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Liberal arts education
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"Liberal arts" redirects here. For the corporation, see Liberal Arts, Inc. For the 2012 film, see Liberal Arts (film).
Philosophia et septem artes liberales, The seven liberal arts – Picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg (12th century)
Liberal arts education (Latin: liberalis, free and ars, art or principled practice) can claim to be the oldest programme of higher education in Western history. It has its origin in the attempt to discover first principles – 'those universal principles which are the condition of the possibility of the existence of anything and everything'.[1] The liberal arts are those subjects or skills that in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free person (Latin: liberalis, "worthy of a free person")[2] to know in order to take an active part in civic life, something that (for Ancient Greece) included participating in public debate, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and most importantly, military service. Grammar, logic, and rhetoric were the core liberal arts (the Trivium), while arithmetic, geometry, the theory of music, and astronomy also played a (somewhat lesser) part in education (as the Quadrivium).[3]
Liberal arts education can refer to academic subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics, and social and physical sciences,[4] or it can also refer to overall studies in a liberal arts degree program. For both interpretations, the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional, vocational, or technical curriculum.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Modern usage
3 Secondary school
4 In the United States
5 In Europe
6 In Asia
7 In Australia
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
Page from Marriage of Mercury and Philology
Rooted in the basic curriculum – the enkuklios paideia or "education in a circle" – of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin liberalia studia) were already so called in formal education during the Roman Empire. The first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" (artes liberales) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero, but it is unclear if he created the term.[5][6] Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistle 88.[7] The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times,[8] and it was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century AD influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Marriage of Mercury and Philology,[9] that they took on canonical form.
The four 'scientific' artes – music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy (or astrology) – were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium. After the 9th century, the remaining three arts of the 'humanities' – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were classed as well, as the Trivium.[8] It was in that two-fold form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university.[10][11] During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the Trivium.[12]
In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, reversed that process.[13] Re-christening the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name: Studia humanitatis, and also increasing its scope, they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new emphasis on poetry as well.[14] The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.[15] The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted until the middle of the twentieth century.[16]
Modern usage[edit]
Some subsections of the liberal arts are in the trivium—the verbal arts: grammar, logic, and rhetoric; and in the quadrivium—the numerical arts: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. Analyzing and interpreting information is also included.
Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:
Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
Mathematics
Natural science (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth science)
Philosophy
Religious studies
Social science (anthropology, economics, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)
For example, the core courses for Georgetown University's Doctor of Liberal Studies program[17] cover philosophy, theology, history, art, literature, and the social sciences. Wesleyan University's Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program includes courses in visual arts, art history, creative and professional writing, literature, history, mathematics, film, government, education, biology, psychology, and astronomy.[18]
Secondary school[edit]
The liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university. They are thus meant for the more academically minded students. In addition to the usual curriculum, students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek.
Some liberal arts education provide general education, others have a specific focus. (This also differs from country to country.) The four traditional branches are:
humanities education (specializing in classical languages, such as Latin and Greek)
modern languages (students are required to study at least three languages)
mathematical-scientific education
economical and social-scientific education (students are required to study economics, world history, social studies and business informatics)
Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include language, mathematics, informatics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art (as well as crafts and design), music, history, philosophy, civics / citizenship,[19] social sciences, and several foreign languages.
Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. For example, the German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all.
Today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasiums specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, with the rights to continue education in a gymnasium. Here, the prefix "pro" is equivalent to "pre".
In the United States[edit]
Main article: Liberal arts college
Further information: Liberal arts colleges in the United States and Great books
In the United States, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts.[20] The teaching at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic, typically with small classes, and often has a lower student-to-teacher ratio than at large universities; professors teaching classes are often allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than primary research professors or graduate student teaching assistants in universities.[citation needed]
In addition, most four-year colleges that are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees also offer those degrees, and students not majoring in liberal arts take courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts.
Traditionally, a bachelor's degree either in liberal arts in general or in one particular area within liberal arts, with substantial study outside that main area, is earned over four years of full-time study. However, some universities such as Saint Leo University,[21] Pennsylvania State University,[22] Florida Institute of Technology[23] and New England College[24] have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts. Colleges like New Saint Andrews College in Moscow, Idaho, offer a unique program with only one degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, and colleges like the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies offers an online, part-time option for adult and nontraditional students.
Most students earn either a Bachelor of Arts degree or a Bachelor of Science[25] degree; on completing undergraduate study, students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional school (public administration, engineering, business, law, medicine, theology).
In Europe[edit]
In most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system, e.g. it is called "humanistische Bildung" (humanistic education). The term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a "Gymnasium" (high school, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education (Bildung) in order to form personality with regard to a pupil's own humanity as well as his/her innate intellectual skills.[citation needed] Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped by the theorists of enlightenment. In particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at grammar schools, very often, the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate education at universities is reduced compared to the US educational system.[citation needed] Students are expected to use their skills received at the grammar school in order to further develop their personality in their own responsibility, e.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs etc. Universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university's curriculum.[citation needed]
Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,[26] the term liberal arts college usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the United States.[citation needed] With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin University Switzerland (formerly known as Franklin College), established as a Europe-based, US-style liberal arts college in 1969,[27] only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts education to continental Europe, as with Leiden University College The Hague, University College Utrecht, University College Maastricht, Amsterdam University College, Roosevelt Academy (now University College Roosevelt), ATLAS University College, Erasmus University College, University College Groningen, Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts, and Bard College Berlin, formerly known as the European College of Liberal Arts. As well as the colleges listed above, some universities in the Netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Tilburg University). Liberal arts (as a degree program) is just beginning to establish itself in Europe. For example, University College Dublin offers the degree, as does St. Marys University College Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In the Netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology university college since the late 1990s. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.[28] The first Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011,[29] followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at Uppsala University's Campus Gotland in the autumn of 2013.[30] The first Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education (AGILE),[31] an NGO. In collaboration with AGILE, Ilia State University[32] became the first higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.[33]
In France, Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts Study Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a former Catholic seminary, is launching a two-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.[34] It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may become part of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (now Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin[35] and in 2009 it introduced a four-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English,[36] leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.
In England, the first institution[37] to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at undergraduate level was The University of Winchester with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010.[37] In 2012, University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.[38] King's College London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.[39] The New College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal education programme. The University of Nottingham has a Liberal Arts BA that provides an interdisciplinary approach, study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.[40] In 2016, the University of Warwick launched a three/four-year liberal arts BA degree, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and Problem-based learning techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary pathways.[41] And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.[42]
In Scotland, the four-year undergraduate Honours degree, specifically the Master of Arts, has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus. In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of different subjects before specialising in their Honours years (third and fourth year). The University of Dundee and the University of Glasgow (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' degree.
In Asia[edit]
The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all higher education institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ethics, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities have much more robust liberal arts core curricula; most notably, the Jesuit universities such as Ateneo de Manila University have a strong liberal arts core curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) is a liberal arts education institution in Lahore, Pakistan. It is one of the oldest institutions in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. It is a chartered university recognized by Higher Education Commission Pakistan. Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal core program which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students.[43][44] The Underwood International College of Yonsei University, Korea, has compulsory liberal arts course for all the student body. Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune, Ahmedabad University, Ashoka University, Lingnan University and University of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB) are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. International Christian University in Tokyo is the first and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan.
In Australia[edit]
Main article: Campion College
Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts college, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.
See also[edit]
Education portal
Artes Mechanicae – "The Mechanical Arts"
Bachelor of General Studies
Bachelor of Liberal Arts
Bachelor of Liberal Studies
College of Arts and Sciences
Doctor of Liberal Studies
Education reform § Reforms of classical education
Four Arts
Great books
Great Books programs in Canada
Humanitas
Liberal arts college
Liberal education
List of liberal arts colleges
Transcendentalism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nigel., Tubbs,. Philosophy and modern liberal arts education : freedom is to learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. ISBN 9781137358912. OCLC 882530818.
Jump up ^ Ernst Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages [1948], trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), p. 37. The classical sources include Cicero, De Oratore, I.72–73, III.127, and De re publica, I.30.
Jump up ^ E. B. Castle, Ancient Education and Today (1969) p. 59
Jump up ^ "Oxford Dictionary". The Oxford Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Kimball, Bruce. Orators and Philosophers. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1995. p. 13
Jump up ^ Cicero. De Inventione. Book 1, Section 35
Jump up ^ Ben Schneider. "Seneca Epistle 88". Stoics.com. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b H. Lausberg, Handbook of Literary Rhetoric (1998) p. 10
Jump up ^ Helen Waddell, The Wandering Scholars (1968) p. 25
Jump up ^ "James Burke: The Day the Universe Changed In the Light Of the Above".
Jump up ^ Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253351852. Retrieved 5 January 2013. at Questia [1]
Jump up ^ Helen Waddell, The Wandering Scholars (1968) pp. 141–3
Jump up ^ G. Norton ed., The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol 3 (1999)p. 46 and pp. 601–4
Jump up ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178.
Jump up ^ Charles G. Nauert, Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History) (Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 172–173.
Jump up ^ Bod, Rens; A New History of the Humanities, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
Jump up ^ Georgetown University Doctor of Liberal Studies curriculum http://scs.georgetown.edu/departments/6/doctor-of-liberal-studies/about-the-program/curriculum#curriculum
Jump up ^ http://www.wesleyan.edu/masters/index.html
Jump up ^ this subject has different names in the different states of Germany. See de:Gemeinschaftskunde
Jump up ^ "Defining Liberal Arts Education" (PDF). Wabash College. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Online Liberal Arts Associate Degree". Saint Leo University. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Online Associate in Arts in Letters, Arts, and Sciences | Overview". Penn State University. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Associate's Degree in Liberal Arts – Liberal Arts Degree Online". Florida Institute of Technology. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Associates in Liberal Studies". New England College.
Jump up ^ For example, Georgia Institute of Technology's bachelor of science degree in Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies http://www.modlangs.gatech.edu
Jump up ^ Harriman, Philip L. (1935). "Antecedents of the Liberal-Arts College". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Press. 6 (2): 63–71. doi:10.2307/1975506. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1975506 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ "About Franklin". Franklin University Switzerland Official Web Site. Franklin University Switzerland. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Liberal Arts and Sciences Program (LAS)". University College Freiburg. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Liberal Arts, Gothenburg University". Flov.gu.se. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Liberal Arts Programme at Uppsala University"
Jump up ^ "Agile". Agile.ge. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "ილიაუნი -მთავარი". Iliauni.edu.ge. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bachelor Degree". Iliauni. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.chavagnes.org/studium
Jump up ^ "Berlin's sturdiest ivory tower". Expatica.com. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "GERMANY: New approach to liberal studies". Universityworldnews.com. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "It's the breadth that matters". 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
Jump up ^ "Arts and Sciences (BASc) programmes". University College London. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "KCL – About Liberal Arts". Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Liberal Arts programme – BA Hons Y002 – The University of Nottingham". www.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
Jump up ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/la99/
Jump up ^ "UCAS Search tool – Venue Results". search.ucas.com. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
Jump up ^ http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2014/12/liberal-classes/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Further reading[edit]
Barzun, Jacques. The House of Intellect, Reprint Harper Perennial, 2002.
Blaich, Charles, Anne Bost, Ed Chan, and Richard Lynch. "Defining Liberal Arts Education." Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, 2004.
Blanshard, Brand. The Uses of a Liberal Education: And Other Talks to Students. (Open Court, 1973. ISBN 0-8126-9429-5)
Friedlander, Jack. Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Education in Washington's Community Colleges. Los Angeles: Center for the Study of Community Colleges, 1982a. (ED 217 918)
Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine. From Humanism to the Humanities: The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century Europe, Harvard University Press, 1987.
Guitton, Jean. A Student's Guide to Intellectual Work, The University of Notre Dame Press, 1964.
Highet, Gilbert. The Art of Teaching, Vintage Books, 1950.
Joseph, Sister Miriam. The Trivium: The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar, and Rhetoric. Paul Dry Books Inc, 2002.
Kimball, Bruce A. The Liberal Arts Tradition: A Documentary History. University Press Of America, 2010.
Kimball, Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Education. College Board, 1995.
T. Kaori Kitao; William R. Kenan, Jr. (27 March 1999). The Usefulness Of Uselessness (PDF). Keynote Address, The 1999 Institute for the Academic Advancement of Youth's Odyssey at Swarthmore College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2008.
McGrath, Charles. "What Every Student Should Know", New York Times, 8 January 2006.
Parker, H. "The Seven Liberal Arts," The English Historical Review, Vol. V, 1890.
Pfnister, Allan O. (1984). "The Role of the Liberal Arts College: A Historical Overview of the Debates". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Press. 55 (2): 145–70. doi:10.2307/1981183. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1981183 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Reeves, Floyd W. (1930). "The Liberal-Arts College". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Press. 1 (7): 373–80. doi:10.2307/1974170. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1974170 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Saint-Victor, Hugh of. The Didascalicon, Columbia University Press, 1961.
Schall, James V. Another Sort of Learning, Ignatius Press, 1988.
Seidel, George J. (1968). "Saving the Small College". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Press. 39 (6): 339–42. doi:10.2307/1979916. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1979916 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Sertillanges, A. G. The Intellectual Life, The Catholic University of America Press, 1998.
Tubbs, N. (2011) "Know Thyself: Macrocosm and Microcosm" in Studies in Philosophy and Education Volume 30 no.1
David L. Wagner, The Seven Liberal Arts in Middle Ages, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.
Winterer, Caroline. The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
Wriston, Henry M. The Nature of a Liberal College. Lawrence University Press, 1937.
Zakaria, Fareed. In Defense of a Liberal Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Liberal education
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberal arts.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven liberal arts.
"Arts, Liberal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Definition and short history of the Seven Liberal Arts from 1905.
Fr. Herve de la Tour, "The Seven Liberal Arts", Edocere, a Resource for Catholic Education, February 2002. Thomas Aquinas's definition of and justification for a liberal arts education.
Otto Willmann. "The Seven Liberal Arts". In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Retrieved 13 August 2012. "[Renaissance] Humanists, over-fond of change, unjustly condemned the system of the seven liberal arts as barbarous. It is no more barbarous than the Gothic style, a name intended to be a reproach. The Gothic, built up on the conception of the old basilica, ancient in origin, yet Christian in character, was misjudged by the Renaissance on account of some excrescences, and obscured by the additions engrafted upon it by modern lack of taste . . . . That the achievements of our forefathers should be understood, recognized, and adapted to our own needs, is surely to be desired."
"The Aim of Liberal Education", Andrew Chrucky, 1 September 2003. "The content of a liberal education should be moral problems as provided by history, anthropology, sociology, economics, and politics. And these should be discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions, i.e., through a study of rhetoric and logic. Since discussion takes place in language, an effort should be made to develop a facility with language."
Philosophy of Liberal Education A bibliography, compiled by Andrew Chrucky, with links to essays offering different points of view on the meaning of a liberal education.
Mark Peltz, "The Liberal Arts and Leadership", College News (The Annapolis Group), 14 May 2012. A defense of liberal education by the Associate Dean of Grinnell College (first appeared in Inside Higher Ed).
"Liberal Arts at the Community College", an ERIC Fact Sheet. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles CA.
"A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum". ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles CA
The Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts. Website about The Wabash Study (for improving liberal education). Sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College (Indiana), the Wabash Study began in the fall of 2010 – scheduled to end in 2013. Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities.
Academic Commons. An online platform in support of the liberal education community. It is a forum for sharing practices, outcomes, and lessons learned of online learning. Formerly sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, The Academic Commons is hosted by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education ("NITLE".).
The Liberal Arts Advantage – for Business. Website dedicated to "Bridging the gap between business and the liberal arts". "A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the ability to think, reason, analyze, decide, discern, and evaluate. That's in contrast to a professional or technical education (business, engineering, computer science, etc.) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations."
Video explanation by Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester University, UK.. "Liberal arts education (Latin: liberalis, free, and ars, art or principled practice) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject boundaries in the humanities, the social and natural sciences, and fine arts. The degree combines compulsory modules covering art, religion, literature, science and the history of ideas with a wide range of optional modules. This enables students to have flexibility and control over their programme of study and the content of their assessments."
Trivium Education. A website featuring online lectures in the liberal arts.
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Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
Show Poster
Genre
Drama
Romance
Created by
Shashi Sumeet Productions
Written by
Shashi Sumeet Mittal
Vaishali Nageen
Mayur Puri
Sanjay Chhel
Directed by
Jaladh Sharma
Creative director(s)
Indrajeet Mukherjee
Ambica Sharma
Starring
Ashi Singh
Randeep Rai
Voices of
Kumar Sanu
Sadhana Sargam[1]
Theme music composer
Anu Malik
Nishant-Raja
Sanjay Chhel Lyrics
Opening theme
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
168 (as of April 26, 2018)
Production
Producer(s)
Shashi Sumeet Mittal
Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal
Location(s)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Editor(s)
Dharmesh Patel
Priya Suhas
Production company(s)
Shashi Sumeet Productions
Distributor
Sony Pictures Network
Release
Original network
SET
Original release
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05) – Present
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai (English: It’s About Those Days) is a Hindi drama series on SET and produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions, which started airing from 5 September 2017 replacing the serial Pehredaar Piya Ki from the same production house.It is based on real life love story of Sumeet Mittal and his wife Shashi Mittal who are producers of the show.[2][3]Newbie Ashi Singh and TV actor Randeep Rai play the lead roles of Naina and Sameer respectively.[4] The show is based on the youngsters' love story and is set in the 1990s.[5][6]
The show has been critically acclaimed for its performances and script.[7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot synopsis
2 Theme song
3 Cast
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot synopsis[edit]
Yeh Un Dino Ki Baat Hai chronicles a 1990’s love story between Naina and Sameer. The show explores the magic of ‘first love’. Naina, a quintessential good girl, meets flamboyant Sameer in her school in Ahmedabad. She starts liking him the moment she meets him. But, when she watches Sameer hit another boy she has to tell the truth to the principal of the school. This results in Sameer’s suspension and his dislike towards Naina. The same is followed by a series of misunderstandings between Sameer and Naina. In order to avenge his insults Sameer takes a bet with his friends that he will make Naina fall in love with him. What starts as a bet ends up in true love for Sameer as Naina cares for him like no one has ever done. Unfortunately, Naina comes to know of the bet and is heartbroken. As Sameer realizes his true love for Naina, he decides to win her back. But when Sameer tries to apologize to her, Naina refuses to even talk to him, let alone forgiving him. Through a chain of events, he ends up staying at Naina’s house for her sister Pooja’s wedding. Meanwhile, Naina’s sister Pooja gets a proposal for marriage and her marriage is fixed. Sameer now has Preeti and Shefali on his side too who help him along with Munna and Pandit in asking Naina to forgive him. Ironically, Arjun, Naina’s brother and Shefali also start likening each other during this time. In Pooja's marriage, Naina and Sameer unite as Naina realizes that now Sameer truly loves her. At this time the school organises a farewell party for the seniors. For the farewell party, Sameer gifts his maternal grandmother’s sari to Naina on his Grandfather’s behalf said. At the farewell party, Naina wears the sari. While on his way to the farewell party Sameer remembers that he has forgotten his camera. So he returns home. Shockingly, he sees Nanaji lying on the ground motionless. He is stunned and he takes him to the hospital. Back at the farewell, Naina gets worried about Sameer and as her family planned to got to their village for 2 days, she was leaving. Coincidences occur and they end up without seeing each other. As Sameer admits his Nanaji in the hospital he comes to know that he was suffering from severe heart attack. His friends and his family come to the hospital. Nanaji gives some huge responsibilities to Sameer's mom which he carried out for these many years. And Nanaji whispers his last words to Sameer about Naina and Sameer together. He passes away.All are shocked and the last rites are done for Nanaji. After Nanaji's death Mr.and Mrs.Somani decided that they will take Sameer to Delhi with them . Meanwhile, while in their village, Village Sarpanch's Wife proposes Marriage between Preeti and her son called as Kachru, who has fallen in love in Preeti. Since Preeti is intent on not wanting to get married to Kachru, Bela politely avoids agreeing, on the excuse that Preeti’s father was not there. Meanwhile on Delhi, Sameer is lonely without his Nanaji, Naina, and best friends Munna and Pandit. His paternal grandmother keeps taunting him because he is her “step-grandson”. She also puts a lock on the phone when she hears Sameer talking to his friends, feeds him leftover food, gives his pizza to the dog and gets the servant Keshav to mop the floor with the Sameer’s sweater that Naina had made for him. Vishakha tries to protest but is silenced by her. But Sameer gets back at her by exposing that she wears a wig because she is a little bald. But all this while, Sameer builds a bond with his little sister Deepika and makes friends with his next door neighbor Amrita who lends him her phone so that he can talk to Naina. Sameer also writes a letter to Naina. In the letter Sameer says that he is coming to meet Naina in Ahmedabad. Naina decides to give Sameer her picture as a gift and Sameer decides to give Naina imported chocolates. Amrita also gives Sameer a pair of earnings for Naina. Meanwhile, Taiji suspects that Naina has an affair with Munna or Pandit and repeatedly taunts her. Naina also comes to know that she has failed in her exams. Sameer also sneaks from his house in Delhi and goes to Ahmadabad.Their meeting takes an unexpected turn with Sameer leaving Naina heartbroken because she gave him her picture as their anniversary gift. This causes him to reminisce the past and he leaves Ahmedabad in anger to return back to Delhi. Later, he learns that he had made a mistake and apologizes to naina through an STD. He promises Naina that he will love his family and be good to them whereas Naina promises that she will excel in her studies. They promise to make their love their "strength".Through a chain of events,Sameer reaches his home with his newfound friends on the way.At school,Naina asks Munna to post her love letter to Sameer as Shanti teacher wanted to check all the girls' bag. But Munna leaves the letter in class resulting in Shanti teacher finding the letter. Shanti teacher confronts Naina about the letter and tells her to do what she thinks is right. Back in Delhi, Sameer tries to keep up with the promise he made to Naina. Meanwhile there is a fight between Munna and Pandit. Naina,who failed in the first unit test, tops the class with 93% in the second unit test. Naina tries to get Munna and Pandit together again by telling them that Sameer is ill and they should go to Delhi to see him. Meanwhile, Sameer resorts to vices like drinking and smoking, and falls into bad company.
Theme song[edit]
The opening theme of the show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is composed by Anu Malik. The lyrics are written by Sanjay Chhel and it comprises the voices of legendary singers Kumar Sanu and Sadhana Sargam.[9][10]
Cast[edit]
Ashi Singh as Naina Agarwal
Randeep Rai as Sameer Maheshwari
Sadiya Siddiqui[11] as Naina's Voiceover
Jiten Lalwani[12] as Sameer's Voiceover
Hema Sood as Shefali
Somendra Solanki as Arjun Agarwal
Ayesha Kaduskar as Preeti Agarwal
Sanjay Choudhary as Manoj aka Munna
Kristina Patel as Swati
Raghav Dhir as Pandit
Abha Parmar as Beena Agarwal (Taiji)
Sanjay Batra as Tauji
Sachin Khurana as Anand Agarwal (Chachaji)
Madhusree Sharma as Bela Agarwal (Chachiji)
Chandresh Singh as Rakesh Agarwal (Naina's father)
Ahsaan Qureshi as Principal Pandey
Kiran Kumar as Jai Prakash Maheshwari (Sameer's maternal grandfather/Deceased)
Shweta Rajput as Pooja Aggarwal
Love Joshi as Varun (Pooja's husband)
Vaishnavi Mahant[13] as Vishakha Somani (Sameer's Mom)
Sandeep Rajora as Vivek Somani (Sameer's step-father)
Kitu Gidwani as Vivek's mother
Rohit Chandel as Rohan Somani
Rishina Kandhari as Shanti Madam (Maths Teacher)
Rushad Rana as Lochan Sir (English Teacher)
Jayshree T. as Fulla bua
Reception[edit]
The show has received mostly positive reviews and is considered to be doing well. It was particularly hailed for a fresh outlook and for bringing out the nostalgia and the flavours of the 90s well.[14] The show topped the Sony TV shows by gaining a TRP of 1.1 its first week.[7][15]
Bollywood Life hailed it as one of the best TV shows launched in 2017 and praised the performances of newcomers Ashi Singh and Randeep Rai.[8]
UK's weekly Asian newspaper Eastern Eye praised the creative team of the show for leaving no stone unturned to recreate the city of Ahmedabad from an earlier era and called it a tribute to the city.[16]
This show has also earned compliments from various television as well as film actors.[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai",a show revisiting 90s era, airs on Sony from today". uniindia.com. 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sony TV confirms launch date of 'Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai'". bizasialive.com. 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pehredaar Piya Ki Makers' Next Move After Show Was Taken Off Air". NDTV. 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pehredaar Piya Ki makers 'heartbroken' after show was axed; next project Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai". Firstpost. 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why Sony's new show Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai is giving us all the good vibes about the 90s". inuth.com. 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gear up to go into flashbacks with Sony TV's new show 'Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai'". Bollywoodmdb.com. 1 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai will take you down the memory lane". indiatoday.in. 8 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kundali Bhagya, Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai – a look at the best shows launched in 2017!". BollywoodLife.com. 28 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bollywood songs are losing poetic value: Kumar Sanu". radioandmusic.com. 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kumar Sanu: Singers who sang the original track must also sing the rehashed version". Hindustan Times. 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sumeet Mittal to act in 'Yeh Un Dinon...'". Business Standard. 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jiten Lalwani's 'strange love' for dubbing". Times of India. 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vaishnavi Mahant on her new show 'Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai', the possibility of 'Shaktimaan 2' and much more!". bollywoodmdb.com. 12 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ye Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai: A few shows down & the story keeps you hooked!". bollywoodmdb.com. 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Promo: Randeep Rai And Ashi Singh's New Show Will Make You Feel Nostalgic". Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SHASHI MITTAL'S TRIBUTE TO AHMEDABAD IN YEH UN DINON KI BAAT HAI!". Eastern Eye. 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Veteran actress Supriya Pilgaonkar compliments makers of 'Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai' - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
External links[edit]
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on IMDb
Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai on Sony LIV
Official website on SET India
[show]
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Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai
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TV, Biwi aur Main
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text:
Government of West Virginia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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West Virginia Capitol Building.
The Government of West Virginia is modeled after the Government of the United States, with three branches: the executive, consisting of the Governor of West Virginia and the other elected constitutional officers; the legislative, consisting of the West Virginia Legislature which includes the Senate and the House of Delegates; and the judicial, consisting of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals and lower courts.
The capital and seat of government in West Virginia is the city of Charleston, located in the southwest area of the state.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legislative branch
2 Executive branch
3 Judicial branch
4 Political history
5 Local government
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7 External links
Legislative branch[edit]
Like all states except Nebraska, West Virginia has a bicameral state legislature, the West Virginia Legislature. The lower house is the West Virginia House of Delegates and the upper house is the Senate. The West Virginia Legislature is a citizen's legislature or part-time legislature.
The West Virginia Constitution imposes a limit of 60 calendar days the length of the regular session. Regular sessions of the Legislature commence on the second Wednesday of January of each year; following the election of a new governor, the session starts in January with the governor's address but then adjourns until February. The session may be extended by concurrent resolution adopted by a two-thirds vote of each house. The governor may also call legislators to convene in special sessions whenever the governor deems one or more issues of state government in need of timely action by the Legislature. The final day of the regular session usually includes last-minute legislation in order to meet a constitutionally-imposed deadline of midnight. Legislators usually do not make it a full-time occupation, but frequently hold a full-time job in their community of residence. This differs from neighboring states such as Pennsylvania and Ohio, who have professional full-time legislatures.
The House of Delegates has 100 members. All delegates are elected to two-year terms and are up for election in even-numbered years, elected from 67 districts that elect a varying number of members.
Executive branch[edit]
The chief executive of West Virginia is the governor of West Virginia, who is elected to a four-year term at the same time as presidential elections. The governor is sworn in the January following the November election. A governor may only serve two consecutive terms. A governor may run for a third term, but an interceding election must occur. Democrat Jim Justice was elected governor in 2016, defeating Bill Cole in the general election.
In addition to the governor, there are five other directly elected executive offices:
Secretary of State of West Virginia (currently Republican Mac Warner)
West Virginia Attorney General (currently Republican Patrick Morrisey)
West Virginia Commissioner of Agriculture (currently Republican Kent Leonhardt)
Auditor (currently Republican John McCuskey)
Treasurer (currently Democrat John Perdue)
Regular elections are held concurrently with the election for governor every four years, but unlike the governor these offices have no term limits.
See also: List of West Virginia state agencies
Judicial branch[edit]
The state trial courts of general jurisdiction are the West Virginia Circuit Courts, There are 31 judicial circuits, each made up of one or more counties, with a total of 70 Circuit Judges. Domestic cases are handled by Family Courts. There are 27 Family Court Circuits with a total of 45 judges. Local judges are elected in partisan elections to serve eight-year terms on a partisan basis. Small claims and misdemeanor case are heard by magistrates elected for four years, with between two and ten in each county, based on population. Magistrates are not lawyers.
The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals is the state supreme court. It purports itself to be the busiest appellate court of its type in the United States, in part because West Virginia is one of only 11 states to not have an intermediate appellate court. (The West Virginia Constitution allows for the creation of an intermediate court of appeals, but the Legislature has never done so.) The Supreme Court of Appeals has five justices. Justices must have practiced law for at least ten years. The five justices are elected in partisan elections to 12-year terms. The current justices are Justice Brent Benjamin, Justice Robin Davis, Justice Margaret Workman, Justice Allen Loughry, and Justice Menis Ketchum. By tradition, the position of "Chief Justice" rotates yearly. It primarily brings extra administrative duties.
Political history[edit]
Main article: Politics of West Virginia
From the 1930s through the 1990s, West Virginia's politics were largely dominated by the Democratic Party, and Democrats still dominate most local and state offices. West Virginia also has a very strong tradition of trade union membership.
In presidential elections, the state's electoral votes went to Democratic tradition by supporting Democrat Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996, who won the state by large margins, but the state's five electoral votes went to George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 (when Bush won by 13 percentage points) and to John McCain in 2008.
The most consistent support for Democrats is found in the coal fields of southern West Virginia (especially McDowell, Mingo, Logan, Wyoming, and Boone counties), while Republicans find greatest success to the east of the Allegheny Mountains, especially in the state's Eastern Panhandle, and in the suburbs near Charleston and Huntington.
Local government[edit]
As in Virginia, the county is the unit of government, although an unsuccessful attempt to introduce the township system was made in West Virginia's first constitution.
Each of the state's 55 counties have a county commission, consisting of three commissioners elected for six years but with terms so arranged that one retires every two years, which is the legislative and fiscal authority. The county commissions were originally called county courts before legal reform stripped the commissions of their judicial powers in 1976. The county commission still retains the judicial function as the probate court, however.
Other officers are the County Clerk, whose primary duties are as recorder of deeds and voter's registrar; and a Circuit Clerk, who records acts of the Family and Circuit courts, both elected for six year terms on a partisan basis; the sheriff, who has law enforcement and tax collection authority; the Prosecuting Attorney, who must be a lawyer and who not only handles criminal cases buy also does the civil litigation for the county; an Assessor (the Constitution provides for a possibility of two, but no county has ever adopted that system), who determines the value of land for tax purposes and a surveyor of lands. All of the non-clerk jobs are elected on a partisan basis for four year terms. The sheriff is term limited to two consecutive terms. In addition, there are boards appointed or elected by various authorities and charged with specific duties. They include the local board of health and the board of jury commissioners.
There is also a Board of Education, which is elected on a non-partisan basis, consisting of five members elected with overlapping terms similar to the county commission.
See also[edit]
Mountain Party
List of Governors of West Virginia
U.S. Congressional Delegations from West Virginia
Elections in West Virginia
External links[edit]
State of West Virginia Government
West Virginia Legislature Homepage
Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia Homepage
Constitution of West Virginia
West Virginia Code
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