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Eobard Thawne
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Eobard Thawne
Textless cover of Batman vol. 3, #22 (July 2017).
Art by Jason Fabok.
Publication information
Publisher
DC Comics
First appearance
The Flash #139 (September 1963)
Created by
John Broome
Carmine Infantino
In-story information
Full name
Eobard Thawne
Team affiliations
Secret Society of Super Villains
Injustice League
Black Lantern Corps
The Rogues
The Acolytes of Zoom
Legion of Doom
Notable aliases
Professor Zoom, Reverse-Flash, Black Flash
Abilities
Genius-level intellect
Skilled hand-to-hand combatant
Negative Speed Force grants:
Superhuman speed, agility, stamina, and reflexes
Rapid cellular regeneration
Time travel & chronokinesis
Dimensional travel
Intangibility
Speed mirage creation
Electrokinesis
Sonic shockwave projection
Vortex generation
Memory and speed absorption
Age alteration
Immortality
Eobard Thawne, otherwise known as Professor Zoom and the Reverse Flash, is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. He is the archenemy of Barry Allen (the second superhero to be called the Flash), a descendant of Malcolm Thawne, and a maternal forefather of Bart Allen, Thaddeus Thawne and Owen Mercer. He has been established as one of the fastest speedsters in the DC Universe.
IGN ranked Professor Zoom as the 31st Greatest Comic Book Villain Of All Time in 2009[1] and #2 on their Top 5 Flash Villains list in 2015.[2] Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher have portrayed the character on various television series set within The CW's live-action Arrowverse.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin
2.2 The Flash: Rebirth
2.3 Blackest Night
2.4 Post-Infinite Crisis origin
2.5 Flashpoint
2.6 The New 52
2.7 DC Rebirth
3 Powers and abilities
4 Other versions
4.1 Impulse
5 In other media
5.1 Television
5.1.1 Arrowverse
5.2 Film
5.3 Video games
5.3.1 Injustice
5.4 Parodies
5.5 Merchandise
6 References
7 External links
Publication history[edit]
Created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino, Eobard Thawne made his debut in The Flash #139 (September 1963).
Fictional character biography[edit]
Cover of The Flash #139 (September 1963), featuring Eobard Thawne's debut as the Reverse-Flash.
In Eobard Thawne's first appearance, he found a time capsule in the 25th Century containing Barry Allen's Flash costume, and was able to use a Tachyon device to amplify the suit's speed energy, giving himself speedster abilities as long as he wore it. Reversing the colors of the costume, Thawne adopted the moniker of "Professor Zoom", the "Reverse-Flash", and went on a crime spree. However, the time capsule also contained an atomic bomb, the timer of which was activated upon being opened, thus beginning a countdown sequence to detonation. The Flash, who had traveled forward in time, found the device and brought it to an isolated area before it exploded, and subsequently destroyed Thawne's costume.[3]
Blaming the Flash for his defeat, Thawne became obsessed with "replacing" Barry Allen and began traveling back in time to exact his revenge, using his knowledge of history to his advantage. When Barry's wife, Iris West, rejected Thawne's romantic pursuits, the latter apparently killed her by vibrating his hand through her skull. Shortly after Barry had found love again, Thawne returned and threatened to kill Allen's new fiancée, Fiona Webb, on their wedding day. Fearful that history was repeating itself, Allen inadvertently killed Thawne by breaking his neck.[4]
Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin[edit]
In a post-Crisis extended origin, the storyline "The Return of Barry Allen" in The Flash #74-79 revealed that Eobard Thawne was once a scientist from the 25th Century who was obsessed with the Flash, even undergoing cosmetic surgery to resemble Barry Allen. After obtaining the Cosmic Treadmill from an antique shop, Thawne gained all of the Flash's powers after replicating the electrochemical accident that created the hero, seeking to use the Treadmill to travel back in time and meet his idol. But due to a malfunction, Thawne arrived at the Flash Museum several years after Barry's death, where he discovered that he was destined to become "Professor Zoom", the "Reverse-Flash", and die at the hands of his idol. As a result, the unstable Thawne convinced himself that he was Barry Allen, and subsequently attacked Central City for "forgetting him". The current Flash, Wally West, ultimately tricked Thawne into returning to the 25th century with no memory of the incident. Despite this, Thawne still managed to bring the remains of his older self's costume with him, cluing him further into his destiny.
After the events of Zero Hour: Crisis in Time, it is revealed that Eobard's ancestor, Malcolm Thawne, was Barry Allen's long-lost twin brother, meaning that Barry is Eobard's great uncle.
The Flash: Rebirth[edit]
Main article: The Flash: Rebirth
In 2009, Eobard Thawne was re-imagined as a major villain in the DC Universe by writer Geoff Johns in The Flash: Rebirth.[5] His resurrection is foreshadowed to occur in a near-future event, after which he would be responsible for Barry Allen's return and transformation into the Black Flash.[6][7] It is later revealed that because Thawne recreated the accident that gave Barry his powers, he was able to lure Barry out of the Speed Force during the Final Crisis and temporarily turn him into the Black Flash.[8]
When Thawne reappears, he murders the revived Johnny Quick,[9] before proceeding to trap Barry and the revived Max Mercury inside the negative Speed Force. Thawne then attempts to kill Wally West's children through their connection to the Speed Force in front of Linda Park-West, only to be stopped by Jay Garrick and Bart Allen. Thawne defeats Jay and prepares to kill Bart, but Barry, Max, Wally, Jesse Quick, and Impulse arrive to prevent the villain from doing so.[8][10] In the ensuing fight, Thawne reveals that he is responsible for every tragedy that has occurred in Barry's life, including the death of his mother. Thawne then decides to destroy everything the Flash holds dear by killing Barry's wife, Iris, before they even met.[10]
As Barry chases after Thawne, Wally joins him in the time barrier. They reach him, and in doing so they become the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Thawne from killing Iris. The Flashes push Thawne back through time, showing his past and future. They return to the present, where the Justice League, the Justice Society, and the Outsiders have built a device originally intended to disconnect Barry from the Speed Force when he was the Black Flash. Barry tosses Thawne in and Jay activates the device, severing his connection to the negative Speed Force. As the Flashes tie him up to stop him from running, back in the past Iris discovers Thawne's weapon and keeps it.[11]
In the present, Zoom is imprisoned in the Iron Heights. Hunter Zolomon speaks to him, saying they can help each other be better. In Gorilla City, one of the apes warns that Professor Zoom has done something horrible to their jungles, something even they do not know.[11]
Blackest Night[edit]
In the 2009–2010 storyline "Blackest Night", Eobard Thawne's broken-necked corpse is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. The black power ring downloaded the corpse's memories, resulting in it not knowing of Barry's death and resurrection. Declaring itself the new Black Flash, the Black Lantern Zoom attacks Barry, who manages to elude it for the moment.[12] When Black Lantern Rogues attack Iron Heights, they encounter the living Zoom, their rings strangely malfunctioning, and displaying a strange symbol.[13] When the Black Lantern Zoom approaches his living counterpart, he stops moving, and is then frozen by Captain Cold's "cold grenade".[14] In the final issue of the series, future Black Lantern Zoom is brought back to life by the white light of creation, and manages to escape.[15]
In the follow-up "Brightest Day" storyline, the present Professor Zoom is still imprisoned in Iron Heights.[16] When Deadman activates the White Power Battery, the Entity speaks to the twelve heroes and villains resurrected at the climax of the "Blackest Night" and tells each of them of their mission that must be accomplished in order to restore 'life' to the universe and prevent the Blackest Night from ever recurring. Zoom becomes the first to inadvertently fulfill his mission, which occurred in the events of The Flash: Rebirth when he freed Barry Allen from the Speed Force following his resurrection. The Entity proclaims Professor Zoom has completed his task, and his life is restored to him, later revealing that Zoom, having fulfilled his task, is now fully purged of all trace remnants of his Black Lantern ties – both present and future.[17] Professor Zoom is released from Iron Heights by Captain Boomerang, who had hoped to better understand his version of the Entity's message. Zoom does not answer him directly, giving a cryptic response and eventually escaping as Captain Boomerang is confronted by the rest of the Rogues.[18]
Post-Infinite Crisis origin[edit]
Eobard Thawne uses his powers to completely rewrite his history; he erases his younger brother from existence and kills his parents when they try to interfere with his research.[19] Eobard later falls in love with a reporter who had been hired to interview him, and his future self wipes all of the reporter's romantic interests from existence. After finding out she did not return his affections, Eobard's future self traumatized the reporter when she was a child, causing her to be mute and institutionalized for the rest of her life so that he never met her.[19] He later had his younger self find the time capsule containing Barry Allen's costume to make himself the 25th century Flash. As the altered Eobard Thawne runs past him, he sheds a tear for his past self, saying "It won't last long. You will never find love. You will never be the Flash. Barry Allen destroyed my future. It's time I destroyed his".
Flashpoint[edit]
In the 2011 Flashpoint storyline, a new timeline is created through the alteration of history.[20] The Reverse-Flash reveals that his body is permanently connected to the Speed Force, enabling him to create the negative version of it, with which he escaped prison. He was unable to alter Barry's transformation into the Flash, however, as that would effectively erase himself from existence. Instead, Thawne decides to ruin Barry's life during the latter's childhood, erasing his best friend from existence to result in greater introversion on Barry's part, and various other torments such as killing his mother.[21] Thawne later reveals that the new timeline was created by Barry himself, who went back in time to stop the Reverse Flash from killing his mother. After Thawne is killed by the Batman of this reality with an Amazonian sword, the Flash travels back in time to stop his younger self from altering history but instead, under the manipulations of Pandora, a third, new timeline is created, in which DC Comics' continuity takes place from 2011 onwards.[22]
The New 52[edit]
In The New 52 reboot, Eobard Thawne's origin has been rewritten once again. Hailing from the Central City of a 25th-century devoted to the Flash, as a child, Eobard Thawne witnessed his father murder his mother, and subsequently get arrested. One day, he is struck by lightning and gains the ability to control the flow of time around him - making it appear as if he is moving at superhuman speeds. Believing himself to have been "chosen" by the Speed Force to replace the Flash, Eobard dons a costume similar to the hero's and begins to terrorize the Gem Cities as "Zoom", demanding the citizens accept him as "King". However, he is enraged when people rebel against him in the name of the Flash.[23] Jealous and bitter that, despite their similar powers, the Flash is worshiped and loved by the people, Eobard uses Rip Hunter's notes to travel back in time, where he starts recruiting four individuals "touched by the lightning" (Speed Force) across history, after "saving" them from situations he himself put them into, under the false pretense that he requires their help in order to vanquish the "evil menace", Flash.[24]
Thawne then makes an acquaintance with Dr. Henry Allen, the Flash's father, funding the research of his research lab, but when he refuses to help him with an unknown cause, Zoom subsequently murders his wife Nora, in order to make the Flash endure what he had to and give them both an "equal start", and forces Henry to take the blame for his deed, with the threat of his son Barry's life. Laying low for many years, Professor Zoom reemerges following the defeat of William Selkirk, recruiting him as an "acolyte" of his. Zoom and his acolytes then cause havoc in the city and put the blame on the Flash, desiring to destroy his legacy.[25] Eobard then kidnaps Henry when he escapes from prison with some inmates in order to divert Thawne's attention away from Barry, and forces him to construct a power-stealing glove. However, when his closest "ally", Magali (who has been keeping Eobard alive for centuries via her powers), discover the truth about him, he uses the glove to steal her abilities of affecting the age of organic and inorganic matter, leading to his true nature being exposed to the rest of his acolytes, who join forces with the Flash to destroy the device.
After the failure of his plan to become a "god", Zoom then takes Henry to the Allen house, with Barry in pursuit. Revealing his backstory to Barry, Eobard proceeds to best Barry in combat, and is about to kill him until the Flash realizes how Thawne's powers work, and then proceeds to counter them by moving time forward - finally defeating him. After talking Henry out of killing Thawne, Barry has him arrested and imprisoned at Iron Heights Penitentiary.[23]
DC Rebirth[edit]
In the DC Rebirth relaunch, Eobard Thawne first appears in Barry Allen's Speed Force vision, where the latter snaps Thawne's neck as he once did Pre-Crisis.[26][27] He is subsequently featured in another vision where he taunts Barry about his future.[28] The serial-killing speedster Godspeed later attempts to kill Eobard and every other inmate at Iron Heights, only to be stopped by the Flash.[29] Thawne is reverted to his pre-New 52 self after a wave of energy strikes him, and he recalls being killed by Thomas Wayne/Batman during Flashpoint.[30] Seeking to teach the Dark Knight's son a lesson, Thawne attacks Bruce Wayne in the Batcave and destroys Thomas' letter as retribution. Thawne brutally beats Bruce and verbally taunts him before picking up the Button, which teleports him away to an unknown location. Thawne is then teleported back to the Batcave, having been bathed in radiation by a mysterious entity. As he collapses, Thawne says "God...I saw...God."[31] In the following issue, Batman and the Flash come across Thawne in possession of the Button shortly before his apparent death, and follow him in an attempt to prevent it.[32] As he follows the traces leading to the entity, Thawne muses that he may go back in time to raise his nemesis as a "family friend" after killing his mother, but he is seemingly killed and teleported back to the Batcave.[33]
Eobard's corpse is subsequently taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for further examination, but it is revealed that he was able to survive his near-death experience via his connection to the negative Speed Force, the energy of which grants him accelerated regeneration and healing. He is present at Iris West's house when she arrives with her nephew following Multiplex's attack at Barry's birthday party, shocking and terrifying the pair.[34]
Eobard brutally beats Wally II, denouncing him as a fake, and then brings Iris to the future while Barry pursues them. Eobard shows the couple their future, and attempts to imprison Barry in the Negative Speed Force. This backfires as it leads to Barry absorbing the power of the Negative Speed Force and using it to strip Thawne of his speed. Barry declares that their rivalry is done, but Eobard vows that he will get back his powers and keep coming back to torment Barry, before being seemingly killed by Iris. Eobard later returns as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains that kidnapped Deathstroke.
Powers and abilities[edit]
Even prior to gaining his metahuman abilities, Eobard Thawne already possessed genius-level intellect by the standards of the 25th Century. In The Flash: Rebirth, it is discovered that when he duplicated the accident that gave Barry Allen his powers, he created a negative Speed Force by corrupting the positive version of it. The Reverse-Flash is therefore able to travel at superhuman speeds faster than the speed of light, deliver blows of extreme force, run on water, generate vacuums, create after-images ("speed mirages") of himself, and vibrate his molecules to pass through solid objects. Unlike users of the original Speed Force, Thawne has the ability to travel through and manipulate time, being able to drastically alter history and completely erase people from existence (other speedsters cannot change the past without dramatic consequences). Thawne developed numerous new powers in the events leading up to Flashpoint, including the ability to cross over to other dimensions, create shockwaves across time and space at the snap of his fingers, absorb another's memories via physical contact, and alter the age of anyone or anything.[35] Thawne has also displayed low levels of superhuman strength, as well as electrokinetic abilities. The presence of his lightning is able to disrupt and fry nearby electronics, in addition to allowing him to manipulate magnetism.
During the New 52 reboot, Thawne gained the ability to slow down time. He retained his pre-New 52 counterpart's age altering abilities.[36] In the DC Rebirth relaunch, however, Thawne regained his connection to the negative Speed Force and therefore all of his original powers.[37]
Other versions[edit]
Impulse[edit]
In an alternate timeline created when Impulse kills an insect in the Devonian Age, most super-villains are government bureaucrats. Professor Zoom is the National Science Advisor to President-for-Life Julian Tremain.
In subsequent changes to the timeline, Zoom defected to the rebellion against Tremain led by Gorilla Grodd; turned into a gorilla fighting against an army of flying turtles led by Grodd, now a flying turtle himself; and was a gorilla in a modern society identical to that of ancient Egypt.[38]
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
The character is alluded to in the episode "Done With Mirrors" of the 1990 live-action series The Flash, when Barry Allen temporarily takes the pseudonym 'Professor Zoom' while investigating the Mirror Master.
Professor Zoom appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by John Wesley Shipp.[39] In the episode "Requiem for a Scarlet Speedster!", Zoom has conquered the 25th Century and captured the Flash (Barry Allen). Batman, Jay Garrick and Wally West later arrive to free Barry, who then engages Zoom in a fight around the world. The battle ends when the Flash glazes some sand to form a wall of glass to trip Zoom.
Arrowverse[edit]
Tom Cavanagh as Eobard Thawne / Reverse-Flash in The CW's Superhero Fight Club promotional video.[40]
Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher portray Eobard Thawne/Reverse-Flash in The CW's live-action Arrowverse as Dr. Harrison Wells and in his original likeness, respectively.[41][42]
Professor Eobard Thawne is introduced on The Flash as a scientist from the future who duplicated the reaction that gave Barry Allen/The Flash his powers and became the hero's archenemy, the Reverse-Flash.[43] Eobard traveled back in time to the year 2000 to kill his nemesis as a child. When the 2024 Flash intervened, the Reverse-Flash murdered Barry's mother and framed his father instead, thus erasing this Flash from existence while unintentionally severing his own connection to the Speed Force, leaving him stranded in the 21st Century. Knowing that Dr. Harrison Wells would be responsible for creating metahumans in 2020, Eobard killed the scientist and assumed his identity. He then founded S.T.A.R. Labs and created a particle accelerator to turn Barry into the Flash and regain his own link to the Speed Force. Faking paralysis, "Dr. Wells" pushes Barry to run faster in hopes of using the latter's pure Speed Force connection to travel back to his time. After Eobard's secret is discovered, he is defeated by the Flash, the Arrow and Firestorm. Eobard then offers Barry a chance to travel back in time to save his mother in exchange for a time sphere to return to the future, but Barry ultimately chooses not to do so and returns to destroy Eobard's machine. As the Reverse-Flash prepares to kill the Flash, his ancestor Detective Eddie Thawne kills himself and seemingly erases Eobard from existence. A year later, Barry temporarily creates a new reality and restores a time remnant of Eobard to the timeline in the process.
Letscher plays Thawne's time remnant in season two of Legends of Tomorrow.[44] Victor Garber and Sean MacLean briefly play the character disguised as Professor Martin Stein and NASA astronaut John Swigert, respectively. Eobard forms his own legion of supervillains (composed of Damien Darhk, Malcolm Merlyn and Leonard Snart) to obtain the mystical Spear of Destiny to alter reality, but is ultimately erased from existence by the Black Flash due to his nature as a "time aberration".
Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne in the 2017 four-part crossover event "Crisis on Earth-X".[45] Somehow surviving his erasure from existence at the end of The Flash's first season, Eobard traveled to Earth-X, a parallel universe where the Nazi Party won World War II, and formed an alliance with the Nazi versions of Oliver Queen, Kara Zor-El and Tommy Merlyn there in an attempt to conquer Earth-1. During the final battle, Barry refrains from killing Thawne and allows him to escape.
Film[edit]
Eobard Thawne appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced by C. Thomas Howell.[46] He hires the Rogues to ambush the Flash (Barry Allen) at the Flash Museum before betraying them by placing explosives on their belts, hoping to destroy the museum. However, the Justice League arrive to disarm the bombs and apprehend Thawne. When Barry travels back in time to prevent his mother's murder, all of reality is altered, and Aquaman's Atlantean army is at war with Wonder Woman's Amazonian forces. Thawne also enters this reality via the Speed Force, and saves Lois Lane from the Amazonians to alert Barry of his presence. While Cyborg's metahuman team tries to put an end to the war, Thawne appears and beats Barry. As the Atlanteans' doomsday device destroys the world, Thawne is shot in the head by this reality's Batman. The Flash then taps into the Speed Force once more to stop his past self from altering time, effectively creating a new reality similar to the original.
Video games[edit]
Professor Zoom appears in various storylines in DC Universe Online.
Professor Zoom is one of the villains hired by Brainiac to collect Starites in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure. He teams up with the main antagonist of the game, Doppelganger, to compete against the Flash and Maxwell, the main protagonist.
The Reverse-Flash appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Liam O'Brien.
Injustice[edit]
In Injustice: Gods Among Us, Eobard Thawne's Black Lantern design was a playable alternate skin for the Flash as part of a limited exclusive challenge. The 2.6 update for the iOS and Android mobile app introduced a Reverse-Flash card (based on Tom Cavanagh's portrayal and likeness on the TV series The Flash) that can be purchased in the Most Wanted Pack.[47]
Eobard Thawne appears as a playable character in Injustice 2 (via "premier skins" that transform existing characters into other DC Comics characters with unique voices and dialogue), voiced again by Liam O'Brien.[48][49] After being trapped in a paradox when the Regime kills one of his ancestors, Thawne is left stranded in the 21st Century and joins Gorilla Grodd's "Society". He attempts to kill the Flash with Captain Cold and Deadshot, before being defeated by Wonder Woman at a bar in Metropolis.
Parodies[edit]
Eobard Thawne has made multiple appearances on Robot Chicken. Seth Green voices him in "Losin' the Wobble", where he robs a bank while the Flash, Superman and Wonder Woman stand idly by, commenting on how lame they think opposite-themed villains like the Reverse-Flash, Bizarro Superman and Negative Wonder Woman are. Matthew Senreich voices him in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise, where he is seen with the Legion of Doom. He makes a non-speaking cameo while fighting the Flash in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship. Tom Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne from the TV series The Flash in the episode "Ants on a Hamburger", where he appears as Dr. Harrison Wells.
Merchandise[edit]
A DC Universe Action League mini figure of Professor Zoom was released in a two-pack with the Flash.[50]
A Reverse-Flash collectible statue was included in the Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Blu-ray combo pack.
A Professor Zoom mini figure was released in DC Direct's Blammoids line.[51]
A Reverse-Flash mini figure was released in Funko Mystery Minis' DC Comics wave.[52]
Funko has released three POP! vinyl figures of Eobard Thawne. The first being based on his appearance in the comic books, the second a Black Lantern exclusive, and the third a The Flash television series version.[53][54][55]
A 2-inch keychain of the Reverse-Flash was released in series 2 of the DC Comics Figural Keychain line.[56]
DC Collectibles has released a 6.75-inch action figure of the Reverse-Flash as part of the Amazon exclusive Blu-ray edition of the complete first season of the TV series The Flash in December 2015.[57]
A GameStop exclusive vinyl collectible of the Reverse-Flash has been released in Dorbz's The Flash wave.[58]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time: 31. Professor Zoom". IGN. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Schedeen, Jesse (January 13, 2015). "Top 5 Flash Villains". IGN.
Jump up ^ The Flash 139 (September 1963), DC Comics
Jump up ^ Flash (vol. 1) #324 (August 1983)
Jump up ^ Flash: Rebirth outline in the hardcover collection of the story
Jump up ^ The Flash: Rebirth #1 (April 2009). DC Comics
Jump up ^ The Flash: Rebirth #2 (May 2009). DC Comics
^ Jump up to: a b The Flash: Rebirth #4 (August 2009). DC Comics
Jump up ^ The Flash: Rebirth #3 (June 2009). DC Comics
^ Jump up to: a b The Flash: Rebirth #5 (November 2009). DC Comics
^ Jump up to: a b The Flash: Rebirth #6 (February 2010). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Blackest Night: The Flash #1 (December 2009). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Blackest Night: The Flash #2 (January 2010). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Blackest Night: The Flash #3 (February 2010). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Johns, Geoff (w). Reis, Ivan (p), Albert, Oclair (i). Blackest Night #8 (March 2010). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Brightest Day #0 (April 2010). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Brightest Day #7 (August 2010). DC Comics
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 3) #7 (December 2010). DC Comics
^ Jump up to: a b The Flash (vol. 3) #8 (February 2011). DC Comcics
Jump up ^ Johns, Geoff (w). "Flashpoint", The Flash (vol. 3) #10 – 12 (April – May 2011). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Flashpoint: Reverse-Flash one-shot (June 2011). DC Comics
Jump up ^ Johns, Geoff (w). Flashpoint #5 (August 2011). DC Comics.
^ Jump up to: a b The Flash (vol. 4) #47
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 4) Annual #4
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 4) #40
Jump up ^ DC Universe: Rebirth one-shot (May 2016)
Jump up ^ The Flash: Rebirth one-shot (June 2016)
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 5) #9
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 5) #8
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 5) #19
Jump up ^ Batman (vol. 3) #21
Jump up ^ Batman (vol. 3) #22
Jump up ^ The Flash #22
Jump up ^ The Flash #23
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 3) #12 (May 2011). DC Comics
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 4) #45
Jump up ^ The Flash (vol. 5) #19
Jump up ^ Impulse #35. DC Comics.
Jump up ^ Allstetter, Rob (January 27, 2010). "Kate Jewell interviews Michael Jelenic". Comics Continuum. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
Jump up ^ "'The Flash' & 'Arrow' Stars Battle in 'Superhero Fight Club' Promo". April 13, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Adam (2015). "The Flash: Dr. Wells Just Revealed His Biggest Secrets". Cinemablend.
Jump up ^ Dyce, Andrew (2015). "Eobard Thawne: 'The Flash's Best Twist, or Its Worst?". Screenrant.
Jump up ^ Dyce, Andrew (2014). "'The Flash': First Set Photos of Reverse-Flash in Costume". Screenrant.
Jump up ^ Bucksbaum, Sydney (July 23, 2016). "Comic-Con: 'Legends of Tomorrow' to Tackle Legion of Doom Villain Team In Season 2". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael (September 9, 2016). "Greg Berlanti Interview: How TV's Superhero Guru is Managing Crossovers, 'Supergirl's Move and New Inspirations". Indiewire. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Flashpoint Paradox spins an alternative tale". IGN. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Parungo, Nicolo (2015-10-24). "Injustice mobile game update adds Reverse Flash, Arkham Knight, Survival Mode and more". International Business Times. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
Jump up ^ Romano, Sal (2017-01-17). "Injustice 2 story trailer, Darkseid pre-order DLC and special editions announced". Gematsu. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
Jump up ^ Skrebels, Joe (2017-01-18). "Injustice 2: 3 Extra DC Characters Added as Alternate Skins in Special Edition". IGN. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
Jump up ^ "DC Universe Action League Mini Figure 2Pack Professor Zoom The Flash". Retrieved 2017-07-31.
Jump up ^ "DC Blammoids Series 4: Zoom". Retrieved 2017-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Funko Mystery Minis Vinyl Figure - DC Comics Series 2 - Justice League Super Heroes - REVERSE FLASH". Retrieved 2017-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Funko Pop Heroes Reverse Flash Pop Vinyl Figure". Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Funko POP! The Black Flash #22 Fugitive Toys Exclusive". Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Funko Pop Tv: The Flash-Reverse Flash Action Figure". Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "DC Series 2 Collectible Blind Bag Key Chains". Retrieved 2017-07-29.
Jump up ^ "The Flash: Season 1 [Blu-ray]". Amazon.com. 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Funko Dorbz: DC Comics - The Flash Reverse Flash #192 (Gamestop Exclusive)". Retrieved 2017-07-29.
External links[edit]
Professor Zoom at the DC Database
Reverse-Flash at dccomics.com
Professor Zoom at Those Who Ride the Lightning
Professor Zoom at the DCU Guide
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The Flash
Creators
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John Broome (Barry Allen)
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Acts of the Apostles
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This article is about the book in the Christian New Testament. For the literature genre, see Acts of the Apostles (genre). For the acronym, see ACTS (disambiguation).
"Acts" redirects here. For uses of Act, see Act.
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Acts of the Apostles (Ancient Greek: Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis tôn Apostólōn; Latin: Actūs Apostolōrum), often referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.[1]
Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two-part work, Luke–Acts, by the same anonymous author, usually dated to around 80–90 AD.[2][3] The first part, the Gospel of Luke, tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world's salvation through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, the promised Messiah. Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century, beginning with Jesus's Ascension to Heaven. The early chapters, set in Jerusalem, describe the Day of Pentecost (the coming of the Holy Spirit) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem. Initially, the Jews are receptive to the Christian message, but soon they turn against the followers of Jesus. Rejected by the Jews, under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles. The later chapters tell of Paul's conversion, his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean, and finally his imprisonment in Rome, where, as the book ends, he awaits trial.
Luke–Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] Luke–Acts can be also seen as a defense of (or "apology" for) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews: the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences, with the Romans serving as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law.[4] On the one hand Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews, and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion; on the other, Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians, celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God's promised Messiah.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and setting
1.1 Title, unity of Luke–Acts, authorship and date
1.2 Genre, sources and historicity of Acts
1.3 Audience and authorial intent
1.4 Manuscripts
2 Structure and content
2.1 Structure
2.2 Outline
2.3 Content
3 Theology
4 Comparison with other writings
4.1 Gospel of Luke
4.2 Pauline epistles
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Composition and setting[edit]
Main article: Authorship of Luke–Acts
Ministry of the Apostles: Russian icon by Fyodor Zubov, 1660
Title, unity of Luke–Acts, authorship and date[edit]
The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Greek Πράξεις ἀποστόλων Praxeis Apostolon) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century. It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus; it does seem clear, however, that it was not given by the author.[6]
The Gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts.[3] Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution attributed to a single author, providing the framework for both the Church's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church.[7]
The author is not named in either volume.[8] According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, he was the "Luke" named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself; this view is still sometimes advanced, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters."[9]) (An example can be seen by comparing Acts's accounts of Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1–31, 22:6–21, and 26:9–23) with Paul's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1:17–24).)[10] He admired Paul, but his theology was significantly different from Paul's on key points and he does not (in Acts) represent Paul's views accurately.[11] He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke's audience.[12]
The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends, Paul's imprisonment in Rome c.63 AD, but an early date is now rarely put forward.[13][9] The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author, but there is no unanimity on this—some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c. 95 AD called I Clement, while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century.[13] The majority of scholars date Luke–Acts to 80–90 AD, on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source and looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul (which began circulating late in the century); if, however, it does show awareness of Paul and also of Josephus, then a date early in the 2nd century is more likely.[13] In either case, there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[14]
Genre, sources and historicity of Acts[edit]
Luke (or more accurately the anonymous author of Luke–Acts) aligned his work, Luke–Acts, to the "narratives" (διήγησις, diēgēsis) which many others had written, and described his own work as an "orderly account" (ἀκριβῶς καθεξῆς).[15] Acts, the second part, is widely thought of as a history, but it lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature.[16] The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Praxeis Apostolon) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men (praxeis), but it was not the title given by the author.[6]
Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who wrote a well-known history of Rome, and the Jewish historian Josephus, author of a history of the Jews.[17] Like them, he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder (Romulus for Dionysius, Moses for Josephus, Jesus for Luke) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God, taught authoritatively, and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven.[17] By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at,[18] but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures), the gospel of Mark and the collection of "sayings of Jesus" called the Q source.[19] He transposed a few incidents from Mark's gospel to the time of the Apostles—for example, the material about "clean" and "unclean" foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10, and Mark's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple (Mark 14:58) is used in a story about Stephen (Acts 6:14).)[20] There are also points of contacts (meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence) with 1 Peter, the Letter to the Hebrews, and 1 Clement.[21] Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence—the traditional explanation of the three "we" passages, for example, is that they represent eye-witness accounts.[22] The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century, but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned.[23]
Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era. By the 17th century, however, biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious—its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul's letters, and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul. The mid-19th-century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that Luke had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites. (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews). Baur continues to have enormous influence, but today there is less interest in determining Luke's historical accuracy (although this has never died out) than in understanding his theological program.[24]
Audience and authorial intent[edit]
Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord's supper.[17] The author assumes an educated Greek-speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco-Roman world at large.[25] He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus, informing him of his intention to provide an "ordered account" of events which will lead his reader to "certainty".[12] He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification—"did it happen?"—but to encourage faith—"what happened, and what does it all mean?"[26]
Acts (or Luke–Acts) is intended as a work of "edification."[27] Edification means "the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice,"[28] but is not all of Luke's purpose. He also engages with the question of a Christian's proper relationship with the Roman Empire, the civil power of the day: could a Christian obey God and also Caesar? The answer is ambiguous.[4] The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews, in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws, and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection; at the same time, Luke makes clear that the Romans, like all earthly rulers, receive their authority from Satan, while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God.[29]
Manuscripts[edit]
There are two major textual variants of Acts, the Western text-type and the Alexandrian. The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th, with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd. Western texts of Acts are 6.2–8.4% longer than Alexandrian texts, the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit, in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts.[30] These conflicts suggest that Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[14] The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian (shorter) text-type over the Western as the more authentic, but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the gospel of Luke, as in that case the, Western version is the shorter. The debate therefore continues.[30]
Structure and content[edit]
Acts 1:1–2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223
Structure[edit]
Acts has two key structural principles. The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem, centre of God's Covenantal people, the Jews, to Rome, centre of the Gentile world. This structure reaches back to the author's preceding work, the Gospel of Luke, and is signaled by parallel scenes such as Paul's utterance in Acts 19:21, which echoes Jesus's words 9:51 (Paul has Rome as his destination, as Jesus had Jerusalem). The second key element is the roles of Peter and Paul, the first representing the Jewish Christian church, the second the mission to the Gentiles.[31]
Transition: reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel (Acts 1–1:26)
Petrine Christianity: the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch (Acts 2:1–12:25)
2:1–8:1 – beginnings in Jerusalem
8:2–40 – the church expands to Samaria and beyond
9:1–31 – conversion of Paul
9:32–12:25 – the conversion of Cornelius, and the formation of the Antioch church
Pauline Christianity: the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome (Acts 13:1–28:21)
13:1–14:28 – the Gentile mission is promoted from Antioch
15:1–35 – the Gentile mission is confirmed in Jerusalem
15:36–28:31 – the Gentile mission, climaxing in Paul's passion story in Rome (21:17–28:31)
Outline[edit]
Dedication to Theophilus (1:1–2)
Resurrection appearances (1:3)
Great Commission (1:4–8)
Ascension (1:9)
Second Coming Prophecy (1:10–11)
Matthias replaced Judas (1:12–26)
the Upper Room (1:13)
Holy Spirit came at Pentecost (2), see also Paraclete
Peter healed a crippled beggar (3:1–10)
Peter's speech at the Temple (3:11–26)
Peter and John before the Sanhedrin (4:1–22)
Resurrection of the dead (4:2)
Believers' Prayer (4:23–31)
Everything is shared (4:32–37)
Ananias and Sapphira (5:1–11)
Signs and Wonders (5:12–16)
Apostles before the Sanhedrin (5:17–42)
Seven Deacons appointed (6:1–7)
Stephen before the Sanhedrin (6:8–7:60)
The "Cave of the Patriarchs" was located in Shechem (7:16)
"Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (7:22)
First mentioning of Saul (Paul the Apostle) in the Bible (7:58)
Paul the Apostle confesses his part in the martyrdom of Stephen (7:58–60)
Saul persecuted the Church of Jerusalem (8:1–3)
Philip the Evangelist (8:4–40)
Simon Magus (8:9–24)
Ethiopian eunuch (8:26–39)
Conversion of Paul the Apostle (9:1–31, 22:1–22, 26:9–24)
Paul the Apostle confesses his active part in the martyrdom of Stephen (22:20)
Peter healed Aeneas and raised Tabitha from the dead (9:32–43)
Conversion of Cornelius (10:1–8, 24–48)
Peter's vision of a sheet with animals (10:9–23, 11:1–18)
Church of Antioch founded (11:19–30)
term "Christian" first used (11:26)
James the Great executed (12:1–2)
Peter's rescue from prison (12:3–19)
Death of Herod Agrippa I [in 44] (12:20–25)
"the voice of a god" (12:22)
Mission of Barnabas and Saul (13–14)
"Saul, who was also known as Paul" (13:9)
called "gods ... in human form" (14:11)
Council of Jerusalem (15:1–35)
Paul separated from Barnabas (15:36–41)
2nd and 3rd missions (16–20)
Areopagus sermon (17:16–34)
"God...has set a day" (17:30–31)
Trial before Gallio c. 51–52 (18:12–17)
Trip to Jerusalem (21)
Before the people and the Sanhedrin (22–23)
Before Felix–Festus–Herod Agrippa II (24–26)
Trip to Rome (27–28)
called a god on Malta (28:6)
Content[edit]
See also: Early Christianity and Jewish Christians
The Gospel of Luke began with a prologue addressed to Theophilus; Acts likewise opens with an address to Theophilus and refers to "my earlier book", almost certainly the gospel.
The apostles and other followers of Jesus meet and elect Matthias to replace Judas as a member of The Twelve. On Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descends and confers God's power on them, and Peter, along with John, preaches to many in Jerusalem, and performs Christ-like healings, casting out of evil spirits, and raising of the dead. The first believers share all property in common, ate in each other's homes, and worshipped together.[32] At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized, but the Christians begin to be increasingly persecuted by the Jews. Stephen is arrested for blasphemy, and after a trial, is found guilty and stoned by the Jews. Stephen's death marks a major turning point: the Jews have rejected the message, and henceforth it will be taken to the Gentiles.[33]
The message is taken to the Samaritans, a people rejected by Jews, and to the Gentiles. Saul of Tarsus, one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians, is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ (an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times). Peter, directed by a series of visions, preaches to Cornelius the Centurion, a Gentile God-fearer, who becomes a follower of Christ. The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius, thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind. The Gentile church is established in Antioch (north-western Syria, the third-largest city of the empire), and here Christ's followers are first called Christians.[34]
The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church. Paul spends the next few years traveling through western Asia Minor and the Aegean, preaching, converting Gentiles, and founding new churches. On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob. Saved by the Roman commander, he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary, the "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", and imprisoned. Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen, to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome, where he spends another two years under house arrest, proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the "Lord Jesus Christ". Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul's legal troubles.[citation needed]
Theology[edit]
Paul's conversion, from Livre d'Heures d'Étienne Chevalier (c. 1450–1460), Jean Fouquet, in the Château de Chantilly.
Prior to the 1950s, Luke–Acts was seen as a historical work, written to defend Christianity before the Romans or Paul against his detractors; since then, however, the tendency has been to see the work as primarily theological.[35] Luke's theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot, the way scenes, themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview.[36] His "salvation history" stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers, in three ages: first, the time of "the Law and the Prophets" (Luke 16:16), the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist (Luke 1:5–3:1); second, the epoch of Jesus, in which the Kingdom of God was preached (Luke 3:2–24:51); and finally the period of the Church, which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven, and would end with his second coming.[37]
Luke–Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah promised to the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] This theme is introduced at the opening of the gospel of Luke, when Jesus, rejected in Nazareth, recalls that the prophets were rejected by Israel and accepted by Gentiles; at the end of the gospel he commands his disciples to preach his message to all nations, "beginning from Jerusalem." He repeats the command in Acts, telling them to preach "in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the Earth." They then proceed to do so, in the order outlined: first Jerusalem, then Judea, then Samaria, then the entire (Roman) world.[38]
For Luke, the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message, and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists. The Spirit is "poured out" at Pentecost, on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers, and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist, each time as a sign of God's approval. The Holy Spirit represents God's power (At his ascension, Jesus tells his followers, "You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you"): through it the disciples are given speech to convert thousands in Jerusalem, forming the first church (the term is used for the first time in Acts 5).[39]
One issue debated by scholars is Luke’s political vision regarding the relationship between the early church and the Roman Empire. On the one hand, Luke generally does not portray this interaction as one of direct conflict. Rather, there are ways in which each may have considered having a relationship with the other rather advantageous to its own cause. For example, early Christians may have appreciated hearing about the protection Paul received from Roman officials against Gentile rioters in Philippi (Acts 16:16-40) and Ephesus (Acts 19:23-41), and against Jewish rioters on two occasions (Acts 17:1-17; Acts 18:12-17). Meanwhile, Roman readers may have approved of Paul’s censure of the illegal practice of magic (Acts 19:17-19) as well as the amicability of his rapport with Roman officials such as Sergius Paulus (Acts 13:6-12) and Festus (Acts 26:30-32). Furthermore, Acts does not include any account of a struggle between Christians and the Roman government as a result of the latter’s imperial cult. Thus Paul is depicted as a moderating presence between the church and the Roman Empire.[40]
On the other hand, events such as the imprisonment of Paul at the hands of the empire (Acts 22-28) as well as several encounters that reflect negatively on Roman officials (for instance, Felix’s desire for a bribe from Paul in Acts 24:26) function as concrete points of conflict between Rome and the early church.[41] Perhaps the most significant point of tension between Roman imperial ideology and Luke’s political vision is reflected in Peter’s speech to the Roman centurion, Cornelius (Acts 10:36). Peter states that “this one” [οὗτος], i.e. Jesus, “is lord [κύριος] of all.” The title, κύριος, was often ascribed to the Roman emperor in antiquity, rendering its use by Luke as an appellation for Jesus an unsubtle challenge to the emperor’s authority.[42] Thus, while the overt relationship between Christianity and empire in the book of Acts can generally be characterized as irenic, Luke insinuates the inevitability of conflict between the two over the issue of ultimate allegiance.
Comparison with other writings[edit]
Saint Paul Writing His Epistles, ascribed to Valentin de Boulogne, 17th century
Gospel of Luke[edit]
As the second part of the two-part work Luke–Acts, Acts has significant links to the Gospel of Luke. Major turning points in the structure of Acts, for example, find parallels in Luke: the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple, Jesus's forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts, the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis (the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands, and so on (see Gospel of Luke). These parallels continue through both books. There are also differences between Luke and Acts, amounting at times to outright contradiction. For example, the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday, immediately after the Resurrection, while Acts 1 puts it forty days later.[43] There are similar conflicts over the theology. While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke–Acts, these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature.[44]
Pauline epistles[edit]
Acts agrees with Paul's letters on the major outline of Paul's career: as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle, establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law. There are also agreements on many incidents, such as Paul's escape from Damascus, where he is lowered down the walls in a basket. But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory: for example, according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus, but according to Luke it was, characteristically, the Jews (2 Corinthians 11:33 and Acts 9:24). Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious: Acts speaks of "Christians" and "disciples", but Paul never uses either term, and it is striking that Acts never brings Paul into conflict with the Jerusalem church and places Paul under the authority of the Jerusalem church and its leaders, especially James and Peter (Acts 15 vs. Galatians 2).[45] Acts omits much from the letters, notably Paul's problems with his congregations (internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead), and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem (Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted, a trip that has no mention in the letters). There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology (the understanding of Christ's nature), eschatology (understanding of the "last things"), and apostleship.[46]
See also[edit]
Book: Acts of the Apostles
Bible portal
Acts of the Apostles (genre)
List of Gospels
List of omitted Bible verses
The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, also known as the Sonnini Manuscript
Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles
Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Burkett 2002, p. 263.
Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2008, p. no page numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Burkett 2002, p. 195.
^ Jump up to: a b Pickett 2011, pp. 6–7.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 563.
^ Jump up to: a b Matthews 2011, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 556.
Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 196.
^ Jump up to: a b Theissen & Merz 1998, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Perkins 1998, p. 253.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 590.
^ Jump up to: a b Green 1997, p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b c Boring 2012, p. 587.
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins 2009, pp. 250–53.
Jump up ^ Luke 1:1,3
Jump up ^ Aune 1988, p. 77.
^ Jump up to: a b c Balch 2003, p. 1104.
Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 577.
Jump up ^ Witherington 1998, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 578.
Jump up ^ Bruce 1990, pp. 40–41.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 579.
Jump up ^ Holladay 2011, p. no page numbers.
Jump up ^ Green 1995, pp. 16–17.
Jump up ^ Green 1997, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Fitzmyer 1998, pp. 55–65.
Jump up ^ Aune 1988, p. 80.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, p. 562.
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson 2010, p. 332.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, pp. 569–70.
Jump up ^ "Bruderhof - Fellowship for Intentional Community". Fellowship for Intentional Community. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 265.
Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 266.
Jump up ^ Buckwalter 1996, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Allen 2009, p. 326.
Jump up ^ Evans 2011, p. no page numbers.
Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 264.
Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, pp. 268–70.
Jump up ^ Phillips 2009, pp. 119.
Jump up ^ Phillips 2009, pp. 119-21.
Jump up ^ Rowe 2005, pp. 291-8.
Jump up ^ Zwiep 2010, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Parsons 1993, pp. 17–18.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Thomas E. (January 1, 2010). Paul, His Letters, and Acts. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4412-5793-2.
Jump up ^ Boring 2012, pp. 581, 588–90.
Bibliography[edit]
Allen, O. Wesley, Jr. (2009). "Luke". In Petersen, David L.; O'Day, Gail R. Theological Bible Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press.
Aune, David E. (1988). The New Testament in its literary environment. Westminster John Knox Press.
Balch, David L. (2003). "Luke". In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans.
Boring, M. Eugene (2012). An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology. Westminster John Knox Press.
Bruce, F.F. (1990). The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802809667.
Buckwalter, Douglas (1996). The Character and Purpose of Luke's Christology. Cambridge University Press.
Burkett, Delbert (2002). An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7.
Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. Abingdon Press.
Evans, Craig A. (2011). Luke. Baker Books.
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1998). The Anchor Bible: The Acts of the Apostles-A new Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385490207.
Gooding, David (2013). True to the Faith: The Acts of the Apostles: Defining and Defending the Gospel. Myrtlefield House.
Green, Joel (1995). The Theology of the Gospel of Luke. Cambridge University Press.
Green, Joel (1997). The Gospel of Luke. Eerdmans.
Holladay, Carl R. (2011). A Critical Introduction to the New Testament: Interpreting the Message and Meaning of Jesus Christ. Abingdon Press.
Matthews, Christopher R. (2011). "Acts of the Apostles". In Coogan, Michael D. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible. Oxford University Press.
Parsons, Mikeal C. (1993). Rethinking the Unity of Luke and Acts. Fortress Press.
Perkins, Pheme (1998). "The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story". In Barton, John. The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48593-7.
Perkins, Pheme (2009). Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6553-3.
Phillips, Thomas E. (2009). Paul, His Letters, and Acts. Baker Academic.
Pickett, Raymond (2011). "Luke and Empire: An Introduction". In Rhoads, David; Esterline, David; Lee, Jae Won. Luke-Acts and Empire: Essays in Honor of Robert L. Brawley. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Rowe, C. Kavin (2005). "Luke-Acts and the Imperial Cult: A Way through the Conundrum?". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 27 (3): 279–300.
Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Eerdmans.
Thompson, Richard P. (2010). "Luke-Acts: The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles". In Aune, David E. The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament. Wiley–Blackwell.
Witherington, Ben (1998). The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-rhetorical Commentary. Eerdmans.
Zwiep, Arie W. (2010). Christ, the Spirit and the Community of God: Essays on the Acts of the Apostles. Mohr Siebeck.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acts of the Apostles.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Acts
Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies (NT) #Acts: The Birth and Growth of the Early Church
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Acts of the Apostles
A Brief Introduction to Luke–Acts is available online.
Book of Acts at Bible Gateway (NIV & KJV)
Tertullian.org: The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923) J. M. WILSON, D.D.
Texts on Wikisource:
Breen, Andrew Edward (1913). "Acts of the Apostles". Catholic Encyclopedia.
Aherene, C. (1913). "Gospel of Saint Luke". Catholic Encyclopedia. See Section VI: Saint Luke's Accuracy
"Acts of the Apostles". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Acts of the Apostles". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
Bible: Acts public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
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value: سفر أعمال الرسل – Arabic

value: ܦܪܟܣܝܣ ܕܫܠܝܚܐ – Aramaic

value: Дзеянні Святых Апосталаў – Belarusian

value: Дзеі Сьвятых Апосталаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value: Πράξεις των Αποστόλων – Greek

value: اعمال رسولان – Persian

value: Hannelingen fan de Apostels – Western Frisian

value: धर्मदुतांचो इतिहास – Goan Konkani

value: Գործք առաքելոց – Armenian

value: מעשי השליחים – Hebrew

value: საქმე წმიდათა მოციქულთა – Georgian

value: Дела на светите апостоли – Macedonian

value: അപ്പസ്തോലന്മാരുടെ പ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam

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value: Деяния святых апостолов – Russian

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value: Дела апостолска – Serbian

value: திருத்தூதர் பணிகள் – Tamil

value: กิจการของอัครทูต – Thai

value: Дії апостолів – Ukrainian

value: رسولوں کے اعمال – Urdu

value: ھەزرىتى ئەيسا ئەلچىلىرىنىڭ پائالىيەتلىرى – Uyghur

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