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Decimalisation
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This article is about decimalisation of currency. For decimalisation of other measurements, see decimalisation (disambiguation). For the system of library classification, see Dewey Decimal Classification.
Decimalisation is the process of converting a currency from its previous non-decimal denominations to a decimal system (i.e., a system based on one basic unit of currency and one or more sub-units, such that the number of sub-units in one basic unit is a power of 10, most commonly 100).
The only[citation needed] current non-decimal currencies are the Malagasy ariary (equal to five iraimbilanja) and the Mauritanian ouguiya (equal to five khoums), though in practice both just have one currency unit and no sub-unit because khoums and iraimbilanja are no longer minted.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Decimal currency
2 Europe
2.1 £sd conversion
3 Americas
3.1 North America
3.1.1 United States
3.1.2 Canada
3.1.3 Mexico and Bermuda
3.2 Caribbean
3.3 Central America
3.4 South America
4 Africa
4.1 South Africa
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia and New Zealand
5.2 Rest of Oceania
6 Asia
6.1 Rupee-anna-paisa-pie conversion
6.2 Non-currency cases (security market)
7 Mauritania and Madagascar
8 Influence on the introduction of the euro
9 See also
10 References
Decimal currency[edit]
Decimal currencies have sub-units based on a factor of 10. There are most commonly 100 sub-units to the base currency unit, but currencies based on 1,000 sub-units also exist, especially in Arab countries.
For example:
100 cents make one dollar in various countries.
1,000 Tunisian millimes make one dinar.
Historically, non-decimal currencies were much more common: such as the British pound sterling before decimalisation in 1971. Until 1971, the pound sterling had sub-units of account of shillings (20 to a pound) and pence (12 to a shilling). Like other currencies, it also had coins with other names (ha'pence, guineas, and crowns); and in addition, until 1960 the penny was divided into 4 farthings. There were nineteen different fractions of a pound of a whole number of pence. For example, a third, quarter, fifth and sixth of a pound were respectively 80, 60, 48, and 40 pence, normally written as shillings and pence: 6/8, 5/-, 4/-, and 3/4. There were eight additional fractions which were a whole number of farthings (for example, one sixty-fourth of a pound was three pence three farthings, written 3 3⁄4d).
Europe[edit]
Russia converted to a decimal currency under Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, with the ruble being equal to 100 kopeks, thus making the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency.[1]
France introduced the franc in 1795 to replace the livre tournois,[2] abolished during the French Revolution. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it occupied during the Napoleonic period.
Dutch guilder decimalised in 1817 (became equal to 100 centen instead of 20 stuivers = 160 duits = 320 penningen), with last pre-decimal coins withdrawn from circulation in 1848.
Sweden introduced decimal currency in 1855. The currency riksdaler was divided into 100 öre. The riksdaler was renamed krona in 1873.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire decimalised the Austro-Hungarian gulden in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the Conventionsthaler to the Vereinsthaler standard.
Spain introduced its decimal currency unit, the peseta, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.
Cyprus decimalised the Cypriot pound in 1955, which comprised 1,000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.
On Decimal Day, 15 February 1971, the United Kingdom decimalised the pound sterling and the Republic of Ireland decimalised the Irish pound (see below).
Malta decimalised the lira in 1972.
The euro, which comprises 100 cents, was introduced in the eurozone, and as of 2015, it replaced 19 national currencies in Europe.
£sd conversion[edit]
See also: Decimal Day
In places where £sd was used, the decimalisation process either defined one new penny = 1⁄100 pound, where the main unit (the pound) was unchanged, or introduced a new main unit (such as the dollar), equivalent to half a pound, with one cent = 1⁄100 dollar.
The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins of the £sd system.
Common name
Amount
New £p
New $¢
Halfpenny 1⁄2d. 5⁄24p ≈ 0.2083p 5⁄12¢ ≈ 0.4167¢
Penny 1d. 5⁄12p ≈ 0.4167p 5⁄6¢ ≈ 0.833¢
Threepence 3d. 1 1⁄4p 2 1⁄2¢
Sixpence 6d. 2 1⁄2p 5¢
Shilling 1/- 5p 10¢
Florin 2/- 10p 20¢
Half crown 2/6 12 1⁄2p 25¢
Crown 5/- 25p 50¢
Half sovereign 10/- 50p $1
Sovereign £1 £1 $2
Two pound coin £2 £2 $4
The farthing, at 1⁄4 penny, was never converted, as it ceased to be legal tender a decade prior to decimalisation. In 1971, a new penny would have been worth 9.6 farthings (making a farthing slightly more than 0.104 new pence).
Americas[edit]
North America[edit]
United States[edit]
In 1784, Thomas Jefferson proposed a decimal currency system based on the Spanish dollar, with coins for 10 dollars, 1 dollar, 1⁄10 dollar, and 1⁄100 dollar; possibly supplemented by a half-dollar, "double tenth", and "five copper piece". One argument he advanced in favour of this system was that the 1⁄100-dollar coin would be similar in value to existing copper coins:[3]
States
Denomination
Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania penny = 1⁄90 dollar
North Carolina, New York penny = 1⁄96 dollar
Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island penny = 1⁄108 dollar
The initial currency of the United States was of decimal denomination from the outset of home minted currency in 1792 with the dollar being equal to 100 cents, but other currencies were also accepted for some time afterwards. For example, the Spanish dollar, a non-decimalized currency, was accepted as official currency in the United States alongside the U.S. dollar until 1857.[4]
Canada[edit]
Decimalisation in Canada was complicated by the different jurisdictions before Confederation in 1867. In 1841, the united Province of Canada's Governor General, Lord Sydenham, argued for establishment of a bank that would issue dollar currency (the Canadian dollar). Francis Hincks, who would become the Province of Canada's Prime Minister in 1851, favoured the plan. Ultimately the provincial assembly rejected the proposal.[5] In June 1851, the Canadian legislature passed a law requiring provincial accounts to be kept decimalised as dollars and cents. The establishment of a central bank was not touched upon in the 1851 legislation. The British government delayed the implementation of the currency change on a technicality, wishing to distinguish the Canadian currency from the United States' currency by referencing the units as "Royals" rather than "Dollars".[6] The British delay was overcome by the Currency Act of 1 August 1854. In 1858, coins denominated in cents and imprinted with "Canada" were issued for the first time.
Decimalisation occurred in:[7]
Date
Notes
Province of Canada 1 August 1854
Nova Scotia 1 July 1860 Ordered its first coinage in 1860, but the coins were not shipped by the Royal Mint until 1862
New Brunswick 1 November 1860 Like Nova Scotia, the coins were received in 1862
Newfoundland 1866 Took effect in early 1865 and had different coinage from 1865 to 1947
Vancouver Island 1863
British Columbia 1865
Manitoba 1870
Prince Edward Island 1871
The colonial elite, the main advocates of decimalisation, based their case on two main arguments:[8] The first was for facilitation of trade and economic ties with the United States, the colonies' largest trading partner; the second was to simplify calculations and reduce accounting errors.[9]
Mexico and Bermuda[edit]
The Mexican peso was formally decimalised in the 1860s with the introduction of coins denominated in centavos; however, the currency did not fully decimalise in practice immediately and pre-decimal reales were issued until 1897.
Bermuda decimalised in 1970, by introducing the Bermudian dollar equal to 8 shillings 4 pence (100 pence, effectively equal to the US dollar under the Bretton Woods system).
Caribbean[edit]
The Cuban peso decimalised in 1869 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
The Dominican peso decimalised in 1877 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
The Haitian gourde decimalised in 1881 by peg to French franc (became equal to 100 centimes/santim).
The Netherlands Antillean guilder decimalised in 1892 by peg to Dutch guilder (became equal to 100 centen).
The British West Indies dollar decimalised in 1955.
The Jamaican dollar decimalised in 1969.
Central America[edit]
Costa Rican peso decimalised in 1864 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
Honduran peso decimalised in 1871 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
Belize dollar decimalised in 1885
South America[edit]
Africa[edit]
South Africa[edit]
The rand was introduced on 14 February 1961. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958.[10] It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand = 1 pound or 10 shillings to the rand. Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia also chose ten shillings as the base unit of their new currency.
Oceania[edit]
Australia and New Zealand[edit]
Play media
1964 ABC report describing the design of the soon to be introduced Australian decimal coins.
Australia decimalised on 14 February 1966, with the new Australian dollar equivalent to ten shillings or half an Australian pound in the previous currency. Since a shilling became equal to ten cents, the Australian cent was equal to 1.2 Australian pence, although they were usually exchanged on a 1:1 basis during the brief period when both were circulating.[citation needed] The television campaign containing a memorable jingle, sung to the tune of Click Go the Shears, was used to help the public to understand the changes.[11]
New Zealand decimalised on 10 July 1967, with the New Zealand dollar replacing the New Zealand pound. The conversion rates were the same as Australia's—10c to one shilling, one dollar to 10 shillings, and two dollars to one pound. Confusion was expected with twelve pence becoming ten cents, such as people expecting four cents' change from paying ten cents/one shilling for an item costing eight cents. To help avoid this, the Decimal Currency Board recommended on inter-currency transactions (e.g., paying 4c with £sd coins, or paying 4d with decimal coins) to pay to the next highest five cents or sixpence to get the correct change.
Rest of Oceania[edit]
Tongan pa'anga decimalised on 3 April 1967
Samoan tala decimalised on 10 July 1967
Fijian dollar decimalised on 15 January 1969
Asia[edit]
Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon at the time) decimalised in 1869.
India changed from the rupee, anna, pie system to decimal currency on 1 April 1957.
Yemen Arab Republic introduced coinage system of 1 North Yemeni rial=100 fils in 1974, to replace former system of 1 rial = 40 buqsha = 80 halala = 160 zalat. The country was one of the last to convert its coinage.
Japan historically had two decimalisations of the yen, the sen (1/100) and the rin (1/1,000). However, they were taken out of circulation as of December 31, 1953, and all transactions are now conducted in round amounts of 1 yen or greater.[12]
Rupee-anna-paisa-pie conversion[edit]
In India, Pakistan, and other places where a system of 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 paise = 192 pies was used, the decimalisation process defines 1 new paisa = 1⁄100 rupee. The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins issued in modern India and Pakistan. Bold denotes the actual denomination written on the coins
Rupee
Anna
Paisa
Pie
New paisa
1⁄192 1⁄12 1⁄3 1 25⁄48 ≈ 0.5208
1⁄128 1⁄8 1⁄2 1 1⁄2 25⁄32 = 0.78125
1⁄64 1⁄4 1 3 1 9⁄16 = 1.5625
1⁄32 1⁄2 2 6 3 1⁄8 = 3.125
1⁄16 1 4 12 6 1⁄4 = 6.25
1⁄8 2 8 24 12 1⁄2 = 12.5
1⁄4 4 16 48 25
1⁄2 8 32 96 50
1 16 64 192 100
Non-currency cases (security market)[edit]
In the special context of quoting the prices of stocks, traded almost always in blocks of 100 or more shares and usually in blocks of many thousands, stock exchanges in the United States used eighths or sixteenths of dollars, until converting to decimals between September 2000 and April 2001.[13]
Similarly, in the UK, the prices of government securities continued to be quoted in multiples of 1⁄32 of a pound (7 1⁄2 d or 3 1⁄8 p) long after the currency was decimalised.
Mauritania and Madagascar[edit]
Mauritania and Madagascar theoretically retain currencies with units whose values are in the ratio five to one: the Mauritanian ouguiya (MRO) is equivalent to five khoums, and the Malagasy ariary (MGA) to five iraimbilanja.
In practice, however, the value of each of these two larger units is very small: as of 2010, the MRO is traded against the euro at about 370 to one, and the MGA at about 2,900 to one. In each of these countries, the smaller denomination is no longer used, and coins denominated in khoums and iraimbilanja are no longer minted. Therefore, in practice, they are neither decimal nor non-decimal currencies as there is no sub-unit.
Influence on the introduction of the euro[edit]
Before introducing physical euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002, previous decimalisation efforts, particularly that of the UK in 1971, were studied by the European Central Bank.[14] Questions included how to most effectively educate the public (particularly the elderly), the duration of the transition, the likely speed of uptake, the likely effects on inflation for currencies where one euro cent, the smallest circulating denomination, was greater in value than the smallest coin in circulation before the transition, and the likely criminal activities which might be attempted during the transition period.
See also[edit]
Decimal Day
British coinage
Non-decimal currencies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The new Encyclopaedia. Britannica. Volume 25.1994
Jump up ^ Gadoury, V. "Monnaies Françaises" p.48 (1999)
Jump up ^ Jefferson, Thomas (1905). "Notes on the Establishment of a Money Unit, and of a Coinage for the United States". In Ford, Paul Leicester. The Works of Thomas Jefferson. 4 (Notes on Virginia II, Correspondence 1782–1786) (Federal ed.). Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". loc.gov.
Jump up ^ McCulloch, A. B. “Currency Conversion in British North America, 1760–1900.” Archivaria 16, (Summer 1983): 83-94.
Jump up ^ Canadian Mint. “Currency Reforms, 1841 – 71.” A History of the Canadian Dollar. Ottawa: Canadian Mint, 2003.
Jump up ^ Canadian Mint. “Currency Reforms, 1841 – 71.” A History of the Canadian Dollar. Ottawa: Canadian Mint, 2003.
Jump up ^ Mushin, Jerry. “Twentieth Century Currency Reforms: A Comment.” Kyklos 50 (1997): 247 – 249.
Jump up ^ W.T. Easterbrook and Hugh G.J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 381.
Jump up ^ Mboweni, T.T. 2001. The Reserve Bank and the Rand: some historic reflections. Speech by the Governor of the Reserve Bank 29 Nov 2001. http://www.reservebank.co.za
Jump up ^ "Australian Dollar Bill Currency Decimal Jingle from 1965".
Jump up ^ "通貨の単位及び貨幣の発行等に関する法律". e-gov.go.jp.
Jump up ^ "SEC Testimony: Decimal Pricing in the Securities and Options Markets (A. Levitt)". sec.gov.
Jump up ^ Moore, N. E. A. (June 1995). "The Introduction of Decimal Currency in the UK in 1971. Comparisons with the Introduction of a Single European Currency" (PDF). European Papers. European Commission Director-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (111). Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decimalisation&oldid=834160076"
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text:
Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times
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"Revenge is a Dish Best Served Three Times"
The Simpsons episode
Episode no.
389
Directed by
Michael Polcino
Written by
Joel H. Cohen
Showrunner(s)
Al Jean
Production code
JABF05
Original air date
January 28, 2007
Couch gag
All of the Simpsons are infants who crawl to the couch while "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" plays in the background (replacing the normal music). When they reach the couch, everyone grows up to their normal ages (except for Maggie, who is already a baby).
Commentary
Al Jean
Joel H. Cohen
Matt Selman
Tom Gammill
Max Pross
Joe Mantegna
Michael Polcino
Michael Marcantel
Season 18 episodes[show]
September 10, 2006 – May 20, 2007
"The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer"
"Jazzy and the Pussycats"
"Please Homer, Don't Hammer 'Em"
"Treehouse of Horror XVII"
"G.I. (Annoyed Grunt)"
"Moe'N'a Lisa"
"Ice Cream of Margie (with the Light Blue Hair)"
"The Haw-Hawed Couple"
"Kill Gil, Volumes I & II"
"The Wife Aquatic"
"Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times"
"Little Big Girl"
"Springfield Up"
"Yokel Chords"
"Rome-Old and Juli-Eh"
"Homerazzi"
"Marge Gamer"
"The Boys of Bummer"
"Crook and Ladder"
"Stop! Or My Dog Will Shoot"
"24 Minutes"
"You Kent Always Say What You Want"
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
"Revenge is a Dish Best Served Three Times" is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons' eighteenth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 28, 2007. It was written by Joel H. Cohen, and directed by Michael Polcino.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 The Count of Monte Fatso
1.2 Revenge of the Geeks
1.3 Bartman Begins
1.4 End credits
2 Critical reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
After the Simpsons' car is cut off by the Rich Texan, Homer's motivation for revenge prompts his family to tell three stories concerning vengeance, hoping to convince Homer that pursuing revenge is not a good idea.
The Count of Monte Fatso[edit]
Marge tells a cautionary tale of revenge taking place in 19th century France.
Moe, parodying Fernand, breaks up the marriage of Homer and Marge, parodying Edmond Dantès and Mercedes respectively, by framing Homer as an English traitor. When Moe marries Marge, Homer, now in a French prison, swears revenge. His cellmate, Mr. Burns, parodying Abbé Faria, tells Homer to find his buried treasure through a tunnel Mr. Burns dug. After initial failure, Homer finds the riches and becomes the Count of Monte Cristo. Five years later, Homer invites Moe and Marge to a party at his mansion, where Homer kills Moe with a homemade machine, expecting Marge to take him back. However, Marge angrily rebuffs him for killing Moe, asking, "Now who's going to take care of the triplets?" and showing him the triplets she had with him.
At the end of the story, Marge's explanation is that revenge can lead to misery and sadness. However, Homer was listening to the radio at the time and was unintentionally reminded of his revenge.
Revenge of the Geeks[edit]
Titled as a parody on the movie Revenge of the Nerds, Lisa's story revolves around Milhouse's campaign to fight back against the school bullies and the consequences when he goes too far.
Tired of being bullied by Jimbo, Dolph, and Kearney, the geeks plan their revenge. In the science lab, Martin reveals his latest creation, The Getbackinator, a weapon that shoots a ray causing the targeted individuals to perform various playground tortures on themselves such as wedgies and wet willies. Milhouse—the only geek with hand–eye coordination—uses the weapon on the bullies, but then begins attacking anyone who has ever (accidentally or on purpose) wronged him, including his own friends, such as Martin for accidentally hitting him with a shuttlecock, Richard for being more popular with girls, and Wendell for not giving him "Chinese cuts" in the lunch line. Milhouse even shoots a first-day student of the school who had never done anything to him, claiming it is "prevenge". Milhouse gives Groundskeeper Willie an Ultimate Noogie, which decapitates him. Lisa eventually convinces Milhouse to stop, and he reluctantly throws the device aside. Afterwards, Nelson, whom Milhouse forgot about, returns from an absence due to mumps and finds the weapon. Nelson ends up using the weapon against Milhouse.
Homer enjoys the story, because it has what he likes in a story: an ending. Lisa claims the moral of the story is that taking revenge makes a person as bad as those who hurt them; Homer claims that the moral is for someone to never put down their weapon, at which point he draws a baseball bat and resumes his pursuit of revenge.
Bartman Begins[edit]
Bart recounts "Bartman's 'origin story'", based on Batman's origin as revealed in the film Batman Begins.
After leaving the Gotham City Opera House, Homer and Marge, parodying Thomas and Martha Wayne respectively, are killed by Snake Jailbird, parodying Joe Chill, in a dark alley. For his last words, Homer pleads Bart, who is parodying Bruce Wayne, to avenge him "in flamboyant, impractical fashion". Bart does as his father says and swears revenge on Snake, giving birth to his superhero alter ego, Bartman. The alter ego is achieved with the help of his grandfather, who had a past alter ego as the Crimson Cockatoo; Bart's grandfather suggested that Bart become The Crimson Cockaboy. Bartman flies around Gotham City, defeating enemies in his way for justice. The villains' Springfield identities are Otto Mann (The Toker), Ned Flanders (The Diddler), Hans Moleman (Mr. Mole), Patty and Selma Bouvier (Sugar and Spice), and Lenny (Poison Lenny), who was not actually a villain, but a transvestite. When Serpent, Snake's alter ego, attempts to steal the "Stealable Jewels of the Orient" from the Gotham Natural History Museum, Bartman arrives, retrieves the Jewels, and kills Serpent by impaling him on the fangs of a snake statue. Afterwards, a reporter, played by Lisa parodying Vicki Vale, reminds Bartman that the Serpent's death won't bring his parents back. Bartman agrees that she has a point, but adds that he feels better since he finally avenged the death of his parents, and has now gained "zillions of dollars" and freedom from said parents.
In conclusion, Bart says that revenge can be satisfying and thus goes against the wishes of Marge and Lisa. However, during the story, Homer is seen to have made amends with the Rich Texan after hearing that they are both from Connecticut.
End credits[edit]
At the end, the credits read "Dedicated to all who died in the Star Wars films". The list includes Darth Vader, Darth Maul (whose death was later retconned by the Clone Wars series), Greedo, Uncle Owen, Storm Trooper #5, Jango Fett, General Grievous (Droid), Storm Trooper #22, Dak, Obi Wan (Ben) Kenobi, Yoda, "Whoever Jimmy Smits Played", Hutt, Jabba the, Sy Snoodles, "Unfortunately, not Jar-Jar Binks," and "everyone on both Death Stars when they blew up". There are errors in the list, including the names of Jar Jar Binks and Sy Snootles being spelled incorrectly. Also, Sy Snootles was not shown to die in Return of the Jedi.
Critical reception[edit]
On TV.com, the episode has a user rating of 8.2 based on 190 votes.[1]
Dan Iverson of IGN gave the episode a rating of 7.7, writing "While there was some really funny material in the episode, "Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times" was still under par for The Simpsons. "The Count of Monte Fatso" showed the fact that the writers can still do a silly parody well, but the other two stories were rather mediocre, relying on gags and humorous visuals to make the segments passable. The trilogy style of episodes continues to be very entertaining, and even though this particular episode wasn't astounding, we will still anticipate the next time that the show gives us parody stories with our favorite television family."[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ TV.com. "The Simpsons: Revenge is a Dish Best Served Three Times". TV.com. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Jump up ^ Iverson, Dan (2007-01-29). "The Simpsons: "Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
External links[edit]
"Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times" on IMDb
"Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times" at TV.com
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Climate of Ghana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ghana map of Köppen climate classification.
Tropical climatic Lagoons and Vacation Holiday Resorts in Dodi Island on the Volta Lake.
The climate of Ghana is tropical.[1] The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry, the south-west corner of Ghana is hot and humid, and the north of Ghana is hot and dry.[2] Ghana is located on the Gulf of Guinea, only a few degrees north of the Equator, giving it a warm climate.[3]
Climatology[edit]
The climate of Ghana is tropical and there are two main seasons: the wet and the dry seasons.[4] North Ghana experiences its rainy season from April to mid-October while South Ghana experiences its rainy season from March to mid-November.[4] The tropical climate of Ghana is relatively mild for its latitude.[4] The harmattan, a dry desert wind, blows in north-east Ghana from December to March, lowering the humidity and causing hotter days and cooler nights in northern part of Ghana.[4] Average daily temperatures range from 30°C (86°F) during the day to 24°C (75°F) at night with a relative humidity between 77 percent and 85 percent.[5] In the southern part of Ghana, there is a bi-modal seasonrainy seasons: April through June and September through November.[5] Squalls occur in the northern part of Ghana during March and April, followed by occasional rain until August and September, when the rainfall reaches its peak.[5] Rainfall ranges from 78 to 216 centimeters (31 to 85 inches) a year.[5]
[hide]Climate data for Ghana
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
30.1
(86.2) 31.2
(88.2) 31.6
(88.9) 31.0
(87.8) 30.0
(86) 28.3
(82.9) 27.1
(80.8) 26.8
(80.2) 27.4
(81.3) 28.6
(83.5) 30.0
(86) 29.5
(85.1) 29.2
(84.6)
Average low °C (°F)
24.5
(76.1) 25.8
(78.4) 26.2
(79.2) 26.2
(79.2) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.5
(74.3) 23.2
(73.8) 23.6
(74.5) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
13.6
(0.535) 40.3
(1.587) 88.2
(3.472) 115.7
(4.555) 160.7
(6.327) 210.4
(8.283) 121.3
(4.776) 88.9
(3.5) 133.0
(5.236) 128.1
(5.043) 56.5
(2.224) 24.6
(0.969) 1,184.1
(46.618)
Average rainy days
2 2 5 7 11 14 7 6 8 9 4 2 77
Average relative humidity (%)
79 77 77 80 82 85 85 83 82 83 80 79 85
Mean monthly sunshine hours
214 204 223 213 211 144 142 155 171 220 240 235 2,372
Source: weatherbase.com[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Igawa, Momoko; Kato, Makoto (2017-09-20). "A new species of hermit crab, Diogenes heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9): e0184311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184311. ISSN 1932-6203.
Jump up ^ "Ghana high plains". photius.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ghana: Geography Physical". photius.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013. , "Ghana: Location and Size". photius.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Ghana". ncsp.undp.org. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Ghana Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Retrieved 1 June 2013.
External links[edit]
Ghana – Weather Averages
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List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of National Football League running backs by total career rushing yards. This list includes all running backs who have rushed for at least 10,000 yards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards
2 Active players with 9,000–9,999 yards
3 Historical rushing yards leaders
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards[edit]
Key
^ Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame
* Denotes player who is still active in the NFL
Through end of 2017 season.
Rank
Player
Team(s) by season
Carries
Yards
Average
1 Emmitt Smith^ Dallas Cowboys (1990–2002)
Arizona Cardinals (2003–2004) 4,409 18,355 4.2
2 Walter Payton^ Chicago Bears (1975–1987) 3,838 16,726 4.4
3 Barry Sanders^ Detroit Lions (1989–1998) 3,062 15,269 5.0
4 Curtis Martin^ New England Patriots (1995–1997)
New York Jets (1998–2005) 3,518 14,101 4.0
5 Frank Gore* San Francisco 49ers (2005–2014)
Indianapolis Colts (2015–present) 3,226 14,026 4.3
6 LaDanian Tomlinson^ San Diego Chargers (2001–2009)
New York Jets (2010–2011) 3,174 13,684 4.3
7 Jerome Bettis^ St. Louis/L.A. Rams (1993–1995[a])
Pittsburgh Steelers (1996–2005) 3,479 13,662 3.9
8 Eric Dickerson^ Los Angeles Rams (1983–1987[b])
Indianapolis Colts (1987–1991)
Los Angeles Raiders (1992)
Atlanta Falcons (1993) 2,996 13,259 4.4
9 Tony Dorsett^ Dallas Cowboys (1977–1987)
Denver Broncos (1988) 2,936 12,739 4.3
10 Jim Brown^ Cleveland Browns (1957–1965) 2,359 12,312 5.2
11 Marshall Faulk^ Indianapolis Colts (1994–1998)
St. Louis Rams (1999–2005) 2,836 12,279 4.3
12 Adrian Peterson* Minnesota Vikings (2007–2016)
New Orleans Saints (2017)
Arizona Cardinals (2017–present) 2,574 12,276 4.8
13 Edgerrin James Indianapolis Colts (1999–2005)
Arizona Cardinals (2006– 2008)
Seattle Seahawks (2009) 3,028 12,246 4.0
13 Marcus Allen^ Los Angeles Raiders (1982–1992)
Kansas City Chiefs (1993–1997) 3,022 12,243 4.1
15 Franco Harris^ Pittsburgh Steelers (1972–1983)
Seattle Seahawks (1984) 2,949 12,120 4.1
16 Thurman Thomas^ Buffalo Bills (1988–1999)
Miami Dolphins (2000) 2,877 12,074 4.2
17 Fred Taylor Jacksonville Jaguars (1998–2008)
New England Patriots (2009–2010) 2,534 11,695 4.6
18 Steven Jackson St. Louis Rams (2004–2012)
Atlanta Falcons (2013–2014)
New England Patriots (2015) 2,764 11,438 4.1
19 John Riggins^ New York Jets (1971–1975)
Washington Redskins (1976–1985) 2,916 11,352 3.9
20 Corey Dillon Cincinnati Bengals (1997–2003)
New England Patriots (2004–2006) 2,618 11,241 4.3
21 O. J. Simpson^ Buffalo Bills (1969–1977)
San Francisco 49ers (1978–1979) 2,404 11,236 4.7
22 Warrick Dunn Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1997–2001)
Atlanta Falcons (2002–2007)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2008) 2,669 10,967 4.1
23 Ricky Watters San Francisco 49ers (1992–1994)
Philadelphia Eagles (1995–1997)
Seattle Seahawks (1998–2001) 2,622 10,643 4.1
24 Jamal Lewis Baltimore Ravens (2000–2006)
Cleveland Browns (2007–2009) 2,542 10,607 4.2
25 Thomas Jones Arizona Cardinals (2000–2002)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2003)
Chicago Bears (2004–2006)
New York Jets (2007–2009)
Kansas City Chiefs (2010–2011) 2,678 10,591 4.0
26 Tiki Barber New York Giants (1997–2006) 2,217 10,449 4.7
27 Eddie George Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans (1996[c]–2003)
Dallas Cowboys (2004) 2,865 10,441 3.6
28 Ottis Anderson St. Louis Cardinals (1979–1986[d])
New York Giants (1986–1992) 2,562 10,273 4.0
29 LeSean McCoy* Philadelphia Eagles (2009–2014)
Buffalo Bills (2015–present) 2,185 10,092 4.6
30 Ricky Williams New Orleans Saints (1999–2001)
Miami Dolphins (2002–2003), (2005–2010)
Baltimore Ravens (2011) 2,431 10,009 4.1
31 Marshawn Lynch* Buffalo Bills (2007–2010)
Seattle Seahawks (2010–2015)
Oakland Raiders (2017–present) 2,251 10,003 4.3
Active players with 9,000–9,999 yards[edit]
Through end of 2017 season.
Matt Forte, 9,796
Chris Johnson, 9,651
Historical rushing yards leaders[edit]
Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL. Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932, the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles, who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins.[1] He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career. Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton's long-standing total in 2002.[2]
Reign
Player
Team(s) by season
Carries
Yards
Average
1932–1941
(9 years) Cliff Battles^ Washington Redskins (1932–1937) 839 3,511 4.2
1941–1949
(8 years) Clarke Hinkle^ Green Bay Packers (1932–1941) 1,171 3,860 3.3
1949–1958
(9 years) Steve Van Buren^ Philadelphia Eagles (1944–1951) 1,320 5,860 4.4
1958–1963
(5 years) Joe Perry^ San Francisco 49ers (1948–1960, 1963)
Baltimore Colts (1961–1962) 1,737 8,378 4.8
1963–1984
(21 years) Jim Brown^ Cleveland Browns (1957–1965) 2,359 12,312 5.2
1984–2002
(18 years) Walter Payton^ Chicago Bears (1975–1987) 3,838 16,726 4.4
2002–present
(15 years) Smith, EmmittEmmitt Smith^ Dallas Cowboys (1990–2002)
Arizona Cardinals (2003–2004) 4,409 18,355 4.2
See also[edit]
List of National Football League records (individual)
List of National Football League rushing champions
List of National Football League career rushing touchdowns leaders
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In 1995, the Los Angeles Rams became known as the St. Louis Rams after the franchise relocated; they returned in 2016.
Jump up ^ Dickerson was traded mid-season in 1987; he played three games for the Rams and nine for the Colts.
Jump up ^ In the 1996 season, George's first, the Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers; the franchise relocated prior to the commencement of the 1997 season.
Jump up ^ Anderson was traded mid-season in 1986; he played four games for the Cardinals and eight for the Giants.
References[edit]
General
"NFL History – Rushing Leaders". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
"NFL Rushing Yards Career Leaders". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Frye, Brian (June 28, 2016). "History of the Career Rushing Yards Record". thegridfe.com. GridFe. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Smith's Firm Hold on Coveted Record". Pro Football Hall of Fame. August 1, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
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Stuck in the Middle with You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Stuck in the Middle (song)" redirects here. For the song by Clea, see Stuck in the Middle (Clea song). For other uses, see Stuck in the Middle (disambiguation).
"Stuck in the Middle with You"
Single by Stealers Wheel
from the album Stealers Wheel
B-side
"Jose"
Released
27 April 1973
Recorded
Apple Studio, London
Genre
Folk rock, country rock, soft rock[1]
Length
3:23
Label
A&M
Songwriter(s)
Gerry Rafferty
Joe Egan
"Stuck in the Middle with You"[2][3][4] (sometimes known as "Stuck in the Middle")[5] is a song written by Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan and originally performed by their band Stealers Wheel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Music video
3 Personnel
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 In popular culture
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
"Stuck in the Middle" was released on Stealers Wheel's 1972 eponymous debut album.[6] Gerry Rafferty provided the lead vocals, with Joe Egan singing harmony. It was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller.[7] Rafferty's lyrics are a dismissive tale of a music industry cocktail party written and performed as a pastiche of Bob Dylan.[8]
The band was surprised by the single's chart success.[8] The single sold over one million copies, eventually peaking at number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, number 8 in the UK, and number 2 in Canada.[9]
The band appeared playing the song on BBC's Top of the Pops on 18 May 1973.[10]
Music video[edit]
The video portrays the band performing in a corner of a large, empty building. Their performance is intercut with shots of Egan (who is miming to the by-then-departed Rafferty's vocal track, although Gerry Rafferty did not die until January, 2011) at a small banquet table with a number of garishly-dressed and made-up supper guests. These include an actual clown, a bespectacled bowler-hatted gent devouring spaghetti and a lavishly dressed woman eating cream cakes and grapes. The clown, who has difficulty eating a plastic chicken, continually squeezes Egan out whenever he tries to take food from the table. The guitar solo is played on a guitar played flat with an empty beer bottle used as a slide. Eventually, the other band members appear, driving off the strange characters so that Egan can sit down at last.
Personnel[edit]
Source:[11]
Gerry Rafferty - guitar, lead vocals
Joe Egan - keyboards, lead vocals
Paul Pilnick - lead guitar
Tony Williams - bass
Rod Coombes - drums
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
Australia 16
Canada[9] 2
New Zealand Listener[12] 16
UK 8
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 6
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[14] 13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Canada 32
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 30
In popular culture[edit]
Leif Garrett released a version of the song on his 1980 album, Can't Explain.[16]
The song is used in Quentin Tarantino's 1992 debut film Reservoir Dogs, during the scene in which the character Mr. Blonde (played by Michael Madsen) taunts and tortures bound policeman Marvin Nash (Kirk Baltz) while singing and dancing to the song.[17] In an interview with Rolling Stone, Tarantino recalled
"That was one of those things where I thought [the song] would work really well, and [during] auditions, I told the actors that I wanted them to do the torture scene, and I'm gonna use 'Stuck in the Middle With You,' but they could pick anything they wanted, they didn't have to use that song. And a couple people picked another one, but almost everyone came in with 'Stuck in the Middle With You,' and they were saying that they tried to come up with something else, but that's the one. The first time somebody actually did the torture scene to that song, the guy didn't even have a great audition, but it was like watching the movie. I was thinking, 'Oh my God, this is gonna be awesome!' "[18]
American baroque pop band San Fermin performed a version of the song in July 2015 for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series.[19]
In one episode of the show Malcolm in the Middle, Hal is shown listening to the song on a record as various events occur around him.
A cover by Grace Potter is the opening theme of Netflix series Grace & Frankie.
In an episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia titled "Charlie Catches a Leprechaun," Charlie re-enacts the scene from Reservoir Dogs in the basement while the song plays.
An episode of Supernatural is titled "Stuck in the Middle (With You)," in which the characters re-enact a scene from Reservoir Dogs.
A disco cover version by Louise was a chart hit in 2001.
Alternative rock band Lazlo Bane covered the song for their 2007 cover album Guilty Pleasures.[20] Their version was used in the 2014 film Let's Be Cops and released on the soundtrack album.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mojo Collection: The Ultimate Music Companion; Brought to You by the Makers of Mojo Magazine. Canongate. 2007. pp. 399–. ISBN 978-1-84195-973-3.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 675. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 527. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Stealers Wheel sleeve image" (JPG). Strawbsweb.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Stealers Wheel". Amazon.com. 1 March 2004. Retrieved 25 June 2016 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "You searched for album_details.php". Gracenote.com. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Always Magic in the Air: The Bomp and Brilliance of the Brill Building Era (ISBN 9780670034567): Ken Emerson
^ Jump up to: a b Chilton, Martin, "Gerry Rafferty and his songs of alienation", Daily Telegraph, 5 January 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Canada, Library and Archives (17 July 2013). "Image : RPM Weekly". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ [Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002]
Jump up ^ "Adult Contemporary Music Chart - Billboard". Billboard.com. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1973/Top 100 Songs of 1973". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Leif Garrett, Can't Explain". Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (7 January 2013). "Quentin Tarantino's music moments: 'Stuck in the Middle', David Bowie". Digital Spy. National Magazine Company Ltd. Retrieved 7 April 2014. Alongside the bloody violence and salty dialog, Quentin Tarantino movies are often marked by ingenious juxtaposition of image and sound. Ever since Michael Madsen's razor-wielding Mr Blonde danced to 'Stuck in the Middle With You' in Reservoir Dogs, the filmmaker has become synonymous with memorable musical montages.
Jump up ^ Halperin, Shirley (21 August 2009). "Quentin Tarantino on Five Key Soundtrack Picks, From "Reservoir Dogs" to "Inglourious Basterds"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 7 April 2014. From Pulp Fiction to Kill Bill to his latest, Inglourious Basterds (opening this weekend), Quentin Tarantino matches scene with song like a sommelier pairs just the right bottle of wine with a nice steak: perfectly. ~. So how does a cut make it from his turntable to the big screen? The revered director filled us in on his method through five key movie music cues.
Jump up ^ Modell, Josh (28 July 2015). "San Fermin covers Stealers Wheel". The A.V. Club. Onion, Inc. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lazlo Bane's Guilty Pleasures". cdbaby.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Let's Be Cops on soundtrack.net". soundtrack.net. Retrieved 2015-01-26.
External links[edit]
Stuck in the Middle with You at AllMusic
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_with_You&oldid=819819273"
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value: Stuck in the Middle with You – Norwegian Nynorsk

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