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Yo Gabba Gabba!
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Yo Gabba Gabba!
Yo Gabba Gabba! title card
Genre
Educational
Created by
Christian Jacobs
Scott Schultz
Developed by
Kay Wilson Stallings
Directed by
Christian Jacobs
Scott Schultz
Matt Fackrell
Matt Chapman
Presented by
Lance Robertson
Voices of
Adam Delbert
Christian Jacobs
Amos "Mossi" Watene
Erin Pearce
Emma Jacobs-Briggs
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
66 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Michael Polis
Jon Berrett
Producer(s)
Justin Lyon
Ritamarie Peruggi
Running time
25 minutes
Production company(s)
The Magic Store
W!ldbrain Entertainment
Nickelodeon Productions
Distributor
DHX Media[1][2]
Release
Original network
Nickelodeon
Nick Jr.
Original release
August 20, 2007 (2007-08-20) – November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)
External links
Website
Yo Gabba Gabba! is an American live action/puppet educational children's television show starring five costumed toys come to life and their friend DJ Lance Rock. The series premiered on Nick Jr. August 20, 2007 and ended on November 12, 2015. There is a single topic in each episode, e.g. "Adventure", "Friends", and "Dance", through songs and short storylines in the half-hour program. Additionally, the show teaches children life and social skills, such as sharing and trying new foods. It also encourages viewers to move along with and dance with the characters in the program. The show is noted for its indie-culture guest stars and bands, and for drawing visual inspiration from 8-bit video games and H.R. Pufnstuf, among other television shows. Created by Christian Jacobs (lead singer of the Aquabats) and Scott Schultz, the show is written to appeal to children and their parents. The television program has spawned a touring live stage show, various toys and branded clothing. Trademarks relating to Yo Gabba Gabba! and its characters are held by GabbaCaDabra, LLC. in partnership with The Magic Store and WildBrain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Production
4 Episode structure
5 The Stars
6 Regular segments
7 Episodes
8 Video releases
9 Soundtrack releases
10 Stage shows
11 Mobile streaming
12 Critical reception
13 In other media
14 References
15 External links
Overview[edit]
Hosted by a character named DJ Lance Rock, the series featured a mix of live-action segments featuring cartoonish costumed characters—Muno (the red cyclops), Foofa (the pink flower bubble), Brobee (a little hairy green monster), Toodee (the blue cat-dragon) and Plex (the magic yellow robot)—and many short animated sketches and musical numbers.[3]
Popular artists who have appeared on the show include Mos Def, Bootsy Collins, Ladytron, The Killers, Enon, The Clientele, Jimmy Eat World, Solange Knowles, Taking Back Sunday, Datarock, The Aquabats, Devo, Anne Heche, Joy Zipper, Of Montreal, Chromeo, My Chemical Romance, Weezer, Hot Hot Heat, The Faint, The Roots, Paul Williams, Mates of State, MGMT, Jack Black, Tony Hawk, Elijah Wood, Peter Bjorn and John, Trunk Boiz, The Shins, The Aggrolites, The Flaming Lips, Mýa, Biz Markie, Blitzen Trapper, The Ting Tings, Money Mark, Mariachi El Bronx, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Erykah Badu, and Lil Wayne. Other non-musical celebrity guests to have appeared include Jason Bateman, Andy Samberg, Sarah Silverman, Laila Ali, Bill Hader, and Anthony Bourdain.
Among the varied animation sequences during the show was Super Martian Robot Girl, designed by indie cartoonists Evan Dorkin and Sarah Dyer.[4]
The toy models of the characters that appeared at the beginning and end of each show were made by Kidrobot.
History[edit]
Yo Gabba Gabba! was developed by two Southern California fathers, Christian Jacobs and Scott Schultz, who first started working together as teenagers, producing and directing skateboarding videos. Their goal was to design a kids' show that was entertaining while featuring real artists and real performers. Both had no previous experience writing for television, let alone children's broadcasting or education.[5] In developing the show they took inspiration from a number of sources including Sesame Street, The Electric Company, Pee-wee's Playhouse, as well as Sid and Marty Krofft puppet shows Banana Splits and H. R. Pufnstuf.[6]
In 1999, after becoming parents, Jacobs and Schultz started playing around with ideas for children's television and produced a pilot independently financed by small loans from friends and family. Yo Gabba Gabba! did not get much attention until it started circulating on the Internet.[7] Jared Hess, the director of Napoleon Dynamite and Nacho Libre, saw the pilot online and recommended it to Brown Johnson, the executive vice president and executive creative director of Nickelodeon Preschool.[8] Yo Gabba Gabba! premiered on Nickelodeon on August 20, 2007.
Production[edit]
The show was produced by The Magic Store and Wild Brain. Yo Gabba Gabba! airs on the Nick Jr. cable network in the United States and the Nick Jr. networks in the United Kingdom & Ireland, Italy, France and Australia as well as Treehouse TV network in Canada, Disney Junior in Latin America and RTE2 on RTÉjr in Ireland. The series premiered August 20, 2007 on Nickelodeon as part of its Nick Jr. block, and began broadcasting in reruns from February 23, 2008 to November 2016 on the Nick Jr. TV channel. The show was not renewed for a fifth season.
Episode structure[edit]
All episodes follow a similar format. In the opening scene, DJ Lance Rock is shown walking on a plain white background while holding a gray radio with colorful buttons. He then gets to a table scenery that involves four different colored lands and a gray cloth underneath it. He then places down the radio, and then he shouts "YOOOO Gabba Gabba!" and opens the radio, and inside it are 5 toy figures: Toodee, Muno, Foofa, Plex, and Brobee. He places down the figures one-by-one, and then they become alive.
The episode features four main segments (it was shortened to three after the first season) that are connected to each other as a plot. They involve DJ Lance and the gabbas doing an activity. After each main segment, a short clip is shown that shows a kid dancing around. The kid says his or her name, followed by "I like to dance!".
Between the main segments, there is another segment called "The Super Music Friends Show", which features a performance by a band about the episode's topic. Other small segments include "Mark's Magic Pictures" and "Biz's Beat of the Day".
Near the end of each episode, DJ Lance and the gabbas do a mix-like song about what had occurred during the main segments. After it is finished, DJ Lance shouts "YOOOO Gabba Gabba!" once again, and then Brobee, Muno, Toodee, Foofa, and Plex turn back into toys. One-by-one, DJ Lance puts them back in the radio, closes the radio, and then walks off carrying it. The credits then roll.
The Stars[edit]
DJ Lance Rock – (Portrayed by Lance Robertson U.S., voice dubbed by Ortis Deley in the UK) A DJ who is the narrator and friend of the other characters and the series' host.
Muno – (Voiced by Adam Deibert U.S., Bob Golding UK) A friendly red cyclops boy. He's the tallest, is somewhat clumsy and has a close bond with Foofa (though she also bonds with Brobee in the same way). He is also the band's guitarist. In the episodes "Family", "Circus", and "Baby", his family makes an appearance. During Super Bowl XLIV, he appeared in a commercial for the Kia Sorento. His realm resembles the moon, another planet, or a desert and he has a pet horse. He has three stomachs as seen in the X-ray in the Season 1 episode "Halloween" (#13). However another X-ray in the Season 1 episode "Imagine" (#20) shows him with one stomach, a normal heart and lungs. His catchphrase is "Razzle Dazzle".
Foofa – (Voiced by Emma Jacobs-Briggs U.S., Teresa Gallagher UK) A female flower bubble character who's "pink and happy." She likes flowers, rainbows and unicorns. Her instrument is the tambourine. Her realm is a spring or summer meadow.
Brobee – (Voiced by Amos Watene U.S., Simon Feilder UK) A small, green monster boy and the baby of the gabbas. He is the drummer for the Gabba band. He is the one of the characters whose facial expression changes depending on the situation; his normal face turning into a frown, and vice versa. He is often subjected to trying new foods. His realm is a vast autumn forest. It is mentioned that he is four years old.
Toodee – (Voiced by Erin Pearce U.S., Jonell Elliot UK) A blue arctic female cat-dragon who loves to have fun. She has a close bond with Plex and is the bassist for the Gabba band. She resides in a winter arctic realm, with icicles.
Plex – (Voiced by Christian Jacobs U.S., Simon Feilder UK) A magic yellow robot boy and the oldest of the gabbas and he is Toodee's love instest. He is portrayed as being smart and as the leader of Gabba Land. Plex usually teaches lessons to his friends and is a father figure to the gang. He can also use his special ray to bring things into existence. His instrument is the keytar. He has no realm in particular, though he seems to have a "docking station" between Foofa and Brobee's realms. In "Gabbaland Begins", Plex is the last in DJ Lance's original creations after he goes through Muno, Foofa, Brobee, and Toodee, although, Brobee is supposedly a four-year-old in the series.
Gooble - (Voiced by Joel Fox U.S.) A ghost who is always so sad and crying. He resides in a haunted house located in a non-gabba land-place named "Gooble Land".
Regular segments[edit]
Jingles, each episode has animated music videos featuring music by a guest musician and animation by guest artists, designers, and animators. They often happen after the first segment in an episode. (One episode does not have the segment.)
Mark's Magic Pictures, featuring Mark Mothersbaugh, drawing simple pictures that often come alive at the end of the segment.
Biz's Beat of the Day, starring Biz Markie, demonstrating new beatboxing beats.
The Super Music Friends Show, featuring musical guests and introduced by John Reis as "The Music Swami" and Matt Chapman as the announcer.
Dancey Dance Time, featuring celebrity guests performing dance moves with the characters. It is rarely used after season one.
Numbers, live action music video similar to the jingles, usually with counting up numbers or back.
Cool Tricks, in which a child or adult demonstrates a special talent (e.g., gymnastics, breakdancing, playing a theremin, cup stacking or another cool trick.)
Storytime, where a child narrates a story (e.g., Goon Fishin', Goodnight Moon or another story.)
Super Martian Robot Girl, featuring a helpful comic book-style superhero who saves the day, but only solves extremely contrived misunderstandings of ignorant citizens, instead of battling crime.
Learn with Plex, a solo segment in which Plex teaches basic daily skills like brushing your teeth, making lemonade, putting on pajamas, etc. (three times by saying "it's fun to" do whatever he is teaching) in chants, using four repeated steps. (Season 1 only)
Play Pretend with Muno, in which Muno encourages viewers to pretend along with him, as he imagines himself as various creatures and objects. (Season 1 only)
Listen with Toodee, in which Toodee listens to sounds and encourages the viewer to help her identify them. (Season 1 only)
Color with Brobee, in which the viewer guesses what color Brobee is thinking of by the examples he gives. (Season 1 only)
Play Games with Foofa, in which Foofa solves simple puzzles, such as mazes and matching games, and encourages the viewer to help her find the solution. (Season 1 only)
DJ Lance Dance, in which DJ Lance Rock teaches the viewers a different dance.
Funny Faces, in which DJ Lance Rock encourages viewers to make funny faces.
Knock-Knock Joke of the Day, a segment where Jack McBrayer and Paul Scheer tell knock-knock jokes. This segment first appeared in season two.
Look Back At Today, each episode ends with a music video recap of that episode, featuring special effects, and a remix of every song featured in that episode. (Season 2 onward has DJ Lance remembering the things he and the gang did in that episode before the music video starts.)
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Yo Gabba Gabba! episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired (U.S. dates)
First aired
Last aired
Pilots 2 2006 (2006)
1 20 August 20, 2007 May 23, 2008
2 20 September 22, 2008 October 16, 2011
3 13 March 8, 2010 September 18, 2011
4 13 December 11, 2011 November 12, 2015
Video releases[edit]
DVD Collections[9]
Title
Released
Episodes
The Dancey Dance Bunch[10]
000000002008-10-14-0000October 14, 2008 "Friends", "Eat", "Dance", "Happy"
New Friends
000000002009-04-07-0000April 7, 2009 "New Friends", "Share", "Find", "Greetings"
Halloween!
000000002009-08-25-0000August 25, 2009 "Halloween", "Scary", "Fun", "Careful"
Meet My Family
000000002009-10-20-0000October 20, 2009 "Family", "Games", "Together", "Imagine"
Birthday Boogie[10]
000000002010-02-02-0000February 2, 2010 "Birthday", "Dress Up", "Talent", "Ride"
Clubhouse[10]
000000002010-06-15-0000June 15, 2010 "Clubhouse", "Adventure", "Summer", "Animals"
Superhero
000000002010-10-14-0000October 14, 2010 "Superhero", "Train", "Adventure", "Bugs"
Doctor
000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011 "Doctor", "Teeth", "Clean", "Car"
Circus[11]
000000002011-06-14-0000June 14, 2011 "Circus", "Treasure Hunt", "Flying", "Fun"
Party in a Box[10][12]
000000002011-07-12-0000July 12, 2011 Three disc set of The Dancey Dance Bunch, Birthday Boogie, Clubhouse in a slipcase.
Music Makes Me Move
000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011 "Band", "Move", "Differences", "Train"
Merry Christmas!
000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011 "Christmas", "A Very Awesome Christmas", "Fairytale", "Boat"
Yo Gabba Gabba! Live!:
There's A Party In My City!
000000002012-03-13-0000March 13, 2012 Live show in Los Angeles with bonus features
Super Spies
000000002012-04-17-0000April 17, 2012 "Super Spies", "Mystery", "Space", "Big"
Soundtrack releases[edit]
Four albums have been released featuring songs from the show performed by the cast and the "Super Music Friends Show" segment.
Music is... Awesome! (2009)
Music is... Awesome! Volume 2 (2010)
Music is... Awesome! Volume 3 (2011)
Music is... Awesome! Volume 4 (2012)
Hey! (2017)
Fantastic Voyages (2017)
ABC for Kids released a CD in 2010 titled Yo Gabba Gabba! Party In My Tummy.
Stage shows[edit]
The world premiere live concert tour of Yo Gabba Gabba! took place in Australia in May 2009. DJ Lance Rock, Muno, Foofa, Brobee, Toodee and Plex performed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane and Sydney with an indie house-band and secret special guests at each show. Additional tours in the United States and other countries have been performed throughout 2013. Shows have been toured including three presented by Kia Motors and a special Christmas one presented by Citi, Just Dance Kids & Toys for Tots.
"Yo Gabba Gabba! LIVE!: There's a Party in My City!" (2010-2011)
"Yo Gabba Gabba! LIVE! 2: It's Time to Dance!" (2011)
"Yo Gabba Gabba! LIVE! 3: Get the Sillies Out!" (2012)
"Yo Gabba Gabba! LIVE! 4: A Very Awesome YGG Holiday Show!" (2014)
"Yo Gabba Gabba! LIVE! 5: Music Is Awesome" (2015)[13]
Nick Jr. Australia released a tour in 2009 called Yo Gabba Gabba: LIVE on Stage!
Mobile streaming[edit]
On March 8, 2017, the first season (20 episodes) of the show were made available for streaming on the Noggin video subscription service. The remaining three seasons (46 episodes) will be launched soon.
Critical reception[edit]
On April 30, 2008 the television show received a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design/Styling.[14] The show has been nominated for a Daytime Emmy in both 2008 and 2009 for Best Costume Design. Time magazine's James Poniewozik, who said the show "will convince you someone slipped something into your Fruity Pebbles" named Yo Gabba Gabba! one of the Top 10 new TV series of 2007, ranking it at #8.[15] In November 2008, the Yo Gabba Gabba! production team won a BAFTA Children's Award, International.[16] The show has also become popular among some college-age young adults because of the artists often featured.[17] Due to the show's popularity amongst both adults and children, they performed at Coachella 2010 as special guests.[18] Their live touring show also won a Creative Content Award at the 2010 Billboard Touring Awards.[19] The Television Critics Association Awards have nominated Yo Gabba Gabba! for Outstanding Achievement in Children's/Youth Programing. The years include 2008-2012. Yo Gabba Gabba! won for the year 2009 and 2010.[20] In February 2013, Yo Gabba Gabba! won two Kidscreen Awards for "Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series 2013" and "Best Music 2013"[21]
In other media[edit]
In 2009, the cast was featured in their own float in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.[22]
Muno was featured in a commercial for the Kia Sorento that aired during the 2010 Super Bowl and a subsequent Kia commercials in 2011, also the character Brobee appeared in a 2011 advertisement for Wonderful Pistachios.
The cast appeared in the Big Time Rush episodes "Big Time Audition", "Big Time Halloween" and "Big Time Cameos."
Yo Gabba Gabba! appeared in True Jackson VP in the episode "Trapped in Paris."
Garry Lyon, of The Footy Show, an Australian Football League panel show, performed an interpretive cycle (Yo Gabba Gazza!) based on the Yo Gabba Gabba! dancing style after losing a humorous bet. The choice of the Yo Gabba Gabba! dance was based on a number of physical similarities to Brobee, including Bushy Eyebrows and Excessive Androgenic Hair.
In the Mad episode "So You Think You Can Train Your Dragon How to Dance / Yo Gagga Gagga!," Lady Gaga hosts Yo Gagga Gagga! featuring her dolls – Taylor Swift, T-Pain, Miley Cyrus, and Triple H – and the cast is seen watching a monster movie at the end.
In 2011, the cast appeared in the Raising Hope episode "Sabrina Has Money."
The title of the Futurama episode "Yo Leela Leela" parodies this, as does the show in the episode, known as "Rumbledy Hump".
On June 9, 2012, The Fresh Beat Band's 14th episode "Yo! Fresh Beats Go Gabba Gabba!" (a crossover episode) the "Gabba Gang" gets beamed into the episode by way of a malfunctioned Plex has with robotic hiccups which was caused by Gearmo: a gear who always causes trouble.
Insane Clown Posse recorded a cover of the song Hold Still for the 2012 album Smothered, Covered & Chunked.
The South Park episode "Taming Strange" features Foofa becoming a spoof of Miley Cyrus after Kyle's adopted younger brother, Ike, attends a "Yo Gabba Gabba Live!" performance and "tames Foofa's strange" in front of everyone seeing the show.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael. "DHX Media acquires Wildbrain". variety.com. Variety. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "OMDC Success Story: DHX Media". Ontario Media Development Corporation.
Jump up ^ Garofoli, Joe: "Preschooler TV goes hip with 'Yo Gabba Gabba'", San Francisco Chronicle, 17 August 2007
Jump up ^ evandorkin: The Last Round-Up (Pre-TCAF) Archived January 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Christian Jacobs & Scott Schultz: Co-Creators, Yo Gabba Gabba!" (PDF). Wild Brain. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 12, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill. "'Yo Gabba Gabba!' is monstrous fun for kids, adults". USA Today. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (June 2, 2006). "New kids' show: Yo Gabba Gabba". Boing Boing.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (August 12, 2007). "Charm the Children, Tickle the Parents". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Yo Gabba Gabba! Episode Guide 2010 Season 3 – School, Episode 6". TV Guide. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kirby, Alicia. "Yo Gabba Gabba Party In A Box DVD Set Review". The Mama Report. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Gagnon, Robin. "Yo Gabba Gabba! : Circus ~ DVD Review". MomFoodie at Blommi.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Lott, Rod. "Yo Gabba Gabba!: Party in a Box!". Oklahoma Gazette. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Gundersen, Edna. "Yo Gabba Gabba! gets 'Awesome' on new tour". usatoday.com. USA Today. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces 35th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations Archived June 28, 2013, at WebCite", April 30, 2008
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James: "Top 10 New TV Series", Time, 2007
Jump up ^ BAFTA Children's Awards Winners " "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2010. ", BAFTA, 2008
Jump up ^ Friedman, Emily "Nickelodeon Cartoon Draws Unusual Fans", ABC News, May 7, 2008
Jump up ^ Glazer, Joshua. "Coachella Backstage With Yo Gabba Gabba". Retrieved June 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lipshutz, Jason. "U2, Gaga, Metallica, Swift Win Big at Billboard Touring Awards". Billboard. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Yo Gabba Gabba' (2007) - Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
Jump up ^ Goldman Getzler, Wendy (6 February 2013). "And the 2013 Kidscreen Awards winners are…". Kidscreen. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
Jump up ^ Mannino, Brynn. "'Yo Gabba Gabba!' Makes Its First Float Through Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade". Woman's Day. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
External links[edit]
Official sites
Official website (Flash-enabled browser required)
Channels
Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr. Italy
Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr. (UK)
Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr. (U.S.)
Yo Gabba Gabba on ABC4Kids
Others
Yo Gabba Gabba! on IMDb
Yo Gabba Gabba! at the Big Cartoon DataBase
Yo Gabba Gabba! at TV.com
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Mayflower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other ships, see Mayflower (ship). For other uses, see Mayflower (disambiguation).
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall (1882)
Name: Mayflower
Owner: Christopher Jones (¼ of the ship)
Maiden voyage: Before 1609
Out of service: 1622–1624
Fate: most likely taken apart by Rotherhithe shipbreaker c. 1624.
General characteristics
Class and type: Dutch cargo fluyt
Tonnage: 180 tons +
Length: c. 80–90 ft (24–27.5 m) on deck, 100–110 ft (30–33.5 m) overall.
Decks: Around 4
Capacity: Unknown, but carried c. 135 people during the historical voyage to what they would call Plymouth Colony
The Mayflower was an English ship that famously transported the first English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620.[1] There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30, but the exact number is unknown.[2] This voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history, with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment. The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a rudimentary form of democracy, with each member contributing to the welfare of the community.[3] There was a second ship named Mayflower that made the London to Plymouth, Massachusetts voyage several times.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mayflower structure and layout
1.1 General layout
1.1.1 Main deck
1.1.2 Gun deck
1.1.3 Gun deck armament
1.1.4 Cargo hold
2 Early history
3 Voyage
3.1 Speedwell and Mayflower
3.2 Mayflower sets sail
3.3 Arrival in America
3.4 First winter
4 Passengers
5 Mayflower officers, crew, and others
5.1 Crew members per various sources
5.2 Officers and crew
5.3 Known Mayflower seamen
5.4 Unidentified passenger
6 Later history
7 Second Mayflower
8 Place in history
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Mayflower structure and layout
The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was square-rigged and beak-bowed with high, castle-like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship's crew and the main deck from the elements—designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century. Her stern carried a 30-foot high, square aft-castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic's prevailing westerlies, especially in the fall and winter of 1620, and the voyage from England to America took more than two months as a result. The Mayflower's return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, with the same strong winds now blowing in the direction of the voyage.[4][5]
No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was many years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet (30 m) in length from the forward end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet (7.6 m) at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet (3.6 m) below the waterline. William Bradford estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. Surviving records from that time indicate that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold. The casks were great barrels holding hundreds of gallons of claret wine each.[5]
This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates and privateers of all types. And with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations.[6] By 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual 15-year working life of an English merchant ship in that era.
General layout
The general layout of the ship was as follows:
Three masts: mizzen (aft), main (midship), and fore, and also a spritsail in the bow area.[7]
Three primary levels: main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold.
Main deck
Aft on the main deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones, measuring about ten by seven feet (3 m × 2.1 m). Forward of that was the steerage room, which housed a whipstaff (tiller extension) for sailing control; not a wheel, as in later ships. Also here was the ship's compass and probably also berths for the ship's officers. Forward of the steerage room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the main deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ship's cook prepared meals for the crew; it may also have been where the ship's sailors slept.[6]
The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ship's highest level above the stern on the aft castle. The poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers' use either for sleeping or cargo. On normal merchant ships, this space was probably a chart room or a cabin for the master's mates.[8][9]
Gun deck
The gun deck was where the passengers resided during the voyage, in a space measuring about 50 by 25 feet (15.2 m × 7.6 m) with a five-foot (1.5 m) overhead (ceiling). But it was also a dangerous place in conflict, as it had port and starboard gun ports from which cannon could be run out to fire on the enemy. The gun room was in the stern area of the gun deck, to which passengers had no access due to it being the storage space for powder and ammunition for the ship's cannons and any other weapons belonging to the ship. The gun room might also house a pair of stern chasers, small cannons used to fire out the stern of the ship. Forward on the gun deck in the bow area was a windlass, equipment similar in function to the capstan in steerage, which was used to raise and lower the ship's main anchor. There were no stairs for the passengers on the gun deck to go up through the gratings to the main deck. To get up to the main deck, passengers were required to climb a wooden or rope ladder.[8][9]
There was no facility for a latrine or privy on the Mayflower, and ship's crew had to fend for themselves in that regard. Gun deck passengers most likely used a bucket as a chamber pot, affixed to the deck or bulkhead to keep it from being jostled at sea.[9][10]
Gun deck armament
The largest gun was a minion cannon which was brass, weighed about 1,200 pounds (545 kg), and could shoot a 3.5 pound (1.6 kg) cannonball almost a mile (1,600 m). The Mayflower also had on board a saker cannon of about 800 pounds (360 kg), and two base cannons that weighed about 200 pounds (90 kg) which shot a 3 to 5 ounce ball (85–140 g). She carried at least ten pieces of ordnance on the port and starboard sides of her gun deck: seven cannons for long range purposes, and three smaller guns often fired from the stern at close quarters that were filled with musket balls. Later at New Plymouth, Mayflower Master Jones unloaded four of the pieces to help fortify the colony against invaders, and would not have done so unless he was comfortable with the armament that he still had on board.[5]
Cargo hold
Below the gun deck was the cargo hold where the passengers kept most of their food stores and other supplies. Other items included most of their clothing and bedding. The hold also stored the passengers' personal weapons and military equipment – armor, muskets, gunpowder, and shot, as well as swords and bandoliers. It also stored all the tools that the Pilgrims would need, as well as all the equipment and utensils needed to prepare meals in the New World. It is also known that some Pilgrims loaded trade goods on board, including Isaac Allerton, William Mullins, and possibly others; these also most likely were stored in the cargo hold.[10]
Early history
It is not known when and where the Mayflower was built, but it is likely that she was launched at Harwich in the county of Essex, England. She was designated as "of Harwich" in the Port Books of 1609–11, although later known as "of London". Harwich was also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570.[11]
Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years prior to the Pilgrims' voyage, sailing the ship cross-Channel taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine to London. In addition, he had also transported hats, hemp, Spanish salt, hops, and vinegar to Norway, and may have taken the Mayflower whaling in the North Atlantic in the Greenland area. She had traveled to Mediterranean ports, being then owned by Christopher Nichols, Robert Child, Thomas Short, and Christopher Jones, the ship's master. In 1620, Jones and Robert Child still owned their quarter shares in the ship, and it was from them that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage. Weston had a significant role in the Mayflower voyage, due to his membership in the Company of Merchant Adventurers, and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself.[4][12][13]
There were 26 vessels bearing the same name as the Pilgrim ship in the Port Books of England in the reign of James I (1603–1625), and the reason for this popularity of the name has never been found.[14] One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a Mayflower erroneously identified as one of the 1620 Pilgrims. This ship was partly owned by John Vassall and was outfitted for Queen Elizabeth in 1588, during the time of the Spanish Armada, a war for which Vassall outfitted several ships. However, there are no records of Vassall's Mayflower after 1594.[15] The identity of Captain Jones's Mayflower is based on records of the time of her home port, her tonnage (est. 180–200 tons), and the master's name in 1620 in order to avoid confusion with the many other Mayflower ships.[14]
Records dating from August 1609 first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London. The ship lost an anchor on her return, due to bad weather, and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings. Litigation resulted, and this was still proceeding in 1612.
Christopher Jones is described in a document of January 1611 as being "of Harwich", and his ship is called the Mayflower of Harwich (in the county of Essex). Records of Jones's ship Mayflower show that the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613, once in July and again in October and November. Records of 1616 again state that Jones's ship was on the Thames, carrying a cargo of wine, which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France, Spain, Portugal, the Canaries, or some other wine-producing land.
After 1616, there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones's Mayflower until 1624. This is unusual for a ship trading to London, as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time. And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers' voyage of 1620, although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England. Or some of the records of the period may have been lost.
Voyage
Speedwell and Mayflower
Mayflower arrived in the "Cape Cod fishhook", 11 November 1620 (satellite photo, 1997)
Approximately 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in the middle of July 1620 at its home port in the Rotherhithe district of London on the Thames river. The ship then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water. The Mayflower waited there for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell. Speedwell was coming from Holland with English separatist Puritans, members of the Leiden congregation who had been living in Holland to escape religious persecution in England.
The two ships set sail for America around August 5, but the Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after, and the two ships were brought into Dartmouth for repairs. They made a new start after the repairs, and they were more than 200 miles (320 km) beyond Land's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. It was now early September, and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Both ships returned to Plymouth, where some of the Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and others returned to Holland. The Mayflower then continued on her voyage to America, and the Speedwell was sold soon afterwards.
Mayflower carried 102 passengers plus a crew of 25 to 30 officers and men, bringing the total to approximately 130.[16] According to William Bradford, Speedwell was refitted and "made many voyages... to the great profit of her owners." Bradford later implied that the Speedwell's master used "cunning and deceit" to abort the voyage, possibly by causing leaks in the ship and motivated by a fear of starving to death in America.[17]
Mayflower sets sail
For more details on acquisition of the ship and the planning of the voyage, see Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony).
In early September, western gales began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing. The Mayflower's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton, and they became lower still by delays of more than a month. The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time, and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship. But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called "a prosperous wind".[18]
Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives. It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons, including cannon, shot, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle came later. The ship also carried two boats: a long boat and a "shallop", a 21-foot boat powered by oars or sails. She also carried 12 artillery pieces (eight minions and four sakers), as the Pilgrims feared that they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces, as well as the natives.[19]
The Mayflower Memorial in Southampton
The passage was a miserable one, with huge waves constantly crashing against the ship's topside deck until a key structural support timber fractured. The passengers had already suffered agonizing delays, shortages of food, and other shortages, and they were now called upon to provide assistance to the ship's carpenter in repairing the fractured main support beam. This was repaired with the use of a metal mechanical device called a jackscrew, which had been loaded on board to help in the construction of settler homes. It was now used to secure the beam to keep it from cracking further, making the ship seaworthy enough.[19][20]
The crew of the Mayflower had some devices to assist them en route, such as a compass for navigation, as well as a log and line system to measure speed in nautical miles per hour (knots). Time was measured with the ancient method of an hourglass.
Arrival in America
On November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks.[21][22][23][24]
On Monday, November 27, an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt. Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site. As master of the Mayflower, Jones was not required to assist in the search, but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition. There were 34 persons in the open shallop: 24 passengers and 10 sailors. They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter, the Mayflower passengers not being accustomed to winter weather much colder than back home. They were forced to spend the night ashore due to the bad weather which they encountered, ill-clad in below-freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen. Bradford wrote, "Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here" on that expedition.[25]
The settlers explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty native village, now known as Corn Hill in Truro. The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds, some of which stored corn, while others were burial sites. The modern writer Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves,[26] sparking friction with the locals.[27] Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went.[28] He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620.
However, the only contemporary account of events, William Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, records only that the pilgrims took "some" of the corn, to show to others back at the boat, leaving the rest. They later took what they needed from another store of grain, but paid the natives back in six months, and there was no resulting conflict.
Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors; the corn and beans they brought away, purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as, about some six months afterward they did, to their good content.[29]
First winter
During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described[by whom?] as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. When it ended, only 53 passengers remained—just over half; half of the crew died, as well. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and the passengers disembarked from the Mayflower on March 21, 1621.
The settlers decided to mount "our great ordnances" on the hill overlooking the settlement in late February 1621, due to the fear of attack by the natives. Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the "great guns"—about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet (1.2 to 2.4 m) in length and weighed almost half a ton. The cannon were able to hurl iron balls 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in diameter as far as 1,700 yards (1.5 km). This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well-defended fortress.[30]
Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor "till he saw his men began to recover."[31] The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620–21, then set sail for England on April 5, 1621, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors.
The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home, and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621,[32] less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America."[33]
Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5, 1622, at about age 52. For the next two years, the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe, not far from Jones' grave at St. Mary's church. By 1624, she was no longer useful as a ship; her subsequent fate is unknown, but she was probably broken up about that time.[34]
Passengers
For more details on the passenger list, see List of passengers on the Mayflower.
Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. Two wives on board were pregnant; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea, and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor. He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony.
According to the Mayflower passenger list, just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals. Others were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia. Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants. The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618.[35] Until relatively recently, the children were thought to be orphans, foundlings, or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council.[36][37] For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate.[38] Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World, but Richard lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.[39]
The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck, which was 75 by 20 feet large (23 m × 6 m) at most. The cabins were thin-walled and extremely cramped, and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft (7.6 m × 4.5 m) at its largest. Below decks, any person over five feet (150 cm) tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed.[40]
Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men's Morris.[19] Meals on board were cooked by the firebox, which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built. This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship. Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time.[40]
Upon arrival in America, the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of provisions due to the delay in departure. Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters, several passengers developed scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. At the time the use of lemons or limes to counter this disease was unknown, and the usual dietary sources of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables had been depleted, since these fresh foods could not be stored for long periods without their becoming rotten. Passengers who developed scurvy experienced symptoms such as bleeding gums, teeth falling out, and stinking breath.[41]
Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals. This was known to be safer than water, which often came from polluted sources causing diseases. All food and drink was stored in barrels known as "hogsheads".[41]
The passenger William Mullins brought 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in his luggage. Other items included oiled leather and canvas suits, stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches, shirts, jerkins, doublets, neckcloths, hats and caps, hose, stockings, belts, piece goods, and haberdasherie. At his death, his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing, and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous.[19][42][43]
No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey, but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff, and John Goodman brought along his spaniel.[19]
Mayflower officers, crew, and others
According to author Charles Banks, the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain, four mates, four quartermasters, surgeon, carpenter, cooper, cooks, boatswains, gunners, and about 36 men before the mast, making a total of about 50. The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620–1621, and about half of them died during that time. The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower, which sailed for London on April 5, 1621.[44][45]
Crew members per various sources
Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers, making a total of 50. Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown. Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30. Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men, but the exact number is unknown.[2][46][47][48]
Officers and crew
Captain: Christopher Jones. About age 50, of Harwich, a seaport in Essex, England, which was also the port of his ship Mayflower. He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business, often carrying wine to England, but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic. By June 1620, he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London, Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman.[49][50]
Historical marker in London honoring the Mayflower and Captain Jones.
Masters Mate: John Clark (Clarke), Pilot. By age 45 in 1620, Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era. His piloting career began in England about 1609. In early 1611, he was pilot of a 300-ton ship on his first New World voyage, with a three-ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia. Two other ships were in that convoy, and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown, going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis. While in Jamestown, Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores. During that time, he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish; he was taken to Havana and held for two years, then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years. In 1616, he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England. In 1618, he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon. Shortly after his return to England, he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620.[47][51][52][53]
Masters Mate: Robert Coppin, Pilot. Coppin had prior New World experience; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England.[47][51][54] He was an early investor in the Virginia Company, being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609. He was possibly from Harwich in Essex, the hometown of Captain Jones.
Masters Mate: Andrew Williamson
Masters Mate: John Parker[51]
Surgeon: Doctor Giles Heale. The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford, but his identity was well established. He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter. He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field, London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber-Surgeons in the previous year. On February 21, 1621, he was a witness to the death-bed will of William Mullins. He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621, where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653.[55][56][57]
Cooper: John Alden. Alden was a 21-year-old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones. He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters. He was responsible for maintaining the ship's barrels, known as hogsheads, which were critical to the passengers' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea; tending them was a job which required a crew member's attention. Bradford noted that Alden was "left to his own liking to go or stay" in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England. He decided to remain.[58][59]
Quartermaster: (names unknown), 4 men. These men were in charge of maintaining the ship's cargo hold, as well as the crew's hours for standing watch. Some of the "before the mast" crewmen may also have been in this section. These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons. The names of the quartermasters are unknown, but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter.[51][53]
Cook: (name unknown). He was responsible for preparing the crew's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room, which was typically located in the ship's forecastle (front end). The unnamed cook died the first winter.[60]
Master Gunner: (name unknown). He was in charge of the ship's guns, ammunition, and powder. Some of those "before the mast" were likely in his charge. He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6, 1620, and was "sick unto death and so remained all that day, and the next night". He died later that winter.[61]
Boatswain: (name unknown). He was the person in charge of the ship's rigging and sails, the anchors, and the ship's longboat. The majority of the crew members "before the mast" were most likely under his supervision, working the sails and rigging. The operation of the ship's shallop was also probably under his control, a light open boat with oars or sails (see seaman Thomas English). William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain: "the boatswain... was a proud young man, who would often curse and scoff at the passengers, but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him." But despite such assistance, the unnamed boatswain died the first winter.[60]
Carpenter: (name unknown). He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well-caulked and the masts were in good order. He was the person responsible for maintaining all areas of the ship in good condition and being a general repairman. He also maintained the tools and all necessary items to perform his carpentry tasks. His name is unknown, but his tasks were quite important to the safety and seaworthiness of the ship.[51][62]
Swabber: (various crewmen). This was the lowliest position on the ship, responsible for cleaning (swabbing) the decks. The swabber usually had an assistant who was responsible for cleaning the ship's beakhead (extreme front end), which was also the crew's toilet.[63]
Known Mayflower seamen
John Allerton: A Mayflower seaman who was hired by the company as labor to help in the Colony during the first year, then to return to Leiden to help other church members seeking to travel to America. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on ship's shallop with Thomas English on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the Mayflower returned to England in April 1621.[64][65]
____ Ely: A Mayflower seaman who was contracted to stay for a year, which he did. He returned to England with fellow crewman William Trevor on the Fortune in December 1621. Genealogist Dr. Jeremy Bangs believes that his name was either John or Christopher Ely (or Ellis), both of whom are documented in Leiden, Holland.[66]
Thomas English: A Mayflower seaman who was hired to be the master of the shallop (see Boatswain) and to be part of the company. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on the ship's shallop with John Allerton on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the departure of the Mayflower for England in April 1621. He appeared in Leiden records as "Thomas England".[67][68]
William Trevore (Trevor): A Mayflower seaman who was hired to remain in Plymouth for one year. One reason for his hiring was his prior New World experience. He was one of those seamen to crew the shallop used in coastal trading. He returned to England with _____ Ely and others on the Fortune in December 1621. In 1623, Robert Cushman noted that Trevor reported to the Adventurers about what he saw in the New World. He did at some time return as master of a ship and was recorded living in Massachusetts Bay Colony in April 1650.[69][70][71]
Unidentified passenger
"Master" Leaver: Another passenger not mentioned by Bradford is a person called "Master" Leaver. He was named in Mourt's Relation, London 1622, under a date of January 12, 1621 as a leader of an expedition to rescue Pilgrims lost in the forest for several days while searching for housing-roof thatch. It is unknown in what capacity he came to the Mayflower and his given name is unknown. The title of "Master" indicates that he was a person of some authority and prominence in the company. He may have been a principal officer of the Mayflower. No more is known of him; he may have returned to England on the Mayflower's April 1621 voyage or died of the illnesses that affected so many that first winter.[72]
Later history
Three of Mayflower's owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4, 1624, two years after Captain Jones' death in 1622; one of these applicants was Jones' widow Mrs. Josian (Joan) Jones. This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of the ship for the purpose of settling the estate of its late master. The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe, home and burial place of Captain Jones, where the Mayflower was apparently then lying in the Thames at London. The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship's gear on board at that time, as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms. The ship may have been laid up since Jones' death and allowed to get out of repair, as that is what the appraisal indicates.[14][73] The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, eight shillings, and fourpence.[74]
What finally became of the Mayflower is an unsettled issue. Charles Edward Banks, an English historian of the Pilgrim ship, claims that the ship was finally broken up, with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire. Tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn, located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire. In 1624, Thomas Russell supposedly added to part of a farmhouse already there with timbers from a ship, believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower, bought from a shipbreaker's yard in Rotherhithe. The well-preserved structure was a tourist attraction, receiving visitors each year from all over the world and particularly from America, but it is now privately owned and not open to the public.[14]
Second Mayflower
Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage. This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 (as part of the Winthrop Fleet), 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642, a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.[75]
Place in history
Edward Winslow's home, now the Mayflower House Museum, Plymouth, Massachusetts (1754)
The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States.[76]
The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford, who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony.
The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing will take place in 2020. The Harwich Mayflower Project is hoping to build a replica of the ship at Harwich, England.[77]
See also
Biography portal
Billericay, where the Pilgrim Fathers met prior to the voyage
Leigh-on-Sea, where the Mayflower was outfitted
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
Puritan migration to New England (1620–40)
Plymouth Adventure (directed by Clarence Brown, 1952)
Mayflower: The Pilgrims' Adventure (1979)
Mayflower II, a replica of the Mayflower in Plymouth, Massachusetts
Speedwell (1577 ship)
References
Jump up ^ Folsom, George. et al. Historical Magazine: and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History, and Biography of America. (C. B. Richardson, 1867) page 277
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson 2006, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Bertrand Brown, 'To Celebrate the 300th Anniversary of America's Origin', The Journal of Education", Vol. 92, No. 6 (Trustees of Boston University, August 1920), p. 151
^ Jump up to: a b Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War (Penguin Books 2006), p. 24
^ Jump up to: a b c Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History (New York: Knopf 2010), p. 37
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson 2006, p. 30.
Jump up ^ "Cross-Section". MayflowerHistory.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson 2006, p. 31.
^ Jump up to: a b c "MayflowerHistory.com".
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson 2006, pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the Mayflower in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and "Little James" in 1623 (orig. pub: 1929, reprint: 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co.), p. 19
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and "Little James" in 1623 (orig. pub: 1929 reprint: 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co.), p. 17.
Jump up ^ "The Mayflower". HISTORY.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and "Little James" in 1623 (orig. pub: 1929 reprint: 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co.), p. 22
Jump up ^ R. G. Marsden, "The Mayflower", English Historical Review (19 October 1904), p. 675
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and "Little James" in 1623, orig. pub 1929, reprint 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co., p. 17–19
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), p. 28
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), p. 29
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hodgson, Godfrey. A Great and Godly Adventure. Public Affairs: New York, 2006
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), p. 4
Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 413
Jump up ^ Bjoern Moritz, The Pilgrim-Fathers' Voyage with the Mayflower (ShipsOnStamps 2003) [1]
Jump up ^ William Bradford. History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth (Boston. 1856 Not in copyright) p. 448
Jump up ^ George Ernest Bowman, The Mayflower Compact and its signers, (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7–19.
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), pp. 65–66
Jump up ^ Philbrick, pp. 61–62
Jump up ^ Winslow, Edward; William Bradford (1622). A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation Settled at Plimoth in New England. London, England: John Bellamie. pp. 8–10.
Jump up ^ Philbrick, pp. 65–70
Jump up ^ William Bradford, William T. Davis (ed), Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646, (Scribners 1908) p. 25 (the only written account of the voyage)
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), pp. 90–91
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), p. 91
Jump up ^ John Harris, Saga Of The Pilgrims(historical analysis), (Globe Newspaper Co., 1983), webpages (no links between): UCcom-saga1 and UCcom-saga11
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), pp. 100–101
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War, (Penguin Books 2006), p. 101
Jump up ^ Donald F. Harris, PhD., The Mayflower Descendant (July 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 p. 111
Jump up ^ R.C. Johnson, The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia, 1618–1622, in H.S. Reinmuth (Ed.), Early Stuart Studies: Essays in Honor of David Harris Willson, Minneapolis, 1970.
Jump up ^ The Mayflower Descendant (July 2, 1994) vol. 44 no. 2 pp. 110, 111
Jump up ^ Donald F. Harris, The Mayflower Descendants vol 43 (July 1993), vol. 44 (July 1994).
Jump up ^ David Lindsay, Mayflower Bastard: A Stranger amongst the Pilgrims (St. Martins Press, New York, 2002) Introduction
^ Jump up to: a b Caffrey, Kate. The Mayflower. New York: Stein and Day, 1974
^ Jump up to: a b Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, (Viking 2006).
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English ancestry and homes of the Pilgrim Fathers who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2006), pp. 73–74
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) p. 18
Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 21
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers Who Came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and "Little James" in 1623,(orig. pub: 1929 reprint: 2006 by Genealogical Publishing Co.), pp. 18–19
^ Jump up to: a b c Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (New York:Viking, 2006), p. 25
Jump up ^ Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History (New York: Knopf 2010), p. 31
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 19–20
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, pp. 25, 28, 31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) p. 19
Jump up ^ Nick Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon: The Mayflower Pilgrims and their New World a History (New York: Knopf 2010), p. 24
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson 2006, pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (New York:Viking, 2006), p. 24
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, p. 33–34.
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 7–8, 19
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, pp. 34, 46.
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 7, 19. 27–28
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson 2006, p. 35.
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ In the tradition of the sea, each Monday a crew member was appointed the "liar" or swabber assistant. This person was the first person caught telling a lie the previous week, and the crew would harass him around the main mast with calls of "liar, liar." (Johnson, p. 35)
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, pp. 71–72, 14.
Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) pp. 21, 234
Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) pp. 21, 289
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) p. 289
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) p. 90
Jump up ^ Johnson 2006, pp. 240–242.
Jump up ^ Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691, (Ancestry Publishing, Salt Lake City, UT, 1986) pp. 21, 364
Jump up ^ Charles Edward Banks, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers: who came to Plymouth on the "Mayflower" in 1620, the "Fortune" in 1621, and the "Anne" and the "Little James" in 1623 (Baltimore, MD.:Genealogical Publishing Co., 2006) pp. 8–9
Jump up ^ R. G. Marsden, The Mayflower English Historical Review (19 October 1904), p. 677
Jump up ^ Kate Caffrey, The Mayflower Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; Reissue edition (October 18, 2014), p. 324
Jump up ^ Pierson, RichardE.; Pierson, Jennifer (1997). Pierson Millennium. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc. ISBN 0-7884-0742-2.
Jump up ^ Philbrick, pp. 4–5
Jump up ^ "Ship Build". Harwich Mayflower Project. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
Further reading
Bradford, William (1908). Davis, William T., ed. Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646. Scribners. (the only written account of the voyage)
Marble, Annie Russell (1920). The Women Who Came in the Mayflower. Boston: Pilgrim Press
R. G. Marsden, "The 'Mayflower,'" English Historical Review 19 (October 1904): 669–80.
Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006). Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03760-5.
Usher, Roland G (1984). The Pilgrims and their History. Williamstown, Massachusetts: Corner House Publishers. ISBN 0-87928-082-4. (originally published in 1918)
Johnson, Caleb H. (2006). The Mayflower and Her Passengers. Indiana: Xlibris. [self-published source]
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayflower.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mayflower.
Mayflower and Plymouth History
Mayflower 400
Women of the Mayflower and Plymouth Colony by Mary Soule Googins, read before the Medford Historical Society, December 19, 1921
Pilgrim Hall Museum of Plymouth, Massachusetts
General Society of Mayflower Descendants
The Mayflower And Her Log; Azel Ames, Project Gutenberg edition.
The Mayflower And Her Log; Azel Ames, Internet Archive edition.
Exact arrival site of the Mayflower on Satellite Map and NOAA Chart on BlooSee
The Mayflower II
Contemporary photos of Plymouth's Barbican and the Mayflower Steps
Pilgrims Point, Plymouth (UK) A photo of the modern-day Mayflower Steps Arch and Pilgrims Point
"Mayflower, The". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
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/wiki/Mayflower_(disambiguation)
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Mayflower (disambiguation)

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William Mullins

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Sea Captain

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Mayflower Barn

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value: Puritan migration to New England (1620–40)

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http://mayflowerhistory.com/
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http://www.history.com/topics/mayflower

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http://www.mayflower400uk.com/
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http://www.pilgrimhall.org/
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http://www.themayflowersociety.com

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http://www.mayflowersteps.co.uk/
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value: List of Mayflower passengers who died at sea November/December 1620

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value: Christopher Martin (Mayflower passenger)

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Turkey meat

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Alice's Restaurant

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Let All Things Now Living

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List of winter festivals

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English–Latin rivalry

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Turkey Trot

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Berwick Run for the Diamonds

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https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Afrikaans
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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Breton
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Catalan
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ca
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Czech
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cs
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Welsh
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cy
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Danish
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da
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – German
de
de
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Spanish
es
es
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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Esperanto
eo
eo
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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Basque
eu
eu
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value: می‌فلاور – Persian

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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – French
fr
fr
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https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Galician
gl
gl
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value: 메이플라워 호 – Korean

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https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Croatian
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hr
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Indonesian
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id
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https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Icelandic
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Italian
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it
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value: מייפלאואר – Hebrew

value: მეიფლაუერი – Georgian

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https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Latin
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la
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https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Luxembourgish
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lb
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https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Occitan
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https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Polish
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Portuguese
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Romanian
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https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Slovak
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sk
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https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Slovenian
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https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Serbo-Croatian
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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Finnish
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Swedish
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https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Turkish
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tr
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https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower
Mayflower – Vietnamese
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