text:
The Origin of Life: A Scientific or Philosophical Issue?
A divergence of views illustrated by a partial snippet of an article, which can be viewed at the indicated URL, provides an occasion for commentary on a familiar theme.
>"A month ago I sent a letter to the journal First Things in response to an opinion piece by Robert T. Miller on why Intelligent Design should not be taught in public schools. Unfortunately, access to First Things is by subscription and his column is too lengthy to copy here. In any event, the recent issue has a very truncated version of my letter along with the submissions of others, including Michael Behe, to which Mr. Miller responds. My letter, slightly shortened, follows. The portions run by FT are italicized. I will post Mr. Miller's response tomorrow:"
>"Robert T. Miller asserts in his article Darwin in Dover, PA (April 2006) that ID "is not science but neither is it religion." He explains that it's not science, at least in the strong sense, because a designer does not operate by law-like necessity."
[Bradford]: That's a distinguishing feature of intelligence. Outcomes resulting from reason and choice are the conceptual opposite of outcomes determined by the necessity of natural forces. Or to put it differently, a prerequisite to an intelligent inference is data indicating that an outcome did not result from law-like necessity. For example, a hypothesis that a series of chemical reactions led to a living, self-replicating cell presumably would be falsifiable. Falsification could take the form of evidence that an essential property of life would not arise from unguided chemical reactions.
The coding conventions by which nucleic acids function would not result from a series of prebiotic chemical reactions. Any chemical process generating encoded nucleic acids must be one whose sequential nucleotide order already functions according to pre-established encoding conventions. A preordained functional link between codons and amino acids is found not in philosophy but rather the nature of nucleic acids themselves. Without a linkage information about functional amino acid sequences can neither be stored nor passed on to descendents. Without the functional requirement there is no selection basis. An encoded convention and sequences ordered according to it by intelligent manipulation circumvents the conundrum.
>"ID, he concludes, is metaphysics, a branch of philosophy, and thus does not belong in a science classroom."
[Bradford]: Is the belief that life was generated by a process devoid of intelligent guidance grounded in science or philosophy? It is the latter. The belief that life arose that way is unsupported by the evidence. The argument for the insufficiency of the evidence is empirical. It has nothing to do with philosophy. The belief that ID is metaphysical and prevailing theories of origin are not is self-deception.
The following referenced article contains some revealing comments by Judge Jones of Dover school district fame. My comments are interspersed and identified.
"CARLISLE, Pa. -- A federal judge who outlawed the teaching of "intelligent design" in science class told graduates at Dickinson College that the nation's founders saw religion as the result of personal inquiry, not church doctrine.
U.S. District Judge John E. Jones gave the commencement address yesterday to 500 graduates at Dickinson College, his alma mater.
"The founders believed that true religion was not something handed down by a church or contained in a Bible, but was to be found through free, rational inquiry," said Judge Jones, who was thrust into the national spotlight by last year's court fight over the teaching of evolution in the Dover school district."
[Bradford]: There was a variety of views among the founding fathers as to what constituted "true religion." Acknowledging this is an essential step in avoiding the type of self-serving doctrinaire pronouncements that frequently accompany constitutional rulings about the "establishment clause." While the founding fathers clearly favored the freedom to choose one's own religious conviction, one man's view as to what is rational is another's view of the irrational and the founding fathers were aware of this.
"The founding fathers -- from school namesake John Dickinson to Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson -- were products of the Enlightenment, Judge Jones said.
Following a six-week trial last year that explored concepts in biology, theology and paleontology, Judge Jones concluded that the Dover Board of Education had violated the separation between church and state.
Intelligent design holds that living organisms are so complex they must have been created by some kind of higher being.
[Bradford]: This has become a trite cliche favored by opponents of ID. Most IDers argue that intelligence better explains both the origin and diversity of both life and the universe it is found in than standard theories.
"In his ruling, Judge Jones called it "an old religious argument for the existence of God" and accused the school board of "breathtaking inanity" in trying to teach it."
[Bradford]: It can be used to argue for the existence of God just as evolution and abiogenesis have been used by prominent atheists since Darwin to argue that God does not exist. The comment is irrelevant.
The school board had argued that it hoped to expose students to alternatives to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
The case cost the district more than $1 million in legal fees -- and cost school board members, who were turned out in November's election, their seats.
Judge Jones credited his liberal arts education at Dickinson, more than his law school years, for preparing him for what he called his "Dover moment."
"It was my liberal arts education ... that provided me with the best ability to handle the rather monumental task of deciding the Dover case," he said.
[Bradford]: I note he did not credit his scientific expertise.
Nor does the concept of 'irreducible complexity'. Complexity is always being reduced, modified, converted to a different kind of complexity, lost completely, made over again from a new starting point, throughout evolutionary history. The human body (and that of chimps, sheep ...) isn't an example of a perfectly designed machine, but a grab bag of bits and pieces put together over a long time. It far more resembles a sculpture made from junk than a Swiss watch.
[Bradford]: This is a story not an exposition explaining the evolution of irreducibly complex systems. Biochemical interactions are more intricate and precise than the Swiss watch. Proteins are molecular machines. Their amino acid components are encoded precisely by their genes both as to identity and sequence. Their expression is dependent on other proteins and DNA sequence patterns to ensure that expression is both timely and adaquate in quantity. Such proteins in turn have their own encoding genes. Yet protein synthesis would be impossible despite this level of organization were it not for dozens of different tRNAs, aminoacyl synthetases with multiple active sites, properly sequenced mRNAs, robosomes and timely infused energy in the form of ATP. Some effective antibiotics are based on the idea of disabling one of the the multiple components of this system. Proteins are not synthesized without this breathtakingly precise apparatus. These are precsion parts not a grab bag of junk. Horton, like others who make the same arguments, does not bother to account for how such an irreducibly complex system arose from a precellular environment. And for good reason. There is no evidence that it would.
If you take any organ in the body. ANY organ. And trace it back through evolutionary history you will see how it has evolved through more and sometimes less complex stages, ultimately back to the first multicellular species.
[Bradford]: Correction. You will not see how it evolved. Instead you will be shown other species in what is believed to be the same line of descent. You can then view the differences in an organ. No process of change is on display.
In many ways the big evolutionary jump was not from simple animals to complex ones but from single celled to multi-celled species (although even that may not have been such a big deal at the time - two cells which have failed to separate fully after division can potentially swim faster than any one cell, and so on).
[Bradford]: More stories which get less entertaining as we go on. The differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are enormous. One can start with the basics and compare their genomes to illustrate the point. References to two cells swimming together is a childish bedtime story not a scientific explanation.
Once you have a body with many cells, then the challenges of preventing water loss, moving, taking in oxygen, absorbing nutrients, getting rid off excess fluids and waste products, circulating oxygen and nutrients, responding to stimuli from outside the body, reproducing, can all be done in many different ways and combinations. And initially some of those ways will be quite simple - for example a straight gut with little difference from front to back, and later that gut will become longer and more coiled and with different functions along its length - more complex if you like. Both guts will function very well, and so will the intermediate stages. And this is not theory, we can see all those different ways in both the modern species and in the fossil record.
[Bradford]: Of course we see a variety of phenotype. What Horton and others avoid is pinning down evolutionary causes that can be traced to genetics. For example, where are explanations describing the evolution of nucleosomes and histone acetylation and deacetylation mechanisms? Then we might tie this in with timely transcription before proclaiming the evolution of eukaryotes a done deal.
And, finally, of course complex structures are made up of simple parts. The bodies of all multi cellular animals are made of many cells. All organs are made up of cells, in various combinations and functionalities. All cells are fundamentally the same, but can become specialised, and the combinations of specialised cells are what make up complex organs.
[Bradford]: Cellular differentiation illustrates more not less difficulties with standard evolutionary explanations.
All of that makes sense when evolution is the result of natural selection operating on mutations in a varied and changing environment.
[Bradford]: Another assertion without merit. Natural selection does not explain why or how the different components of the protein synthesis function would evolve nor how that would be related to environmental factors.
What doesn't make sense is that an intelligent designer would come up with a middle ear made from what were originally jaw bones, or an appendix, or an upright species with a back originally evolved for walking on all fours.
[Bradford]: Misconceptions getting in the way of good theology.
David Horton puts on a show in an effort to convince the reader that he is answering a question posed by one of his readers. He is not. Instead we see an obfuscation tactic frequently in evidence when critics confront the issue of irreducible complexity. Comments follow the referenced URL.
"Two great questions about evolution in recent posts in response to my evolution blogs, and here is the second one. One of my readers asks 'How does an irreducibly complex structure appear in the first place? It can't evolve up from from something simple, right? How does a functioning whole come into being from parts?
This is another one of those cases where you read something and a light bulb goes off and you think, ah, that's the problem, that's the reason for the lack of comprehension. And then you think, yes, and this lack of comprehension is why children all over the world are being taught 'intelligent design' in the year 2006, a concept so simple minded that it was discredited 150 years ago."
[Bradford]: This is the first indication that something is seriously amiss in this analysis. Behe, who coined the phrase irreducible complexity, applied it to different biomolecular complexes that were not even dreamed of 150 years ago. Darwin and his contemporaries had no clue as to the make up of cells to say nothing of proteins and their encoding genes. Irreducible complexity is a descriptive term describing biochemical systems consisting of multiple proteins. Let's continue and find the real simple mindedness on display in this paper.
"Is the human body 'complex'? You betcha (but no more 'complex' than the bodies of gorillas and chimps and whales and sheep and bears and kangaroos and mice, and arguably less complex, in some ways, than the bodies of birds and snakes and fish). Did the 'complex' bodies of humans (and all other modern animal species) evolve directly from the 'primeval slime'? Of course not. Did they evolve from it indirectly over a long period of time? Of course."
[Bradford]: We are treated to the standard argument by assertion. Horton is holding a gun filled with blanks. Noone is contending that animals evolved from primeval slime. But Horton does not treat us to an explanation as to how a single cell did evolve in a prebiotic environment. Not surprising. Horton doesn't have a clue. To be fair neither does anyone else. But then why are we told that indirect evolution of course occurred. Horton is hoping for simple minded readers who do not pose questions he cannot answer.
"One big problem is the word 'complex'. Evolution doesn't work to make bodies more complex but more functional. Sometimes this might result in increased complexity, sometimes in increased simplicity. If by complexity people mean bodies with a lot of different organs then a human body is less complex than sheep or cattle which have very complex 'stomachs' or rabbits which have a functional caecum where we only have the remains of a non-functioning reduced caecum (an appendix). Birds have arms modified for flight, and bones modified to be light, fish have swim bladders instead of lungs, and so on. Fish can also analyse pressure variations in water, and some can analyse electrical signals, bats can send and receive very high frequency sounds in a process like radar, snakes can taste the air and receive vibrations through the ground, we can't do any of that stuff. The complexity concept makes no sense at all."
[Bradford]: What drivel. The author is saying nothing that has any relevance to points made by Behe or the questions posed by the reader. Evolutionists like to make the point that evolution has no direction. This fits in with their no intelligent causality position. But in fact the natural history of life on earth (the only planet known to have life) would entail a history of increasing complexity from organic chemicals to unicelluar organisms to eukaryotic organisms. Any legitimate model should explain events that actually took place. In this case increasing complexity would be an observable phenomenon in need of explaining. It makes no sense only to ideologically blinded Darwinists.
More about the article entitled 'Life without DNA Repair' by David M. Wilson III and Larry H. Thompson which can be accessed at the following address.
Some snippets from the article and related comments follow. The article focuses on a deficiency in a base excision repair (BER) component, AAG, a DNA glycosylase that excises damaged DNA bases.
"DNA glycosylases can be separated into two groups: those that possess only an N-glycosidic cleaving activity, and those that possess both an activity to remove substrate bases and an activity to incise the phosphodiester backbone immediately 3 of the resulting AP site via a -lyase mechanism (reviewed in ref. 9). The biological significance of the AP lyase activity, which produces a normal 5-phosphate and an obstructive 3-end (i.e., a 3-deoxyribose moiety or a 3-phosphate), is currently unclear. Furthermore, how, if at all, the type of initiating DNA glycosylase dictates downstream events during BER is unknown. It seems likely, however, that any glycosylase-initiated repair event would proceed through the short-patch pathway in which APE would act as the 3-repair diesterase to remove the abnormal AP lyase-generated 3-terminus before gap filling and ligation."
[Bradford]: This reminds us how many parts there are to the base excision repair mechanism. Not only are there multiple proteins, but there can be multiple active sites too.
"Engelward, Weeda, and colleagues (8) have genetically engineered animals deficient in AAG, a DNA glycosylase that removes a broad spectrum of base damages, including, but likely not limited to, 3MeA, 3-methylguanine, 7-methylguanine, 1,N6-ethenoadenine, hypoxanthine, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine; AAG does not possess an AP lyase activity. It is worth mentioning that the mouse and human AAG proteins are only moderately conserved (80% identity at the amino acid level) and display some differences in their substrate preferences (32). Given this fact and considering the notable disparities that have been observed between certain repair-deficient mice and their counterpart human subjects, we must proceed with caution when interpreting data gathered from animal models. However, this caveat does not diminish the incredible wealth of information that is being obtained from these models (1).
Protein extracts from tissues of AAG (/) animals display essentially no detectable repair activity for 3MeA, 1,N6-ethenoadenine, and hypoxanthine base modifications, although a hint of a minor lung-specific glycosylase activity for 1,N6-ethenoadenine lesions was reported (8). Furthermore, the knockout embryonic stem cells show hypersensitivity to a variety of alkylating agents and, surprisingly, to mitomycin C (33). Thus, AAG likely represents the major repair glycosylase for alkylation base damages, whereas its role in protection against mitomycin C is unclear. The finding that AAG-deficient animals survive embryogenesis raises several issues, particularly in light of the embryonic lethality of the other BER knockouts (Table 1)."
[Bradford]: We see that AAG is likely the glycosylase repairing alkylation base damages but that AAG deficiency is not lethal during embryogenesis in contrast to other BER components. Next we find speculation as to the reason.
"The fifth, and perhaps most likely, explanation for the survival of these animals is that one or more of the other DNA repair systems substitutes for AAG in its absence. There may, in fact, be a minor DNA glycosylase activity that can cope with the normal level of alkylation base damage, but that goes undetected in the repair assays used. The ability to cross different genetically engineered repair-defective backgrounds may uncover any potential overlap of the various corrective systems. For instance, if two repair systems possess redundancy for a common cytotoxic lesion, then breeding the appropriate repair-deficient animals would lead to embryonic lethality of the double knockout. Measuring the distribution of the repair patch lengths in AAG (/) also may provide clues as to which pathway is adopted."
[Bradford]: The fifth possibility is thought to be perhaps the most likely. There may be functional redundancy that allows for other repair components to take up the AAG role. The DNA repair function is clearly a critical one and deserving of more attention from biology's natural historians.
If a judge is to use history to justify a judicial decision the judge should at least get the history right. Viewing the film 'Inherit the Wind', a slanted, fictionalized version of history, to familiarize himself with "historical context" would be comical if Judge Jones were bantering on stage rather than issuing judicial fiats. It is apparent that the judge had his mind made up in advance of the trial and was selectively searching for historical data to support a preconception. These comments appear at the following blog which incidentally is one of the more thought provoking ones on the web.
Below are the notes for my comments at the Traipsing into Evolution book party held at Discovery Institute yesterday. There the four authors discussed Judge Jones’ lengthy opinion in the Dover intelligent design trial, and touched on some of the highlights from the book, which was our response to his opinion.
My primary contribution to the book was comparing Judge Jones’ history of intelligent design with the true history of it I discovered in my research.
For instance, Jones suggests that the design argument began with St. Thomas in the Middle Ages. This was part of the judge’s attempt to depict intelligent design as fundamentally Christian. The problem is that the design argument dates back much further, to the pagan philosophers Socrates and Plato.
Jones also appears unaware of the modern design argument’s rich history in the 20th century, stretching back to discoveries by Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble. This isn’t surprising since Judge Jones told the media that he planned to watch an old Hollywood film, Inherit the Wind, for “historical context.” Inherit the Wind is a thinly veiled account of the 1925 Scopes Monkey trial, where a man was tried for teaching evolution. Taken as history, the film grossly misrepresents the actual trial, a fact well attested to even by historians of science favorably predisposed to Darwinism.
The film’s central trope turns out to be Judge Jones’ central trope: Anyone who questions Darwinism is a dangerous creationist driven by Christian fundamentalist impulses.
In keeping with that trope, Jones suggests that intelligent design is just biblical creationism repackaged after a 1987 Supreme Court decision against biblical creationism.* If Jones had read key briefs submitted to him, he would know that the intelligent design arguments in biology pre-date that Supreme Court decision by several years, drawing on developments in information theory in the ‘50s and the information revolution in biology in the ‘50s and ‘60s.
One of the first to describe the significance of these discoveries was chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi. In the late ‘60s, in essays published in the journal Science and in Chemical and Engineering News, he argued that DNA isn’t reducible to physics and chemistry any more than the sentences in a newspaper are reducible to ink and paper.
Who published the book? The Philosophical Library of New York, a publisher of more than twenty Nobel Laureates. When it appeared, the book was praised by several leading origin-of-life researchers as well as leading British philosopher Antony Flew, at the time an atheist.
These events never make it into the judge’s official history. Jones also ignores discoveries in physics and cosmology that began to reinvigorate the design argument as early as the 1920s.
These culminated in a growing body of evidence suggesting that the universe was fine tuned for life, a point attested to even by prominent scientists outside the intelligent design community. For instance, in 1982 prominent theoretical physicist Paul Davies described this growing evidence for fine tuning as “the most compelling evidence for an element of cosmic design.”[i] Physicist and agnostic Fred Hoyle and Nobel Laureate Arno Penzias made similar statements. Did Judge Jones dismiss their arguments as creationist drivel? Actually, Jones never addresses these matters because he’s apparently unaware of them. They didn’t fit his Inherit the Wind rubric, and so for him they don’t exist.
An excellent article entitled 'Life without DNA Repair' by David M. Wilson III and Larry H. Thompson can be accessed at the following address.
Some snippets from the article and related comments follow.
"The advent of gene targeting techniques has permitted the construction of specific genetic deficiencies to evaluate the biological contribution(s) of an individual protein. Mice lacking a precise DNA repair activity have been generated, and these mutants show various combinations of defective embryogenesis, tissue-specific dysfunction, hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, premature senescence, genetic instability, and elevated cancer rates (1). That repair-deficient animals display such abnormalities underscores the fundamental importance of DNA repair in protecting against the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of DNA damage."
[Bradford]: There is much evidence indicating that in the absence of DNA repair mechanisms genomes become corrupted in short order. This brings up a historic question. How would that first putative genome avoid the natural tendency to lose genetic information which occurs without a built in self-correction mechanism? In addition what evidence is there that a prebiotic environment would generate genetic information much less accumulation of such information at a pace that exceeds the information lost?
"Proteins participating in base excision repair (BER) cope with chromosomal damages that arise as spontaneous decomposition products or from reactions with metabolically or environmentally derived reactive chemicals (2)namely oxygen free radicals and alkylating agents."
[Bradford]: This brings up another point. Evolutionists have explained that as we look back in time to eras in which living organisms lacked biological capacities found in presently existing organisms, such organisms would have faced less competition because competing organisms also were less developed. Enhanced capacities are correlated to keener competition. However one type of challenge should have existed throughout history. Challenges to life based on environmental factors specifically, chemical reactions, should have existed at the outset as they exist today. General examples are cited by the authors. Nucleic acids are vulnerable to environmentally generated damaging reactions. Why would this not necessitate encoded self-correcting mechanisms at the origin of life? How do they fit Darwinian models?
An article at the referenced URL contains comments that are typical of exaggerated claims for evolution. A part of the article appears below along with my comments.
"This is like teaching chemistry and skipping (the) periodic table," she said. "Evolution is the idea that living things had common ancestors, and common ancestry of living things is what explains why biological phenomena are the way they are."
[Bradford]: Is that so? What is really amazing is how little is explained by evolution. How does evolution explain metabolic pathways? How does evolution explain how the transcription and translation functions evolved? How does evolution account for an initial replicating genome? Error detection and correction mechanisms that maintain genomic integrity? The evolution of a mechanism designed to cope with supercoiling?
"I go to church every Sunday," said panelist Joseph Travis, dean of FSU's College of Arts and Sciences and a biology professor who's taught evolution. Believing in evolution and God is not contradictory for many people, Travis said. Whether Darwin's theory of evolution explains everything already is questioned in science classes, he said. What concerns Travis is the view that understanding evolution is optional for students.
"The classic example are things like pathogens," he said. "They use methods from evolutionary biology to discern what strain of influenza to use to develop next year's vaccine. That affects a lot of people."
[Bradford]: Evolutionists like to hijack credit from disciplines like virology, molecular biology and more where the real action takes place.
Evolution "determines how we teach critical thinking, how we go about thinking what science is and how science is to be taught," said Frank Stephenson, editor of FSU's Research and Review magazine that is sponsoring the forum.
[Bradford]: Critical thinking is restricted to outcomes favorable to Darwinism.
Said Michigan State University philosophy of science professor Robert Pennock, who will be on the panel: "The Dover trial really was the test case for intelligent design. Creationists had lost in the courts in the 1980s and had to retool their position. Hopefully this will help teachers who want to teach good science to do that without worrying."
[Bradford]: Good science entails teaching students that the most basic biological systems and biochemical pathways are unexplained by Darwinian paradigms.
The following quoted paragraph is found in an article appearing in the referenced URL. It reflects a common practice of ignoring a glaring weakness of currently accepted biological paradigms that are said to account for the "diversity and complexity of life." The paragraph is broken into parts to allow for my comments.
>"The biologist, Randy Olson, accepts that there is no credible scientific challenge to the theory of evolution as an explanation for the diversity and complexity of life on earth."
[Bradford]: Evolution does not explain either. Evidence for adaptation by means of its random mutation, natural selection model is variation within species. Examples cited are generally rapidly reproducing unicellular organisms or insects which revert to prior allele frequency when the environment changes.
Nor does it explain the origin of life. If evolution begins with a living cell then we are left without an adaquate scientific explanation as to how life came about in the first place. Evolutionists can point out that this is within the parameter of abiogenesis, not evolution, but the impotency of scientific claims about life's origins is telling given the lack of meaningful explanations provided by origin of life proponents.
As long as advocates of evolution are able to assert that chemical reactions generated a minimal functioning genome in prebiotic conditions without having to explain what those reactions were, then they have effectively immunized their theory from competition. Generation of a genetic code, which is distinct from the matter associated with its manifestation, is assumed to arise without intelligence despite the lack of evidence that it does so. The objection that secondary inferences about the "supernatural" can be made from intelligent causality enables evolutionists to eliminate the possibility of challenges a priori.
>"He agrees that intelligent design's embrace of a supernatural "agent" puts it outside the realm of science."
[Bradford]: Why not squarely face the issue of how genetic information is generated through precellular chemical reactions while leaving the supernatural arguments to theology? How is the foregoing accomplished without intelligence?
Here is a human interest story with an evolutionary twist to it.
CHICAGO - Women looking for a long-term relationship like men who like children — and they can tell which guys might be interested in becoming fathers just by looking at their faces. Those are among the findings of a study of college students published Wednesday in a British scientific journal.
"This study suggests that women are picking up on facial cues that are perhaps related to paternal qualities," said James Roney, a University of California at Santa Barbara psychologist and lead author of the study. "The more they perceived the men as liking kids, the more likely they could see having a longer-term relationship."
"Experts said evolution has apparently programmed women to recognize men who might be interested in propagating the species by raising a family."
[Bradford]: It was evolution huh? How do random mutations program this? Let's see.
"The study wasn't all bad news for men not interested in settling down. It found that women can look at men's faces and figure out which of them have the highest testosterone levels. Those men — rated the most masculine by the women — turn out to be just the kind of guys they would want for a fling."
[Bradford]: You need a sense of humor at times like this. Evolution is credited with the "programming' needed to enable "women to recognize men who might be interested in propagating the species by raising a family" and also presumably for the capacity to figure out who the men are with the highest testosterone levels who "turn out to be just the kind of guys they would want for a fling." Now envision your putative cave woman having her fling and then getting pregnant with a child having the macho man's genes. The more sensitive fatherly type then cares for the child and ensures the survival of macho man's genes. These stories are priceless.
"Women make very good use of any information they get from a man's face," said co-author Dario Maestripieri, an associate professor of comparative human development at the University of Chicago. "Depending on what they want and where they are in their lives, they use this information differently."
"In the study, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, researchers looked at a group of 39 men, ages 18 to 33, at the University of Chicago. Each man was shown 10 pairs of photographs and silhouettes, one of an adult and the other of an infant, and asked to rate their preferences. Meanwhile, their saliva was tested to determine testosterone levels.
Photographs of the men's faces were then shown to 29 women, ages 18 to 20, at the University of California at Santa Barbara.
The women were asked to rate the men on four qualities: "likes children," "masculine," "physically attractive" and "kind." Then they were asked to rate how attractive they found each man for short-term and long-term romance.
The study found women did well at rating men on their interest in babies, and those they rated masculine generally had higher testosterone levels than the others.
For example, the men who indicated they liked children the most were rated as above average in liking children by 20 of the 29 women. The men who showed no interest in children were correctly rated as below average in that category by 19 of the women.
The higher the women rated the men for masculinity, the higher they were rated as potential short-term romantic partners. The higher they rated men for their interest in children, the higher they were rated for long-term romance.
The features that research has suggested denote high testosterone levels include a prominent jaw and a heavy beard.
The findings came as no surprise to those in the business of studying human behavior — and love.
"What this study illustrates is that there are genetic programs that increase survival of the species because there are hormones in women that are cuing their reactions to the hormones of the men," said Dr. Daniel Alkon, scientific director of the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute in Morgantown, W.Va., and Washington.
Or as Kristin Kelly, a spokeswoman for the online dating service Match.com, put it: "They call it `love at first sight' for a reason. They don't say `love at first sentence,' `love at first word.'"
It is unclear just what about the men's faces tipped the women off about their interest in children. While Maestripieri guessed it might have something to do with "a more rounded face, a gentler face," Roney said the answer might be found in the expressions on the men's faces.
He explained that after the study was completed, five graduate students were asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 7 whether the men looked angry or happy. Though the men were instructed to have a neutral look on their faces when photographed, some apparently looked happier than others.
"It seemed that the men who picked more infants in that test had a happier or more content look on their face," he said."
Excerpts from the article at the referenced web site discuss a familiar topic- where and if intelligent design should be discussed. My comments are included.
"If any ideas evolved at a forum on intelligent design at Palisades High School on Tuesday, it was that public schools should offer philosophy classes where questions about human origins could be discussed.
[Bradford]: I take it then that OOL or abiogenesis issues are also to be discussed in philosophy classes. If not why?
Sharon Mendelson, one of about 80 people who attended the panel discussion, said the science classroom is the wrong place to discuss whether a higher intelligence has had a role in life. A philosophy class is the better venue, she said, winning applause from audience members at the forum sponsored by the high school's Students for Social Change club."
[Bradford]: Do philosophy classes now accomodate questions related to the origin of the genetic code? If the study of organic chemistry yields no evidence favoring the view that the code was the result of unguided natural forces then why would a discussion of such be suitable in a philosophy class as opposed to a class in biology, genetics, chemistry...?
"Two science teachers, including Palisades biology teacher Pat Raynock, disagreed that intelligent design should be discussed in the classroom. “We look for evidence, testable evidence, not revelation,” Raynock said."
[Bradford]: In that case why not hypothesize as to what the precursor of a minimal genome was and subject whatever that is to selective pressure in a prebiotic environment and observe what natural forces produce? At what point does it become obvious that unguided natural forces are not up to the task at hand?
"Lehigh University biology teacher Steven Krawiec, who noted his church membership, also said that evolutionists are not focusing on the origin of life. Instead, they focus on the changes in species over time, something that can be demonstrated."
[Bradford]: Genetic change is not controversial. The type of change needed to produce a eukaryotic organism from a prokaryote is but, this type of change is exactly what is not demonstrated.
A common objection to intelligent design is the claim that it is unscientific. Those advancing this objection can hope to project that fabled attitude of scientific objectivity. The claim rings hollow for many. Now they can cite students who are at least frank enough to acknowledge their real reasons. This blog entry from Telic Thoughts reveals the objection by association phenomenon. This occurring at one of our Ivy League schools where one might expect a rejection based on evidence. Alas this is not to be.
Students reject ID over motives, not science? Oh, the humanity!
I have been teaching a new course on the frontiers of science, required for all freshmen at Columbia. These students are mostly sharp, capable, and open-minded. Still, many of them think that intelligent design should be studied in the interest of being fair and balanced. What’s troubling is that even those who accept evolution often treat it as a matter of belief, of political persuasion, as if it were akin to being for or against free trade. And if they reject intelligence design it’s often not because they can see its vacuousness as a scientific theory, but merely because the religious and conservative stripes of ID can sometimes look a little uncool. As for science, reason, evidence — what’s that? Students rejecting intelligent design, not because of any knowledge of science, but because they associate it with that “uncool” religious right? Sounds like they’ve been listening to Peter Ward."
A review of "Information Theory and Molecular Biology" by Hubert Yockey located at the referenced website contains the following remarks.
Contrary to engineering systems, there is no encoding process in the biological world. There is neither a Master Mind encoding information in DNA nor a natural process encoding information (from proteins or whatever source) into DNA. DNA is only decoded. In artificial systems, decoding implies encoding. Not so in genetic systems. Therefore, the encoding part of the 'information metaphor' is misleading."
[Bradford]: The author's conclusion reveals a philosophical bias. Since we are focused on a biological system we are to assume that genetic information is encoded in the absence of intelligence. This is both counter-intuitive and contrary to experience. Why refer to this as a "metaphor" while holding onto the remainder of the analogy? Why do so when no laws of chemistry are shown to predict that genetic information is generated from organic molecules under specified conditions?
Academic freedom is indeed no longer assured. It has become license for some. For others, whose views lie outside academic political norms, denial of tenure is a reality in spite of "academic freedom." Physicians are in a unique position to observe real effects of mutations. They are associated with disease and dysfunction in the real world. They are not observed leading to the formation of new functions composed of multiple novel proteins. The following statement can be found at the referenced URL.
"As medical doctors we are skeptical of the claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the origination and complexity of life and we therefore dissent from Darwinian macroevolution as a viable theory. This does not imply the endorsement of any alternative theory.
As PSSI International, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation, contributions by PSSI members to the cost of the DVD distribution or other activities and events will be tax deductible. Our goal is to hold these educational events with a minimal admission fee, or no admission fee at all, to maximize attendance."
This article contains an interesting inference about the presence of nitrogen on another planet. It should not be there, at least not in abundance, argues Professor Kenneth Nealson. He explains that "substantial organic nitrogen deposits found in the soil of Mars, or of another planet, likely would have resulted from biological activity." Nealson's point is related to another unspoken assumption about life's origins. It is assumed to result from a series of chemical interactions that led to a cell. If this were so and the natural laws describing chemistry are the same throughout the universe then one would expect to find life under suitable conditions.
There is a missing factor though namely, intelligence. Life's information rich nucleic acids contain encoding properties enabling the synthesis of proteins as long as there is a cellular synthesis mechanism in place. The right conditions might make the formation of RNA possible outside a cellular environment. But nothing we know about organic chemistry predicts that a specified protein encoding sequence of nucleotides would be found in such nucleic acids. That is, not in the absence of intelligent guidance.
The narrow search for water can miss important clues, say USC geobiologists.
“If you found nitrogen in abundance on Mars, you would get extremely excited because it shouldn’t be there,” said USC College professor Kenneth Nealson.
The great search for extraterrestrial life has focused on water at the expense of a crucial element, say USC geobiologists.
Even if NASA were to find water on Mars, its presence only would indicate the possibility of life, said Kenneth Nealson, Wrigley Professor of earth sciences in USC College.
Co-author Douglas Capone, Wrigley Professor of environmental biology in USC College, said NASA should establish a nitrogen detection program alongside its water-seeking effort. He noted that next-generation spacecraft will have advanced sampling capabilities.
The authors also thanked NASA, the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation for their financial support.
OSLO (Reuters) - Scientists have found about 10-20 new species of tiny creatures in the depths of the Atlantic in a survey that will gauge whether global warming may harm life in the oceans, an international report said on Thursday.
The survey, of tropical waters between the eastern United States and the mid-Atlantic ridge, used special nets to catch fragile zooplankton -- animals such as shrimp, jellyfish and swimming worms -- at lightless depths of 1-5 km (0.6-3 miles).
"This was a voyage of exploration ... the deepest parts of the oceans are hardly ever sampled," said Peter Wiebe, the cruise's scientific leader and senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the United States.
"We found perhaps 10-20 new species of zooplankton," he said of the 20-day voyage by 28 scientists from 14 nations in April.
Most life, including commercial fish stocks, is in the top 1 km of water, but the scientists said the survey showed a surprising abundance even in the depths. The survey will provide a benchmark to judge future changes to the oceans.
New finds among thousands of zooplankton species caught included six types of ostracods, a shrimp-like creature, and other species of zooplankton such as swimming snails and worms.
Zooplankton are animals swept by ocean currents, mostly millimeters-long but ranging up to jellyfish trailing long tails.
Among 120 types of fish caught, the scientists found what may be a new type of black dragonfish, with fang-like teeth, growing up to about 40 cm (15 inches), and a 20-cm-long great swallower, with wide jaws and a light-producing organ to attract prey.
"By 2010, the research ... will provide a baseline against which future generations can measure changes to the zooplankton and their provinces, caused by pollution, over-fishing, climate change, and other shifting environmental conditions," said Ann Bucklin, lead scientist for the zooplankton census project at the University of Connecticut.
Most scientists believe the planet is warming because of a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, mainly from human burning of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles and factories since the Industrial Revolution.
The oceans absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide but the process raises levels of carbonic acid in the seas. That build-up could threaten marine life, for instance by making it harder for crabs or oysters to build shells.
Zooplankton are a key to transporting carbon dioxide to the depths because they can swim 500 meters (yards) up and down daily. Many species eat their own weight every day in plant phytoplankton species near the surface.
By one estimate, 10,000 kg (22,000 lb) of plant phytoplankton is needed to feed 1,000 kg of small zooplankton.
The expedition was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and used NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown. The findings are also part of a wider Census of Marine Life trying to map the oceans.
Scientists from Argentina, Australia, Britain, Canada, China, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States took part.
Evolution proposes that an accumulation of gradual changes favored by natural selection produced the biological systems found among living organisms. It's a logical argument. But what do favorable changes "look like" and how do they produce biological systems? The focus of this post will be a particular system known as the lac operon; extensively studied in a prokaryotic organism known as E coli. Evolution is frequently spoken of in abstract terms but some general approaches to evolution on a molecular level can be gleaned from the study of the lac operon.
1. Is lac function possible without both ß-galactosidase and ß-galactoside permease? If not how was were they integrated into the operon and what was the sequence of events? Does permease have selective value in the absence of a means to metabolize lactose and would a gene encoding ß-galactosidase be selected if permease could not be synthesized?
2. How would the promotor, operator and repressor protein integrate themselves into the regulatory process? What was the sequence of events?
Similar questions arise when examining other biological complexes and the number increases in proportion to the complexity of the systems. Most are more complex than the lac operon. Defenders of evolution often argue that if they can envision or imagine pathways and intermediate functions then Behe's point about irreducible complexity has been adaquately addressed. However Behe's real point is an empirical one. Pathways to irreducibly complex systems are theoretical not observed. As long as this is so Behe's point remains unrefuted.
"A common weapon that is used to advance the "theory" of intelligent design is to posit that evolutionary biology cannot explain everything — that there remains uncertainty in the fossil record and that there is as yet no consensus on the origin or nature of the first self-replicating organisms. This, too, reflects a basic misunderstanding about how science works, for, in fact, all scientific theories, even those that are approaching 150 years of age, are works in progress."
[Bradford]: More accurately, advances in scientific knowledge are a continuing work in progress. Such advances can lend credence to a theory or detract from its credibility. The assumption that future knowledge favors a predetermined outcome indicates that objectivity has been compromised.
"Scientists live with uncertainty all the time and are not just reconciled to it but understand that it is an integral part of scientific progress. We know that for every question we answer, there is a new one to be posed. Indeed, the very word, "theory," is misunderstood by many who take it to mean an "idea" that has no greater or lesser merit than any other idea. The fact that Darwin's "ideas" on natural selection have stood the test of time through keen experimental challenge does not give his theory special status in their eyes."
[Bradford]: That lethal genetic changes are selected against is not in dispute. But where is experimental support for the concept that life arose through selected chemical outcomes or that universal metabolic pathways evolved through a selection process? How was a minimal genome selected and where is experimental support for the contention that the irreducibly complex translation function evolved? Add hundreds of other irreducibly complex biological systems to that list.
"There are also those who exploit the fact that scientists often disagree over the interpretation of specific findings or the design of experiments to argue that nothing is settled and thus anything is possible. The fact of the matter is that fierce disagreement is the stuff of scientific inquiry, and the constant give-and-take is needed to test the mettle of our ideas and sharpen our thinking. It is not, as many would claim, prima facie evidence for deep fissures in the central tenets of natural selection.
Of course, the real test of whether intelligent design is a scientific theory, comparable to Darwin's theory of natural selection and worthy of equal consideration in the biology classroom, is whether it poses testable hypotheses. Here the answer is self-evident — it does not — and therefore it has no place in the science curriculum of America's public schools, which rest on the premise that the state has no constitutional authority to impart supernatural truths."
[Bradford]: Let's take the last part first. What supernatural truth is revealed in the contention that the sequential order of nucleotides in nucleic acids, rather than their chemical composition, imparts their selective value? How is the position that this is relevant to whether a minimal genome would arise in a prebiotic environment, without intelligent input, a supernatural truth? There is nothing supernatural about DNA with encoding properties. There is however something amiss in assuming that on a planet devoid of both life and nucleic acids, an unspecifed series of chemical interactions not only led to the formation of nucleic acids but also to at least one with both encoding properties and a biochemical means to translate and replicate the same.
"Rather than searching for explanations for the complexity that is surely present in each living organism, intelligent design accepts that this complexity is beyond human understanding because it is the work of a higher intelligence, leading logically to the conclusion that experimentation — the tried and true basis for scientific progress — is pointless. The result is an intellectual dead end."
[Bradford]: Baloney. ID does not claim that biological systems are beyond human understanding because they are the work of a higher intelligence as alleged. This kind of straw man promotes intellectual dishonesty. Who made this claim? Dembski? Behe? Stephen Meyer? IDers are as curious as anyone to uncover the unknown and are not excoriated because they differ as to the components of a biochemical pathway, the nature of a cellular system or anything of scientific significance. They are criticized for believing intelligence better explains the origin of particular biological systems. The impact of this is felt more in the realm of the philospophical than in science. Antagonism toward ID can also be traced to extra-scientific motives.
"In fact, because there is no prediction that can be tested, the future of intelligent design is dependent on the failure of experiments designed to test other hypotheses."
[Bradford]: Another misconception. If data is capable of supporting a paradigm that is dependent on the adaquacy of biological mechanisms to generate sufficient selected changes over long time eras then data that contravenes this is data that can be used to support an alternative paradigm.
Stephen Meyer cited numerous studies in his paper 'Intelligent Design: The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories'1 to butress his points that proteins and their encoding genes are highly specified to their functional roles and correspondingly sensitive to loss of function caused by sequence alterations. Limitations on amino acid residue variation when combined with mutation rate data and evolutionary time frames can suggest that a design paradigm is more consistent with what we know. Meyer cited one study indicating loss of protein function invariably occured in cases involving multiple amino acid substitutions. Tilghman may claim such references illustrate a dependency on "failure of experiments" but the concern is not a failure of science to advance in knowledge but rather evidence of concern for a "failure" of data to support a preferred outcome.
"It is ironic that intelligent design's reliance on negative proof exacerbates what religious historians have called the "shrinking God" problem. Each time a natural phenomenon that has been attributed to divine inspiration is explained by scientific exploration, the role for an intelligent designer is diminished. In other words, they are setting up God to fail."
[Bradford]: Now we are treated to the author's theological concern. It is also another straw man; a variation of the God of the gaps charge. Lack of knowledge as to how x occurs is the basis for a belief in a divine cause or so it goes. Actually most IDers, be they Christian Muslims or Jews, believe the universe functions in an orderly manner that was preordained by God. The implication being natural phenomenon operate this way independently of our knowledge. Attribution of divine causality is not dependent on scientific developments. That is not the same as saying that intelligence is indetectable. That's Ken Miller's position and he is entilted to his theology. What he and others are not entitled to is maintaining that scientific evidence precludes intelligence as a causal component of biological origins.
The "shrinking God" argument is a strange one. It's indicative of motive and a hidden one at that. If Darwinists wish to make the argument that either there is no God or that it is impossible to link natural phenomenon to intelligent causality then let them not hide behind science in doing so.


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$7k including shipping to Continental US– Almost everything you could want or need in a Renesis Race Package! Will not separate.
6 port motor freshly rebuilt by RP performance (0 hours) with all new Steel seals and gaskets. No engine oil or oil injection pump on this motor. It is set up as a dry sump motor with pre-mix fuel. I’ve swapped to a Peripheral Port motor on my Diasio 962R!
Moroso Dry sump 3 stage oil pump – 10 hours since rebuild – Stock filter pedestal & filter housing included if you prefer. Comes with 2 cog belts. Flat plate oil pan currently installed. High pressure oil bypass included depending on your use. Good for 10 GPM and 120 psi.
MicroTech ECU – includes ignition module and performance LS style coils, already tuned with a map to get about 260 HP at the flywheel. Complete wire harness included with relays and sensors. Programming Dongle and cable included.

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


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In 2014 I was brought on to help a large government department here in Australia to think about the future of transportation. For more than a year I was delving into the behaviours and technology that drive our movements and activities along roads and highways. It really changed how I thought about and engaged with transportation - and the environment.
I believe we are all on this planet to make an impact and to create a difference.
Often we don't realize how fortunate we are to have water when we open our taps or to not spend our nights in darkness with no electricity. These are things that we sometimes take for granted. Having travelled around the world and being associated with WWF Nepal as the Young Conservative Ambassador in 2010, I realize that we need to own up to our actions and understand that the Earth is our home.
So how can we as individuals take a step to protect what is ours?
I am Anuram Chaudhary, and I come from a small village in Bardia in Nepal with my backyard home to the forests, tigers and rhinos of Bardia National Park.
I have always been inspired by the power that we have as individuals to make a change, and Earth Hour was just one great reason to channel that power into action.
Organizing the largest collective environmental movement in my country helped me realize that the Earth is not only a home to us, humans, but to millions of other species and that we need to restore the balance between the biodiversity for the positive future of our shared home.
I’ve always lived in coastal cities - Mumbai, Los Angeles, Singapore - and that’s why the oceans have been so important to me. And why plastic pollution really frustrates me. It seems like such a giant problem - tonnes and tonnes of plastic that will stay in our oceans and lands forever, choking turtles, being ingested by fish whom we in turn eat, suffocating our lands, leaking microplastics into our food chain - with no easy solution. And I think that’s true to an extent. Living in an urban city, it’s hard to rid your life of single-use plastic.

industry_corpus2: Transportation


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INDIANAPOLIS, Thursday, April 2, 2015 – The Indianapolis Motor Speedway and long-standing partner Chevrolet have agreed to a multi-year extension of their partnership agreement.
Among the key elements of their partnership, Chevrolet will continue its role as an Official Sponsor of the Verizon IndyCar Series Angie’s List Grand Prix of Indianapolis, the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race and the Crown Royal presents the “Your Hero’s Name Here 400” at the Brickyard NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race.
A Chevrolet has also served as the official pace car for the NASCAR Brickyard 400 since 1994, leading the field to the green flag 21 times. At the inaugural Angie’s List Grand Prix of Indianapolis, a 2014 Corvette Stingray convertible served as the official pace car for the first ever IndyCar road course race held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
The second annual Angie’s List Grand Prix of Indianapolis will take place on Saturday, May 9, 2015, the 99th Running of the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race will be held on Sunday, May 24, 2015, and the green flag will wave on Sunday, July 26, 2015, to start the 22nd Crown Royal presents the “Your Hero’s Name Here” 400 at the Brickyard.


text: I first started to enjoy jazz when I was about nine through watching films like The Glenn Miller Story, The Benny Goodman Story and anything with Gene Krupa on drums. In my early teens I began to delve into modern jazz: first Stan Getz, the MJQ and Dave Brubeck, then the likes of Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Charles Mingus, Sonny Rollins, Jackie McLean and Ornette Coleman. When I was 15, disgusted by the general drubbing that my hero, Brubeck, got (from the critics, not the public) I submitted an article defending him to Jazz Journal. The legendary Sinclair Traill, founder and then-editor of JJ, disagreed with everything I said but enjoyed the article and published it. Soon after, I had pieces published in Jazz Monthly, International Times, Jazz and Blues and several fanzines. In my late teens I was, for a while, Secretary of the British Institute of Jazz Studies and contributing editor of its magazine. Then I dropped out of the fanzine scene, but at a Christmas party in 1985 I met the late, much-missed Richard Cook. He had just been appointed editor of The Wire and, remembering some of my earlier writings, invited me to contribute to the magazine, which I did for about a quarter of a century. I subsequently contributed to Jazz Review, Jazz on CD, Jazzwise, Gramophone, Music Week, Classic CD, Avant, The Rough Guide to Classical Music and The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz (for which I wrote 45,000 words without the aid of free samples from the sponsor) and currently contribute to BBC Music, allaboutjazz.com and, of course, Jazz Journal. I currently present a jazz show and a “left-field” show (which often features the more outré reaches of jazz and improv) on my local radio station, 10Radio (105.3 FM and www.10radio.org).

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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College life is a period of growth that goes well beyond the classroom. SUNY Morrisville’s counseling services are always available to assist you and help you reach your career goals.
If you need to talk to someone confidentially about your personal, social, and emotional well-being, or any other reason, Morrisville’s Counseling Services can offer a variety of assistance, including one-on-one sessions with a counseling professional.
Counseling can help you identify your feelings and understand your thoughts and behaviors. Counselors listen without judgment and help you sort out what you may be thinking, feeling or to help you cope with a specific challenge.
Consultation can address your concerns about important people and challenges in your life. Counselors provide information and materials regarding a variety of mental health topics. Consultation also includes information and resources on relaxation, meditation and other mindfulness techniques.
Outreach: Morrisville’s counselors offer workshops, informative publications and activities on campus each semester. Look for information about our activities on the campus information channel, via e-mail and posters.
To find out more about Counseling Services at SUNY Morrisville, contact Counseling Services at 315.684.6078 or the Dean of Students’ Office at 315.684.6070.

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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14.hxg6 What should Black play?
The seventh round at the Paris Grand Prix 2013 had Hikaru Nakamura beat Fabiano Caruana easily thanks to a horrible blunder. In the position on the left, the critical line is 14…fxg6 15.g4!? which Nakamura described as ‘certainly playable’, where he undoubtedly had some ideas in mind. Caruana chose 14…hxg6 and after 15.Bxd4! Qxd4 16.Qe1 saw himself forced to give his queen and resigned shortly after. Also 15…Bxd4 16.Qh6 Qd6 17.Rxd4! Qxd4 18.Qh7+ Kf8 19.Qh8+ would have left Black a piece down and a lost position. Replay the game with Chess King.
Boris Gelfand and Fabiano Caruana are in joint lead after six rounds at the Paris Chess Grand Prix. The only decisive game of the sixth round saw Caruana beat Vassily Ivanchuk. The latter resigned. Ivanchuk expressed his bewilderment in the press conference, saying he was calculating 16…f6 but then his “hands moved 16…Bd7″! He could not cope with the shock and quickly lost the game afterwards. Replay the game with Chess King and read the game notes by WGM Alina l’Ami at the official website.
Vassily Ivanchuk went down to Alexander Grischuk in the fifth round of the Paris Chess Grand Prix on Friday. In a Grunfeld with 4.Bf4, Ivanchuk employed the rare move 7.c5 since, as Grischuk mentioned during the press conference: “otherwise it’s basically a forced draw”. The position doesn’t look that bad for White, were it not for 30…Bc4! 31.Nc3 Bf1! winning the g2-pawn and with it – the game. (Read WGM Alina l’Ami news reports at official website) Replay the game with Chess King.
Difficult Chess Strategy Video Class: What’s White’s Best Plan?
Anatoly Karpov gives Unzicker a lesson in strategy of particularly high level. Find the best strategic plan for white. The chess video class is taken by 12th Women’s World Chess Champion Alexandra Kosteniuk.
Boris Gelfand is leading at the Paris Chess Grand Prix 2013 after three rounds. You can watch the last leg of the Grand Prix Series 2012/13 at the official site. In the game against Domingquez, Gelfand was in the copybook position of Queen versus Rook. He was up to the challenge. Watch the game with Chess King. We also have a nice chess video teaching you how to win Queen vs Rook endgames.
The Paris Chess Grand Prix witnessed four decisive games in Round 3. One of these games was the full-of-fireworks Hikaru Nakamura – Etienne Bacrot 1-0. Black played 12…c5 and after 13.Bxc4! dxc4 14.d5! saw himself forced to sacrifice a piece with 14…Nxd5 15.0-0-0 Qa5. Although optically speaking he seemed to get some play, both of the players agreed it should not be enough. Bacrot summed it up very clearly ‘I played bad’, writes WGM Alina l’Ami on the official site where you can watch a live replay of the games.
Round 2 at the Paris Chess Grand Prix witness just one decisive game: Laurent Fressinet – Alexander Grischuk 1-0. The game cruising along fine with Grischuk even going into the endgame with a very slight advantage. However, Fressinet defended well and Grischuk’s time-trouble tipped the balance. Replay the game with the Houdini-powered Chess King.
You will certainly enjoy the solution to this chess study. Very instructive.
Learn how to solve difficult chess studies and puzzles with 12th Women’s World Chess Champion Alexandra Kosteniuk at ChessKillerTips.
A quick look at how the World Chess Champion plays.
This special video podcast is hosted by 12th Women’s World Chess Champion Alexandra Kosteniuk. Have you seen all the podcasts?
Women’s World Chess Championship Match 2013 between the current World Champion Anna Ushenina of Ukraine and her challenger, Hou Yifan of China (former World Champion 2010-2012), was played from September 11-27 at the Taizhou Hotel (Taizhou, China). With this, the seventh game, Hou Yifan has once again won the title. Read a report on Chess Blog.
From the game Aronian – Radjabov, Monaco 2007.
White just played 6. c4, how does Black continue? The video is hosted by Chess Queen Alexandra Kosteniuk.
World No. 1 Magnus Carlsen has won the inaugural Sinquefield Chess Cup in Saint Louis a full point ahead of the field of star Grandmasters like Levon Aronian, Gata Kamsky and Hikaru Nakamura. Here is the last-round game in which both Carlsen and Aronian offered a draw to each other at various points and both rejected the offer to play on. Eventually, Carlsen won. All annotations are by Grandmaster Varuzhan Akobian (official website). Read a report on Chess Blog.
Begin the week with a quick chess puzzle that does not require too much thinking. Pep up your coffee with this puzzle, and pep up your chess training with Chess King.
Alexander Grischuk has won the ACP Cup – 2013. The final match Grischuk-Nepomniachtchi reached the Armageddon stage, after the players drew both rapid games after exciting fight, and later exchanged the victories in the blitz games. In the final game, Grischuk gained an advantage in the opening, and emerged victorious. Read a report on Chess Blog. Replay the game in the Chess King applet.
China’s Hou Yifan, the Challenger, has taken a two-point lead against reigning Women’s World Chess Champion, Anna Ushenina of Ukraine. Here’s the third game of the match where Black crushed the champion. The match is being played in Taizhou, China. Read a report on Chess Blog. You can replay the game in the Chess King applet below.
The Chess Queen’s Zugzwang: White Checkmates in Seven!
Here is a nice chess study with White working out a nice checkmate in seven. It’s not all that difficult if you get the strategic idea right. This chess study is composed by L. Grunewald. Enjoy your Friday chess lesson with Chess King.
Reigning Women’s World Chess Champion Anna Ushenina of Ukraine held her ground and drew the second game with Challenger Hou Yifan at the World Chess Championship currently on in China. Ushenina trails in the match as she lost the first game. Read a full report on Round 2 on Chess Blog. You can replay the game in the Chess King applet below.
The Sinquefield is an exciting chess event currently on in Saint Louis. After three rounds, half-way that is, Hikaru Nakamura is in lead. Read a full report on Chess Blog. Here is the Kamsky-Aronian annotated by GM Ben Finegold (official website). Replay the game with Chess King applet in the extended post.

industry_corpus2: Sports


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We help alleviate the stresses of poverty in ways that engage & empower people. from roofs to clean water and healthcare to education, together we build solutions that make sense.
Thank you to the communities that we are privileged enough to work with, for opening your doors & our eyes.
And to all of you whose support continues to make these projects possible, you are truly what drive positive change and make our world a better place.

industry_corpus2: Others


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The University of Southampton Auditory Implant Service (USAIS) has welcomed its first ever couple to receive cochlear implants at the same time.
Around 13,000 people in the UK now have cochlear implants to assist their hearing, with a large number of those – just over 1,100 – receiving their implants through USAIS which serves as the regional centre for the south and is the only service of its kind based at a university rather than at a hospital.
Deaf from birth, Neil and Helen Robinson had implant surgery in November 2016, performed by Mr Tim Mitchell, Consultant Ear, Nose and Throat Surgeon, at the Nuffield Health Wessex Hospital in Chandler’s Ford, Hampshire. The couple, now in their 50’s, returned to USAIS in January 2017 to have their implants switched on during the same session. Until that moment, Neil and Helen had lived in a world virtually without sound, communicating with each other via sign language, lip reading and frustrating attempts to use hearing aids.
The inner part of the type of implant they received houses 16 electrodes which receive information sent by the processor on the outside of the skull. When this happens pulses of electricity are sent to the brain which then deciphers those pulses into sounds.
Exactly how much the pair will eventually be able to hear remains to be seen but their experiences will help researchers shape future understanding about how the implants can benefit a less- developed auditory system. For Neil and Helen, each day since the switch-on has brought new challenges and surprises as they begin to explore their ‘new’ life in the hearing world.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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These factsheets, aimed at medical students, cover substance misuse across medical disciplines and include common clinical presentations and management of such within four categories: these are Clinical Presentations; Specialities and Settings; Communication,treatment and prevention interventions; and Distinctive Groups. They were developed for the Substance Misuse in the Undergraduate Medical Curriculum project.
Reviews substance use and how it is associated with cardiovascular problems.
This factsheet reviews drug and alcohol use and how it is associated with infectious diseases and covers, viral infections, respiratory infections, acute bacterial infections and sexually transmitted infections.
Explores the overlap between neurology and substance misuse.
This factsheet illustrates the association of gastrointestinal medical problems with substance misuse with a vignette.
Considers the treatment and management of patients with substance misuse problems having surgery.
Drug misuse can result in attendance at Accident and Emergency and may include acute toxicity, injuries and/or psychiatric complications of drug use. This factsheet describes the management of these conditions.
Alcohol-related harm results in large numbers attending Accident and Emergency. This factsheet describes the management of people in A&E with alcohol related conditions.
Outlines the role that GPs have with patients who misuse substances, including assessment, treatment and referral.
Explores gambling as a public health issue and discusses it as a disorder, its assessment and treatment.
Describes the need for screening and assessment, provides a detailed history taking schedule and includes examples of tools used to screen and assess for drug, alcohol and nicotine use.
Describes the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, the treatment options, including onward referrals.
Outlines the diversity of medications used in the treatment of drug, alcohol and nicotine dependence.
This factsheet includes information on emerging and re-emerging psychoactive drugs known as novel psychoactive substances (NPS), colloquially called “legal highs” and “designer drugs”, and through a case study looks at the potential health harms.
Describes how substance misuse fits into public health including the legislative framework, campaigns, and the impact of public health interventions.
Sets out the key features which facilitate effective clinical communication when working with patients who have a history of substance misuse.
Explores the use of substances by women and how treatment maybe hindered by the hidden nature of female substance use.
The impact of substance misuse amongst doctors and medical students is a serious issue. This factsheet explores the recognition and management of such concerns through two vignettes.
Describes the impact of substance misuse during pregnancy, with a particular focus on drug misuse.
This factsheet describes the specific elements about the assessment and treatment of young people up to the age of 18 years who are using drugs and alcohol.
This factsheet reviews the special problems relating to the detection and treatment of older people with a history of substance misuse and those who are still using substances.


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Henry Purcell (1659 – 1695) is often described as the greatest English musician. Purcell, who died at the tender age of 36, almost like Mozart, was a very well respected composer. Purcell produced his one and only opera titled Dido and Aeneas, which unsurprisingly acquired him the title of greatest English opera composer up until the arrival of Benjamin Britten almost three centuries later.
Purcell’s music helped to change an entire nation- it is a well-known fact that Purcell was England’s Queen Mary II favorite composer. As a leading composer of the Baroque Period, his composition styles and techniques helped to change the face of music composition in Britain. Purcell was a brilliant inventor of sound and his sense of drama is what made his music so easily acceptable to contemporaries.
Purcell is often credited with introducing opera to the British high society. Before Dido and Aeneas were publicly performed for the first time, the other only forerunner to its appearance was Venus and Adonis that had been created by John Blow years before. Opera was so unknown at that time that Purcell’s groundbreaking opera was performed for the first time ever by a girls’ boarding school that was mostly made up of a selection of amateur singers at best. Despite its humble beginnings, Purcell was able to do what no other composer at that time could; he turned his little opera created specifically for a girls’ boarding school into the greatest English opera and, unquestionably, the most popular opera today.
As his family was well connected at court, Purcell’s Uncle Thomas, who was also a gentleman of His Majesty’s chapel arranged for Purcell to take up a position as a chorister which is where he remained until maturity. Over those years, he had already interacted closely with royal family and as his career progressed, King William III of England took notice and quickly became a fan. As a result, he would often commission Purcell to create music for the Queen’s birthdays. In 1694, he composed his last ode to her titled ‘Come, Ye Sons of Art’ but she passed away at the end of the year, Purcell composed an anthem and two somber poems for her funeral.
In 1680, Purcell met and fell in love with Frances Peters and they got married. Their relationship was well supported but the couple faced difficulties trying to start a family; they had 6 children but 4 died in infancy. Fortunately, a son, known as Edward who later followed in his father’s footsteps and a daughter Frances, survived.
It is a well agreed upon fact that Purcell died too soon at the tender age of 36 and when his career was just starting to materialize. Although not much is known about what caused his death, it is said that he was at his home in Dean’s Yard Westminster after returning from the theater. He apparently caught a chill and passed away.
As stated earlier, the funeral of England’s Queen Mary II in March 1695 incorporated music and two poems that were composed in her honor by Henry Purcell. Purcell passed away just eight months after he completed the music for the funeral of Queen Mary and in a weird twist of fate; it was performed at his own funeral as well. Purcell was only 36 years old when he passed away.
Purcell landed his first impressive job title as an organist for the Westminster Abbey when he was only 20 years old. Purcell worked in and out of the Abbey for over twenty-five years and he managed to work for three different kings.
Aside from carrying out his royal duties, Purcell also spent a large portion of his time writing operas or musical dramas of that time and chamber music. He became increasingly involved with the concert scene in London which was only then starting to give public performances. Purcell and his band of composers joined efforts and started charging people more than double the amount to see their dramas publicly. Before long, the group had already invested in a music room somewhere in York.
During the 1960s, which was also the last leg of his life, Purcell created music for 42 plays in a very short time period. Most of the compositions created at this time were published two years after his death in 1697 b his widow. She compiled the pieces and titled them A Collection of Ayres, Compos’d for the Theatre, and upon Other Occasions.
Purcell was buried next to the organ in Westminster Abbey that he played for most of his life. Tourists can visit the site through guided tours of the Abbey.


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Create a vibrant vegetable garden with the stair step cedar raised garden kit. The raised bed is made of North American cedar, and can be easily stacked and expanded with additional 4 Ft. x 4 Ft. and 4 Ft. x 8 Ft. kits.
This was a gift from my mom Phyllis, easy to put together, no tools required. It is a great size for my use and I will be able to maintain the weeds. We will have to get a couple more, go buy one today.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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Why drive a car when you can pilot a Saab.
When we put a turbine in an airplane, we turned it in to a jet.
Every Saab is designed to prevent you from discovering how safe it is.
A Saab doesn´t leak oil, they just marks their territory.
Den som ingen turbo har, han får åka utan bar.


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at heart. As programmatic advertising moves towards television, media owners need a solution to prepare their inventory for these changes. We’re here to help you navigate these changes.
The Tubemetric platform is an end-to-end solution with integration into existing inventory management and traffic and billing systems, providing a front-end programmatic gateway to manage any type of demand access.
Media owners set all the business rules for every aspect of how their inventory is priced and sold – inventory selection and transparency, buyer access, pricing floors, and creative approvals.


text: Call us to today to learn more about our Roseville .Net (dotnet) consulting services. Our consultants are some of the most experienced .Net (dotnet) experts and work directly with you. Let us help you ensure that you have a successful project, our process will save you time, money and headaches.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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If this is what your EMC SE told you then you should probably ask them for some clarification as these stats are different to what I’ve seen in the field, especially for the CPU utilisation figures.
Thank you for your comment. I learned the info from EMC Engineer. But I don’t think I am able to verify for you. Would you mind to share what you have learned from field?


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I cannot praise The Olive Tree and all their staff enough. We went for the banquet for two and enjoyed a seemingly never ending succession of different dishes that were cooked and presented to a very high level. All the staff were very attentive, efficient and friendly, further enhancing the wonderful Greek atmosphere. Once they realised it was our wedding anniversary every member of the front of house team took the time to offer their congratulations and wish us well.
The real stars though were behind the scenes. Chefs producing superb Greek food, each of the dishes hot, well presented and full of flavour. This place is well worth a visit but remember to book because there would appear to be many people who have already discovered “The Olive Tree” in Berkhamsted.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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A small group of women in Northern England sign up for a pole dancing class. They learn little about the art form, but end up with deep knowledge about themselves. Dave Simpson’s The Naked Truth is a classic British comedy, featuring colourful people, naughty jokes, ordinary adversities and a very feel good ending. The play is predictable in many ways, but its formula is tried and tested, and we cannot help but get drawn into its sentimentalities, and become emotionally invested into its various narratives of human drama. The bawdy jokes give an occasional edge that helps prevent it from becoming too sappy, with its humour cleverly positioned within the plot to create enjoyable mood fluctuations.
The cast of six is clearly dedicated and invigorated, but they struggle to find a naturalistic tone that the writing requires. Although the production is awkwardly stagy, admirable effort is put into its comedy. Kaitlin de Lacy and Melinda Ryan especially, hit many of their punchlines effectively, delivering big laughs and delighting us with their enthusiastic portrayals of larger than life women. Jeannie Gee as Sarah gives the show a sense of authenticity, with sensitive moments that are truly touching, and Melania Araya’s gravity-defying skills on the pole are simply staggering.
The women in The Naked Truth hold each other up, in spite of all their differences. They each make their individual life choices, and have encountered dissimilar obstacles, but with the strength of their sisterhood, are able to find ways to provide support for one another. It is a poignant story about how people can live in love and harmony, without having to conform and assimilate. It encourages each person to embrace their own uniqueness, and shows us how to appreciate others for their idiosyncrasies; a lesson which is probably the most important thing to learn in these days of fracture and pervasive segregation.


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Blue kyanite gemstone charm bracelet. Sterling silver Hamsa charm. "SOLD"
Spectacular cornflower blue 8mm round kyanite gemstones combined with white Swarovski pearls in this gorgeous bracelet !
Sterling silver Hamsa charm (11mm x 15mm) and extender chain with sturdy lobster clasp.
This bracelet fits wrist 6" to 6.5"

industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


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ARC Chairman Fred Ross will be one of three speakers for the 2011 NTD Television 3rd Chinese International Figure Painting Competition Award Ceremony November 28th, 7pm - 9:30pm at the Salmagundi Art Club, New York, NY.
The mission of the Chinese International Figure Painting Competition is to promote cultural exchange and the art of figure painting that portrays truth, compassion, and beauty in order to return art to its rightful path.
To learn more about this, please visit our exhibition page and look under special events.
Treat yourself or a loved one to the gift of art! Just enter the coupon codes listed below at checkout to receive your holiday discount.
Click here to visit the ARC Store.
The Art Renewal Center, in an attempt to become a self-sustaining organization and to continue to provide an important art resource to the world, has made the executive decision to start user registrations and memberships. Although much of the content of the website will remain free to all users, including all articles, exhibition information, and thumbnails of the 75,000 images on the website, we will be restricting free access of the large images to registered users, and only paid members will have access to the high resolution files. We had hoped to keep this service free, but ARC is losing money steadily.
We will be offering a 50% discount on memberships between now and December 1, 2011. Access to the high resolution images will be extremely affordable at $14.95 a year, ($1.25 a month) which is tax-deductible. Seniors and students will receive a discounted rate of $9.95/year ($.83/month). Most museums charge for admissions and ARC, as a nonprofit, 501(C)(3), educational foundation, must do the same in order to provide the services it does for generations to come. With the proceeds we hope to raise, we will be able to expand many of our features and become an even greater asset to society. We hope our regular users will understand and be happy to support us by becoming members.
We ask those who can afford it to make an additional donation directed to our scholarships, museum expansion or research and articles.
This unique workshop is designed to help artists of any level of skill and experience draw and paint the portrait in the grand manner of Gainsborough, Reynolds and Van Dyck.
The Baroque Portrait consists of 3 days of working from the live model. The goal is to take advantage of a layered approach to painting, the ways a colored under-painting affects the final painting, and also help provide a focus on using limited colors towards building an artistic harmony of warms, cools and grays.
The Living Portrait workshop consists of two days of drawing from the live model and is designed for all skill levels.
This workshop will focus on creating both the likeness of the model and also emotional expression, bringing the portrait to life using the graphite medium. Emphasis will be placed on developing expression, line, edges, atmosphere, and internal gesture. Students will learn a process of drawing that focuses on quickly laying down a large amount of information, and then honing and focusing it to a high finish of detail and clarity.
ARC is Proud to Announce its new automated salon entry form!
We are now accepting entries for the Art Renewal Center 2011/2012 International Salon Competition. This year we are offering the largest cash amount ever in awards totaling an unprecedented $50,000. Participants can compete and win in 6 categories: Figurative, Landscape, Animals, Still life, Sculpture, and Drawing.
This year we are also introducing 5 NEW awards designed to encourage creativity and ambition in the arts: Most Creative, Best Social Commentary, Best Portrait, Most Ambitious Work, and Best Trompe L'oeil.
As usual, award winners and finalists will be featured on the Art Renewal Center's website and in our full color catalog.
Please try our NEW application process and be sure to contact Jason.livanis@artrenewal.org if you encounter any technical issues!
Please Note: You must be at least a free registered ARC member to apply for the salon because we need your information. Please click here and follow the prompts to either sign in or create a membership to apply for the salon.
Congratulations to Juliette Aristides on the publication of her new book Lessons in Classical Drawing, which includes an instructive DVD.
The book is now available in the ARC Store for purchase. In addition, Juliette has graciously donated the section on negitive space to be published in our technical article section for those who cannot afford formal training.
To view more on this publication or to order the book, please click here.
There will be an open reception and book signing Friday, November 18th, 6pm - 8pm at the Gage Academy of Art in Seattle, WA. To learn more about this and other events click here.
The 2010/2011 Salon Catalogues have arrived! The number of finalists is up 16% from last year, which has added a number of additional pages to the catalogue.
In addition, we have given extra pages for the winners, ensuring that each 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winner was given its own page and Honorable Mentions are limited to two per page. We have also included enlarged details in many cases and enlarged the size of the images overall. The improvements to the quality of the catalogue are significant this year and we know it will be well received.
To order the 7th Annual Competition Catalogue please click here.
As a side note, we have reduced the prices of our older salon catalogues and are offering a special for our 6 year set for the holiday season.
To order the complete 6 catalogue set please click here.
Chats With Famous Painters, by Wallace Wood, was salvaged from a damaged issue of The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, Volume XLVII, No. 2, December, 1893. The article features numerous illustrations of studies and commentary by J.L. Gerome, J.P. Laurens, Bouguereau, Puvis De Chavannes, J.J. Lefebvre, Fredrick Leighton, Albert Maignan, and J. E. Lenepveu.
Article generously donated by Eric Santoli.
Announcing the Sotheby's New York's Major 19th Century European painting sale is here. The Pre-Sale is up now through November 3rd and the auction is November 4th. The Sale includes a selection of many fine works of the period including 3 Alma-Tademas, 3 Godwards, 6 Bouguereaus, and many works by Bouguereau students as well. In addition, the sale features Jehan Georges Vibert's greatest know cardinal painting La Tireuse De Cartes, A.K.A. The Fortune Teller. This work is the ultimate spoof on the clergy and at the time it was painted, was representative of freedom a speech. It was a painting the artist would have been severely punished for if he had painted it at almost any other pervious point in history.
To view the entire catalogue please click here.
To see a selection of other current and upcoming exhibitions please visit our exhibition page.


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A woman meets a couple in the car park of a two-star hotel.
They have come to seal a pact.
Tonight there will be a death.
The worlds of theatre and opera collide. The Last Hotel reunites two of Ireland’s leading creative artists, the writer and director Enda Walsh, and the composer Donnacha Dennehy, in an eagerly-awaited world premiere. Dennehy and Walsh first worked together on Walsh’s Misterman, which was a resounding success in Galway, London and New York. Both artists are at the peak of their careers.
Enda Walsh is ‘one of the most dazzling wordsmiths of contemporary theatre’ (The Guardian), a multi-award winning playwright, screenwriter and Tony Award winner in 2012 for the book of the musical Once. Donnacha Dennehy, whose ‘wild, stunning … spine-chilling’ work was chosen to open the 2013 Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival, ‘is clearly a major talent’ said The Times.
Conducted by André de Ridder, the opera stars Robin Adams, Claudia Boyle, Katherine Manley and the actor Mikel Murfi. The orchestra is the 12-strong Crash Ensemble, founded by Dennehy, which the New York Times called ‘the Irish new-music band that plays with the energy and spirit of a rock group’.
The Last Hotel is produced by Landmark Productions and Wide Open Opera. Landmark Productions is one of Ireland’s leading theatre producers, whose recent productions include Enda Walsh’s The Walworth Farce starring Brendan Gleeson, Brian Gleeson and Domhnall Gleeson, Ballyturk and Misterman (both co-produced with Galway International Arts Festival) and Mark O’Rowe’s Howie the Rookie, starring Tom Vaughan-Lawlor, which toured to the Barbican in London and to BAM Next Wave in New York.
Wide Open Opera is one of Ireland’s newest and most dynamic opera producers, which burst on the scene with a hugely acclaimed production of Tristan and Isolde in 2012. Subsequent productions include The Importance of Being Earnest (Gerald Barry), Nixon in China (John Adams) and The Oldest Woman in Limerick (Brian Irvine), the latter as part of Limerick City of Culture 2014.


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What's going on on the floor?
now i know there many songs about heartbreaks and stuff and most of them are sad, and i never believe in listening to sad songs when you're down cause basically... it just makes you feel worst i guess.
so this song is dedicated to you. On the notion anoter friend of mine created.


text: If you're looking for an appraisal firm with the best commercial property appraisers in Beckley Club Estates, you've come to the right place - we're the #1 appraisal company for privately procured commercial real estate appraisals in and around Beckley Club Estates. All our Beckley Club Estates commercial appraisers have extensive experience in performing a wide variety of commercial property appraisals. When choosing a commercial real estate appraiser, bear in mind that experience really matters. And a commercial appraisal is only as good as the commercial appraiser who produces it. Most people are surprised to learn that to become a state certified commercial property appraiser in Beckley Club Estates, a candidate must spend at least three years in training learning the practices and procedures of commercial real estate appraisal. They spend this training period under the supervision of one or more seasoned and highly trained commercial real estate appraisers. And although the initial three-year training process is thorough, many more years of real world experience are required to become truly proficient. That's why all our appraisers have an absolute minimum of ten years of experience; and in fact, most of our appraisers have fifteen or more years of experience. So, if you need a commercial property appraisal in Beckley Club Estates for your office, multi-family, retail, industrial, religious, mixed-use, or special use property, or for commercially zoned vacant land, call us for a free quote.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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Somehow I missed the first book in this series, but I read the last one and liked it a lot. This new one has same charm and humor.
This was a fun read, provided you can suspend your disbelief enough to buy into the story. Guhrke does a convincing job and it worked for me. I liked the character of Amanda, she was smart and feisty and a wonderful teacher. Jamie was a damaged protagonist, a widow who was convinced that his only true love had died and he has sworn off women forever. But his twin boys, tired of running off one nanny after another, decide they want a new mother.
The relationships between Jamie and his boys, and Amanda and Jamie are interesting and fraught, making this an enjoyable read. And a quick one, it’s a very short book.
GOVERNESS GONE ROGUE by Laura Lee Guhrke. Avon (January 29, 2019). ISBN 978-0062890689. 272p.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, February 6th, 2019 at 6:00 AM and is filed under Book Reviews, Fiction, Romance.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions