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Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
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The pictogram for harmful substances of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals.
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed-upon standard managed by the United Nations that was set up to replace the assortment of hazardous material classification and labelling schemes previously used around the world. Core elements of the GHS include standardized hazard testing criteria, universal warning pictograms, and harmonized safety data sheets which provide users of dangerous goods with a host of information. The system acts as a complement to the UN Numbered system of regulated hazmat transport. Implementation is managed through the UN Secretariat. Although adoption has taken time, as of 2017, the system has been enacted to significant extents in most major countries of the world.[1] This includes the European Union, which has implemented the United Nations' GHS into EU law as the CLP Regulation, and United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Hazard classification
2.1 Physical hazards
2.2 Health hazards
2.3 Environmental hazards
2.4 Classification of mixtures
3 Testing requirements
4 Hazard communication
4.1 GHS label elements
4.2 GHS label format
4.3 Safety data sheet
5 Training
6 Implementation
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
Before the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was created and implemented, there were many different regulations on hazard classification in use in different countries, resulting in multiple standards, classifications and labels for the same hazard. Given the extent of international trade in chemicals and the potential impact on neighboring countries when controls are not implemented, countries determined that a worldwide approach was necessary.[citation needed]
The GHS development began at the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development by the United Nations[2] also called Earth Summit (1992) when the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), various governments and other stakeholders agreed that "A globally harmonized hazard classification and compatible labelling system, including material safety data sheets and easily understandable symbols, should be available if feasible, by the year 2000".[3]
The universal standard for all countries was to replace all the diverse classification systems; however, it has not been compulsory under UN law. The GHS provides the infrastructure for participating countries to implement a hazard classification and Hazard Communication Standard, which many less economically developed countries would not have had the money to create themselves.[citation needed] In the longer term, the GHS is expected to improve knowledge of the chronic health hazards of chemicals and encourage a move towards the elimination of hazardous chemicals, especially carcinogens, mutagens and reproductive toxicants, or their replacement with less hazardous ones.[citation needed]
Hazard classification[edit]
The GHS classification system is a complex system with data obtained from tests, literature, and practical experience.
The main elements of the hazard classification criteria are summarized below:
Physical hazards[edit]
Substances or articles are assigned to 9 different hazard classes largely based on the United Nations Dangerous Goods System.[4]:59–60 Additions and changes have been necessary since the scope of the GHS includes all target audiences.
Explosives, which are assigned to one of six subcategories depending on the type of hazard they present, as used in the UN Dangerous Goods System.
Gases are category 1 flammable if they start to flame in a range in air at 20 °C and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa. Category 2 is Non flammable and non toxic gases, and category 3 is toxic gases. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of the test or calculation method.
A flammable liquid is a liquid with a flash point of not more than 93 °C. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of four hazard categories on the basis of the flash point and boiling point. A pyrophoric liquid is a liquid that, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to a single hazard category on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N.3.
A flammable solid is one that is readily combustible or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or pasty substances which are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burning match, and if the flame spreads rapidly. it is further divided into
• flammable solids,
• polymerizing substances and
• self-reactive substances, i.e., thermally unstable solids liable to undergo a strongly exothermic thermal decomposition even without participation of oxygen (air) other than materials classified as explosive, organic peroxides or as oxidizing.
Spontaneously combusting solids or pyrophoric solids are solids that, even in small quantities, are liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to a single hazard category on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N.2. Self-heating substances are solids or liquids, other than a pyrophoric substance, which, by reaction with air and without energy supply, are liable to self-heat. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N.4. Substances which on contact with water emit flammable gases are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of UN Test N.5, which measures gas evolution and speed of evolution. Flammable aerosols can be classified as Class 1 or Class 2 if they contain any component, which is classified as flammable.
Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides contain
• category 1: oxidizing substances and
• category 2: organic peroxides, organic liquids or solids that contain the bivalent -O-O- structure and may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The term also includes organic peroxide formulations (mixtures).
Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of seven 'Types', A to G, on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test Series A to H.
Toxic and infectious substances
Radioactive substances
Substances corrosive to metal are substances or mixtures that by chemical action will materially damage or even destroy metals. These substances or mixtures are classified in a single hazard category on the basis of tests (Steel: ISO 9328 (II): 1991 - Steel type P235; Aluminum: ASTM G31-72 (1990) - non-clad types 7075-T6 or AZ5GU-T66). The GHS criteria are a corrosion rate on steel or aluminum surfaces exceeding 6.25 mm per year at a test temperature of 55 °C.
Miscellaneous dangerous substances which includes environmentally dangerous substances
Health hazards[edit]
Acute toxicity includes five GHS categories from which the appropriate elements relevant to transport, consumer, worker and environment protection can be selected. Substances are assigned to one of the five toxicity categories on the basis of LD50 (oral, dermal) or LC50 (inhalation).
Skin corrosion means the production of irreversible damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized corrosion category.
Skin irritation means the production of reversible damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single irritant category. For those authorities, such as pesticide regulators, wanting more than one designation for skin irritation, an additional mild irritant category is provided.
Serious eye damage means the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical decay of vision, following application of a test substance to the front surface of the eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized category.
Eye irritation means changes in the eye following the application of a test substance to the front surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days of application. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized hazard category. For authorities, such as pesticide regulators, wanting more than one designation for eye irritation, one of two subcategories can be selected, depending on whether the effects are reversible in 21 or 7 days.
Respiratory sensitizer means a substance that induces hypersensitivity of the airways following inhalation of the substance. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one hazard category.
Skin sensitizer means a substance that will induce an allergic response following skin contact. The definition for "skin sensitizer" is equivalent to "contact sensitizer". Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one hazard category.
Germ cell mutagenicity means an agent giving rise to an increased occurrence of mutations in populations of cells and/or organisms. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories. Category 1 has two subcategories.
Carcinogenicity means a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances that induce cancer or increase its incidence. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories. Category 1 has two subcategories.
Reproductive toxicity includes adverse effects on sexual function and fertility in adult males and females, as well as developmental toxicity in offspring. Substances and mixtures with reproductive and/or developmental effects are assigned to one of two hazard categories, 'known or presumed' and 'suspected'. Category 1 has two subcategories for reproductive and developmental effects. Materials which cause concern for the health of breastfed children have a separate category: effects on or via Lactation.
Specific target organ toxicity (STOT) [5] category distinguishes between single and repeated exposure for Target Organ Effects. All significant health effects, not otherwise specifically included in the GHS, that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible, immediate and/or delayed are included in the non-lethal target organ/systemic toxicity class (TOST). Narcotic effects and respiratory tract irritation are considered to be target organ systemic effects following a single exposure. Substances and mixtures of the single exposure target organ toxicity hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories. Substances and mixtures of the repeated exposure target organ toxicity hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories.
Aspiration hazard includes severe acute effects such as chemical pneumonia, varying degrees of pulmonary injury or death following aspiration. Aspiration is the entry of a liquid or solid directly through the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting, into the trachea and lower respiratory system. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories this hazard class on the basis of viscosity.
Environmental hazards[edit]
Acute aquatic toxicity means the intrinsic property of a material of causing injury to an aquatic organism in a short-term exposure. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three toxicity categories on the basis of acute toxicity data: LC50 (fish) or EC50 (crustacean) or ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants). In some regulatory systems these acute toxicity categories may be subdivided or extended for certain sectors.
Chronic aquatic toxicity means the potential or actual properties of a material to cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms during exposures that are determined in relation to the lifecycle of the organism. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of four toxicity categories on the basis of acute data and environmental fate data: LC50 (fish) or EC50 (crustacea) or ErC50 (for algae or other aquatic plants) and degradation or bioaccumulation.
Classification of mixtures[edit]
The GHS approach to the classification of mixtures for health and environmental hazards is also complex. It uses a tiered approach and is dependent upon the amount of information available for the mixture itself and for its components. Principles that have been developed for the classification of mixtures, drawing on existing systems such as the European Union (EU) system for classification of preparations laid down in Directive 1999/45/EC. The process for the classification of mixtures is based on the following steps:
Where toxicological or ecotoxicological test data are available for the mixture itself, the classification of the mixture will be based on that data;
Where test data are not available for the mixture itself, then the appropriate bridging principles should be applied, which uses test data for components and/or similar mixtures;
If (1) test data are not available for the mixture itself, and (2) the bridging principles cannot be applied, then use the calculation or cutoff values described in the specific endpoint to classify the mixture.
Testing requirements[edit]
The GHS document does not include testing requirements for substances or mixtures. In fact, one of the main goals of the GHS is to reduce the need for animal testing. The GHS criteria for determining health and environmental hazards are test method neutral, allowing different approaches as long as they are scientifically sound and validated according to international procedures and criteria already referred to in existing systems. Test data already generated for the classification of chemicals under existing systems should be accepted when classifying these chemicals under the GHS, thereby avoiding duplicative testing and the unnecessary use of test animals. The GHS physical hazard criteria are linked to specific UN test methods. It is assumed that mixtures will be tested for physical hazards.
Hazard communication[edit]
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Per GHS hazards need to be communicated:[citation needed]
in more than one form (for example, placards, labels or SDS’s).
with hazard statements and precautionary statements.
in an easily comprehensible and standardized manner.
consistent with other statements to reduce confusion.
taking into account all existing research and any new evidence.
Comprehensibility is challenging for a single culture and language, so global harmonization is complex. The GHS Purple Book includes a comprehensibility-testing instrument in Annex 6. Factors that were considered in developing the GHS communication tools include:[citation needed]
Different philosophies in existing systems on how and what should be communicated;
Language differences around the world;
Ability to translate phrases meaningfully;
Ability to understand and appropriately respond to pictograms.
GHS label elements[edit]
The symbol for substances hazardous to the human health as implemented by the GHS.
The standardized label elements included in the GHS are:
Symbols (GHS hazard pictograms): Convey health, physical and environmental hazard information, assigned to a GHS hazard class and category. Pictograms include the harmonized hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, such as borders, background patterns or cozers and substances which have target organ toxicity.[6] Also, harmful chemicals and irritants are marked with an exclamation mark, replacing the European saltire. Pictograms will have a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond frame. For transport, pictograms will have the background, symbol and colors currently used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Where a transport pictogram appears, the GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not appear.
Signal words: "Danger" or "Warning" will be used to emphasize hazards and indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard, assigned to a GHS hazard class and category. Some lower level hazard categories do not use signal words. Only one signal word corresponding to the class of the most severe hazard should be used on a label.
GHS hazard statement: Standard phrases assigned to a hazard class and category that describe the nature of the hazard. An appropriate statement for each GHS hazard should be included on the label for products possessing more than one hazard.
The additional label elements included in the GHS are:
GHS precautionary statements: Measures to minimize or prevent adverse effects. There are four types of precautionary statements covering: prevention, response in cases of accidental spillage or exposure, storage, and disposal. The precautionary statements have been linked to each GHS hazard statement and type of hazard.
Product identifier (ingredient disclosure): Name or number used for a hazardous product on a label or in the SDS. The GHS label for a substance should include the chemical identity of the substance. For mixtures, the label should include the chemical identities of all ingredients that contribute to acute toxicity, skin corrosion or serious eye damage, germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, skin or respiratory sensitization, or Systemic Target Organ Systemic (STOT), when these hazards appear on the label.
Supplier identification: The name, address and telephone number should be provided on the label.
Supplemental information: Non-harmonized information on the container of a hazardous product that is not required or specified under the GHS. Supplemental information may be used to provide further detail that does not contradict or cast doubt on the validity of the standardized hazard information.
GHS label format[edit]
The GHS includes directions for application of the hazard communication elements on the label. In particular, it specifies for each hazard, and for each class within the hazard, what signal word, pictogram, and hazard statement should be used. The GHS hazard pictograms, signal words and hazard statements should be located together on the label. The actual label format or layout is not specified in the GHS. National authorities may choose to specify where information should appear on the label or allow supplier discretion. There has been discussion about the size of GHS pictograms and that a GHS pictogram might be confused with a transport pictogram or "diamond". Transport pictograms are different in appearance than the GHS pictograms. Annex 7 of the Purple Book explains how the GHS pictograms are expected to be proportional to the size of the label text so that generally the GHS pictograms would be smaller than the transport pictograms.[citation needed]
Safety data sheet[edit]
The safety data sheet or SDS (The GHS dropped[when?] the word "material" from material safety data sheet) is specifically aimed at use in the workplace. It should provide comprehensive information about the chemical product that allows employers and workers to obtain concise, relevant and accurate information in perspective to the hazards, uses and risk management of the chemical product in the workplace. While there were some differences in existing industry recommendations and country specific requirements, there was agreement on a 16 section SDS to include the following headings in the order specified:[7]
Identification
Hazard(s) identification
Composition/ information on ingredients
First-aid measures
Fire-fighting measures
Accidental release measures
Handling and storage
Exposure control/ personal protection
Physical and chemical properties
chemical stability and reactivity
Toxicological information
Ecological information
Disposal considerations
Transport information
Regulatory information
Other information.
The primary difference between the GHS and the international industry recommendations is that sections 2 and 3 have been reversed in order. The GHS SDS headings, sequence and content are similar to the ISO, European Union and ANSI MSDS/SDS requirements. The SDS should provide a clear description of the data used to identify the hazards. A table comparing the content and format of a MSDS/SDS versus the GHS SDS is provided in Appendix A of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) GHS guidance.[8]
Training[edit]
Current training procedures for Hazard Communication in the United States are more detailed than the GHS training recommendations.[according to whom?] Therefore, educating employees on the updated chemical and product classifications and related pictograms, signal words, hazard statements and precautionary measures will represent the greatest training challenge. Training will be a key component of the overall GHS approach and should incorporate information as it is introduced into the workplace. Employees and emergency responders will need to be trained on all new program elements, from hazard statements to pictograms. Bear in mind, if products are imported from countries that implement GHS prior to the United States and Canada, employee training may need to begin earlier than expected.
Implementation[edit]
The United Nations goal was broad international adoption by 2008.[citation needed] As of 2017, it has been adopted to varying degrees in nearly all major countries.
A flammable warning symbol on the back of a European Axe deodorant spray.
GHS adoption by country:
Australia: In 2012, adopted regulation for GHS implementation, setting January 1, 2017 as the GHS implementation deadline.[9]
Brazil: Established an implementation deadline of February 2011 for substances and June 2015 for mixtures.[10]
Canada: In December 2011,committed to the implementation by June 1, 2015.[11]
China: Established implementation deadline of December 1, 2011.[12]
Colombia: By June, 2014 No deadline had been set up yet. the subcommittee for the implementation within the Mesa de Seguridad Química (Bureau of Chemical Safety), began communication between the government, the private sector and civil society.[citation needed]
European Union: The deadline for substance classification was December 1, 2010 and for mixtures it was June 1, 2015 per regulation for GHS implementation on December 31, 2008.[13]
Turkey: Published Turkish CLP regulation and SDS regulation in 2013 and 2014 respectively. The deadline for substance classification was June 1, 2015, for mixtures, it was June 1, 2016.[14]
Japan: Established deadline of December 31, 2010 for products containing one of 640 designated substances.[12]
Korea: Established the GHS implementation deadline of July 1, 2013.[12]
Malaysia: Deadline for substance and mixture was April 17, 2015 per its Industry Code of Practice on Chemicals Classification and Hazard Communication(ICOP) on 16 April 2014.[15]
Pakistan: Country does not a single streamlined system for chemical labeling, although there are many rules in place. The Pakistani government has requested assistance in developing future regulations to implement GHS. [16]
Philippines: The deadline for substance and mixture was March 14, 2015 per Guidelines for the Implementation of GHS in Chemical Safety Program in the Workplace in 2014.[17]
Russian Federation. GHS was approved for optional use as of August 2014. Manufacturers may continue using non-GHS Russian labels through 2021, after which compliance with the system is compulsory. [18]
Taiwan: Full GHS implementation was scheduled for 2016 for all hazardous chemicals with physical and health hazards.[19]
Thailand: The deadline for substances was March 13, 2013. The deadline for mixture is March 13, 2017.[20]
Vietnam: The deadline for substances was March 30, 2014. The deadline for mixtures was March 30, 2016.[21]
United States: GHS compliant labels and SDSs are required for many applications including laboratory chemicals, commercial cleaning agents, and other workplace cases regulated by previous US Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) standards. [22] First widespread implementation set by OSHA was on March 26, 2012, requiring manufacturers to adopt the standard by June 1, 2015 and product distributors to adopt the standard by December 1, 2015. Workers had to be trained by December 1, 2013.[23][24]In the US, GHS labels are not required on most hazardous consumer grade products (ex. laundry detergent) however some manufacturers which also sell the same product in Canada or Europe include GHS compliant warnings on these products too. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission is not opposed to this and has been evaluating the possibility of incorporating elements of GHS into future consumer regulations. [25]
See also[edit]
Toxicity category rating
UN number
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "GHS implementation - Transport - UNECE". www.unece.org. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ Health and Safety Executive (n.d.). "UK Government HSE website". UK Government.
Jump up ^ "GHS: What's Next? | Visual.ly". visual.ly. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
Jump up ^ UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods - Model Regulations, Rev. 19 Volume I Archived November 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 2015, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, retrieved 6 November 2015
Jump up ^ "Part 3 Health Hazards" (PDF). Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Second revised edition. United Nations. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "GHS pictograms - Transport - UNECE". www.unece.org. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
Jump up ^ "Understanding The GHS SDS Sections".
Jump up ^ "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals - GHS". www.osha.gov. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
Jump up ^ Hazardous chemicals Archived November 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Implementation of GHS in Brazil Archived October 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Implementation of the GHS in Canada Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. UN Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, 4 December 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c GHS in China, Korea and Japan 2011 Archived April 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. cirs-reach.com
Jump up ^ European Commission CLP/GHS - Classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures Archived April 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ GHS in Turkey Archived August 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. chemsafetypro.com
Jump up ^ GHS in Malaysia Archived December 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. chemsafetypro.com
Jump up ^ "Pakistan Industrial Label Review | Nexreg". www.nexreg.com. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ GHS in Philippines Archived September 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. chemsafetypro.com
Jump up ^ "GHS in Russia". www.chemsafetypro.com. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ GHS in Taiwan Archived September 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. chemsafetypro.com
Jump up ^ GHS in Thailand Archived December 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. chemsafetypro.com
Jump up ^ GHS in Vietnam Archived December 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. chemsafetypro.com
Jump up ^ "FAQs on Hazard Communication Standard, GHS Labels, Safety Data Sheets, HazCom Training". www.jjkeller.com. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ Hazard Communication Archived December 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. OSHA, n.d.
Jump up ^ Hazard Communication System Final Rule - Fact Sheet Archived November 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. OSHA, n.d.
Jump up ^ "Policy of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)". CPSC.gov. 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Bibliography[edit]
Fagotto, Elena; Fung, Archon (2003), "Improving Workplace Hazard Communication", Issues in Science & Technology, 19 (2): 63
Baichoo, Pavan; Dardelin, Brenda; Krueger, Jonathan (2006), "ILO Activities in the Area of Chemical Safety" (PDF), African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, 16: 52–55 [dead link]
Obadia, I. (2003), "ILO Activities in the Area of Chemical Safety", Toxicology, 190 (1–2): 105–15, doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00200-2, PMID 12909402
A Guide to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS), Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 2006, archived from the original on July 2, 2007, retrieved July 13, 2007
Smith, Sandy (2007), "GHS: A Short Acronym for a Big Idea", Occupational Hazards, 69 (5): 6
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2007, retrieved July 13, 2007
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GHS pictograms.
About the GHS
Solution of GHS
GHS Resource Center
Dangerous goods portal
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The Lost City of Z (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Lost City of Z
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
James Gray
Produced by
Dede Gardner
Jeremy Kleiner
Anthony Katagas
James Gray
Dale Armin Johnson
Screenplay by
James Gray
Based on
The Lost City of Z
by David Grann
Starring
Charlie Hunnam
Robert Pattinson
Sienna Miller
Tom Holland
Music by
Christopher Spelman
Cinematography
Darius Khondji
Edited by
John Axelrad
Lee Haugen
Production
company
Plan B Entertainment
Keep Your Head Productions
MICA Entertainment
MadRiver Pictures
Distributed by
Amazon Studios
Bleecker Street
Release date
October 15, 2016 (2016-10-15) (NYFF)
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) (United States)
Running time
141 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$30 million[2]
Box office
$17.1 million[3]
The Lost City of Z is a 2016 American biographical adventure drama film written and directed by James Gray, based on the 2009 book of the same name by David Grann.[4] It portrays real events surrounding the British explorer Percy Fawcett, who was sent to Bolivia and made several attempts to find a supposed ancient lost city in the Amazon. [5] The film stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett;[6] Robert Pattinson as his fellow explorer, Henry Costin; and Sienna Miller as his wife, Nina Fawcett.[7]
The film's world premiere was on October 15, 2016 as the closing-night selection at the New York Film Festival.[8] It was released in the United States on April 14, 2017, by Amazon Studios and Bleecker Street.[9] The Lost City of Z was praised by critics, though it grossed only $17 million against a $30 million budget. Despite this lack of financial success, Time magazine listed it as one of its Top 10 Films of 2017.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Music
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Ireland, 1905: Percy Fawcett is a young British officer participating in a stag hunt on an Irish baronial estate for the benefit of the visiting Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. A skilled horseman and marksman, he brings down the stag swiftly but is snubbed at the after-hunt party. A year later, Fawcett is sent to London to meet with officials of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS). The governments of Bolivia and Brazil are nearly at war over the location of their mutual boundary and its direct affect on the region's extremely lucrative rubber trade, and have asked the British government to survey it. Fawcett agrees to lead the survey party to restore his family's good name. Aboard a ship to Brazil, Fawcett meets Corporal Henry Costin, who has knowledge of the Amazon rainforest. At a large rubber plantation in the jungle owned by the Portuguese nobleman Baron de Gondoris, the two meet Corporal Arthur Manley, who tells them that the British government advises against further exploration. Fawcett, with several guides and the Amazonian scout Tadjui, completes the mission. Tadjui tells Fawcett stories about a city in the jungle covered in gold and full of people. Fawcett dismisses such stories as insane ravings, but discovers highly advanced broken pottery and some small stone statues in the jungle that convince him of the veracity of Tadjui's story.
Fawcett is praised upon his return, where his wife, Nina, has given birth to their second son. In the Trinity College Library, Nina discovers a conquistador text which tells of a city deep in the Amazonian jungle. Fawcett meets the renowned biologist James Murray, who agrees to back Fawcett's expedition to the Amazon to find what Fawcett calls "the Lost City of Z". Fawcett attempts to convince the members of the RGS to back the expedition, but is publicly ridiculed. Nevertheless, the RGS backs the expedition to further exploration of the Amazon basin. Murray, unfamiliar with the rigors of the deep jungle, slows the party down significantly. Fawcett's party is attacked while traveling along the river. However, Fawcett makes peace with the natives. Murray suffers a severe knee injury which becomes infected, and he begins to go mad. Fawcett sends him off with a native guide and the group's last pack animal to find aid. Fawcett's team are forced to abandon the expedition after discovering that Murray poured paraffin on their remaining supplies.
Murray survives and, in front of the RGS trustees, accuses Fawcett of abandoning him in the jungle. Fawcett elects to resign from the society rather than apologize. World War I breaks out in Europe, and Fawcett goes to France to fight. Manley dies in the trenches at the Battle of the Somme, and Fawcett is temporarily blinded in a chlorine gas attack. Jack, Fawcett's eldest son—who had long accused Fawcett of abandoning the family—reconciles with his father as he recovers.
In 1923, Fawcett is living in obscurity in Britain. North American interest in exploring the Amazon has reached fever pitch, primarily due to Fawcett's stories of the lost city. John D. Rockefeller Jr. and a consortium of US newspapers finance a new expedition by Fawcett. The RGS co-funds the expedition at the last moment to maintain British pride. Fawcett shows Sir John Scott Keltie a compass, informing Keltie that should he (Fawcett) find the lost city, the compass will be sent back to Britain. Fawcett and his son intend to go alone this time, traveling as light as they can for up to three years in order to find "Z". Fawcett invites Costin, but he declines. Fawcett and Jack are attacked by natives and escape, only to be ambushed again. This second tribe gives the Fawcetts a fair hearing, but are puzzled by them, noticing that their spirits aren't wholly of their own world but also not wholly of the Amazon. They declare that the spirits of the Fawcetts "must belong" somewhere and they will help them find their rightful place. Fawcett and Jack are drugged during a ceremony and carried away.
Some years later, Nina Fawcett meets with Keltie, now the head of the RGS, claiming she has heard that Fawcett and Jack are still alive and are living among tribespeople. The RGS, having sent more than a hundred people to search for Fawcett in the intervening years, declines to send another expedition. Keltie advises Nina to come to terms with her husband's death, but she refuses. Nina instead shows Keltie a package: upon opening it, they see it contains the compass Fawcett had promised to send were he to have found the city.
Cast[edit]
Charlie Hunnam as Percy Fawcett
Robert Pattinson as Corporal Henry Costin
Sienna Miller as Nina Fawcett
Tom Holland as Jack Fawcett
Bobby Smalldridge as 7-year-old Jack Fawcett
Tom Mulheron as young Jack Fawcett
Angus Macfadyen as James Murray
Clive Francis as Sir John Scott Keltie
Edward Ashley as Corporal Arthur Manley
Ian McDiarmid as Sir George Goldie
Franco Nero as Baron de Gondoriz
Harry Melling as William Barclay
John Sackville as Simon Beauclerk
Adam Bellamy as Cecil Gosling
Daniel Huttlestone as Brian Fawcett
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
"[David Lean, but with a] slightly more hallucinogenic feel, because [Fawcett] went to the jungle and sorta went mad. […] I hope it’s not my Fitzcarraldo."
—James Gray[11]
In February 2009, James Gray was hired by Paramount Pictures and Plan B Entertainment to write and direct the film based on David Grann's book, but the film remained in development for six years. Based on his experience on previous projects, Gray was not initially sure why Plan B sent him the book. He explained:
When I was sent the book in the fall of 2008, it hadn’t yet been published. I didn’t know what it was and I hadn’t heard of the story at all. It takes place outside of New York, and it’s a period piece in the United Kingdom and the jungle. So I had no idea why the people at Plan B decided to send me this book, because nothing in my prior work had shown that I could do anything like this. Maybe it was an act of madness on their part.[12]
In a 2015 interview with IndieWire, Gray admitted that he had developed the script for a while before moving toward production.[13] He explained that the film was a "very complicated production and the story is amazing, but it's a complicated story. And you want to get it right. It's a very, very scary proposition to go into the jungle and all that. But at the same time it's terrific. It's why you make movies."[13]
Casting[edit]
The lead role underwent numerous casting changes. Brad Pitt was initially to star as Fawcett, additionally providing production duties through his company Plan B Entertainment.[14][15] In November 2010, Pitt withdrew from the lead role due to scheduling conflicts, but remained attached as producer.[16] On September 4, 2013, Benedict Cumberbatch came on board to portray Fawcett,[17] along with Robert Pattinson, who joined the cast in the role of Costin.[18][19] In February 2015, Cumberbatch dropped out also due to scheduling conflicts, and was replaced by Charlie Hunnam, while Sienna Miller was cast as Nina Fawcett.[20][21]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on August 19, 2015, in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and continued for five weeks until late September.[22][23] On August 28, the production shot at Greyabbey Village and Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.[24] Hunnam and Miller filmed scenes at Ballintoy County Antrim on August 31,[25][26] and further shooting took place at Craigavon House, East Belfast on September 2.[27]
Hunnam, Pattinson, Miller and Macfadyen shot scenes at Methodist College Belfast on September 3, 2015.[28] On September 7, 2015, scenes were filmed at Belfast City Hall and on the grounds of Royal Belfast Academical Institution.[29] Scenes were also shot at Bangor Castle Leisure Centre on September 13, 2015.[30] Filming then moved to Santa Marta, Colombia, and continued through September and October.[31][32]
Music[edit]
The Lost City of Z: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Film score soundtrack album
Released
March 24, 2017
Genre
Film score
Length
55:04[33]
Label
Filmtrax[33]
Producer
Christopher Spelman
Christopher Spelman chronology
The Immigrant
(2013)The Immigrant2013 The Lost City of Z
(2017)
Christopher Spelman composed the film's musical score. He had previously composed the music for Gray's 2013 film The Immigrant, and had been arranger on The Yards (2000), We Own the Night (2007), and Two Lovers (2008). George Drakoulias and Randall Poster were music supervisors.[34]
The film's trailer featured "Tangled Earth" by audiomachine.[35] The soundtrack was released digitally on March 24, 2017.[36]
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Lost City of Z" 0:59
2. "The Hunt" 2:35
3. "The First Goodbye" 2:33
4. "Onto the River" 2:29
5. "The Letter" 2:05
6. "City of Gold" 7:39
7. "Source of the Verde River" 5:40
8. "The Grenedier's Welcome" 1:34
9. "The Argument" 2:25
10. "The Attack" 2:20
11. "Crossing the River" 3:16
12. "Delusions" 2:51
13. "Homecoming" 1:48
14. "Confrontation" 3:47
15. "In the Hospital" 3:33
16. "The Chase" 1:40
17. "The Final Journey" 7:50
Total length: 55:04
Release[edit]
The film had its world premiere as the closing night film on October 15, 2016, at the 54th New York Film Festival.[37] Prior to that, StudioCanal acquired international distribution rights to the film,[38] while Amazon Studios obtained U.S. distribution rights.[39] Bleecker Street is partnering with Amazon on the film's theatrical release.[40] The film was released in the United States on April 14, 2017.[9] The film was released in France on March 15, 2017 and in the UK on March 24, 2017.[41]
In February 2017, the film was presented at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival in the Berlinale Special section.[42] It also served as the opening night film of Boston International Film Festival on April 13, 2017.[43]
The film got a release date of June 2, 2017 in Mainland China, but was trimmed by 37 minutes, totaling 104 minutes. It is unclear if the move was due to a commercial decision, or a result of usual censorship by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television.[44]
Reception[edit]
From left to right: Hunnam, Miller, Pattinson and Gray at the film's premiere at the 2017 Berlin International Film Festival.
Box office[edit]
The Lost City of Z grossed $8.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $8.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $17.1 million, against a production budget of $30 million.[3]
The Lost City of Z was first released in France on March 15 where it generated $770,719 on its opening weekend.[45] This was followed by the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 24, earning £270,139 from 282 theatres. It debuted at number seven on the box office chart.[46]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 193 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Lost City of Z's stately pace and visual grandeur hearken back to classic exploration epics, and Charlie Hunnam turns in a masterful performance as its complex protagonist."[47] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[48]
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as "a rare piece of contemporary classical cinema."[49] Dan Callahan in his review for TheWrap said that "The Lost City of Z feels like a clear artistic advance for Gray, who proves himself here as one of our finest and most distinctive living filmmakers."[50] Owen Gleiberman, writing for Variety, called the film "a finely crafted, elegantly shot, sharply sincere movie that is more absorbing than powerful."[51] Joshua Rothkopf in his review for Time Out wrote that "the grandeur of this movie is off the charts..."[52] Mark Kermode of Kermode and Mayo's Film Review stated that while the film had numerous flaws, such as ineffective elliptical storytelling and Hunnam's uncharismatic performance, "it is a film which is haunting me more than I thought.... it did feel like it was trying [to] break out of being just that narrative into something else".[53]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
Florida Film Critics Circle December 23, 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay James Gray Nominated [54]
[55]
Golden Tomato Awards January 3, 2018 Best Action Movie 2017 The Lost City of Z 4th Place [56]
IndieWire Critics Poll December 19, 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 The Lost City of Z 10th Place [57]
London Film Critics' Circle January 28, 2018 Young British/Irish Performer of the Year Tom Holland Pending [58]
Technical Achievement Award Darius Khondji (cinematographer) Pending
Online Film Critics Society December 28, 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay James Gray Nominated [59]
[60]
Best Cinematography Darius Khondji Nominated
San Diego Film Critics Society December 11, 2017 Best Adapted Screenplay James Gray Nominated [61]
[62]
Best Cinematography Darius Khondji Nominated
Best Costume Design Sonia Grande Nominated
USC Scripter Awards February 10, 2018 Best Screenplay James Gray and David Grann Pending [63]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Laurent Schenck (2017-03-15). "The Lost City of Z : 5 choses à savoir sur l'aventure amazonienne de James Gray" (in French). AlloCiné. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Lost City of Z (2017)". The Numbers. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (December 9, 2009). "James Gray, Brad Pitt find 'Lost City'". Variety. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Biello, David (August 28, 2008). "Ancient Amazon Actually Highly Urbanized". Scientific American. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (February 3, 2015). "Berlin: Charlie Hunnam Joins 'Lost City of Z'". Variety. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Edward (December 27, 2014). "Sienna Miller Joins James Gray's 'Lost City Of Z,' Shooting May Happen Summer 2015". IndieWire. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Erbland, Kate (August 3, 2016). "New York Film Festival Announces James Gray's 'The Lost City of Z' as Closing Night Selection". IndieWire. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nordine, Michael (September 1, 2016). "Amazon Studios Acquires James Gray's Rainforest Drama 'The Lost City of Z' Starring Charlie Hunnam". IndieWire. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (December 7, 2017). "The Top 10 Movies of 2017". Time. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perez, Rodrigo (October 9, 2013). "James Gray May Direct Jeremy Renner's Steve McQueen Biopic; Calls 'Lost City Of Z' Epic & Hallucinogenic". IndieWire. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ McKittrick, Christopher (April 14, 2017). "Birth of an Obsession: The Lost City of Z". Creative Screenwriting. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jagernauth, Kevin (April 8, 2015). "Interview: James Gray Talks 'The Immigrant,' Diving Into TV With 'Red Road,' And His Own Favorite Films". IndieWire. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "James Gray, Brad Pitt find 'Lost City'". Retrieved August 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "James Gray To Direct Brad Pitt in The Lost City of Z". Retrieved August 12, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Robert Pattinson is so much more than Twilight, and his new film The Rover will prove it". Retrieved August 12, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Neglia, Matt. "The 2017 Online Film Critics Society (OFCS) Nominations". NextBigPicture. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (December 28, 2017). "'Get Out' Named Best Picture By Online Film Critics Society". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary (January 16, 2018). "'Disaster Artist,' 'Logan,' 'Wonder Woman' Among USC Scripter Award Finalists". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Lost City of Z on IMDb
The Lost City of Z at Box Office Mojo
The Lost City of Z at Metacritic
The Lost City of Z at Rotten Tomatoes
The Lost City of Z at AllMovie
The Lost City of Z at History vs. Hollywood
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Little Odessa (1994)
The Yards (2000)
We Own the Night (2007)
Two Lovers (2008)
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Ad Astra (2019)
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The Departed (2006)
Running with Scissors (2006)
A Mighty Heart (2007)
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Kick-Ass (2010)
Eat Pray Love (2010)
The Tree of Life (2011)
Moneyball (2011)
Killing Them Softly (2012)
World War Z (2013)
Kick-Ass 2 (2013)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
By the Sea (2015)
The Big Short (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
The Lost City of Z (2016)
War Machine (2017)
Brad's Status (2017)
Backseat (2018)
Beautiful Boy (2018)
Ad Astra (2019)
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Films
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Elvis & Nixon (2016)
Love & Friendship (2016)
The Neon Demon (2016)
Wiener-Dog (2016)
Café Society (2016)
Complete Unknown (2016)
Author: The JT LeRoy Story (2016)
The Dressmaker (2016)
An American Girl Story – Melody 1963: Love Has to Win (2016)
An American Girl Story – Maryellen 1955: Extraordinary Christmas (2016)
The Handmaiden (2016)
Manchester by the Sea (2016)
Paterson (2016)
The Salesman (2016)
The Lost City of Z (2017)
The Wall (2017)
The Big Sick (2017)
Landline (2017)
The Only Living Boy in New York (2017)
Crown Heights (2017)
Brad's Status (2017)
Wonderstruck (2017)
Last Flag Flying (2017)
Wonder Wheel (2017)
You Were Never Really Here (2017)
Upcoming
Gringo (2018)
Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot (2018)
The Goldfinch (2019)
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List of Major League Baseball spring training cities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The following is a list of current and former Major League Baseball spring training cities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current cities
1.1 Grapefruit League (Florida)
1.2 Cactus League (Arizona)
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Current cities[edit]
Grapefruit League (Florida)[edit]
City
Current team(s)
Current ballpark(s)
Capacity
Former occupants
Bradenton Pittsburgh Pirates (1969–present) LECOM Park 6,602 St. Louis Cardinals (1923–24)
Philadelphia Phillies (1925–27)
Boston Red Sox (1928–29)
Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves (1928–40, 1948–61)
Kansas City/Oakland Athletics (1963–68)
Clearwater Philadelphia Phillies (1947–present) Spectrum Field 8,500 Brooklyn Dodgers (1923–32, 1936–41)
Cleveland Indians (1942, 1946)
Dunedin Toronto Blue Jays (1977–present) Dunedin Stadium 5,510
Fort Myers Boston Red Sox (1992–present) Jet Blue Park 11,000
Minnesota Twins (1991–present) Hammond Stadium 7,500 Philadelphia Athletics (1925–36)
Cleveland Indians (1941–42)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1955–68)
Kansas City Royals (1969–87)
Jupiter Florida/Miami Marlins (2002–present)
St. Louis Cardinals (1998–present) Roger Dean Stadium 6,871 Montreal Expos (1998–2001)
Kissimmee Houston Astros (1985–2016) Osceola County Stadium 5,300
Lake Buena Vista
(at WDW) Atlanta Braves (1997–present) Champion Stadium 9,500
Lakeland Detroit Tigers (1934–42, 1946–present) Joker Marchant Stadium 8,500 Cleveland Indians (1924–27)
Port Charlotte Tampa Bay Rays (2009–present) Charlotte Sports Park 7,000 Texas Rangers (1998–2002)
Port St. Lucie New York Mets (1988–present) First Data Field 7,347
Sarasota Baltimore Orioles (1991, 2010–present) Ed Smith Stadium 7,500 New York Giants (1924–27)
Boston Red Sox (1933–42, 1946–58)
Chicago White Sox (1960–97)
Cincinnati Reds (1998–2009)
Tampa New York Yankees (1996–present) George M. Steinbrenner Field 10,000 Chicago Cubs (1913–16)
Boston Red Sox (1919)
Washington Senators (1920–29)
Detroit Tigers (1930)
Cincinnati Reds (1930–87)
Chicago White Sox (1954–59)
Viera Montreal Expos/
Washington Nationals (2002–2016) Space Coast Stadium 8,100 Florida Marlins (1993–2001)
West Palm Beach Washington Nationals (2017–Present)
Houston Astros (2017–present) The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches 7,600
Cactus League (Arizona)[edit]
City
Current team(s)
Current ballpark(s)
Capacity
Former occupants
Glendale Chicago White Sox (2009–present)
Los Angeles Dodgers (2009–present) Camelback Ranch 13,000
Goodyear Cincinnati Reds (2010–present)
Cleveland Indians (2009–present) Goodyear Ballpark 10,000
Mesa Chicago Cubs (2014–present) Sloan Park 15,000
Oakland Athletics (2015–present) HoHoKam Stadium 12,623
Peoria San Diego Padres (1994–present)
Seattle Mariners (1994–present) Peoria Sports Complex 12,882
Phoenix Milwaukee Brewers (1998–present) Maryvale Baseball Park 7,000
San Francisco Giants (1964–83)
Scottsdale San Francisco Giants (1992–present) Scottsdale Stadium 12,000
Arizona Diamondbacks (2011–present)
Colorado Rockies (2011–present) Salt River Fields at Talking Stick 11,000
Surprise Kansas City Royals (2003–present)
Texas Rangers (2003–present) Surprise Stadium 10,500
Tempe Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (1993–present) Tempe Diablo Stadium 9,785 Seattle Pilots/Milwaukee Brewers (1969–72)
Seattle Mariners (1977–93)
See also[edit]
List of MLB stadiums
List of MLB spring training ballparks
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Major League Baseball
Spring training venues.
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Water tank
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Water tank used in Municipal Water Treatment Plant Houston Texas
Water Tank Towers, featured in Kuwait City
Water tank from 1876 in Hanover, Germany
Derelict water tank near Boorowa Railway, Galong
A water tank is a container for storing water. Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots also function as water storages. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types
3 Design
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Stone water tank in a castle courtyard, Saxony, Germany
Throughout history, wood, ceramic and stone tanks have been used as water tanks. These containers were all naturally occurring and some man made and a few of these tanks are still in service. The Indus Valley Civilization (3000–1500 BC) made use of granaries and water tanks. Medieval castles needed water tanks for the defenders to withstand a siege. A wooden water tank found at the Año Nuevo State Reserve (California) was restored to functionality after being found completely overgrown with ivy. It had been built in 1884.
An old-fashioned water tank near Twentynine Palms, California
Types[edit]
Chemical contact tank of FDA and NSF polyethylene construction, allows for retention time for chemical treatment chemicals to "contact" (chemically treat) with product water.
The taanka is used in Rajasthan as a traditional form of rainwater harvesting
Ground water tank, made of lined carbon steel, may receive water from a water well or from surface water, allowing a large volume of water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.
Elevated water tank, also known as a water tower, will create a pressure at the ground-level outlet of 1 kPa per 10.2 cm or 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation. Thus a tank elevated to 20 metres creates about 200 kPa and a tank elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure, sufficient for most domestic and industrial requirements.
Vertical cylindrical dome top tanks may hold from 200 litres or fifty gallons to several million gallons. Horizontal cylindrical tanks are typically used for transport because their low-profile creates a low center of gravity helping to maintain equilibrium for the transport vehicle, trailer or truck.
A Hydro-pneumatic tank is typically a horizontal pressurized storage tank. Pressurizing this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system.
Design[edit]
By design a water tank or container should do no harm to the water. Water is susceptible to a number of ambient negative influences, including bacteria, viruses, algae, changes in pH, and accumulation of minerals, accumulated gas. The contamination can come from a variety of origins including piping, tank construction materials, animal and bird feces, mineral and gas intrusion. A correctly designed water tank works to address and mitigate these negative effects.
A safety based news article linked copper poisoning as originating from a plastic tank. The article indicated that rainwater was collected and stored in a plastic tank and that the tank did nothing to mitigate the low pH. The water was then brought into homes with copper piping, the copper was released by the high acid rainwater and caused poisoning in humans. It is important to note that since the plastic tank is an inert container, it has no effect on the incoming water. Good practice would be to analyze any water source periodically and treat accordingly, in this case the collected acid rain should be analyzed, and pH adjusted before being brought into a domestic water supply system.
The release of copper due to acidic water is monitored may be accomplished with a variety of technology, beginning with pH strips and going to more sophisticated pH monitors, indicate pH which when acidic or caustic, some with output communication capabilities. There is no "linkage" between the plastic tank and copper poisoning, a solution to the problem is easy, monitor 'stored rainwater' with 'swimming pool strips' cheap and available at, swimming pool supply outlets. If the water is too acidic, contact state/county/local health officials to obtain advice and precise solutions and pH limits and guidelines as to what should be used to treat rainwater to be used as domestic drinking water.
See also[edit]
Water portal
Chemical tank
Cistern
Domestic water system
Hand pump
Household drinking water storage
Intermediate bulk container
Portable water tank
Potable water diver
Rainwater tank
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water tanks.
Drinking Water Contaminants - United States Environmental Protection Agency
Año Nuevo Water Tank - California Department of Parks and Recreation
[1] - American Water Works Association
Authority control
NDL: 00573739
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_tank&oldid=804943153"
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Containers
Water supply infrastructure
Water conservation
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value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

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value:
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Language settings
0
button
true

value: خزان مياه – Arabic

value: منبع آب – Persian

value: വാട്ടർ ടാങ്ക് – Malayalam

value:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodojem
Vodojem – Slovak
sk
sk
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suggestions
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