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Car Photography Tutorials - Lenses, what do all those characters actually mean ?
You want to buy a new lens, but all those numbers and characters have got you a little confused ? Fear not, we'll explain them for you.
You've decided it's time to take your equipment collection one step further by adding one or more lenses to your gear, but if you think deciding on your first camera was difficult get ready for a shock, buying a lens is even more complex than buying a DSLR !
First you'll need to decide what kind of lens you want to add to your set first, not all of us can buy every lens they would like to have from the start, so we start with one lens and add along the way, probably getting a long zoom as a second lens, after that a nice wide angle would be a good idea with later on an even longer zoom or perhaps even some primes ... but wait, what do all these names actually mean ?
Every single lens will have a certain range, a prime will have only one focal length while a zoom lens ranges between a shortest and a longest length, the example here is a Canon EF-S 18-200mm f/3.5-5.6 IS lens, one of the latest available from Canon and boasting a rather long range : it starts at a wide angle 18mm and goes right up to a telephoto range of 200mm. This is also called an 11x zoom lens, because when dividing the longest range with the shortest range you get about 11, which isn't what you should be looking for. In most cases a decent zoom lens from any make shouldn't be more than 3x or 4x, the higher this figure, the more difficult it is to build a lens that offers sharpness along the entire range.
One of those rare exceptions is the Canon EF 28-300mm f/3.5-5.6 L IS USM lens, this one also offers a 10x zoom range, but it actually manages to get some very sharp images along the entire zoom range ... at a price, this big, heavy white bazooka will set you back about 2000 USD.
Do note that most entry level and semi-professional DSLR have some kind of crop factor, only the Full Frame DSLR have no crop factor, so what does this actually mean ? A crop factor is a calculation that shows the multiplication figure between the standard 35mm slide format and the digital sensor that is installed in the DSLR.
For instance the Canon EOS 40D has a crop factor of 1.6, this means that a 100mm lens actually gives you a range comparable to a 160mm lens on an EOS 40D, Nikon bodies also have a crop factor as most DSLR use a smaller sensor compared to the original 35mm film from the old days.
Next to the zoom range of your lens, the f-stop is the most important thing about it, these two figures strongly influence the final price of the lens, a smaller f-value will increase the price dramatically.
The smaller f-value lenses are also called 'fast' lenses because they allow to capture faster sports by boasting a shorter shutter speed compared to the 'slower' ones, the Canon 400mm f/2.8 L IS USM lens on the left is one of those big guns that all sports photographers would love to add to their gear, it is listed at well over 6000 USD most of the time.
An f-value of 2.8 or less is considered to be a fast lens, while values of 3.5, 4.0 or 5.6 are considered slow, these latter need more light to be able to use a faster shutter speed, either by using a flash or by boasting the ISO setting.
One downside of low f-values is the fact that your depth of field (read all about this in our DOF tutorial) will be very narrow, making your car seem out of focus for most part of a three quarter front shot. So when deciding on your next lens you'll have to it's f-values into account, a small figure will allow your DSLR to focus better in low light conditions, but is useless on cars most of the time as you'll need to dial in a higher f-value to get the entire car in focus.
So what f-value should your next lens have ? I would go for an f/4.0 or lower in fact, these lenses are very good most of the time, and when you dial in a value of 5.6 or 8.0 their sharpness increases dramatically. Most lenses are not at their sharpest when used fully open (meaning their lowest f-value) so you'll have to dial it down anyway, starting with an f2.8 lens you will get extremely sharp images when used at f/5.6 or f/8.0.
Depending on the make of the lens you will find several other designations on it, so we'll try to give you an overview of what you could encounter on your search for an extra lens in your bag.
We'll start with a Canon lens, what kind of extra information can be found in it's name : for instance the EF 70-200mm f/4.0 L IS USM, one of the best Canon telephoto zoom lenses available at this time.
EF means this is a lens designated to be used on the EF lens mount used on all EOS camera's made by Canon, even the early film SLR bodies, so these will cover your every need in case you've got a recent Canon DSLR.
70-200mm is the actual range of this specific lens based on the original 35mm film, ranging from 70mm right up to 200mm makes this lens a nice tele that allows you to get your object closer when standing at a distance.
f/4.0 means this lens has a stable f-value all along it's range, using it at 70mm or 200mm will both allow you to set the aperture to 4.0, a very important feature in this lens.
L is a designation used by Canon to put a lens in their professional range, sometimes also called 'Luxurious' range, these are the best Canon has to offer for us, but they demand a high premium most of the time, these are expensive but generally well worth it in the end.
IS on a Canon lens means that their is an Image Stabilization built into the lens, this means that camera shake is counteracted by gyros inside the lens, so you are able to take sharp images at lower shutter speed without using a tripod, I would suggest getting an IS lens whenever possible, even if these cost more than their non-IS counterparts.
USM is the UltraSound Motor used inside Canon lenses to allow them to focus much faster than their non-USM counterparts, always try to get an USM lens whenever possible, these will make your life around the track a lot easier.
EF-S This is also an EF lens but it can not be used on all Canon EOS bodies as there is an '-S' suffix, which means you can only mount this lens on crop bodies like the 350D, the 450D or the 40D among other, but not on the 10D, nor the 5D or the professional 1D range for instance.
f/3.5-5.6 shows that this entry level lens has a variable f-value which increases as you increase the length of the lens, at 200mm you can only use this lens at f/5.6, not lower, which means you will need a relatively large amount of light to reach a fast shutter speed required for action shots.
There is no USM on this lens, meaning it relies on a micro motor to allow auto focus, this is a slower type of engine which makes this lens unsuitable for action photography in our opinion, it does remain a nice 'walk-around' lens with a very impressive range from wide to telephoto in one body.
We've seen the designations on most Canon lenses on the previous page, but what happens if we are looking into a third party lens from makes like Sigma or Tamron ? Things tend to get a little more complicated here, so read on to understand their differences.
Let's take a closer look at the Sigma 50-500mm f/4-6.3 EX DG APO HSM for Nikon AF D, a highly regarded lens among wildlife photographers boasting a very nice range.
50-500mm makes this a 10x telephoto zoom lens ranging from the 50mm setting often used in portrait photography up to a massive 500mm which is very interesting for track use.
f/4-6.3 tells us this lens does not have a fixed f-value along it's focal range, it even goes up to a rather uninteresting f/6.3 at the long setting of 500mm, you'll be needing a lot of light entering the lens at this setting.
EX is the Sigma way of telling us this is a professional grade lens in their book, these are built like a tank and will be able to sustain a lot of use in their lifetime, some compare the Sigma EX to the Canon L range, but we won't.
DG on a Sigma lens means it was made specifically for Digital SLR bodies by using special coatings on the lenses used on the inside, avoiding flare as much as possible.
APO actually tells you this lens holds special low-dispersion (SLD) glass to minimize color aberration on digital camera's.
HSM is comparable to the USM designation on Canon lenses, the Hyper Sonic Motor from Sigma allows for some very fast auto focus, making these lenses very usable for tracking cars on the track or even birds in the air.
for Nikon AF D, as Sigma builds lenses for varous body makes you will have to select the one that fits your actual DSLR, in this case it means this specific Sigma lens will only fit onto a Nikon DSLR.
OS is the Optical Stabilization from Sigma, comparable to Canon's IS it allows you to use much lower shutter speeds while still getting sharp images by compensating the camera movement inside the lens.
Canon AF tells us this specif lens is delivered with a Canon mount, so you can not mount it on a Nikon for instance, only on the Canon EF lens mount.
How about a Tamron SP AF 70-200mm f/2.8 Di LD IF Macro Canon now ?
AF just means this is an Auto Focus lens, something that is a inheritance from the past when people were using manual focus lenses, these days just about all lenses are auto focus ones.
Di is Tamron's way of telling us this lens is designated for Digital SLR bodies by using special coatings on the lenses used on the inside, avoiding flare as much as possible.
IF makes this a internal focusing lens, it does not extend when changing it's focal length to 200mm, a very interesting item when looking for a new lens.
Macro means you could also use this lens for this kind of photography, but if you are really into macro photography you should get special lenses that exist for this purpose.
AF-S is the Nikon lens mount system, these lenses can only be mounted on a Nikon DSLR, no need to buy this lens for your Canon camera.
We hope this small overview of some of the most well known makes and models among lenses has made it a little easier for you to decide which lens to buy next, at least you'll now be able to tell the difference among the various makes out there.
In our Base Equipment tutorial we've mentioned getting a set with both the 18-55 and the 55-250 lens, the latter one is in fact a telephoto zoom lens, a basic one that can surely be improved later on, but it is still a nice lens to start with.
When shopping for a longer telephoto zoom lens I would advice to get one with some kind of image stabilization, sure these are more expensive, but trust me, you'll be able to take sharp photographs using shutter speeds that are next to impossible when hand holding your lens.
This type of lens is actually your standard lens, it should be a 17mm to 55mm lens or something similar, I wouldn't advice going for lenses like an 18-200mm because there image quality isn't that great.
On this kind of lenses the image stabilization is not as needed as on the previous telephoto zoom lenses, but we still got the Canon EF-S 17-55mm f/2.8 IS USM for use on our DSLR, the IS sure helps when shooting an interior of a car when you don't have a tripod at hand.
If you've taken a look at our Must have base equipment tutorial you should already own this kind of lens by now, upgrading it is actually dealt with in subsequent tutorials when we take a look at upgrading your basic kit to more specialized lenses.
The third kind of lens takes your photography to the next level, an UWA or Ultra Wide Angle is actually a specialized lens that shouldn't be added to your gear until you've managed to master your other equipment.
These lenses allow you to take a photograph of your car while standing relatively close to it because you capture a wide Field of View, you can actually shoot yourself in the foot with this kind of glass.
There is however a downside to these UWA's, most of the time there is a substantial distortion when photographing a car, some call this a Fisheye effect, the center of the photograph will be larger than the corners, giving the car a rather unrealistic view, if used correctly it can however give some amazing results, but the UWA should be used with care in automotive photography.
Probably the best lens you can buy, but also some of the most expensive ones, especially the telephoto versions like a 300mm or a 500mm, expect to pay prices in excess of 5000 USD for some of these massive lenses.
But they also exist in the more normal lengths like a 24mm, a 35mm, a 50mm, an 85mm and so on. Most of these are sold mainly for portrait or macro photography, but these are also very well suited to shoot cars.
One downside of a prime is that you can not zoom to frame the car better, they will force you to use your legs to get a perfect composition of your subject, which also makes you think harder and longer before taking the shot, with a zoom lens you could take a position and adjust the focal length to get the car just right, using a prime you'll have to position yourself relatively to the car for any specific number of mm's.
So why would you use a prime lens ? Because in general they are very sharp and offer a blindingly fast Auto Focus, that is why lenses like the 500mm or the 600mm fixed focals are used around a circuit, they are able to track a car at high speed without loosing focus.
If you would like to print the Lenses article you can download our special PDF which is optimized for hardcopy layout.


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It can be a struggle for many out there to find what foods they should eat and what foods they should avoid when dealing with the symptoms of IBS.
So is fruit bad for IBS or is it the other things that you are putting in your mouth such as friend foods or the fiber cereal that you eat in the morning?
Let us consider some fruits they may trigger the symptoms of IBS as well as look at the fruits that don’t and what else you could be putting in your mouth that does.
IBS is a serious issue for many to the point that they are embarrassed to leave there home due to the fact that they may have an accident or due to the fact that they will not be close to a bathroom wherever they are going.
Either way irritable bowl syndrome is a very difficult illness, but can be helped or even avoided if one knows what foods cause IBS and what foods do not.
In just finding out the right foods to eat, you just might be able to cure yourself naturally of your IBS.
So Is fruit bad for IBS or not? The truth is that some fruits are bad for IBS such as fruits that are very acetic such as oranges, limes, lemons, pineapple, sour apples or grape fruits.
These types of fruits may attribute to a person not being able to control there IBS or cure it.
Now other fruits such as blueberries, strawberries, mangos and cherries are fruits that do not upset IBS and be a way to get a good source of fiber without over doing it.
Plain and simple as you can see here, not all fruits contribute to the symptoms of IBS.
Let us take a look not at some foods or food groups that do contribute to IBS and that is fried food. Anything deep fried and greasy is definitely going to attribute to IBS.
Even in a person that does not have IBS fried foods such as chicken or french fries can cause a lose stool in the morning, just imagine for someone that does have a problem with this.
Fried foods irritate the bowels and will cause a person that has IBS already to have even worse symptoms than before.
Another food that can cause or contribute to IBS i are certain types pf raw vegetables.
While it is very important that we all are eating plenty of vegetable for our digestive track it there are certain vegetables that may be a no go for IBS people.
Certain raw vegetables such as onions, scallions and red peppers can irritate an IBS suffering person.
As well as gas producing vegetable like cabbage, this can definitely contribute to an increased problem of IBS. Many today are in to the fad of sugar free this and sugar free that.
While some sugar free items are sweetened with good sugar free sweeteners such as Stevia, many other things are sweetened with sucralose and high fructose corn syrup which will irritate the bowels of IBS people tremendously.
Almost any pack of gum that you buy at the store if not bought at a health or fitness store will have sugar free written on it.
Chewing gum on top of the fact that it is sugar free and artificially sweetened is not good for IBS people.
This is can even come down to using sugar free packets to sweeten your ice tea or coffee to a sugar free ice cream.
When it comes down to it, it may be better to find something sweetened with raw cane sugar that will not upset your bowels.
So is fruit bad for IBS or is it all the other foods that you are putting in your mouth that is contributing to it? Fact is, fruit can contribute to IBS, but not all fruit will.
You can enjoy the fruits mentioned above, but more so it is important to avoid the greasy foods, raw vegetables mentioned and sugar free products that has been so hyped up about for so long.
When people are suffering with IBS they need to sit down with a pen and paper and list the foods that they are eating every day and compare it with the list of foods that they should avoid, so they can really see what they are putting in their mouths.
This way they are able to start making changes as soon as possible which will help in time to reduce their IBS symptoms or even get it under control completely.
What could be better than to change the way you eat a little so that you do not have to worry about going out ever and again and can enjoy your life without letting IBS take over it completely.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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This weekend is my guild's annual quilt show. It is held at the Douglas County Fairgrounds in Lawrence, KS. Hours are 10-5 on Saturday and 12-5 on Sunday. I'm helping with the "boutique" this year, where we sell handmade items, gently used sewing notions, and donated books and fabric. Several guild members were down-sizing this year so we have a LOT of stuff to sell. Please come buy something! There are also over a 100 miniquilts being silent auctioned to raise money for six local charities.
I call this quilt "Nickles and Dimes". It was made from the scraps leftover from factory pre-cuts of Barbara Brackman's Civil War fabrics. I added in a green hand-dyed fabric.

industry_corpus2: Others


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With Kajabi, users can make digital products such as online courses, membership sites and training portals efficiently and effectively. So as to design engaging and aesthetic product content, users can create customizable themes, add file downloads, stream videos and upload images and audio. Users can also have all of their products together onto one site using one login, a personalized URL and an integrated site to aid in acquiring subscribers.
Further to digital content creation, Kajabi encourages sales, marketing and client engagement. Since Kajabi united with Stripe, users can accept straightforward electronic payments. To simplify advertising approaches, Kajabi entitles users to build custom forms and landing pages easily. Users can also send email broadcasts and thereafter track their performance with Kajabi’s email analytics. Kajabi supports a number of built-in integrations with programs such as MailChimp, Google Analytics and Infusionsoft enabling users to handle their online products and share their digital content seamlessly.
Kajabi has excellent tools for creating landing pages and sales funnels, and turning website visitors into customers. You may also handle all of your email marketing within Kajabi – such as automated follow-up sequences – therefore, theres no need for a third party platform (though it does integrate quite easily with Aweber, Mailchimp, and Active Campaign). Overall, Kajabi is the best most other online course software in the native marketing and selling capabilities it provides.
Kajabi gives a handful of variations on a core site theme that looks modern and professional and additionally, it provides very easy on the eyes, functional templates for creating your landing pages and sales pipeline pages. There’s also a market for custom, premium themes if you don’t like to go with what Kajabi gives.
When it is about really designing your website, Kajabi has pre-designed themes which you can install with one click. The themes determine the overall appearance and style of your website and help you easily and quickly create a good looking site.
They have developed the Premier Theme to a super flexible framework and they use it to create all the new site themes. These themes are now known as Layout Presets and currently there are 6 unique Presets accessible in their library, all of which can be used on the”Premier Framework”.
All of the Layout Presets have a simple and modern design and they do look attractive. Once you set up a Preset, you can further customize it using the page builder to give your website the look and feel you want.
You can still use any of the 10 themes that have now been transferred to the Legacy Themes archive if you want. However, since Kajabi won’t be working to update them anymore, I will recommend that you use only the Premier Theme for your website.
Finally, Kajabi also extends you the freedom to import and use custom themes. Therefore, if you’re a power user, you can hire a developer to design a completely custom theme for your website.
Kajabi has Wistia – among the all-around best video hosting programs – completely integrated for streaming and uploading your videos. Because of this you can be assured that your videos will work as well as possible for whatever bandwidth or screen any individual client is using — and that they will be as secure as possible.
Kajabi has been around for quite a while. As a result, there are a number of businesses out there that have designed custom themes for it (as mentioned above) and that provide a range of services to support it. There are also a number of articles and blog posts out there addressing just about anything you want to do with Kajabi. If you can’t find what you would like through the company’s own training and support – that are quite good – you will almost certainly be able to find it out on the internet.
In general, Kajabi will provide you a lot more power than most course platforms over developing a website where you can offer your classes but also manage the whole Web presence for your business. To put it differently, you do not need to set up a separate site on WordPress or another platform – a Kajabi site can become your home base.
In the past, I have seen online course platforms offering free plans, and some low-priced ones around $20. However, it feels like you usually get the best features around the $50 to $100 pricing.
When you look at Kajabi, it is surely going to look like the pricing is a little off the charts. The cheapest of these plans is $103 per month, and that is when you pay annually. It’s not exactly what online course startups like to hear, but it’s clear who Kajabi caters to.
The least expensive plan, as previously mentioned, sells for $103 per month. With that, you receive support for 5 products (courses) and 1,000 active members. Therefore, Kajabi is more of a high-powered system for comprehensive courses.
An Enterprise plan is also offered, but you need to contact the Kajabi company so as to get more info on that. I’d assume Kajabi is inclined to support any enterprise size, so you can customize your plan.
Kajabi does not provide a totally free plan but it does offer a free trial on all plans so that you can try out the software. Generally, Kajabi offers a 14-day free trial but you can get a 28-day free trial as part of their Kajabi Hero Challenge.
The live chat and email support are provided 24/7. So, when you encounter a situation with your course website, you can contact one of the live chat representatives, no matter what time it is. I asked a question and they came back to me in 20 minutes. Needless to say, it doesn’t always happen so quickly and they don’t have a guarantee to reply you within 20 minutes. But for me, this reveals a good support.
Kajabi also has a rich collection of articles and videos, so the help center is perfect for those who like to finish their own research.
And you know what, Kajabi does a pretty good job at the majority of those functions, and they are constantly improving and adding more features.
But what almost always astonishes me is the live customer support. They provide 24/7 live chat, and the longest I have ever had to wait (and I have chatted at all times of night and day!) Is three or four minutes, once. Every other time (and there have been a number!) I’m almost immediately connected to someone. And these people are awesome. They will get you the answer, assist you troubleshoot your issue, and even tinker around with a few codings or options on the page to make it work if you are trying something a bit more different and can’t quite get it to work correctly. Seriously. The support staff is the best!
Because lots of folks end up trying to decide between Rainmaker or Kajabi, in a sentence, I’ll sum up the recommendation like this: Kajabi is much better at developing a membership area for online courses than Rainmaker.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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Bay Area womens streetwear brand, Ava Domina is looking for an intern!
interest in Ava Domina and good luck!
What makes an ideal intern?
What are 3 keys to having a successful blog?
style it, and where you’d wear the outfit to.


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We are Britain’s foremost Trade BULK supplier of Pure and Flavoured Extra Virgin Olive Oils, Nut and Seed Oils, Fruit Based Vinegars and Balsamic Vinegars.
Supplier to Farm Shops, Delicatessens and Food Halls across Great Britain for more than a decade, we’ve built a strong reputation for providing all our customers with an extensive range of Oil & Vinegars and a unique OnTap retailing concept. Working with small, family-run producers using pure and natural ingredients; we refuse to compromise on quality just for the sake of price and believe that flavour should always come first!
For Caterers, Hotels, Restaurants and Food Service we provide an unparalleled product choice and provide additional services such as Private Label and New Product Development.
Our new sister trading company ZeroPackaged is dedicated to providing sustainable zero-waste bulk dispensing and merchandising solutions at affordable prices.
We supply the best quality Bulk Gravity Dispensers, Scoop Bins, Stainless Steel Fusti Drums, Glass Dispensers, Recycled Glass Bottles and Jars as well as a large range of Fully-Equipped Cabinets to meet your Bulk and Zero-Waste merchandising requirements.
We also supply Nut Milk Processors, Self-Service Juicing Machines, Coffee Grinders and Grain, Pulse & Spice Mills.
Partnered with some of the best manufacturers and suppliers in the bulk merchandising business our equipment and fixtures offer high quality, durability, sustainability and reliability all at VERY competitive prices.
Our unique modular OnTap retailing system has been specially designed for fine food retailers to sell our products. We offer a one-stop shop for Oils, Vinegars, Glass or Steel Dispensers, Refillable Glass Bottles, Display Stands, Furniture and all the merchandising and accessories required to create a popular and profitable enterprise.
Full sales support and a selection of our extensive range is provided by our UK wholesale partner, Rowcliffe; this guarantees you and your customers the very best in both service and nationwide delivery.
Create a Wow! factor in your store. Impressive and colourful, your OnTap display will get all your customers tasting, talking and purchasing.
Enjoy Excellent Profit Margins and Regular Return Sales. Our products offer plenty of opportunities to up-sell and cross-sell with your other products too and build strong customer loyalty.
Offer your customers an enticing selection of award-winning Infused Olive Oils, Balsamic Vinegars and Fruit Vinegars. All produced using 100% pure, natural ingredients.
Our OnTap concept and products are the ideal solution for any budding zero-waste store pioneer.
Customers can choose their own refillable bottle from a wide range, then return for a refill or choose a new bottle. Good for the pocket, good for the environment!
Our long-established partnership with wholesaler and distributor Rowcliffe enables us to provide the very best in nationwide delivery & sales support.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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doolie is an acceptable dictionary word for games like scrabble, words with friends, crossword, etc.
The word 'doolie' is made up of 6 letters.
Using the word 'doolie' in Scrabble will fetch you 7 points while using it in Words with Friends will fetch you 8 points (without taking into consideration the effect of any multipliers).
See all the words ending with doolie.
See all the words which start with doolie.
See all the words which contain doolie.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


text: Fantastic Family Home!!! Plenty of room with large 3 season room which leads out to the patio, large fenced backyard, apple tree, lilac tree & garden areas. Newer 12 X 16 She shed or storage for all the extras. Inside you'll find a light filled living room, updated kitchen/breakfast bar, 3 bedrooms on the main and lower level family room with a gas fireplace. Numerous updates including new hickory hardwood floors throughout the main floor, interior doors & trim, closet doors in master, new toilets, sidewalk & driveway. Newer washer/dryer hookups on main and lower level, humidifier on furnace and Radon mitigation in. Double garage with extension of another double fully insulated and heated for a 4 car garage or wonderful shop area!!! Taxes reflect Disabled Veteran's tax rate.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


text: Description: A letter from Janas Halpern wishing writer Isaac Leib Peretz a happy 60th birthday, Jedrzejow, 1911. Halpern especially praises Peretz for being a trailblazer in the literary depiction of Hasidic life. He hopes that he will once again have the opportunity to present his own work to Peretz for critique.

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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We offer extensive know-how and personal support for naval system integration programs. Thanks to long experience and own user level operational expertise we have the intimate know-how in submarine system integration with regard to system construction, requirement engineering and standards applied. Where needed, on-board surveys can help to identify project-specific requirements.
Experienced engineers guide customers from program outline and specification of systems through program realization to setting in operation. The customer benefits from the synergies of having all the important processes of project engineering, development and production centralized at the Raytheon Anschütz headquarter. Close cooperation with the world’s leading shipyards means high flexibility in order processing, engineering, testing and setting-in-operation.
Of course, integration of customer-specific requirements always remains possible. Therefore our Requirement Engineering analyzes and understands customer needs, advises customers and transfers the final set of requirements into a suitable technical solution.

industry_corpus2: Aerospace


text:
When I showed up, the room at Harvard Divinity School was already overflowing. World-renowned professors and undergrads alike were packing the aisles, standing in the doorways, and squeezing in behind furniture. At the front of the room stood Bhikkhu Bodhi—a short, soft-spoken Buddhist monk with a marked Brooklyn accent—who held the audience rapt even as he explained dry, technical details of meditation.
Born Jeffrey Block, Bikkhu Bodhi has a PhD in philosophy and years of monastic training in Sri Lanka. However, it wasn’t his impressive abilities as a translator and scholar that brought me there that day. Since returning to the States Ven. Bodhi has established himself on the forefront of Buddhist social justice movements.
Previous Previous post: Have 100 Tibetans Really Self-Immolated?

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


text: 10W Warm White Light measuring 6 x 11.9cm. Up to 90% lower cost of energy and up to 80% lower CO2 emission. Immune to crash and vibrations.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


text:
4k00:30Ukraine. Kiev. July 27, 2017. The Bannikov Stadium. Aerial photography. 4K video. Football. Sport. Competition. Trainings. Required. Goal. Federation. Green grass. Trees. Ball. Building. Sky. Summer.
hd00:30Gateway to abandoned barracks. Vertical view.

industry_corpus2: Sports


text: Azerbaijan is using its pivotal location and its energy wealth to maintain a stance of independence while pursuing its own regional objectives and minimising foreign intervention in its domestic policies. A central pillar of the country’s policy has been to limit Moscow’s ability to influence its vital gas and oil export routes. This stance is one of many that reflects the complex and often tense relationship between Moscow and Baku.


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Having grown up in Paris, I have always admired Alain Delon’s exotic elephant hair bracelet. I associated his elegance and innate sense of style to his bracelet, the epitome of European chic.
Thankfully the use of elephant hair has since been outlawed due to efforts to protect the dwindling species. Fortuitously, I was introduced to buffalo horn by a Congolese artisan. The buffalo horn bracelet collection is the quintessence of craftsmanship. The intricate carving process is highly labor intensive and a secret process known only to this artisan. Paired with 18kt gold accents, the result is as refreshing as it is timeless.
Each buffalo horn bracelet takes 3-5 days to produce. Delicately slicing the material, the strands effectively emulate the look of elephant hair. Over time and with wear, the oil slowly wears off and the strands develop a beautiful brownish and organic patina. Each buffalo horn bracelet is thus utterly unique.
Asian Water Buffalo is sustainable and used primarily for meat consumption; their horns are recycled and used to make these beautiful, hand crafted jewelry.
Vegetable ivory is naturally white with a fine marbled grain structure. Derived from the nuts of certain palm trees, vegetable ivory has a striking similarity to elephant ivory but is fully sustainable. The material is naturally waterproof.
The quiet refinement of our parachute cord belies its fortitude. the cord is colorfast and will never fray. woven in our macrame bracelets and complementing all our pendants, parachute cord is the epitome of utilitarian elegance.


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Reed is well liked by all for his good nature and strength of character. He is quick with a joke and always up for some fun. He is athletic and always enjoys a swim race with any of his friends. Though he’s pretty tough, he has a very even temper, and his friends all trust him to be measured and relaxed (and, with teeth like that, it’s a good thing, too!). His name comes from the reeds found in the wetlands, his home.
Hey, buddy. I’m Reed the reptile. Not many years ago, my kind was almost wiped out, but humans realized how important alligators are and helped us survive! Now, it’s my turn to help humans get rid of pesky nutria, a species that destroys the wetlands. They are my favorite snack. Have you ever tasted nutria? Speaking of food, I probably wouldn’t try to catch and eat you for lunch, but it would be best for you to say “hello” from a distance if you ever see me in the wetlands.
Q: Did you know that, in addition to protecting animals, the wetlands protect humans, too? How do you think they do that?
A: The wetlands are Louisiana’s first line of defense against hurricanes. Since they’re right next to the water, they can block dangerous waves before they reach populated areas. Cool, huh?


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The Theory and Technique of Electric Music by Miller Puckette.
If this looks (even vaguely) interesting, hop on over to Cycling74’s site. They’re the people who make SoundFlower and a whole bunch of other experimental music tools. Unfortunately, Max/MSP is stupid expensive.
Math + Computers = Music!

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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After 1680 and for the next half century grain would be key to the politics of colonial New York. The Duke of York through his colonial governor, Colonel Thomas Dongan, gave out patents for large tracts specifically to encourage an active planting of the land and expansion of New York’s grain-based economy.
As in Old England, the farming was expected to be by tenants on homestead leaseholds with the crop yield paying the rent. The largest tracts, such as the 160,000 acres granted to Robert Livingston in 1686 on the side of the Hudson River opposite Saugerties, were elevated to Manors allowing the owners the stature and powers of a lord in England, supporting and profiting from their leaseholders. The underlying purpose and result was to establish a landed aristocracy as a home-grown governing class for the colony.
By 1683 there were enough landed “freeholders” for governor Dongan to assemble the first representative body in the colony’s history. These large landlords met and approved of Dongan’s division of the Duke’s possessions into ten “shires” or counties in New York and two dependencies in New Jersey; the original twelve counties. The counties were subdivided into towns and manors. The purpose was to create a regionally based justice system and an organizational base for local militias. This assembly also drafted a document called the “Charter of Libertyes” that was an early Constitution declaring their “Rights as Englishmen”.
This budding representative form of government was sharply curtailed and its Constitution disallowed when New York became a royal colony under James II in 1685. The power of the governor was also diminished as New York was made a part of the Dominion of New England. However, the concept of manors and counties and a provincial assembly of the wealthy power-base remained and the influence of the large landholders continued to grow politically.
Standing out in this political system dominated by family “lordships” is a great legacy to democracy; a representative body of landholders that was influential in the provincial assembly and continued in self government throughout the provincial period, the Revolution and into early New York State history. This was the Corporation of Kingston; the Kingston Commons; the oldest corporate charter in New York State; bearing a royal council seal of 1688.
All deeds in the present town of Saugerties originate from the Meals and Hayes patent, the Kingston patent and from several patents that were in Albany County until this part of Saugerties was annexed to Ulster County through the claims of the Corporation of Kingston. These are all crown patents under King James II and Queen Anne granted after 1685 when New York was a royal colony.
Among the earliest of the licenses for patents granted in the tenure of Thomas Dongan as Governor were those for the northward expansion of the Esopus into the “Sagiers”. These followed the creation and surveying of the counties in 1683, and were surveyed in 1686. Philip Wells surveyed the first for the Kingston patent. Robert Fullerton surveyed for the Meals and Hayes patent and the patent that bears his name.
The four tracts of the Meals and Hayes survey were granted by Dongan as a patent on May 31st, 1687. This is the earliest private ownership of land in the town of Saugerties.
The Kingston patent was to have a more complex form of grant. The planters and millers of the Dutch Settlement “precinct” of Kingston petitioned Governor Dongan in 1686 to have these lands and all the land north to the Albany county line made into a single patent along the lines of the one granted by Governor Andros to the New Paltz “Duzine” (12 founding settlers) in 1677. Instead Dongan did a grant structure that was unprecedented for the time. All of the Andros Treaty lands along with those south of the Rondout to the New paltz patent and east of the town of Hurley were consolidated into one large patent putting it under the estate and governance of “one body corporate and politique to be called by the name of the Trustees of the Freeholders and Commonality of the Town of Kingston.” The patent was granted May 19, 1687 and the establishment of the Corporation of Kingston was ratified by council May 17, 1688.
The royal charter for the Corporation of Kingston called for the election of twelve Trustees each year on the first Tuesday in March. These Trustees thus became responsible for all of the governmental functions of the now greatly expanded town of Kingston. This made Kingston the first of only a dozen-odd communities ever incorporated as self-governing entities in English America.
Two of the first “freeholds” deeded out of the land of the Corporation of Kingston were to the 1686 Philip Wells surveys of 86 acres for Peter Winne and 87 acres for William deMeyer, both in the Plattekill/Mount Marion part of the present town of Saugerties. The deMeyer grant was later expanded further by an 800 acre grant in 1688.
Confirmation deeds to the many Dutch Settlement lands watered by the Plattekill in the area of Saugerties were also given. A 1686 Philip Wells survey of 186 ¾ acres north of the land of William Legg confirmed the long occupied Innship of Jan Burhans and Jan Oosterhout. Most of the Dutch Settlement lands were occupied by the founding and first-to-serve Trustees of the Corporation: Dirick Shepmous, William deMeyer, Jacob Ruttsen, Wessel TenBrooge, Barrett Aertze, Tunis Jacobsen, Benjamin Provoost, William Legg, Jacob Aertsen, Mattyse Mattise, William Haines and John William Hooghteen.
The land north of these Dutch Settlement deeds is known as the “Churchland”. The Dutch Reformed Church had always been, since a strict directive by Peter Stuyvasant in 1664, responsible for orphans and the poor. This was also a function of the Corporation’s charter and so the solution was to use the crop yield of the Churchland to support the church. Thus the central valley or “great meadow” of Saugerties was early cleared and planted as a common activity of the “Commonality of Kingston” and became the first lands to be worked as a “common”.
Another responsibility of the Corporation was the maintenance of roads and bridges. The relationship of the earliest deeds to the roadbed of the “public road to Albany” (the Burhans/Oosterhout and the deMeyer grants as examples) essentially placed this maintenance responsibility on individuals as an exchange for ownership.
George Meals and Richard Hayes received patents for four tracts of land totaling 1194 3/4 acres. One of these was for 441 3/4 acres that encompassed the mouth of the Esopus Creek at the present village of Saugerties. The other three were from one to three miles north and west of this area.
On November 22, 1687 the first deeds dividing land in the future town of Saugerties were written. On that date George Meals and Richard Hayes split their joint ownership and a mortgage and deed was given to John Wood from Richard Hayes for all the land south of the Esopus Creek. From this mortgage and deed we have documentary evidence of who the first inhabitants in the present town of Saugerties were. Documents state that John and Hannah Wood were already settled on land and that a house, herd pens, gardens, orchards and conveyances to a sawmill site were there and this indicates the establishment of a well-settled family within the bounds of the present Village of Saugerties prior to 1687.
How much earlier they had settled and whether there were others homesteading in the same area cannot be known for sure. Further documentary evidence of a wagon road crossing the creek at this homestead would suggest that there may have been yet more settlers on undeeded land that formed a community around the falls of the Esopus well before the end of the seventeenth century.
It is possible that George Meals and Richard Hayes laid out the claims for their patents intending to create a self sustaining Innship at the mouth of the Esopus like that at the Dutch Settlement. Their four grants supplied the four needs of an early settlement.
The large 441 3/4-acre Esopus basin grant was a port on tide water, a high plateau for the placement of a village and numerous mill sites on the creek. This tract included in it the most important landmark of the region, the mouth of the Sawyerkill that marked the bounds of Ulster and Albany Counties. Close to this is their 201-acre grant at the present location of the high school; ideal grazing land watered by the Sawyerkill which ran diagonally down its length.
Their 300-acre grant to the north that extends into the present Greene County was mostly a marsh meadow and likely selected because it was believed to include the important source of the Sawyerkill: the "Great Fountain".
Finally, their 252 acre grant to the west of the village that is centered at the Beaverkill Creek was, next to their grant at the Sawyerkill, the second best-watered land in Saugerties. But more importantly, this “Beaverkill tract” also included a stretch of the path to Catskill where it intersected paths to the river and mountains making it an ideal location for trade.
George Meals was the father-in-law of Richard Hayes. It is possible that they intended to settle their families in Saugerties and create a landholding dynasty. They possibly planned to build their community around John Wood's already established and improved homestead and other homesteads already in the area using these to attract more homesteaders and businesses to their water and port resources. The policy of landowners of the day was to lease and not sell land, profiting from the success of settlement.
This plan, however, never had the chance to be developed. By 1694 both George Meals and Richard Hayes are deceased. In 1692 Goodwith White, widow to Richard Hayes, signs the satisfaction of the mortgage of John Wood. Sarah Meals is represented as the widow of George Meals in another deed to John Wood in 1694. By 1700 John Wood’s signature can be found on deeds as a Trustee of the Corporation of Kingston.
It is not until 1709 that any deeds are again made from the Meals and Hayes patent. At this time John Hayes, grandson of George Meals and son of Richard Hayes is representing himself as the sole heir to the land of Richard Hayes and to one quarter of the remainder of the patent tracts. In 1712 John Hayes transfers the entire north section of the 441 3/4-acre tract at the mouth of the Esopus Creek to John Perse (Persen) in exchange for "a house Barne & Lott of Ground... & also the sum of 30 Pounds". In 1719 the sole remaining tract held by the original heirs, a one-half share of the Beaverkill tract, is sold to Evert Wynkoop.
In 1686 the surveyor of the Meals and Hayes patent, Robert Fullerton, also laid out a 797 ½ acre tract called the Wonton Island tract. This was not confirmed as a patent until 1692. The times between 1686 and 1692 were chaotic as king James II was deposed, William and Mary were placed on the throne and Jacob Leisler was executed.
Leisler became acting governor in the period of uncertainty as fear spread that the French were planning an invasion on behalf of James II supported by the colonial governor Andros. The wealthy land holders and traders accused Leisler of treason as an unappointed governor and had him executed. He was afterward exonerated by the Crown.
These events have a connection to Saugerties through the Fullerton patent and Jacob Leisler’s father-in-law, Govert Lookermanns. Lookermanns was the wealthiest Dutchman in New York City at the time the British arrived in 1664. He was linked in politics and business to Peter Stuyvasant and later to every English governor. When he died his stepdaughter was his sole heir and she was married to Jacob Leisler. Through her mother she was related to the wealthy and influential Bayards and Van Cortlandts and they sued to have the Lookermanns wealth come to them. It is the loss of this suit that is the real reason for Leisler’s execution.
Leisler’s conviction for treason caused the confiscation of all of his property. The Wonton Island patent and a larger tract above the Meals and Hayes Great Vly tract, both carrying initial claim dates of July 29th, 1686, are thought to have been surveyed originally to make patent claim for lands that Govert Lookermanns had purchased many years before from the Katskill Indians.
When Leisler was exonerated in 1692 the large patent above the Great Vly was granted in 1695 but the granting of the Wonton Island patent under the surveyor’s name at the same date effectively meant this remained property of the Crown.
In 1709 Queen Anne, with royal ties to the German Palatinate, or Rhineland Princes, received thousands of refugees into England fleeing the invasion of their land and persecution by France. She then contracted the colonial governor Robert Hunter to settle all of the Palatinate on “Her Majesty’s land” and to purchase additional land suitable for the 2000 immigrants to utilize in working off their passage manufacturing tar from pine trees for naval stores. The land she provided was the Fullerton patent (West Camp) and the land purchased was 6,000 acres from Robert R. Livingston (East Camp) directly opposite on the Hudson River.
The Palatines were settled in the winter of 1710/11 but the trees were unsuitable for making naval stores and the Camps had disbanded by 1712. Many of the immigrants moved to the Schoherie Valley that year. Those that remained on the east side of the river settled into Beekman lands around Rhinebeck or remained in the area of Germantown. Those on the Saugerties side of the river stayed at West Camp for a time but began to settle on lands to the west and into Catskill and Kingston.
The Palatines left West Camp because the title to the Wonton Island patent; the land that West Camp was on; was attached by the Colonial Governor, Governor Hunter, after he lost his large investment in his tar manufacturing venture. It is likely the Palatines continued to live at West Camp as their church was there and they already had built houses there. Baptisms are recorded in West Camp up until 1719. But their sights were set across the Sawyerkill to establish their own farms. They could not purchase land at West Camp and were told that on Kingston land they could sign ten-year leases for as little as two fat hens per year and purchase their farmsteads when they were more prosperous.
There was a political motive for the Corporation of Kingston to attract these Palatines and offer them deeds. They provided an instant population boom in the lands just outside of the recognized north bounds of the Corporation of Kingston into Albany County. In these early years of Colonial government a seat on the Provincial Assembly was based on population and this made the surrounding manors competitive for attracting settlers. The owners of the manors were all seeking to take advantage of the opportunity presented by the Palatines to offer leases on their lands and thus increase their influence on Provincial policy.
Kingston countered the potential loss of its dominant position in the Provincial Assembly by claiming the lands that the Palatines had begun to settle to its north. The Trustees declared that the northern boundary of Kingston and of Ulster County was a line from the source of the Sawyerkill, not the mouth. This gave them a claim to all the land west of the Sawyerkill, doubling the amount they had in Saugerties with the originally recognized County border.
Prior to this expansion the official count for Assembly representation in 1728 put 232 Palatines residing in West Camp and 50 on Kingston land. The majority of these Palatines may have called West Camp home but they were farming and seasonably inhabiting the whole of the lands west of the Sawyerkill by this time. With the total population of Ulster County, from the Hudson all the way to Pennsylvania, as 1600, including infants and slaves, joining these West Camp numbers into Ulster County and the Corporation of Kingston was politically significant.
The only patents to Palatines in Saugerties were the 1722 Godfried DeWoolfen patent on the present Stroomzeit lands, described as lying in Albany County and the Dedrick Marterstock patent that uses the Sawyerkill as its west boundary which made it also in Albany County.
The Trustees of the Corporation of Kingston, from the earliest deed transaction, used their stewardship over the land to expand and solidify their community. The vast majority of the Kingston Patent was maintained by them as a true commons; as a source of the everyday necessities of the "Freeholders and Commonality of the Town of Kingston".
The language used in creating the Corporation of Kingston had a special meaning in English law. Being a “freeholder” was distinct from being a freeman or Commoner. A commoner was any person who enroled to vote as resident of the Corporation by paying a modest fee and swearing an oath of loyalty. The higher rank of freeholder was by provincial statute reserved for a person owning real property valued at 40 pounds in the location where they voted. The important distinction is that through simple residence either freeholders or commoners had the right to vote in the Corporation of Kingston and by this right the “Rights and Privileges of Englishmen” were being recognized. This was rare in English America.
All other persons living in or visiting the Corporation were termed “strangers”. The Trustees protected the rights of the freeholders and commonality to their common property by regulating the "strangers" that could enter the commons. As early as 1689 the captains of vessels that brought strangers to the Kingston Patent lands could be fined if they did not register their passengers with the Trustees.
In a regulation of 1721 the Trustees stated that "no stranger shall set up trade or occupation in the Corporation" without a payment of 3 pounds for the "freedom". This, in essence, was setting the fee for becoming a member of the Corporation. There was a fee of 5 pounds placed by the trustees on the transporting of "wood, brush, stone, lime, tar or charcoal" from the Commons by those who did not have this “freedom” and this is partly how the Trustees maintained their treasury.
The Corporation of Kingston common lands were open, unrestricted, to all residents. The only land that was sold was specifically and obviously that which could be used to sustain a homestead or a plantation. The hillsides and other uncultivable areas adjacent to lands that were sold did not have to be owned. The owner of a farmstead already had the right to use them as a part of the Commons. Since everyone else that was a freeholder or commoner also had this right, the deeds from the Trustees that described private property reserved access to the common resources across the deeded lands: early forms of public easements.
The early deeds in the Saugerties Region described the best lands for farming and planting. The entire logic of ownership of private property within the Commons was that a homesteader had the right to own the land that he could improve to make it productive. The improvement of land encouraged settlement in the countryside and this was promoted openly by the Trustees. The wild lands that could not be improved supplied such necessities as firewood, timber, building stone and grazing for sheep, pigs and cattle and this not only benefitted the homesteaders but also the village dwellers who often owned animals and paid herders to take them to the commons.
The Trustees also encouraged settlement through social and economic policies. They negotiated prices for lands on a sliding scale based on ability to pay. They did the same for the interest on loans that they made from the considerable treasury that they accumulated from these sales. When they made a "loan" to a church it was more of a grant. A wealthy person seeking a loan paid 8 percent while a poor person paid six, and often five percent. There was a written policy that the wealthy were not to be given the advantage of borrowing at low interest just so they could profit from re-circulating the money at a higher interest.
The Trustees were the bankers, constables and justices of the community. These positions represented the same structure that was found in the Manor Systems that surrounded them. The Livingston, Cortland, Rensselaer, Beekman and other families that held the patents on all sides of the Kingston Patent held the same authority over the settlers on their lands as the Trustees. However, the difference in the systems is that the granting of the Kingston Patent established the annual election, by the freeholders, of their "lords". These Trustees, all twelve of them, were up for re-election every year. The only electoral advantage any one had over another was in having multiple distinct Freeholds allowing more than one vote. Otherwise, the position was based on merit and community standing.
We can assume that the actions of the Trustees and the system that was established in the Kingston Commons represented the will of the majority of the people of New York at the time. Ulster County was to become rapidly the most populace and broadly settled county in the Hudson Valley with the Corporation of Kingston as its center of population. The advantage of living in the Commons and the sense of freedom and community that this system represented instilled in its settlers the expectations that would lead to demands for a fuller system of like liberty and rights throughout the rest of the Hudson Valley and beyond.
A kind of character and personality of the early settlers in the Saugerties Region had begun to surface with the first generation of Palatines born in the Kingston Commons. This was based on the two dominant influences in their lives; the liberality of settlement rights in the Commons and the important position of the Church as the center of Kingston’s Dutch culture.
The Dutch maintained their strong sense of individualism by centering their society around the Reformed Church. This influenced all of the traditions and culture of the Hudson Valley well after the change to English rule in 1664. Though few native Dutch, compared to the number of English that had settled New England, actually immigrated to America, the effect the Reformed Church had on the culture made Dutch influence in New York as strong as Puritan influence was in most of New England.
The majority of the earliest population of Saugerties was Palatine German. When this immigration arrived in 1710 it was under the influence of two churchmen. Joshua Kocherthal was Lutheran and built the church at West Camp. John Frederick Hager was Dutch Reformed but had taken orders in England to form an Anglican Church at the colony. He did so at East Camp but preached Reformed at West Camp. Until 1721, after Kocherthal had died and Hager had moved to Schoharie, all the Palatines worshiped at West Camp as Lutherans and refused to conform to the Anglican rights. During this early period there was little interest paid to the Palatines by the Dutch Reformed hierarchy of Kingston.
Prior to 1719 the Governor had for many years tried to bring the Dutch of Kingston under the Church of England by assigning Anglican pastors. None found acceptance. In 1719 the Dutch Reformed Church of Kingston gained a charter from the Crown similar to that of the Reformed Church in New York. This sanctioned its authority within the colony permitting its Dominie to take their authority from Amsterdam. The Dominie that had successfully gained this charter was Petrus Vas. He was ordained by the Classis of Amsterdam, became pastor in Kingston in 1710 and remained there until he died at the age of 96 in 1752. All services were thenceforth by this charter preached in Dutch.
In 1727 there was a problem created when a Reformed church was organized in East Camp by a minister that had not been ordained in Holland and preached in German. After having two successive ministers at East Camp that insisted on preaching the Anglican religion in English, the Palatines on the east side of the Hudson had congregated around this new preacher who brought to them a recognizable service. They were attached to his ministry and refused to accept an Amsterdam-ordained minister when one was sent to them.
This Amsterdam-ordained minister, George Mancius, arrived from Holland in 1730. Even Though he was German, he was not accepted at East Camp. He went to West camp where he found the church there abandoned and the Palatines congregating, without a minister, on the Kaatsbaan, two miles to the west. They had already begun to break off their association with their earlier homes in the West Camp villages and were meeting at the Kaatsbaan with others settled on their farmsteads on Commons lands in Saugerties, Hardenbergh lands in the Woodstock valley and on the Beekman lands as far away as Catskill.
Mancius began his preaching at Kaatsbaan in the autumn of 1730 but only after associating himself with the Dutch Reformed Church in Kingston. It is in this association that the first signs of the Church's method of social control surfaces. Mancius was given two years to develop fluid Dutch for preaching his sermon. Though he was German and he was to also be an assistant in the Kingston church, he was not to preach separate languages to the two congregations. The de facto official language of the Commons seems to have become Dutch by order of the charter of Petrus Vas.
In this period, except for some influential holdouts (Beekman deeds were in Dutch), official documents, including the minutes of the Trustees of the Corporation of Kingston, were all written in English. However, wills and church records of the period are found to be mostly in Dutch. Even though the Palatines were a highly literate group and wrote German well, the personal documents of those settling in the Commons are found to be in Dutch after the second generation. After the riff of 1727 the Palatines on the east shore of the Hudson settled into Germantown and Rhinebeck and maintained their German identity and language.
The permitting of the building of the Kaatsbaan church in 1732, the duel role of Dominie Mancius at Kingston and Kaatsbaan and the acceptance of the Palatines to being preached to in Dutch all seem to be considered responses to the political reality of life in the Commons. Ownership of land was easy for those who adhered to the cultural norms. Good citizens spoke Dutch.
This fused the population and soon family makeups matched the community. While the baptismal records of the West Camp church under Kocherthal prior to 1719 list mostly Palatine names, the Baptismal records in Kaatsbaan record the inter-marriage of Dutch and Palatines names from the first entries in 1731.
Mancius, after the death of Vas, succeeded him as Dominie of Kingston for ten years until his own death in 1763. Consequently, all of the influence of the larger culture of Kingston for a period of over 50 years came solely from these two individuals, both with strong ties to Amsterdam and the Dutch language. For nearly the entire period of early settlement in Saugerties the structure and authority over the community was firmly established in an association with Dutch “fatherland” control even though the Corporation of Kingston operated as an English charter under an English colonial governing authority.
Elsewhere, other churches, without such protective charters or longevity of their leaders, had all been actively continuing their fights for religious liberties. By the time that Mancius died times had changed. The congregation of Kingston, totally dedicated to its chartered association to the Church in Amsterdam, could find no ministers, even from Amsterdam, that were willing to pledge subordination to the "fatherland" Church once they arrived in America or to even preach in Dutch. All advocated, along with their fellow preachers who, though Dutch, were also preaching in English, the benefits of a local body to oversee their needs.
In the Kingston Church, the Corporation of Kingston and the County of Ulster many of the same names served joint roles as trustees, elders and officials among these three bodies. This strong relationship was apparent when the new pastor sent from Amsterdam in 1764, Rev. Meyer, was removed by them when he swore allegiance to the Crown and would only state that he was neutral in his allegiance to the Church’s charter and Amsterdam. Following this, no preacher was found acceptable to satisfy the needs of the Kingston Church until 1775. By this time the temperament of the old Dutch hierarchy had softened under the growing popular distaste for royally sanctioned privileges. Dutch, however, continued to be preached in Kingston until 1808 even though many of the younger people had no understanding of what they heard.
The personality of the inhabitants of the Saugerties Region is thus formed in the intermingling of the stubborn insistence of the Dutch on the priority of their culture and heritage and the stern attitude of the Palatine's insistent on the priority of their basic rights. As these merged in the liberal atmosphere of the Commons this formed a general personality of the population recognizable by an air of self assured, obstinate resolve. Protected by their associations with the land and the Church, an aloof strain of character, wary of the outsiders and outside authority, began to exemplify the third generation inhabitants of the Saugerties Region. This attitude took these early settlers honorably through the French and Indian War and the Revolution but made it painful for them to enter the next century; the first century of independence for all.


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In Home Hairdresser in South Africa before I go into the points to help you choose your hairdresser, I should first outline the definition of what is a mobile hairdresser? A Mobile Hair Stylist is a hairdresser who usually works for his or herself visiting clients at their homes or place of work, or any other agreed venue and does not operate from a fixed hair salon or beauty shop.
In Home Hairdresser in before I go into the points to help you choose your hairdresser, I should first outline the definition of what is a mobile hairdresser? A In Home Hair Stylist is a hairdresser who usually works for his or herself visiting clients at their homes or place of work, or any other agreed venue and does not operate from a fixed hair salon or beauty shop.


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Please note that we currently have a waiting list for membership of approximately 1.5 years. Please bear this in mind when applying to join.
Note: We are a members' only club and unable to offer taster sessions, party events or 'sighting in' facilities.
Some of the most common questions that people ask us are shown on our FAQ page. If you have checked the page and can't find the answer to your query then please contact us. We will do our best to get back to you promptly.


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Reach the City Council NOW — cancel The Domain subsidies, put CodeNEXT on the ballot!
The following release was just sent to Austin media. Please reach the Mayor and City Council now with two simple asks: end The Domain luxury shopping mall subsidies in this budget cycle and put CodeNEXT — a massive overhaul of the city’s land development code — on the November 2018 ballot. Together we save $3 million in public funds and sincerely include ALL of Austin in deciding its future.
Click here to reach the Council & Mayor.
And yes, if the Council fails us, we will continue with three petitions for a public vote.
Join our press conference and pick up petitions this Thursday, 2:30 pm outside and on the eastside of Austin City Hall. Look for The Papoose Petition Wagon!
Call for a November Election on CodeNEXT!
Some of Austin’s finest grassroots activists have jumped on board to support Councilwoman Leslie Pool’s call yesterday to end The Domain subsidies. They are also calling for three petitions to be placed on the November 2018 ballot, rather than next May — especially CodeNEXT. Both actions would amount to a savings for the the city of $3 million and petitioners the time and money to petition for a public vote.
Those petitions, laid out in The Austin Bulldog article released today are: for “Reasonable Petition Requirements for Voter Referendum”, a new Sign ordinance and a public vote on CodeNEXT, the massive 1000+ page overhaul of the city’s land development code. Petitioners point out that the only petition that currently requires a May election is CodeNEXT and is subject to the timing of the Austin City Council. The Mayor and his allies on Council seem determined to have an April vote on CodeNEXT. But, the Council can slow down CodeNEXT and even put the issue on the ballot for a public vote.
For more information, reach Linda Curtis at 512-657-2089 or simply reply to this message.
Please help spread the word and like us here on Facebook — ask your friends too!


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A loan of $1,475 helped to buy seeds of cereals to plant.
Violeta thanks Kiva lenders for the previous loan that helped her to build a barn to store cereals. Due to that loan, she was able to store cereals for a longer time and sell them at a higher price. In this way, she improved the financial situation of her family.
Violeta continues to farm. She grows cereals at 3 hectares of land and raises cows, poultry, sheep and pigs. She sells dairy products and meat and therefore obtains revenues.
She also manages to work at a local kindergarten. Violeta strives to offer the best living conditions for her daughters, that's why she works much. Now she wants to buy seeds of cereals to plant and to repair her stable for cows. For these reasons she requests a new loan from Kiva. As a result she will be able to develop her farming and ensure food for her children with natural products.


text: On November 28th, fifty-one students representing 12 different agencies/authorities graduated from the 5-week SharePoint Site Owner/Administrator Program. The program is organized and run by the NYS Office 365 Community of Practice and the Enterprise SharePoint Application Development Team. Each student received the ITS TECH Certificate for SharePoint Administration that confirms their knowledge and ability on topics ranging from permissions, site planning, page creation, lists and libraries, and out-of-the-box workflows. Students completed a practical exam that required them to build a SharePoint site from requirements provided by the SharePoint Application Development team.


text: A dog in Tennessee is scheduled to die today, after his owner abandoned him after deciding that the canine was gay. The dog's original master noticed him "hunched over" another male dog, which made him think that the dog was homosexual. In fact, animal experts say that a male dog mounting another male dog is a sign of dominance rather than a sign of sexual orientation. The pitbull is currently at a shelter in Jackson awaiting his fate, but he is set to be put down at 1 p.m. unless a new owner can be found. A Facebook group has been set up to save him, with the message, "Don't let this gorgeous dog die because his owner is ignorant of normal dog behavior!"


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[통문장 영어107] Children can lose out on social skills when they get older.
Children who haven't been given the chance to take part in physical activities can lose out on social skills when they get older.
신체적 활동에 참여할 수 있는 기회를 부여받지 못한 아이들은 그들이 더 나이가 들 때 사회생활을 하는 기술에서 뒤질 수 있다.


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As a child, I would push a dining room chair into the living room to build a makeshift television set. I would then instruct my cousins to sit on the white couch–the one we weren’t allowed to sit on in our play clothes, and I would interview them about their lives. I pretended to be Oprah Winfrey, and they spun tales about being celebrities and CEOs. I later went on to become the features editor of my high school newspaper and a teen talk show host at a popular radio station. My parents supported my journalism dream and sent me to Michigan State University. Upon graduation, I worked as a producer and reporter at television stations throughout the U.S. and then headed overseas to host a show in the Cayman Islands.
My parents knew what career path I would take very early on. They even nicknamed me motor mouth and paid me to be quiet in the car. My daughter inherited my gift of gab. She also got rhythm–but most likely from her father, since I have two left feet. I wonder if she will grow up to be a writer like her mom, an engineer like her dad or perhaps a dancer. From the very first moment I found out I was going to be a parent, I dreamed about what my child could become. Recently, Playtex Baby® helped me see those hopes and dreams through the Beginnings Imagined program, which captures your child’s image and personality. I received a custom illustration and story of what Caitlynn could be when she grows up. I just answered a few simple questions, and got a glimpse into Caitlynn’s future!
You can also win an illustration and be entered to win a grand prize of a $5,000 scholarship to help your child fulfill his/her dreams. Just like Playtex Baby® on Facebook and enter the contest on the website. You’ll be prompted to complete a short questionnaire about your child and submit an image for a chance to win a custom illustration by children’s book author and illustrator, Julie Olson. Two of my favorite celebrity moms, Tia and Tamera, also got their kids captured on canvas. Check out their experience and find out more about the promotion by watching the video below.
The contest runs from June 3, 2014 to July 1, 2014. Meanwhile, tell me what you hope you’ll child will become when he/she grows up in the comment box below.


text: Dice sure would be a good way to learn math. I cherished math till Geometry. I simply couldn’t determine it out. That was the one C I ever obtained in high school. I was in grade faculty within the Nineteen Sixties. My mother purchased us a report to teach the occasions tables – you sang them as a catchy tune. Singing and rhymes are a good way to learn, too. That show, Schoolhouse Rock, was on when my son was a baby. It was enjoyable and educational, however I do not know if it’s on anymore.


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Sam Davis is an unsuccessful children's book author, who persuades his estranged best friend Marshall to accompany him on a weekend away from Brooklyn. Marshall is all too eager to go, believing this will be a chance for him and Sam to catch up and reconnect.
However, his hopes are dashed when it turns out that Sam is planning on crashing a wedding party. While there, Sam spots the love of his life, Zoe. Sam is overjoyed to see her, until she tells him that it's her wedding party. Zoe is getting married to an award winning British film director called Whit and the two of them encourage Sam and Marshall to stay.
Sam immediately plans to win Zoe back and stop the wedding. The two of them take long walks along the coast, talking about the past and future plans for the two of them. While Marshall slowly realises what Sam's trip is really about, it soon becomes clear to Sam that Zoe has her heart set firmly on marrying Whit.


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I arrived home late the other night because I spent a little more time at the gym working on my shoulders. Trying to get those shapely arms & shoulders you see on celebrities, like Jessica Biel. After coming home from the gym I had the difficult task of planning my dinner. I didn’t know how I wanted to flavour my pork chop. I hit Google and got to work on making the hard decisions.
Do I want to go with rosemary flavouring, stuff it, or chop it up and use it in a stir fry??? I saw a few recipes combining apples with pork. After my long day a flash of brilliance came over me. The voice said “wrap the pork chop in bacon!” Then I thought bacon + apples = yummy!
Rub the pork chop in olive oil. Sprinkle salt and pepper on it.
Wrap the piece of bacon around the pork chop and secure it with a toothpick.
Preheat your barbecue. I turned half of the barbecue to low heat, and the other half to high heat. I placed the pork chop over the low heat so the fat from the bacon wouldn’t burn immediately.
Flip once. When juices are clear the pork chop is done. Roughly 20 minutes.
While cooking the pork chop finely slice the onion and apple.
Using a medium pan, sauté the onions and apples in olive oil (or preferred cooking fat) until desired crispiness.
Serve the onions and apples on top of the pork chop.
What is your favourite pork recipe?
Yum! I don't normally love bacon wrapped stuff but this chop looks like it could be the exception!
Thanks 😀 I rarely wrap bacon around stuff but this was good!!!


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Project Hemisphere, which was detailed in slides supplied to The New York Times, included access to phone logs dating back 26 years.
U.S. law enforcement officials working on counter-narcotics operations have had routine access to AT&T's enormous database of Americans' phone records dating back more than 25 years, according to a New York Times report.
The Hemisphere Project involves a close relationship in which the government has paid company employees to supply drug-enforcement officials with phone data dating back as far as 1987, the Times reported. The partnership, which began in 2007, is reportedly similar but separate from the National Security Agency's controversial data-collection programs revealed earlier this year.
However, unlike the NSA's collection of phone logs, the data covered by Hemisphere is stored by the company with access granted via administrative subpoena. The database, which includes records on every call that passes through the company's network, not just AT&T customers, grows by 4 billion records a day.
Details of the program were revealed in a 27-slide PowerPoint presentation provided to the newspaper by peace activist Drew Hendricks, who received the information in response to public information requests. The slides were marked "law enforcement sensitive" and indicate that the program was to be carried out in great secrecy.
"All requestors are instructed to never refer to Hemisphere in any official document," one slide states.
The Obama administration acknowledged and defended the use of the database but said the program represented no privacy risk.
"Subpoenaing drug dealers' phone records is a bread-and-butter tactic in the course of criminal investigations," Justice Department spokesperson Brian Fallon told the Times. The program "simply streamlines the process of serving the subpoena to the phone company so law enforcement can quickly keep up with drug dealers when they switch phone numbers to try to avoid detection," he said.
AT&T told CNET that it could not comment on the report but indicated it was bound by government requests for data.
"While we cannot comment on any particular matter, we, like all other companies, must respond to valid subpoenas issued by law enforcement," an AT&T spokesperson said in a statement.

industry_corpus2: Technology & Research


text:
I have decided to re-advertise this brush.
A Simpson Chubby 2 2-Band SiLVERTiP brush that was bought direct from Mark on 18/08/14. The brush has now been used 6 times and comes with the original red box.
Asking price is £185(pounds) which includes worldwide shipping with tracking and insurance. No trades please. PayPal.
Wonderful brush at a very good price! GLWTS, David.
Nice offering David, I know I enjoy mine!
It's a beautiful brush! I have one and would have a very hard time parting with it... In fact, just used it today!
Thank you to buyer and TSN.


text: The paper examines labor emigration from Serbia from the beginning of large-scale emigration in the 1960s to the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. The research focuses, among others, on push factors of the 'Gastarbeiter' emigration from Serbia/Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s, the emigration policy of the communist regime in Yugoslavia and the financial impact of the labor emigration on the Serbian economy. The research is based on archival data analysis, statistical reports and secondary sources.


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Dear friends, Festival of Sacred Music CREDO with the support of Cornelius, Metropolitan of Tallinn and All Estonia, the Ministry of Culture of Estonia, and the European Association of Festivals holds the International Festival of Choirs and Vocal Ensembles “Christmas Star” on November 24 to 27, 2017.
The festival and contest are held in order to promote the art of choral singing, introduce the Estonian public to the works and performing skills of choirs from different countries of the world, and develop creative relations between Estonian choral groups and ensembles of other countries, expand the repertoire of choirs, create new creative contacts, share experience.
Holding a number of concerts in cathedrals and churches of Tallinn and its suburbs to attract the general public to choral music.
Choirs and ensembles from different countries of the world, mixed, men’s, women’s or children’s (the number is unlimited).
Vocal ensembles of 3 persons.
Both professional and amateur groups participate.
Ensembles of different age groups participate (there are no restrictions).
Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate.
November 24, Arrival of participants of the festival to Tallinn. Check in.
Friday 19:00 – Opening Ceremony of the contest festival, gala concert of participants.
CONCERTS of choirs and vocal ensembles.
Sunday 14:00 – Diploma Awarding Ceremony.
19:00 – CONTEST for awarding the Grand Prix “Christmas Star”.
Gala concert of laureates of the International Contest of Choirs and Vocal Ensembles. Special guest of the festival.
November 27 Departure of participants of the festival.
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Tallinn).
Church of the Holy Spirit (Tallinn).
The delegation may include not only choristers but also accompanying persons.
The number of choir artists and accompanying persons is not limited.
During the Opening Ceremony of the Festival, a group shall perform several proposed works as agreed with the Organizing Committee.
During (at least one of) the festival concerts, a group shall perform works of its choice, the total performance time is 10 to 20 minutes.
The Organizing Committee reserves the right to make changes to the Rules & Regulations and programs of performances of choirs and ensembles.
Category 1 – Vocal ensembles – women’s, men’s, mixed, and children’s ensembles of 3 to 12 persons; no age restrictions.
Category 2 – Choirs – choral groups.
No age restrictions. The number of singers in a choir shall be at least 13; there are no other restrictions on the number of participants.
The total time of performance by a group during the contest is 8 to 12 minutes.
For accompaniment, groups will be provided with a piano. The availability of other instruments is the sole responsibility of groups.
Please note that the use of phonograms (+) IS FORBIDDEN!
1. Spiritual work or folk song.
3. Composition of group’s choice.
At least one work shall be performed a cappella.
GRAND PRIX “CHRISTMAS STAR” will be drawn among groups that have a passing score by the decision of the jury.
A group (choir or vocal ensemble) shall perform one piece not longer than 5 minutes.
The piece that a group is planning to perform during the Grand Prix drawing shall be specified in the application.
All contest categories will be assessed by an international jury.
The decisions of the jury are final. Any judicial intervention is excluded.
To take part in the Contest Festival, please fill in the attached questionnaire and e-mail it to: zoya@festivalcredo.comby November 10, 2017.
The Organizing Committee will send you an official invitation to participate in the Contest Festival.
By sending the application for participation, the group agrees with the terms and conditions of the contest, television and photo shoots, TV and radio broadcasts, recording of performances and their possible reproduction as part of the contest. All rights to television, photo, video and audio recordings belong to the Organizing Committee of the contest.
Category 1 – Vocal ensembles – 50 EUR per group.
Category 2 – Choirs – 80 EUR per group.
Welcoming groups on the day of arrival.


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Game One of the PGCBL Championship Series is set to take place Wednesday in Victor. First pitch is scheduled for 5 p.m.
The Mohawk Valley DiamondDawgs and Victor RailRiders will square off in game one of the PGCBL Championship Series Wednesday night at Victor High School. The DiamondDawgs will host games two and three (if necessary). Mohawk Valley won the season series, 2-0, with wins coming on July 23 and June 16. This is both teams’ first appearance in the PGCBL Championship Series. Both the RailRiders and the DiamondDawgs finished in second place in their respective divisions this season.
In total, Mohawk Valley "wins" 11 of the 13 offensive categories.
In total, Mohawk Valley "wins" nine of the 13 pitching/defensive categories.
What happened the two times the team met in the regular season?
Game One (June 16):The Mohawk Valley DiamondDawgs took a no-hitter into the eighth inning and went on to beat the visiting Victor RailRiders, 2-0.
Ben Moxley struck out 10 batters in 7.2 innings for the DiamondDawgs. Moxley surrendered just one hit and walked just one batter in his win.
Matt Pagano drove in the first run of the game in the bottom of the fifth with an RBI double. The lead was extended to 2-0 in the bottom of the seventh as reigning PGCBL Player of the Week Troy Scocca delivered an RBI single.
Zachary Vennaro struck out the side in the top of the ninth to notch the save for Mohawk Valley. Peter Lannoo allowed one run in six innings for Victor in taking the loss.
Game Two (July 23): The Mohawk Valley DiamondDawgs used a great start from Adam Ashenfarb to defeat the Victor RailRiders, 6-0, in Victor.
Ashenfarb allowed no runs in seven innings of work while giving up just five hits to get the win.
Troy Scocca hit an RBI double in the top of the first inning to give the DiamondDawgs an early 1-0 lead. No more runs would be scored until the top of the seventh when Ryan Stekl scored on a wild pitch. Then in the eighth, Scocca took over the PGCBL RBI lead with a three run home run. A Matt Pagano triple and an error plated the final run of the game.
Eoin McAvinchey gave up the first two Mohawk Valley runs to take the loss for Victor.
Thursday: Game Two at Mohawk Valley 6:35 p.m.
For all the coverage of the PGCBL Championship Series, visit www.pgcbl.com or follow the league on Twitter, @PGCBLBaseball.


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The complementation problem for nondeterministic word automata has numerous applications in formal verification. In particular, the language-containment problem, to which many verification problems are reduced, involves complementation. For automata on finite words, which correspond to safety properties, complementation involves determinization. The 2 n blow-up that is caused by the subset construction is justified by a tight lower bound. For Büchi automata on infinite words, which are required for the modeling of liveness properties, optimal complementation constructions are quite complicated, as the subset construction is not sufficient. We review here progress on this problem, which dates back to its introduction in Büchi’s seminal 1962 paper.
1.Rice University, Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892U.S.A.

industry_corpus2: Artificial Intelligence


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Angel Stone is a free-to-play, 3D dungeon crawler, stage-based Action Role Playing Game (ARPG), developed and published by Fincon for android and IOS devices. The game features top notch quality graphics made with the new Unreal 4 engine, a dark apocalyptic theme, stage-based levels with three different difficulties and a variety of collectible skills.
Players start off by choosing their character from 3 different classes, Berserker, Gunslinger and Shadow Mage. Each character has its own set of skills and abilities, there are also tons of equipment choices to customize your hero but unfortunately very poor customization when it comes to Character Creation.
Combat in Angel Stone is polished and unique and graphics are extremely detailed and flashy. While most mobile ARPGs use the classic “virtual joystick plus action buttons” system Angel Stone introduces a tap moving and targeting system where abilities are activated with gesture controls such as swiping in different direction to achieve various different skills.
Furthermore, the game features several PvE and PvP modes, except from the main storyline there is a co-op, of three players, mode and an 1 vs 1 arena PVP mode.
Angel Stone is an exciting 3D action RPG, with unique controls and Devil May Cry like graphics, definitely a game to try out if you love the hack-n-slash action.
Manolis Vinichakis is an avid gamer, his love for gaming emerged in the"early Diablo" days and led him through several MMOs. World of Warcraft has been his passion for over ten years. During these endless gaming hours he has been taking various roles from raid-leading in high-end guilds to topping the PvP ladders and participating in Blizzard's events. He began writing about games as a hobby in several websites and forums, a little over two years ago.


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Norfolk second team faced Nottinghamshire 2 at Easton College for their second match of the season in division four.
The men’s singles got off to a good start with Ryan Leung winning his singles with a very tense 3 setter. Leung, 21-13, won the first set comfortably. The Notts player then fought back, sneaking the second set, 27-25. The tension was still present throughout the third set especially as the other games had finished, Leung eventually came out on top to win the third set 23-21. Matt Howes played second singles, where h won comfortably in two sets, 21-15, 21-9 to give Norfolk a good start.
In the women’s singles, Lucy Curran played at number two, narrowly missing out on her first set 23-21, but she remained strong in the second set, but unfortunately could not clinch it.
Serena Verney took her first set comfortably, and in the second set, the Notts player withdrew due to a shoulder injury when Verney was ahead 18-5.
The men’s doubles was split, with both Norfolk pairs winning their games against the Notts second pair. Howes and Paul Daynes winning in 3, 18-21, 21-18, 21-13 and Leung and James Ruthen 21-15, 21-19.
Unfortunately the Notts first pair were too strong for the Norfolk pairs this time round, winning both games in straight sets.
Due to the withdrawal of one of the Notts ladies the away team fielded only one pair. Both games went to three sets, with the Norfolk pairs picking up the second set in each. Unfortunately neither Curran and Verney nor Michelle Dungar and Sharn Ponsford convert it to a win by picking up the third set.
With just the mixed to go Norfolk were ahead 7-5, with a glimpse of a win in sight. Unfortunately the Notts first pair were too strong for Ruthen and Dungar who lost in two sets.
The third pair, Leung and Katie Ruthen, fought hard in their second set after losing their first but unfortunately couldn’t quite get there losing 23-21 in the second.
The second mixed was a long, drawn out three-setter to finish the match off. With the other two games finished, the second pairs had an audience, and were unaware that the game was to win the match. Daynes and Verney took the first set 21-13, but in the second the Notts pair sneaked a 22-20 win, taking the game to a third set. By the end of the third set the pressure was still building. Unfortunately for Daynes and Verney, the Notts pair took the third set with a second 22-20 win, not only to take the game but the match too.
The final score was 8-7; the team played well and will face Worcestershire away on the 10th November, where they hope to get the first win of the season.


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Principles and government policies in real estate education.
MREA exams are supervised by an invigilator who is responsible for ensuring the exam procedures and rules are followed. Any individual caught cheating during the exam will face an automatic failure on the exam and may face disciplinary action from The Manitoba Securities Commission.
The exam is three hours in length, however, you may leave once you have completed your exam.
Students must attain a final mark of 70 per cent (minimum) to successfully pass the exam.
Exam results are processed as soon as possible, and generally mailed/emailed to students within two weeks of their exam date, but may take longer if written in a rural location.
Exam results will be emailed if students provide permission and verify their current email address, if included on the required Admit to Examination Slip.
Marks will not be released by telephone due to privacy protocol. Do not phone The Manitoba Securities Commission or Manitoba Real Estate Association for your examination results.
If a student does not pass their first examination, they have two additional opportunities to rewrite the examination for the corresponding course. The fee to rewrite an examination is $200 (plus GST) payable to the association prior to the examination rewrite. If a student does not attain a passing mark on the third attempt, the student must wait one year from the date of the third exam to re-enroll in the program.
Rewrite examinations are worth 100 per cent with no credit for marks on previous examinations.
Examination rewrites are not permitted for the following courses: Salesperson Challenge, Salesperson Interprovincial, Broker Challenge, or Broker Interprovincial.
MREA is committed to providing an environment that is inclusive and free of barriers. Examination accommodation requests are assessed on a case-by-case basis to ensure equal opportunity for students to fully demonstrate their qualifications.
Examination accommodations are granted on an individual basis and are dependent on the nature and extent of the request, documentation provided and requirements of the examination. However, submitting a request does not guarantee receiving accommodation.
Students electing to write exams in Winnipeg are required to call the MREA office at 204.772.0405 to schedule an exam. MREA typically hosts examination sessions weekly on Tuesdays from 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m., however, there are exceptions to these dates. When scheduling exams, please refer to the Examination Schedule provided to you upon enrollment. Students cancelling a scheduled exam within 24-hours of the scheduled exam time will be charged a short-notice cancellation fee of $25 plus GST.
Students electing to write exams at one of the approved rural examination centres are required to first contact the local invigilator to schedule an exam. Once an exam date has been selected, students are required to advise MREA staff of the scheduled exam date and location. MREA requires, at minimum, two weeks’ notice of scheduled rural exams to allow sufficient time for delivery of the exam.
Students residing outside of Manitoba may write their exam at an approved invigilation center in located in Canada. For more information on approved invigilation centers in Canada, contact the MREA education department at 204-772-0405 or Jane Walker at jwalker@mrea.mb.ca.
Students must present current government issued photo identification, such as a driver’s license, passport, or photo citizenship card at the examination centre.
-Must not be expired. If the photo identification does not have an expiry date, it must have been issued within the last 10 years.
Under no circumstances will a student be permitted to write any examination without producing current government issued photo identification.
Students found to have left a cell phone on during the exam, will have their exam confiscated, will receive an automatic fail, and will be required to reschedule and pay a rewrite fee. In addition, the automatic fail will count towards the maximum number of examination writings allowed. We recommend students leave prohibited items in their vehicle to ensure no disturbance is caused during the writing of the examination.
The module program examinations and RLE examinations are closed-book; encyclopedias and course materials are not permitted. Students using any course materials when writing a module or RLE examination, will have their examination confiscated, will receive an automatic fail, and will be required to reschedule and pay a rewrite fee. In addition, the automatic fail will count towards the maximum number of examination writings allowed.
If a student is displaying behaviour that is a disturbance to other students, the invigilator will provide the student two warnings to stop the behaviour. If the student continues the behaviour beyond the second warning, the invigilator will confiscate the student’s examination, the student will receive an automatic failure, and will have to pay for and schedule a rewrite examination.
Students are asked to arrive 30 minutes prior to their scheduled examination session. Students arriving after the examination session has begun, will not be permitted to write their examination, will be charged a short-notice cancellation fee of $25 plus GST, and will need to reschedule their examination.
Examination seating arrangements (when writing in Winnipeg) are determined prior to the start of the examination, and are based on the type of examinations being written during the session. Students are directed to take a seat at a location which indicates the corresponding examination to be written. Students are not permitted to move examination place cards to different locations in the examination room.
Office copies of reference encyclopedias for use during the examination are available at the examination centre. Student’s writing an “open book exam” may pick up these materials at the time of obtaining their examination from the invigilator.
Students may be excused to use the washroom but are not permitted to use electronic devices or to exit the building.
Students must review and sign the required Admit to Examination Slip, which provides MREA the authority to email examination results directly to students upon completion of processing.
The front cover sheet of the examination is the only place where a student’s name should appear; do not write or indicate your name elsewhere on the examination.
Please contact the education department with your accommodation request via email: jwalker@mrea.mb.ca a minimum of three weeks prior to the scheduled examination.