text:
Objects in mirror are closer than they appear
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Side-view mirror with legend
Wing mirror on Korean-specification vehicle. Legend in Korean reads "Objects in mirror are closer than they appear".
Main article: Wing mirror
The phrase "objects in (the) mirror are closer than they appear" is a safety warning that is required[1] to be engraved on passenger side mirrors of motor vehicles in the USA, Canada, Nepal, India and Saudi Arabia. It is present because while these mirrors' convexity gives them a useful field of view, it also makes objects appear smaller. Since smaller-appearing objects seem farther away than they actually are, a driver might make a maneuver such as a lane change assuming an adjacent vehicle is a safe distance behind, when in fact it is quite a bit closer.[2] The warning serves as a reminder to the driver of this potential problem.
Comparison of the real over-the-shoulder view (green arrow) and apparent through the passenger side mirror (sum of red arrows) evaluation of distance between the driver's head and the object behind.
In popular culture[edit]
Despite its origin as a utilitarian safety warning, the phrase has become a well known catch phrase that has been used for many other purposes. Some of them are:
Objects in the Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear, the 2000 debut album of rap rock group Confrontation Camp.
Objects in the Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear, a 1993 album by Nancy Moran
Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear, a 2005 album by Jozef van Wissem.
Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear, a 1995 novel by Katharine Weber.
Showing an approach of a Tyrannosaurus rex in the film Jurassic Park, which was parodied in Toy Story 2.
A Far Side cartoon by Gary Larson in which the side mirror showed a very large eyeball.
A reference in Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, in which a pejorative term[clarification needed] replaces "objects."
"Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are," a 1994 song performed by Meat Loaf and written by Jim Steinman - the opposite of the safety warning.
A reference in the 2011 film Transformers: Dark of the Moon film occurs when Dino, Bumblebee and Sideswipe are protecting Sentinel from the dreads, this appears in a brief shot in Dino's mirror.
"Objects In The Mirror," a song performed by American rapper Mac Miller on his second studio album Watching Movies with the Sound Off
"Subjects in the mirror are more far than they appear" the title of experimental visual project by Hungarian director/production designer Pater Sparrow
"Objects in the Mirror," a 2015 song by a-ha.
Objects in the mirror, a song performed by Chris Miles. (2016)
Objects in mirror are closer than they appear was a level in the videogame "Bugs Bunny: Lost in time" (PlayStation 1).
In My Little Pony: The Movie, the sentence "Objects in windows may be less mountainous than they appear" is uttered.
Iranian film Objects in Mirror (fa)
See also[edit]
Blind spot (automobile)
Blind spot monitor
Driver visibility
Parking sensors
Rear-view mirror
Mind the gap, another safety warning used at various London Underground stations that has also become a well-known catchphrase.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, in the U.S, PART 571 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Section 571.111 S5.4.2 "Each convex mirror shall have permanently and indelibly marked at the lower edge of the mirror's reflective surface, in letters not less than 4.8 mm nor more than 6.4 mm high the words “Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear.”
Jump up ^ Why does the passenger side window on my car state 'objects in mirror are closer than they appear?' Explanation from PhysLink.com.
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text:
Southend Pier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Coordinates: 51°31′33″N 0°43′03″E / 51.525731°N 0.717461°E / 51.525731; 0.717461
Southend Pier
Southend pier in 2007
Type
Pleasure, RNLI lifeboat station
Carries
Pedestrians, shuttle train, lifeboat crews/supplies
Spans
Thames Estuary
Locale
Essex, UK
Maintained by
Southend Council
Design
James Brunlees
Construction
Hardwood decking on iron piles
Owner
Southend Council
Total length
2,158 metres (7,080 ft)
Opening date
1830 (Iron pier, 1889)
Coordinates
TQ884849 (shoreside)
TQ897830 (pier head)
Southend
Southend Pier is a major landmark in Southend-on-Sea. Extending 1.34 miles (2.16 km) into the Thames Estuary, it is the longest pleasure pier in the world.[1] Sir John Betjeman once said that "the Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier".[2] The pier is a Grade II listed building.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Creation
1.2 Wooden pier
1.3 Iron pier
1.4 HMS Leigh
1.5 Post-war history
1.6 21st century
1.6.1 2005 fire
1.6.2 Cultural centre in the Pier Pavilion
2 Railway
3 Lifeboat station
4 In fiction
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Creation [edit]
In the early 19th century, Southend was growing as a seaside holiday resort. At the time, it was thought that spending time by the sea was good for one's health, and since it was close to the capital, many Londoners would come to Southend for this reason. However the coast at Southend consists of large mudflats, so the sea is never very deep even at full tide – between 13 and 20 feet (4 and 6 m) – and recedes over one mile (1.6 km) from the beach at low tide. Large boats were unable to stop at Southend near to the beach and no boats at all were able to stop at low tide. This meant that many potential visitors would go past Southend and on to Margate, or other resorts where docking facilities were better.
To counter this trend local dignitaries pushed for a pier to be built. This would allow boats to reach Southend at all tides. The campaign was led by former Lord Mayor of the City of London Sir William Heygate, 1st Baronet, a resident of Southend.
Wooden pier [edit]
On 14 May 1829 the first Pier Act received the Royal Assent. On 25 July the Lord Mayor of London Sir William Thompson laid the foundation stone of the first section of the pier. By June 1830 a 600-foot (180 m) wooden pier was opened, based on oak piles. However this was still too short to be usable at low tide, so by 1833 it had been extended to three times its length and by 1848 was the longest pier in Europe at 7,000 feet (2,100 m). It was sold by the original owners for £17,000 in 1846 after getting into financial difficulties.
By the 1850's the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway had reached Southend, and with it a great influx of visitors from east London. The many visitors took their toll on the wooden pier and in 1873 it was sold to the Southend Local Board (the local government in place at the time).
In 1887 the board decided to replace the pier with a new iron pier. Part of the wooden structure of the old pier was used in the construction of a new mayoral chair in 1892.
Iron pier [edit]
Pier Pavilion in 1923. Destroyed by fire in 1959, it was replaced in 1962 by a bowling alley. This was destroyed by a fire in 1995. The area is now open decking.
The pier was designed by James Brunlees, who had built the first iron pier at Southport, Lancashire, in 1860. Work began in early 1887 and the new pier was opened to the public that summer, though it wasn't completed until 1889 at a cost of almost £70,000. It was an immediate success, so much so that demand outstripped the capabilities of the pier and a further extension was proposed. This extension was completed in November 1897 and formally opened the following January.
An upper deck was added to the pierhead in 1907, and the pier was further extended in 1927. The construction work was undertaken by Peter Lind & Company that still trades today. The work was carried out to accommodate larger steamboats. It was formally opened on 8 July 1929 by Prince George, Duke of Kent. This new part of the pier was on the east side and was named the Prince George Extension; it was 326 feet (99 m) long and cost £58,000. The work of doubling the electric railway, completed in 1931, cost £35,000.
On 27 June 1931 the Pier was the scene of a tragic accident. Ernest Turner fell from and was run over by one of the electric trams on the railway and was killed instantly. Turner, who was 38, was one of a party of over 500 workers and family members on the annual works outing from Ansell's brewery in Birmingham, where he worked as a brewer's drayman. The party had arrived at the pier having travelled down the River Thames from Tower Pier in London where it had arrived earlier that day. At the inquest, which was held two days later, the jury returned a verdict of accidental death.
The Pier's centenary was celebrated on 23 July 1935 when Lord Richie of Dundee, chairman of the Port of London Authority unveiled a bronze plaque on the pier head. (Rather than 1930, as this date reflects the date when the Admiralty began to include Southend Pier on their navigation charts.)
HMS Leigh[edit]
During the Second World War Southend Pier was taken over by the Royal Navy and was renamed HMS Leigh[4] with surrounding areas being renamed HMS Westcliff. It was closed to the public on 9 September 1939.
Its purpose in the war was twofold. Firstly it served as a mustering point for convoys. Over the course of the war 3,367 convoys, comprising 84,297 vessels departed from HMS Westcliff. Secondly, it was Naval Control for the Thames Estuary. Notable in its career was the accidental sinking of the Liberty ship SS Richard Montgomery which, still containing several thousand tons of explosives, is visible from the North Kent coast and Southend beach at low tide, and continues to pose a threat to navigation and the surrounding area to this day.
Post-war history[edit]
Southend seafront from Southend Pier, 2005
In 1945 the pier reopened for visitors. Visitor numbers exceeded pre-war levels, peaking at 5.75 million in 1949–50.[5] In the 1950s more attractions on the pier opened including the Dolphin Café, Sun Deck Theatre, the Solarium Café and a Hall of Mirrors.
However, the success was not to last. In 1959 a fire destroyed the pavilion located at the shore end of the pier. Over 500 people were trapped on the other side of the fire and had to be rescued by boat.
The pavilion was replaced by a ten-pin bowling alley in 1962, however, by then British holidaymakers were turning to package holidays abroad. The use of the pier slowly began to decline and with it the structure began to deteriorate. In 1971, after a child was injured on the pier, a survey was undertaken and over the course of the next decade repairs had to be made including much of the replacement of the pier walkway.
Burnt section in 1983
In 1976 a fire destroyed much of the pier head. The massive blaze was battled by fire fighters working on the pier and from boats, and even using a crop-spraying light aircraft. The following year the bowling alley was damaged in another fire, and a year after that, the railway was deemed unsafe and had to be closed.
In 1980 the council announced that the pier was to close. Protests led the council to allow the pier to remain open until a solution could be found. This happened in 1983 when the Historic Buildings Committee gave a grant to allow repairs to be made. The work commenced in 1984 and was completed eighteen months later, when Princess Anne named the two new pier trains (commissioned to replace trains scrapped in 1982) after Sir John Betjeman and Sir William Heygate. The total cost of the repair including new buildings and pier trains was £1.3 million.
temporary bridge, railway station and collapsed section in 1987
However, on 20 June in that year, the MV Kingsabbey crashed into the pier, severing the new pier head from the rest of the pier, destroying the boathouse used by the lifeboat service and causing major structural damage due to the destruction of iron piles and supporting girders. This left a 70-foot (21 m) gap in the pier. While this was temporarily bridged to restore access, full repairs were not completed until 1989.
On 7 June 1995 the bowling alley burnt down. Fortunately the pier museum and railway station were not severely damaged and access to the pier was reinstated three weeks later, with all of the debris cleared in time for the summer of 1996.
During the summer of 1999, the famous former pirate radio station Radio Caroline moored their radio ship Ross Revenge at the end of the pier for about a month and conducted a 28-day legal broadcast under a Restricted Service Licence to the Southend-on-Sea and southeast Essex area. Whilst the ship was there, though, workmen working on the electrics at the pierhead end accidentally cut through electric cables, leaving the entire pierhead end without power. The Radio Caroline staff came to the rescue by hooking the electricity cabling up to the spare generator aboard their ship, enabling the cafe, shops and amusement arcade to run normally for a few days until the supply from the shore could be restored.
21st century [edit]
The new shoreward end of Southend Pier
In recent years Southend Council has invested in the pier to restore it as a visitor attraction. Funding for this has been coordinated by the "S-SHAPE" (Southend Seafront, High Street and Pier Enhancements) project with funding coming from European Objective 2 funding and national Government regeneration schemes.
The pier head was extensively redeveloped in 2000 creating a new sun deck and, in partnership with the RNLI, a new lifeboat station was built. The new station is constructed in glass to give a strikingly modern style. It also houses the Southend Pier Museum and a gift shop relating to the history of the RNLI and lifeboats. The museum features exhibits about the pier's history, including a restored working pier signal box, a tram and train carriages, photos, period costumes, and a small collection of working old penny slot machines.
In 2003 the shoreward end of the pier was redeveloped in a similar style to the pier head. The pier bridge was raised to enable taller vehicles to pass under it (a recurring problem had been double-decker buses getting stuck under the bridge) and a visitor centre/tourist information centre was built. This connected with the new Cliff Lift and redevelopment of Pier Hill that was constructed the following year.
2005 fire[edit]
On 9 October 2005 a fire severely damaged much of the Old Pier Head including the railway station, pub, shell shop, snack bar and ice cream shop.[6]
Much of the wooden planking was destroyed, but the main iron structure was largely undamaged. Heat from the fire was so intense that the Pier Railway tracks buckled and trains could now only run to about 49 feet (15 m) short of the old station.
The fire was thought to have started in the pub at around 10:45 pm, but due to the location and the damage (several buildings collapsed into the water) the cause has never been formally determined, although it was treated as an accident.[7] No one was injured, but firefighters encountered difficulties extinguishing the blaze as pumps installed on the pier were rendered ineffective by the low tide. The Southend lifeboat was deployed to transport the first firefighters to the scene.
The pier reopened to the public on 1 December 2005, and in 2007 was voted Pier of the Year.[8]
The pierhead station was destroyed in the blaze, so a replacement with two platforms was constructed to take the pier trains as close as possible to the area where the blaze took place. Access to the pierhead, RNLI gift shop and boathouse is available by walking past the temporary toilets. The paddle steamers PS Waverley and PS Kingswear Castle can again call at the pierhead, and autumn 2006 saw the tall ship Khersones visit again.
Shortly after the fire, pieces of charred pier planking turned up for sale on eBay with the proceeds apparently going to the RNLI.[citation needed]
Cultural centre in the Pier Pavilion[edit]
Southend Pier Royal Pavilion
On 15 September 2009 Southend Borough Council announced the winner of a design contest for a new pier head – a Sweden-based architecture firm, White, with London-based structural engineers Price & Myers. The winning Culture Centre design was carried out by Sprunt Architects[9] in the UK with Quantity Surveying and Employers Agent services delivered by Sweett group. Kier Group was the contractor responsible for the construction of the Pier Pavilion which is used in part as a Cultural Centre.
The company's winning entry was a design called Sculpted by Wind and Wave and was chosen from 73 international and local entries. The contest was run by the Landscape Institute for the Council.[10][11]
On 17 May 2012, the structure for a new Pier Pavilion was lowered onto the pier and on 21 July it opened to the public.[12] Now completed, it is used as a theatre and for art exhibitions,[13] holding up to 185 people.[12]
Panorama view of the pier head, 2016
Railway [edit]
Repainted train Sir William Heygate, approaching the shore terminus on 23 October 2006
Main article: Southend Pier Railway
The pier railway runs the length of Southend Pier, providing public passenger transport from the shore to the pier head. It operates every day on which the pier is open, providing a quarter or half-hourly service.[14]
The original wooden pier built in 1830 employed a horse tramway to convey goods and visitors to the pier head. In 1890, with the construction of the iron pier, Cromptons installed an electric tramway. By 1891 the line ran the then full length of the pier and carriages were in use. The system expanded, until eventually, by 1930, four trains, each made up of seven carriages, were running on a double track. In 1949 the rolling stock was replaced with four new trains.[15]
In 1978 the electric railway closed, due to deterioration and the cost of repairs. It was reopened on 2 May 1986 using two new diesel trains on a simplified single track with a passing loop. Pier Head station was temporarily resited due to the fire in late 2005, until a new, modern structure was opened on the original site in September 2009.[16]
Lifeboat station [edit]
Main article: Southend-on-Sea lifeboat station
One of the Southend-on-Sea lifeboat station's two boathouses is located at the pierhead of Southend Pier. It houses an Atlantic 75 class lifeboat and a smaller D class lifeboat, both of which are launched by davit into the deep water adjoining the pier. The boathouse is a modern structure which incorporates crew accommodation and offices, an RNLI shop, and a viewing gallery from which visitors can view the lifeboats. It is topped by a sun deck to which the public has access. Lifeboat crews use an electric buggy, complete with sirens and blue flashing lights, to access this boathouse along the pier from the shore.[17]
A lifeboat has been stationed on the pier since 1879. Initially lifeboats were launched using davits, much as they are today. However, in 1935 a new lifeboat house was erected at the pier head that provided a slipway for launching the lifeboat. This lasted until 1986, when the collision of the MV Kingsabbey with the pier destroyed the boathouse. A temporary boathouse was used until 2002, when the current boathouse opened.[17] The current boathouse was constructed by Dean & Dyball Construction Limited with the Project Architect being Bondesign Associates.
In fiction [edit]
Southend Pier featured in the end credits of the British television series Minder. The sequence showed unscrupulous businessman Arthur Daley and his bodyguard (or "minder") walking down the pier. When they reach the end Arthur realises that he has left his lighter at the far end and they proceed to walk the return journey. The comic implication is that he is too mean to pay for the train ride.
The pier is mentioned in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy; after Ford and Arthur are thrown off a Vogon construction ship and are picked up by the starship Heart of Gold, Arthur remarks that it looks as though they're standing "on the seafront at Southend"; however, in the 1981 BBC TV adaptation neither the set used for the pier nor the view of the buildings on the shore looks anything like Southend.
The pier is also central to the novel Vulgar Things by author Lee Rourke, a symbol of the vast, flat beauty of the Thames Delta.
The pier features in The Bill Series 18 Episode 1, "Loaded". PC Des Taviner and PC Reg Hollis drive to Southend to visit Reg's girlfriend, for Reg to propose to her. Scenes of both the Southend-on-Sea foreshore and the Southend Pier are seen.
In the early 1970s, Kelvin Hughes ran marine radar training courses in a small room at the end of the pier. Students were billeted at various bed and breakfasts locally.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of Southend Pier". Southend-on-Sea Borough Council. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Why it's not time for the end of the pier show". The Times. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "List of listed buildings". Southend-on-Sea Borough Council. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.southendtimeline.com/spierhist.htm
Jump up ^ Matthews, P. (1995). The New Guinness Book of Records 1996. Guinness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85112-018-8. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Pier to cost millions to restore". BBC News. 10 October 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pier gloom for town's next season". BBC News. 17 October 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Foote Wood, Chris (2008). Walking over the waves: quintessential British seaside piers. Dunbeath, Caithness: Whittles Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-1904445-67-8.
Jump up ^ "Southend Pier case study" (PDF). Sprunt. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Mark (22 September 2009). "Southend Pier – Pier Head Design Competition" (DOC). Southend-on-Sea Borough Council. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Damian (16 September 2009). "Southend Pier Head design contest winner unveiled". World Landscape Architect. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Southend Pier gets a new £3m Cultural Centre". Southend Council. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Hackwell, Stephen (27 March 2012). "Work under way on Southend Pier's new cultural centre". Southend Echo. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Opening Hours, Ticket Prices and Pier Train Information". Southend-on-Sea Borough Council. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Transport Miscellany article on the Southend Pier Railway". Greywall Productions. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Waite, Richard (30 September 2009). "Southend Pier restoration and new train station by Saville Jones Architects". Architect's Journal. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Southend Lifeboat – About Us – Our Station". Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southend Pier.
southendpiermuseum.co.uk – Southend Pier Museum
southendpier.co.uk – Southend Pier and Foreshore
citytransport.info/S-Piera.htm – Internal and external photographs of the 1949 electric trains.
Southend Pier – southend.gov.uk
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The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Miller's Daughter"
Once Upon a Time episode
Episode no.
Season 2
Episode 16
Directed by
Ralph Hemecker
Written by
Jane Espenson
Original air date
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
Guest appearance(s)
Joaquim de Almeida as King Xavier
Barbara Hershey as Cora/The Queen of Hearts
Rose McGowan as young Cora
Michael Raymond-James as Baelfire/Neal Cassidy
Zak Santiago as Prince Henry
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Queen Is Dead" Next →
"Welcome to Storybrooke"
Once Upon a Time (season 2)
List of Once Upon a Time episodes
"The Miller's Daughter" is the 16th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series Once Upon a Time, and the show's 38th episode overall. It aired on March 10, 2013.
It was written by Jane Espenson and directed by Ralph Hemecker.
This episode centers around Cora as she tries to kill Mr. Gold, while flashbacks show her past with Rumplestiltskin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Opening Sequence
1.2 In the Characters' Past
1.3 In Storybrooke
2 Production
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Opening Sequence[edit]
A spinning wheel is featured in the forest.
In the Characters' Past[edit]
A young Cora (Rose McGowan) admonishes her father, a drunkard miller, and delivers flour to the palace in his stead. Princess Eva, a young woman, trips Cora, causing her to spill the flour. King Xavier (Joaquim de Almeida) refuses to pay for the flour and orders Cora to beg forgiveness on her knees.
That night, Cora sneaks into a masked ball held for King Xavier's son Prince Henry (Zak Santiago). She criticizes the event as an opportunity for the king to sell his son to a wealthy bride, and is overheard by Henry. The prince invites her to dance, but they are interrupted by the king, who recognizes Cora. He tells her that he is superior to her, despite his kingdom's financial woes, and that she has nothing to offer him. Cora boasts that she can turn straw to gold, but will deny the king this gift because of his insults. King Xavier presents her to the ball with her claim. Cora claims she needs time to prepare, so he has her locked in a tower full of straw to spin into gold by morning; she can marry Henry if she succeeds, but will be put to death if she fails.
As Cora considers jumping from the tower window, Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) appears. He demonstrates that he can spin straw into gold, and offers to do so in exchange for her first-born child; he reveals that "she is very important" in the future he has seen. Cora asks Rumplestiltskin to teach her how to spin gold herself; to which he agrees and she signs his contract. Rumplestiltskin teaches Cora that magic is channeled through emotion rather than thought, and that he uses the anger he felt at being forced to kiss a man's boots in front of his son. As Cora imagines forcing the royals to bow to her, the straw changes to gold in her hands. Cora presents the gold to the King and accepts Henry's resultant marriage proposal.
The day before her wedding, Cora questions her plans; she is unlikely to become queen as Henry is fifth in line to the throne, while Rumplestiltskin, with whom she has been having an affair, offers her love. They agree to amend the contract so Cora owes Rumplestiltskin his child. He also agrees to teach her how to take a heart, so that she can kill King Xavier. That night, she confronts the king. He reveals that he knows of her relationship with Rumplestiltskin; telling her that "love is weakness," he lays out her choice between love and power. Cora returns to her room carrying a heart in a box. Later, she meets Rumplestilskin and informs him that she did not take the king's heart, and that she is going to marry the prince instead of running away with Rumplestiltskin. The heart she removed was her own, to prevent it from being an obstacle. Rumplestiltskin tries to invoke their contract, but she points out that he only has a claim on his own child, which she will never bear.
Some time later, Princess Cora presents her and Henry's daughter to the court and names her Regina, "for one day, she will be queen." Everyone bows to Cora.
In Storybrooke[edit]
Rumplestiltskin's name is fading from the Dark One's dagger, signifying that Gold is dying. Since Gold's death would cause the Dark One's powers to cease to exist, Cora decides her only option is to kill Gold with the dagger and become the Dark One herself. Regina questions Cora's motives, as Henry would never forgive them if Cora openly murders Emma Swan's family. Cora insists she is protecting their family.
Neal (Michael Raymond-James) and Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) pilot the Jolly Roger into Storybrooke, while Emma (Jennifer Morrison) promises to save Mr. Gold from the poison Hook inflicted on him, as he is now family. Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) and David (Josh Dallas) meet them at the dock. Mary Margaret still intends to kill Cora, despite David's insistence that she couldn't live with herself if she did that. Ruby takes Henry to safety, while the others go to Gold's shop. There, Gold instructs Emma on creating a magical barrier with invisible chalk, and she and Neal bicker while she does so. Gold leads Mary Margaret to find that he has the magical candle that Cora had given her years earlier, which can save a life by causing another person's death. He asks her to use it to save him, and she agrees once she realizes she can use the candle to kill Cora. With Gold's guidance, Emma taps into her emotions to cast the protection spell.
Cora and Regina arrive at the shop and overcome the protection spell. While David, Neal, and Emma stand against them, Mary Margaret sneaks away to Regina's mausoleum and uses the candle to curse Cora's heart. Regina follows after Cora senses that someone is there. Emma and Neal retreat to the back room, where she casts a new protection spell. Believing he will die, Gold asks to call Belle (Emilie de Ravin). Although Belle still doesn't remember Gold, she is moved when he tells her he loves her, and that she is a hero for loving a monster like him. He says that she inspires him to be his best self. Neal is surprised to hear such heartfelt words from his father, who then also apologizes to him. Neal affirms that he is still angry, but he tearfully embraces Gold.
Regina discovers Mary Margaret at the mausoleum. Mary Margaret gives Regina Cora's heart, explaining that all of their problems are caused by Cora's inability to love Regina or anyone else without her heart inside her. David later finds Mary Margaret there in a state of shock over her own actions.
As Gold nears death, Cora breaks through Emma's spell and magically sends Emma and Neal away. Gold asks Cora if she ever loved him. She admits that she did, and that was why she had to remove her heart; he had become her weakness. Cora is about to kill him with the dagger when Regina restores her heart. Cora experiences a joyous moment of love for her daughter before succumbing to the poison of which Gold has been cured. She dies in Regina's arms, acknowledging with her last words that a loving relationship with her would have fulfilled her life in a way that power couldn't.[1] Gold reclaims the dagger. Mary Margaret rushes in to stop Regina, who accuses her: "You did this."
Production[edit]
"The Miller's Daughter" was written by consulting producer Jane Espenson, while being directed V alum Ralph Hemecker.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Ratings and viewership were slightly up from the previous episode. The Miller's Daughter had an 18-49 rating of 2.3/6 and was seen by 7.64 million viewers.[2]
Reviews[edit]
The episode received excellent reviews from critics. Praise went to Espenson's script, the new take on the tale of Rumpelstiltskin, and the performances of Carlyle, Hershey, and especially McGowan, who many reviewers felt should have been nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series but wasn't.
Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave this episode an "A-" and wrote, "There are a lot of very talented writers working on Once Upon A Time, but this show’s limitations prevent them from reaching their full potential. Jane Espenson did great work on Buffy The Vampire Slayer and Battlestar Galactica, but her episodes of this series have been largely lackluster. That is, until 'The Miller’s Daughter,' which is easily one of the strongest episodes OUAT has ever had. Exploring Cora’s past and shutting the door on her present-day exploits, this episode is full of significant plot developments and emotional character moments, with a very strong connection between the fairyback and Storybrooke scenes." He also praised the performance from Rose McGowan calling her "inspired casting as young Cora, and not just because of how much she looks like Barbara Hershey. She has an icy demeanor that is perfect for the youthful version of this season’s Big Bad, hiding her potential power behind a suit of armor that protects from the cruel nobility she delivers flour to. When she’s tripped by a princess and forced to bow and apologize, she’s filled with the rage that is essential for making magic happen. She sneaks into a ball that is intended to find the prince a wife, but the king sees through her disguise and threatens her until she says that she can spin straw into gold. She’s locked in the tower, setting the stage for Rumplestiltskin to appear and give Cora a taste of the power that will drive her over the edge."[3]
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated this episode 9.5 out of 10.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time : The Miller's Daughter | Season 2 Episode 16 Recap - ABC.com". 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
Jump up ^ Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time', 'Family Guy', 'Celebrity Apprentice' & 'The Mentalist' Adjusted Up; 'Red Widow' Adjusted Down Retrieved March 13, 2013
Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time "The Miller's Daughter" S2/E16 Retrieved March 14, 2013
Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/03/11/once-upon-a-time-the-millers-daughter-review
External links[edit]
"The Miller's Daughter" on IMDb
"The Miller's Daughter" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Once Upon a Time episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Thing You Love Most"
"Snow Falls"
"The Price of Gold"
"That Still Small Voice"
"The Shepherd"
"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter"
"Desperate Souls"
"True North"
"7:15 A.M."
"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree"
"Skin Deep"
"What Happened to Frederick"
"Dreamy"
"Red-Handed"
"Heart of Darkness"
"Hat Trick"
"The Stable Boy"
"The Return"
"The Stranger"
"An Apple Red as Blood"
"A Land Without Magic"
Season 2
"Broken"
"We Are Both"
"Lady of the Lake"
"The Crocodile"
"The Doctor"
"Tallahassee"
"Child of the Moon"
"Into the Deep"
"Queen of Hearts"
"The Cricket Game"
"The Outsider"
"In the Name of the Brother"
"Tiny"
"Manhattan"
"The Queen Is Dead"
"The Miller's Daughter"
"Welcome to Storybrooke"
"Selfless, Brave and True"
"Lacey"
"The Evil Queen"
"Second Star to the Right"
"And Straight On 'til Morning"
Season 3
"The Heart of the Truest Believer"
"Lost Girl"
"Quite a Common Fairy"
"Nasty Habits"
"Good Form"
"Ariel"
"Dark Hollow"
"Think Lovely Thoughts"
"Save Henry"
"The New Neverland"
"Going Home"
"New York City Serenade"
"Witch Hunt"
"The Tower"
"Quiet Minds"
"It's Not Easy Being Green"
"The Jolly Roger"
"Bleeding Through"
"A Curious Thing"
"Kansas"
"Snow Drifts"
"There's No Place Like Home"
Season 4
"A Tale of Two Sisters"
"White Out"
"Rocky Road"
"The Apprentice"
"Breaking Glass"
"Family Business"
"The Snow Queen"
"Smash the Mirror"
"Fall"
"Shattered Sight"
"Heroes and Villains"
"Darkness on the Edge of Town"
"Unforgiven"
"Enter the Dragon"
"Poor Unfortunate Soul"
"Best Laid Plans"
"Heart of Gold"
"Sympathy for the De Vil"
"Lily"
"Mother"
"Operation Mongoose"
Season 5
"The Dark Swan"
"The Price"
"Siege Perilous"
"The Broken Kingdom"
"Dreamcatcher"
"The Bear and the Bow"
"Nimue"
"Birth"
"The Bear King"
"Broken Heart"
"Swan Song"
"Souls of the Departed"
"Labor of Love"
"Devil's Due"
"The Brothers Jones"
"Our Decay"
"Her Handsome Hero"
"Ruby Slippers"
"Sisters"
"Firebird"
"Last Rites"
"Only You"
"An Untold Story"
Season 6
"The Savior"
"A Bitter Draught"
"The Other Shoe"
"Strange Case"
"Street Rats"
"Dark Waters"
"Heartless"
"I'll Be Your Mirror"
"Changelings"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Tougher Than the Rest"
"Murder Most Foul"
"Ill-Boding Patterns"
"Page 23"
"A Wondrous Place"
"Mother's Little Helper"
"Awake"
"Where Bluebirds Fly"
"The Black Fairy"
"The Song in Your Heart"
"The Final Battle"
Season 7
"Hyperion Heights"
“A Pirate's Life”
“The Garden of Forking Paths“
“Beauty”
“Greenbacks”
“Wake Up Call”
“Eloise Gardener”
“Pretty in Blue”
“One Little Tear”
“The Eighth Witch”
Wonderland
"Down the Rabbit Hole"
"Trust Me"
"Forget Me Not"
"The Serpent"
"Heart of Stone"
"Who's Alice"
"Bad Blood"
"Home"
"Nothing to Fear"
"Dirty Little Secrets"
"Heart of the Matter"
"To Catch a Thief"
"And They Lived..."
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text:
Capital market
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser in Dutch), the foremost centre of European capital markets in the 17th century. The Dutch were the first in history to use a fully-fledged capital market (including the bond market and stock market) to finance publicly traded companies.[1][2][3][4][5]
The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange, one of the largest secondary capital markets in the world. As of 2013, most of the NYSE's trades are executed electronically, but its hybrid structure allows some trading to be done face to face on the floor.
A capital market is a financial market in which long-term debt (over a year) or equity-backed securities are bought and sold.[6] Capital markets channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to long-term productive use, such as companies or governments making long-term investments.[a] Financial regulators like the Bank of England (BoE) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversee capital markets to protect investors against fraud, among other duties.
Modern capital markets are almost invariably hosted on computer-based electronic trading systems; most can be accessed only by entities within the financial sector or the treasury departments of governments and corporations, but some can be accessed directly by the public.[b] There are many thousands of such systems, most serving only small parts of the overall capital markets. Entities hosting the systems include stock exchanges, investment banks, and government departments. Physically, the systems are hosted all over the world, though they tend to be concentrated in financial centres like London, New York, and Hong Kong also.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
1.1 Versus money markets
1.2 Versus bank loans
2 Examples
2.1 Government on primary markets
2.2 Company on primary markets
2.3 Secondary market trading
3 Size
3.1 Forecasting and analyses
4 Capital controls
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Definition[edit]
A capital market can be either a primary market or a secondary market. In primary markets, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors, often via a mechanism known as underwriting. The main entities seeking to raise long-term funds on the primary capital markets are governments (which may be municipal, local or national) and business enterprises (companies). Governments issue only bonds, whereas companies often issue both equity and bonds. The main entities purchasing the bonds or stock include pension funds, hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds, and less commonly wealthy individuals and investment banks trading on their own behalf. In the secondary markets, existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders, usually on an exchange, over-the-counter, or elsewhere. The existence of secondary markets increases the willingness of investors in primary markets, as they know they are likely to be able to swiftly cash out their investments if the need arises.[7]
A second important division falls between the stock markets (for equity securities, also known as shares, where investors acquire ownership of companies) and the bond markets (where investors become creditors).[7]
Versus money markets[edit]
Finance
Markets[show]
Bond
Commodity
Derivatives
Foreign exchange
Money
Over-the-counter
Private equity
Real estate
Spot
Stock
Participants
Investor
institutional
Retail
Speculator
Instruments[show]
Cash
Credit line
Deposit
Derivative
Futures contract
Loan
Option (call
exotic
put)
Security
Stock
Time deposit
(certificate of deposit)
Corporate[show]
Accounting
Audit
Capital budgeting
Credit rating agency
Risk management
Financial statement
Leveraged buyout
Mergers and acquisitions
Structured finance
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Personal[show]
Credit / Debt
Employment contract
Financial planning
Retirement
Student loan
Public[show]
Government spending
Final consumption expenditure
Operations
Redistribution
Transfer payment
Government revenue
Taxation
Deficit spending
Budget (balance)
Debt
Non-tax revenue
Warrant of payment
Banks and banking[show]
Central bank
Deposit account
Fractional-reserve banking
Loan
Money supply
Lists of banks
Regulation · Standards[show]
Bank regulation
Basel Accords
International Financial Reporting Standards
ISO 31000
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Accounting scandals
Economic history[show]
Private equity and venture capital
Recession
Stock market bubble
Stock market crash
v
t
e
The money markets are used for the raising of short-term finance, sometimes for loans that are expected to be paid back as early as overnight. In contrast, the "capital markets" are used for the raising of long-term finance, such as the purchase of shares/equities, or for loans that are not expected to be fully paid back for at least a year.[6]
Funds borrowed from money markets are typically used for general operating expenses, to provide liquid assets for brief periods. For example, a company may have inbound payments from customers that have not yet cleared, but need immediate cash to pay its employees. When a company borrows from the primary capital markets, often the purpose is to invest in additional physical capital goods, which will be used to help increase its income. It can take many months or years before the investment generates sufficient return to pay back its cost, and hence the finance is long term.[7]
Together, money markets and capital markets form the financial markets, as the term is narrowly understood.[c] The capital market is concerned with long-term finance. In the widest sense, it consists of a series of channels through which the savings of the community are made available for industrial and commercial enterprises and public authorities.
Versus bank loans[edit]
Regular bank lending is not usually classed as a capital market transaction, even when loans are extended for a period longer than a year. First, regular bank loans are not securitized (i.e. they do not take the form of a resaleable security like a share or bond that can be traded on the markets). Second, lending from banks is more heavily regulated than capital market lending. Third, bank depositors tend to be more risk-averse than capital market investors. These three differences all act to limit institutional lending as a source of finance. Two additional differences, this time favoring lending by banks, are that banks are more accessible for small and medium-sized companies, and that they have the ability to create money as they lend. In the 20th century, most company finance apart from share issues was raised by bank loans. But since about 1980 there has been an ongoing trend for disintermediation, where large and creditworthy companies have found they effectively have to pay out less interest if they borrow directly from capital markets rather than from banks. The tendency for companies to borrow from capital markets instead of banks has been especially strong in the United States. According to the Financial Times, capital markets overtook bank lending as the leading source of long-term finance in 2009, which reflects the risk aversion and bank regulation in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.[8]
Compared to in the United States, companies in the European Union have a greater reliance on bank lending for funding. Efforts to enables companies to raise more funding through capital markets are being coordinated through the EU's Capital Markets Union initiative.[9][10][11][12]
Examples[edit]
Government on primary markets[edit]
One Churchill Place, Barclays headquarters in Canary Wharf, London. Barclays is a major player in the world's primary and secondary bond markets.
When a government wants to raise long-term finance it will often sell bonds in the capital markets. In the 20th and early 21st centuries, many governments would use investment banks to organize the sale of their bonds. The leading bank would underwrite the bonds, and would often head up a syndicate of brokers, some of whom might be based in other investment banks. The syndicate would then sell to various investors. For developing countries, a multilateral development bank would sometimes provide an additional layer of underwriting, resulting in risk being shared between the investment bank(s), the multilateral organization, and the end investors. However, since 1997 it has been increasingly common for governments of the larger nations to bypass investment banks by making their bonds directly available for purchase online. Many governments now sell most of their bonds by computerized auction. Typically, large volumes are put up for sale in one go; a government may only hold a small number of auctions each year. Some governments will also sell a continuous stream of bonds through other channels. The biggest single seller of debt is the U.S. government; there are usually several transactions for such sales every second,[d] which corresponds to the continuous updating of the U.S. real-time debt clock.[13][14][15]
Company on primary markets[edit]
When a company wants to raise money for long-term investment, one of its first decisions is whether to do so by issuing bonds or shares. If it chooses shares, it avoids increasing its debt, and in some cases the new shareholders may also provide non-monetary help, such as expertise or useful contacts. On the other hand, a new issue of shares will dilute the ownership rights of the existing shareholders, and if they gain a controlling interest, the new shareholders may even replace senior managers. From an investor's point of view, shares offer the potential for higher returns and capital gains if the company does well. Conversely, bonds are safer if the company does poorly, as they are less prone to severe falls in price, and in the event of bankruptcy, bond owners may be paid something, while shareholders will receive nothing.
When a company raises finance from the primary market, the process is more likely to involve face-to-face meetings than other capital market transactions. Whether they choose to issue bonds or shares,[e] companies will typically enlist the services of an investment bank to mediate between themselves and the market. A team from the investment bank often meets with the company's senior managers to ensure their plans are sound. The bank then acts as an underwriter, and will arrange for a network of brokers to sell the bonds or shares to investors. This second stage is usually done mostly through computerized systems, though brokers will often phone up their favored clients to advise them of the opportunity. Companies can avoid paying fees to investment banks by using a direct public offering, though this is not a common practice as it incurs other legal costs and can take up considerable management time.[13][16]
Secondary market trading[edit]
An electronic trading platform being used at the Deutsche Börse. Most 21st century capital market transactions are executed electronically; sometimes a human operator is involved, and sometimes unattended computer systems execute the transactions, as happens in algorithmic trading.
Most capital market transactions take place on the secondary market. On the primary market, each security can be sold only once, and the process to create batches of new shares or bonds is often lengthy due to regulatory requirements. On the secondary markets, there is no limit to the number of times a security can be traded, and the process is usually very quick. With the rise of strategies such as high-frequency trading, a single security could in theory be traded thousands of times within a single hour.[f] Transactions on the secondary market do not directly raise finance, but they do make it easier for companies and governments to raise finance on the primary market, as investors know that if they want to get their money back quickly, they will usually be easily able to re-sell their securities. Sometimes, however, secondary capital market transactions can have a negative effect on the primary borrowers: for example, if a large proportion of investors try to sell their bonds, this can push up the yields for future issues from the same entity. An extreme example occurred shortly after Bill Clinton began his first term as President of the United States; Clinton was forced to abandon some of the spending increases he had promised in his election campaign due to pressure from the bond markets. In the 21st century, several governments have tried to lock in as much as possible of their borrowing into long-dated bonds, so they are less vulnerable to pressure from the markets. Following the financial crisis of 2007–08, the introduction of quantitative easing further reduced the ability of private[clarification needed] agents to push up the yields of government bonds, at least for countries with a central bank able to engage in substantial open market operations.[13][15][16][17]
A variety of different players are active in the secondary markets. Individual investors account for a small proportion of trading, though their share has slightly increased; in the 20th century it was mostly only a few wealthy individuals who could afford an account with a broker, but accounts are now much cheaper and accessible over the internet. There are now numerous small traders who can buy and sell on the secondary markets using platforms provided by brokers which are accessible via web browsers. When such an individual trades on the capital markets, it will often involve a two-stage transaction. First they place an order with their broker, then the broker executes the trade. If the trade can be done on an exchange, the process will often be fully automated. If a dealer needs to manually intervene, this will often mean a larger fee. Traders in investment banks will often make deals on their bank's behalf, as well as executing trades for their clients. Investment banks will often have a division (or department) called "capital markets": staff in this division try to keep aware of the various opportunities in both the primary and secondary markets, and will advise major clients accordingly. Pension and sovereign wealth funds tend to have the largest holdings, though they tend to buy only the highest grade (safest) types of bonds and shares, and some of them do not trade all that frequently. According to a 2012 Financial Times article, hedge funds are increasingly making most of the short-term trades in large sections of the capital market (like the UK and US stock exchanges), which is making it harder for them to maintain their historically high returns, as they are increasingly finding themselves trading with each other rather than with less sophisticated[clarification needed] investors.[13][15][16][18]
There are several ways to invest in the secondary market without directly buying shares or bonds. A common method is to invest in mutual funds[g] or exchange-traded funds. It is also possible to buy and sell derivatives that are based on the secondary market; one of the most common type of these is contracts for difference – these can provide rapid profits, but can also cause buyers to lose more money than they originally invested.[13]
Size[edit]
All figures given are in billions of US$ and are sourced to the IMF. There is no universally recognized standard for measuring all of these figures, so other estimates may vary. A GDP column is included as a comparison.
Year[19]
Stocks
Bonds
Bank assets[20]
Total of stocks,
bonds and
bank assets[21]
World GDP
2013[22]
62,552.00 99,788.80 120,421.60 282,762.40 74,699.30
2012[23]
52,494.90 99,134.20 116,956.10 268,585.20 72,216.40
2011[24]
47,089.23 98,388.10 110,378.24 255,855.57 69,899.22
Forecasting and analyses[edit]
A great deal of work goes into analysing capital markets and predicting their future movements. This includes academic study; work from within the financial industry for the purposes of making money and reducing risk; and work by governments and multilateral institutions for the purposes of regulation and understanding the impact of capital markets on the wider economy. Methods range from the gut instincts of experienced traders, to various forms of stochastic calculus and algorithms such as Stratonovich-Kalman-Bucy filtering.[25][26][27][28][29]
Capital controls[edit]
Main article: Capital control
Capital controls are measures imposed by a state's government aimed at managing capital account transactions – in other words, capital market transactions where one of the counter-parties[h] involved is in a foreign country. Whereas domestic regulatory authorities try to ensure that capital market participants trade fairly with each other, and sometimes to ensure institutions like banks do not take excessive risks, capital controls aim to ensure that the macroeconomic effects of the capital markets do not have a negative impact. Most advanced nations like to use capital controls sparingly if at all, as in theory allowing markets freedom is a win-win situation for all involved: investors are free to seek maximum returns, and countries can benefit from investments that will develop their industry and infrastructure. However, sometimes capital market transactions can have a net negative effect: for example, in a financial crisis, there can be a mass withdrawal of capital, leaving a nation without sufficient foreign-exchange reserves to pay for needed imports. On the other hand, if too much capital is flowing into a country, it can increase inflation and the value of the nation's currency, making its exports uncompetitive. Countries like India employ capital controls to ensure that their citizens' money is invested at home rather than abroad.[30]
See also[edit]
Center for Audit Quality (CAQ)
Committee on Capital Markets Regulation (United States)
Financial market
Financial regulation
Stock exchange
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The idea of governments making investments may be less familiar than the case involving companies. A government can make investments that are expected to develop a nation's economy, by improving a nation's physical infrastructure, such as by building roads, or by improving public education.
Jump up ^ As an example, in the United States, any American citizen with an internet connection can create an account with Treasury Direct and use it to buy bonds in the primary market, though sales to individuals form only a tiny fraction of the total volume of bonds sold. Various private companies provide browser-based platforms that allow individuals to buy shares and sometimes even bonds in the secondary markets.
Jump up ^ Note however that the term "financial markets" is also often used to refer all the different sorts of markets in the financial sector, including those that are not directly concerned with raising finance, such as commodity markets and foreign exchange.
Jump up ^ Even if there is no activity from big players, U.S. citizens might be making small investments through channels like Treasury Direct.
Jump up ^ Sometimes the company will consult with the investment bank for advice before they make this decision.
Jump up ^ This is far more likely to occur with shares, as exchanges that allow the automated trading of bonds are not as common, and bonds are generally traded less frequently.
Jump up ^ A mutual fund itself will sometimes purchase securities from the primary markets as well as the secondary.
Jump up ^ i.e., either the buyer or the seller.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brooks, John: The Fluctuation: The Little Crash in '62, in Business Adventures: Twelve Classic Tales from the World of Wall Street. (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1968)
Jump up ^ Neal, Larry (2005). “Venture Shares of the Dutch East India Company,”, in Goetzmann & Rouwenhorst (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 165–175
Jump up ^ Shiller, Robert (2011). Economics 252, Financial Markets: Lecture 4 – Portfolio Diversification and Supporting Financial Institutions (Open Yale Courses). [Transcript]
Jump up ^ Macaulay, Catherine R. (2015). “Capitalism's renaissance? The potential of repositioning the financial 'meta-economy'”. (Futures, Volume 68, April 2015, p. 5–18)
Jump up ^ Petram, Lodewijk: The World's First Stock Exchange: How the Amsterdam Market for Dutch East India Company Shares Became a Modern Securities Market, 1602–1700. Translated from the Dutch by Lynne Richards. (Columbia University Press, 2014, ISBN 9780231163781)
^ Jump up to: a b O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 283. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Privatization and Capital Market Development: Strategies to Promote Economic Growth, Michael McLindon (1996)
Jump up ^ Lena Komileva (2009-09-16). "Market Insight: Can the rally end the crisis?". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2012-09-06. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ "EU's capital markets union 2.0, explained". POLITICO. 2017-06-08. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Jump up ^ "What is the capital markets union?". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Jump up ^ "EU Capital Markets Union". Financial Times. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Jump up ^ White, Lucy (2018-04-24). "EU's Dombrovskis ignites fresh row over City's market access post-Brexit". Retrieved 2018-04-25. Regarding Capital Markets Union, the European Commission's plan to improve access to non-bank financing across the EU, he said the "departure of the UK makes this project even more important and even more urgent. It will have to compensate for the EU's largest financial centre not being in the EU and not being in the single market any more"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e An Introduction to International Capital Markets: Products, Strategies, Participants , Andrew M. Chisholm, (2009), Wiley, see esp Chapters 1, 4 & 8
Jump up ^ "U.S. National Debt Clock : Real Time". usdebtclock.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c William C. Spaulding (2011). "The Primary Bond Market". thisMatter.com. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c William C. Spaulding (2011). Investment Banking—Issuing and Selling New Securities. thisMatter.com. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ Gillian Tett (September 28, 2014). "After a life of trend spotting, Bill Gross missed the big shift". The Financial Times. Retrieved October 14, 2014. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Jonathan Ford (2012-08-24). "The hedge funds are playing a loser's game". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2012-09-06. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Refer to the references used for each year to find a breakdown of capital market size for individual countries and regions.
Jump up ^ Bank assets are mainly regular bank loans. The IMF reports used to source these figures do recognize the distinction between capital markets and regular bank lending, but bank assets are traditionally included in their tables on overall capital market size.
Jump up ^ The table may slightly overstate the total size of the capital markets, as in some cases the IMF data used to source the reports may double-count stocks and bonds as bank assets.
Jump up ^ IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2014
Jump up ^ IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2013
Jump up ^ IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2012
Jump up ^ Clive Cookson (2016-09-19). "Man v machine: 'Gut feelings' key to financial trading success". Financial Times. Retrieved 2016-09-19. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Paul Wilmott (2007). Paul Wilmott Introduces Quantitative Finance. Wiley. ISBN 0470319585.
Jump up ^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov (2016). Forecast in capital markets. Saarbrucken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3-659-91698-4.
Jump up ^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov (2017). Investment in capital markets. Saarbrucken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3-330-05708-1.
Jump up ^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov (2018). Business cycles in economics. Dusseldorf, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-613-8-38864-7.
Jump up ^ Carmen Reinhart & Kenneth Rogoff (2010). This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press. pp. passim, esp. 66 , 92–94, 205 , 403. ISBN 0-19-926584-4.
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