text:
40-yard dash
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The 40-yard dash is a sprint covering 40 yards (36.58 m). It is primarily run to evaluate the speed and acceleration of American football players by scouts, particularly for the NFL Draft but also for collegiate recruiting. A player's recorded time can have a heavy impact on his prospects in college or professional football. This was traditionally only true for the "skill" positions such as running back, wide receiver, and defensive back, although now a fast 40-yard dash time is considered important for almost every position. The 40-yard dash is not an official race in track and field athletics and is not an IAAF-recognized event.
The origin of timing football players for 40 yards comes from the average distance of a punt and the time it takes to reach that distance.[1] Punts average around 40 yards in distance from the line of scrimmage, and the hangtime (time of flight) averages approximately 4.5 seconds. Therefore, if a coach knows that a player runs 40 yards in 4.5 seconds, he will be able to leave the line of scrimmage when a punt is kicked, and reach the point where the ball comes down just as it arrives.
Contents
[hide]
1 Timing method and track comparisons
2 Records
2.1 Records at the NFL Scouting Combine
3 Average time by position
4 References
Timing method and track comparisons[edit]
In terms of judging a person's speed, the best method of timing is through lasers which start and stop the times when passed through. A laser start (from a stationary position) is more accurate for measuring pure speed as it does not register a runner's reaction time. However, the method of timing a 40-yard dash can affect the accuracy by as much 0.5 seconds (with the manual stopwatch method). The National Football League (NFL) did not begin using partial electronic timing (started by hand, stopped electronically) at the NFL Scouting Combine until 1999.[2] [3] For purposes of measurement at the Combine, the run is made along the lower sideline from the 40 yard-line to the end zone, which has built-in rundown space.
In track and field races, the runner must react to the starting gun, which takes approximately 0.24 seconds, based on FAT timing. A runner with a reaction time less than .100 is subject to disqualification as that is deemed too fast of a reaction time. For electronically timed 40-yard dashes, the runner is allowed to start when he wishes, and a timer hand-starts the clock. This aspect means that comparisons with track times are impossible given that a reaction time is not factored in. Furthermore, the use of hand-timing in the 40-yard dash can considerably alter a runner's time; the methods are not comparable to the rigorous electronic timing used in track and field.
Jacoby Ford, who ran a 4.28 s in the 2010 NFL Combine, had a collegiate best of 6.51 s in the 60-meter dash (outside the top-40 of the all-time lists).[4] This highlights the difficulties in comparing track running times to football 40-yard times due to the different timing methods.[5]
Records[edit]
Auburn's Bo Jackson claims to have run a 40-yard dash with a time of 4.13 s.[6][7] A time of 4.18 run by Jackson within the same week added some support to the legitimacy of the times.[8][9] Texas Tech's Jakeem Grant was hand-timed by a New Orleans Saints scout as running a 4.10 in 2016, potentially beating Jackson's record.[10] Deion Sanders ran a 4.27-second 40-yard dash in 1989.[11]
In 2013, Carlin Isles recorded a time of 4.22 at a Detroit Lions facility during a workout.[12]
In 2017 Olympic sprinter Christian Coleman ran a time of 4.12 seconds on turf in response to claims that NFL players are as fast as Usain Bolt.[13]
Records at the NFL Scouting Combine[edit]
This is a list of the official 40-yard dash results of 4.30 seconds or better recorded at the NFL Scouting combine since 1999, the first year electronic timing was implemented at the NFL Scouting Combine.[14][15]
Time
Name
Height
Weight
Position
College
Year
Draft
4.22[16] John Ross 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) 190 lb (86 kg) Wide receiver Washington 2017 No. 9 overall by Cincinnati Bengals
4.24 Rondel Menendez 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) 192 lb (87 kg) Wide receiver Eastern Kentucky 1999 No. 247 overall by Atlanta Falcons
4.24 Chris Johnson 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) 192 lb (87 kg) Running back East Carolina 2008 No. 24 overall by Tennessee Titans
4.26 Jerome Mathis 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) 184 lb (83 kg) Wide receiver Hampton 2005 No. 114 overall by Houston Texans
4.26 Dri Archer 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) 173 lb (78 kg) Running back Kent State 2014 No. 97 overall by Pittsburgh Steelers
4.27 Stanford Routt 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) 193 lb (88 kg) Cornerback Houston 2005 No. 38 overall by Oakland Raiders
4.27 Marquise Goodwin 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) 181 lb (82 kg) Wide receiver Texas 2013 No. 78 overall by Buffalo Bills
4.28 Champ Bailey 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) 192 lb (87 kg) Cornerback Georgia 1999 No. 7 overall by Washington Redskins
4.28 Jacoby Ford 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) 190 lb (86 kg) Wide receiver Clemson 2010 No. 108 overall by Oakland Raiders
4.28[17] Jalen Myrick 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) 200 lb (91 kg) Cornerback Minnesota 2017 No. 222 overall by Jacksonville Jaguars
4.28[18] J. J. Nelson 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) 156 lb (71 kg) Wide receiver UAB 2015 No. 159 overall by Arizona Cardinals
4.28 DeMarcus Van Dyke 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) 187 lb (85 kg) Cornerback Miami 2011 No. 81 overall by Oakland Raiders
4.29 Fabian Washington 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) 188 lb (85 kg) Cornerback Nebraska 2005 No. 23 overall by Oakland Raiders
4.29 Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) 184 lb (83 kg) Cornerback Tennessee State 2008 No. 16 overall by the Arizona Cardinals
4.29 Josh Robinson 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) 199 lb (90 kg) Cornerback UCF 2012 No. 66 overall by Minnesota Vikings
4.30 Darrent Williams 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) 176 lb (80 kg) Cornerback Oklahoma State 2005 No. 56 overall by Denver Broncos
4.30 Tye Hill 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) 185 lb (84 kg) Cornerback Clemson 2006 No. 15 overall by St. Louis Rams
4.30 Yamon Figurs 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) 174 lb (79 kg) Wide receiver Kansas State 2007 No. 74 overall by Baltimore Ravens
4.30 Darrius Heyward-Bey[19] 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) 210 lb (95 kg) Wide receiver Maryland 2009 No. 7 overall by Oakland Raiders
Average time by position[edit]
According to a five-year NFL combine report, wide receivers and cornerbacks had the fastest average times at 4.55, followed by running backs at 4.59. The following average times were measured between 2008 and 2012 at the NFL combine.[20]
Position
Time
Wide receiver 4.55
Cornerback 4.55
Running back 4.59
Safety 4.62
Outside linebacker 4.74
Tight end 4.77
Fullback 4.80
Inside linebacker 4.80
Quarterback 4.87
Defensive end 4.88
Defensive tackle 5.13
Center 5.30
Offensive tackle 5.32
Offensive guard 5.36
References[edit]
Jump up ^ MacCambridge, Michael (2005). America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation (1st ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-375-72506-7. Intent on building a fast team, [Paul Brown in the mid-1940s] began timing players in the 40-yard dash, rather than the 100, reasoning that the 40 was a more meaningful measure of true football speed, about the distance a player would cover on a punt.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0345545141
Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1543670-how-are-40-yard-dash-times-recorded
Jump up ^ 60 Metres - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-05-29.
Jump up ^ 60 Metres - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2013-05-29.
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Matthew (February 29, 2016). "Bo Jackson Talking About His 4.13 40-Yard-Dash Is A Reminder Of How Superhuman He Was". Uproxx.com.
Jump up ^ Tanier, Mike (July 16, 2015). "NFL Urban Legends: Bo Jackson and the Too-Fast-to-Be-True 40-Yard Dash". BleacherReport.com.
Jump up ^ Based on Cooney, Frank (23 February 2008). "Combine 40-yard times -- Nothing is official". The Sports Xchange. , plus updates.
Jump up ^ Cooney, Frank (24 Feb 2008). "With 40-yard dash times, nothing's quite 'official'". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Haislop, Tadd (11 March 2016). "Texas Tech's Jakeem Grant clocked at 4.10 in 40-yard dash". SportingNews. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Hessler, Warner (23 April 1989). "NFL General Managers Moan About Another Diluted Draft". Daily Press. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Lions sign rugby player Carlin Isles to practice squad". Daily News. New York. 26 Dec 2013.
Jump up ^ "Olympic sprinter shows up John Ross". USA Today. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Performers 2006-2011". 16 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Cooney, Frank (1 Mar 2011). "Officially, Van Dyke is combine's fastest player". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "John Ross III runs 40-yard dash in record 4.22 seconds at NFL Combine". Sportsnet. March 4, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jalen Myrick Combine Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NFL on Twitter". Twitter. February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Darrius Heyward-Bey - WR - Maryland - 2009 NFL Combine Results". NFL Combine Results.
Jump up ^ Topher Doll (February 12, 2013). "Some Clarification is in Order: Average Speed by Position". MileHighReport.com.
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text:
Energy in California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
California's peak electricity demand occurred on July 24, 2006, at 2:44 pm, with 50,270 megawatts. Since then measures to reduce peak load have resulted in decreased peak demand, even as the state's population has continued to grow.[1] In 2016, the peak load was 46,232 MW, on July 27.[2]
By 2020, California is required to obtain at least 33% of its electricity from renewable resources, and 50% by 2030, excluding large hydro.[3][4] On May 13, 2017, the California Independent System Operator (ISO) reported that the state had broken a new instantaneous renewable energy record, with non-hydro renewables providing 67.2% of the total electricity on the ISO's grid, with another 13.5% being provided by hydro.[5]
Bill 2514 directed the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to adopt an energy storage program and procurement target.[6] As a result, the CPUC established an energy storage target of 1,325 MW by 2020.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Electricity system data
2 Electricity
3 Resources and consumption
4 Petroleum
5 Natural gas
6 Sustainable energy
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Electricity system data[edit]
As of 2016[update], 31.7% of electricity was imported, and of that, 45.3% was of unspecified origin.
Energy mix: Total Electricity Source Percentages[8]
Year
Wind
Solar
Small hydro
Geothermal
Biomass
Large hydro
Coal
Nuclear
Natural gas
Unspecified
Renewable
2009 3.1% 0.3% 1.7% 4.6% 2.3% 9.1% 8.1% 13.1% 42.0% 15.7% 12.0%
2010 4.7% 0.3% 1.9% 4.6% 2.4% 10.5% 7.7% 13.9% 41.9% 12.0% 13.9%
2011 5.0% 0.4% 2.1% 4.5% 2.1% 13.0% 8.2% 15.2% 35.3% 14.2% 14.1%
2012 6.3% 0.9% 1.5% 4.4% 2.3% 8.3% 7.5% 9.0% 43.4% 16.4% 15.4%
2013 8.6% 1.8% 1.3% 4.5% 2.7% 7.8% 7.8% 8.8% 44.3% 12.5% 18.8%
2014 8.1% 4.2% 0.9% 4.4% 2.5% 5.5% 6.4% 8.5% 44.5% 15.0% 20.1%
2015 8.2% 6.0% 0.9% 4.4% 2.6% 5.4% 6.0% 9.2% 44.0% 13.5% 21.9%
2016 9.1% 8.1% 1.7% 4.4% 2.3% 10.2% 4.1% 9.2% 36.5% 14.4% 25.5%
Only utility scale generation is shown. Including distributed solar would noticeably increase solar's percentage. [9]
In-State Electricity Source Percentages[8]
Year
Wind
Solar
Small hydro
Geothermal
Biomass
Large hydro
Coal
Nuclear
Natural gas
Renewable
2009 3.0% 0.4% 2.0% 6.2% 2.9% 12.1% 1.8% 15.2% 56.3% 14.5%
2010 3.0% 0.4% 2.4% 6.2% 2.8% 14.3% 1.7% 15.7% 53.4% 14.9%
2011 3.8% 0.5% 3.1% 6.3% 2.9% 18.2% 1.6% 18.2% 45.4% 16.6%
2012 4.6% 0.9% 2.1% 6.4% 3.0% 11.7% 0.8% 9.3% 61.1% 17.1%
2013 6.4% 2.2% 1.7% 6.3% 3.2% 10.4% 0.5% 9.0% 60.5% 19.6%
2014 6.5% 5.3% 1.2% 6.1% 3.4% 7.1% 0.5% 8.6% 61.3% 22.8%
2015 6.2% 7.7% 1.2% 6.1% 3.2% 5.9% 0.3% 9.5% 59.9% 24.5%
2016 6.8% 10.0% 2.3% 5.8% 3.0% 12.3% 0.2% 9.6% 49.9% 27.9%
In-State Electricity Production, in TWh[8]
Year
Wind
Solar
Small hydro
Geothermal
Biomass
Large hydro
Coal
Nuclear
Natural gas
Total
2002 3.5 0.9 4.4 13.9 7.1 26.9 27.6 34.4 90.9 209.7
2003 3.5 0.8 5.1 13.8 5.6 30.9 27.2 35.6 92.4 214.8
2004 4.3 0.7 4.7 14.0 5.9 29.7 28.6 30.2 105.0 223.1
2005 4.4 0.7 5.4 14.4 6.0 34.5 28.1 36.2 96.1 225.8
2006 4.9 0.6 5.8 13.5 5.7 43.1 17.6 32.0 107.0 230.1
2007 5.7 0.7 3.7 13.0 5.4 23.3 4.2 35.7 118.3 209.9
2008 5.7 0.7 3.7 12.9 5.7 21.0 4.0 32.5 122.2 208.5
2009 6.3 0.9 4.0 12.9 5.9 25.1 3.7 31.5 116.7 207.2
2010 6.2 0.9 5.0 12.7 5.8 29.3 3.4 32.2 109.8 205.4
2011 7.6 1.1 6.1 12.7 5.8 36.6 3.1 36.7 91.2 200.9
2012 9.2 1.8 4.3 12.7 6.0 23.2 1.6 18.5 121.7 199.1
2013 12.7 4.3 3.3 12.5 6.4 20.8 1.0 17.9 120.9 199.8
2014 13.1 10.6 2.7 12.2 6.8 13.7 1.0 17.0 122.0 199.2
2015 12.2 15.0 2.4 12.0 6.4 11.6 0.5 18.5 117.5 196.2
2016 13.5 19.8 4.6 11.6 5.9 24.2 0.3 18.9 98.8 198.2
Electricity[edit]
Part of the 354 MW SEGS solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California.
Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of in-state electricity generation. California is one of the largest hydroelectric power producers in the United States, and with adequate rainfall, hydroelectric power typically accounts for close to one-fifth of State electricity generation. Due to strict emission laws, only one coal-fired power plant still operates in California, the 63 MW Argus Cogeneration plant in San Bernardino County.[10]
California leads the nation in electricity generation from non-hydroelectric renewable energy sources, including geothermal power, wind power, and solar power. California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.[11] Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s. These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts (MW) making them at one time the largest solar power installation in the world.[12] Other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert include the 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility,[13] opened in 2014, and the 550 MW Desert Sunlight Solar Farm and 579 MW Solar Star, both completed in 2015. The Alta Wind Energy Center in the Tehachapi Mountains is the largest wind power plant in the United States with 1,548 MW installed capacity.[14] A facility known as “The Geysers,” located in the Mayacamas Mountains north of San Francisco, is the largest group of geothermal power plants in the world, with more than 750 MW of installed capacity.
California’s single remaining operational nuclear power plant, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, accounts for less than one-tenth of total generation. California used to have multiple other nuclear power plants, including the Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, the Vallecitos Nuclear Center,[15] and the Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant,[16] in addition to various other smaller experimental or prototype reactors which intermittently supplied power to the grid, such as the Sodium Reactor Experiment. However all of these reactors have been shut down due to both economic[17] and social[18] factors. Currently, the owner of the Diablo Canyon plant, Pacific Gas & Electric, has plans to shut down the two reactors at the site in 2025.[19] This lost generation will be made up with renewables.
California's electricity rates are among the highest in the United States as a result of the changing energy mix within the state, including aggressive construction of new natural gas power plants.[20] California's electricity costs per kWh are 17.4 cents per kWh and 14.8 cents per kWh for residential and commercial customers respectively.[21] Due to high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily wind and hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and nuclear, coal-, and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.[22] Imported coal-fired electricity is expected to decline as power agreements expire and the city of Los Angeles phases out its use of imported coal by 2025.[23][10]
Although California's population increased by 13% during the 1990s, the state did not build any new major power plants during that time, although existing in-state power plants were expanded and power output was increased nearly 30% from 1990 to 2001. However, between 2000 and 2015, California built nearly 500 new power plants to supplement the 700 operating in 2000, boosting power supplies by 43%.[20]
In 2016, CPUC announced new rules for connecting coming generation sources to grid. Connection costs must be estimated by the utility, and the developer is limited to paying within ±25% change of the estimate. CPUC expects the rules to lower overall costs for ratepayers.[24][25][26] California requires 1.8 GW of utility storage[27] and studies long duration bulk energy storage. The state allocates US$83 million per year during 2017-2019 for behind-the-meter storage.[28]
Resources and consumption[edit]
California’s crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in six geological basins in the Central Valley and along the coast. California has more than a dozen of the United States' largest oil fields, including the Midway-Sunset Oil Field, the second largest oil field in the contiguous United States. California’s hydroelectric power potential ranks second in the United States (behind Washington State), and substantial geothermal and wind power resources are found along the coastal mountain ranges and the eastern border with Nevada. High solar power potential is found in southeastern California’s deserts.
California is the most populous state in the nation, but its total energy demand is second to the state of Texas. The state has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption rates in the country due in part to the relatively mild weather comparative to the rest of the nation.[29]
Petroleum[edit]
Net Taxable Gasoline Gallons[30][31]
Year
Gallons
Change
2000 14,544,627,116
2001 15,117,143,010 +3.9%
2002 15,513,415,849 +2.6%
2003 15,661,671,712 +1.0%
2004 15,908,278,251 +1.6%
2005 15,937,855,020 +0.2%
2006 15,825,386,719 −0.7%
2007 15,672,334,029 −1.0%
2008 15,032,229,963 −4.1%
2009 14,811,281,527 −1.5%
2010 14,868,892,787 +0.4%
2011 14,600,133,763 −1.8%
2012 14,504,794,174 −0.7%
2013 14,532,944,431 +0.2%
2014 14,702,632,422 +1.2%
2015 15,105,348,840 +2.7%
2016 15,487,956,872 +2.5%
As of 2012, California's crude oil output accounted for about 8.3% of total U.S. production.[32] Drilling operations are concentrated primarily in Kern County and the Los Angeles basin.[32] Although there is also substantial offshore oil and gas production, there is a permanent moratorium on new offshore oil and gas leasing in California waters and a deferral of leasing in Federal waters.[citation needed]
California ranks third in the United States in petroleum refining capacity, behind Texas and Louisiana, and accounts for about 11% of total U.S. capacity, as of 2012.[32] In addition to oil from California, California's refineries process crude oil from Alaska and foreign suppliers. The refineries are configured to produce cleaner fuels, including reformulated motor gasoline and low-sulfur diesel, to meet strict Federal and State environmental regulations. As of 2017, California has 18 refineries with a capacity to process nearly 2,000,000 US barrels (240,000,000 l; 63,000,000 US gal; 52,000,000 imp gal) per day.[33][34]
Gasoline consumption fluctuates with economic conditions and gas prices, but has generally remained flat since 2000, despite increasing population.[35] In 2017, Texas surpassed California in gasoline consumption, despite California having 6 million more vehicles.[36] Most California motorists are required to use a special motor gasoline blend called California Clean Burning Gasoline (CA CBG).[37] By 2004, California completed a transition from methyl tertiary butyl-ether (MTBE) to ethanol as a gasoline oxygenate additive, making California the largest ethanol fuel market in the United States.[citation needed] There are four ethanol production plants in central and southern California, but most of California’s ethanol supply is transported from other states or abroad.
Natural gas[edit]
California natural gas production typically is less than 2 percent of total annual U.S. production and satisfies less than one-sixth of state demand.[38][39] California receives most of its natural gas by pipeline from production regions in the Rocky Mountains, the Southwest, and western Canada.[39] Some of this is seasonally stored in the Aliso Canyon Oil Field, and its 2015 leak caused California to install grid batteries to compensate.[40]
Sustainable energy[edit]
California has led the United States from 2010 to 2013 with its sustainable energy plans (also known as "clean energy"), with Clean Edge's Clean Energy Index for 2013 rating it at 91.7, with the second ranked state being Massachusetts, at 77.8, and Mississippi the lowest at 4.2. California is the only state with extensive deployment of wind, solar, and geothermal energy. California's venture capital investments in sustainable energy are greater than the other 49 states combined, at $2.2 billion in 2012.[41]
See also[edit]
Solar power in California
Wind power in California
Offshore oil and gas in California
California oil and gas industry
California independent system operator
List of power stations in California
California Electricity Crisis
List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Martinez, Sierra (November 1, 2011). "California Is Making History by Eliminating Its Growth in Peak Demand". Natural Resources Defense Council.
Jump up ^ "California ISO Peak Load History" (PDF). Caiso.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "California ISO - Clean, green grid". Caiso.com.
Jump up ^ "California Renewables Portfolio Standard". California Public Utilities Commission.
Jump up ^ Fracassa, Dominic (May 18, 2017). "California grid sets record, with 67% of power from renewables". San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "AB 2514 - Energy Storage System Procurement Targets from Publicly Owned Utilities". California Public Utilities Commission.
Jump up ^ "California Energy Storage Showcase". California Public Utilities Commission.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Total Electricity System Power". California Energy Commission. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, February
^ Jump up to: a b "Current and Expected Energy From Coal for California" (PDF). California Energy Commission. November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ California OKs new transmission for renewables Reuters, December 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ SunLab (1998).Solar Trough Systems Retrieved December 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ Sacrificing the desert to save the Earth LA Times February 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "California Clean Energy Tour: Alta Wind Farm Powers Homes". California Energy Commission.
Jump up ^ SchdyInventTech (15 January 2013). "Vallecitos Boiling Water Reactor - 1958". YouTube.
Jump up ^ "NRC: Humboldt Bay". Nrc.gov. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "SCE Publishes 3,200 Pages of Documentation on Faulty SONGS Steam Generators - News - Nuclear Power News - Nuclear Street - Nuclear Power Plant News, Jobs, and Careers". Nuclearstreet.com.
Jump up ^ "Voters, in a First, Shut Down Nuclear Reactor". The New York Times. 8 June 1989.
Jump up ^ "PG&E To Close Diablo Canyon In 2025 - News - Nuclear Power News - Nuclear Street - Nuclear Power Plant News, Jobs, and Careers". Nuclearstreet.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Penn, Ivan; Menezes, Ryan (February 5, 2017). "A runaway energy industry is costing California billions". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ The Opportunity of Energy Group-Buying EnPowered, April 18, 2016,
Jump up ^ "California - State Energy Profile Overview - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". Tonto.eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Molly (February 26, 2013). "Los Angeles to end use of coal by 2025, says Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa". Southern California Public Radio.
Jump up ^ "New California Interconnection Ruling Increases Transparency and Limits Costs". Greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "How California Created a New System for Determining the Costs of Grid Connection". Greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "AB-2868 Energy storage. (2015-2016)". Leginfo.legislaturte.ca.gov. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ California Ramps Up Energy Storage Plans with Enactment of Four New Bills September 28, 2016
Jump up ^ "California, State Energy Profile". Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Net Taxable Gasoline Gallons" (PDF). California Board of Equalization. 2000–2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Net Taxable Gasoline Gallons" (PDF). California Board of Equalization. 2010–2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Oil and Gas in California: The Industry and Its Economic Contribution in 2012" (PDF). Western States Petroleum Association. Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation.
Jump up ^ "California Number and Capacity of Petroleum Refineries". U.S. Energy Information Administration. January 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "California's Oil Refineries". California Energy Commission.
Jump up ^ "Economic Perspective" (PDF). California Board of Equalization. February 2013.
Jump up ^ Kohlman, Matt (March 31, 2017). "Pickup vs. Prius: Texas passes California as gasoline consumption king". S&P Global Platts.
Jump up ^ Board, California Air Resources. "Cleaner-Burning Gasoline: An Update". Arb.ca.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Natural Gas Annual 2006" (PDF). US Department of Energy. October 2007. pp. 1, 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Overview of Natural Gas in California". Energy Almanac. California Energy Commission. Archived from the original on 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Tesla, Greensmith, AES Deploy Aliso Canyon Battery Storage in Record Time". GTM. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
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Row (database)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the context of a relational database, a row—also called a record or tuple—represents a single, implicitly structured data item in a table. In simple terms, a database table can be thought of as consisting of rows and columns or fields.[1] Each row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same structure.
For example, in a table that represents companies, each row would represent a single company. Columns might represent things like company name, company street address, whether the company is publicly held, its VAT number, etc.. In a table that represents the association of employees with departments, each row would associate one employee with one department.
In a less formal usage, e.g. for a database which is not formally relational, a record is equivalent to a row as described above, but is not usually referred to as a row.
The implicit structure of a row, and the meaning of the data values in a row, requires that the row be understood as providing a succession of data values, one in each column of the table. The row is then interpreted as a relvar composed of a set of tuples, with each tuple consisting of the two items: the name of the relevant column and the value this row provides for that column.
Each column expects a data value of a particular type. For example, one column might require a unique identifier, another might require text representing a person's name, another might require an integer representing hourly pay in cents.
Does not appear
Column 1
Column 2
Row (Record) 1
Row 1, Column (Field)1 Row 1, Column 2
Row 2
Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2
Row 3
Row 3, Column 1 Row 3, Column 2
See also[edit]
Column (database)
Field (computer science)
Record (computer science)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is a database row?" Cory Janssen, Techopedia, retrieved 27 June 2014
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GND: 4011133-7
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