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Giants–Jets rivalry
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New York Giants–New York Jets
New York Giants
New York Jets
First meeting
November 1, 1970
NYG 22, NYJ 10
Latest meeting
August 26, 2017
NYJ 31, NYG 32
Next meeting
TBA
Statistics
Meetings total
13 meetings[1]
All-time series
Giants lead 8-5-0
Largest victory
NYJ 26, NYG 7 (1981)
Current win streak
Giants 2
(2016-present)
The Giants–Jets rivalry is an American football rivalry in the National Football League (NFL) between the New York Giants and New York Jets. It is an intra-city, interconference matchup between the two NFL teams based in the New York metropolitan area. Since 1984, both clubs have been the only teams in the league to share a stadium at the same time.1 Thus, a Giants–Jets game can be referred to as "the shortest road trip in the league".[2]
As the teams play in different conferences, the two teams only meet during the regular season once every four years when all four AFC East clubs play all four NFC East clubs. In addition to annual preseason matchups, the only other way the two teams would meet would be in the Super Bowl.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First preseason games
1.2 The Jets join the Giants in the same stadium
1.3 Critical games
1.4 Super Bowl wins by the Giants in 2008 and 2012
2 Full list of results
3 Footnotes
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
The New York Jets previously maintained a very tense rivalry with their in-town counterparts, the New York Giants, a rivalry that has since diminished due to the infrequency with which the teams meet in the regular season.[3] Its origins can be traced back to the formation of the American Football League in 1960, as a rival to the more established NFL. The upstart league decided to directly compete with the NFL's Giants, and granted a charter franchise to Harry Wismer, who proclaimed that New York was ready for another professional football team.[4] Like the AFL and the NFL, their respective teams in New York fought for publicity, attention and fans. Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season, some, including players on both teams, have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry.[5][6][7][8]
First preseason games[edit]
However, the Jets and Giants did not actually play each other until a preseason game at the Yale Bowl in New Haven, Connecticut, on August 17, 1969, in the lead up to the AFL–NFL merger. The game was viewed as a "turf war" by both opponents.[3] The Giants, considered a mediocre team at the time, were regarded as underdogs and were under much scrutiny by the media and their fans. The Jets on the other hand were coming off a win in Super Bowl III as the first AFL team to win an AFL-NFL Championship Game.[3] Ultimately, the Jets won 37–14,[9] resulting in the firing of Giants coach Allie Sherman.[3] The teams have played in the preseason annually since.[10][11]
Though the annual preseason game still served as a mild opportunity for bragging rights, the fervor of the rivalry had begun to fade by 1979.[12] It weakened even further in 1990, when the Jets fired Joe Walton, a former player and coach for the Giants who had other former Giants on his staff.[11] Another reason is that because the Jets and the Giants are in different conferences, they have only met in the regular season 11 times since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger.[1] Under the league's current scheduling formula, in use since 2002, the two New York teams only met every four years, and can only meet in the postseason if they both advance to the Super Bowl.
The Jets join the Giants in the same stadium[edit]
When the Jets left Shea Stadium and moved to Giants Stadium for the 1984 NFL season, many Jets fans hoped the name would be changed, however the Giants, who had the authority to approve the change, refused.[13] Many Jets refused to refer to the stadium by its official name, instead calling it "The Meadowlands".[14] The naming of the stadium has played a role in the rivalry, as the Giants overshadowed the Jets.[15]
Critical games[edit]
The Jets met the Giants in 1988 during the final game of the regular season.[16] The Jets, with a 7–7–1 record, had little to lose as their hopes for playoff contention had vanished.[16] The Giants, however, were contending for a playoff spot and a victory would have secured their spot and their division title.[16] Although the six point favorites,[16] the Giants were unable to overcome the Jets defense which saw the Jets sack quarterback Phil Simms eight times.[17] With the Jets' victory and victories by the Rams and Eagles, the Giants were eliminated from playoff contention and the Jets gained what many considered respect.[17][18]
Over the twenty six years since the Jets were accepted into their NFC counterpart's homefield; Giants Stadium; the unexpected and time-tested partnership of both teams have only gotten stronger in spite of the big sibling rivalry,[19] resulting in both teams now sharing MetLife Stadium, a joint-venture in which the two franchises own a fifty percent share.[3][20] As part of the naming rights agreement, the preseason matchup between the Giants and Jets has been renamed the "MetLife Bowl/Snoopy Bowl".[21][22]
On December 6, 2015, Jets and Giants played in MetLife Stadium with Giants as the official home team. Jets entered 6-5 and desperately chasing an AFC wildcard spot while the Giants entered 5-6 and were fighting for the top seed in the NFC East. Giants had won the last five meetings between the clubs, and the last two were critical for the Giants' championship runs. After each teams started with one failed possession the Jets led a 78-yard drive with several strong runs by Chris Ivory and finished with a field goal. A couple of possessions later in the second quarter as both teams were stagnant on offense Dwayne Harris returned a Jets punt for an 80-yard touchdown. Jets next possession Chris Ivory fumbled the ball in the Jets red zone but Giants failed to capitalize and only got a field goal out of the opportunity. Jets had another strong drive that ended with a 25-yard pass touchdown pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick to Bilal Powell. Giants star wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. caught an 72-yard touchdown pass on the next Giants drive to take a 17-10 lead. Giants got another field goal before the end of the half and entered the locker room up by 10. Giants led an 11-minute drive in the 3rd-4th quarter. On fourth down 2 on the Jets' 4 yard line the Giants controversially attempted to go for the touchdown rather than take a short field goal and threw an interception. Jets marched down to the Giants' redzone but settled for a field goal. Jets got the ball back again with two minutes and all of their timeouts remaining, and marched efficiently down the field until Fitzpatrick threw a TD to Brandon Marshall to tie the game. The teams squared off in overtime for the first time in their history against each other. The Jets got the ball first and continued their stellar offensive play from the fourth quarter and scored a short field goal. Giants got within field goal range to the Jets 30 yard line on their drive,and Josh Brown missed the 48 yarder, his first missed field goal of the year. Jets beat the Giants for the first time since 1993.
Super Bowl wins by the Giants in 2008 and 2012[edit]
During the victory parade for the Giants, celebrating their win in Super Bowl XLII over the Jets division rivals, the New England Patriots, New Jersey government officials took jabs. State Senate President Richard J. Codey took a jab at the Patriots when he referred to their videotaping scandal at Giants Stadium against the Jets in September. "If the Patriots were here today, they could film all they want", Codey said.[23]
Jets coach Rex Ryan made an effort to fuel the flames of the rivalry. The 2011 season matchup, which both teams needed to win to keep their respective playoff hopes alive, was hyped up by trash talking from both teams including comments by Ryan.[24][25] Just before their December 24, 2011 meeting, the "host" Jets covered up the "visiting" Giants' Super Bowl logos in front of their locker room, angering Giants players.[26] After the Giants defeated the Jets 29–14, Giants running back Brandon Jacobs taunted Ryan, saying, "Time to shut up, fat boy!"[27] The two reportedly came close to blows in a tense post game meeting.[28] The Giants win over the Jets eliminated the Jets from the playoffs and helped the Giants secure the NFC East title and a spot in the playoffs, where they would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI, once again by defeating the New England Patriots.[29] Giants kicker Lawrence Tynes called the win over the Jets the turning point of the season that spurred them onto their Super Bowl run.[30] Despite a Super Bowl that was described as a "lose-lose situation" for the Jets as their cross-town rivals played against their division rivals, Jets owner Woody Johnson congratulated both the Giants and Patriots in a post-game statement.[31]
Full list of results[edit]
Date
Score
Winner
Competition
Venue
November 1, 1970 22–10 Giants Regular season Shea Stadium
November 10, 1974 26–20 Jets Regular season Yale Bowl
November 1, 1981 26–7 Jets Regular season Giants Stadium
December 2, 1984 20–10 Giants Regular season The Meadowlands
December 27, 1987 20–7 Giants Regular season Giants Stadium
December 18, 1988 27–21 Jets Regular season The Meadowlands
October 31, 1993 10–6 Jets Regular season Giants Stadium
September 22, 1996 13–6 Giants Regular season The Meadowlands
December 5, 1999 41–28 Giants Regular season Giants Stadium
November 2, 2003 31–28 (OT) Giants Regular season The Meadowlands
October 7, 2007 35–24 Giants Regular season Giants Stadium
December 24, 2011 29–14 Giants Regular season MetLife Stadium
December 6, 2015 23–20 (OT) Jets Regular season MetLife Stadium
From 1984 to 2010 the Jets were tenants at Giants Stadium but referred to it as "The Meadowlands"
Footnotes[edit]
^ Although the San Francisco 49ers and Oakland Raiders share the San Francisco Bay Area media market and the Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers share the Los Angeles metropolitan area media market, both have different home stadiums in different cities. And although the Rams and Los Angeles Raiders played at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, they never played there at the same time. The Rams and Chargers will both play at Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park beginning in the 2020 NFL season.
See also[edit]
Knicks–Nets rivalry – A basketball rivalry between New York City-based National Basketball Association clubs Knicks and Nets
Islanders–Rangers rivalry A hockey rivalry between New York City-based National Hockey League clubs Islanders and Rangers
Mets–Yankees rivalry – A baseball rivalry between New York City-based Major League Baseball clubs Mets and Yankees.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "New York Jets vs. New York Giants Results". The Football Database. August 18, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ King, Peter (November 3, 2003). "Par for the course". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Branch, John (October 7, 2007), "A Rivalry That Everyone Has Forgotten to Remember", The New York Times, archived from the original on January 17, 2011, retrieved July 25, 2010
Jump up ^ "Minutes of the First Organizational Meeting of the American Football League" (PDF). Pro Football Hall of Fame. August 14, 1959. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Sphigel, Ben. "The Jets' Players Are Asking Themselves: Is This a Rivalry Game?". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Samuel, Ebenezer. "Giants' Weatherford: Beating Jets is 'sweet'". New York Daily News. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
Jump up ^ B, John. "Jets vs. Giants: How Big of a Rivalry Is It?". SB Nation. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
Jump up ^ DelVecchio, Steve. "Bart Scott: Jets-Giants Not a Rivalry Because You Don't Have to Fight Over Strippers in New York". Larry Brown Sports. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Wallace, William M. (August 18, 1969). "Jets Beat Giants, 37–14; Namath Completes 14 of 16 Passes, 3 for Scores; BATTLE RETURNS PUNT FOR 86 YARDS 70,874 Fans See Jet Rookie Score in Yale Bowl – Mathis Tallies Two Touchdowns". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Associated Press: Jets, Giants prepare for annual preseason tilt". Google.com. 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Harvin, Al (August 25, 1990). "FOOTBALL; Jets-Giants Rivalry a Subject for the Scrapbooks". The New York Times. p. A9. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Giants-Jets preseason rivalry has faded over the years". Observer-Reporter. Washington, Pennsylvania. August 25, 1979. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Jump up ^ Chastain, Bill (2010). 100 Things Jets Fans Should Know & Do Before They Die. Chicago: Triumph Books. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-1-60078-522-1.
Jump up ^ Cimini, Rich (August 25, 2011). "New York Jets – Game against New York Giants is for bragging rights". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Jump up ^ Youngmisuk, Ohm (January 2, 2010). "Tuck: It's "Giants Stadium"". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Litsky, Frank (December 18, 1988), "Pro Football; Giants Go for the Title", The New York Times Company, archived from the original on March 21, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Eskenazi, Gerald (December 19, 1988), "Jets stagger Giants and Rams knock them out; Lyons helps Jet defense win Respect", The New York Times, archived from the original on March 21, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2011
Jump up ^ Litsky, Frank (December 19, 1988), "Jets stagger Giants and Rams knock them out; Errors crucial in 27–21 Defeat", The New York Times, archived from the original on March 21, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2011
Jump up ^ Rhoden, William C. (August 15, 2010), "It's a Battle for the Soul of New ... Stadium", The New York Times, archived from the original on March 21, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2011
Jump up ^ Bagli, Charles V. (September 29, 2005), "Jets and Giants Agree to Share New Stadium", The New York Times, archived from the original on March 21, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2011
Jump up ^ LeRay, Andrew (August 26, 2011). "Stakes Raised: Jets, Giants Vie for MetLife Bowl". New York Jets. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "New York Jets: Mark Sanchez & Co. have a long way to go before they can talk Super Bowl". ESPN.com. August 30, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
Jump up ^ Dobnik, Verena (February 5, 2008). "New York Hails Giants With Super Parade". FOXNews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Vaccaro, Mike (September 6, 2011). "Rise of Rex's Jets finally adds some spice to Giants rivalry". New York Post. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Jump up ^ Dyer, Kristian (August 25, 2011). "Jets-Giants fanning the flames of rivalry". Metro International. Archived from the original on 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Jets miff Giants with cover-up of Super Bowl logos at stadium". NFL.com. December 24, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
Jump up ^ Davis, Nate (December 25, 2011). "Brandon Jacobs to Rex Ryan: 'Time to shut up, fat boy!'". USA Today. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ Perlman, William (December 24, 2011). "Jacobs, giddy Giants not done chewing the fat with Jets". US Presswire. The National Football League.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl-champion Giants return home from Super Bowl win over Patriots". Washington Post. February 6, 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
Jump up ^ Baumbach, Jim (February 6, 2012). "Tynes: Sorry, Jets, we're 'kings' of NY". Newsday. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
Jump up ^ Walker, James (February 6, 2012). "Jets owner offers congrats to Giants, Pats". ESPN. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
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Earth rainfall climatology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Long-term mean precipitation by month
Earth rainfall climatology Is the study of rainfall, a sub-field of Meteorology. Formally, a wider study includes water falling as ice crystals, i.e. hail, sleet, snow (parts of the hydrological cycle known as precipitation). The aim of rainfall climatology is to measure, understand and predict rain distribution across different regions of planet Earth, a factor of air pressure, humidity, topography, cloud type and raindrop size, via direct measurement and remote sensing data acquisition. Current technologies accurately predict rainfall 3–4 days in advance using numerical weather prediction. Geostationary orbiting satellites gather IR and visual wavelength data to measure realtime localised rainfall by estimating cloud albedo, water content, and the corresponding probability of rain. Geographic distribution of rain is largely governed by climate type, topography and habitat humidity. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities. Global warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and drier conditions in parts of the subtropics and middle latitudes.[1] Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year; 398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.[2] Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres (39 in). Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes.
Most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, making it the world's driest continent. Australia's rainfall is mainly regulated by the movement of the monsoon trough during the summer rainy season, with lesser amounts falling during the winter and spring in its southernmost sections. Almost whole North Africa is semi-arid, arid or hyper-arid, containing the Sahara Desert which is the largest hot desert in the world, while central Africa (known as Sub-Saharan Africa) sees an annual rainy season regulated by the movement of the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough, though the Sahel Belt located at the south of the Sahara Desert knows an extremely intense and a nearly permanent dry season and only receives minimum summer rainfall. Across Asia, a large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through Pakistan and Iran into the Arabian Desert in Saudi Arabia. In Asia, rainfall is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region. Similar, but weaker, monsoon circulations are present over North America and Australia. In Europe, the wettest regions are in the Alps and downwind of bodies of water, particularly the Atlantic west coasts. Within North America, the drier areas of the United States are the Desert Southwest, Great Basin, valleys of northeast Arizona, eastern Utah, central Wyoming, and the Columbia Basin. Other dry regions within the continent are far northern Canada and the Sonoran Desert of northwest Mexico. The Pacific Northwest United States, the Rockies of British Columbia, and the coastal ranges of Alaska are the wettest locations in North America. The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents. Annually, the rain belt within the tropics marches northward by August, then moves back southward into the Southern Hemisphere by February and March.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Role in Köppen climate classification
2 Africa
3 Asia
4 Australia
5 Europe
6 North America
6.1 Canada
6.2 Mexico
6.3 United States
7 South America
8 Urban heat island impacts
9 See also
10 References
Role in Köppen climate classification[edit]
Updated Köppen-Geiger climate map[4]
Af
Am
Aw
BWh
BWk
BSh
BSk
Csa
Csb
Cwa
Cwb
Cfa
Cfb
Cfc
Dsa
Dsb
Dsc
Dsd
Dwa
Dwb
Dwc
Dwd
Dfa
Dfb
Dfc
Dfd
ET
EF
Main article: Köppen climate classification
The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. Specifically, the primary types are A, tropical; B, dry; C, mild mid-latitude; D, cold mid-latitude; and E, polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rain forest, monsoon, tropical savanna, humid subtropical, humid continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, polar ice cap, and desert.
Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1,750 millimetres (69 in) and 2,000 millimetres (79 in).[5] A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with rainfall between 750 millimetres (30 in) and 1,270 millimetres (50 in) a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia.[6] The humid subtropical climate zone where winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones.[7] Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents, roughly between latitudes 20° and 40° degrees away from the equator.[8]
An oceanic (or maritime) climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, bordering cool oceans, as well as southeastern Australia, and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year-round.[9] The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, parts of western North America, parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa and in parts of central Chile. The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.[10] A steppe is a dry grassland.[11] Subarctic climates are cold with continuous permafrost and little precipitation.[12]
The tropical zones have the highest number of storm events followed by the temperate climate. In a recent study[13], researchers from 63 countries combined 30-minutes rainfall data in order to estimate the global rainfall erosivity (an index combining the amount, frequency and intensity of rainfall). The arid and cold climate zones have very low number of erosive events.
Africa[edit]
See also: Wet season
A map of Africa showing the ecological break around the Sahara
Its northern half of the continent is primarily desert, containing the vast Sahara Desert, while its southern areas contain both savanna and plains, and its central portion contains very dense jungle (rainforest) regions. The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone is the wettest portion of the continent. Annually, the rain belt across the continent marches northward into Sub-Saharan Africa by August, then moves back southward into south-central Africa by March.[3] Mesoscale convective systems which form in tandem with tropical waves that move along the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the summer months become the seedlings for tropical cyclones which form in the northern Atlantic and northeast Pacific oceans.[14] Areas with a savannah climate in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina Faso,[15][16] Darfur,[17] Eritrea,[18] Ethiopia,[19] and Botswana have a distinct rainy season.[20]
Within of Madagascar, trade winds bring moisture up the eastern slopes of the island, which is deposited as rainfall, and brings drier downsloped winds to areas south and west leaving the western sections of the island in a rain shadow. This leads to significantly more rainfall over northeast sections of the island than the southwestern portions of Madagascar.[21] Southern Africa receives most of its rainfall from summer convective storms and with extratropical cyclones moving through the Westerlies. Once a decade, tropical cyclones lead to excessive rainfall across the region.[22]
Asia[edit]
A large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west-southwest through Pakistan and Iran into the Arabian Desert in Saudi Arabia. Rainfall around the continent is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region.[23] The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure (a thermal low) over the warmest part of Asia.[24][25][26] Cherrapunji, situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong, India is one of the wettest places on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,430 mm (450 in). The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was 22,987 mm (904.9 in) in 1861. The 38-year average at Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India is 11,873 mm (467.4 in).[27] Lower rainfall maxima are found on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts of Turkey and the mountains of Tajikistan.
Australia[edit]
Australia's climatic zones
Most of Australia is semi-arid or desert,[28] making it the world's driest continent. The movement of the monsoon trough is linked to the peak of the rainy season within the continent.[29] Northern portions of the continent see the most rainfall, which is concentrated in the summer months. During winter and spring southern Australia sees its maximum rainfall. The interior desert sees its greatest rainfall during spring and summer.[30] The wettest spot is Mount Bellenden Ker in the north-east of the country records an average of 8,000 millimetres (310 in) per year, with over 12,000 millimetres (470 in) of rain recorded in the year 2000.[31] While Melbourne is thought of as being significantly wetter than Sydney, Sydney receives an average of 1212 mm (47.8 in) of rain per year compared to Melbourne's 650 mm (25.5 in), although Sydney is significantly sunnier and receives less days of rain.[32][33]
Europe[edit]
See also: Climate of Europe
On an annual basis, rainfall across the continent is favored within the Alps, and from Slovenia southward to the western coast of Greece.[34] Other maxima exist in western Georgia, northwest Spain, western Great Britain, and western Norway. The maxima along the eastern coasts of water bodies is due to the westerly wind flow which dominates across the continent. A bulk of the precipitation across the Alps falls between March and November. The wet season in lands bordering the Mediterranean sea lasts from October through March, with November and December typically the wettest months. Summer rainfall across the continent evaporates completely into the warm atmosphere, leaving winter precipitation to be the source of groundwater for Europe.[35] Mesoscale rain systems during the rainy season track south and eastward over the Mediterranean, with western portions of the sea experiencing 20 percent more rainfall than eastern sections of the sea.[34]
The European Monsoon (more commonly known as the Return of the Westerlies) is the result of a resurgence of westerly winds from the Atlantic, where they become loaded with wind and rain.[36] These Westerly winds are a common phenomenon during the European winter, but they ease as Spring approaches in late March and through April and May. The winds pick up again in June, which is why this phenomenon is also referred to as "the return of the westerlies".[37] The rain usually arrives in two waves, at the beginning of June and again in mid to late June. The European monsoon is not a monsoon in the traditional sense in that it doesn't meet all the requirements to be classified as such. Instead the Return of the Westerlies is more regarded as a conveyor belt that delivers a series of low pressure centres to Western Europe where they create unseasonable weather. These storms generally feature significantly lower than average temperatures, fierce rain or hail, thunder and strong winds.[38] The Return of the Westerlies affects Europe's Northern Atlantic coastline, more precisely Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, Western Germany, Northern France and parts of Scandinavia.
There are cycles seen within the rainfall data from Northern Europe between Great Britain and Germany, which are seen at a 16-year interval. Southern Europe experiences a 22-year cycle in rainfall variation. Other smaller term cycles are seen at 10-12 year and 6-7 year periods within the rainfall record.[39] Places with significant impact by acid rain across the continent include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia.[40]
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Precipitation across Canada is highest in the mountain ranges in the western portions due to onshore flow bringing Pacific moisture into the mountains, which is subsequently forced to lift up their slopes and deposit significant precipitation, primarily between August and May. Mesoscale convective systems are common mid-summer near the central border with the United States from the Prairie provinces eastward towards the Great Lakes. Southeastern sections of the country are also wet, due to the development of extratropical cyclones along the east coast of the continent which move northward into Atlantic Canada. During the summer and fall months, tropical cyclones from the Atlantic basin are also possible across Atlantic Canada. Amounts decrease as one works farther inland from the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, and from south to north towards the Arctic.[41]
Mexico[edit]
Rainfall varies widely both by location and season. Arid or semiarid conditions are encountered in the Baja California Peninsula, the northwestern state of Sonora, the northern altiplano, and also significant portions of the southern Altiplano. Rainfall in these regions averages between 300 and 600 millimeters (11.8 and 23.6 in) per year, with lower amounts across Baja California Norte. Average rainfall totals are between 600 and 1,000 millimeters (23.6 and 39.4 in) in most of the major populated areas of the southern altiplano, including Mexico City and Guadalajara. Low-lying areas along the Gulf of Mexico receive in excess of 1,000 millimeters (39.4 in) of rainfall in an average year, with the wettest region being the southeastern state of Tabasco, which typically receives approximately 2,000 millimeters (78.7 in) of rainfall on an annual basis. Parts of the northern altiplano, highlands and high peaks in the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental occasionally receive significant snowfalls.
Mexico has pronounced wet and dry seasons. Most of the country experiences a rainy season from June to mid-October and significantly less rain during the remainder of the year. February and July generally are the driest and wettest months, respectively. Mexico City, for example, receives an average of only 5 millimeters (0.2 in) of rain during February but more than 160 millimeters (6.3 in) in July. Coastal areas, especially those along the Gulf of Mexico, experience the largest amounts of rain in September. Tabasco typically records more than 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rain during that month. A small coastal area of northwestern coastal Mexico around Tijuana has a Mediterranean climate with considerable coastal fog and a rainy season that occurs in winter.
Tropical cyclones track near and along the western Mexican coastline primarily between the months of July and September.[42] These storms enhance the monsoon circulation over northwest Mexico and the southwest United States.[43] On an average basis, eastern Pacific tropical cyclones contribute about one-third of the annual rainfall along the Mexican Riviera, and up to one-half of the rainfall seen annually across Baja California Sur.[44] Mexico is twice as likely (18% of the basin total) to be impacted by a Pacific tropical cyclone on its west coast than an Atlantic tropical cyclone on its east coast (9% of the basin total). The three most struck states in Mexico in the 50 years at the end of the 20th century were Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, and Quintana Roo.[45]
United States[edit]
Average precipitation in the lower 48 United States
Main article: United States rainfall climatology
Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western, southern, and southeast Alaska annually. During the fall, winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring most of Hawaii and the western United States much of their precipitation.[46] Nor'easters moving up the East coast bring cold season precipitation to the Mid-Atlantic and New England states.[47] During the summer, the Southwest monsoon combined with Gulf of California and Gulf of Mexico moisture moving around the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic Ocean bring the promise of afternoon and evening thunderstorms to the southern tier of the country as well as the Great Plains.[46] Tropical cyclones enhance precipitation across southern sections of the country,[48] as well as Puerto Rico,[49][50] the United States Virgin Islands,[51] the Northern Mariana Islands,[52] Guam, and American Samoa. Over the top of the ridge, the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the Great Lakes. Large thunderstorm areas known as mesoscale convective complexes move through the Plains, Midwest, and Great Lakes during the warm season, contributing up to 10% of the annual precipitation to the region.[53]
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the West,[54] Midwest,[55][56] the Southeast,[57] and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.[58] The eastern half of the contiguous United States east of the 98th meridian, the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, and the Sierra Nevada range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding 30 inches (760 mm) per year. The drier areas are the Desert Southwest, Great Basin, valleys of northeast Arizona, eastern Utah, central Wyoming, eastern Oregon and Washington and the northeast of the Olympic Peninsula.[59] Mount Waialeale on the island of Kauaʻi in the Hawaiian Islands averages more than 11,680 millimetres (460 in) of rain over the last 32 years, with a record 17,340 millimetres (683 in) in 1982. Its summit is considered one of the rainiest spots on earth. It has been promoted in tourist literature for many years as the wettest spot in the world.[60]
South America[edit]
The annual average rainfall maxima across the continent lie across the northwest from northwest Brazil into northern Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador, then along the Atlantic coast of the Guyanas and far northern Brazil, as well as within the southern half of Chile. Lloró, a town situated in Chocó, Colombia, is probably the place with the largest measured rainfall in the world, averaging 13,300 mm per year (523.6 in).[61] In fact, the whole Department of Chocó is extraordinarily humid. Tutunendo, a small town situated in the same department, is one of the wettest places on earth, averaging 11,394 mm per year (448 in); in 1974 the town received 26,303 mm (86 ft 3½ in), the largest annual rainfall measured in Colombia. Unlike Cherrapunji, which receives most of its rainfall between April and September, Tutunendo receives rain almost uniformly distributed throughout the year. The months of January and February have somewhat less frequent storms. On average, Tutunendo has 280 days with rainfall per year. Over ⅔ of the rain (68%) falls during the night. The average relative humidity is 90% and the average temperature is 26.4 °C.[62] Quibdó, the capital of Chocó, receives the most rain in the world among cities with over 100,000 inhabitants: 9,000 millimetres (350 in) per year.[61] Storms in Chocó can drop 500 mm (19.7 in) of rainfall in a day. This amount is more than falls in many cities in a year's time. The Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina.[63]
Urban heat island impacts[edit]
See also: Urban heat island
Aside from the effect on temperature, urban heat islands (UHIs) can produce secondary effects on local meteorology, including the altering of local wind patterns, the development of clouds and fog, the humidity, and the rates of precipitation.[64] The extra heat provided by the UHI leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between 20 miles (32 km) to 40 miles (64 km) downwind of cities, compared with upwind.[65] Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%.[66] Using satellite images, researchers discovered that city climates have a noticeable influence on plant growing seasons up to 10 kilometers (6 mi) away from a city's edges. Growing seasons in 70 cities in eastern North America were about 15 days longer in urban areas compared to rural areas outside of a city's influence.[67][68]
See also[edit]
China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Typhoons in the Philippines
United States rainfall climatology
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Jump up ^ Climate Change Division (2008-12-17). "Precipitation and Storm Changes". Environment Protection Agency. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
Jump up ^ NationalAtlas.gov Precipitation of the Individual States and of the Conterminous States. Archived 2010-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.
Jump up ^ "USGS 220427159300201 1047.0 Mt. Waialeale Rain Gage nr Lihue, Kauai, HI". USGS Real-time rainfall data at Waiʻaleʻale Raingauge. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ Jump up to: a b National Climatic Data Center (2005-08-09). "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Tutunendaó, Choco: la ciudad colombiana es muy lluviosa". El Periódico.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
Jump up ^ Paul E. Lydolph (1985). The Climate of the Earth. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-86598-119-5. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
Jump up ^ Arizona Board of Regents (2006). "Urban Climate – Climate Study and UHI via the Internet Wayback Machine". Arizona State University. Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Fuchs, Dale (2005-06-28). "Spain goes hi-tech to beat drought". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Goddard Space Flight Center (2002-06-18). "NASA Satellite Confirms Urban Heat Islands Increase Rainfall Around Cities". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Urban Heat Islands Make Cities Greener" (Press release). NASA. 2004-06-29. Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Gretchen Cook-Anderson (2004-06-29). "Urban Heat Islands Make Cities Greener". NASA. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
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