seemed to come to an end when the Middle East peace process was settled. Particularly, after the Madrid conference in 1991, then the Oslo Accords in 1993 and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994. However, ground reality suggests otherwise. Regrettably, the peace process reached a deadlock and failed to resolve the conflict. The Palestinians had limited self-determination and constructed a picture that the two-state solution is unapproachable.
Since 1994, the administration of the public health care providers in West Bank and Gaza Strip was transferred from the Israeli Civil Administration to the Palestinian Ministry of Health. However, the other health providers named: The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs, and for-profit private health organization continued as they had been before . Later, the ongoing reform efforts in rebuilding the providers’ capacity have been largely subsidized by international aids. These external funds are efforts by the international community to resolve the conflict in Palestine-Israel through economic encouragements , of which, about 8% is dedicated to the healthcare sector .
Although noticeable improvements have been made in the physical capacity of public healthcare providers , no previous studies have examined the efficient use of the considerable financial and technical investments in public hospitals. Estimating their managers’ efficiency of and the influence of reform efforts on efficiency provide insights to key decision makers in the provision of public health care services in West Bank. Managers who make decisions on operational practices and policymakers who may influence the operating environment through regulations may benefit from the attended measurement. Further, International donors who subsidize the capacity building of the country’s public hospitals may organize their efforts more efficiently.
The hospital productive efficiency entails the use of minimum input to produce a given level of output. In this work, we separate efficiencies of hospital managers themselves (identified as managerial efficiency in this research project) from the efficiencies of policies within which managers operate (identified as program efficiency) by following the method of Charnes et al. (1981) . Health reform policies may support better use of resources or hamper the ability of the hospitals to transform resources into outputs . Therefore, it is reasonable to consider the accumulated efforts of both hospital managers and policy-makers as reform efforts in delivering health care services across public hospitals.
To measure relative productive efficiency, we compare the observed performance of a hospital with an empirical production frontier based on the best results obtained from a homogeneous group of hospitals. About reform policies, a good understanding of the relative Palestinian achievements in the conduct of public healthcare delivery could be suggestive when considering the comparability with Jordan.
We employ the two basic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models, namely the CCR model developed by Charnes et al. (1981)  and the BCC model developed by Banker et al. (1984) . DEA is a methodology that has been successfully used to evaluate the performance of different healthcare markets .
This paper builds on the method of Charnes et al. (1981) ; we follow their two-key steps procedure, in the first step, we analyze the managerial efficiency of public hospitals within each country, West Bank and Jordan. Then, in the second step, we notionally drop the inefficiencies of the first step, and we run a DEA exercise to evaluate the efficiency of a merged set of all the hospitals from the two countries. The observed inefficiencies in the second step are attributable to differences in programs (reform policies) in each country rather than to hospital management.
A recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO) describes the health care system in the OPT as functioning under pressure of rapid population growth, deteriorating economy and lack of adequate financial support . Therefore, addressing the efficiency of public hospitals in the OPT is an important consideration for managers, policymakers, and international donors . The available literature describes the status of the Palestinian healthcare system, although often highlighting the weaknesses and the political constraints, had inadvertently dropped the historical associations with Jordan. Further, doesn’t provide performance measures from a realistic point view to judge the Palestinian achievements in respect of healthcare delivery.
Hamdan & Defever (2002)  identified the unique characteristics of the transitional settings such as the geographical separation between West Bank and Gaza Strip; the pressure of international donors; and the deteriorating economic conditions among others. Giacaman et al. (2003)  analyzed the obstacles that faced reform efforts. Batniji et al. (2009)  described the health and well-being conditions in the OPT and the maternal and child health issues. Giacaman et al. (2009)  described the distorted and fragmented healthcare system in the OPT. Others provided statistical evidence on the Palestinian healthcare practices and healthcare professionals [5, 13–16]. Finally, in their qualitative study, Shahawy & Diamond (2016)  show the negative impact of geographical barriers and military occupation in the OPT on the training of the Palestinian medical students.
To meet the information needs of public authority and international donors, we provide a realistic benchmark to judge the country’s relative performance concerning public healthcare delivery in West Bank. We pay attention to performance in West Bank and Jordan from two perspectives, the managerial practice perspective within the country and the policy perspective (programs) across the two countries. Therefore, the study goes to answer the following research question: as compared with Jordan, are the public hospitals reforming efficiently in West Bank?
On 24 April 1950, the “The Emirate of Trans-Jordan” unified with West Bank into one state of “The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan” that comprised the East and the West Banks of the River Jordan. During 1950–1988 the public health care system in West Bank evolved as part of the public healthcare system in Jordan. Although administered by the Israeli Civil administration during 1967–1994, the institutional affiliation of healthcare providers in West Bank was to the Jordanian Ministry of Health during the latter period.
On 31 July 1988, King Hussain of Jordan broke off all the administrative and legal ties with the Israeli-Occupied West Bank . The disengagement decision represents a turning point in a long story of Jordan’s relations with the Palestinians , and initiated new perspectives in the strategy and actors of the peace process in the Middle East .
The post-disengagement settings allowed for an effective role of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) to act internationally as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinians and challenged PLO to shoulder the Palestinian responsibilities . Even though, the historical associations between Jordan and the Palestinians brand Jordan’s stake in the Palestinians’ life as unavoidable . Roughly, to date, around one-half of the Jordanian population is of Palestinian ancestry [21, 23].
Examples of interrelations are numerous: the Jordanian curriculums, legislation, and the healthcare regulations continued to be applied in West Bank in the early nineties. Further, as well as many other sectors, the Jordanian healthcare institutions were the only recognized boards in the Palestinian healthcare markets. To date, the Palestinian Medical Association in Ramallah is part of the Jordanian Medical Association in Amman. The − 250 beds- hospital “Al Makkassed” in East Jerusalem is still recognized as a teaching hospital by the Jordanian Medical Board . Another public − 275 beds- hospital in Hebron which is officially called “Hebron Governmental Hospital” is still recognized among the public as “Alia” after the name of the daughter of King Hussain “Princess Alia.” The same observation goes to “Al Hussain Hospital” in Bethlehem. Finally, bearing in mind that medical professionals are key decision-makers in healthcare delivery and their institutional background has impacts on their decisions, the proportion of accredited Palestinian specialists by the Jordanian Medical Council is not insignificant.
The question of measuring productive efficiency and its importance for the economic policymakers was best stated sixty years ago in the seminal work of Farrell (1957) . Farrell succeeded to solve the problem of measuring productive efficiency by combining the measurement of multiple inputs into a single satisfactory measure of efficiency. Farrell’s method to estimate productive efficiency compares the observed performance of an organization or industry with an empirical production frontier based on the best results obtained in practice.
Charnes et al. (1978)  operationalized Farrell’s approach and introduced the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology to measure the efficiency of a homogeneous group of Decision-Making Units (DMUs). DMU is any productive organization “from a small shop to a hospital to a whole economy.” DEA is a nonparametric linear programming-based method for performance evaluation where multiple performance dimensions exist . The method develops best performers frontier and assigns efficiency score for non-frontier hospitals according to their distance to the efficient frontier. In DEA literature, the measurement of efficiency for performance improvement could be tackled from two perspectives; the input contraction (input-oriented DEA models) and the output expansion (out-put oriented DEA models).
The basic DEA model, known as the DEA-CCR model in the literature, assumes Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) in hospital operations. In practice, not all DMUs operate at an optimal scale. Førsund & Hjalmarsson (1974)  introduced the decomposition of Farrell’s original measure of productive efficiency into separate scale efficiency and technical efficiency. Then, using the piece-wise linear frontier, the decomposition was considered by Banker et al. (1984)  in the DEA-BCC model which accounts for Variable Returns to Scale (VRS).
DEA is the preferred method when evaluating health care providers as it has many advantages: (1) DEA is a non-parametric method and doesn’t require a prescribed functional form. (2) Can handle multiple variables and produce a single measure of efficiency. (3) Each hospital is compared with every other hospital in the sample to estimate the best performers frontier. (4) It avoids the need for prices or prior assumptions of weights [29, 30]. Due to the multiple-product nature of hospitals and the multiple-value of various stakeholders, hospitals received the most research attention in DEA empirical works [31–33]. One of the first applications of DEA was to assess the efficiency of policies within which managers work as separate from the efficiencies of the managers themselves .
Based on literature review, Hollingsworth (2008)  found that researchers applied DEA to compare the efficiency of hospitals across countries to gain insights into the efficiency of different means of healthcare delivery. It has often been used to evaluate the outcomes of care providers and health reforms [34, 35]. A recent theme in DEA literature evaluates the health care systems across countries [36, 37].
The relevant data in West Bank and Jordan was extracted from the annual health reports published by the Palestinian Ministry of Health (PMoH) and the Jordanian Ministry of Health (JMoH) respectively. The two ministries of interest publish the annual statistical reports on a yearly basis, and both reports are structured alike. The published raw data reflects the real quantities of the operational data among the working hospitals.
We analyzed two nationally representative sets of public hospitals during 2010–2015. Out of 13 public hospitals in West Bank, the analysis included 11 hospitals (66 observations), they utilize 1377 beds which make up 97.4% of the total public hospital beds in West Bank. We excluded a newly established hospital and another psychiatric hospital. Further, the public hospitals in the Gaza Strip are excluded. The relevant data of hospitals working in Gaza Strip is unreliable due to the Palestinian internal conflict since 2006 which escalated with the split of the Palestinian Authority into one government in Gaza and another in West Bank. Therefore, the scope of this papers is to examine efficiency in West Bank .
As for Jordan, out of 30 public hospitals, we analyzed 22 hospitals during 2010–2015 (132 observations), three psychiatric hospitals, two obstetric hospitals, and one pediatric hospital were excluded. The excluded hospitals don’t comply with the common input-output measures applied in this study. Then, to avoid bias in our judgment on performance in West Bank, we excluded the largest two hospitals in Jordan as they are three times larger than any hospital in West Bank [24, 38]. Table 1 illustrates the sample characteristics during 2015.
Despite the advantages (mentioned before) of using DEA to evaluate healthcare providers, the pitfalls in DEA methodology should be managed carefully : (1) The state of homogeneity among hospitals, all the investigated hospitals are general hospitals owned and administered by the government, they provide primary and secondary care. However, in Jordan and West Bank, tertiary healthcare is provided by non-public hospitals. (2) The number of inputs and outputs when compared with the number of hospitals. Golany & Roll (1989) suggested a rule of thumb that the number of DMUs is, at least, twice the number of inputs and outputs . To achieve this requirement, we followed Boussofiane et al. (1991)  and treated each hospital in each year as an observation and then scored all the observations simultaneously . (3) The clear purpose of measurement applied in this research project, to disentangle the program efficiency from the management efficiency by empirical records obtained from public hospitals. (4) The importance of orientation. The public hospitals have the mission of serving the public demand as given and must manage their limited resources accordingly. Hence, when seeking efficiency assessments, it is recommended to employ the input-oriented DEA models with the aim of input minimizing given a certain level of outputs . We applied the DEA-CCR and the DEA-BCC models to score the overall efficiency, managerial efficiency, and scale efficiency [8, 26].
There is no standard set of input-output measures in the DEA literature to analyze the efficiency of hospitals . The fundamental principle, to identify variables, is to have a clear understanding of the “process” being evaluated among hospitals . We used input-output measures that represent the efficiency of access to health care services across hospitals from a productive perspective (technical efficiency) rather than from an economic perspective (economic efficiency). The applied input-output mix in this research project had been used by many researchers in DEA literature [45, 46]. It is worth noting that this mix is a top priority for both managers and policy makers to improve access to health care services in an unstable context, namely, Palestine.
We used output measures that represent the level of social orientation in public health, measures gauge the benefits achieved in respect of three functional areas; admissions (inpatient days), outpatient visits, and emergency services. We used inputs that characterize the employed labor and capital to produce hospital services.
The three main output measures are: (1) inpatient services as measured by the total number of annual care days rather than a number of cases to account for case-mix adjustment ; (2) outpatient services as measured by the total number of annual visits ; and (3) the emergency services as measured by the total annual number of cases served without admission .
On the input side, labor input measures represent three groups of personnel, the full-time employed doctors, the full-time healthcare personnel (e.g., nurses and technicians in para-medical departments), and the full-time administrative personnel [43, 48]. The number of hospital beds represents the capital input measure . Table 2 presents the distribution of input-output variables used during the study period from 2010 through 2015.
This step of analysis applies the basic DEA models; the CCR model  and BCC model , the CCR model estimates the overall efficiency and the BCC model estimates the managerial efficiency. Then, in the next step, we apply a procedure developed by Charnes et al. (1981)  to estimate program efficiency. The type of information drawn from these models achieves our research objective.
When longitudinal data is available for hospitals, different ways of analyses can provide alternative views on hospital performance. Window Analysis and DEA-Malmquist Index are known in the DEA literature to approach the efficiency changes over time [50, 51]. These methods elaborate further on the performance changes of the individual hospital. However, we are looking for a realistic indicator to evaluate the relative success of the evolving public hospital services in West Bank in respect of Jordan, rather than to produce individual tables for each hospital.
We conducted a 6-year evaluation of two sets of hospitals from 2010 to 2015. The first set comprises 66 observations in West Bank. The second set comprises 132 observations in Jordan. We applied a procedure that captures the year-specific variability in performance of hospitals [41, 52]. For each country, we treated every hospital as a different DMU every year; the yielded DEA estimates are the observed relative efficiencies compared with best performers over the six years of study within the country. The applied procedure avoids the misleading results of efficiency change between consecutive years when DEA assessment is carried out separately for each year. Since performance measurement is relative, the increase in efficiency of one hospital between consecutive years could be attributed to an actual improvement or attributed to a regress in the efficiency (frontier shift) of the whole set of hospitals. Moreover, the simultaneous assessment of 66 Palestinian observations and 132 Jordanian observations improves the discrimination power of the DEA estimator . The mathematical linear programming formulation of the CCR and BCC models is presented in Appendix A.
Overall efficiency (OE) as measured by the distance to the DEA-CCR frontier.
Pure technical efficiency (identified as managerial efficiency (ME) in this work) as measured by the distance to the DEA-BCC frontier.
Scale efficiency (SE) which reflects the proportion of inefficiency caused by the given scale of operations. It is measured by the ratio DEA-CCR score/DEA-BCC score.
We follow the work of Charnes et al. (1981)  to evaluate the program efficiency of public healthcare delivery in West Bank compared to Jordan. An attempt would be valid if the managerial inefficiency within the country is notionally eliminated and all the hospitals are treated as being managerially efficient. This adjustment could be made by moving inefficient hospitals to their frontier within each set of hospitals. As we applied input-oriented DEA-BCC, reducing all the inputs by the estimated inefficiency score will position all the hospitals on the efficient frontier of their country. After these adjustments have been made up, the new DEA-BCC assessment is carried out comprising a merged sample of all hospitals from West Bank and Jordan (66 + 132 = 198 observations). Hence, any new inefficiencies observed will be attributable to the country’s public policy and reform efforts rather than to local hospital management.
As we are employing input-oriented DEA models, in this sense, the resulting efficiency score of a given hospital has the following operational information: it is the maximum proportion of input levels the hospital, if efficient, should spend to secure at least its current output level. For example, efficiency score of 0.85 for a hospital means that this hospital should have used only 85% of what it had expended or could save 15% of its resources while producing the same observed output levels. Inefficient hospital benchmarks a composite hospital of its reference set to improve performance. Because we are addressing market level rather than hospital level, the technique used to design a reference set at hospital level is out of the scope of this work [41, 54, 55].
The following subsections are organized according to our research objective and convey three main results: (1) Overall and managerial efficiency scores of 66 Palestinian observations; (2) Overall and managerial efficiency scores of 66 Jordanian observations; and (3) the reforming efficiency scores across the two countries.
Figure 1 illustrates the Palestinian results presented in Table 3, the year-specific mean efficiency scores of 11 public hospitals. Overall Efficiency scores (OE) represent the relative performance as measured by the radial distance to the best performers among the 66 Palestinian observations. The DEA-CCR scores revealed ten efficient observations (15%) in the overall sense. In this regard, these hospitals are managerially efficient and operating under optimal scale. Managerial Efficiency (ME) shows 20 observations efficient (30%) as given by the DEA-BCC scores, the difference observed in some efficient hospitals is the scale inefficient observations, these are ten hospitals.
The overall efficiency as given by the year specific mean CCR scores improved during the study period from 75% in 2010 to 80% in 2015. Even though, hospitals in 2015 could produce the observed level of outputs using 20% fewer inputs than they did. It is worth noting the peak “overall efficiency” is 81% in 2012. The large investment of the Palestinian Ministry of Health in installing the Medical Information System in public hospitals during 2011; this may explain progress achieved in efficiency in 2012. The year-specific managerial efficiency (ME) as given by the mean BCC scores shows a slightly positive change from 85% in 2010 to 88% in 2015.
It is useful to witness the parallel shape of scale efficiency (SE) with the overall efficiency (OE). This finding suggests that, during the study period, changes in OE are driven by changes in SE rather than by changes in ME. The mean managerial efficiency (as given by the mean BCC scores) is 88% in 2015 and suggests 12% room for performance improvement, the 12% inefficiency is mainly attributed to poor managerial practices. On the other hand, the 9% scale inefficiency is attributed to poor allocation of resources or technologies . The year-specific individual scores are presented in Table 4 within Appendix B.
Figure 2 illustrates the results of examining the year-specific mean efficiency scores of 22 Jordanian public hospitals Jordanian hospitals (see Table 3). Efficiency scores represent the relative performance as measured by the radial distance to the best performers among the 132 Jordanian observations.
In the overall sense, the DEA-CCR scores revealed 24 efficient observations (18%). In the managerial sense, the DEA-BCC efficiency scores show 44 observations efficient (33%). The observed difference is the 20 scale inefficient observations.
During the study period, the overall efficiency improved from 78% in 2010 to 86% in 2015. Even though, hospitals in 2015 could produce the observed level of outputs using 14% fewer inputs than they did. Managerial efficiency shows 6% possible improvement in 2015 as given by the mean BCC scores; this is mainly attributed to poor managerial practices . On the other hand, the 8% scale inefficiency in 2015 is attributed to poor allocation of resources and technologies among the Jordanian hospitals.
The remarkable result is the consistent progress and a promising trend in managerial efficiency since 2013, from 87% in 2013 to 90% in 2014 then to 94% in 2015 as given by the DEA-BCC scores. Further, the mean year specific of managerial efficiency has a parallel shape with the overall efficiency, which reveals that progress in overall efficiency is driven by gains in managerial efficiency rather than by changes in scale efficiency. Table 5 within Appendix B exhibits the year-specific individual scores of Jordanian public hospitals.
So far, changes in mean overall efficiency scores of public hospitals were shaped differently in West Bank and Jordan during the study period. In West Bank, efficiency progress was driven by improvements in scale efficiency levels. In Jordan, efficiency progress was driven by improvements managerial performance.
For comparing the health care reform efforts in West Bank and Jordan, we notionally eliminate the estimated managerial inefficiency of the first step of this study. The basic idea is to drop the inefficiencies attributed to poor managerial practices before carrying out the new assessment. Since all the hospitals have become on the efficient frontier within the country, the new assessment captures new inefficiencies that are attributable to the country’s programs and not management .
Figure 3 illustrates program efficiency scores in West Bank and Jordan as given by the DEA-BCC model, Table 6 and Table 7 within Appendix B show the relevant results. Public hospitals’ performance shows differences (0–4%) in mean program efficiency between the hospitals in the West Bank and hospitals Jordan in favor of West Bank.
A single sample T-test was conducted to determine if a statistically significant difference exists between mean program efficiency of Jordanian hospitals and mean program efficiency of Palestinian hospitals. During the first three-years (2010–2012), Jordanian program efficiency reported different mean scores compared to Palestinian program efficiency (p < 0.025). For example, in 2010, the difference reported - 4% (M = 0.94, SD = 0.05) in favor of Palestinian programs compared to Jordanian programs t (21) = − 2.78, p = 0.001. However, during the second three-years of the study period (2013–2015), the Jordanian program efficiency reported similar mean scores (p > 0.025). For example, in 2015, the difference reported – 1.6% (M = 0.96, SD = 0.05) in favor of Palestinian programs compared to Jordanian programs t (21) = − 1.603, p = 0.124.
To sum up, this study addresses the relative position of Palestinian healthcare programs in West Bank after thirty years of disengagement with Jordan. In this regard, the accumulated outcomes of the two countries’ programs for public hospital services are compared. Unexpectedly, findings show that the implications of Palestinian programs on efficient hospital performance have the edge over the Jordanian programs during 2010–2012. Saying it another way, in West Bank, the inefficient performance is less attributed to public programs than in Jordan during in the first three years of the study period. However, the Jordanian programs show consistent progress during the years 2011–2014. Therefore, the two countries’ programs have no significant difference in program efficiency means during 2013–2015.
Although all the investigated hospitals are public and don’t compete, it is felt that the market characteristics of each country may impact efficiency. Palestinian Authority applies health insurance schemes that cover most of the population. Therefore, Palestinian public hospitals are asked to meet the created high demand . The average bed occupancy rate was 88% during 2015 in the West Bank while it was 65% in Jordan during the same period that explains higher levels of capacity utilization in West Bank. Previous evidence supports the impact of bed occupancy rate on efficiency [49, 56].
Another reason the estimated efficiency values in West Bank and Jordan may be the external international fund and the considerable amount of financial and technological investments supported by the international donor in Palestinian hospitals . This, in turn, makes a hospital bed more equipped with medical and paramedical devices and becomes more productive. However, in our analysis, we did not include this nontraditional input, further research could be useful to investigate the level of adoption of new technologies in West Bank.
Finally, the working market-structure may influence the efficiency of a hospital. In West Bank, the percentage of public hospital beds of all the beds is 61%. In Jordan, this is 38.7% of all the beds. This could influence people seeking hospital treatment, thus determine the demand and the observed output levels. Further research on the topic to determine the factors that drive the outperformance of Palestinian hospitals to outperform the Jordanian hospitals is useful.
Using data from 2010 through 2015, we employed the two basic DEA models and analyzed the productive efficiency of public hospital markets within West Bank and Jordan. We analyzed public hospitalization services within the distinct country conditions of the Occupied Palestinian Territories, particularly after thirty years of Jordan’s decision to end the long institutional, legal, and administrative ties that prolonged from 1950 to 1988 with West Bank. After a transition period, the affiliation of the public hospitals in West Bank was transferred to the Palestinian Ministry of Health in 1994. This work makes a major contribution by extending the descriptive literature of historical associations between the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Jordan with a comparative measure of the implications of public reforms on hospital performance.
This study took the Palestinian health literature further by highlighting Jordan’s ongoing stake in the Palestinian healthcare sector. Results surface the significance of operational trade-offs to enhance the productive efficiency of public hospitals by employing realistic operational indicators. Findings provide evidence of the prescribed uneven emphasis of the Palestinian public authorities on the physical capacity  and the considerable amount of financial and technological investments .
In West Bank, managers of the identified hospitals with poor management as given by the DEA-BCC model should investigate further their managerial practices applied in their hospitals. The Palestinian policymakers can draw from the identified scale inefficiencies an appropriate resource reallocation plan. Since the overall mean efficiency score is inadequate (78%) and scale efficiency drives the year-specific progress during the study period, the operating conditions explore the question of appropriate adoption with technological investments and the adequate managerial efforts to capture the acquired benefits of technology .
In Jordan, the average overall efficiency score recorded 80% with a promising trend in 2015. However, the changes over time were driven by managerial improvements and not scale efficiency progress. Despite the similarity in changes in hospital performance, changes were driven differently in West Bank and Jordan. Year-specific improvements were attributed to management in Jordan and attributed to new technologies in West Bank.
Health reforms contributed differently to the achieved levels of efficiency across the two countries. The inefficient performance was less attributed to policies in West Bank than the corresponding effect in Jordan. The Palestinian policy implications on hospital performance have the significant edge over Jordan policies during 2010–2012. In Jordan, the continuous improvements in policies during 2011–2014 positioned the two countries at the same level in 2014 but turned again less supportive in 2015.
Because Egypt administered Gaza Strip during the same period West Bank unified with Jordan, and because of the lack of reliable data of hospitals in Gaza, we don’t investigate the performance of public hospitals in the Gaza Strip. Further, our findings don’t adjust for quality differences within or across the two countries. The scope of our analysis considers only quantities of services provided and resource distribution. Unfortunately, data associated with qualitative information, as in many other developing countries, is not available.
WS was overall in charge of designing the article, data extraction, analysis, drafting the initial versions, and finalizing the article. JC provided a critical review, enhanced improvements, and added input comments on the article throughout its phases. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The research got ethical approval from the Palestinian Ministry of Health.
DMUo represents one of the n DMUs under evaluation, and xio and yro are the ith input and rth output for DMUo, respectively.
PMoH. Health annual report 2015 [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 May 8]. Available from: https://www.site.moh.ps/index/Books/BookType/2/Language/ar.


text:
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industry_corpus2: Manufacturing