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You have got a financial budget to stick to, and you would like to cut costs. You will still need to get excellent quality services with Builder in Henrico, NC, so you can have faith in our team to help you save money while still supplying the very best quality services. We provide the highest quality even while saving you money. Any time you hire our company, you will receive the advantage of our own valuable experience and superior quality products to guarantee that the project will last even while saving your time and cash. This will be possible because we know how to help you save time and cash on materials and labor. If you wish to lower your expenses, Sure Betbuilder S is the service to get in touch with. We're ready to accept your phone call at 888-459-0005.
Builder are available in Henrico, NC.
To come up with the most suitable choices concerning Builder in Henrico, NC, you have to be informed. We will not inspire you to come up with unwise choices, because we know exactly what we're working on, and we make sure you know exactly what to expect from the venture. That's the reason why we make every effort to ensure you learn the project and are not facing any sort of surprises. Get started by calling 888-459-0005 to go over your job. During this call, you'll get your concerns addressed, and we will establish a time to initiate services. We consistently arrive at the appointed hour, prepared to work closely with you.
You have plenty of good reasons to use Sure Betbuilder S for your requirements concerning Builder in Henrico, NC. Our products are of the highest quality, our money saving solutions are realistic and efficient, and our customer service ratings are unrivaled. We fully understand your expectations and ambitions, and we are here to help you using our expertise. Call 888-459-0005 when you require Builder in Henrico, and we are going to work together with you to systematically carry out the project.


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Home > International > Bethlehem Grad Jose Gomez Playing in FIL World Championships for Peru!!!
Netanya, Israel is along way from the Capital District, but that’s where Bethlehem High School grad Jose Gomez currently is, playing in the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) Worlf Championships as a member of Team Peru. After getting his start with the game at Bethlehem, Gomez gained experience playing club lacrosse for the Beverwyck Renegades, and United Lacrosse, and also played for part of his freshman year at HVCC. Gomez’ experience with Peru includes serving as a captain for the Heritage Cup in Providence, Rhode Island, a weekend tournament that eight nations participated in.
Jose took some time between games in Israel the event to check in with Capital District Lax.
GG: How and when did you become interested in participating in Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) events?
JG: I have been looking to find a Peru national team for about 5 years. I was never able to find anything and my search kind of came to a stop. But last year during the summer I decided to pick up where I left off and looked around some more. The funny thing was that I found the National team on instagram. I sent a direct message their way and was able to get a response within an hour or so. I was told that they would be emailing me a questionnaire that would consist on playing experience and what made me Peruvian. Both of my parents are from Peru which made me eligible to play on the team.
GG: What was the selection/tryout process for Team Peru like?
JG: There were two tryouts that were held for the team. One in Florida and the other in Maryland. I went to the Maryland one which ended up being the bigger tryout. There were about 50 or so people who tried out here in the US and only 12 made the final roster. 11 players are from Arequipa, Peru. I don’t remember exactly when I was told that I made the team but I think it was early February. When I found out that I made the team I was beyond excited that the work I was putting in for the tryout paid off.
GG: Tell us a little about your preparation for the World Championships.
JG: Preparation-wise, there were not any team events at all. We are a non-profit organization so trying to get the money and the time for all of us to meet before the world games was pretty impossible. Especially for the Peru guys. Everyone on the team trained on their own. We are all scattered across the US. Most of the players played in Men’s league to get ready. I got ready by playing pick up box lacrosse at the Bethlehem YMCA and just doing stuff on my own time.
GG: What do you see as Team Peru’s strengths, and what areas of play present the biggest opportunities to improve as a Team?
JG: I see that our chemistry as a team is a huge strength for us. Even though we only had 3 days to practice as a team we all clicked in those 3 days. If we can all continue to talk it up defensively and keep the ball moving quick on offense then we should be fine for the rest of the games.
GG: While you live in New York’s Capital Region, what are your thoughts on the importance of the Team’s participation in the World Championships to the growth of the game in Peru?
JG: I think the fact that Peru has a team in these world games is huge for the country. The sport had been in the country for about 8 years and it continues to grow. The people in Peru will look up to the national team no matter how we do. But the fact that we are a part of the world games is already a huge step for Peru.
GG: Other than the games you will be playing in, do you have any other plans for your trip to Israel?
JG: While here in Israel I am hoping that we get that chance to visit the Holy City, Jerusalem. It would be a once in a lifetime opportunity getting a chance to see everything that Jerusalem has to offer. I’m also quite excited that we will be having a meet and greet with the Iroquois Nationals at some point during these games. They are excited to meet us and we are all excited to meet them all as well. They gave us all the game of lacrosse and we all look up to them, including myself since their style of play is like no other.
GG: After your return from the World’s, what is up next for you in lacrosse?
JG: Once I return from Worlds I will continue doing pick up box lacrosse and training on my own. There are many more games that Peru wants to be a part of in the future and I want to be as ready as I can be for them. I’m not sure what my plans are for the fall and such. Still trying to figure out what my future plans will be and what I am going to do with my life so I will be taking things one step at a time.
Congrats to Darien LaPietro, Burnt Hills 2019 Midfielder, on His Commitment to UAlbany!!!

industry_corpus2: Sports


text:
The Court of Protection handed down a judgment on 24 May 2016 which is of significance for all deputies and case managers working with clients whose privately funded care packages may amount to a deprivation of liberty. It’s also relevant for those representing clients in claims for damages where the client is likely to be in receipt of such care packages.
Deprivation of liberty refers to situations where an adult who doesn’t have the mental capacity to make decisions about their care is under continuous supervision and control, and isn’t free to leave their placement.
In the case of Staffordshire County Council v SRK, the court determined that care arrangements may still amount to a deprivation of liberty even when there is no element of state funding, and appropriate authorisation must therefore be in place. The court gave clear guidance that the costs of such authorisations should be included in claims for damages.
The case concerned the care package of SRK, who is in his late thirties and who was the victim of a road traffic accident in 2005. He suffered multiple injuries including a head injury which resulted in him requiring 24-hour care and assistance seven days a week. He received a substantial compensation award which was used to fund an adapted bungalow and a 24-hour care package for him. These funds are managed by Irwin Mitchell Trust Corporation (IMTC) as his property and affairs deputy, and his accommodation and care package were arranged without any input from his local authority or any other public body. The care package is managed by a specialist brain injury case manager and is provided by private carers.
The Court of Protection proceedings were brought by the local authority after it was informed that the circumstances of SRK’s care package might amount to a deprivation of liberty. IMTC was represented in the proceedings by Irwin Mitchell’s Public Law & Human Rights department.
By the time of the final hearing, all the parties to the proceedings, apart from the Secretary of State for Justice, agreed that the state was responsible for SRK’s care package (i.e. it was ‘imputable’) and that SRK’s deprivation therefore required authorisation from the court in order to be lawful. The Secretary of State disagreed, submitting that, in the circumstances of this case, any deprivation of liberty was not imputable to the state and therefore didn’t require authorisation.
This case is significant because, following the landmark judgment of the Supreme Court in Irwin Mitchell’s case of P v Cheshire West and Chester, there had been considerable uncertainty as to whether authorisation was required where there was no element of state funding to a care package, but where the care package otherwise met the “acid test” laid down by the Supreme Court (i.e. that the person is subject to continuous supervision and control and is not free to leave their placement).
In light of Charles J’s judgment, deputies and case managers should be mindful of the need to make the relevant local authority aware of situations where a client’s care package meets the Supreme Court’s “acid test”. Lawyers representing clients whose care packages may in future meet the acid test should be alert to the need to include the costs of the necessary applications to the Court of Protection in their clients’ claims for damages.
For expert advice on matters relating to this case, deprivation of liberty and mental capacity law, please contact Mathieu Culverhouse of Irwin Mitchell's Public Law & Human Rights team on 0800 028 1943.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


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Silly Really entered the Swedish singles chart as #1! Per comments Silly ReallyÂ’s success: Â’Silly reallyÂ’ had only been available in the old fashioned record store for 3 days (was released last Monday) when it became #1.
On Tuesday November 4 Per will be featured on the TV-series "De kallar oss artister" ("They Call Us Artists").
Check out this teaser for the upcomin' "Silly Really" video! The video is produced by Björn Fävremark and Torbjörn Martin and directed by Mikael Wikström from Stark.
Ny singel med Per Gessle: Â”Silly ReallyÂ” Â– från kommande albumet Â”Party CrasherÂ” Den 27 oktober kommer Â”Silly ReallyÂ”, första singeln från Per Gessles kommande album Â”Party CrasherÂ”.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


text:
Cadden Community Management is a certified Legal Document Preparer (LDP), complying with Rule 31 of the Arizona Supreme Court. Approved in July 2003, the rule requires that persons and entities who are non-lawyers and who are engaged in the preparation of legal documents, shall obtain the certification of Legal Document Preparer (LDP). This is not a certification to practice law or render legal advice, but it permits an LDP to perform or provide limited and specific services related to legal document preparation and provision.
Why is this certification important? An association’s governing documents are legal documents, and are the basis of all community associations in Arizona. Managers deal with these documents on a daily basis, such as assisting in drafting wording, analyzing language, assisting with interpretation and making non-legal recommendations. The filing of a lien is also permissible by a certified LDP, and many of our associations avail themselves of this option.
A certified LDP must comply with the requirements of Arizona Judicial Code, Section 7-208, as adopted by the Arizona Supreme Court, which provides for the statewide certification of legal document preparers. It was adopted due to the Court’s recognition for the need to protect the public from possible harm caused by non-lawyers providing certain legal services, such as document preparation and/or provision. Cadden Community Management maintains this certification in full compliance with the Code. We adhere to its code of conduct, which establishes minimum performance standards, and we uphold the responsibilities of this certification as described in the Arizona Code of Judicial Administration 7-208(F).
Read more about this important certification here.


text:
A mix of walnut veneer and gloss lacquer gives the brick design a little something special and makes it a statement piece in a room. With its discreetly hidden three drawers and two cupboards and their adjustable interior shelves this is a storage option to suit any home.
3 x drawers, 2 doors with height adjustable shelves. Attach legs and doors. Heavy Item. Please note: Due to the weight of this item it is not suitable for click & collect from store. Please make sure access to the property is suitable given the size or weight of this item. For further information, please call us on 0345 675 9090.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


text: When foreign elements attack the body, it’s defense mechanism will react. Body will try to burn the virus out of your system. For this, body will increase the temperature drastically. So, flu often brings high fever along with it.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


text:
"Time Machine a powerful enabler for testing time dependent logic in a controlled and more importantly safe manner. We sense a genuine desire from our account manager through to the support team to make our needs a priority. In the end it feels like they are an extension to our team."
“Time Machine was great for Y2K testing, but it’s not a one-shot tool. We've used it regularly to increase the efficiency of our normal operating environment."
"SafeCapacity is well perfectly suited for our enterprise customers that need IP based storage virtualization. The benefits of available and efficient storage that SafeCapacity adds are vitally needed in today’s mission critical environments. Solution-Soft's products allow Sun customers even greater availability and efficiencies in storage environments. In addition SolutionSoft validates the open storage philosophy of Sun benefiting users and customers alike."
"LAVIS supports compress, gzip and some other generic file compressors. Now, we are very pleased to enhance the usability of LAVIS by adding support for Solution-Soft's high-performance file compressors gdzip and mezip."

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


text:
Property Listed By: Rex Real Estate and Investments, Inc.
Property Listed By: J & V Real Estate Group Inc.
Looking for a new home in Winnetka? It is a great time to buy real estate in Winnetka and our site is a great place to begin your search. Whether you are a first-time home buyer or you are already familiar with the home buying process, you can be assured that you have the best tools and the perfect agent available to help with your Winnetka home search.


text:
Selling this awesome KoAloha concert. My wife bought it for me as a birthday present two years ago but I prefer tenors and so I never really played it. It sounds amazing with an open woody sound and actually sounds better than my 1970's Kamaka tenor that I gig with. I just prefer a tenor scale. It comes with a Uke Crazy case and the price includes UPS ground shipping to the lower 48 states. $700 Paypal only. Thanks.
*sigh* I'll just keep on saving, keep on saving!
I purchased a used (May 2014) KCM-00 today.
Especially nice looking koa on this one taboot.
Thanks Kev. It's really hard for me to sell this because it sounds THAT good. I take it out every so often just to strum it and then I decide not to sell it because it was a gift and because it has great tone. But it really doesn't do me any good sitting in it's case so I'd like to pass it on. Enjoy yours!
Another reason why it's hard for me to sell but it's time to let it go.
it was amazing, sounded great, looked great, was great.... but the size didn’t work for me (at the moment).
I felt it was better to let it go to someone who would use it. I mean, thats what it was made for!
Good luck with moving it on. someone will love it AND use it!
Purdy. If the other member doesn't get. I think it won't last long. Nicest colour on a KoAloha I have seen. Good luck with it.
Yeah, it is gorgeous ... very different from other KoAloha's for sure. My fingers are too big for a Concert ... but that is one fine looking uke.
No they're not. Just saying' :D That *is* a good lookin' one, leokiekie!


text:
The first decade of the 21st century certainly was a miserable financial experience for many people.
People who gambled too much money on new Internet stocks were scorched when the dot-com bubble burst. People who shouldn’t have been able to buy a home were given no-document/no-money-down loans. People who had only hazy notions of home financing signed up for adjustable rate mortgages and then reacted in panic and dismay as the rates automatically adjusted upward (one escalator you don’t want to be on).
The point: watch what you do; weigh what you do; keep your exposure to risk as low as possible. Never forget: “The borrower is servant to the lender” (Proverbs 22:7). The more debt you have, the more of a slave you are. Make friends with some financial planners and listen to them. They are probably smarter than you. Never get into a financial contract or investment that you don’t fully understand.
Take your time. Think first. Look at the examples of others. Learn from the stories and mistakes of others. Think of the impact of your actions on your family. Find somebody smarter than you and get that person’s advice on the loan you would like to take out. Explain to God what you are thinking about doing and listen to how your words sound in his presence.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


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This is an established park with a community feel of likeminded residents. Situated on the edge of the attractive village of Great Bricett next to open countryside and within easy access of local amenities. Permission is in place for a new development of homes to commence during autumn/winter of 2016 providing the opportunity of having a brand new bespoke home of your choice. Details are yet to be released but if interested to hear more please register your interest to be one of the first to receive details as soon as they become available.
The park can be found on the outskirts of the village Great Bricett, which is steeped in history dating back to the Romans. The village hosts all your daily amenities; with local shop/supermarket, garage, Village Hall and a Grade 1 listed church are situated close by. The larger towns of Stowmarket and Ipswich are approx. 9 miles away and The Suffolk Heritage Coast, golf, lake fishing are all within easy reach.
Exit A14 at Needham Market. Leave the town of Needham Market on the B1078 continuing through the attractive villages of Barking and Ringshall. On entering the village of Great Bricett take the right hand turn into The Street continue up the hill into Pound Hill where the park can then be found situated on the right hand side.


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Although not for the same reasons that grocery store brands keep expanding their lines to take up more shelf space, Juvederm keeps expanding its product line. The newest family member is called Volbella, and it was introduced to the aesthetic world last summer. While its name sounds like a tasty new Italian red wine, Volbella is specifically formulated for the lips, adding subtle volume and erasing vertical lip lines.
Dr. Kearney offers Volbella as part of his injectable offerings.
People wonder why the human body becomes saggier with age. It’s as if our skin becomes a half size too large as we pass our 50th and 60th birthdays. The culprit is collagen, a lack of it. Collagen is a protein in the body responsible for keeping the skin firm and supported. It builds a framework under the skin to do just that.
But as we age, our production of collagen drops — one additional percentage point every year after we have our 20th birthday! Add up those numbers, and by our 50th birthday, we have 30 percent less collagen. This allows the skin to sag and sinks and loses volume. It happens everywhere: the cheeks, the areas around the mouth, even our lips.
Most people don’t think of the lips when they think of volume loss, but aging lips usually become thinner and vertical lip lines become more prevalent.
Juvederm was one of the original dermal fillers, and it continues to be the world’s most popular dermal fillers. It was created to address volume loss, particularly where it creates nasolabial folds and parentheses lines around the nose and mouth area. Juvederm is made of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the body that hydrates and plumps the skin. When Juvederm is injected beneath a nasolabial fold, it fills in the area, pushing the crease back up.
But some people felt that the results gained with Juvederm Ultra were too showy, too visible. Juvederm developed Volbella to also add volume and shape to the lips but to do so in a more subtle way. Plus, Volbella smoothes the irritating vertical lip lines that form with volume loss.
Does Dr. Kearney’s newest addition to his dermal filler offerings sound like something your lips could use? Call us at 858-677-9352 and ask about Volbella.

industry_corpus2: Biopharmaceuticals


text:
Lewisham Borough Council did not have the information requested.
If no CLOS assessment was made by either yourself or was not supplied to you, please confirm that you do not hold the information.
Information Act 2000 or the Environmental Information Regulations 2004.
Council’s response next to each heading.
you, please confirm that you do not hold the information.
We hope you will find this information helpful.
Address: Wycliffe House, Water Lane, Wilmslow, Cheshire, SK9 5AF.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


text:
Derville Rowland will speak on "Financial Conduct Regulation: Why Understanding Behaviour Matters.". The talk takes place on Wednesday 7th February at 930am in the UCD Geary Institute seminar room. The talk will be followed by a Q+A session ending at 1030am.
Speaker Biography: Derville Rowland was appointed Director General (Financial Conduct) in the Central Bank of Ireland on 1 September 2017 and is responsible for consumer protection, securities and markets supervision, enforcement and policy and risk. Derville is a member of the European Securities and Market Authority (ESMA).Prior to this appointment, Derville was the Director of Enforcement in the Central Bank, where she established and developed the Enforcement Directorate. Previous to this, Derville gained extensive litigation and regulatory experience while practising law at the bar and working as in-house regulatory counsel. Derville is a qualified barrister having being called to the bar in 1996 (Inns of Court School of Law; Inner Temple) and subsequently in 2003 (Kings Inns Dublin).


text: Every occasion must be celebrated to the fullest potential. Go out in style the night before and leave the cleaning to us. We will make formal dresses look beautiful, new, spotless clean like you just bought it off the rack. So if you are looking to clean any formal dress, give us a call we will take care of you in style.

industry_corpus2: Others


text:
The Zombie Apocalypse Mod aims to fully overhaul your Minecraft to make survival a key aspect, and zombies your main enemy. Loaded with features that range from dead, wasteland-y aesthetics to massive changes in game mechanics, this mod intends to bring you the Zombie experience in Minecraft that you've never had before.
A list of features and known bugs is included in the README.txt in the mod. Read it!
> The mod does not require Forge and is likely to be incompatible with other mods.
> The mod is under heavy development, and so features and fixes are still to be expected.
> - > Updates will mainly consist of fixes, however if there are no problems, content!
hey hi hello can u update this to curnt miencraf vesion so i can show my dad how to p*wn zombeez > ?/ ? ??
Can you make the villages look abandoned when they spawn in? And maybe also a few random survival camps and military bases in the naturally generated structures? That would add a realistic touch to the mod. Anyway, good looking mod. Diamonded.
Hi slendy! i dont know you but hi!
I may be among the minority, but I thank you for not requiring Forge. We play MC as a family and our grandson wanted to play a Zombie Apocolypse mod. My requirement is that it doesn't require Forge. Found your mod. Well done!
I'll explain briefly why I refuse to use Forge ... I understand that some users ask ridiculous questions and devs can get jaded, but even so I'm not impressed with the comments by Forge devs on their threads. They're demeaning to those of us who don't program, don't care to program, and don't care to understand programming. Really, there's no reason that we should. MC devs are making it easier and easier to add mods, and if help is needed there are great little mod adders like MagicLauncher.
So anyway, thanks for daring to follow your own preferences. Our grandson loves your ZA mod, so I hope you keep developing and upgrading it!
There isn't I'm afraid, many thanks for the 100th diamond though!
Your welcome, and great mod btw!
Will this work with 1.8.1?
Looks awesome! What is your view for modpacks? Are we allowed to use it?
Thank you! So long as a link back to this page is included, I'm content for it to be used in mod packs.
My 8 month wait will be worth it now that I know you are continuing development; can't wait for 100%!
A lot has changed, so some backwards progress has been made, but I wanted to push a build to show I fully intend to get this back and beyond where it was! 100% will be somewhere down the line! A lot of core functionality is there and good though, so enjoy, and thanks for waiting!
This mod doesn't use Forge, follow the instructions included in the README.txt and you should be good to play!
Sooooo I have to put it in the 1.8.4 jar in the versions folder?
Whether or not it works with 1.8.4 I don't know, it's built on 1.8[.0], but if you try it, tell me how it goes! I can't guarantee it'll work though, your best bet would be playing it with 1.8[.0]. But yeah, it goes in the jar in the versions folder.
The developers of Minecraft say that 1.8.4 or any coming 1.8 version will be 100% compatible with 1.8 mods and other things, I tried it, and it did work nice mod tho :) but how to find unpolluted water streams?
Currently the different water types haven't been re-added, so you can use any water for now. Thank you!
do u have a date on when this mod will be released?
Hi its me again. Will this mod be compatible with Cauldron? The thing that allows forge and bukkit together? Thanks!
I'd be lying if I said I'd ever heard of that. As for the Bukkit issues recently, and my lack of knowledge of Forge, I believe the mod will be updates as a standard mod. No Forge, no other APIs, just a standard mod. Apologies to any who find this an inconvenience.
PLEASEEEEEE UPDATE THIS MOD, for 1.6.4+ if possible but please at least 1.6.4, this looks like an amazing mod and this is exactly what i have been looking for forever. please get motivated!!
I have a forum post which is up-to-date explaining my stance on this mod!
If I get enough good feedback, I will update it.
Thank you so much. Despite never having to try it, it looks epic. I will be one of the positive feedback-ers.
However dramatic it may seem to say so..
What Minecraft version is this for?
this looks like a very good mod. please dont give up on this it can turn out very good, consider yourself motivated.
I really love this mod and can't wait for it to be updated!
I'm hoping to add the mod as a Game mode + World type soon so that everything is able to be switched on and off.
I couldn't tell you without looking at the code which I don't have at hand right now, sorry.
Do you know how I would go about running your mod on a server and maybe getting it to work with jamieoflan's planes mod or something similar?
Unfortunately my progress on the mod has slowed to a very unreasonable pace, however SMP is definitely planned. I'm also considering some kind of built in map+script editor so that users can construct story maps and the like using an in-game map builder. I cannot put a date on this however, but I might get to work on it over the next week or two. I'm rather stubborn and try not to use APIs, even the most popular ones and because of this, updating is the most awkward thing on such large scale mods. I'm going to be working on an API of my own however that will allow me to develop many overhaul mods using one core system, then all I'll have to do is update my API, not all of my other mods, but so far these are all just plans, there is no code in place right now, but this mod is still on my todo list, it hasn't been forgotten about.
Awesome! For now the plan is to progress the series slowly and switch between vanilla and modded clients for scenes with/without other players, It's good to know that SMP is still being worked on!
Dude SMP needs to be a thing for this! I can also build a map to go with this if you want Slendy.

industry_corpus2: Gaming


text: Made this using the Docrafts 'Christmas Past' CD rom. Simply designed using the digital designer, printed off in layers, cut them out and matt and layered onto gold mirror card. I decoupaged the cute little reindeer and then used Glossy Accents on the baubles and his nose.


text: Parent View gives you the chance to tell us what you think about your child’s school. All content hosted by Ofsted. George Mitchell School is not responsible for content hosted by external sites.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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The president and Vice President of political club, Daniel Ebbighausen and Connor Colvard, lead their first meeting of the school year. They start off the discussion on the first topic of the year, the Colin Kaepernick controversy (Photo courtesy of Keeli Johnson).
Politics these days can be a touchy subject due to all the recent hubbub around gun control, drug laws, Black Lives Matter and the feminist movement. Conversations always seem to end in people from opposite parties yelling at each other rather than actually trying to find a solution to problems.
People don’t seem to have a calm environment where they can properly learn about and discuss issues that affect all of us.
Political Club is a place where students with all political views can discuss current issues and controversies. Two of the leaders of the club, Connor Colvard and Reganne Johnson, share how they created a space where students can be educated on different political topics.
The officers ensure that everyone who wants to participate can do so without fear of judgement. “We’ve never really had an issue with people being aggressive, everyone’s been pretty mild which we’ve been very thankful with, and we always like that people have different viewpoints and are coming from different angles,” said Colvard.
For anyone interested in joining, meetings are on Friday’s in Mr. Bacon’s room (Room 129).
Be the first to comment on "New Members Welcome to Political Club"


text:
Below you will find a great list of Liposuction Surgeons in Beachwood, OH.
Gregory Malcolm Fedele MD, F.A.C.S.
In Summary: Want lipo?... If you want a trusted and reliable Beachwood, Ohio - lipo surgeon, doctor or other surgical professional - Letty's Liposuction Directory is your up-to-date source for terrific liposuction information... AND above all else - we are completely committed to your health and safety. Please read our complete Medical Disclaimer here.


text:
Discussion in 'Appraisals' started by pssajit, Nov 11, 2018.
Which website will fetch the highest rate when sold?
This poll will close on Nov 11, 2019 at 11:09 AM.


text:
Luth AR is always innovating.
Want to become a Luth-AR Dealer? Apply Now.
“Bought this for a long range build, price point was perfect, extremely adjustable and has performed well in the plains of North Dakota on a coyote hunt. The weight reduction was also a definite selling point.

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


text:
AboutI’m a writer and editor from Halifax, Nova Scotia. My work can be found in both local and national publications, including Reuters, Metro Canada, Halifax Magazine and The Chronicle Herald. Above all else, people describe me as being curious. I always want to know more about things and I’m always asking questions. Despite some time spent in France teaching skating lessons and a stint on the rigs in Alberta, it was inevitable I would become a writer. Besides the fact I always loved to read newspapers and magazines, I always had an obsession with details and chronology. Consider this entry from a journal I had to keep in Grade 3: “——————————————————————————.” Forget about the poor grammar and punctuation, it’s clear my future career choice was made a long time ago.
Special ProjectsBesides writing, I take on special project involving editing. Not a day goes by where I don’t read something that doesn’t make any sense or is laced with errors. I polish clients’ documentation so it makes sense, the style is consistent and it’s grammatically correct. Most importantly, I make sure it’s actually interesting to read. John Ruskin put it well when he said: “Say all you have to say in the fewest possible words or your reader will be sure to skip them; and in the plainest possible words or he will certainly misunderstand them.” I help clients do just that.
Thanks for stopping by. I’m a writer and editor from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Have a peek around and feel free to contact me.
What to do with the NSLC?

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


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Pay it forward went viral in the deep south early last month with an out pour of kind acts being offered to the community. It all started after one mom posted a free cut and blow from her salon on the South Peninsula Moms Facebook group. A Photographic Affair decided to join in the fun and offered a free family studio package. All that was requirled to win was to comment on the post to nominate yourself, or a friend, before a random draw would take place that evening. Out of nearly 200 people who commented, the lucky winners were these 2 moms with their beautiful miracle baby boy. They came into the studio last weekend to claim the prize!
So, what are you doing to pay it forward?


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Great Location And Lay-Out On High Floor.
Lovely Boutique condo development with loads of amenities in the nearby area.
2mins walk to supermarket and food center.
Pool facing unit with nice lay-out.
Near to Farrer Park, Newton, Serangoon, Balestier, Bukit Timah & Race Coarse Road area.
And yet quiet and private dwelling area.
Call 8233-3351 David for viewing!


text: Write the recipients name(s) + any message in the box below. We will create your certificate & email to you as a PDF. Make sure you leave your email address at checkout.


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We Know the HENRY COUNTY & New Castle Real Estate Market.
New Castle is a unique and diverse area. Each community has its own character. Each neighborhood appeals to a different buyer. To obtain the highest possible sales price for your home, the marketing must reach the right buyers with the right message. We have the network and experience to do this.


text: You must make it clear in your mind what is the ultimate target of work for you, the money or the satisfaction of achievement? For me, the most important thing is the time I can control. If there is a company not requiring a fixed working time in the office on daily basis, I will work for it even if the salary is just around 3,000 rmb for a month. Time is the most valuable thing in the world. Life is not the other name of work, life is very rich in its meaning, including enjoying life itself.


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Another Apple Store finds itself the victim of a smash and grab – this time in Boulder, Colorado.
According to ABC7 in Denver, a yet-to-be-identified assailant used a few rocks to smash through the glass door of the Apple Store before making off with $64,000 worth of stolen goods.
This included Macbooks, iPhones, iPads, and more. Investigators expect to see the devices hit the internet for fast resale.
But the stolen goods weren’t the biggest hit that the Apple Store took – at least not financially.
According to reports, the custom-made glass door at the front end of the Apple Store was worth nearly $100,000. Yikes.
Apple Stores make tempting targets for burglars – and I guess that trademark glass store front just looks like it’s in need of smashing. This Boulder burglary isn’t even close to taking home the prize for dumbest Apple Store robbery. That prize still goes to that guy last who who smashed through the store front in his BMW, left his license plate behind, and was arrested as he attempted to retrieve it.


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Our young people and our world are filled with what Pope John Paul II called "the culture of death." We have the bread of life; we have what can transform that death into LIFE itself. We have the Bread of Hope in the Eucharist.
It is time for us to understand the gift of the Eucharist and pass that precious gift to the next generation. It is Jesus in the Eucharist that will transform hearts and lives. It is Jesus in the Eucharist that will lead teens to their vocation. It is Jesus in the Eucharist that will convert the world. Teens do not need us - the do need Jesus.
"Bring them to the Eucharist."
"What should we do for our young people?"
It almost sounds too simplistic. Of all the responses Mother Teresa could have given, as usual, she went right to the heart of it all - the Eucharist. The Eucharist is why we are Catholic. It is vital to our ministering to teens in the Catholic Church that we have a full understanding of what the Eucharist is and what it means for our lives.
One of the most awesome times of the year in the Church is Easter as we celebrate the Risen Lord and we welcome new Catholics into the Church. These pilgrims are on a journey, and it is completed by their receiving the Eucharist. We must not let ourselves become numb to the "Real Presence" of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist.
At no other time have teens been so drawn to the Eucharist. Summer youth conferences, retreats, Life and Edge Night are experiencing the awesome power of the Eucharist. Our young people are attending daily Mass and visiting Eucharistic Adoration Chapels before they head out to the prom or other events.
Why? Because youth leaders have had the courage to dedicate themselves to "Bringing them to the Eucharist."


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Youth who are victimized during the complicated transitional period of adolescence may experience serious disruption of their developmental processes. These effects are worsened when youth perceive institutions as unwilling or unable to help or protect them, and adults’ failure to intercede confirms youth victims’ sense that they must cope with an unsafe environment by themselves and leads to delayed reporting and recovery for youth.21 After victimization, child and teen victims—just as with victims of any age group—often need counseling, advocacy, shelter, safety planning, emotional support, criminal and civil remedies, and other interventions that may mitigate the harm caused by violence. Experts agree that early identification of children exposed to victimization is key to successful intervention and resiliency. Even if children who experience violence do not display obvious signs of trauma or distress, they need to know that caregivers understand the importance and impact of what they experienced; they need reassurances about safety and adult efforts to protect them, and a return to normalcy.
Communities of color face additional barriers when it comes to seeking help. Adult caregivers may hesitate to ask youth directly about suspected victimization, and many have qualms about making referrals to victim service agencies or reporting youth victimization, particularly if the agencies are perceived as not ethnically and/or culturally representative of their family.25 If an agency has not instituted policies and practices to mitigate the impact of racism and discrimination against African American people in this country, or engaged staff in training to improve their cultural competence, then many African Americans may perceive providers as perpetuating institutionalized racism.26 African American parents may be even less likely to ask for professional help and more likely to rely on family and community members for help related to their children.27 Consequently, many African American youth victims do not come to the attention of victim assistance providers and others who might help them.
David Finkelhor et al, “Violence, Abuse, and Crime Exposure in a National Sample of Children and Youth,” Pediatrics 124, no. 5 (2009): 3.
Michael Rand, “Criminal Victimization, 2008,” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009), 4.
U.S. Department of Justice, “Criminal Victimization in the United States—Statistical Tables, 2005,” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006), Tables 3, 4, 9, 10.
Katrina Baum, “Juvenile Victimization and Offending, 1993-2003,” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005), 1.
Dexter R. Voisin, “The Effects of Family and Community Violence Exposure among Youth: Recommendations for Practice and Policy,” Journal of Social Work Education, 43, no. 1 (Winter 2007).
Stephen L. Buka et al., “Youth Exposure to Violence: Prevalence, Risk, and Consequences,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 73, no. 3 (2001): 299.
Carl C. Bell and Esther J. Jenkins, “Traumatic Stress and Children,” (Pittsburgh, PA: Center on Victims and Violence).
Michell Nunez and Madeline Wordes, “Our Vulnerable Teenagers: Their Victimization, Its Consequences, and Directions for Prevention and Intervention,” (Washington, DC: National Center for Victims of Crime and National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2002).
Janet Currie and Erdal Tekin, “Does Child Abuse Cause Crime?” Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series (2006): 6-31.
Scott Menard, “Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Adolescent Victimization,” Youth Violence Research Bulletin Series (2002).
David Finkelhor, “Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People,” (New York, NY: Oxford, 2008).
Mitru Ciarlante, “Disclosing Sexual Victimization,” Prevention Researcher, 14 no. 2 (2007): 11-14.
Wordes and Nunez, 13; and Jay Silverman, Anita Raj, Lorelei Mucci, and Jeanne Hathaway, “Dating Violence Against Adolescent Girls and Associated Substance Use, Unhealthy Weight Control, Sexual Risk Behavior, Pregnancy, and Suicidality,” Journal of the American Medical Association 286, no. 5 (2001): 572–579. Menard.
Cristina S. Barroso et al., “Youth Exposure to Community Violence: Association with Aggression, Victimization, and Risk Behaviors,” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma 17, no. 2 (2008): 150.
Antonia A. Vann, “Developing Culturally-Relevant Responses to Domestic Abuse: Asha Family Services, Inc.,” (Harrisburg, PA: National Resource Center on Domestic Violence: 2003), 6-8.


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A few weeks ago Facebook decided that I wasn't a "real" person and deleted my account after a week of giving me time to scan my passport, drivers license, credit card or various other forms of identification to prove.. well I expect essentially to prove to their advertisers that the money they pay is justified as its going to "real" people or perhaps to ensure their data mining is accurate as it culled from "real" people. If companies buy my behavioural data then they want to be able to contact me specifically to directly sell something. Below are two kind of humourous posts I wrote related to my slow death on facebook.
ID in crayons and send it to them to see what they said, and then post it here. Lets pretend I finished the story and it was funny.
Anyway, I have a feeling this is all a precursor to a future where people will smile at our current naivety in not creating/demanding some form of barrier between our real life and the ever increasing amount of entities that wish to profile us and use our info for various reasons.
This is the group of people associated with the journal below. Have a look and see if one of these things is not like the other as they might say on Seasame Street.
Bryn Oh rather than the shadowy artist controlling her. So for example Vogue magazine only spoke with Bryn Oh and had no way to contact the person behind her. In some cases my real name had to be given, such as with the Canadian Government art grants, which is not surprising as you can't ask for Government money in such a way, but in most cases people dealt with Bryn as the first and only contact. It's quite possible that I am the only person who gets gleefully excited with this idea, but at least you know another one of my little oddities. Bryn Oh's work was also shown in various ways exclusively as Bryn Oh in places such as the World Expo in China, on RAI TV in Italy, on programs such as ART21, in college and university courses, in thesis works and many other things. So my inclusion to the editorial board is a fun addition to this strange quest of mine. If you have any ideas for content to do with Metaverse Creativity then contact me and I can help you submit your academic essay or whatever to them.
There is though another side which I don't write about too often.
who achieve success or renown at a fairly early stage spend a much longer period of their career trying to reverse that inevitable decline from the public eye. They desire to hold on to the recognition, and all that comes with it, perhaps at the expense of their art since I think their desire to hang on drives the subject matter they choose. So for example one might write a song for the emotional preteen hordes and their technological prowess with twitter and what not, rather than write a song that they know will not be of interest to that generation. I hope to be creative for my entire life and to be content with what I make whether it is seen by 50,000 or 5. I desire that the actual creative process fulfills me rather than scrabbling to be noticed and choosing projects based on whether I think it will keep me within the public eye rather than whether it is relevant satisfying art to me.
Right now, regardless of how well received anything I create in the virtual space is, in real life nobody knows what I do or have achieved. How are ones choices affected when creating art if their decisions are not based on making those people around you, who you interact with, feel respect, give kind words or anything that is a means to validate oneself? I don't know the answer and I am just speculating really, but I wondered and thought I would see. In addition, there is a freedom in being anonymous in that you can also create intensely personal work that you might be hesitant to do otherwise for fear of hurting the feelings of friends or family. It's funny but there is one side of me that wants to show people, who know me in real life, that I have achieved something. To show my parents I was right to drop psychology for art or I would love to go to a high school reunion and be the cool one for a change. Yet another part of me wonders if that need is somehow shallow. Hey wait who am I kidding. If I went to a high school reunion and tried to explain Bryn Oh to them then I still wouldn't be the cool one. In fact I might even drop a few rungs socially. Oh well.
draw a diagonal line through time and disciplines. I'm not even sure my mum knows Picabia. I could have added a lot of impressionists, and listed the ‘Musée d’Orsay’ artists.
I've undoubtedly forgotten so many people, some are not really French by the way, like the film director Jean-Luc Godard who is French-Swiss and the photographer Brassaï who was a Hungarian. Once upon a time, France was an attractive place for artists.
in the MoMA in New York. This will require some organisation. After an evaluation of the costs, maybe you will renounce the project. Now, imagine that a good representation of yourself and of your friend (avatars) meet in a space that is a good representation of the MoMA. That you could walk together, chat and share the same feelings about this (virtual) environment. If you have felt this illusion you have successfully entered or used a virtual world.
Bryn Oh: Who are a few of your favourite artists and why?
Artistide Despres: I will give you 500 names… Any discipline?
- XXth - Marcel Duchamp because of his clear and intelligent discourse on art, especially the interviews he gave in the 60s. I like the way he splits art in ‘retinal’ and ‘non-retinal’. Jean Cocteau because he was such a ‘touche-à-tout’. Pier Paolo Pasolini as a poet, writer, film director and politician. Many photographers: Robert Frank, Bill Brandt (such nice persons).
Pompon, but I don’t know why I like his work.
- XVIIIth - Goya of course, he was so modern for his period. Do you know any more artists of the XVIIIth century?
Or did you mean in SL?
- AuraKyo Insoo because her work comes from the heart. We miss her a lot. I hope she is safe.
- Bryn Oh for showing us the perfect storytelling in SL.
Artistide Despres: Well the artwork I dislike I generally cannot remember, I annihilate them from my memory! In RL I truly hate Salvador Dalí’s work, but more because of his personality.
In SL? Well, bullies don’t produce art in SL, they are too busy, luckily.
(proprietary physics simulation software) because I always use physical objects and complex scripting. Unfortunately I am not able to transfer my creations onto another virtual world, not even on a local server. It will not work.
Bryn Oh: Do you have a method when creating? If so how does it often progress?
For example do you sketch or write out ideas first for weeks or do you perhaps just jump directly into the project with little planning and adapt as you go?
Artistide Despres: Generally I have an idea that comes up and I know how I have to handle it. Some work involves a lot of research. The ‘Fukushima’ installation needed some realtime data of the amount of radioactivity. Finding a good feed was quite hard.
The tuning always takes a long time. In SL some factors are unpredictable, like the quality of the server you have been assigned or new implementations that can slow down processes you were used to. For my photographic work it is quite the same, I spend a lot of time selecting and refining.
Artistide Despres: Actually I give more priority to my photographic work. My direct source of inspiration is the world around me. I teach in an art school (it is wonderful to work with master's and bachelor students) which gives me very few time to read, except during the holidays. Pier Paolo Pasolini “Contre la télévision” was the last book I read. And I enjoyed the fiction-documentary ‘Sunless’ by Chris Marker (1983), which I related to a RL project I am still working on.
Artistide Despres: I feel concerned politically by topics like ‘war’, ’tolerance’ and ‘endangered nature’. For example my ‘Fukushima’ installation or ‘Where I found my Ivory Tower surrounded by a Huxleyan World, which turned out to be an Orwellian World’ project. In fact I have always had social or political themes.
Artistide Despres: In SL it is ‘take it or leave it’ because it is not easy to evaluate a project. The public is generally not very difficult, in terms of quality and content. I would be rather glad with an utter rejection, because that means it's a 'true' reaction. It happened to me when I presented my installation ‘Les Petits Soldats’. It was an anti-militarist artwork where notions like ‘honour’ and ‘patriotism’ were heavily discussed. It resulted in verbal fights and a lot of commotion. We need more instances like that one.
constitute virtual art. A game or a good website is interactive but they are far from being virtual art. A 3D representation is impressive but I cannot live inside it unless I am virtual too. What about combining all these factors and meeting other creative persons virtually?
and point of view – created a new thought for that object" He wanted to shift the focus away from technical craft to more of an aesthetic intellectual interpretation. Some say that because of him almost everything is considered art today. From an elephant painting with its trunk, a Banksy, a child's drawing to someone vomiting paint onto a canvas. What is your perspective on this?
Artistide Despres: I would like to think that art is the ‘thermometer’ of human intelligence. Therefore ANY painting made by an elephant is NOT art. Duchamp’s Fountain was a big statement on art. The object was eventually lost and destroyed (The actual object is a remake). It is stupid to think that because of him almost everything is considered art today. Duchamp was far more selective. Art must be linked to the context of its creation (Why? When? How? For Whom?). Duchamp’s set came at the right time: the concept became more important than the representation. Sometimes, random circumstances or specific persons improve the quality of art : The invention of Photography and Film, Cubism & Dada, Dodecaphonism, and Sound synthesis have been huge steps for art. Virtual Art might be such a step as well.


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The unbiased nature of deep transcript sequencing makes it the ideal technology to discover novel uncharacterised genes. Lets screen our favourite RNA-seq experiment (azacitidine-treated AML3 human cells, GSE55123) for novel expressed genes. I use Ensembl gene annotations.
Now for convenience, I'll merge the data from the three replicates with samtools.
Just announced from the ENCODE mailing list is the workshop to analyse and make the most of ENCODE data. Attend if you can!
We would like to announce the first ENCODE User’s Meeting, which will be a 3-day workshop to learn how to navigate, analyze, use, and integrate ENCODE data. The NHGRI-sponsored meeting will be held from June 29 - July 1, 2015 at the Bolger Center in Potomac, MD.


text: I arise today through a mighty strength, the invocation of the Trinity, through belief in the Threeness, through confession of the Oneness of the Creator of creation. I arise today through the strength of Christ with his Baptism, through the strength of His Crucifixion with His Burial through the strength of His Resurrection with His Ascension, through the strength of His descent for the Judgment of Doom. I arise today through the strength of the love of Cherubim in obedience of Angels, in the service of the Archangels, in hope of resurrection to meet with reward, in prayers of Patriarchs, in predictions of Prophets, in preachings of Apostles, in faiths of Confessors, in innocence of Holy Virgins, in deeds of righteous men. I arise today, through the strength of Heaven; light of Sun, brilliance of Moon, splendour of Fire, speed of Lightning, swiftness of Wind, depth of Sea, stability of Earth, firmness of Rock. I arise today, through God's strength to pilot me: God's might to uphold me, God's wisdom to guide me, God's eye to look before me, God's ear to hear me, God's word to speak for me, God's hand to guard me, God's way to lie before me, God's shield to protect me, God's host to secure me: against snares of devils, against temptations of vices, against inclinations of nature, against everyone who shall wish me ill, afar and anear, alone and in a crowd. I summon today all these powers between me (and these evils): against every cruel and merciless power that may oppose my body and my soul, against incantations of false prophets, against black laws of heathenry, against false laws of heretics, against craft of idolatry, against spells of witches, smiths and wizards, against every knowledge that endangers man's body and soul. Christ to protect me today against poisoning, against burning, against drowning, against wounding, so that there may come abundance in reward. Christ with me, Christ before me, Christ behind me, Christ in me, Christ beneath me, Christ above me, Christ on my right, Christ on my left, Christ in breadth, Christ in length, Christ in height, Christ in the heart of every man who thinks of me, Christ in the mouth of every man who speaks of me, Christ in every eye that sees me, Christ in every ear that hears me. I arise today through a mighty strength, the invocation of the Trinity, through belief in the Threeness, through confession of the Oneness of the Creator of creation. Salvation is of the Lord. Salvation is of the Lord. Salvation is of Christ. May Thy Salvation, O Lord, be ever with us. Amen.


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The people that queued up frequently were mostly familiar with one another. Sometimes, when people didn’t come, they would ask one another about their whereabouts.
Many other shop owners wanted to set up their shops on Cloud Street but it was a pity that all the units on Cloud Street had been taken up. There weren’t any available to be rented.
Some of them tried to go by the back door and sent gifts to the estate developers of Cloud Street. However, those developers didn’t dare to risk anything.
To them, Master Lin was like the God of fortune. If they really dared to do it, the other shop owners would be driven away and Master Lin would definitely be infuriated. If Master Lin were to change his location, they’d be crying over it.
Furthermore, the current Master Lin wasn’t the same anymore. He was more influential now and average people didn’t dare to mess with him.
“Brother Lin, who are you waiting for?” Wu You Lan walked to Master Lin and massaged his temples gently.
“Okay,” Wu You Lan said and nodded. Then, she massaged with greater force.
She had decided to follow Lin Fan for the rest of her life. Of course, that was what she was thinking about. She didn’t want to tell any other people about it.
Jin Shan Ping was nervous and emotional upon arriving at Cloud Street. She didn’t know what the final outcome was going to be.
“Master Lin,” Jin Shan Ping said as she saw the person lying down.
He didn’t even need to look to know who had arrived.
Jin Shan Ping didn’t dare to show her face as she was afraid of scaring people. She usually didn’t leave her room in University. Even if she were to leave her room, it would just be to buy some daily necessities.
Because her family wasn’t really well to do, she wanted to get a scholarship. However, she couldn’t get any since nobody wanted her.
With Fraud Tian’s personality, he was definitely okay to look at her directly. However, he was behaving like a transgender. He acted really calm and normal. He didn’t show any signs of curiosity.
“Take off your mask and your sunglasses,” Lin Fan said.
“I, Fraud Tian, have seen so many things in my life. I’m not afraid! As long as you’re kind, you’re beautiful in my eyes,” Fraud Tian said.
Lin Fan was stunned. He didn’t expect Fraud Tian to have said such nice things. Furthermore, he said it so fluently and it sounded really convincing.
Lin Fan’s heart trembled for a second when she showed her face despite having seen her looks before. She looked hideous and that was the only word that could describe her. Perhaps even the word ‘hideous’ couldn’t justify it.
Fraud Tian gently closed his eyes. He wasn’t afraid. He was just sad that such a loving lady had suffered so much.
Zhao Zhong Yang’s hands trembled. However, he calmed himself down and didn’t show any signs of fear.
Even if he were to swap her flesh, she probably couldn’t recover fully.
“I have to try. Follow me to the hospital. I have to use the tools there,” Lin Fan said.
Fraud Tian was stunned. He didn’t believe that he was going to use a medicinal pill to treat her.
It wasn’t logical at all.
“Let’s go to the hospital first,” Lin Fan said.
“Okay.” Jin Shan Ping was really nervous but she was looking forward to it.


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To better understand the actions people take – or choose not to take – in emergency situations, START’s Risk Communication and Resilience team recently conducted interviews across the Southeastern United States. The research team turned to focus groups to evaluate how tornado warnings and false alarms factor into complacency and how emergency managers might better work with the public and communicate more effectively.
Participants had a clear preference for local meteorologists as the primary source for information on tornadoes.
The focus groups are part of the “Understanding Tornado Warnings, False Alarms, and Complacency, and Proposing Theory-Directed Solutions for Effective Warnings” project, funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The project is led by Dr. Michael Egnoto and Dr. Brooke Liu, and seeks to understand how complacency and false alarms about weather emergencies impact tornado awareness in an effort to reduce this risk by improving communication strategies. A false alarm occurs when a warning is issued for an expected hazard (such as a tornado), but that hazard never materializes.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


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On this page convert EUR to AUD using live currency rates as of 19/04/2019 05:37. Includes a live currency converter, handy conversion table, last 7 days exchange rate history and some live Euros to Australian Dollars charts. Invert these currencies?
Looking to make a Euro Australian Dollar international money transfer? Currency UK recommend TorFX as our preferred currency provider.


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Relax and enjoy luxurious comfort with this reclining loveseat from Catnapper. You’ll love the fact that you can sink into its extra-wide seats—upholstered with Valentino Leather—and feel your troubles melt away. Other features of this impressive motion sofa include tall seat backs for maximum comfort and designer luggage stitching to provide visual flair.
Over 50 independently active, 15-gauge heat tempered coils per seat provide uniform luxurious seating, plus long term support and durability.
The coil system is encased in both foam and fiber to ensure each piece offers you long-lasting shape and comfort.
Individually pocketed comfort coils provide a quite seating experience.
All seats feature Comfor-Gel, a 100% gel-infused memory foam that provides an amazingly comfortable, one-of-a-kind seating experience.
Exclusive Steel Tech Reclining mechanism guarantees smooth and quiet operation.
Uncompromising strength and durability is provided by a steel seat box, which prevents both warping and splitting, and the unitized steel base, which resists bending.
The direct drive cross bar ensures that there is no side-to-side tilt.
Heavy 8-gauge sinuous steel springs ensure long-lasting flexibility and support.


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The licensed California contactors at Roll Out Shelves help homeowners throughout the San Francisco Bay Area add value to their homes with high quality space saving storage solutions. We will measure your cabinets, manufacture the product, and install them perfectly.
"Having just moved into a new condo, we have worked with several vendors over the last few months and Perry is one of the best! He is professional from start to finish. His responsiveness, punctuality and quality are impressive. Thanks to Perry, our kitchen cabinets are now highly functional, with additional storage recognized. Great quality shelves and expert installation that I know will stand the test of time."
Improve your kitchen cabinets, bathrooms, closets, tool rooms, or add roll out shelves for a variety of creative applications. Make a false drawer functional, turn a closet into a pantry, or transform an area into something more useful for your lifestyle. Roll Out Shelves takes onsite measurements, to make and install new roll out shelves at an affordable price. Hardwood drawer boxes can be made in any size you choose. Most installations are completed within one day.
Get easy access to your favorite pieces or most-used items with full extension, heavy-duty rollouts. You can also make more space out of an otherwise non-usable area with u-shape roll out shelves around sink pipes. Roll out shelves are custom-made to fit your cabinet.
Improve your cabinets by rebuilding them from the inside with new drawer boxes. We remove old drawers, install new ones, while using your same front as your old drawer if preferred.
You can expect only the best wood in our construction materials; we never use any particleboard or melamine. All of our roll out shelves are made with quality materials and cost much less than you might think.
Drawers are built from solid wood and plywood veneers with dovetail-glued corner construction. The bottom of the drawer is one half-inch thick, nine-plywood veneer that's slotted into all four sides of the drawer box. The Accuride® 100-pound full extension slide, made from heavy steel with a quick release and a brake, is standard on all our drawers and roll out shelves.
Feel better knowing your shelves are built with woods that all come from managed forests. Our sustainable products are approved by Forest Check.


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Studies show that people with healthy relationships really do have more happiness and less stress. There are basic ways to make relationships healthy, even though each one is different...family, friends, boyfriends, girlfriends, professors, and classmates. From deciding who does the dishes to using the "L" word and everything in between, these resources can help you have healthier and happier relationships.
If you or someone you know is in an unhealthy relationship, we can help! You also may consider visiting the USF Center for Victim Advocacy and Violence Prevention.


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Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is the acetyl ester of carnitine that has been reported to be beneficial in depressive disorders and Alzheimer's disease. A 7-day administration of ALCAR in rats increased dopamine and serotonin output in the nucleus accumbens shell and it prevented the development of escape deficit produced by acute exposure to unavoidable stress. No tolerance developed to this protective effect, which appeared to be mediated by (1) the activation of 5-HT1A receptors, as it was antagonized by the administration of WAY100635 30 min before stress exposure; and (2) a process of neuronal plasticity dependent on NMDA receptor activity, as subcutaneous dizocilpine infusion during ALCAR treatment prevented the development of the protective effect on stress. Chronic stress exposure maintains an escape deficit condition that is reverted by a long-term treatment with antidepressants, but the same condition was not modified by long-term ALCAR administration. Thus, ALCAR cannot be defined as an antidepressant.
Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is the acetyl ester of carnitine and both carnitine and ALCAR play an essential regulatory role in fatty acid oxidation (Fritz 1963; Bieber 1988). ALCAR has a modulating influence on the structure, function and metabolism of cell membranes (Villa et al. 1988; Aureli et al. 1990; Arduini et al. 1993; Butterfield and Rangachari 1993), and on energy metabolism (Aureli et al. 1990; Rosenthal et al. 1992; Blokland et al. 1993; Liu et al. 1993; Prickaerts et al. 1995; Rao et al. 1997). There is increasing evidence that abnormalities in fatty acid and membrane phospholipid metabolism play a part in a wide range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (Richardson and Ross 2000; Bell et al. 2000; Richardson and Puri 2000). ALCAR also inhibits apoptosis (Galli and Fratelli 1993), activates protein kinase C (Pascale et al. 1994), exerts anti-amnesic activity (Pascale et al. 1994), and improves performance in spatial learning tasks in aged rats (Ghirardi et al. 1988). In controlled studies, ALCAR has been reported to have beneficial effects in major depressive disorders and Alzheimer's disease, both of which are highly prevalent in the geriatric population (Bella et al. 1990; Garzya et al. 1990; Pettegrew et al. 1995, 2000). However, the reported antidepressant activity of ALCAR in the elderly might not necessarily be explained in terms of altered fatty acid membrane composition. The data regarding endogenous ALCAR distribution in rat brain, as well as those on the entry of ALCAR through the blood brain barrier, offer an unsatisfactory rationale for the reported pharmacological effects. Total carnitine in different brain areas appears to be homogeneously distributed, and its concentration is about 2.5 times higher in the hypothalamus than in the other areas. ALCAR is present at 25–35%, long chain acyl-carnitine at 10–15%, and free carnitine at 45–60% (Bresolin et al. 1982). Only a very small amount of [3H]-acetyl-carnitine was found in the brain after a pulse i.v. injection with a tracer dose (Farrel et al. 1986). Furthermore, a PET study in primates and humans on the brain localization of ALCAR, labeled with [11C] in different positions and pulse injected i.v., came to the likely conclusion that only the acetic acid moiety enters the brain (Kuratsune et al. 1997). A study of Alzheimer patients, treated for 10 days with ALCAR by i.v. infusion and for a further 50 days by oral administration (2000 mg/day divided into three daily doses), showed a significant increase in the CSF concentration of acetyl-L-carnitine at days 10 and 60 of treatment compared with basal values (Parnetti et al. 1997).
Data presented in the literature suggest that ALCAR may prevent some of the neurochemical sequelae of stress exposure. In fact, repeated ALCAR treatments prevent a stress induced decrease in nerve growth factor binding in rat brain (Foreman et al. 1995), and ALCAR counteracts the increase in β-endorphine induced by repeated exposure to stress (Bidzinska et al. 1993). Moreover, ALCAR seems to improve the feedback control of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress, at least in aged rats (Angelucci and Ramacci 1989; Patacchioli et al. 1989). Thus, in the present study we investigated the effect of ALCAR in a series of behavioral paradigms induced by exposure to unavoidable stress that consistently respond to classical antidepressants (Gambarana et al. 1995a, 2001; Ghiglieri et al. 1997). The first model (acute escape deficit) consists of a decreased response to aversive stimuli and is a modified version of the learned helplessness paradigm. It allows us to evaluate the activity of a treatment in preventing the development of behavioral sequelae following unavoidable stress exposure. The second paradigm is a condition of chronic escape deficit, which begins as acute escape deficit and then can be indefinitely sustained by the repeated administration of mild stressors. This model allows us to evaluate the capacity of a treatment to revert the condition of escape deficit. Moreover, we have measured the effect of repeated ALCAR administration on the extraneuronal concentration of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), both in basal conditions and after inhibition of the monoamine transporters with cocaine, in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The aims of our study were to assess a possible antidepressant activity of ALCAR in animal models, and to investigate whether such activity may be related to a change in the transmission of one or more monoamines in the frontomesolimbic system.
Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River, Calco, Italy) weighing 125–150 g at their arrival in the vivarium. Animals were housed 5 per cage (59 × 38.5 × 20 cm) for the entire duration of the experiments and they were moved to a different cage or apparatus only for the time required for the behavioral manipulation. They were kept in an environment maintained at a constant temperature and humidity, with free access to food and water. A 12 h inverted light/dark cycle (lights off at 7:00 A.M.) was used. Experiments were carried out from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. under a red light and controlled noise conditions in a testing room separated from and adjacent to the main animal room, under the same conditions of temperature and humidity. Rats were allowed at least one week of habituation to the animal colony; when experimental procedures began they weighed 200–225 g.
The procedures used in this study are in strict accordance with the European legislation on the use and care of laboratory animals (EEC n. 86/609), with the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the use and care of laboratory animals, and had the approval of the local Ethical Committee.
Pain threshold was assessed by the radiant heat tailflick method according to D'Amour and Smith (1941). The animals were taken into the test room, placed on the tail-flick apparatus (Ugo Basile, Italy), and the radiant heat intensity was adjusted to obtain average latency values of 5 s in control animals. A 10 s cut-off point was employed to prevent tissue damage to the tail.
Rats were individually placed in locomotor activity cages (M/P40 Fc Electronic Motility Meter, Motor Products, Stockholm). Each cage had 40 photo-conductive sensors in the floor area (21 × 32 cm) at a fixed distance of 4 cm. These sensors and the arena were uniformly illuminated by an incandescent lamp mounted 60 cm above the floor. Motor activity was defined as the number of interruptions of a beam during a 30-min observation period. Five days before the test, animals were placed in the motility cage for 15 min/day. On test day, rats were observed for 30 min after a 10-min habituation period.
A dark Plexiglas cage (30 × 60 × 30 cm) with a floor fitted with stainless steel rods spaced 1 cm apart was divided into two equal chambers by a dark partition with a 10 × 10 cm sliding door. One compartment was connected to a S48 Grass stimulator (Grass Instrument, Astro-Med Inc., West Warwick, RI, USA) (electrified chamber), while the other was disconnected from it (neutral chamber).
The experimental procedure, previously described in detail (Gambarana et al. 2001), consisted in the exposure to unavoidable stress (pre-test) followed by an escape test. Briefly, rats were immobilized with a flexible wire-net, an electrode was applied to the distal third of the tail, and about 80 electric shocks (1 mA × 5 s, 1 every 30 s) were administered; 24 h later, rats were tested in a shock-escape paradigm in the Plexiglas cage. The number of escapes out of 30 trials was recorded.
For the chronic stress procedure, rats were initially exposed to the sequence of pre-test and escape test trials described above. Then, rats selected on the basis of their failure to escape (0–3 escapes/30 trials), were subjected to the following procedure, starting 48 h after the escape test: (1) were restrained for 10 min; (2) received 10 min of restraint plus four unavoidable shocks, 48 h after (1); (3) spent 20 min in the cage where the unavoidable shock had previously been administered, 48 h after (2). By repeating this procedure on alternate days, the escape deficit can be maintained in all rats (De Montis et al. 1995).
Anesthetized rats (pentobarbital 50 mg/kg, scopolamine 0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) were placed in a stereotaxic instrument and two concentric vertical probes were lowered into the NAcS (AP + 1.7 mm, L ± 1.2 mm, V − 8.0 mm) and the mPFC (AP + 3.7 mm, L ± 0.7 mm, V − 5.0 mm), according to Paxinos and Watson (1986). Concentric microdialysis probes were made from semipermeable dialysis tubing (ID: 0.22 mm; OD: 0.31 mm; AN 69, Hospal, Bologna, Italy). The length of the permeable portion of the membrane was 2.0 mm for the NAcS, and 3.0 mm for the mPFC. The probes were fixed to the skull with stainless steel screws and dental cement, and the skin was sutured. After surgery, the animals were housed individually in a microdialysis Plexiglas box (20 × 30 × 30 cm) with a grid floor and an open top, and 24 h of recovery and habituation to the chamber were allowed before the beginning of microdialysis. On the day of the experiment, a solution of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (147 mM NaCl, 2.2 mM CaCl2, 4 mM KCl) was infused at a flow rate of 1 μl/min through the probe. After a 2 h equilibration period, dialysate samples were collected every 15 min (NAcS) or every 25 min (mPFC). At least 4–5 samples were obtained for the estimation of basal levels. Then, the animals received a cocaine injection (5 mg/kg i.p.) and four samples were collected.
Dialysate samples were immediately analyzed by reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Monoamines were eluted on a C-18 reverse phase column (Supelco LC18 DB). The detector was an ESA Coulochem II with a 5014 A microdialysis cell. The potential of the first electrode was set at +175 mV, and that of the second electrode at −175 mV. The mobile phase consisted of an aqueous solution containing: 33 mM NaH2PO4, 0.1 mM Na2EDTA, 1 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20% methanol (vol/vol) and 15% acetonitrile (vol/vol), pH 5.7. A flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min was used. Data were taken by PC using EZChrom 6.6 software (Scientific Software Inc., San Ramon, CA, U.S.A.) and quantified based on peak area by comparison with a standard curve run before and after each experiment.
At the end of the experiment, rats were killed to verify the positioning of the probes. Microdialysis data was utilized only when the correct positioning of the probes had been microscopically confirmed on cresyl violet-stained brain sections.
ALCAR, SCH 23390, d,l-propranolol, WAY100135 and cocaine were dissolved in 0.9% saline and injected in a volume of 1 ml/kg rat body weight. Dizocilpine was dissolved in 0.9% saline and released by s. c. implanted osmotic minipumps (ALZET® pumps, Palo Alto, CA). Pentobarbital was dissolved in a mixture of 12% ethanol, 38% propylene glycol, 50% deionized/distilled water (vol/vol) and was injected in a volume of 4 ml/kg rat body weight. Scopolamine was dissolved in deionized/distilled water. All chemicals were purchased from commercial sources; cocaine was purchased from SALARS (Como, Italy). ALCAR was donated by Sigma-Tau (Pomezia, Italy).
Statistical analyses were performed on commercially available software (Instat 2.01 for Macintosh, GraphPad software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). All data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Comparisons were made by t-test when two experimental groups were compared. Otherwise, comparisons were made by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by post-hoc Bonferroni's or Dunnett's test, when applicable (p < .05). When the criteria for parametric statistics were not met by the data, non-parametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis test) was used; when differences between groups were significant (p < .05), the data were subjected to post-hoc analysis using Dunn's test, a variation of Bonferroni's test for non-parametric ANOVA.
The effect of a single treatment with different doses of ALCAR on the development of acute escape deficit by rats was initially examined. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of 10 animals each that received 3, 6, 10, or 20 mg/kg of ALCAR or saline (1 ml/kg) i.p. 60 min before the inescapable shock session, respectively, and that were tested for escape 24 h later. A sixth group of 10 saline treated rats was only tested for escape (Naive). ALCAR treated rats performed in the same way as control rats (Table 1). Analysis of the data by ANOVA test demonstrated a significant difference between groups (F54,59 = 232.20, p < .001); post-hoc Bonferroni's test showed that only the score of Naive rats was significantly different from the score of control and ALCAR treated rats (p < .001, for all comparisons).
Rats received 3, 6, or 10 mg/kg of ALCAR or saline (1 ml/kg) twice a day, i.p. for seven days (n = 10 for each group); 18–20 h after the last treatment they were exposed to the pre-test and 24 h later to the escape test. A group of saline treated rats (n = 10) was only tested for escape (Naive). Analysis of the data by ANOVA showed a significant difference between groups (F25,29 = 103.61, p < .001). Bonferroni's test demonstrated that rats treated for seven days with ALCAR 10 mg/kg twice a day had a significantly higher number of escapes than rats in the control group and rats treated with ALCAR 3 or 6 mg/kg twice a day (p < .001, for all three comparisons) (Table 1).
Rats received saline (1 ml/kg, n = 10, Control) or ALCAR (10 mg/kg, n = 10, ALCAR) i.p. twice a day for seven days; on day 8 they were implanted with microdialysis probes in the NAcS and mPFC, and on day 9 they underwent microdialysis. In the NAcS, basal levels of extraneuronal DA and 5-HT were higher in the ALCAR group than in the Ctr group (p < .01 and p < .05, respectively, unpaired t-test) (Figure 1, panels A and B). Then, when baseline levels had been determined, the animals received an injection of cocaine (5 mg/kg i.p.) and four samples were collected. Because of the significant difference in the basal levels of extraneuronal monoamines between the groups, variations in levels after acute uptake inhibition were not calculated as percentage increases compared with basal values. DA and 5-HT accumulation was calculated as the sum of the absolute amounts of the monoamine (measured values minus the mean basal value) in each of the four samples collected following cocaine administration. The output of DA and 5-HT in the ALCAR group was significantly higher than in the Ctr group (p < .001 and p < .01, respectively, unpaired t-test) (Figure 1, panels C and D).
Dopamine and serotonin basal levels (A and B) and accumulation (C and D) in the NAcS after a 7-day ALCAR treatment. Rats received saline (Control) or ALCAR (ALCAR) for seven days, they underwent surgery on day 8, and then microdialysis experiments were performed 48 h after the last treatment. (Control, n = 10; ALCAR, n = 10). A, B. Dopamine and serotonin basal levels. Values represent the mean of four samples for each rat ± S.E.M. ** p < .01 compared with the extraneuronal levels in the Control group. C, D. Dopamine and serotonin accumulation after cocaine administration (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Values represent the mean ± S.E.M. of the sums of four samples collected from each rat after cocaine administration, minus the mean basal level. *** p < .001, compared with the output in the Control group.
** p < .01, compared with the output in the Control group.
In the mPFC, no significant differences were observed between groups in the basal values and in the accumulation after uptake inhibition of DA and 5-HT (data not shown).
In order to establish whether tolerance might develop to the protective effect of ALCAR on acute stress, rats were exposed to the sequence of pre-test and test after 5, 10, 20, or 40 days of ALCAR treatment (10 mg/kg, i.p. twice a day) (n = 10 for each group). Analysis of the data by ANOVA showed a significant difference between group performances (F54,59 = 132.36, p < .001). Dunnett's test indicated that no tolerance developed to the effect of ALCAR after a long-term treatment, as there was a significant difference between the number of escapes of the Ctr group and the Naive and ALCAR groups (Table 2).
To exclude a non-specific analgesic effect of repeated ALCAR treatment, which would constitute a major bias in evaluating a reduction of behavioral sequelae to a nociceptive stimulus, two groups of 10 rats each were tested with the radiant heat tail-flick method after seven days of treatment with ALCAR (10 mg/kg) or saline (1 ml/kg) i.p., twice a day. In the tail-flick test the ALCAR treated rats did not show any modification in pain threshold compared with the saline treated rats (mean latency value ± S.E.M. for the Ctr group: 4.6 ± 0.1 s, for the ALCAR group: 4.9 ± 0.2 s).
In order to verify whether repeated ALCAR treatment had a stimulant activity, which would constitute a bias in evaluating avoidance (Gambarana et al. 1995b), the two groups of rats were tested for spontaneous locomotor activity after 15 days of treatment, 2 h after the last drug administration. No differences were observed in spontaneous locomotor activity between the ALCAR and the Ctr groups (mean motility counts in 30 min ± S.E.M. for the Ctr group: 1786 ± 132, for the ALCAR group: 1823 ± 205).
To verify whether the observed protective effect was related to a prominent function of a monoaminergic receptor system, 50 rats were treated with ALCAR (10 mg/kg, i.p. twice a day) for seven days. Then, 30 min before the exposure to the pre-test: 10 rats received a D1 dopaminergic antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.03 mg/kg, i.p.); 10 rats received a 5-HT1A serotonergic antagonist, WAY-100635 (0.2 mg/kg, s. c.); 10 rats received a β-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol (5 mg/kg, i.p.); and 10 rats received a M1-M2 muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg, s. c.); 10 received saline (1 ml/kg). Ten rats (Controls) were treated with saline (1 ml/kg i.p. twice a day) for seven days and on day 8 they were exposed to the pre-test session. Twenty-four hours after the pre-test all rats were tested for escape. Table 3 shows that only the pretreatment with the selective 5-HT1A serotonergic antagonist WAY 100635 significantly inhibited the protective effect of a 7-day ALCAR treatment (Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA, KW = 51.165, p < .001; Dunn's test: p < .001).
In order to establish whether the effect of a repeated ALCAR treatment on the development of the escape deficit was dependent on the activity of the NMDA receptor system, the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine was utilized. Thirty rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps, which delivered dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg/day s. c.) for seven days; during the infusion period 10 rats were injected with ALCAR (10 mg/kg i.p. twice a day) and were then exposed to the sequence of pre-test and escape test (Dizocilpine + ALCAR + Stress). The other 20 animals received saline i.p. twice a day; 10 of them were exposed to the sequence of pre-test and escape test (Dizocilpine + Stress), and 10 to the escape test only (Dizocilpine). Twenty rats received saline (1 ml/kg i.p. twice a day) for seven days; 10 of them were exposed to the sequence of pre-test and escape test (Stress), and 10 to the escape test only (Naive). Analysis of the number of escapes by ANOVA showed a significant difference between groups (F54,59 = 255.61, p < .001). Dunnett's test demonstrated a significant lower number of escapes in the Stress, Dizocilpine + Stress, and Dizocilpine + ALCAR + Stress groups compared with the scores of the Naive, Dizocilpine, and Saline + ALCAR + Stress groups (p < .01, for the four comparisons) (Table 4).
Rats were exposed to the chronic stress procedure for three weeks while receiving saline (1 ml/kg, Stress, n = 10) or ALCAR (10 mg/kg, Stress + ALCAR, n = 10) twice a day i.p. Ten rats were injected with saline (1 ml/kg) i.p. twice a day for three weeks (Naive). The day after the end of the protocol all rats were tested for escape. Analysis of the data by ANOVA showed a significant difference between groups (F27,29 = 135.54, p < .001); Dunnett's test demonstrated that ALCAR treatment did not reinstate a normal avoidance response in rats exposed to stress (p < .01 compared with the Naive group) (Table 5).
The persistence of the protective effect of a 7-day ALCAR treatment during long-term treatment and concomitant stress exposure was tested. Ten rats treated i.p. twice a day for two weeks with saline (1 ml/kg) and 10 treated with ALCAR (10 mg/kg) underwent the sequence of pre-test and escape test on days 15 and 16. They were then exposed to the chronic stress procedure for three weeks, while continuing the treatment (Chronic Stress and ALCAR + Chronic Stress). Ten more rats were injected i.p. twice a day for five weeks with saline (1 ml/kg) (Naive), and 10 with ALCAR (10 mg/kg) (ALCAR). The day after the end of the protocol all rats were tested for escape. Analysis of the data by ANOVA showed a significant difference between the number of escapes of experimental groups (F26,29 = 98.347, p < .001); post-hoc analysis by Dunnett's test demonstrated scores significantly lower in the Stress and ALCAR + Stress groups compared with the scores of the Naive and ALCAR groups (Table 6).
ALCAR administered at the dose of 10 mg/kg twice a day for seven days protected rats from the behavioral sequelae of an unavoidable stress and no tolerance developed to this effect after 40 days of continuous treatment. A higher dose of ALCAR administered acutely before the pre-test did not prevent escape deficit development. Animals treated for seven days with ALCAR had levels of extraneuronal DA in the NAcS significantly higher than the control group, and the accumulation of the monoamine after uptake inhibition in this area exceeded that of control rats. Moreover, they presented a significant increase in both basal and cocaineinduced accumulation of extraneuronal 5-HT in the NAcS. The acute inhibition of the monoamine transporter produced by cocaine, which does not interfere with monoamine release (Di Chiara and Imperato 1988; Hurd and Ungerstedt 1989), induces an extraneuronal accumulation of the monoamines proportional to the amount taken up by nerve terminals, and it can be used as an indicator of monoaminergic neuronal activity (Gambarana et al. 1999a, 1999b). No modification in either DA or 5-HT extraneuronal concentrations were observed in the mPFC.
Rats receiving ALCAR treatment under a continuous dizocilpine infusion did not show protection and scored similarly to the Stress group when tested for escape 24 h after the pre-test. The dose of dizocilpine used (0.1 mg/kg/24 h) does not produce apparent behavioral alterations, and it prevents the development of the protective effect of imipramine (Meloni et al. 1993) and fluoxetine (Gambarana, unpublished results) on the behavioral and neurochemical sequelae of inescapable stress. Thus, the protective effect of ALCAR on stress appeared to be mediated by a process of neuronal plasticity dependent on NMDA receptor activity. Rats repeatedly treated with ALCAR had a pain threshold, measured with the tail-flick test, similar to that of control animals. Moreover, their spontaneous motor activity did not differ from that of control animals.
The long-term administration of classical antidepressants, such as imipramine and fluoxetine, produces a protective activity on the development of the behavioral sequelae of unavoidable stress similar to that observed with ALCAR (Gambarana et al. 1995a). This protective effect appears to be related to the functional integrity of a specific type of monoamine receptor. Thus, the acute administration of the selective D1 dopaminergic antagonist SCH 23390 before the pre-test selectively antagonizes the protective effect of imipramine, while pindolol antagonizes that of fluoxetine (Gambarana et al. 1995a). In order to assess whether the protective effect of ALCAR was sustained by a specific receptor system, rats treated with ALCAR for seven days were acutely administered different selective monoamine receptor antagonists before the pre-test. The doses of each antagonist used were chosen on the basis of previously published results (Gambarana et al. 1995a, 1999c) or of preliminary experiments (scopolamine). Preliminary behavioral data indicated that scopolamine (0.05–0.2 mg/kg) did not induce overt behavioral modifications (Masi, unpublished results), while some cognitive impairment has been described in rats after scopolamine administration at the same doses (Kirkby et al. 1996). The protective effect of repeated ALCAR administrations was specifically antagonized by WAY100635, a selective silent antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors (Forster et al. 1995), given 30 min before the pre-test. This data strongly suggests that 5-HT1A receptor activation plays a relevant role in the mechanism of action of ALCAR.
The involvement of brain monoamines in response to stress has been widely investigated (Bliss et al. 1968; Konstandi et al. 2000) and both 5-HT (Courzon 1971; Petty et al. 1992; Chaouloff 2000) and DA (Pani et al. 2000) are considered to play a crucial role in coping with stressful situations. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area are rapidly activated by sudden environmental events, including stressful circumstances (Kaneyuki et al. 1991), and acute exposure to different forms of stress has been reported to increase DA release in the PFC (Sorg and Kalivas 1993; Finlay et al. 1995; Yoshioka et al. 1996) as well as in the NAc (Rouge-Pont et al. 1993; Kalivas and Duffy 1995; Tidey and Miczek 1996). It appears that the PFC exerts an inhibitory influence on subcortical dopaminergic transmission. Accordingly, the NAc dopaminergic response to stress, measured by voltammetry, is dampened by the concurrent activation of dopaminergic terminals in the meso-prefrontal cortex, and this action is mediated, at least in part, by D1 dopaminergic receptor stimulation (Doherty and Gratton 1996). Long-term exposure to different stress procedures impairs an animal's responsiveness to both aversive and pleasurable stimuli (Overmier and Seligman 1967; Papp et al. 1991; Moreau et al. 1992; Gambarana et al. 1995a), and it decreases DA output in mesolimbic areas (Di Chiara et al. 1999; Gambarana et al. 1999a; Mangiavacchi et al. 2001). Moreover, 5-HT output in the mPFC increases in response to acute exposure to unavoidable stress (Petty et al. 1992), although no difference has been observed between helpless and non-helpless control rats in the spontaneous firing of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe (Maudhuit et al. 1997). After chronic exposure to unavoidable stress 5-HT output decreases in the mPFC and NAcS (Mangiavacchi et al. 2001). Some of these stress procedures have been validated as models of depression, as the behavioral and neurochemical deficit that they induce reproduces depressive symptoms (face validity), and is reverted by the administration of antidepressant compounds (predictive validity) (Willner 1997; Gambarana et al. 2001). Thus, rats subjected to the chronic mild stress (CMS) model, a chronic sequential exposure to a variety of mild stressors, show decreased drinking of a sweetened solution, a condition equated to anhedonia (Willner 1997). These rats also show a decrease of D2 DA receptor binding and mRNA levels in mesolimbic areas (Papp et al. 1994; Dziedzicka-Wasylewska et al. 1997), and a blunted phasic DA response to a feeding of palatable food in the NAcS and in the mPFC (Di Chiara and Tanda 1997). Both the behavioral and neurochemical changes induced by unavoidable stress exposure in the learned helplessness or CMS paradigms could be reversed by the chronic administration of classical antidepressant drugs (Muscat et al. 1990, 1992; Petty et al. 1992, 1994; Papp et al. 1994, 1996; Di Chiara and Tanda 1997; Dziedzicka-Wasylewska et al. 1997). Antidepressant compounds also revert the chronic escape deficit, and the drugs that we have tested in this paradigm, such as imipramine, fluoxetine, clomipramine, phenelzine, reboxetine, and a total extract of Hypericum perforatum, reinstated an avoidance response within three weeks of continuous treatment (Gambarana et al. 1995a, 1999c, 2001; Gambarana, unpublished results). Consequently, we consider that the reversal of a behavioral deficit sustained by chronic stress is an effect that is crucial to the definition of antidepressant activity. Thus, as ALCAR administered for three weeks to chronically stressed rats did not revert the escape deficit condition, it cannot be defined an antidepressant. Indeed, in rats previously treated for 14 days with ALCAR, and that scored like naive animals when tested for escape 24 h after the pre-test, the exposure to chronic stress neutralized the protective effect of ALCAR. Thus, a repeated treatment with ALCAR appeared to share only some effects with imipramine, as it was able to prevent the development of the sequelae of a single, but not of a repeated, unavoidable stress. Moreover, it produced a significant increase in dopaminergic and serotonergic transmission in the NAcS, an effect that did not appear sufficient to protect rats from the disrupting sequelae of chronic stress exposure.
ALCAR has been reported to affect the cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems, yet no data indicate whether these are direct or indirect effects of ALCAR (Fariello et al. 1988; Harsing et al. 1992; Tempesta et al. 1985). Moreover, the existing data on brain ALCAR distribution and on ALCAR pharmacokinetics do not add any sufficient information that could be used to clarify our results.
In conclusion, although repeated ALCAR administration consistently produced an increase in DA and 5-HT output in the NAcS associated with a protective effect on acute stress exposure, on the basis of the present results, ALCAR does not seem to conform to the criteria that we use to define a compound as an antidepressant (Gambarana et al. 2001).
This research was supported by a grant from the University of Siena (PAR 2000). The authors wish to thank Ms. Colleen Pisaneschi for editing the manuscript.