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Some processes of energy saving and expenditure occurring during ethanol perfusion in the isolated liver of fed rats; a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance study.
In the isolated liver of fed rats, a 10 mM ethanol perfusion rapidly induced a rapid 25% decrease in the total ATP content, the new steady state resulting from both synthesis and consumption. The in situ rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis without activation of the respiration was increased by 27%, implying an increased energy demand. An attempt to identify the ethanol-induced ATP-consuming pathways was performed using 31P and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
Ethanol (i) transiently increased sn-glycerol-3-phosphate formation whereas glycogenolysis was continuously maintained; (ii) decreased the glycolytic ATP supply and (iii) diminished the intracellular pH in a dose-dependent manner in a slight extend. Although the cytosolic oxidation of ethanol largely generated H+ (and NADH), intracellular pHi was maintained by (i) the large and passive excretion of cellular acetic acid arising from ethanol oxidation (evidenced by exogenous acetate administration), without energetic cost or (ii) proton extrusion via the Na+-HCO3- symport (implying the indirect activation of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump and thus an energy use), demonstrated during the addition of their specific inhibitors SITS and ouabaïn, respectively.
Various cellular mechanisms diminish the cytosolic concentration of H+ and NADH produced by ethanol oxidation, such as (i) the large but transient contribution of the dihydroxyacetone phosphate / sn- glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle between cytosol and mitochondria, mainly implicated in the redox state and (ii) the major participation of acetic acid in passive proton extrusion out of the cell. These processes are not ATP-consuming and the latter is a cellular way to save some energy. Their starting in conjunction with the increase in mitochondrial ATP synthesis in ethanol-perfused whole liver was however insufficient to alleviate either the inhibition of glycolytic ATP synthesis and/or the implication of Na+-HCO3- symport and Na+-K+-ATPase in the pHi homeostasis, energy-consuming carriers.
The total ATP hepatic content rapidly decreased to reach 75% of the baseline level about 30 min after the beginning of 10 mM ethanol perfusion in the isolated liver of fed rats , thus characterizing a new energetic steady state. We have recently demonstrated  that at this steady state in the presence of ethanol, the rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis increased without activating the respiration, leading to an enhanced ATP/O ratio. Besides oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis is known to provide nearly 30% of the total ATP liver content in physiological conditions . Since hepatic glycogenolysis occurs in the presence of ethanol as demonstrated in isolated hepatocytes , subsequent glycolysis could then supply some ATP until all the stored carbohydrates are oxidated. However, in fed rats the glycolytic ATP production has been reported to be diminished in isolated livers perfused with ethanol  and in isolated hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats [5, 6]. Hence, ATP production in the presence of ethanol might be mainly mitochondrial and the observed increase in its rate  at the new steady state might reflect an increase in ATP consumption in the whole liver, since at a steady state the net ATP consumption rate equals the net ATP synthesis.
These findings raise the issue of the involvement of the ethanol-induced ATP-consuming pathways. Could the question concern the regulation of the redox state since many of the effects of ethanol on metabolism result from the large production of protons and from the decrease in the [NAD+] / [NADH] ratio in the cytoplasm occurring during its oxidation? Ethanol has been demonstrated to decrease the [NAD+] / [NADH] ratio in the cytoplasm 5.5-fold 5 min after an intraperitoneal administration corresponding to 10 mM in total body water . Special shuttle systems are required for mitochondrial oxidation of cytosolic NADH+H+. For example, ethanol oxidation results in an increased concentration of hepatic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) [7–9], a rise that has been associated with the very large changes in the redox and phosphorylation states, according to simple thermodynamic laws . However, a main implication of the shuttle systems could lead to an increase in the organ respiratory activity. Since liver respiration was only transiently and slightly increased at the beginning of ethanol addition, the question arises as to whether other systems play an important role in H+ transfer processes between the cytosol and the mitochondria and/or the cell in order to avoid intracellular acidosis.
Using continuous noninvasive 31P and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), the present work shows in real-time that, during the ethanol oxidation, besides dihydroxyacetone phosphate/G3P shuttle involved in the regulation of the redox state, systems involved in the intracellular pH homeostasis are required: the passive extrusion of acetic acid is a way used by the liver to save energy, whereas the cell membrane proton carriers (Na+-HCO3- symport and Na+-K+-ATPase) are energy-consuming systems.
In the absence of carbohydrates in the perfusate, the apparent rate of glycogenolysis evaluated by the changes in the area of glycogen C-1 NMR resonance was 0.90 ± 0.08%/min (n = 4) in the control KHB group (100% being considered as the initial content = 73 ± 8.50 μmol.g-1 glycosyl units, n = 8). After the initial 30 min KHB perfusion, the remaining amount of glycogen (60–75%) when the ethanol was added could potentially ensure glucose supply for glucose excretion and/or glycolytic activity. In order to compare the apparent rate of glycogenolysis, 10 mM ethanol or 2-min IAA (0.5 mM) were added to KHB; glycogenolysis occurred in the same extent [0.78 ± 0.13%/min (n = 4; NS vs KHB) and 0.85 ± 0.08%/min (n = 5; NS vs KHB), respectively]. Glucose excretion was 1.71 ± 0.40 μmol/min.g ww during the equilibration period, and was not significantly changed throughout the perfusion of KHB or ethanol, nor when 2 min- IAA (0.5 mM) was added. Since glycogenolysis and glucose excretion were unchanged when glycolysis was inhibited, the question arises as other pathways for glucose utilization.
The change of the signal of phosphomonoesters (PME; 3.83 ppm) is mainly representative of that of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, by-product of glycolysis (provided from dihydroxyacetone phosphate [DHAP]). As shown in Figure 1, the suppression of glycolysis with 2-min IAA (0.5 mM) addition in the KHB group (n = 3) led to a moderate 5–10% increase in the PME peak. A 20–30% increase occurred under ethanol perfusion (n = 3) without any significant dose-dependent effect in the range of 10–100 mM. The conjunction of ethanol and 2 min-IAA perfusion allowing the total inhibition of glycolysis (n = 3) amplified this increase by a maximum of 40–50% (Fig 1 and 2). In all groups, the maxima of these transient increases were reached after 10–20 min perfusion.
Effect of ethanol and/or IAA on the time-course of phosphomonoester levels. PME resonance (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate) was measured in the following perfusion conditions: (i) IAA 0.5 mM for 2 min (n = 3), (ii) ethanol (with no dose-dependent effect in the range 10–100 mM; n = 3) and (iii) 2 min IAA immediately followed by the ethanol perfusion (n = 3).
31 P NMR spectra of an isolated rat liver perfused at 37°C: (A) under initial 30 min-KHB perfusion; (B) after 15-min perfusion in presence of ethanol (10 mM) immediately following 2 min IAA (0.5 mM) perfusion. Major resonances were assigned to (a) phosphomonoesters, mainly sn-glycerol-3-phosphate; (b) phosphocholine; (c) intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi); (d) glycerol 3 phosphoryl ethanolamine; (e) glycerol 3 phosphoryl choline; (f) nucleoside-5'-triphosphates (γNTP) and diphosphates (βNDP); (g) αNTP and αNDP; (h, i) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, uridine 5' diphosphoglucose and derivatives; (j) βNTP. The external reference (methylene diphosphonic acid) is outside of the spectral window (18.40 ppm).
In order to stimulate the formation of DHAP, the oxidative phosphorylation is inhibited by addition of KCN (2.5 mM; inhibitor of the cytochrome oxidase). The glycolysis was enhanced to compensate the ATP supply; the by-product PME was then increased, as observed in KHB group (30 ± 3%; n = 5). The subsequent addition of ethanol led in 30 min to a dramatic and transient increase of PME (227 ± 45%; n = 3; P < 0.02 vs KHB).
Representative 31P NMR spectra obtained during KHB perfusion are presented in Figure 2A. The addition of ethanol after the 30 min initial KHB perfusion enhanced the initial rate of net total ATP consumption (Vi = 100 ± 12 nmol/min.g ww, P < 0.001) as compared to KHB (Vi = 6.0 ± 0.12 nmol/min.g ww, n = 20), whatever the range of concentration studied (10–100 mM). The ATP content stabilized at 75 ± 3% (n = 16) of the initial ATP level after about 20–30 min. The new steady state of ATP content-mainly representative of cytosolic ATP-observed was independent of the concentration of ethanol used, and was characterized by a slight net consumption of the total ATP similar to that of the KHB control. On the other hand, addition of ethanol induced an increase in the fraction of the form of ATP bound to divalent ion (bound ATP), F=bound ATP/total ATP, as shown in the upper graph of Figure 3 (typical experiment performed with 100 mM). Under the initial KHB condition, the difference between total and bound ATP was 11% and was reduced about 15 min after alcohol-addition to reach 6% at the end of experiment. The increase in the bound ATP/total ATP ratio observed under ethanol perfusion was unexpected and an explanation such as Mg2+ leakage from mitochondria remains to be validated in further investigations.
Representative experiment of the effect of 100 mM ethanol on the time-course of total and bound ATP. The differences between total and bound ATP are indicated with vertical arrows in the initial KHB condition and after ethanol perfusion. The upper internal figure represents the evolution of the fraction of the bound form. The beginning of ethanol perfusion is indicated with the arrow; F = bound ATP/total ATP.
The suppression of glycolysis by 2 min-IAA (0.5 mM) in KHB group decreased the liver ATP content to reach a new steady state [77.2 ± 3.1% (n = 6) of the initial ATP level]; the ΔATP was about 20% between the two steady states (KHB-IAA). As previously demonstrated , addition of 2 min- IAA (0.5 mM) in ethanol-perfused livers (n = 5) slightly decreased the liver ATP content, leading to a ΔATP of about 4% between the two steady states (ethanol-IAA). This evidenced that ethanol has strongly reduced glycolytic ATP production before the IAA addition.
This effect was also demonstrated when glycolytic ATP production was previously stimulated by inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation (2.5 mM KCN). In the KHB group (n = 3), KCN addition rapidly led to a new steady state of the ATP content (around 45–65% of the initial content). ATP was supplied until glycogenolysis and glycolysis remained active. The subsequent addition of IAA (0.5 mM during 2 min) to KCN (n = 3) led to the total inhibition of the residual glycolytic ATP synthesis, as expected. The subsequent addition of 10 mM ethanol (instead of IAA) to KCN led to a similar decrease of the ATP content, thus confirming the inhibition of glycolysis by ethanol. Representative experiments are shown in Figure 4.
Effect of ethanol on glycolysis followed by the total hepatic ATP content by 31P NMR. One typical experiment per group: effect of IAA (0.5 mM; 2 min) or 10 mM ethanol. The sequence was (i) initial perfusion with KHB, (ii) inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation with KCN (2.5 mM during 30 min) and (iii) effect of IAA or ethanol on residual glycolytic ATP.
The average pHi value was 7.20 ± 0.06 (n = 15) under KHB perfusion. Ethanol led to a slight dose-dependent decrease in pHi, with a maximum of -0.069 pH units obtained from 50 mM ethanol, the ethanol concentration for the half-maximum effect on pHi being around 13 mM (Figure 5). A plateau of the pHi was obtained within 15–20 min. Ethanol induced also an acidification of the effluent from the beginning of perfusion with variation from -0.05 to -0.10 pH units.
Ethanol dose-dependent effect on hepatic intracellular pH (pHi). The upper internal figure represents the change in ΔpHi (= pHiKHB – pHiEtOH) where pHiKHB and pHiEtOH are the pHi values in KHB and ethanol, respectively. The double-reciprocal plot in the main part of the figure indicate estimated maximal ΔpHi and K0.5.
The role of Na+-HCO3- symport was only investigated because we have already and clearly demonstrated in the model of the perfused rat liver that in our physiological perfusion condition the Na+-HCO3- symport was mainly implicated in the pHi homeostasis, and the Na+-H+ antiporter activity was negligible at physiological pH and was activated below pHi 7.00 or in absence of bicarbonate in the medium . Moreover we have also demonstrated using bicarbonate-free perfusate that the cycling of endogenous production of bicarbonate resulting of hepatic metabolic activity was sufficient to maintain the Na+-HCO3- symport activity thus contributing to cytosolic pH regulation concomitantly with that of Na+-H+ antiporter . We have checked the inhibition of Na+-H+ antiporter during ethanol perfusion with amiloride 1 mM, dimethylamiloride 1 mM or isopropylamiloride 2.5 10-4 M: no effect was observed on the pHi.
In a characteristic experiment shown in Figure 6, a high concentration of ethanol (50 mM) slowly decreased the pHi value leading to a plateau reached within 15 min, with a ΔpHi = -0.05 pH units at the steady state. The subsequent addition of SITS 1 mM, already demonstrated to efficiently inhibit the Na+-HCO3- symport in the perfused rat liver [10, 11], reduced the pHi instantly (<2 min) but transiently (15–20 min), the variation being -0.05 pH units. This evidenced the involvement of the HCO3- uptake in pHi regulation, as in a control group (KHB+SITS; ). However, in the control group (data not shown), the decrease in pHi was slow (the nadir was reached after 10–12 min), characteristic of a less intense efflux of protons (about 2-fold lower). Moreover, the transient effect in presence of ethanol suggested that another mechanism alleviated the inhibition of the symport. After rinsing with ethanol, the pHi was recovered within 10 min.
Effects of 1 mM SITS, an inhibitor of Na + :HCO 3 -symport, and 20 mM acetate on the pHi regulation of an isolated rat liver perfused with 50 mM ethanol. This concentration was chosen in order to better visualize the effects on pHi. The high acetate concentration added during the initial KHB perfusion crossed the cell membrane only in protonated form (acetic acid) which was immediately dissociated in the cytosol owing to the difference between the actual pHi and its pKa, thus resulting in a pHi decrease (acid load). Conversely, at the beginning of the rinsing phase with KHB, the excess of cytosolic acetate flushed out of the cell as acetic acid form had trapped the cytosolic proton, resulting in a pHi increase.
The addition of a 20 mM acetate in control conditions (KHB) led to a rapid and transient acid load, regulated by the cell membrane carriers (Figure 6), showing the acetate inflow into the cell.
Addition of 20 mM acetate on 50 mM ethanol perfused liver rapidly decreased the pHi (-0.13 pH units) (and was accompanied by a 5+0.06% decrease of the ATP content). A slow and partial recovery of pHi occurred conversely to that observed when acetate alone was added to KHB. A rapid and transient increase in pHi was observed during the rinse phase at the end of the experiment showing the extrusion of acetate out of the cell.
Exogenous acetate was expected to counterbalance the acetate gradient generated by alcohol oxidation. The partial recovery of pHi (+0.05 pH units) suggested that the excretion of endogenous acetic acid across the cell membrane contributed to the proton extrusion. In this condition, the contribution of the Na+-HCO3- symport was also evidenced, as shown by the effect of SITS.
The addition of 1 mM ouabaïn, a specific inhibitor of the Na+-K+-ATPase, to KHB group induced no significant pHi change (n = 3). Addition of 1 mM ouabaïn to 50 mM ethanol perfused liver reduced the pHi after a 15 min delay, the maximum variation being -0.22 ± 0.08 pH units 20 min later (n = 3). During the effect of ouabaïn, the pH of the effluent increased, reflecting a decrease in the efflux of H+. The recovery of pHi was progressively obtained after a 25 min-ethanol rinse. This evidenced the indirect contribution of the Na+-K+-ATPase to pHi regulation during ethanol metabolism.
The total ATP hepatic content (75% of the initial level) reached about 30 min after ethanol perfusion characterized a new energy steady state. In our experimental conditions in the absence of glucose in the perfusate, glycolysis depended only on the glycogenolytic activity, this latter indeed occurring in the presence of ethanol, as also demonstrated in isolated hepatocytes . Glycolysis might then supply some ATP until the whole carbohydrate store is oxidized, since no increase in glucose excretion was observed. The inhibition of glycolysis with IAA indeed induced a significant decrease (-20%) in the ATP content in the control (KHB) perfused livers. Moreover, the glycolysis inhibition with IAA in ethanol-perfused livers induced only a slight decrease (-4%) in the ATP content. Beside of previous works observing the ethanol-induced decrease of lactate and/or pyruvate excretion which demonstrated decrease in the glycolytic activity in ethanol-perfused liver isolated from fed rats  and in isolated hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats [5, 6], the present work clearly evidenced that ethanol highly diminished the glycolytic ATP production. Hence, ATP production is mainly mitochondrial in the presence of ethanol.
Since glycolysis was inhibited and no glucose excretion occurred whereas glycogenolysis remained active, the question arises as other pathways for glucose utilization.
The interference of ethanol with the liver metabolism is to a large extent due to the NADH+H+ produced in the oxidation catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase in the cytosol and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mitochondria. In the latter, the electron transfer system allows the reoxidation of NADH+H+ to NAD+. The reoxidation of cytosolic NADH involves the malate/aspartate and/or irreversible DHAP/sn-glycerol-3-phosphate shuttles, since the mitochondrial membrane is known to be impermeable to NADH. An alternative pathway for regeneration of cytosolic NAD, without the transfer of reducing equivalents to the mitochondria, is the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. It has already been demonstrated in perfused rat liver that 10 mM ethanol largely increase the lactate/pyruvate ratio, whereas glycolysis was inhibited as evidenced by a decrease in the release of lactate+pyruvate . In the present work, immediately after ethanol perfusion, PME content increased reflecting the large accumulation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate as previously demonstrated [8, 9, 12, 13]. This ethanol-stimulated PME production evidenced, as when we have used IAA to inhibit glycolysis, the deviation of glycolysis to the DHAP/sn-glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. However in all our experimental conditions, the PME content increase was transient. The subsequent decrease in the PME content could be due to (i) stimulation of the use of glycerol-3 phosphate in the synthesis of hepatic triacylglycerol specially in the presence of ethanol  and/or (ii) the decrease in the glycogen content. As consequence, it could be postulated that the metabolic effects of ethanol must be enhanced in absence of carbohydrate store (i.e., fast).
As demonstrated in this work, ATP production in the presence of ethanol is mainly mitochondrial and the observed increase in its rate  at the new steady state might reflect an increase in ATP consumption in the whole liver, since at a steady state the net ATP consumption rate equals the net ATP synthesis. These findings raise the issue of the involvement of the ethanol-induced ATP-consuming processes.
The activation of free fatty acyl CoA required for triglycerides synthesis could be one of them, but its contribution is probably minor. On the other hand, a concentration of 10 mM ethanol is known to produce a maximum rate of alcohol oxidation averaging 2–4 μmol/g.min-1 [7, 15, 16]. Hence it leads to 4–8 μmol/g.min-1 of NADH and H+ in the cytosol, the latter potentially representing a large acid load when respiration remains unchanged. Cytosolic ethanol oxidation leads to an excess of protons whose cellular extrusion stimulates mechanisms leading to ATP consumption via the activation of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump, which in turn extrudes the Na+. Indeed, a Na+ overload induced by ethanol observed in hepatocytes  results from the activity of membrane ionic carriers. In physiological conditions, in hepatocytes the active carriers are the the Na+-HCO3- symport and the Na+/H+ antiport, this latter being activated below 7.2–7.3 , whereas in the liver the activity of the Na+/H+ antiport is negligible above its set point of pHi 7.0 [10, 11]; other carriers such as Na/K/Cl cotransporter may be implicated. The Na+-K+-ATPase pump requires about 25% of the cellular ATP turn over and oxygen consumption in basal conditions [19, 20]. The pHi regulation from the beginning of ethanol perfusion was here demonstrated by (i) the slight dose-dependent decrease in pHi, with a maximum of -0.069 pH units and (ii) the expulsion of protons observed in the effluent. It has already been demonstrated by our team in the isolated liver  that acute ethanol administration under hypoxia dramatically accentuates the intracellular acidosis and the simultaneous ATP decrease; from this result, we can point out the contribution of ATP to pHi homeostasis in this condition. However, no detailed study concerning the involved mechanisms has been previously performed in an isolated perfused liver. In the present work, the cytosolic acidification induced either by SITS or ouabaïn evidenced for the first time in presence of ethanol a contribution of Na+-HCO3- symport to a rapid H+ elimination and Na+-K+-ATPase, respectively. It probably accounts for the ATP consumption observed at the onset of the alcohol perfusion.
Beside of ATP-consuming processes, we clearly demonstrate that a cellular way eliminating protons saves energy. A concentration of 10 mM ethanol is known to produce a maximum rate of alcohol oxidation averaging 2–4 μmol/g.min-1 [7, 15, 16]. Hence it leads to 2–4 μmol/g.min-1 of acetate and to 4–8 μmol/g.min-1 of NADH and H+. It has been demonstrated that acetate ions arising from ethanol oxidation are barely metabolized in the liver, with 75–85% recovered in the effluent . Theoretically, the elimination of electronegative acetate ions from the liver during ethanol metabolism, mainly through acetic acid passive excretion, must necessarily result in the net output of intracellular H+ . Beside the energy cost relative to the contribution of Na+:HCO3- symport to H+ extrusion, our study of pHi regulation evidences that acetate excretion largely participates in the elimination of the proton excess arising from ethanol oxidation. The passive transport of acetate along its concentration gradient thus avoids a dramatic energy expenditure.
Various cellular mechanisms diminish the cytosolic concentration of H+ and NADH produced by ethanol oxidation, such as (i) the contribution of the DHAP / sn- glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle between cytosol and mitochondria, mainly implicated in the redox state and (ii) the major participation of acetic acid in passive proton extrusion out of the cell. These processes are not ATP-consuming and the latter is energy saving. On the other hand, we have previously demonstrated an increase in mitochondrial ATP synthesis at the new steady state in ethanol-perfused whole liver . However, the ATP level significantly decreased at the beginning of the ethanol perfusion. So, by appropriate use of specific inhibitors of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, Na+-HCO3- symport and Na+-K+-ATPase, we conclude that the different processes used by the liver to save energy during ethanol perfusion are probably insufficient to alleviate (i) the inhibition of glycolytic ATP synthesis or/and (ii) ATP-consuming membrane carriers implicated in the pHi homeostasis.
Male Wistar rats (80–120 g) fed ad libitum were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg of rat). The technique of non-recirculating liver perfusion through the portal vein (antegrade perfusion) was described previously . The liver (4–6 g) perfused with Krebs-Heinseleit (KHB) buffer at 37°C was excised from the abdomen and transferred into a 20 mm-diameter NMR cell. KHB was composed of (in mM) 120 NaCl, 4.70 KCl, 1.20 MgSO4, 25 NaHCO3, 1.20 KH2PO4-K2HPO4, 1.30 CaCl2, 0.30 Na-pyruvate and 2.10 Na-lactate (pH = 7.35 at 37°C). When any substrate or inhibitor was added, the perfusate pH was always adjusted.
The perfusate was pumped through a Silastic home-made oxygenator (95% O2 + 5% CO2). Constant perfusion flow (5 ml/min.g liver wet weight) ensured good oxygenation of the liver as judged from the effluent oxygen concentration. Perfusate temperature and pH were monitored both before entering and after leaving the liver by continuous-flow pH and temperature electrodes.
The standard sequence protocol at 37°C was as follows: (i) initial KHB perfusion (30 min), (ii) addition of ethanol (70–90 min) in a 1–100 mM concentration range.
The contribution of the glycolytic pathway to ATP production was estimated in real-time by using 0.5 mM iodacetate (IAA), an inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase activity. IAA was added within 2 min in the following conditions: (i) after a 30-min perfusion of KHB and (ii) after a 30-min perfusion of ethanol.
However, other sequences of IAA addition have been applied in this study according to the goal. These sequences will be specified with the results. For instance, in order to better analyze the contribution of the glycolytic pathway in presence of ethanol, the oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited in a first step by addition of the specific inhibitor of the cytochrome oxidase (KCN, 2.5 mM) leading to an increase of the contribution of glycolysis alone to the ATP supply. When the new steady state was obtained, ethanol 10 mM was added and compared to an addition of 0.5 mM IAA (2 min). When necessary, the other sequences will be detailed.
The contribution of acetic acid and Na+-HCO3- symport to pHi regulation in the presence of ethanol (50 mM) was respectively studied by (i) reducing the intra-extracellular acetate gradient with the addition of 20 mM acetate in the perfusate, and (ii) using 1 mM 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), an inhibitor of the symport.
The indirect contribution of Na+-K+-ATPase pump to pHi regulation in the presence of ethanol (50 mM) was evaluated using its specific inhibitor ouabaïn (1 mM).
For each group, the number of experiments is specified in the results section.
The study is complied with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services, N.I.H. Publication n° 85-23, revised (1985).
31P and 13C NMR spectra of liver were recorded on a Bruker DPX-400 spectrometer operating at 9.4T (161.9 and 100.6 MHz respectively). For 31P NMR spectra without proton decoupling, 240 free induction decays (70° flip angle, 0.2 s acquisition time, 0.5 s total recycling time, 10000 Hz spectral width and 4 K data points) were routinely acquired within 2 min, except during the periods corresponding to the addition of the ATP synthesis inhibitor where the number of scans was reduced to 70 FIDs to increase the accuracy of the rate determination. 13C NMR spectra (500 FID, 66° radiofrequency pulse repeated every second, 25000 Hz spectral width) were proton-decoupled using a gated bilevel mode, with a high level of 1H irradiation used during acquisition and a low level during relaxation delay. A Lorentzian line broadening of 15 Hz was applied prior to Fourier transformation by the Bruker software for both 31P and 13C NMR spectra. Peak assignment was done as previously described  using methylene diphosphonic acid (MDPA set at 18.40 ppm) as an external standard and glycerophosphorylcholine as an internal standard set at 0.47 ppm.13C chemical shifts were expressed from an external silicone reference (at 1.45 ppm). Phosphorylated metabolite content [ATP, phosphomonoesters (PME; namely sn-glycerol-3-phosphate)] amount were estimated from their peak areas and expressed as a percentage of the initial value obtained at the end of the 30 min-equilibration period in KHB. In physiological conditions, cellular ATP is mainly in the bound form, especially Mg2+-ATP, corresponding to about 90% of the total ATP . It can be thus interesting to distinguish the two cellular forms (free and bound) of ATP, by the 31P NMR chemical shifts between the α and βATP resonances, which resulted from the binding of divalent cations (Mg2+) to ATP .
ATP (t) =-kt+b, where k is the apparent velocity of the ATP decrease and b the liver ATP content at the beginning of the substrate perfusion. In order to compare all experimental groups, the values at the beginning of ATP depletion were arbitrarily fixed at 100%.
13C NMR quantification of glycogen content at the beginning of the KHB perfusion was performed from a calibration curve established with oyster glycogen (0 to 185 mM glycosyl units). The change of glycogen content was estimated from the C-1 peak area and expressed as a percentage of this initial value.
All chemical compounds are provided by Sigma.
Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) were determined from the chemical shift of the intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) signal using a titration curve constructed at 37°C according to the Henderson-Hasselbach equation . The accuracy of the NMR pHi determination for the same liver was <0.015 pH unit.
Liver effluent (3 ml) was collected in order to enzymatically determine glucose (glucose oxidase, Sigma France) excretion at each phase of the protocol. Glucose excretion was expressed in μmoles/min.g liver ww.
All results are expressed as means ± SEM. Since the factor analyzed was the nature of the perfusate, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied before a t-test (software package statworks, Cricket Software, London). A P value lower than 0.05 was considered to be significant.
This work was supported by grants from Institut de Recherche Scientifique sur les Boissons (IREB), contract number 2001/07-renewal 2002. The authors thank Pierre Tissier for his technical assistance and Dr Ray Cooke (Département des Langues Vivantes Pratiques, Université Bordeaux 2) for proofreading the manuscript.
MCB carried out the NMR data and wrote the manuscript. Pat. C participated in the design and the financial support of the study. HG and Paul C participated in the design of the study. JLG conceived of the study, participated in its coordination and corrected the manuscript.

industry_corpus2: Biopharmaceuticals


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industry_corpus2: Subject Education


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"A unique story and a cri-de-Coeur in this realm of dehumanization"
Atelier Guéliz founded in 2017 is a small creative atelier based in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Kashmere Hakim El Amrani is operating in various fields such as contemporary art and spatial design.
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Having a mixed identity by being born in Amsterdam with his roots in Marrakech. Atelier Guéliz reflects, "embracing differences".
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The 1-Day Workshops on Teaching Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages (BIPA) provide opportunities for BIPA practitioners and those interested in BIPA to learn more about and explore the latest approaches in teaching BIPA. IALF has designed a variety of interesting workshop topics, which will improve the workshop participants’ knowledge, skills and teaching techniques.
Rp. 450,000 per person, with a minimum of 10 participants. The fee includes workshop materials, certificate, snacks and lunch.
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This compact, water resistant waist pack comes with a handy spare visor holder.
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industry_corpus2: Manufacturing


text:
The International Association for the Measurement and Evaluation of Communication (AMEC) has embarked on a campaign to "eradicate" the "derided" AVE measurement method - as a former chair of the organisation has warned that banning it wholesale would be unpopular.
At its global summit in Bangkok last month, AMEC's international board announced to members that it would invite PR and comms organisations across the world to "join its initiative to eradicate fully the use of advertising equivalency value (AVE) and all of its derivatives as metrics in public relations work", an AMEC statement said.
Asking the industry to come together at events and training to "continue to push the message that by using AVEs it demeans the credibility of the PR company or internal comms team involved", the AMEC statement reads.
The PRCA and ICCO are AMEC's first partners on the campaign.
AMEC chairman Richard Bagnall said the summit had ignited the need for action. He said: "It’s time AVEs stopped being a talking point in our industry. The way forward is to work with other friends and partners in the worldwide public relations industry to eradicate this derided metric."
Bagnall also said research showed that client demand for AVEs had dropped substantially in recent years, and went on to say: "Now is the time to kill it off completely once and for all."
Measures to completely "kill off" AVE use may meet some opposition, however. AVE use in UK PR may not have not fallen as much in recent years as AMEC suggests, according to two surveys: a study in 2009 found 37 per cent of UK agencies were using it, while another this year put that figure at 35 per cent.
The CIPR last month said it would ban members from using AVEs and said they would "discipline" those who flouted the ban, raising concerns from both a past president and its president-elect that this was disproportionate.
A survey released earlier this week from measurement and marketing effectiveness agency Crescendo Consulting found relatively low support for bans on AVE use. Of the 104 PR and marketing professionals questioned, 44 per cent of those surveyed said they agreed that PR industry bodies should ban AVEs, with 43 per cent opposing it, and 13 per cent saying they had no preference either way.
Of the 14 in-house PR professionals in the survey, three said they agreed with such a ban, nine said they did not, and the other three had no opinion.
Crescendo director Mark Westaby, who was the chair of AMEC from 2001 to 2005, said bans such as the CIPR could be divisive. He said: "While admiring both the CIPR and AMEC for standing up against AVEs, the results of our survey suggest many members will leave directly because of the ban."
AMEC CEO Barry Leggetter told PRWeek that Westaby was confused, saying: "Westaby is inaccurately criticising AMEC for banning AVEs which we have not done and is therefore confusing AMEC's position with that of CIPR."
Leggetter also said that it was "disappointing" that Westaby had decided to "use the results of a small online survey to give him a news hook to generate interest in his new product", but also acknowledged that Westaby had been "a major force for good in helping to create AMEC over 20 years ago".
CIPR president Jason Mackenzie said: "Our members have grown tired of the debate surrounding AVEs and the majority are fully supportive of our plans to rid the industry of this vanity metric. In the autumn we will publish new professional guidance which will set out clearly what clients, employers and stakeholders can expect."

industry_corpus2: Media & Journalism


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The Prime Minister has announced the Government will bring forward the first Environment Bill in over 20 years. Theresa May confirmed the Bill at a Liaison Committee of Select Committee Chairs hearing on Wednesday 18 July.
“The Prime Minister has made clear on a number of occasions we will not weaken environmental protections when we leave the EU. Today’s announcement that this government will bring forward the first Environment Bill in over 20 years builds on the vision we set out in our 25-Year Environment Plan to leave our precious environment in a better state than we found it.
Details of the bill’s contents will be brought forward in due course.

industry_corpus2: Politics & Administration


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If you do not already have an account, create a free account.
We recommend first setting your Time Zone. From the Accounts page, select Profile and make the adjustment there.
On the Accounts page, click Add New Source ().
Select the Type you wish to read from the drop-down menu. Remember that FitnessSyncer will only read this type of data from this location for this source.
Select the Source for the data from the list. Depending on the source, you may need to enter your username and password for that service here, or you may be redirected to the device or service’s website after saving the item to grant FitnessSyncer access to your information.
Click the Save button. All other properties are not required but you can learn more about them in Sources.
You can now click the Sync () button to pull in your data. Depending on how much data you have, this may take some time. You may wish to refer to any specific documentation for the service you are synchronizing for any specific information for them.
Once it is available, navigate to our Dashboard or Stream to see your data.
If you do not have any accounts at any our supported sites, you can always use our Notebook to keep track of your information or use the FitnessSyncer Uploader to upload your content into FitnessSyncer. This is also a great way to get started with FitnessSyncer. For more information, please see the Notebook section.
On the Accounts page, click Add New Destination Task ().
Select the Destination you wish to synchronize with. Depending on the destination, you may need to enter your username and password for that service here, or you may be redirected to the device or service’s website after saving the item to grant FitnessSyncer access to your information.
Click the Save button. All other properties are not required but you can learn more about them in Sync Destinations.
To try your first sync, click the Sync () button near your Destination Task on the Accounts page. Depending on how much data you have, this can take a long time.

industry_corpus2: Sports


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We appreciate your trust and your positive feedback.
Thanks for helping us hit our funding goal IN A DAY - WOW!
Additional content © Derek O'Sullivan from the The Best Tent/Hammock: Inspired by Travel || Crua Hybrid project.

industry_corpus2: Travel & Geography


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Tinting the windows on your car is a great way to change the look of your car, but before you tint your windows, it is important to know the rules and regulations in your area.
How to Fix a Bad Window Tinting Job on Your Car?
How to Fix a Bad Window-Tinting Job on Your Car?
How much is window tinting?
Can I be pulled over for window tinting?
How to Apply a Window Tinting Kit?
How to Strip Window Tinting?
Types of Car Window Tinting?
Can you undo window tinting?
How to Install Car Window Tinting?
How much does automobile window tinting cost?
Types of Window Tinting for Cars?

industry_corpus2: Automobiles


text: Lava iris 30 Official 100% working Stock firmware rom free download link available here. This rom was tested and Flashed by quickfirmware Team officially .Lava iris 30 Created by Infinity-Box (c) Chinese Miracle II (c) 2017 .so gsm friends can use this firmware faithfully. Download this firmware rom without password, Virus & Bugs Free.Lava iris 30 flash file without password free download from upper link.

industry_corpus2: Computing & Telecommunications


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Filing record expungments in Georgia allows individuals, in certain situations, to have their criminal charges wiped clean. Not everyone will qualify for record expungement, which is now called record restriction after the 2013 changes to the law passed.
In addition to filing for record restriction, the 2013 laws were expanded to allow for certain court and even jail records to be restricted and sealed if properly applied for and granted. This can be a time consuming process and you must know exactly who to contact and what to file for your case.
At Zeliff | Watson, we help eligible people seal and restrict their records in all Metro Atlanta and North Georgia courts. If you think your charges maybe eligible for expungement, give us a call today, or email us directly at: help@zwdefense.com and we will discuss whether our services could help expunge your record.

industry_corpus2: Law & Justice


text: These decorative feathers are so cute with their spotty brown and white pattern. Several small feathers have been attached to a bamboo stick with decorative red wire to make a decorative display on a desk or dressing table or anywhere you want to show off a pretty vase. Sold as a set of 3. Made with real feathers.

industry_corpus2: Others


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A new, urgent task of Samsung, the world’s unrivalled memory chip provider, seems to be developing chips for artificial intelligence applications on devices, including the company’s AI program Bixby on smartphones and connected home appliances, an emerging cash cow sought by many chip ventures around the world.
Though belatedly compared to its major rivals such as Qualcomm, the South Korean tech behemoth has embarked on research and development of so-called “AI chips” with a goal of commercialization in the next few years, according to industry sources.
“(Samsung) is in the middle of researching and developing several types of chips that will be capable of processing massive data from AI applications on devices, eliminating the need to communicate with cloud servers,” an industrial source from one of Samsung’s partners told The Korea Herald.
Up-to-date handheld devices have made their debuts with AI features such as voice recognition and machine learning. Data produced during operations of such AI features is currently stored in cloud as a database and recalled when needed.
The communications network plays a crucial role in enabling the AI applications.
The forecast comes amid increasing efforts by tech giants and startups around the world to improve their performances of AI-powered devices.
For global semiconductor manufacturers, AI will create new market opportunities, according to market intelligence firm TrendForce.
With AI becoming a major growth contributor, the research firm predicts that the global revenue from semiconductor chip sales will annually grow by around 3 percent from 2018 through 2022.
The Kirin 970 chip is described as the first neural processing unit for smartphones, which replaces a multiple number of chips for classic computing, graphics, image and digital signal processing. The separate chips take up more space and time due to interactions among themselves within phones.
Huawei’s new phones will have a faster performance, more compact design and longer battery life than those of its competitors such as Apple and Samsung, according to Huawei’s smartphone chief Richard Yu at IFA 2017.
“Competition for AI chips is so intense globally that we will be able to see AI chip-equipped smartphones in the second half of next year,” said Yoo Hoi-jun, professor at Korea Advanced Institute of Technology.
Yoo’s team grabbed global attention in August after it announced the “Deep Neural Processing Unit” which combines the existing convolutional neural network and recurrent neural network while consuming the least amount of power.
Samsung officially hinted that the memory chip giant is also working on some AI chips similar to the concept of the NPU processor at a recent technology forum in Seoul.
According to Kim, Samsung is yet to largely focus on memory-based technologies.
“Considering that the degree of integrity of Samsung’s Vertical NAND chips is doubling every 2.5 years, we will be able to store as much data as in our brain in a single solid state drive 20 years later,” Kim said.
The Korea Herald is publishing a series of articles dissecting the status and plans of South Korea’s leading semiconductor businesses that are shifting the shape of the global market. This is the third installment. -- Ed.

industry_corpus2: Artificial Intelligence


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Chiyaan Vikram is all geared up with Paththu Endrathukulla being directed by ‘Goli Soda’ fame Vijay Milton. The film is on the floors and action scenes involving Vikram are being shot now.
D Imman is scoring the music.The movie has Samantha playing the female lead. Vijay Milton says the role is tailor-made for Vikram and he will pull it off well. Major portion of the movie has been shot in and around Chennai.
Meanwhile Vikram’s Ai, directed by Shankar, is all complete and plans are on for a release soon.
Tags: vikram, vijay milton & victory, Vikram,Vijay Milton,Goli Soda,Shankar,Tamil Cinema News, Today Cinema News, Tamil Cine News, Tamil Latest Cine News, Today Latest Tamil News, Today Tamil Cinema News.

industry_corpus2: Film & Entertainment


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Home / Fashion and Beauty / Beauty / Revlon Highlighting Palette / Rad or Bad?
One of the many products I get excited to use when I do my face is the highlighter. The glow makes me giddy!
Since strobing is the in thing these days, I figured I’d share my thoughts about the highlighter I use. For someone who’s mad about makeup, my stash is little. I only have two highlighters and the other one isn’t even a proper one — it’s an eyeshadow. But I digress. I’ll save my ramblings about minimalism and makeup for another post.
So, what do I think about the Revlon Highlighting Palette in Bronze Glow, the only “illuminator” in my collection?
The line offers three shades: Bronze Glow, Peach Glow and Rose Glow. The one I own has two different types of pinks, two shades of brown and a white one.
I appreciate this product’s no nonsense packaging. The clear portion of the tiny box that houses the product gives a peek at what to expect from the palette.
The Revlon Highlighting Palette smells like any other powder. You’ll find that the Revlon Highlighting Palette has a chalky texture, but despite that, the product blends easily. The product also appears to have lots of glitters, but it does not translate as sparkly on the skin.
The only thing I dislike about this product, in terms of wear, is it settles into the fine lines of the skin. Although it could be my fault because I cannot practice restraint when I use this. I love how glowing and healthy my face looks from afar but a closer look at my face with this product on will introduce you to my dry spots and pores.
As for the product’s longevity, it stays reasonably long on the skin — I’ve worn it for more than six hours without having to touch up.
Is the Revlon Highlighting Palette rad or bad?
It’s rad! It’s a product that serves its purpose well and beyond. Another reason I recommend it is because it can dual-task. I’ve used it as an eyeshadow, too, and the results were good. A little caution is needed if you’re going to try it on your peepers because, as I’ve mentioned, it’s chalky. I would probably purchase another palette from the range once I’ve used mine up but would go a shade lighter.
Have you tried the Revlon Highlighting Palette before? What are your thoughts about it?
If you haven’t, would you consider giving it a try?


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Wood Storage is so much more appealing and charming than any other material as in plastic or wire racks. Wood has its warmth, its natural color that ages with time, its natural quality of being earth friendly and non-allergenic. Wood is versatile, cupboards can stand the weights of heavy products and stays in kitchens for years.
Simple and plain these cupboard houses a lot of items from floor to ceiling. Come to think about it - having one of these in your kitchen can solve a lot of problems for storage. With heavy items on the base drawers such as bags of rice, flour, sugar etc can ensure that you can easily get to them when supplies in your bottles run low.
As you plan your storage cupboard make sure that daily use items are kept at hip to chin level so you can get to it easily. Popular items like soup cans, pasta, pickles, spices, salt and other regular use items need to be easily accessible. Keeping them where you can easily see and reach out for makes your kitchen work so much more sartisfying.
Planning what goes where - divide your cupboard into square or rectangular sections either short or tall in height. Throw in couple drawers in case you have certain things that cannot stand. Tuck away occasional use items in the topmost shelves and everyday used linen and mits into baskets on the floor for easy pull-out-and-use!
Used to call these Meatsafes. Now they call them Potato Storage bins!!
Some cabinet manufacturers also have few upper shelving sideways and divided in half so you can pull one side out at a time and can view all the items kept there. Popular items to keep that way are cereal boxes, chip bags, bread crumb boxes etc.
When you are planning to create such personal custom storage in your kitchen, I tell you wood is the best product to work with. They come in at a higher price tag but your investment is worth the money spent as it is going to give back many times more as well as they will add beauty to your home. Custom storage will also mean a well designed kitchen and then you can rave that you have a custom designer kitchen since its going to be the hearth of the house.


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Villa La Chiusa has been saved to your favorites folder .
Villa La Chiusa has parts dating back to the 17th century and parts to the 18th century when it was enlarged and refined with decorations. It is situated on the level countryside in Lucca area, with a large lovely Italian garden full of flowers, fruit trees, and old lemon pots.
All the garden is surrounded by an old garden-wall keeping it nicely secluded from the outside world. This elegant villa has been in the family “for ever“. In the old days it was part of a vast estate with the homes for farmers behind it. All the complex was called “La Corte”, a typical lucchese country settlement still existing in some areas of Lucca countryside.


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Now that Motorola’s Cyber Monday discount period is over with, they have moved on to the next solid holiday deal which is $50 off orders of at least $350 or $100 off when you spend $500 or more. If you missed out on Moto X $140 off codes yet still want a new phone, these are still pretty solid discounts.
Of course, the Moto X (2nd gen) runs $499, so you can’t get the full $100 off unless you tack on an accessory too. I did find a screen protector that ran $14.95, which if purchased would get you the $100 discount and into a brand new 16GB Moto X for about $415.
Keep in mind that their are exclusions, as in, these discounts do not apply to the Moto E, Nexus 6, or Moto X on Republic Wireless. The deal runs through December 23.


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Join 800+ attendees at the Applied AI Conference 2018, #AAI18 – The world leading conference in the latest Applied AI innovations.
Last chance to register and connect with the World’s Leaders in AI.
Panel: Applied AI in FinTech: Faster, Cheaper, Better?
Please note, agenda is subject to change.


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Car sharing membership will reach 26 million worldwide in 2020.
Total car sharing fleet will then reach 450,000 cars.
Passenger cars and light trucks are the main modes of transportation in most industrialized countries. The vast majority of car trips in metropolitan areas are drive-alone trips with only one person in the car and vehicles are used for only about one hour per day on average.
Car sharing is one of many car-based mobility services that have become available for people that want to complement other modes of transportation with car-based mobility occasionally. Examples of other car-based mobility services include traditional car rental, carpooling, ridesharing, taxi and ride sourcing services. Many of these mobility services aim to decrease the cost of car-based transportation, create convenience through fewer ownership responsibilities, as well as reduce congestion and environmental impact.
Car sharing is a decentralized car rental service focusing on short term rentals that supplements other modes of transports including walking, cycling and public transport. Car sharing aims to provide an alternative to individual car ownership without restricting individual mobility by providing affordable access to cars. Moreover, car sharing aims to both reduce distance travelled by car and the number of cars in use. Car sharing services thus create environmental, economic and social benefits.
Car sharing is a membership-based service available to all qualified drivers in a community. Car Sharing Organizations (CSOs) offer members access to a fleet of shared cars from unattended self-service locations. Usage is billed by the minute/hour and by distance driven, with rates that include fuel, insurance and maintenance.
Today, most CSOs use station-based networks with roundtrip rental. This operational model requires members to return a vehicle to the same designated station from which it was accessed. Some CSOs have also started to offer one-way car sharing that enables users to return the car to any station operated by the CSO. Another model that is rapidly gaining in popularity is free floating car sharing, which enables members to pick up and drop off cars anywhere within a designated area. The ability to access available cars instantly without prior booking and no need to schedule return time make this type of service attractive for short trips.
New technologies in the form of telematics systems and smartphones are key enablers of car-based mobility services. In-car hardware technologies for car sharing services comprise an on-board computer, telematics device and RFID reader for capturing trip data, enable fleet management and grant access to the car through an RFID smartcard or smartphone app. An in-vehicle user terminal with keypad and display may also be installed to provide the driver with visible messages and guidance, as well as allow management of reservations from within the vehicle.
Software platforms for car sharing have evolved from basic booking systems to complete IT systems that can support all the operational activities of a CSO ranging from management of in-vehicle equipment, fleet management, booking management, billing, as well as operations supervision via dashboards and data analytics. Examples of leading vendors of hardware and software platforms include Convadis, Good Travel Software, IER Group, INVERS, Miveo, Mobiag, OpenFleet and Vulog.
There are now roughly 300 CSOs active in about 30 countries and close to 1,000 cities, primarily in Europe, North America and developed markets in Asia-Pacific. Commercial car sharing services are offered by specialist car sharing companies (in the form of cooperatives, non-profit organizations as well as for profit companies), car rental companies, carmakers, as well as public transport operators. Examples of leading CSOs active in multiple countries include Car2go (owned by Daimler), DriveNow (owned by BMW and Sixt), Blue car sharing (owned by the French Bolloré Group), as well as Zipcar (owned by Avis Budget Group). However, the majority of CSOs are mainly active in a single country or a few cities. Examples include Times Car Plus (owned by the Japanese parking lot operator Time 24), Socar in South Korea, Enjoy (owned by the Italian energy company Eni), Mobility Carsharing in Switzerland, Communauto in Canada and GoGet in Australia.
Car sharing membership has grown from 4.8 million worldwide at the end of 2014 to an estimated 6.5 million at the end of 2015. At the same time, the total car fleet operated by CSOs has increased from 100,000 vehicles to about 123,000 vehicles. Free floating services are now available in 12 countries and 43 cities in Europe and North America, with a combined fleet of about 20,000 cars and 2.0 million members at the end of 2015.
Berg Insight forecasts that carsharing membership will grow to 26.0 million worldwide by the end of 2020 and the total car sharing fleet will then reach 450,000 cars.

industry_corpus2: Transportation


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Dotted with cacti and eroded rock formations, the area bears an uncanny resemblance to America’s wild west. It is therefore appropriate that it was here that Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid spent their last days and met their end.
We spend an afternoon riding a couple of poorly-fed nags through the area’s canyons, and regret not examining the condition of the animals before paying our money for the horseback tour. However, we didn’t come here to retrace the footsteps of these infamous outlaws. We came to arrange a trip through the Salar de Uyuni and the Andean Altiplano of southwestern Bolivia.
We share the cost of a car, driver, cook and food with another couple, and drive the dirt tracks through the desert to Uyuni. There, following some final negotiations with the tour company and a brief visit to the locomotive graveyard, we set off for the Salar de Uyuni.
It is the beginning of the rainy season, so the salt flat offers two very different personalities. At one end the dried surface, honeycombed with hexagons, is blindingly white under the glaring sun. The other end is covered in a few inches of water, producing mirror images of the horizon and surrounding altiplano.
The salt is harvested and brought to nearby refineries, from where it is shipped to various parts of the continent. Our first stop is the salt refineries at Colchani where we watch the refining and packaging process. Next are the salt hotels. These buildings, made entirely of salt blocks, are no longer operational due to the pollution they create.
The sewage from the hotels was jeopardizing this industry, and they were consequently shut down. This concept is lost on one backpacker, as he decides to relieve himself behind one of the buildings. He quickly draws the attention of an angry, stone-wielding local woman’s wrath.
In the middle of the Salar de Uyuni is the cactus-studded Isla de los Pescadores. The cacti here grow about 1cm/year, and some of the plants are over ten meters tall. These are some very odd and very old plants.
We have lunch nearby and leave the salar for higher ground. By late afternoon, we reach San Juan where we will spend the night. Before dinner, we have an opportunity to walk among the herds of llamas and alpacas that graze on the high plateau. The looming mountains, bathed in the warm light of the setting sun, provide a stunning backdrop for these curious looking creatures.
The next day is flamingo day. We lunch at a lake populated by hundreds of pink flamingos and other birds feeding on the algae and various microorganisms in the water. The beauty and graceful nature of these birds is intermittently overshadowed by the beauty of the surrounding mountains and the vivid colors of the lake.
Continuing through the desert, we stop to explore the various wind-carved rocks and photograph the elegant but elusive vicunas. Occasionally we see small dusty volcanic puffs rising from a mountain ridge.
We spend the night at a lodge on the banks of Laguna Colorada. Before dinner, we hike above and along the shore of the flamingo-speckled and rainbow-colored lake. On the opposite side of the lake stands Volcan Uturuncu, watching over the entire scene.
Early the next morning we set out to visit the steam geysers and bubbling mud-pits for sunrise. Unfortunately, it is overcast and the dawn sun fails to create the colorful effect it is rumored to. Nonetheless, it is an eerily beautiful setting, despite the hordes of tourists.
We have breakfast at some thermal hot springs. They are more like lukewarm springs, and since it was such a cool morning, we decide to not go for a dip in the already crowded pool.
Our last stop of our trip across the altiplano is the pristine Laguna Verde, where we pause to take some final photos. At the end, we found ourselves at the Chilean border where we transfer to a minivan that takes us to the dusty backpacker chill-out of San Pedro de Atacama.
Straddling the rugged Andean mountains and the desolate Atacama Desert, southwestern Bolivia affords access to a unique and diverse geography, and a rich culture. It is a highlight of any trip through South America.


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If you rely on data from the US Department of Agriculture on grain crops and prices -- or data on other petfood ingredients -- you may have cause for concern. Possible US federal budget cuts may affect the agency's ability to continue to provide such timely and accurate data, according to Joe Prusacki, director of the statistics division at USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS).
Speaking during a webinar hosted by the Farm Foundation (as reported on AgWired.com), Prusacki said that while US Congress' joint budget committee actually increased the amount of money allotted to NASS, it was less than what the division asked for because of what its leaders believe is needed to produce the number of reports to serve producers, along with the number of inputs and sample sizes necessary to help ensure quality and accuracy.
It's not just producers who use this data. In another webinar in the Farm Foundation series, Paul Hughes, commodity risk manager for Nestle Purina PetCare, said this information is very important to petfood and other manufacturers such as his company -- especially because the data is unbiased. "USDA is the global unbiased umpire of the grains and oilseeds markets," he said.
USDA data level the playing field for all producers and manufacturers, especially smaller ones, Hughes added, expressing concern that if USDA is not able to produce the same number or quality of reports equally to all in the market, the information might be available only from parties with vested interests. For example, Indonesian palm oil is the most consumed vegetable oil in the world, he said, with the country producing half the global supply -- yet it shares no data on production stocks of consumption.
With the market for so many ingredients (particularly grains) being so volatile, access to timely, accurate, unbiased data is even more critical. For example, just a few weeks ago, a USDA economist said the US corn crop might set a new record this year. But then excessive heat and drought hit the US Midwest, which may affect the size of the crop, thus affecting supply and prices. Which in turn could affect wheat prices.
How does this affect you, if at all -- and what other petfood-related market data would you find useful on a regular basis? PetfoodIndustry.com will be developing a Market Data page within the next six months or so; please tell us what type of data you would like to see included and updated on that page. We cannot promise we will be able to answer all requests, but we will certainly try!
To list petfood market data you find helpful, simply fill in the comments box below. (You have to register to the site and be signed in to comment; registration to PetfoodIndustry.com is free.) Thank you for your input.

industry_corpus2: Agriculture & Fisheries


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Presenting ancient Jomon style ring. Jomon is Japanese historical preiod highly known for its elaborate Doki(pottery) and Dogu(clay figure). It is considered as oldest form of Japanese art.
This ring is made with 3D scanned data of Jomon Doki from Yamanashi Pref. Japan, mid period of Jomon era(about 5000 yrs ago). You can enjoy original shape of artifact.


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Make a statement with our Clear Frosted High-Density Euro-Shoppers the latest in euro-shopper styling. With the upscale rope handle these bags are stunning plain or hot stamped with your company logo. All items are sold separately unless noted.
Made of 4 mil high-density polyethylene; provides strength and resists tears.
For item number 268-080410-EURO contains 200 bags per case.


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José María López was fastest in the second World Touring Car Championship practice session in Hungary, heading the Hondas of Gabriele Tarquini and Tiago Monteiro for a second consecutive session.
With second practice once again held in wet conditions, Argentinian López set his fastest time – a 2:11.506s – towards the end of the half-hour session, having earlier swapped fastest times with Tarquini.
The Italian ended the session 0.508s shy of López’s time, and with Monteiro a further six-tenths back in third the session was a productive one for the Honda team, with changes to their Civics seemingly yielding improvements.
A late lap from four-time champion Yvan Muller – which was 1.741s slower than López in the sister Citroen C-Elysee – moved Norbert Michelisz back to fifth, the Hungarian nevertheless enjoying another useful session in the third Honda Civic.
Rob Huff headed the third and fourth Citroen’s of Ma Qing Hua and Sebstien Loeb – who was able to take part in the session after repairs were made to his car following a crash at the start of first practice – for sixth, while Tom Coronel was ninth with Stefano D’Aste completing the top ten.
After Loeb’s crash in first practice and a number of drivers struggling at Turn 5, the second session was a much simpler affair with a trip through the gravel for Mehdi Bennani in the opening minutes and a spin for Huff the only incidents of note, despite a continuation of the treacherous conditions that were experienced in the opening session.
Qualifying starts at 13:30 BST.


text: "This file contains the CGI Raw Material Role vocabulary, as defined by the IUGS Commission for Geoscience Information (CGI) Geoscience Terminology Working Group. The vocabulary defines concepts for categorizing raw material relationships with Earth Resource occurrences. By extension, this vocabulary includes all concepts in this conceptScheme, as well as concepts in any previous versions of the scheme."

industry_corpus2: Mining


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Perth Metro Photo Booth Hire have a large collection of accessories to consider using at your event.
Instagram print outs from the InstaPrinter.
Each of these options can be fully customised to suit your event.
Additional Hours – $100 per hour.
Add additional hours to our diamond package to give your guests the ultimate photo booth experience. If you need more than a few extra hours for a corporate event, give us a call and we'll work something out!
Prop Box – Free in ALL packages.
Your photo booth will pop with our props! Our box of creative and silly props, including sparkly wigs, super sized sunnies, crazy hats, and signs will add a zany craziness to your photo booth fun.
Social Media Kiosk – $99 (free in Diamond Package).
Instaprinter will pick up all hash-tagged photos on Instagram and print them out for you with your own branding. The Instaprinter works well on it’s own or along with one of our more traditional photo booths.
Booth Branding – Price on Application.
A fully branded booth will complete your next corporate function, festival or product launch. We can wrap & brand our booths to feature your logo, your sponsors' logos, an advertising message, or full-sized images of your products.
Photostrip Frames – Price on Application.
Perfect for weddings, birthdays or even advertising. Your guests will treasure these take-home photo frames to keep the memories from your event alive long after the event.
Photo Album Guest Book – $75 (free in Diamond Package).
Ask each of your guests to pop in their favourite photostrip from the event with a special message from them to you! A craft, DIY photo album prepared by your guests is a great way for you to remember the event and your guests.
Green Screen – Price on Application.
Who’s that in the photo with you? Is that your favourite AFL player, Superman, Santa, Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake, George Clooney? In Hawaii? You have endless options to customise your photo background with this technology. Get creative!
Get the VIP touch! Your guests will love the Hollywood red carpet at your exclusive, star-studded event! Ask some of them to line up like paparazzi while others walk down the red carpet to their booth.
Perth Metro Photo Booth Hire © All Rights Reserved.


text: Sterling silver accessories are both reliable and fashionable. Complete your collection with high quality sterling silver pieces. This ring features a flat plate design.


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It can be a task living in Mumbai. There were times when the local municiplality would come to demolish the slums on that entire street without any prior information. This was very traumatic as everytime this happened, they lost their belonginings and home. Her family without having any alternatives used to build a temporary shelter for themselves and used to resume life again. This lifestyle was pretty much nomadic and made Farzana feel very unsafe and unprotected.
Farzana’s parents worked very hard but still found it difficult to make both ends meet. This was the story of more or less every family living on that street. Currently, Farzana is going to complete is 10th class board examinations through correspondence.
Save the Children identified Fazrana and helped her in getting an Aadhaar Card. This empowered her and gave her a sense of identity. She soon started working for street children issues as a volunteer.
Farzana attended various trainings by Save the Children where she gained self-confidence and was imparted with the awareness on the significance of extracurricular activities. She realised that she was a good Kho-Kho player and brought significant achievements for her school in the field of sports. Her passion towards sports is unstoppable. Even though she is from an economically backward family, she has risen and is not letting this stop her from achieving her goals in life.


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A transaction that reduces the risk on an existing investment position.
The guarantee (expressed in monetary terms), which is required by the dealer to maintain an open locked position or locked position that the client intends to open. Each tool has its own margin.
An insurance operation against adverse market changes through a counter-purchases or sales of assets.

industry_corpus2: Finance & Economics


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“What he does have is extraordinary power, he’s a better technical fighter than we’ve seen, and I want to see that come out and develop as a boxer rather than ’je’s just a ticket-seller’. We will bring him back to Newcastle but I’d like him to box away from home and get rounds, so he can develop under less pressure than he’s under in Newcastle.
“He’s arguably the most exciting boxer in Britain right now - everyone is talking about him and everyone wants to watch him - but I don’t want him to become a guy that people think just marches forward and knocks people out. He’s had 16 fights, and his last three fights have ended inside four rounds total.


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Good Business zone for an energetic investor Well established Peruvian Restaurant for Sale. Great Business opportunity for new starter, all equipment fixtures included: Stove, Hood, Refrigerators, table sets,Security System and much more. Good location!
Listing provided courtesy of C-21 Main Street Realty.

industry_corpus2: Power & Energy


text: In this talk we'll look at how to configure the browser to send you reports when things go wrong. These are brand new capabilities the likes of which we've haven't seen before and they're already supported in the world's most popular browser, Google Chrome. We'll look at how to receive reports and how to make use of them after having the browser do the hard work.


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• These 7'' latex balloons are always fun to play with.
• Many colors in the assortment.
• Fill them with air or with water for all kinds of fun.


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50 players with the highest Tiger Points + friend will get to celebrate Raya with the Suria.fm crew & celebrities!
Play the online game & earn "Tiger Points" to be in the running to win prizes!
Visit Maybank's Facebook fan page for more detail.
Jemput Aznil ke rumah korang!
MASiF happening on Malaysia Day?

industry_corpus2: Gaming


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607 Spears Road – NEW PRICE on this +/- 575 acres of unparalleled scenic beauty located 5 miles east of Vanderpool along FM 337 – simply the Heart & Soul of the Texas Hill Country! The focal point of the ranch is its springfed crystal clear ±5 acre lake set amidst rolling fields artfully draped by wooded hills dotted with the famous “Lost Maples” of this region. Existing structures include a spacious 3 bedroom, 2.5 bath main house, tastefully restored 1 bedroom, 1 bath rock guest house, laborer quarters, barn and storage shed plus a modern 6-stall horse barn and adjoining roundpen.
Views in every direction including some of the 5 mile distant Medina Lake. This ranch off Bump Gate Rd. is a botanical wonderland filled with an extensive variety of native hardwoods – lots of healthy live oaks, madrones & wild cherries. Fabulous scenic building sites, just pick the view direction of your choice! Easy access to San Antonio via Hwy 16 & Bump Gate Road. Neighbors are large ranches and native wildlife. What could be better? Additional acreage available.
Bump Gate Road – 509 acres of rugged Bandera County tranquility only minutes from city services! Inspiring long range views of Medina Lake and gorgeous building sites for home or lodge. The ranch is composed of an ideal blend of majestic hills and fertile valleys full of native wildlife including whitetail deer, wild turkey & feral hogs. Approximately a mile of seasonal creek crosses the property, affording several sites for dam construction. Only 30 minutes to San Antonio, large ranch neighbors, may be divided into two tracts. All this for less than $3,900/ acre!!! Seller is LREA. Wildlife Exempt tax status & attractively priced at $1,975,000.
Bump Gate Road – Tranquil privacy awaits you on this private getaway retreat just a 30 minute drive to San Antonio & 20 minutes to Boerne!! just a 30 minute drive to San Antonio & 20 minutes to Boerne!! Dramatic long range views of Medina Lake, gorgeous building sites for home or lodge. Ideal blend of majestic hills & fertile valleys chock full of hardwoods & native wildlife. Over half a mile of seasonal creek just waiting for dam construction. Ag taxes. Additional adjacent acreage available. Seller LREA.
Bump Gate Road – Spectacular country retreat for the value conscious Buyer, only 30 minutes from San Antonio. Panoramic 15-mile views including Bandera and Medina Lake, great for hunting camp or private personal residence. Full of native hardwood trees. Roughly half a mile of seasonal creek with excellent sites for dams. Additional adjacent acreage available. Ag taxes.
499 Elm Creek Rd., Medina – Reduced for immediate sale – Seller to relocate for new job position! Great time to buy a super place in the Texas Hill Country at a truly bargain price!!! Less than 5 minutes to quaint Medina, 30 minutes to Kerrville! Roots of this 2-story farm house date back to early 1900′s but has been brought to 21st century comforts with major room additions/amenities inc. chef’s kitchen, standing seam metal roof and DSL internet. Beautifully appointed 2-bdrm guest house, + free-standing office/workshop, Zars pool & spa. This ranch has it all – magnificent views, ±1000 feet frontage along the clear flowing West Prong Medina River and a 30′X40′ hangar with short grass landing strip for the private air commuter. INCREDIBLY priced at $995,000 – many of the furnishings, equipment and livestock are available at modest additional cost to help jump start your enjoyment of Texas Hill Country living!
SOLD! Kendall County | Acres: ±108.056 | Price: Was $1,350,000, Now $1,026,500!
408 Fuller Drive, Bergheim – The Seller has substantially reduced the price on this gently rolling, scenic oak-covered Hill Country land, private but conveniently close to services in both Boerne and San Antonio. Perfect terrain for your horses or exotic game, level fields, completely high fenced, small pond. Exemplary Boerne Schools. Elevated hilltop provides dramatic vistas with several suitable home sites.
Private Hilll Country Living on 4.32 Acres, Kendall County – SOLD!
26930 Ranchland View, Boerne – Welcome home to this beautiful Hill Country 4.32 acre estate just minutes from the Medical Center in San Antonio! 2 story, 4 bedrooms, 4.5 baths, gourmet kitchen w/bar & breakfast room, separate dining, game room w/wet bar, spacious master with adjoining office/study, separate guest suite, air conditioned exercise room, large storage room, plus children’s wing w/play area. Backyard offers wonderful entertaining area w/covered patio leading to lushly landscaped pool, hot tub & waterfall. ±5,488 sq ft per appraisal. New lower price – $849,500. Owner is LREA. For more information please contact Alexis Weigand, 210-393-1718, alexis@alexisweigand.com, http://AlexisWeigand.com.

industry_corpus2: Real Estate & Construction


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Rotary District 4690 and EIA/FIEA form Partnership!
1. To bring basic engineering infrastructures (water, sanitation, irrigation, etc) to meet the needs of the poorest rural communities of Bolivia.
2. To increase the active participation of Bolivian Rotary Clubs in internationally initiated Water Projects.
3. To facilitate the development of new projects by Bolivian Rotary Clubs.
4. Provide a general agreement between FIEA and District 4690 on how to work together. Each project will have a specific agreement between the interested partners including the respective local Bolivian Rotary Club, the international Rotary Club, and FIEA.
A. Recommend a local Bolivian Rotary Club to be the partner of the International Rotary Club that wishes to work with FIEA.
1. Develop a committee of one to three persons who will be the contact and liaison between the project and the Rotary Club. This committee will work throughout the life of the project (usually 3-5 years) in order to provide continuity. Each club will determine the best way to accomplish this for their particular club.
2. Participate in the handling, managing and reporting of financial transactions.
3. Assist in getting the best price for materials needed for construction.
5. Provide, when possible, if needed, local transportation for the FIEA engineering project manager and the Engineering teams which come to work on the project.
6. Provide, when possible, if needed, temporary housing for the FIEA engineering project manager when they are working on the project.
7. Encourage Bolivian local Rotary Clubs to recommend possible new projects.
8. Review these projects and recommend the appropriate ones to FIEA.
9. District 4690 will look into ways they can help provide vehicles, equipment and financial support for the engineers and the operations of FIEA.
a. Provide an engineer to do the logistics, oversight, and communications, between all of the partners.
b. Provide reports and presentations on the project development to the local Bolivian Rotary Club at least twice a year.
c. Recruit International Engineering Organizations such as Engineers Without Borders and Engineering Universities in the U.S. and Europe, to provide design, development, implementation, and some funding of these projects.
A. Work to receive funding from Bolivian government sources and from the community.
B. Receive recommendations from the District 4690 Steering Committee to evaluate and select projects. The selection will be based on the criteria of reaching the poorest communities in Bolivia and of the technical and financial feasibility of the project.
FIEA, Rotary Clubs, and all partners will support the training of local persons in the operation, maintenance and repairs of the installed infrastructure and develop a unified plan for Sustainability to provide for the long-term use of the infrastructure.
We at EIA/FIEA are very excited to be a close partner with the Rotarians of District #4690!

industry_corpus2: Water Resources & Marine


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Serving the 5 bureaus and all of Long Island, Stuart's Home Fashions offers a wide selection of Hunter Douglas blinds, shades, shutters and sheers, including Duette® Honeycomb Shades (shown above), Silhouette® Window Shadings, and Luminette® Privacy Sheers.
Explore creative ideas and smart solutions for your windows with our online brochure. It's the ideal introduction to Hunter Douglas window coverings, available at Stuart's Home Fashions.
Stuart's Home Fashions offers a large selection of custom Hunter Douglas window treatments, including sheers and shadings, honeycomb shades, shutters, horizontal blinds, vertical blinds, Roman shades, roller shades, and woven wood shades.
We serve the 5 bureaus and all of Long Island. Please contact us, and let us know how we can help you.


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In June, a group of nuclear tech companies, including Silicon Valley startup Kurion, started cleaning the tens of millions of gallons of contaminated water at the Fukushima nuclear power plants in Japan. Now Kurion says the efforts are working, and cesium levels in the water have dropped by more than 40 percent.
Three-year-old Kurion makes a cleanup material (they call it ion specific media) that soaks up radioactive cesium and iodine in contaminated water and contains the waste by shrinking it down to a small-enough size, then turning it into glass, a process called vitrification. The company is backed by investors Lux Capital and Firelake Capital, and is the only American company and startup company to work on the Japanese cleanup efforts.
Vitrification is the standard way to cleanup cesium and iodine in nuclear-contaminated water, but Kurion says it makes that process cheaper, faster and more efficient. Often, the standard vitrification process requires the contaminated materials to be moved to a centralized plant, but Kurion’s process brings the technology to the contaminated materials.
Kurion isn’t cleaning the some 90 million gallons of contaminated water on its own. Japanese conglomerates Hitachi and Toshiba, and French nuclear provider AREVA, are also helping to clean the some 90 million gallons. The water was pumped into the turbine buildings at the power plant and wasn’t only contaminated by nuclear materials, but also filled with debris, oil and salt (from seawater).
The group has been working in a haste to clean the massive amount of water. Kurion’s CEO John Raymont told me in an interview back in June that the rainy season just started in Japan, and if the contaminated water overflowed, it could damage the area’s environment even more. There’s also the concern that more earthquakes could occur in the area, which could also cause the water to overflow. Raymont told me that the startup delivered the cleanup material and technology to Japanese utility TEPCO in five weeks, which is a fraction of the time he says it took to start cleaning water at the Three Mile Island accident.
Nuclear waste management is a problem that hasn’t seen a whole lot of innovation over the past few decades. According to some estimates, $1 out of every $4 from the Department of Energy’s budget goes toward nuclear waste management, so there is a sizable opportunity to help the DOE cut that expense. And with the Japanese nuclear disaster, there’s an immediate market.
Images courtesy of Kurion, and TEPCO.


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For more than 50 years Texas CPAs have generously funded the TXCPA Accounting Education Foundation’s mission to promote and reward educational excellence. The Foundation accomplishes its goals by awarding scholarships to Texas students and recognizing outstanding Texas educators.
Your tax deductible contribution provides the funding that supports these opportunities to invest in the future of the accounting profession. This is the time to help ensure that your firm or business has the workforce it needs in the coming years.
The generosity of Texas CPAs allows the Foundation to fund scholarships to Texas college students. Recipients are accounting majors at a Texas college or university and have the intent of becoming a Texas Certified Public Accountant and entering the accounting profession upon graduation. They must have a high cumulative college GPA and perform well in accounting classes. Recipients receive $2,500 for the academic year. View the lists of recent recipients.
Awarded since 1969, the Accounting Excellence Award bestows honor to an outstanding accounting student at Texas colleges and universities participating in the programs of the Accounting Education Foundation.
Every recipient has his or her name and year engraved on an individual plate for the permanent Accounting Excellence Award plaque at their school. In addition, an individual recognition plaque is presented to the recipient at the local TXCPA chapter meeting. This ceremony gives the recipient a chance to meet working CPAs in the vicinity and allows these CPAs the opportunity to congratulate and encourage the award winner.
This two-day event is funded by the Accounting Education Foundation and provides CPE credit. During the conference, the Foundation along with the TXCPA Relations with Educational Institutions Committee honor four Outstanding Accounting Educators who have demonstrated excellence in teaching and have distinguished themselves through active service to the accounting profession. Register today.


text: Abby Johnson worked for Planned Parenthood for eight years, rising to the ranks of a clinic director. But something happened in the clinic one day that turned her life around-- she witnessed an abortion through the lens of an ultrasound machine. The sight was so traumatic that within a few days she became a Pro-life Advocate and wound up on the sharp end of a Planned Parenthood legal battle. In this episode of Lighthouse Faith podcast, Abby talks about her faith and the new feature length movie about her life that will be released at the end of March. The abortion debate has become an incendiary political topic, especially in the wake of more aggressive abortion bills being passed and debated nationwide. But Abby's story makes abortion personal. She understands the pain of women who choose to end a pregnancy, but she's even more aware of the God who has a purpose for every life.

industry_corpus2: Health & Medicine


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Description : Tyrion is arrested for the murder of Joffery and awaits trial. Sansa escapes King's Landing. Sam sends Gilly to Mole's Town as the Night's Watch finds itself in a tight spot. Meereen challenges Daenerys.
Breaker of Chains (Episode 03) is a Adventure, Drama, Fantasy. movie released in .
Breaker of Chains (Episode 03) Season 04 (2014) download in HINDI in our website moviesyug.net easly with NOT AVAILABLE subtitles.
Breaker of Chains (Episode 03) is avilable for download in two part of mp4 formate and full hd format with smaple files for instant quality check.


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Seth Godin – SEO Eclectic – Web, Google, Etc.
One last thing I’ll say about Panda in particular – you need to be willing to take dramatic action to respond. The sites I’ve seen recover are those who’ve done a complete redesign and a refresh of their content, making things so wonderfully amazing that they stand out as the best result for the query. Those who’ve made iterative attempts to reduce ads a little or throw some extra paragraphs on a page so as to hopefully get over the Panda algo generally haven’t.
My take away? The huge light bulb moment SEO insight? If you want to rank first in Google in a post-Panda world, you’ve got to be a resource the best resource on the topic you’re targeting. Lead-aggregation sites (one of our biggest local rankings enemies in the moving industry) can’t just add tons of bogus content with a few keyword mentions, and increase their link buying budget and hope to outrank legit, helpful sites. But this also means that the websites of legit, authoritative businesses might not rank well if those biz owners don’t share their knowledge , and instead get caught up in the “Everyone needs to be on every social network to talk about themselves as much as possible” scamvice. Self promotion across social networks is not the same as being a helpful resource contributing to the betterment of your industry. I’m worried for the thousands of mom & pop businesses across the country that might miss that.
Mom & pop, if you’re reading this, here’s the best SEO advice I’ve got – be the best, most authoritative, most comprehensive, most helpful resource in the world on the topic you’re selling. Give all that helpful information away for free so that it spreads easily (Seth Godin shout-out). Then people will want to visit your site, want to find it in Google, Bing, Yahoo, Blekko, etc and, in turn, those search engines will want to deliver your site to the people using their search engines.
The iPhone4 has me drooling. But is it just shiney-new effect? Or is it actually impressive. The more time that goes by after seeing those first couple videos on it, the more I lean towards believing it is the latter. Don’t get me wrong, there are some cool new features. But it’s definitely not gonna change the mobile world quite as drastically as Apple claims it will.
Thanks to the 2-4 people that keep randomly landing on my blog. I haven’t really found my voice yet. But I’m working on it. Maybe someday, this will contain some useful and or entertaining content about SEO.


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Glen Oaks Housing Association is registered as a Scottish Property Factor under the Property Factors (Scotland) Act 2011 (Reg. No. PF000173).
The cost of pre-inspecting repairs; ordering the work and the administrative tasks involved in the payment of the invoice.
The inspection of common areas in order to identify work that needs done.
The administration involved in organising insurance cover for factored owners.
The issuing of invoices to owners and any queries which arise from this including pursing non payment using our debt recovery policy.
The staff resources involved in dealing with Estate Management issues e.g. neighbour disputes; liaising with other Agencies.
The involvement of staff dealing with other 'adhoc' queries including complaints.


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A native of New Zealand, Cherie de Perrot travelled abroad to Australia in her late teens and lived there for 31 years, before moving back to her homeland in 2010. During her years living in Australia, she travelled a great deal both with Working and on holidays. The vastness of the land inspired her a great deal, as well as the people. As a Mother and an Humanitarian who cares a great deal for the welfare of other peoples lives and living conditions, the natural disasters that occurred, became very personal, thus many of her poetic writes, were inspired from such!
She also Married and became a Mother to Six wonderful children, which in itself was, and still is a huge challenge. No shortage of inspiration therein.
After the Marital breakdown, she found herself in touch once again with her Old High School Flame, a much unrequited love, that could never blossom in its original time, but did so the second time around. She now lives back in her homeland of New Zealand with her younger children, and New Husband, surrounded by more inspiration than any writer could ever imagine possible.
So on a daily basis, just every day events are enough to keep this " Mistress O the Quill" more than occupied!

industry_corpus2: Literature & Emotions


text: As Butterfly Lab’s VP of Product Development and Chief of Operations, Mr. Zerlan is responsible for operations within Butterfly Labs Innovation team, as well as long term product evolution and development. He has an excellent track record of identifying industry trends, capitalizing on upcoming product and service vacuums that will present vital opportunities for fast, nimble start ups to fill. Mr. Zerlan designed, built and deployed one of the most recognized Bitcoin mining pools and has also operated a successful ISP for over a decade. He has held roles as diverse as IT, merchant gateway programming, network & system architect, database administration, hardware development and medical robotics and image guidance. Mr. Zerlan is a U.S. Army Veteran, having served during Desert Shield and Desert Storm as a Korean linguist in the 1990′s and holds degrees in Computer Information Systems, Computer Science and Liberal Arts. He has given a number of talks at different bitcoin conferences around the world including Las Vegas, Germany, India, Argentina, and the U.S.

industry_corpus2: Technology & Research


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Can anyone please tell me how to deploy an expanded ear or war structure to jboss.
just "unzip" the ear/war into the deploy directory. make sure the directory name ends in either .ear or .war (depending on what you are deploying).


text: Property Location Located in Shanklin, Somerton Lodge Hotel is minutes from Shanklin Theatre and Shanklin Chine. This inn is within close proximity of Rylstone Gardens and Pirates Cove Adventure Golf.Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 18 guestrooms. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available to keep you connected.Rec, Spa, Premium Amenities Take in the views from a garden and make use of amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance.Dining Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Somerton Lodge Hotel. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.Business, Other Amenities Free self parking is available onsite.

industry_corpus2: Hospitality & Catering


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Growing up in Southern Maryland, late summer meant family dinner was served outdoors—and more often than not, that meant my plate was absolutely loaded with the fresh corn that my mother brought home from the local Amish farmers market. I’d eat cob after cob with reckless abandon. (Yes, there was a lot of flossing done later that evening.) The corn was so flavorful and sweet that no butter was needed. Since then, I’ve moved on from my country roots and learned how to pick the best fresh corn at my local market here in the Midwest. Though, I admit, no grocery store variety can compare to that golden Amish goodness!
To boil fresh corn on the cob, first, remove the husks and silk. Then place the cobs in a kettle of unsalted boiling water. Cover the pan and return it to a boil.
Cook the corn for 3-5 minutes or until tender. The exact cooking time will depend on the type of corn you buy and its maturity. Very fresh corn or super-sweet varieties may require a shorter cooking time while older corn may require a longer one.
Piping hot sweet corn begs for a pat of herb butter! Each variation makes about half a cup. If you have an abundance of herbs, make a few batches and freeze for up to six months.
Classic Herb Butter: Combine 1/2 cup softened butter, 1 Tbsp. minced fresh tarragon, 1 Tbsp. minced fresh parsley, 1 tsp. minced fresh chives, 1 minced garlic clove and 1/4 tsp. coarsely ground pepper.
Rosemary Hazelnut & Lemon: Combine 1/2 cup softened butter, 1/4 cup chopped toasted hazelnuts, 2 tsp. minced fresh rosemary, 2 tsp. grated lemon peel and 1/2 tsp. coarsely ground pepper.
Backyard Basil: Combine 1/2 cup softened butter, 3/4 cup minced fresh basil, 1 tsp. lemon juice, 1 tsp. coarsely ground pepper and 1/4 tsp. garlic salt.
Blue Cheese, Walnuts & Sage: Combine 1/2 cup softened butter, 1/4 cup crumbled blue cheese, 1/4 cup chopped toasted walnuts, 1-2 Tbsp. minced fresh sage, 2 minced garlic cloves and 1/2 tsp. coarsely ground pepper.
Cilantro-Chili: Combine 1/2 cup softened butter, 3 Tbsp. minced fresh cilantro, 2 tsp. chili powder, 1 tsp. coarsely ground pepper and 1/4 tsp. salt.
Cajun Butter: Combine 1/2 cup softened butter, 1 tsp. minced fresh thyme, 1 tsp. brown sugar, 1 tsp. chili powder, 1 minced garlic clove, 1/2 tsp. cayenne and 1/4 tsp. coarsely ground pepper.


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CAMPARI GROUP and VESPER hosted “Campari Bartender Competition Thailand 2018 – THANK YOU PARTY” as part of Campari Bartender Competition Asia 2018. The Winner, Supawit Muttarattana, Bar Manager at Vesper, Thailand representative. The event took place in Milan, Italy on 22nd January 2018.Among the 350+ Bartenders who entered spanning 11 Regions, AND the first ever champion of the Campari Bartender Competition ASIA hailing from THAILAND, Supawit Muttarattana.
Event was held at Vesper, Supawit Muttarattana was sharing his experience during FINAL ASIA competition, including cocktail tasting “Dito al cielo”, Supawit’s cocktail that won ASIA competition.