text:
[Jericho] But Jericho was overthrown, and not to be rebuilt. Response: Yet its place fell to the Tribe of Benjamin, which they were able to possess, or to cultivate, or to inhabit, provided it was not raised into a walled and enclosed city. Moreover, after it was rebuilt, with the punishment of the temerity once exacted, it was not destroyed; indeed, Christ Himself was received in it by Zacchæus (Estius).
Jericho; for though the city was destroyed, the territory remained, and some houses probably were built and inhabited there, though it was not made a city with walls and gates, which was the only thing forbidden, Joshua 6:26.
[The Valley of Keziz, וְעֵ֥מֶק קְצִֽיץ׃] Emec-keziz, or, the steep valley, or, the divided plain (Masius). The valley of incision, that is, in which incisions would be made, namely, of the balsam tree: which incisions were not made with iron, but with a sharp stone, or glass, as Josephus, Pliny, and Tacitus testify (Bonfrerius).
Keziz, or, Emec-keziz, the proper name of a city or great town.
[Zemaraim, וּצְמָרַיִם] This city either gave, or owed, its name to that mountain, 2 Chronicles 13:4. The name appears to have been imposed upon it from its twin peaks (Masius).
Zemaraim; which either gave name to, or took name from, that mountain, 2 Chronicles 13:4.
[And Mispe, וְהַמִּצְפֶּה] Maspha. It was not far from Ramah, on the same mountain of Silo. Why might it not be Silo itself, which might be called Mizpeh, that is, lookout, because mount Silo was exceedingly lofty? There were also other Mizpehs on both sides of Jordan (Masius).
Mizpeh, near Ramah, in the same mountain where Silo was. There were divers other cities of that name.
Verse 28: And Zelah, Eleph, and (Josh. 15:8) Jebusi, which is Jerusalem, Gibeath, and Kirjath; fourteen cities with their villages. This is the inheritance of the children of Benjamin according to their families.
[And Jebusi, which is Jerusalem, הַיְבוּסִי] Of the Jebusites, understanding, the city, that is, which the Jebusites inhabit: which is called by another name, Jerusalem (Vatablus). In which tribe it was, see on Joshua 15:63 (Bonfrerius). The old city was in part of Benjamin, but an addition was made from part of Judah (Grotius). It belonged to both Tribes according to the various parts of it (Tirinus). The Northern part (with intermediate mount Moriah [Tirinus]) was in the tribe of Benjamin; but the Southern part (where mount Zion was [Tirinus]) had regard to the tribe of Judah (Menochius, Tirinus). Or, by exchange of another city, Jerusalem was left to the Tribe of Judah by the Benjamites (Tostatus in Menochius): or, the Benjamintes, since they were despairing that they would be able to wrest their portion from the Jebusites, yielded it to the Tribe of Judah, if it might obtain it by arms (Tirinus, Tostatus in Menochius). Whether it is to be said that Jerusalem indeed belonged to the lot of Benjamin, but afterwards, because the Tribe of Judah was greater, one part, sharing a border with the Tribe of Judah, fell to the same Tribe of Judah? It was fulfilled in such a way that a greater portion was given to more, a lesser to fewer (Estius). But, lest anyone should commodities of the tribes from catalogues of this sort, it is to be kept in mind that not all cities and all places are recorded in them, but only the more famous, and especially those that either were advantageous for showing the borders, or from some history were memorable, and those that the tribesmen were first beginning to inhabit. Wherefore it is not to be marveled at in this, that everywhere in the Sacred narratives the names of cities set in this or that tribe occur, of which there is no mention in those catalogues: for a great many were passed by; many also were built in after times (Masius, Malvenda); some were changed (Malvenda). The names of two cities that are not mentioned here occur below, Anathoth and Almon, Joshua 21:18. Either, therefore, not all the cities of Benjamin were expressed by name; or, the names of some were diverse (Bonfrerius, Menochius).
Which is Jerusalem: so it seems this city did properly and primarily belong to Benjamin, although the tribe of Judah had also an interest in it, either because some part of it was allotted to them, or because the Benjamites gave them a share in it, for the assistance which either they had received or did expect from that potent tribe, for the getting or defending of that very important place. See more on Joshua 15:63. It is more than probable that all the cities belonging to this tribe are not here named, because Anathoth and Almon are omitted here, but expressed Joshua 21:18.
 קָצַץ signifies to cut off.
 Note the dual ending (ַיִם).
 צָפָה signifies to look out.
[And it passes along from the side of the North unto the plains] Masius thus translates it, and it was extended to the side adjacent to the desert from the North, that is, so that the wilderness might remain on the right hand [or, on the South] in the borders of Judah (Masius).
[And it descends into the plain, or, into the field (Munster, Tigurinus), וְיָרַ֖ד הָעֲרָבָֽתָה׃] But to others it is the name of a place: It descends into Arabah (Pagnine, Junius and Tremellius, Vatablus, Masius). This was hereafter called Beth-arabah, which was in a wilderness. See what things are on Joshua 15:6 (Masius).
Arabah, called Beth-arabah, Joshua 15:6.
Verse 19: And the border passed along to the side of Beth-hoglah northward: and the outgoings of the border were at the north bay (Heb. tongue) of the salt sea at the south end of Jordan: this was the south coast.
[And it passes by over against the North of Beth-hoglah, צָפוֹנָה] Northward (Masius out of the Chaldean). This is not to be taken in this way, that the line leaves Beth-hoglah toward the South, and so it is the Northern border of Beth-hoglah (Bonfrerius, Masius); for thus it would exclude it from that inheritance, although the following review shows that it is to be included (Masius): but in this way, that the border leaves Beth-hoglah toward the North (Bonfrerius). It signifies that this tract does not extend directly toward the East, but turns somewhat toward the North. Or, I would grant it, if one should prefer that Beth-hoglah belongs to the Judahites, but that here it is reviewed as set on the border. For Beth-arabah, which also belonged to the Judahites, Joshua 15, is here reviewed also (Masius).
[Over against the tongue of the sea, etc.] Toward the extension of the salt sea, that is, toward the place in which that sea extends into the land (Vatablus).
At the north bay of the Salt Sea, where an arm of that sea runs into the land, which is opposed to the south bay that was in the south border of the tribe of Judah, Joshua 15:2. At the south end of Jordan, where it enters into the Salt Sea, which is here opposed to the north end of it, or the spring-head, which was in the north.
Verse 20: And Jordan was the border of it on the east side. This was the inheritance of the children of Benjamin, by the coasts thereof round about, according to their families.
[Now, on the south, etc.] The Southern border of Benjamin is here described, which is the same as the Northern border of Judah, but in the contrary order: For there from the East, or from the Dead Sea, unto the West, or unto Kirjath-jearim, we were proceeding; here, contrariwise, from East, or Kirjath-jearim, unto the East, or unto the Dead Sea, we return (Masius, Bonfrerius). And so where we made use of the language of ascending in that place, here we make use of the language of descending (Masius). See what things are on Joshua 15 (Masius).
The south quarter; the same with the north quarter of Judah. See Joshua 15:5, 6, 11.
[The border went out over against the sea, יָמָּה] [They render it variously:] Toward the sea (Jonathan, Syriac, Rabbi Salomon in Masius, Pagnine, Montanus); to (or toward [Arabic]) the west (Munster, Tigurinus). Others: from the western border (Junius and Tremellius); from the sea (Masius); יָמָּה, toward the sea, in the place of מִיָּם, from the sea (Drusius). The letter ה not rarely signifies motion from a place, when it is inherent in the definitions of the terms: But that from the sea is what we call from the west (Masius).
[And it descended into part of the mountain, קְצֵ֣ה הָהָ֗ר] Unto the extremity of the mountain (Junius and Tremellius, Masius). In the borders of the Judahites that was called the top, or apex, of the mountain. I think that that part of the mountain is signified by which it was looming over the valley of Hinnom on the West (Masius, similarly Bonfrerius). Compare Joshua 15:8. This appears to have been mount Moriah, the western side of which by a long course arrives at the extreme part of the valley of Rephaim (Bonfrerius). I think that it is likely to be the mountain of offense mentioned in 1 Kings 11:7, under which was lying the valley of Hinnom (Masius).
To the end of the mountain, that is, the place where the mountain ends, and the valley begins. Before the valley of the son of Hinnom, that is, in the prospect of that valley; or, that reacheth to that valley on the south. In the valley of the giants on the north; which extends to this other valley on the north side of it.
[Near the side of Jebusite toward the South] This depends on the words, it came down; the line descending from the mount left the Jebusite toward the South (Bonfrerius). Of the Jebusite, etc., that is, toward the Southern side of the Jebusites dwelling in Jerusalem. Some say that Jerusalem was in two tribes, Judah and Benjamin, but the greatest part was in Benjamin (Vatablus). Concerning that controversy, see what thins are on Joshua 15:63. Those Tribes certainly appear to have been conjoined in such a close bond of friendship with each other that they might be esteemed as one. See 1 Kings 11:13, 32; 12:20. Nevertheless, perhaps mount Zion (where the palace was) and Moriah (where the Temple was) belonged to Judah: For those mountains were South of the city (Masius).
To the side of Jebusi; to that part where the Jebusites lived, which was in and near Jerusalem.
Geliloth, called also Gilgal, as appears from Joshua 15:7; Judges 3:19; but differing from that Gilgal by Jordan.
 תָּאַר can signify to incline, or to trace out.
Verse 12: (see Josh. 16:1) And their border on the north side was from Jordan; and the border went up to the side of Jericho on the north side, and went up through the mountains westward; and the goings out thereof were at the wilderness of Beth-aven.
[And their border over against the North was] The Northern limits are first described from the East toward the West, which are nearly the saem with the Southern limits of the Josephites (Masius, Bonfrerius).
[From Jordan] From almost that part where the Israelites had crossed over (Masius).
[Hard by the side of Jericho’s northern quarter] That is, proceeding toward the side of Jericho that is Northward to it. This was altogether necessary, since he included Jericho within his own borders (Bonfrerius).
[Ascending toward the mountains] Namely, the mountains North of Jericho; for it was surrounded on all sides by mountains (Bonfrerius). The mountain in which Beth-el was (Masius).
[Over against the west, יָמָּה] Toward, or unto, the sea, or West. [Thus all interpreters.] Now, these borders are not extended all the way to the sea, as Josephus asserted, Antiquities 5:3 (Serarius, Menochius, Bonfrerius, Masius on verse 14), but unto Ataroth-adar (Serarius, Menochius). Therefore, this border had to be sloping over against, or toward the side of, the western sea, and to trace out a line almost parallel to the sea (Bonfrerius).
[To the wilderness of Beth-aven] Therefore, Beth-aven is the name of a desert (Drusius). Nevertheless, others maintain that it was the name of a small town (Kimchi in Masius). It appears to have been the name of a city, which gave its name to the wilderness. There are those that confound Beth-el with Beth-aven. [Masius appears to do this.] And it is certain that they were near to each other, since this wilderness of Beth-aven, Joshua 16:1, is called the wilderness ascending to Beth-el. Nevertheless, I think that they were distinct (Bonfrerius). But here the borders stop, and they do not run any further toward the North, but they return unto the south (Masius).
Beth-aven: A place distinct from, but near unto Beth-el, as may be gathered from Joshua 16:1.
Verse 13: And the border went over from thence toward Luz, to the side of Luz, (Gen. 28:19; Judg. 1:23) which is Beth-el, southward; and the border descended to Ataroth-adar, near the hill that lieth on the south side (Josh. 16:3) of the nether Beth-horon.
[The same is Beth-el] Beth-el is twofold; one in Benjamin, the other in Ephraim (which is Luz [Hebrews in Masius, Vatablus]). But those devises are not at all necessary (Masius). For there was only on Beth-el. See on Genesis 28:19 (Bonfrerius).
[And it descended to Ataroth-adar] For it is brought down toward the South. For, as the Norther tract is higher, so the Southern is thought to be lower (Drusius out of Masius).
Verse 14: And the border was drawn thence, and compassed the corner of the sea southward, from the hill that lieth before Beth-horon southward; and the goings out thereof were at (see Josh. 15:9) Kirjath-baal, which is Kirjath-jearim, a city of the children of Judah: this was the west quarter.
[And it is bent, skirting, וְתָאַ֣ר הַגְּבוּל֩] And is traced out (and looks toward [Jonathan], then extends [Syriac, Munster, Tigurinus], thence resuming [Arabic]) the border (Pagnine, Montanus). And the traced out border was drawn around (Masius). Whence that defining/limiting border (Junius and Tremellius). And it draws a circular (or oblique) line: that is, by drawing a circular line, it directs and turns itself along the western corner toward the south, etc. That is the South-western corner: on the other hand, the prior one was the North-western. Some translate it, and it skirts. The same word that is found in Joshua 15:9. He describes the western side of the width (Vatablus).
[The corner of the sea unto the South, נֶגְבָּה] In this place they translate it, on the South-west (Septuagint), on the south (Syriac); rather, toward (or, unto [Jonathan, Montanus, Munster, Pagnine, Tigurinus]) the south (Masius, Junius and Tremellius).
[That looks toward Beth-horon over against the South-west, נֶגְבָּה] Here they translate it, to (or toward [Jonathan]) the south (Syriac, Munster, Pagnine, Montanus, Tigurinus, Junius and Tremellius). Rother, on the south: For מִנֶּגֶב, on the south side, is used in the place of this in verse 13 (Masius).
Kirjath-jearim; the Israelites changed the name, to blot out the remembrance of Baal. Compare Joshua 15:9; Numbers 32:38.
Verse 11: And the lot of the tribe of the children of Benjamin came up according to their families: and the coast of their lot came forth between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph.
[And came up the lot] וַיַּעַל here is able to be either from the Qal form, and it came up, that is, it was drawn up, or extracted; or from the Hiphil, and he, namely, Joshua, caused to ascend, or drew out (Malvenda). The lot is said to come up from Jordan, as from a lower place, toward Jerusalem, which was in a higher place (Lyra). But a ὑπαλλαγῇ/hypallage is not at all necessary. For a lot comes up, when it is drawn out of the urn; and borders go forth from the same pot together with the lot, for this designate what those are (Masius). Now, this lot of Benjamin was exceedingly narrow with respect to space, but was chief with respect to goodness, as Josephus testifies, Antiquities 5:1 (Bonfrerius, Masius).
[Between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph] The Divine providence is here to be observed, whereby they are placed nearest both to the Josephites, with whom they were conjoined in the closest bond of family, and to the Judahites, with whom they were going to be in the future associates in protecting the sacred things of their ancestors against the defection of the other tribes. This lot is most exactly adapted to the prediction of Moses, Deuteronomy 33:12 (Masius).
Between the children of Judah and the children of Joseph: Wherein we see the wisdom of Divine Providence, this being the only place in which that prophecy, Deuteronomy 33:12, could have been accomplished.
 Joseph and Benjamin were the two sons of Jacob’s beloved wife, Rachel. See Genesis 30:22-24; 35:16-19.
Verse 7: (Josh. 13:33) But the Levites have no part among you; for the priesthood of the LORD is their inheritance: (Josh. 13:8) and Gad, and Reuben, and half the tribe of Manasseh, have received their inheritance beyond Jordan on the east, which Moses the servant of the LORD gave them.
[Because not among you is the part of the Levites] These things contain the reason why He commanded only seven parts to be made (Masius, Bonfrerius, Menochius).
[But the priesthood] Here priesthood is taken by metonymy for the sacerdotal proceeds (Bonfrerius out of Masius). In the place of an inheritance they shall have what things the priests ought to receive according to the precept of the Lord (Vatablus); sacrificial victims, tithes, etc. (Masius). What things are owed to the priesthood of God (Arabic, similarly Jonathan).
Verse 8: And the men arose, and went away: and Joshua charged them that went to describe the land, saying, Go and walk through the land, and describe it, and come again to me, that I may here cast lots for you before the LORD in Shiloh.
[And when the men had arisen, etc.] They eagerly undertake this most difficult and dangerous duty; indeed, God was rendering them secure, since the disposition of a multitude of souls was depending upon their enthusiasm. Nevertheless, God sometimes also allowed others to waver and to crash, like Moses in Exodus 4, Jonah in Jonah 1, so that, the more infirm the instruments are, through which He performed marvelous things, the more illustrious the mercy of God toward men most wretched might be (Masius).
The Levites have no part among you; therefore it shall be divided only into seven parts, as I have said.
Verse 9: And the men went and passed through the land, and described it by cities into seven parts in a book, and came again to Joshua to the host at Shiloh.
[Into seven parts they divided it] In Hebrew it is added, by cities; that is to say, with the cities also inserted and inscribed, which is altogether necessary for a complete geography (Bonfrerius). It appears from this that the goodness of the land, not size, was assessed. For in a more fertile region the societies of men are more numerous (Masius).
By cities, or, according to the cities, to which the several parts or territories belonged.
[Writing in a scroll, עַל־סֵפֶר] In a book (Pagnine); in tables (Vatablus). The surveyors were occupied for seven months in the description of the land, says Josephus, Antiquities 5:3 (Masius).
Verse 10: And Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh before the LORD: and there Joshua divided the land unto the children of Israel according to their divisions.
Verse 6: Ye shall therefore describe the land into seven parts, and bring the description hither to me, (Josh. 14:2; 18:10) that I may cast lots for you here before the LORD our God.
[The land in the midst between these] But the land here to be divided was not in the midst of the Josephites and Judahites (Menochius out of Serarius, Serarius). [Therefore, Lapide, Bonfrerius, Serarius, and Menochius acknowledge an error in the Vulgate here, as far as they dare.] In a Latin text it was written, aliam/another, not mediam, in the midst of (Vatablus).
[And ye shall come hither to me, וַֽהֲבֵאתֶ֥ם אֵלַ֖י] And bring to me, understanding, the description (Vatablus).
[Before the Lord] That is, the Ark (Masius, Bonfrerius). There the lots were to be cast; 1. so that they might be directed by God as present: 2. so that that distribution of lots might be held as sacrosanct, and to be violated in no way (Bonfrerius): 3. otherwise they would never have lived content with their lots, being men of the stiffest neck (Masius).
[I shall cast the lot for you here] That is, with lots cast, I shall assign to each an inheritance before the Lord, by whom lots are controlled (Vatablus). He here addresses that assembly, for the surveyors were not yet chosen (Masius). The people are commanded to divide the land into seven parts, not of themselves, but through the selection of land-surveyors by them (Bonfrerius). [Others otherwise:] I shall cast the lot for you here, that is, for your tribes, as in verses 8 and 10. He addresses those to be sent out, as if he were addressing the Tribes that were sending them: It is a Syllepsis (Malvenda).
Here before the LORD our God: that is, Before the ark or tabernacle, that God may be witness, and judge, and author of the division, that each may be contented with his lot, and that your several possessions may be secured to you as things sacred, and not to be alienated.
 That is, a single word that must be taken in two different senses in relation to two other parts of the sentence.
Verse 4: Give out from among you three men for each tribe: and I will send them, and they shall rise, and go through the land, and describe it according to the inheritance of them; and they shall come again to me.
[Choose ye three of each of the individual tribes] Question: Whether of the seven tribes only? or also of Judah, Ephraim, and Manasseh? Response: The matter is doubtful. But they appear to have been selected from these also; for it was of concern to them as well, so that they, if anything was to be taken from their own portions, as was done, might not be able to have grounds for complaining that the matter was carried through unjustly (Bonfrerius). Moreover, all things are yet done among them with a shared and fraternal spirit (Masius). Three men, etc., he sends, because of the difficulty of valuation. For the portion were to be equal, not with respect to space, but with respect to the goodness of the land. But you will say, If the parts were equal, why does God prescribe that a more spacious inheritance be given to the Tribe of greater number, and a narrower to the Tribe of lesser number, Numbers 33:54? They respond that those commandments have regard, not to the primary casting of lots, namely, of the tribes, but of the secondary, namely of the families, to which then the Officers were giving to the individual families their own portions. Others maintain that equal portions were made by the surveyors, which nevertheless the twelve men were able both to extend and to contract. But to me it appears that the equality of the patrimonies is able to be established with good reason. For, according to the present number fellow tribesmen it appears inadequately equal to make one tribe richer in lands than another; when the matter itself showed within a few years some were greatly increased, others diminished. But you will say that the same was able to happen to the families. But it was lawful for the families to alienate their possessions among themselves, but it was not lawful for the tribes. But I leave this obscure matter open. But I shall say this, that Canaan was sufficiently spacious for them all; and that no enlargement of the portions was necessary, even if all were equal, if only those fellow tribesmen would not desert them through laziness. Moreover, if the entire nation had increased, God Himself would have given more spacious borders, into which they would have been able to send colonies, all the way to Euphrates: concerning which see what things are on Joshua 1:4. If you would oppose the Simeonites to me, 1 Chronicles 4:38, I would say that they did not go out of their borders, but they advanced within them. Question: But how were these surveyors safe, while they were walking throughout those regions, the greatest part of which were even at that time held by their adversaries, and were examining all things thoroughly? Response: This came to pass from a certain hidden and Divine terror sent upon the Canaanites, and a heavenly confidence instilled in the souls of the Israelites, so that through this ἄδειαν, freedom from fear, and security of those few surveyors the Tribes might be animated to accept their inheritance. Moreover, the Canaanites were affected with such a loathing of war, that they subordinate all things to their quiet (Masius).
Three men; three, not one, for more exact observation both of the measure and quality of the several portions, and for greater assurance and evidence of their care and faithfulness in giving in their account. Of each tribe; either one of each of these tribes, who were yet unprovided for; or rather, two of all the tribes, even of them who had already received their portions; which was highly expedient, that in case it should appear that there was not a sufficiency for each of these tribes who wanted their portions, their brethren might be more ready either to assist them in procuring more land, or to part with some of their own portion to them. Go through the land; which they might now safely do, because the terror of the late war was yet upon the Canaanites, who were loth to rouse so near and potent an enemy.
[And let them describe it according to the number of each multitude, לְפִ֥י נַֽחֲלָתָ֖ם] Verbatim: to the mouth of their inheritance (Montanus); according to their inheritance, or possession (Syriac, Munster, Pagnine, Tigurinus, Junius and Tremellius, Vatablus), that is, according to the reckoning of the inheritance which they are obliged to undertake (Vatablus). Into as many parts as their inheritance is to be divided (Tigurinus Notes); as your inheritance requires (Arabic); just as it will be proper to divide it (Septuagint). According to their inheritance: I think that it is the same thing as what is next said, into seven parts (Masius). According to the possession of their tribes, which is going to come to them; or, as many parts as are the remaining Tribes (Malvenda, Bonfrerius). Rabbi Salomon thus explains it, that those seven portions ought to be, not equal, but greater or lesser according to the multitude or fewness of each Tribe. But this is foolish. How were the surveyors able thus to do, since the whole outcome was depending upon the casting of the lot (Masius)? [Nevertheless, others thus take it:] that the individual Tribes might receive an equitable inheritance according to the reckoning of their multitude (Menochius, Lapide). Thus he explains himself in the following verse (Lapide).
Verse 5: And they shall divide it into seven parts: (Josh. 15:1) Judah shall abide in their coast on the south, and (Josh. 16:1, 4) the house of Joseph shall abide in their coasts on the north.
[Divide for yourselves the land, etc., וְהִֽתְחַלְּק֥וּ אֹתָ֖הּ לְשִׁבְעָ֣ה חֲלָקִ֑ים] Verbatim: And they shall be divided themselves into it according to seven parts (Vatablus).
Seven parts; which were of equal extent or worth; for no tribe was so great but one of these parts in its full extent would abundantly suffice them; and there was no reason why the portions should be greater or less according as the tribes at present were more or fewer in number, because of the various changes which happened therein successively; it being usual for one tribe to be more numerous than another in one age, which was fewer in the next. And if the several tribes had increased more, and not diminished their numbers by their sins, they might have sent forth colonies, and taken any part of the land, even as far as Euphrates, all which the Lord of the whole earth had given them a right to, which when they pleased they might take possession of.
[Let Judah be in his borders, עַל־גְּבוּלוֹ] In his province. Verbatim: according to his border (Vatablus). Judah shall retain his lot, etc. Understand, unless a particular portion is either to be removed or to be added (Bonfrerius). They did not, therefore, unjustly cut off seven parts from the inheritance of the Judahites (Masius).
Shall abide in their coast on the south: they shall not be disturbed in their possession, but shall keep it, except some part of it shall be adjudged to another tribe.
[And the house of Joseph on the North] Not with respect to the entire Promised Land, but only of the Tribe of Judah (Menochius). In the more Northerly part (Menochius). The twelve men cause to be confirmed the casting of lots performed at Gilgal, but in such a way that those Tribes remain in their lots; not that, however, their portions might be unbroken and entire: For otherwise the Josephites would have dwelt all the way to Libanus (Masius).
On the north; in respect of Judah, not of the whole land; for divers other tribes were more northern than they.
Verse 3: And Joshua said unto the children of Israel, (Judg. 18:9) How long are ye slack to go to possess the land, which the LORD God of your fathers hath given you?
[How long will ye be weak with lethargy, מִתְרַפִּים] The Hithpael Conjugation either intensifies the signification, and denotes a great and shameful idleness (Malvenda); or, signifies that the cause of the idleness was to be found in themselves (Masius). Are ye slow, remiss, negligent (Vatablus); will ye act remissly (Junius and Tremellius). Are ye of a remiss spirit, and are not entering to possess the land (Vatablus)?
How long are ye slack, etc.: This slackness is supposed to arise, partly, from their dissatisfaction in the portions already allotted, Judah’s being too large, as it appeared, and Joseph’s too narrow as they complained; partly, from an opinion of the impossibility of making any regular and equal distribution of the parts, till the whole were better known, and more exactly surveyed, which accordingly is here done; and partly, because being weary of war, and having sufficient plenty of all things in their present condition, they grew slothful and secure, and were unwilling to run into new hazards and wars, as they perceived, by Joshua’s answer to the tribe of Joseph, Joshua 17:15, etc., they were likely to do when they entered upon their several possessions.
Verse 2: And there remained among the children of Israel seven tribes, which had not yet received their inheritance.
[Which had not yet received their possessions, אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־חָלְק֖וּ אֶת־נַֽחֲלָתָ֑ם] Who which they did not distribute, or, divide, the inheritance (Malvenda, Pagnine, Tigurinus, Dutch, Calvin). Others thus: which had not yet received, or, which had not yet obtained by lot, their inheritance (English, Castalio, similarly the Septuagint, Jerome, Munster), which is closer to the Hebrew. Just as among the Latins participare primarily denotes to make a partaker, or to give a part; then, to be made a partaker, or, to receive a part: the same also obtains in the use of חָלַק (Boot’s Sacred Animadversions 4:12:16). Moreover, because the Commander-in-Chief criticizes the idleness of the people in taking possession of their inheritance, not in demanding the casting of lots, it appears that what I was saying is altogether true, that fear of new dangers and the conveniences of the present habitation turned the hearts of all from the desire fror their own possessions (Masius). Question: Why was the tribes’ casting of lots delayed after they had once began at Gilgal? Response: The Israelites, especially those Tribes that had not yet received possessions, appear to have asked for a postponement, until the Surveyors might be sent out, who would measure out the land with greater precision (Bonfrerius). A suspicion was rising that the first measurement was not made with sufficient fairness (Lapide, Bonfrerius). That sending out of new Surveyors implies this. Now, that Surveyors had been sent out before the casting of lots at Gilgal, although the Scripture does not express it, is not able to be doubted. For, 1. Josephus records that this was done. 2. Scripture does relate that before the casting of lots at Shiloh Surveyors were sent. 3. In no other way were they able to fulfill that precept of God in Numbers 26:54. 4. It is not likely that prudent men undertook this division in a blind manner, without first doing what things were necessary for the distribution. Moreover, that the former surveyors did not rightly discharge their office, these things confirm, that, after the accurate measurement of the land was made, a part was obliged to be cut away from the possessions of the Tribe of Judah, and was given both to the Simeonites and the Danites (Bonfrerius).
 Arnold Boot (1606-1653) was a Dutch physician, who excelled, not only in the practice of medicine, but also in the study of Oriental languages. He defended the integrity of the Hebrew text and vowel points against Louis Cappel.
 Animadversiones Sacræ ad Textum Hebraicum Veteris Testamenti.


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You’ve mastered pet parenting, but now it’s time for the human kind. Your little bundle of joy is on the way, and you might be worried about how your dog or dogs will react. We’re separating myth from reality with California trainer and founder of Pawtopia Dog Training, Colleen Demling, who gives us the top tips for introducing your baby to your dog.
Myth #1: My dog is already well-trained.
Even the most well-trained dog will freak out if a new baby is dropped into his environment without proper preparation. Teaching your dog helpful new commands and boundaries will set the stage for your dog to make a positive correlation with the baby.
Trainer Tip #1: Teach your dog to “go away.” Several weeks to months prior to baby’s arrival, teach your dog this command by simply throwing cookies away from him while saying “Go away!” Progress to giving the command and waiting for the dog to go away before tossing a treat.
Trainer Tip #2: Introduce baby items, letting your dog explore potentially scary items like the stroller.
On that same note, introduce the high chair, the car seat, the diapers, the jumper, and as many other items as possible to help them address any fear they have before baby arrives.
Trainer Tip #3: Set boundaries by making the nursery off limits.
Myth #2: I will give my dog extra attention now to make up for when the baby comes.
If you normally give your dog an hour-long walk each day and tons of attention, don’t expect him to be fine if that stops when you bring baby home.
“Your dog thinks, ‘OMG! Mom and Dad were spending all this time with me and now they’re not!”” Demling explains.
Trainer Tip #1: Mirror the attention your dog will get when baby arrives.
Trainer Tip #2: Give your dog attention when your baby is awake, not asleep.
Myth #3: Just bring a baby blanket home beforehand to get your dog used to the scent.
While not a bad idea, there are several other steps to take besides simply bringing home a blanket.
Trainer Tip #1: Great your dog first on your initial entrance back into the house before bringing in baby.
Trainer Tip #2: Keep the dog on leash for the introduction.
Trainer Tip #3: Baby sniffs—as in, start with the feet and make small progressions, avoiding initial face-to-face contact.
Myth #4: Only “aggressive” dogs will attack and my dog has never been aggressive.
Pretty much every single dog will exhibit warning signs of aggression before nipping or attacking, it’s just up to pet parents to read the signs.
Trainer Tip #1: Learn about dog language to understand how dogs communicate, and stop potential problems before they escalate.
“We require our dogs to learn English, but not often do we learn dog – and that’s just not fair,” Demling says.
Enroll in a basic dog class, even if your dog already knows the basics.
“Even if you’ve done training before, get a refresher course because then you’ll have a professional as a resource to talk to you about what your dog is trying to communicate, because you’ll need to know that in an instant when you have a baby around,” Demling adds.
Myth #5: My dog and baby will be BFF!
This very well may be the case—eventually. It helps if you foster a respectful two-way relationship.
Trainer Tip #1: Just as you teach your dog to respect your baby, teach your growing baby to respect your dog.
There is a lot of advice out there about introducing your dog to your baby, but what really works is proper training and preparation—and cookies, lots of cookies!
Armed with the right knowledge to get off on the right paw, there’s no need to choose between your fur baby and your actual baby, and both can grow to be best buds.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


text: GUATEMALA FTO HUEHUETENANGO ASOBAGRI SHB EP is sourced from family-owned farms organized around Asociación Barillense de Agricultores (ASOBAGRI). ASOBAGRI was founded in 1989 and it’s an association of more than 1,200 farmers who produce coffee on small family owned farms from 80 communities within the municipality of Santa Cruz Barillas, located in the department of Huehuetenango, Guatemala. The spectacularly rugged terrain in this isolated corner of Guatemala has served to preserve the indigenous heritage, distinct clothing, and dialects that can vary from one mountain ridge to the next. ASOBAGRI serves as an important bridge between farmers and their production of coffee for export, particularly with technical assistance in sustainable organic farming. ASOBAGRI also provides its members with financing, access to health care, and life insurance.


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What the world perceives as good is painfully piercing into the very heart of what it means to be human. Another one of these false goods is none other than Assisted Suicide (euthanasia, doctor/physician assisted suicide, mercy killing). In the second installment of this guide series, let us take a brief look at how secular and popular culture have twisted morality upside down, where assisted suicide is now the “right” to fight for in our current times.
Again, just as abortion, this issue must be approached with great charity. After all, we live in a culture and a generation that has been brought up with the reality and acceptability of abortion, so it is no surprise that our culture of death leads to more death. Make no mistake, when one evil is seen as good then others will follow. Legalized assisted suicide is the fruit of legalized abortion. And just like arguments for abortion, those who defend Assisted Suicide will almost always prove its need emotionally through the personal story of a loved one who has endured tremendous suffering at the end of life. While we may be emotionally attracted to the argument, by accepting this ideology, our intellect comes to the illogical conclusion that allowing a person to be legally killed by another person is a good idea. Again, as victims of the general mentality of our culture, those who support Assisted Suicide must be confronted in great charity.
During the time of this writing, the issue of Assisted Suicide has been slowly emerging to public eye, and has now surfaced very close to home. Public consensus clearly sees Assisted Suicide as a necessary good that should be available to people.
Of course, this perception is false and there are two ways that we can look at this issue. And the first doesn’t necessarily even need to involve our Faith (although it does because Faith and Reason will never be in conflict).
Second, let us look at the Manly Catholic concept of suffering. God is the God of Life and the Lord of All. To Him alone belongs the power to create life. To Him alone belongs the power to take life. Anything contrary is gravely wrong, since it strips away our God given human dignity and the sacredness by which we are bestowed LIFE, and is a slap in the face of our Creator (CCC 2276). Suffering is usually the biggest compelling argument for Assisted Suicide. We are afraid to suffer. That’s OK. So was Jesus. But He suffered anyway, by submitting to the will of the Father. And by this, God shows us the meaning of suffering and gives purpose to our own. If it weren’t for the cross, suffering wouldn’t make sense. Thankful, for us as Manly Catholics, suffering does make sense even though the rest of the culture doesn’t see it. Suffering is an opportunity to be more united with Jesus. Moreover, for those around us, the witnesses of our suffering, lies an opportunity to show true compassion, to “suffer with” our loved ones. Wouldn’t you agree that we are most human as human beings when we are there for each other and supporting one another, especially in the most difficult and painful times? Yes suffering is hard. There’s no denying it. But together, and united with our God in Faith, we triumph.
The worst part about accepting Assisted Suicide as a necessary “Good” is that it isn’t even necessary. All the needs of a terminally ill and irremediably suffering person can be met in alternative ways. This is more an issue of the lack of sufficient palliative care for patients and supports for their loved ones. A better system of palliative care would be a morally reasonable solution. The underlying problem here is strictly financial. It is cheaper to kill than to care. The next is using medical means to alleviate pain so that patients and their loved ones are assured of a painless death. Of this, we already have the technology, and with a bit of research, could perhaps discover even more effective means of providing patients with a comfortable death WITHOUT directly administering that death. Assisted Suicide is not necessary!
As human beings, our first right is our right to life. Any other right that we might have stems from our first right to live. The right to life exists within our human nature, our human dignity bestowed on us by our Creator. This is the truth that our society is missing. Permitting the “right to die” will eat away at the core of our society, as it already is.
Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, or whatever name by which it might present itself is evil. Contrary to popular belief, it is not good. Just as with abortion, it is up to us, Catholic Gentlemen, to stand up and call evil by its name. We must not fall into the trap and the enticing arguments that support Assisted Suicide. Go to the heart and foundation of the issue and you will see it for what it truly is: Evil. As Catholic Gentlemen, it as our duty more than ever before to be vigilant, to cling tight to what is true, good, and beautiful, and to call evil by its name while we face it head on.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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Is wild rice really a rice?
No wild rice is a water grass, Zizania Aquatica indigenous to Canada.
Is wild rice grown, cultivated in Canada?
Not at this time. Wild rice grows naturally in the lakes and stream of northern Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario. Wild rice is cultivated, grown, in Minnesota and California to meet the demand.
Does all wild rice taste the same?
No, even though the wild rice may be from the same region, the taste texture and cooking consistency is largely determined by the curing and manufacturing process unique to the individual processor. This is why buying from the same processor is desirable.
What unique nutrition attributes does wild rice have?
Among many is the natural source of vitamin B6, fiber and natural antioxidant.


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The Annual Tribeca Food Festival is a public school fundraiser based around delicious cuisine and supporting the arts and enrichment programs at PS150 and PS234. Check it out later this month!
Talk about community initiatives, the Tribeca Food Festival is a near quarter century old tradition based around supporting local public schools. Produced by parents with the support of local restaurants and other sponsors, the event will be kicking off rain or shine May 19th from 11:30 am until 3pm.
Proceeds from the event go to instrumental lessons, chess lessons, modern and ballroom dance instruction, storytelling workshops, and museum collaborations for kids. You can get your tickets here. The two options include a General Taste Ticket which includes six tastes from the entire festival as well as one drink and two beer tastes or the Premium Option which in addition to the above includes a reserved seat, food runners, and a gift bag with special merchandise.
Some of the restaurants featured this year include; Tiny’s, Anejo, Woodrow’s and Tokyo Bay among many, many more!

industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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Having missed the opportunity a couple of times to get to HippFest, I decided that this year was going to be the one. We left London bright and early on Wednesday, in good time to make the first screening that night. And as usual, the journey north took longer than expected so we arrived at the Bo’Ness Hippodrome with barely enough time to take in the restored splendour of the cinema before the lights went down and the first film, Earth (1930) hit the screen. Now I have to admit that I’m probably not Alexander Dovzhenko’s greatest fan. While his films do have a staggering beauty I do find the storylines somewhat slow, the montage scenes done better by others and the politics sometimes deeply suspect. And Earth is a case in point. It’s hard to sympathise with those smiling peasants rejoicing in the delights of collectivisation when we know that millions were dying of starvation as a direct result. And despite this apparently being a restored print direct from the Dovzhenko Foundation, I did find some of the inter-title translations a bit suspect and one or two missing altogether. However, on the positive side, the newly commissioned score from Jane Gardner and Hazel Morrison was excellent, capturing the feel of the film beautifully. Then it was time to wend our way to the hotel, adjacent to the largest oil refinery I’ve ever seen, a wondrous sight in darkness (just think of the opening scene of Blade Runner but on a bigger scale and with more jets of flame sprouting skywards!). Just a bit worried about a stray match!
Thursday began with a trip to the Falkirk Wheel, a civil engineering marvel, connecting canals with a unique lift mechanism. Then it was back to HippFest and the first session of the day was a hugely informative presentation on Chinese silent cinema by Dr Xuelei Huang of Edinburgh University. This wasn’t a case of adding a bit to my knowledge or filling in a few gaps. This was me starting from a zero base level of understanding on this subject so it was fascinating to discover the pace at which cinema took off in China with a first silent screening in 1896 only a year after the first Lumiere screening in France. Screenings spread rapidly and purpose-built cinemas soon appeared. Film superstars emerged, such as Ruan Lingyu (left) with mass followings. Film genres in China seemed generally to mirror those in Europe and Hollywood, particularly slapstick, costume dramas and a particular emphasis on family melodramas. It was also interesting to learn that Chinese martial arts films didn’t begin with Bruce Lee, they were already in production in the 1920s and 1930s. A reluctance to fund installation of sound equipment in many cinemas meant that the silent era continued in China until well into the 1930s. Yet as in the West, much of this output has sadly been lost. However, in China this was not just as a result of disinterest and film stock deterioration but also due to deliberate efforts to eradicate past output for political reasons. The range of clips chosen by Dr Huang presented a fascinating picture of Chinese silent cinema both in terms of subject matter and technical sophistication.
In the evening, we watched a screening of Mania (1918) starring Pola Negri (left). I’d seen a couple of Negri’s Hollywood films and not been all that impressed but this was a revelation. Her acting ability, charm and sheer screen presence more than made up for the rather wooden leading man she co-starred with. Live musical accompaniment was provided by the Polish group Czerwie, in the form of a modern electronic score, perfectly complementing the film. So good in fact that I brought a copy on CD to accompany the long journey home.
On Friday we visited the Kelpies, the largest equine statues in the world and a magnificent sight. Then at HippFest we had the pleasure of listening to Bryony Dixon (silent film curator at the BFI’s National Archives) talk about how Britain’s film industry supported the 1914-18 war effort. Clips screened showed examples of subtle and less subtle propaganda, including an early animated example of real ‘in your face’ propaganda condemning the German torpedoing of the liner Lusitania. Also very moving were ‘roll of honour’ films, compiled from still photos of dead, wounded or missing servicemen and screened in their local cinemas. This was an interesting and entertaining talk, albeit on a serious subject, emphasising that the film industry’s contribution to the war effort in 1914-18 was very similar in style and scale to its more widely recognised efforts in World War Two.
Friday ended on a much lighter note with a screening of Exit Smiling (1926) starring Beatrice Lille. Hailed by Noel Coward as “the funniest woman of our civilisation”, this was Lille’s only foray into silent film. It was a joyous example of her comedic skills but also highlighted a Chaplin-esq talent for pathos with an ending that was more tragic than comedic. Accompaniment was by the excellent Neil Brand, playing on his birthday no less.
On Saturday, I ducked out of the morning comedy double bill and instead experienced the pleasure of a spin on the Bo’Ness and Kinneil Vintage Railway. This got us back just in time for a screening of a newly restored version of Variety (1925). This is a great film (despite the sight of Emil Jannings in tights!!) which I’ve seen before but never fails to delight. But today’s screening was special, firstly because the accompaniment from Stephen Horne and Frank Bockius was just out of this world and secondly because the quality of the restored print simply took your breath away. I’d also forgotten how good the female lead, Lya de Putti, was but have to confess I know next to nothing of her career. An urgent task when I get home is to find out more.
After a hasty lunch came the film I’d been looking forward to since Thursday’s talk on Chinese silent film, Daybreak (1933) starring Chinese screen goddess Li Lili (left). What began as a family melodrama concerning country workers seeking their fortune in the city then moved slightly disconcertingly into the realms of nationalist propaganda and the bleakest of endings. Lili’s performance lights up the screen and the film effectively portrays both the idealistic beauty of the countryside and the frenetic pace of city life. John Sweeney’s piano accompaniment, as always, captured the spirit of the film beautifully.
Saturday evening saw my only quibble with the festival scheduling, with what appeared to be an entirely avoidable programme clash forcing a choice between two films. I opted for The Wrecker (1929), in part because of the novelty of watching a film about trains screened on the platform of Bo’Ness railway station. This story of sabotage on the railways featured what was billed as ‘the most spectacular rail crash in cinema history’ but frankly this was a tad disappointing (had no one seen The General or Bridge on the River Kwai!) and was really a rather clunky British comedy-thriller. Not to be outdone, we opted for a race worthy of a keystone chase back to the Hippodrome and, breaking the habit of a lifetime, opted to go in 15 minutes late to a screening. And what a wise move that was. The film in question was Wunder der Schopfung (1925), in effect a documentary outlining the then current state of human knowledge regarding the universe, so modern in its look that you expected Brian Cox to pop up any moment to take the story forward. Combining live action, some very clever animation and lots of stock footage, it was just stunning. Being late in, we missed the introduction by Prof. Brown, Astronomer Royal for Scotland, but gather this suggested that some of the scientific accuracy in the film was questionable, even in the 1920’s. But it didn’t matter, the visuals just took your breath away. And the electronic score by duo Herschel 36 was superb, fitting the images so well. I understand that this film and music are going on tour in Scotland shortly. One can only hope that this tour extends south of the border giving more people a chance to catch such a great event (and me a further opportunity to see it).
And all too soon we were on the last day of HippFest2016. Our first film of the afternoon was Peter Pan (1924), with Betty Bronson (personally selected by J M Barrie for the part) playing a petulant Peter Pan and George Ali wonderful as the much-put-upon dog, Nana (and he also doubled as the crocodile!). The film looked beautiful and had the feel of a pantomime (there was even audience participation in bringing Tinker Bell back to life, yes I do believe in fairies, I do!!) One or two of the inter-titles were just hilarious, some intentional, others maybe less so. And the harp accompaniment by Elizabeth-Jane Baldry was superb, perfect for the film. Just a sheer delight.
All that was then left was time for the closing gala, a nine handkerchief melodrama Stella Dallas (1925). This I had seen before but still worth watching again, with Belle Bennett excelling in what was a brave acting choice in the often less than glamorous title role. Also worth watching was Lois Moran as her daughter. Who knows how her career would have gone if she hadn’t retired early from the screen. The film was accompanied by Stephen Horne on piano (and flute and piano accordion!! So much talent, its infuriating!) and Elizabeth-Jane Baldry on harp, with the premier of a new score composed by Stephen. Yet while I couldn’t fault either musician in any way I just wasn’t sure that a harp/piano combination worked all of the time. Maybe I need to see and hear this one again.
Then, all too soon,the festival was over. So what were the ups and downs. Well in terms of films seen, I so enjoyed Mania (1918) and Wunder der Schopfung (1925). Musically, all the accompanists were excellent although Stephen Horne and Frank Bockius were out of this world accompanying Variety (1925). But Czerwie and Herschel 36 amply demonstrated that modern electronic jazz/pop/rock scores can enhance a silent film just as well as traditional accompaniment. As for what I learnt, well I now know enough about Chinese silent film to know that I want to find out and see more. As for the downs, there weren’t many. Festival organisation was good with only one scheduling hiccup and everything ran pretty much to plan (although the 33 pages of A4 paper needed to print out our online tickets seemed a bit excessive!). In a similar vein, how good would it have been to be able to buy festival posters? And while no-one expects Bo’Ness to be a 24 hour city, it was a bit disheartening to find so many shops, cafes and restaurants closed so early in the day (thank heavens for Brian’s Café, a lifesaver on more than one occasion). But any downs were largely minor and did not detract from this being a great way to spend five days. I’m already looking forward to coming back for next year’s Hippodrome Festival.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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Generic QYUS416021512381478 Clothing Garment rome 2- 2-Tier Rolling New Chr New Chrome lling C Shelf Dress f Dress Rack Shelving Wire Wire Shelf Dress - —-note—- and if any questions, please contact us first before using a—/to–/-z or neg-a-t-iv-efee-db-a-c-k or char-g-e-ba-ck or other ama-zo-n procedure which will give us lots of troubles premium chrome finish steel system with wheels, easy to set up dimension 18″(d) x 36″(w) x 70″(h).
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AUSWIND Antique&Archaistic Classical Bronze Carved Wall Mounted Bathroom Hardware Glass Shelf Bathroom Accessories - Wall mounted bathroom hardware easy for install and stable. Easy to install wall mounted even do not need instruction booklet to guide you to install. This bathroom accessories design simple and space saving. The unique and noble design coordinates well with majority color and schemes fixtures. It suit for bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, toilet, kitchen, living room.
Generic QY-US4-16Jun6-7483707 Garment Rack rome 2- 2-Tier Rolling Clothing New Chr New Chrome lling C Shelf Dress f Dress Shelving Wire Wire Shelf Dress - Dimension 18″(d) x 36″(w) x 70″(h). Free & fast shipping(us stock). Premium chrome finish steel system with wheels, easy to set up.
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industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


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The College normally appoints two non-stipendiary JRFs a year, one in the humanities/social sciences and one in the sciences. Applicants should be close to completing their doctorate, or have obtained it within the last 2 years. The elected JRFs should hold an appointment within, or have an association with, an Oxford Faculty/Department and be prepared to provide evidence of such association, including evidence of financial support. The College post will run co-terminously with the University post and/or the external funding; we would normally expect this funding to be for 3 years, but we will consider holders of 2-year grants. Applicants for British Academy Post-Doctoral Research Fellowships are particularly encouraged to apply. Our JRFs receive a research allowance (currently £2,419), hospitality allowance (currently £442), a book allowance (currently £791) and full common table rights (free lunch and dinner every day that the College kitchen is open). The College may be able to provide office space but this cannot be guaranteed; living accommodation cannot normally be offered. Teaching opportunities may be made available, and payment will be made at the Senior Tutors' Committee rates unless it is a condition of the external funding received by the JRF that s/he provide teaching.
Posts are normally advertised from mid-March with a closing date in mid-May. Applicants will be be required to submit a letter of application along with a curriculum vitae, a brief statement of research plans, specifying academic department, and the names of two referees.
The appointed applicants will be required to provide evidence of their stipendiary position and attachment to the University prior to taking up the JRF.


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This cable replacement kit restores the cable on your Showstopper slip tip and the cable loop on your NOMAD pole spears. Although stainless steel cable is tough as nails, over time it gets worn out. We recommend replacing the cable occasionally to allow your gear to function properly and to make sure it is as strong as possible.
This kit comes with two cables and crimps. The longer one is for replacing the cable from the Showstopper tip and the short one is for replacing the loop on the NOMAD pole spear.

industry_corpus2: Sports


text: This set of Photoshop custom shapes includes 15 different Christmas/winter shapes that can be used as photo overlays. They come in Photoshop custom shape format (.csh file) and they also come in a layered PSD file. With the help of these stylish shapes you can quickly and easily add festive decorations to your photos, for web or for print. Of course, you can easily change colors and sizes. They are compatible with Photoshop and Photoshop Elements.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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It is difficult to blog about a human tragedy on the scale of the Grenfell Tower fire in London without risking a sense that this is being exploited for other purposes. On the other hand, if the right lessons are not learned, then the appalling death and suffering have truly been in vain. While an independent public inquiry has been announced, there is a danger that the results will be a technical fix through the same processes that created the problem in the first place. The fire regulations, the property management regime and the very architecture of the building embedded assumptions about the occupants in ways that destined them to fail.
The fundamental problem is that the governance of construction in high-rise social housing is devised by comfortable and rational engineers, lawyers, architects and other professionals. They assume that the occupants of the building will be people like themselves, who will use the building in the way that they would use it. This assumption works reasonably well in private high-rise buildings, although it still embeds risk. However, the further that the occupants are removed from the lifestyle and professional rationality of the designers, the more those risks increase. There is currently no formal process for recognizing the risks and designing to minimize them. The panicked inspection of construction techniques, particularly cladding materials, will not address this. What we urgently need is a better understanding of the interactions between occupants and buildings.
For example, the fire signage all appears to have been in English. The language and formats are prescribed – but make no reference to the actual language skills and fluency of a block full of people who are not native speakers. Thinking about escape provisions seems to have assumed that residents would be reasonably fit, active and able-bodied: by its nature, social housing tends to be occupied by people with various degrees of physical and mental disability. One of the most distressing sights at Grenfell Tower was a blind man on an upper floor begging for rescue. The occupancy is unpredictable. Social housing often accommodates larger families and younger children. People come and go. Parents cannot monitor all their small children in an escape – at least one seems to have died because he let go of his mother’s hand while she was trying to carry younger siblings.
Official thinking also appears to be based on a model of household autonomy and legal privacy that is not completely consistent with safety. In an SLSA blogpost, Ed Kirton-Darling has drawn attention to the legal uncertainties about whether and when block owners have a right to enter properties and to inspect them for modifications that would compromise fire protections. Have smoke alarms been disabled or fire-resistant doors been removed or wedged open? If we house students in high-rise blocks, we try to train them in evacuation procedures with regular fire drills and alarm tests – but the obligations in relation to private or rented housing seem to be much weaker. We assume hotels will be full of transients, so staff are trained to help them get out of the building in an emergency. Who would perform that functions for a social housing tower? The institutions that respect tenant privacy also compromise their safety.
None of these are unpredictable contingencies – but they do not find their way into the design and governance processes for fire safety. The technology needs to be driven by the users, rather than expecting the users to fit the technology. It is not a matter of different cladding materials or retrofitting sprinkler systems. Sprinklers bring their own problems. The effect on the building’s structure of the weight of water needs to be considered. There are significant causes of fire where it is not a good idea to use water to put them out.
Fire safety cannot be left to engineers alone. It must start from questions about who is going to be living in this building and how are they going to use it. What will it take to minimize the risks of fire starting in the course of interactions between these occupants and this building? If the occupants change, the risks need to be reassessed. Social scientists need to step up and get involved rather than just bemoaning the consequences of poor processes.
User-centred design is becoming familiar in many other areas. It needs to be adopted here. Users must be engaged with the processes of developing regulations and creating governance regimes. The designers need to look at what people are actually doing in the building environment and to think how safety can be built around this. We must get away from the attitude of one leading architectural practice: they designed a campus building assuming paperless offices and then complained about academics installing filing cabinets and spoiling the aesthetics of the windows! Buildings are for the people who live and work in them, not for the sensibilities of architects.
The Grenfell Tower inquiry will be failing in its duty if it does not give as much attention to the social causes of the disaster as to the technical. One of its outcomes must surely be a requirement to engage building users more directly in developing regulations and in carrying out risk assessments. More contentiously, perhaps, it will also need to consider whether traditional assumptions about the legal integrity of the English home are really compatible with the collective security of residents in apartment blocks. Has that balance been properly struck?
This entry was posted in News, Public Engagement, Public Policy, Science & Social Science and tagged Architecture, Engineering, Fire safety, Grenfell Tower, Health and Safety, regulation, User-centred design. Bookmark the permalink. Post a comment or leave a trackback: Trackback URL.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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This incredibly charming Cottage Style home has been meticulously renovated and offers character & charm not often seen today including hardwood floors, arched doorways & crystal door knobs. This home greets you with a relaxing living room with cozy fireplace, formal dining area & exceptional culinary kitchen featuring ceramic flooring, custom wood cabinets, Corian counter tops, stainless appliances, gas cooking & breakfast bar area. A bonus room off of the kitchen is currently used as an office or can be used as a sun room or converted into a main level laundry area. Two bedrooms & completely remodeled bathroom with new fixtures, tile, lighting & vanity complete the main level. A second floor loft area could be used as an office or playroom. A huge walk out basement offers plenty of storage and a separate work shop/garage area. New Heater was installed in 2018. A private, fenced in back yard with plenty of parking space & Trex Deck complete this home. Fantastic commuting location within minutes to Route 1, I-95 & a great commuting location to Philadelphia, Princeton Route 1 Corridor and trains to New York City. Walking distance to down town, the Delaware Canal, Morrisville Dog Park, Schools and Shopping. Make your appointment today to preview this beautifully remodeled and updated home at a very affordable price.
I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #PABU455960). Please send me more information regarding 317 Clymer Ave, MORRISVILLE, PA, 19067. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 317 Clymer Ave, MORRISVILLE, PA, 19067 (MLS® #PABU455960). Thank you!


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On November 29, 2018, the Florida Association for Insurance Reform, FAIR, hosted its Sixth Annual Awards Gala and Benefit. Former Florida Governor Bush delivered the keynote presentation to two hundred guests gathered to celebrate the accomplishments of FAIR. FAIR recognized Jeff Reamer, Southern Safe Construction, with its Founders Award and Paul Huszar, VetCor Services, with its Community Champion Award.
The honored speaker, Jeb Bush, is the 43rd governor of the State of Florida, serving from 1999 through 2007. During his two terms, Governor Bush championed major reform of government, in areas ranging from education and health care to civil service and tax reform. On matters pertinent to the insurance industry, Bush supported caps for medical malpractice litigation and launched a landmark Medicaid reform initiative. Governor Bush is also known for his leadership during two unprecedented back-to-back hurricane seasons, which brought eight hurricanes and four tropical storms to the state of Florida in less than two years.
The annual event benefits and supports the educational mission of the FAIR Foundation, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization dedicated to creating safer, more resilient communities through education mitigation, and reducing uninsured risk.
Joseph L. Petrelli: Thank you for agreeing to speak with us this afternoon.
Long-term insurance solutions are achieved when everybody’s involved in the process. How do you involve all stakeholders in a process of resolution?
Governor Jeb Bush: It’s harder to reach consensus when we don’t start with the premise that there’s a shared set of facts. The first step is to re-establish that mindset. You will never reach consensus, between the left and right, or in the case of insurance — consumer versus company — until you’ve established what the facts are.
That’s harder in the insurance world because insurance is pretty esoteric. The language used is different, the accounting principles are different. No one understands contingent liability, and we’re living in the here and now. But it’s essential. I think now is a good time to be focusing on insurance issues in Florida because we’ve had a few storms and people are back to thinking about these things, like the importance of how you harden your home, how you access insurance and why building codes matter.
It’s simple to understand when you go through damaged areas and you see previously beautiful homes effectively destroyed. In one neighborhood, the only house that survived was a Habitat for Humanity home built on a corner one year earlier, but after the building code was changed. It was a home for people at or near the poverty level, but it was sturdy and it survived.
So, when you go through these storms, people realize there are things we need to do. Now’s the time to start establishing what the facts are, and the facts are that in Florida, with the changing climate and in a paradise-type environment — there is a price to pay. We need to think longer term and, as esoteric as insurance is, it’s really vital when our long-term survival is at stake.
Our insurance needs to be robust, it needs to be deep, it needs to be market-driven and needs to provide incentives to the successful.
JP: What are some of the principles for furthering cooperation?
JB: First of all, it requires public leadership. I’m very optimistic about the future of our country, but I think the one thing that the states have that the federal government doesn’t have is the requirement to balance a budget. That forces everyone, whether they like it or not, to come together.
The best policies are the ones where you get bipartisan support. The best policies are ones where you try to find a Nixon-in-China moment, where a leader says I want to do something that breaks the mold, gets outside of the conventional wisdom, to forge consensus. It was a long time ago, but when I was governor, I tried to find ways to find someone who didn’t look like me or think like me but who agreed with me on a particular issue to be a partner on that issue. Restoring that would be really useful.
JP: Florida is the 19th largest economy in world, correct?
I would say, we need to build capacity for the next generation of Floridians, so they can take advantage of the jobs that don’t exist today but will be the important jobs of the future. Dealing with the downside of living in Florida — the uncertainties, such as the eight hurricanes and four tropical storms in 16 months (in 2004-2005) that are etched into my soul.
The climate is changing, irrespective of what your views are on climate change … Florida will be on the vanguard of that and we will have to adapt and make long-term infrastructure decisions to be able to protect our quality of life, including our water and our environment.
You don’t experience that in a leadership position and forget it. Too many policymakers and people in our state have forgotten. That’s the biggest deterrent. The climate is changing, irrespective of what your views are on climate change, and how much impact man has on it. Florida will be on the vanguard of that and we will have to adapt and make long-term infrastructure decisions to be able to protect our quality of life, including our water and our environment. To me, these things comprise the biggest opportunity to ensure our sustained and improving quality of life.
We have all these advantages, but we have to invest long-term to protect, to make sure we’re ready to grow but also to ensure we have a robust insurance market. People don’t get it. We will make real estate growth impossible if we socialize all the risks and create massive uncertainty.
JP: In terms of leadership, balancing cooperation of team members and still having those team members compete with one another to make them better is tricky. How do you do it?
JB: I lean more towards competition and less toward ‘kum ba yah.’ That doesn’t mean you can’t find consensus and cooperation, but if we merely accept incremental change or the status quo, we’re not going to get where we need to be. To break through, you need to be creative, you need to find common ground. So, let a thousand flowers bloom, let the best ideas emerge, and let people steal those ideas and make them even better.
The Founders envisioned that as the way it’s supposed to work. The Federal system works pretty well. Whether it’s health or property insurance — when we had 100 million people living in our country, the property liability issues were significantly less than when we have 330 million, where we aggregate all in the same place, where disasters seem to happen more often.
Think about Sandy. That storm — the damages were tens of billions, and that’s going to happen more often than not when you have these communities where property values are high, where insurance is politicized and not market-driven, where the infrastructure is depleted and running down, and everybody’s like “what, me worry?” These costs are going to create dramatic consequences, and if we do nothing, we socialize that risk. We outsource our lack of responsibility for our own future to the government. The United States already has about a 60 trillion-dollar net present value cost with the unfunded liabilities of Social Security, Medicaid, Medicare, Obamacare, Freddie, Fannie, all the loan programs the government has. All that totals 60 trillion dollars — three times our national economy.
You want to socialize the insurance risk? Flood insurance for sure. Or wait for the big earthquake to happen. This is ridiculous. When a country like ours, the greatest country on the face of the earth, is so focused on the here-and-now, we’re going to pay a heavy price later. Whatever the path that takes us toward being less focused on immediate gratification and more focused on the long-term, that can allow us to remain the greatest country on the face of the earth, I’m all for it.
JP: Any public projects you’re involved with that our readers should get behind and would benefit from hearing about?
JB: The main thing I’m involved with outside my business is the Foundation for Excellence in Education. In fact, we’re having our annual summit next week in Washington, D.C. We do it outside of Washington one year and, after the election, in D.C. the next year. We’ll have 1100 education reformers talking about how you create a more dynamic, innovative education system.
This is a place where Florida is one of the leaders, and why I’m pleased that Ron DeSantis got elected. Because his opponent, as dynamic and interesting and charismatic as he appeared to be as a candidate, would have gone back to the old way which would have made it, ironically, harder for many of the people who voted for him. Their children would not have had a chance to rise up.
So, we focus on school choice, robust accountability, harnessing technology, a lot of things trying to transform our education system to the 21st century. Our country is lagging way behind other countries in this regard, we have these 20th century institutions that need to be as dynamic as the rest of us to deal with all the competition and globalism opportunities and too many students are not gaining the power of knowledge. So I spend a lot of time on that.
JP: A few questions, just for fun. What is your favorite comfort food?
JB: Tacos el carbon – beef tacos.
JP: What is a good book you would recommend?
JB: I’m reading a phenomenal book right now — a book by Hans Roland titled “Factfulness.” He deals with this pressing problem: there is a universe of facts that are real. You can’t argue about them, and yet people ignore them. His point is that human progress has been incredible over the last 40, 60, 100, 200 years. However you measure it, this is the most extraordinary time to be alive. Those are facts, not opinions.
Also, I just finished “Them” by Ben Sass. Another good book is “Bad Blood” by John Carreyrou, which was the book about the Wall Street Journal and the woman who founded Theranos, which was a multibillion-dollar biotech fraud. It’s an amazing story.
JP: What is your favorite movie?
JB: The Mel Gibson movie “Braveheart.” I watch that once a year.
This article first appeared in the Winter 2019 issue of The Demotech Difference, a publication of Demotech, Inc.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


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Today I made a quick video tutorial on how to create a new eye with sparkle from an existing eyeball. Our model is Oscar the Mini Doxie. If you are a digital artist or an aspiring one please consider joining me in Dallas on April 11th and 12th for a Photoshop Digital Painting workshop. In this 2 day hands on class I teach my students to use the smudge tool and the paint brushes in Photoshop to draw and paint using the Wacom drawing tablet. The class is only $205 for 12 hours of instruction. You can sign up at the Creative Arts Center website. This course is great for both the hobbyist that wants to create a pet portrait of their own pet and it is really terrific for artists and photographers that want to learn to add digital painting to their arsenal. In one of my classes I had 3 women from out of state that wanted to do what I do professionally and I was very generous with additional business information in relation to pet portraiture business models and resources.
last year I taught a mosaic class with a concentration on color. That course had me studying fun color trivia facts. This year I want to continue to celebrate color in every possible way that I can. This month my assistant Brittany and I have started sharing color trivia over on our Art Paw Face Book Page. Today I will post just a couple of trivia image posts that I created for our news feed. Below that I will share some animal related color trivia … enjoy.
• Bees can’t see the color red, but they can see all other bright colors. Red flowers are usually pollinated by birds, butterflies, bats, and wind, rather than bees.
• Did you know that Goldfish lose their color if kept in dim light. Similar to humans, they need sunlight to keep their pigment.
• Mosquitoes are attracted to the color blue twice as much as to any other color.
• Schizochromatic (what a mouthful!) is a term meaning that an animal does not have a color that it normally would have.
• If a creature is xanthochromatic then it had more yellow in it than normal.
I am Swamped again with Pet Portrait orders! I just proofed this adorable Puggie.
Today I will try very hard to proof 3 clients. I usually spend a couple of hours of painting on each portrait before I provide my first proofing round. Before I even sit down to add in color and brush strokes I usually have spent at least 30 minutes optimizing the photograph and erasing the background. For a traditional oil painter 2 and half hours may seem super fast however you have to also factor in the possible additional time I could spend reproofing and tweaking one of the provided proofs and then the production time of printing and stretching the canvases. I would guess that an average project can take me anywhere between 5 and 8 hours total. I do like to work in a bit of a production style meaning that yes today I will get to do the fun creative work of playing with color on 3 pet projects. Monday I spent the entire morning optimizing several photos and organizing new orders. If I can proof 3 clients today and 3 clients tomorrow I will start to feel caught up on my painting work.
If you are a new pet portrait artist just starting out you may think that 6 projects in one week sounds pretty overwhelming. The reality is that if you plan to make a full time income on pet portraiture you will have to become very efficient with your time. Or, you can also go the high end route of charging thousands for your work and then you can indeed have the luxury of lingering for weeks on one project. Too often however people are impatient and even if you have the time to spend weeks and months on one single portrait, it is the rare client that really wants to wait that long.
So now, I take a 15 minute break in between projects to rest my eyes, recharge and maybe even do a load of laundry.
If you are interested in ordering a portrait check out my main site artpaw.com and order on-line today.
If you want to take a class check out my schedule, I have a workshop in April!
Today I updated sweet happy Kota. My client asked for tame colors similar to her original photo, however after showing her around 15 tame options she indicated that she might want to see more color on Kota. I was more than happy to go back in and add more color, all of my clients get one set of free changes if they are needed. In this video today I talk about my proofing terms and you can see me working a little bit in Photoshop adding some additional color and brush strokes. I also discuss the difference in how traditional painters working in oils or acrylics usually provide proofing and the flexibility that Photoshop allows us.
I am very excited to be launching my new pet portrait blog where I will be sharing tutorials and a behind the scenes glimpse into my world of full time pet portraiture. I will be posting tutorials, videos and works in progress. I am Rebecca Collins and I run the portraiture studio artpaw.com. The cutie pie on this post is Belle, and this work was created during my busy holiday season. Last year I create over 200 pet portraits and this year I want to keep those numbers strong while also branching off into teaching my skills to others.
Sometimes I do worry that in sharing my knowledge with other artists I am just training my competition to steal my business and yet at the end of the day I know that there is plenty of work to go around. It is my hope that other artists will take my tips and then put their own unique spin on pet portraiture, raising the bar for us all.
Copyright © 2019 Pet Portrait Blog. All Rights Reserved. Snowblind created by c.bavota.


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Keeping track of all your cases, safely with the Key.
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Our popular compliant CRM & Business Management solution to support and record your sales process is more useful than ever. Plus it’s FREE to try.
The Key from Mortgage Brain is FREE to try for the first month and then only £40 plus VAT per month thereafter.
Download the Key here and take advantage of the 30 Day FREE trial.


text: The Parent Center Staff personnel are usually members of the community, who are responsible for operating the Parent Center at a school site. They aim to boost parent and family engagement by providing educational opportunities, as well as recruiting parent and community volunteers. They also serve as an adviser/consultant to the school administrator on matters regarding parental involvement and the community.


text: Simply desire to say your article is as amazing. The clearness to your put up is simply excellent and i could assume you're a professional on this subject. Fine with your permission allow me to grasp your feed to keep up to date with drawing close post. Thank you 1,000,000 and please carry on the enjoyable work.

industry_corpus2: Others


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Counselor to President Trump Kellyanne Conway calls on congress to quit obstructing and come to the table to reform immigration laws.
During an interview on Sunday, Conway said Democrats have been too focused on criticizing the President’s comments on Twitter.
She also said the left has a duty to address the growing number of false asylum claims.
Conway maintained that increasing scrutiny over immigration laws will allow Homeland Security to focus on legitimate asylum claims.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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Dry Mouth or xerostomia, refers to a condition in which your saliva glands do not make enough saliva to keep your mouth moisturised! This can be caused by some medications, cancer treatments, ageing or a condition which is directly affecting the saliva glands themselves.
Saliva is important for your mouth because it helps prevent tooth decay by neutralising acids produced by bacteria, which in turn limits bacterial growth and washes away food particles. Saliva also helps you to taste better and aids digestion by releasing enzymes.
Lack of saliva can be an irritation to anyone who suffers with the condition. Approach Medical can supply a number of different products which can help fight dry mouth conditions whatever the underlying issue.
Please see our range of products for more information, or alternatively contact one of our product specialists who will be happy to discuss the products with you!


text: Happy Monday! We partnered with Banana Republic to feature some of their latest pieces. I hope you saw Britt’s cute dress look from last week. This violet blouse from Banana Republic has me dreaming of Spring. I love the color and cut of this top. It’s perfect for the office or brunch with the girls. I styled this look for a client meeting I had at work. I paired the blouse with a classic pencil skirt and striped flats. The top actually has a few more layers of ruffles, but this high-waisted pencil skirt allowed me to tuck it in and keep the top ruffle out for a more natural look. I can also see this top with tailored pants or boyfriend jeans and a blazer. Hope you guys have a great week! I can’t believe April 1st is around the corner!


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Escape the modern day buzz and be transported to the simpler days of yesteryear. At the 1844 Table & Mash, we believe that a great experience stems from a great meal. That’s why our chefs only utilize the best of the season’s offerings and purchase products locally to create fresh, simple and unique dishes.
Not in the mood for a meal? Grab a seat at our vintage inspired whiskey bar! Our bar has 30 different types of whiskey including single malt scotch whiskies, bourbons, ryes and some rarities.
Our Friday fish fry is one of the best around and there's always a choice between baked or fried cod.
You'll not want to miss our Prime Rib. Join us every Saturday for a feast that you'll enjoy.
Our bar features a large selection of Irish Whiskey and Single Malt Scotch Whiskey.
We have 12 craft beers on-draft, including many local WI beers, and offer a rotating selection of the local favorites.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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This glamorized cat mask, made with Americana® Acrylics and Craft Twinkles, is purr-fect for Halloween.
Use a medium brush to paint the mask in Wisteria. Let dry. Use a small brush to paint around the eyes in Snow White and the nose and lips in Lamp Black.
Use a small brush to outline the eyes in Lamp Black and Grey Sky. Use a small brush to paint accents above the mouth and chin area in Snow White and Grey Sky.
Use scissors to cut out two triangles of cardstock for the ears and adhere into place with craft glue. Use a medium brush to basecoat the ears in Wisteria. Use a small brush to add accents in Lamp Black and Snow White. Let dry. Use a small brush to add glittery accents in Black, Crystal, and Silver Craft Twinkles.
Use craft glue to adhere feathers to the back sides of the ears.


text: The New Age Movement (NAM) is a revival of spiritual and divine values and can be called as a Divine Regeneration Movement. New Age Philosophy has conquered the West intellectually and Western culture is currently experiencing a phenomenal shift - sociological, spiritual & ideological. It's a secular, multi-cultural, multi-religious synthesis, of the Oriental mystical philosophies, mainly Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism & Western Occultism, emphasising Holism, the doctrine that Reality is organically One ( now taught in American Universities after Einstein's Theory of Relativity ). .


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Credit card application has NOTHING to do with tax reporting.
OP, mia gives you a very good answer. Your rental property is as good as any business can get.
My assumption is not wrong. It is a valid response to the OP's question, "Is being a landlord for a second home a business?" She has a second home. It is rental income. It's not like the OP is in the business of leasing/managing a number of homes as a business.
Can I apply for a business card if I don't have a business?
I have never applied for a business card before because I don't own a business of any kind. However, there just seems to be so many good cards that are business only (Chase Ink, Southwest). I am wondering, what are legit businesses people use to apply for business cards. I don't want to say something I don't do, but want to come with with a legit thing I do that would be considered a business.
Does this really work though? I mean if Chase calls and asks me about my business, I tell them I have a business because I sold a concert ticket to a friend? That's really enough?
Tell them the nature of your business and your annual sales. They'll decide whether that is sufficient.
I've found that Chase likes a bit of a chat about business activities. Luckily I have a good imagination. It's kind of fun. One day Mrs User Name and I might actually start up the kinds of businesses that Chase thinks we have!
I have a full time job already and a strong credit history. So he probably used that existing income to approve the business card.
is it true that applying for/getting business card doesn't affect credit utilization?
I've heard that business card doesn't affect your credit utilization ratio since other companies can't see on your credit report that you have a business card. Is that true?
i.e. I just applied for citi aa business 50k promotion this weekend. didn't get an instant approproval. i guess they'll contact me next week. would chase be able to see that i just got a citi aa business card if i get approval?
From my experience, it is right. I have big spending on my ink bold card. But all three agencies never show any inofrmation about business card. Since it is business card, it is reasonable to asume the spending is not personal.
My Capital One Sparks business credit account does appear on my personal Equifax report. Under type of account it has "Business Credit Card (individual has primary responsiblity).
My Chase, Citi and Amex business cards do not appear.
Business vs Corporate, there is a difference. Business counts, Corporate does not.
Programs: Hyatt Platinum, SPG Gold, HHonors Gold, MileagePlus Silver & Others.
Another data point for Chase and AX business cards not being on my personal CR. I've heard Barclay's US biz card DOES report to personal CRs. It DOES reflect in the bank's internal system as a card with them, so it will affect their decisions in granting you new credit (i.e. the Chase analysts will see your Ink card if you apply for the personal Hyatt).
yah, chase can see my swa biz card even though it's not listed anywhere on my credit report.


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Mozilla Firefox stop script or continue?
I have mentioned on a few occasions about having problems with the PCA website using the three main browsers, namely Firefox, Chrome and IE.
This doesn't happen with other websites I use on a daily basis.
IE seems to freeze,Google Chrome was found to work the best, but that as now become annoying due to 'waiting for' slowness, before pages will open. So I have gone back to Firefox, which now seems to incur regular error messages requesting action of 'Continue' or 'Stop Script'. Clicking on either doesn't really resolve the problem.
Any suggestions on possibly solutions appreciated.
Go to Firefox "Help",then do a search on your problem. There seems to be quite a bit about script problems ! I have always used Firefox and do not have any problems like this.
I use an Add On called NoScript which gets rid of a lot of the advert scripts on this page which cause these type of problems.
Just added No Script, so I give that a try to see what happens.
I have tried No Script for a couple of days, and had a few further problems, so I have removed that. So I have now gone back to Google Chrome (the devil you know?).
I will have a further browse at the Firefox help, on on-line for possible further solutions.
Will tick as resolved, but add further if you want.
As has been said above, the same problem seems to occur across all Browsers.
Previously FE suggested that it was a problem with my Browser Settings (IE & sometimes Crome) but as it happens with no other site that I visit. I think that the problem really lies with PCA's Site Programmers.