text:
Geography of Israel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Geography of Israel
Continent
Asia
Region
Levant
Coordinates
31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Area
Ranked 147th
• Total
20,770[1][2] km2 (8,020 sq mi)
• Land
97.88%
• Water
2.12%
Coastline
273[1] km (170 mi)
Borders
Egypt: 208 km[1]
Jordan: 307 km[1]
Lebanon: 81 km[1]
Syria: 83 km[1]
West Bank: 330 km[1]
Gaza Strip: 59 km[1]
Coastlines: 273 km[1]
Highest point
Mount Meron
Lowest point
Dead Sea
Longest river
Jordan River
Largest lake
Sea of Galilee
Climate
Mediterranean
Natural Resources
Offshore gas fields, Dead Sea minerals (potash, magnesium)
The geography of Israel is very diverse, with desert conditions in the south, and snow-capped mountains in the north. Israel is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea in western Asia.[1] It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt.[1] To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's 273 km (170 mi) coastline[3] and the Gaza Strip. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south.
Israel's area is approximately 20,770 km2 (8,019 sq mi), which includes 445 km2 (172 sq mi) of inland water.[1][2][3] Israel stretches 424 km (263 mi) from north to south, and its width ranges from 114 km (71 mi) to, at its narrowest point, 15 km (9.3 mi).[3] The Israeli-occupied territories include the West Bank, 5,879 km2 (2,270 sq mi), East Jerusalem, 70 km2 (27 sq mi) and the Golan Heights, 1,150 km2 (444 sq mi).[2] Geographical features in these territories will be noted as such.
Southern Israel is dominated by the Negev desert, covering some 16,000 square kilometres (6,178 sq mi), more than half of the country's total land area. The north of the Negev contains the Judean Desert, which, at its border with Jordan, contains the Dead Sea which, at −417 m (−1,368 ft) is the lowest point on Earth. The inland area of central Israel is dominated by the Judean Hills of the West Bank, whilst the central and northern coastline consists of the flat and fertile Israeli coastal plain. Inland, the northern region contains the Mount Carmel mountain range, which is followed inland by the fertile Jezreel Valley, and then the hilly Galilee region. The Sea of Galilee is located beyond this, and is bordered to the east by the Golan Heights, which contains the highest point under Israel's control, a peak in the Israeli-occupied Mount Hermon massif, at 2,224 meters (7,297 ft). The highest point in territory internationally recognized as Israeli is Mount Meron at 1,208 meters (3,963 ft).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Location and boundaries
2 Physiographic regions
2.1 Coastal plain
2.2 Central hills
2.3 Jordan Rift Valley
2.4 Negev Desert
3 Geology
3.1 Seismic activity
4 Rivers and lakes
5 Selected elevations
6 Climate
6.1 Climate charts of different locations in Israel
7 Natural resources
8 Environmental concerns
9 Rural settlements
10 Islands
11 Human geography
12 Overshoot index
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Location and boundaries
Main article: Borders of Israel
Israel on the world map
Israel lies to the north of the equator around 31°30' north latitude and 34°45' east longitude.[1] It measures 424 km (263 mi) from north to south and, at its widest point 114 km (71 mi), from east to west.[1] At its narrowest point, however, this is reduced to just 15 km (9 mi). It has a land frontier of 1,017 km (632 mi) and a coastline of 273 km (170 mi).[1] It is ranked 153 on the List of countries and outlying territories by total area.[1]
Prior to the establishment of the British Mandate for Palestine, there was no clear-cut definition of the geographical and territorial limits of the area known as "Palestine." On the eve of World War I it was described by Encyclopædia Britannica as a "nebulous geographical concept."[4] The Sykes-Picot Treaty in 1916 divided the region that later became Palestine into four political units.[5] Under the British Mandate for Palestine, the first geo-political framework was created that distinguished the area from the larger countries that surrounded it. The boundary demarcation at this time did not introduce geographical changes near the frontiers and both sides of the border were controlled by the British administration.[6]
Modern Israel is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's 273 km (170 mi) coastline and the Gaza Strip. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south. The southernmost settlement in Israel is the city of Eilat whilst the northernmost is the town of Metula. The territorial waters of Israel extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline.[1]
The statistics provided by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics include the annexed East Jerusalem and Golan Heights, but exclude the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The population of Israel includes Israeli settlers in the West Bank. The route of the Israeli West Bank barrier incorporates some parts of the West Bank.
Population (thousands)
Area (km2)
Name
Status Description
Israelis (incl. Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs in Israel proper, and incl. Israeli settlers in the Israeli-occupied territories)
Cumulative Total
Palestinians (incl. non-Israeli Palestinians residing legally in Israel)
Cumulative Total
Area
Cumulative Total
Israel (Green Line) Area sovereign to Israel since 1948 6,674[7] 6,674[7] 100–120 [8] 100–120 [8] 20,582[7] 20,582[7]
East Jerusalem Occupied and subject to Israeli law since 1967. Formal legislation on 1980 (see Jerusalem Law) 455[9] 7,129[7] 225 (double counted)[10] 225[7] 336[11] 20,918[7]
Golan Heights Occupied since 1967, subject to Israeli law since 1981 (see Golan Heights Law) 42[12] 7,172[12] n.a. n.a. (Syrians) 1,154[13] 22,072[13]
Seam Zone (West Bank) Area between the Green Line and the Israeli West Bank barrier. Occupied in 1967 188[14] 7,359[7] 35[14] 260[7] 200[11] 22,272[7]
Other Israeli settlements and IDF Military Areas (West Bank Area C) Other Israeli settlements (not in East Jerusalem or the Seam Zone) and areas in the West Bank directly controlled by the IDF. Occupied in 1967 57[7] 7,473[12] 115[15] 375[7] 2,961[16] 25,233[7]
Palestinian civil control (West Bank Areas A+B) Palestinian National Authority civil controlled area. Subject to "joint" military control with the IDF. Occupied in 1967 0 7,473[7] 2,311[17] 2,686[7] 2,143[15] 27,376[7]
Gaza Strip Palestinian governed area. Israel controls airspace, maritime border and its own border with Gaza. Occupied in 1967, unilaterally disengaged in 2005, declared a foreign entity in 2007. 0 7,473[7] 1,552[18] 4,238[7] 360[18] 27,736[7]
Physiographic regions
Geography of Israel
v
t
e
Galilee
Coastal
plain
Judaean
Mountains
Jordan
Valley
Negev
Levantine Sea
(Mediterranean)
Kinneret
Dead
Sea
Gulf
of Eilat
West
Bank
Gaza
Strip
Lebanon
Syria
Jordan
Egypt
Israel is divided into four physiographic regions: the Mediterranean coastal plain, the Central Hills, the Jordan Rift Valley and the Negev Desert.[1]
Coastal plain
Main article: Israeli coastal plain
The Israeli Coastal Plain stretches from the Lebanese border in the north to Gaza in the south, interrupted only by Cape Carmel at Haifa Bay.[19] It is about 40 kilometers (25 mi) wide at Gaza and narrows toward the north to about 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) at the Lebanese border.[19] The region is fertile and humid (historically malarial) and is known for its citrus orchards and viticulture.[19] The plain is traversed by several short streams. From north to south these are: Kishon, Hadera, Alexander, Poleg, and Yarkon. All of these streams were badly polluted, but in the last ten years much work has been done to clean them up.[dubious – discuss] Today the Kishon, Alexander and Yarkon again flow year round, and also have parks along their banks.[20]
Geographically, the region is divided into five sub-regions. The northernmost section lays between the Lebanese border, the Western Galilee to the east, and the sea. It stretches from Rosh HaNikra in the north and down to Haifa, Israel's third-largest city. It is a fertile region, and off the coast there are many small islands.[21] Along the Mount Carmel range is Hof HaCarmel, or the Carmel Coastal Plain. It stretches from the point where Mount Carmel almost touches the sea, at Haifa, and down to Nahal Taninim, a stream that marks the southern limit of the Carmel range. The Sharon Plain is the next section, running from Nahal Taninim (south of Zikhron Ya'akov) to Tel Aviv's Yarkon River. This area is Israel's most densely populated. South of this, running to Nahal Shikma, is the Central Coastal Plain, also known as the Western Negev. The last segment is the Southern Coastal Plain, which extends south around the Gaza Strip. It is divided into two – in the north, the Besor region, a savanna-type area with a relatively large number of communities, and south of it the Agur-Halutza region, which is very sparsely populated.[21]
Central hills
Judaean Mountains
Inland (east) of the coastal plain lies the central highland region.[19] In the north of this region lie the mountains and hills of Upper Galilee and Lower Galilee, which are generally 500 meters (1,640 ft) to 700 meters (2,297 ft) in height, although they reach a maximum height of 1,208 meters (3,963 ft) at Mount Meron.[19] South of the Galilee, in the West Bank, are the Samarian Hills with numerous small, fertile valleys rarely reaching the height of 800 meters (2,625 ft).[19] South of Jerusalem, also mainly within the West Bank, are the Judean Hills, including Mount Hebron.[19] The central highlands average 610 meters (2,001 ft) in height and reach their highest elevation at Har Meron, at 1,208 meters (3,963 ft), in Galilee near Safed.[19] Several valleys cut across the highlands roughly from east to west; the largest is the Jezreel Valley (also known as the Plain of Esdraelon), which stretches 48 kilometers (30 mi) from Haifa southeast to the valley of the Jordan River, and is 19 kilometers (12 mi) across at its widest point.[19]
Jordan Rift Valley
Main article: Jordan Rift Valley
Jordan Rift Valley
East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which is a small part of the 6,500 kilometers (4,039 mi)-long Syrian-East African Rift.[19] In Israel the Rift Valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee (an important freshwater source also known as Lake Tiberias and Lake Kinneret), and the Dead Sea.[19] The Jordan, Israel's largest river (322 kilometers (200 mi)), originates in the Dan, Baniyas, and Hasbani rivers near Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows south through the drained Hula Basin into the freshwater Lake Tiberias. Lake Tiberias is 165 square kilometers (64 sq mi) in size and, depending on the season and rainfall, is at about 213 meters (699 ft) below sea level.[19] With a water capacity estimated at 3 cubic kilometers (0.72 cu mi), it serves as the principal reservoir of the National Water Carrier (also known as the Kinneret-Negev Conduit).[19] The Jordan River continues its course from the southern end of Lake Tiberias (forming the boundary between the West Bank and Jordan) to its terminus in the highly saline Dead Sea.[19] The Dead Sea is 1,020 square kilometers (394 sq mi) in size and, at 420 meters (1,378 ft) below sea level, is the lowest surface point on the earth.[19] South of the Dead Sea, the Rift Valley continues in the Arabah (Hebrew "Arava", Arabic "Wadi 'Arabah"), which has no permanent water flow, for 170 kilometers (106 mi) to the Gulf of Eilat.[19]
Negev Desert
Main article: Negev
Makhtesh Ramon
The Negev Desert comprises approximately 12,000 square kilometers (4,633 sq mi), more than half of Israel's total land area.[19] Geographically it is an extension of the Sinai Desert, forming a rough triangle with its base in the north near Beersheba, the Dead Sea, and the southern Judean Mountains, and it has its apex in the southern tip of the country at Eilat.[19] Topographically, it parallels the other regions of the country, with lowlands in the west, hills in the central portion, and the Arava valley as its eastern border.[19]
Unique to the Negev region are the craterlike makhteshim cirques; Makhtesh Ramon, Makhtesh Gadol and Makhtesh Katan.[22] The Negev is also sub-divided into five different ecological regions: northern, western and central Negev, the high plateau and the Arabah Valley.[23] The northern Negev receives 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rain annually and has fairly fertile soils.[23] The western Negev receives 250 millimeters (9.8 in) of rain per year, with light and partially sandy soils.[23] The central Negev has an annual precipitation of 200 millimeters (7.9 in) and is characterized by impervious soil, allowing minimum penetration of water with greater soil erosion and water runoff.[23] This can result in rare flash floods during heavy rains as water runs across the surface of the impervious desert soil.[24] The high plateau area of Ramat HaNegev stands between 370 meters (1,214 ft) and 520 meters (1,706 ft) above sea level with extreme temperatures in summer and winter.[23] The area gets 100 millimeters (3.9 in) of rain each year, with inferior and partially salty soils.[23] The Arabah Valley along the Jordanian border stretches 180 kilometers (112 mi) from Eilat in the south to the tip of the Dead Sea in the north and is very arid with barely 50 millimeters (1.97 in) of rain annually.[23]
Geology
Rosh HaNikra chalk cliff
Israel is divided east-west by a mountain range running north to south along the coast. Jerusalem sits on the top of this ridge, east of which lies the Dead Sea graben which is a pull-apart basin on the Dead Sea Transform fault.[25]
The numerous limestone and sandstone layers of the Israeli mountains serve as aquifers through which water flows from the west flank to the east. Several springs have formed along the Dead Sea, each an oasis, most notably the oases at Ein Gedi and Ein Bokek (Neve Zohar) where settlements have developed.[25] Israel also has a number of areas of karst topography. Caves in the region have been used for thousands of years as shelter, storage rooms, barns and as places of public gatherings.[25]
The far northern coastline of the country has some chalk landscapes best seen at Rosh HaNikra, a chalk cliff into which a series of grottoes have been eroded.[26]
Seismic activity
Main article: List of earthquakes in the Levant
The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region.
The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.[27]
The most catastrophic earthquakes occurred in 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every ca. 400 years on average.[28] Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years.[29] While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe, as of 2007 the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were "expected to collapse" if exposed to a strong quake.[29] Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites, a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace.[28]
Rivers and lakes
Main articles: List of rivers of Israel and List of lakes of Israel
Israel's longest and most famous river is the 320-kilometre (199 mi) long River Jordan, which rises on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon mountains.[30] The river flows south through the freshwater Sea of Galilee, and from there forms the boundary with the Kingdom of Jordan for much of its route, eventually emptying into the Dead Sea.[30] The northern tributaries to the Jordan are the Dan, Banias, and Hasbani.[30] Only the Dan is within undisputed Israel; the Hasbani flows from Lebanon and the Banias from territory captured from Syria in the Six-Day War.[30]
Lake Kinneret
The Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret) is Israel's largest and most important freshwater lake, located in the northeast of the country. The pear-shaped lake is 23 kilometres (14 mi) long from north to south, with a maximum width of 13 kilometres (8 mi) in the north, covering 166 square kilometers (64 sq mi). The Kinneret lies 207 meters (679 ft) below sea level and reaches depths of 46 meters (151 ft). In a previous geological epoch the lake was part of a large inland sea which extended from the Hula marshes in northern Israel to 64 kilometers (40 mi) south of the Dead Sea. The bed of the lake forms part of the Jordan Rift Valley.[31]
South of the Kinneret lies the saltwater Dead Sea which forms the border between Israel and Jordan and is 418 meters (1,371 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest water surface on Earth.[32] The Dead Sea is 67 kilometers (42 mi) long with a maximum width of 16 kilometers (10 mi) and also makes up part of the Rift Valley.[32] A peninsula juts out into the lake from the eastern shore, south of which the lake is shallow, less than 6 meters (19.7 ft) deep. To the north is the lake's greatest depth.[32]
There are no navigable, artificial waterways in Israel, although the National Water Carrier, a conduit for drinking water, might be classified as such. The idea of a channel connecting the Mediterranean and Dead Seas or the Red and Dead Seas has been discussed.[33]
Selected elevations
Mount Tabor
The following are selected elevations of notable locations, from highest to lowest:[34]
Location
Region
Elevation (feet)
Elevation (meters)
Mount Hermon Golan Heights (Israeli-occupied) 7,336 ft. 2,236 m.
Mount Meron Upper Galilee 3,964 ft. 1,208 m.
Mount Ramon Negev 3,396 ft. 1,035 m.
Mount of Olives East Jerusalem (Israeli-occupied) 2,739 ft. 835 m.
Mount Tabor Lower Galilee 1,930 ft. 588 m.
Mount Carmel Haifa 1,792 ft. 546 m.
Dead Sea Judean Desert – 1,368 ft. – 417 m.
Climate
Israel map of Köppen climate classification.
Snow in Galilee
Flash flood at Ein Avdat
Israel has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters (Köppen climate classification Csa).[35] The climate is as such due to Israel's location between the subtropical aridity of the Sahara and the Arabian deserts, and the subtropical humidity of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean.[35] The climate conditions are highly variable within the state and modified locally by altitude, latitude, and the proximity to the Mediterranean.[35]
On average, January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from 6 to 15 °C (42.8 to 59.0 °F), and July and August are the hottest months at 22 to 33 °C (71.6 to 91.4 °F), on average across the country.[35] Summers are very humid along the Mediterranean coast but dry in the central highlands, the Rift Valley, and the Negev Desert. In Eilat, a desert city, summer daytime-temperatures are often the highest in the state, at times reaching 44 to 46 °C (111.2 to 114.8 °F). More than 70% of the average rainfall in Israel falls between November and March; June through September are usually rainless.[35] Rainfall is unevenly distributed, significantly lower in the south of the country.[35] In the extreme south, rainfall averages near 30 millimeters (1.18 in) annually; in the north, average annual rainfall exceeds 900 millimeters (35.4 in).[35] Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year, particularly in the Negev Desert. Precipitation is often concentrated in violent storms, causing erosion and flash floods.[35] In winter, precipitation often takes the form of snow at the higher elevations of the central highlands, including Jerusalem.[35] Mount Hermon has seasonal snow which covers all three of its peaks in winter and spring. In rare occasions, snow gets to the northern mountain peaks and only in extremely rare occasions even to the coast. The areas of the country most cultivated are those receiving more than 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rainfall annually, making approximately one-third of the country cultivable.[35]
Thunderstorms and hail are common throughout the rainy season and waterspouts occasionally hit the Mediterranean coast, capable of causing only minor damage. However, supercell thunderstorms and a true F2 tornado hit the Western Galilee in April 2006, causing significant damage and 75 injuries.[36]
Heat waves are frequent. 2010 was the hottest year in the history of Israel with absolute record high in several places in August. The heat became stronger from August when temperatures were considerably above the average. October and November were also dry, and November was almost rainless when it was supposed to be rainy.
Climate charts of different locations in Israel
Tel Aviv
Beit Dagan
Jerusalem
Haifa
Safed
Beersheba
Tiberias
Eilat
Tel Aviv
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
127
17
9
90
18
10
61
19
12
18
23
14
2.6
25
17
0
28
21
0
29
23
0
30
24
0.4
29
23
26
27
19
79
23
15
126
19
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5
63
48
3.5
64
50
2.4
67
53
0.7
73
58
0.1
77
63
0
82
69
0
85
73
0
86
75
0
85
73
1
81
66
3.1
74
58
5
67
52
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Beit Dagan
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
141
18
7
97
18
7
66
20
9
18
25
12
2.2
27
15
0
29
18
0
31
21
0
31
21
0.4
30
19
20
28
16
76
24
12
130
20
9
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5.5
64
45
3.8
65
45
2.6
68
48
0.7
76
53
0.1
81
58
0
85
64
0
87
69
0
88
70
0
87
67
0.8
83
61
3
75
53
5.1
67
47
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Jerusalem
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
133
12
6
118
13
6
93
15
8
25
22
13
3.2
25
16
0
28
18
0
29
19
0
29
20
0.3
28
19
15
25
17
61
19
12
106
14
8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5.2
53
44
4.7
55
44
3.6
60
47
1
71
55
0.1
78
60
0
82
64
0
84
67
0
85
67
0
83
65
0.6
76
62
2.4
66
54
4.2
57
47
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Haifa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
125
17
9
92
18
9
53
20
11
24
24
14
2.7
26
17
0
29
21
0
31
23
0
31
24
1.2
30
22
28
28
19
77
24
14
136
19
10
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
4.9
63
48
3.6
64
48
2.1
67
51
0.9
75
56
0.1
79
63
0
85
69
0
88
73
0
89
74
0
86
71
1.1
82
65
3
75
57
5.3
67
50
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Safed
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
159
9
5
130
10
4
95
13
6
43
20
11
5.7
25
14
0
28
17
0
30
19
0
30
19
1.5
28
18
25
24
15
86
17
10
136
12
6
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
6.3
49
40
5.1
50
40
3.7
56
43
1.7
67
51
0.2
77
58
0
83
63
0
86
66
0
86
66
0.1
83
64
1
75
59
3.4
62
51
5.3
53
44
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Beersheba
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
50
17
8
40
18
8
31
20
9
13
26
13
2.7
29
15
0
31
18
0
33
21
0
33
21
0.4
31
20
5.8
29
17
20
24
13
42
19
9
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
62
46
1.6
64
46
1.2
68
49
0.5
78
55
0.1
84
60
0
88
65
0
91
69
0
91
70
0
88
67
0.2
83
62
0.8
74
55
1.6
66
48
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Tiberias
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
90
18
10
73
19
9
57
23
11
20
28
14
4
33
18
0
36
20
0
38
23
0
38
23
0.6
36
22
14
32
19
50
26
15
81
20
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.6
65
49
2.9
67
49
2.3
73
51
0.8
83
58
0.2
92
64
0
97
69
0
100
73
0
100
74
0
97
71
0.5
90
66
2
78
59
3.2
68
52
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Eilat
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.5
21
10
5.8
22
11
3.7
26
14
1.7
31
18
1
35
22
0
39
24
0
40
26
0
40
26
0
37
25
3.5
33
21
3.5
27
16
6
22
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.1
69
49
0.2
72
51
0.1
78
56
0.1
88
64
0
96
71
0
102
76
0
104
79
0
104
79
0
99
76
0.1
91
70
0.1
81
60
0.2
72
52
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Natural resources
Unlike much of the Middle East which is rich in lucrative crude oil, Israel has limited natural resources. These include copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, and manganese.[1] Small amounts of natural gas and crude oil are present, often too little to merit commercial extraction.[1] In 2009, significant reserves of natural gas were discovered at the Tamar 1 offshore drilling site, 90 kilometers west of Haifa. It is the largest natural gas reserve ever discovered in Israel.[37]
Environmental concerns
Ashdod dunes
Formerly polluted Kishon River after clean-up, 2010
Israel has a large number of environmental concerns ranging from natural hazards to man-made issues both resulting from ancient times to modern development. Natural hazards facing the country include sandstorms which sometimes occur during spring in the desert south, droughts which are usually concentrated in summer months, flash floods which create great danger in the deserts due to their lack of notice, and regular earthquakes, most of which are small, although there is a constant risk due to Israel's location along the Jordan Rift Valley.[1] Current environmental concerns include the lack of arable land and natural fresh water resources. Whilst measures have been taken to irrigate and grow in the desert, the amount of water needed here poses issues. Desertification is also a risk possible on the desert fringe, whilst air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions and groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste are also issues facing the country.[1] Furthermore, the effects of the use of chemical fertilizers, and pesticides are issues facing the country.[1] Israel has signed many international environmental agreements and is party to:[1]
Convention on Biological Diversity
UNFCCC – Climate Change
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
Hazardous Wastes
Nuclear Test Ban
Montreal Protocol – Ozone Layer Protection
MARPOL 73/78 – Ship Pollution
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat
Signed but not ratified:
Kyoto Protocol
Marine Life Conservation
Rural settlements
View of Kibbutz Lotan
Israel's rural space includes several unique kinds of settlements, notably the moshav and the kibbutz.[38] Originally these were collective and cooperative settlements respectively.[38] Over time, the degree of cooperation in these settlements has decreased and in several of them the cooperative structure has been dismantled altogether.[38] All rural settlements and many small towns (some of which are dubbed "rurban settlements") are incorporated in regional councils. Land use in Israel is 17% arable land, 4% permanent crops, and 79% other uses.[1] As of 2003 1,940 square kilometers (749 sq mi) were irrigated.[1]
There are 242 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the West Bank, 42 in the Golan Heights, and 29 in East Jerusalem.[1]
Islands
Israel currently has no offshore islands within its territorial waters. However, the Israeli government plans to build artificial islands off the coast to house an airport, a seaport, a desalination plant, a power plant, and a military testing base, as an answer to Israel's lack of space.[39][40]
Human geography
Further information: List of cities in Israel and Districts of Israel
Satellite image of Israel at night
As of 2013, the population of Israel is 8 million, 6,015,000 of them Jewish.[41]
For statistical purposes, the country has three metropolitan areas; Gush Dan-Tel Aviv (population 3,150,000), Haifa (population 996,000), and Beersheba (population 531,600).[42] Some argue that Jerusalem, Israel's largest city with a population of 763,600,[43] and Nazareth,[44] should also be classified as metropolitan areas. In total, Israel has 74 cities, 14 of which have populations of over 100,000. Other forms of local government in Israel are local councils of which there are 144 governing small municipalities generally over 2,000 in population,[45][46] and regional councils of which there are 53, governing a group of small communities over a relatively large geographical area.[45][47]
Israel's population is diverse demographically; 76% Jewish, 20% Arab, and 4% unaffiliated.[48] In terms of religion, 76% are Jewish, 16% Muslim, 2% Christian, 2% Druze, and 4% are unclassified by choice.[49] 8% of Israeli Jews are haredi; 9% are "religious", 12% "religious-traditionalists", 27% are "non-religious traditionalists", and 43% are "secular".[50] Other small, but notable groups in Israel, include Circassians of whom there are approximately 3,000 living mostly in two northern villages, 2,500 Lebanese, and 5,000 Armenians predominantly in Jerusalem.[51][52]
Overshoot index
Israel is ranked 34th in the world in terms of population density with, as noted, a climate of long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters.[35] The Population Matters 2011 overshoot index[53] ranked Israel as the third most dependent region in the World after Singapore and Kuwait.
See also
Geography portal
Israel portal
Archaeology of Israel
Kurkar
Land of Israel
List of endemic flora of Israel
Maps of Ancient Israel
National parks and nature reserves of Israel
Outline of Israel
Tourism in Israel
Wildlife of Israel
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Israel". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Federal Research Division (2004). Israel A Country Study (Paperback ed.). Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 8. ISBN 1-4191-2689-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Israel – Geography". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.40–41.
Jump up ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.46–52.
Jump up ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.67–69.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Figure calculated from other sourced figures in table
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=14464&CategoryId=4
Jump up ^ Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. "Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook 2009/10" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Middle East Forum. "The Politics of Palestinian Demography". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. "Barrier Report July 2009. Calculation based on East Jerusalem area of 346km2 being 97% west of the barrier, and 9.5% of the West bank including East Jerusalem being in the Seam Zone" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. "Israeli Census data" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. "Israeli statistical Area data" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b B'Tselem. "Separation Barrier Statistics". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. "Area C Humanitarian Response Plan Fact Sheet September 2010. Assumes 35,000 Palestinians estimated by B'Tselem to be living in the Seam Zone are included in the 150,000 OCHA estimate" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook. "West Bank population. Based on total area of 5,640km2 including East Jerusalem and excluding water. Figure shown calculated from other figures sourced on page". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook. "West Bank population. Assumes CIA World Factbook number excludes Israeli settlers but includes estimated 225k Palestinians living in East Jerusalem". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b CIA World Factbook. "Gaza Strip population. Excludes Israeli settlers, but includes estimated 225k Non-Israeli Palestinians in East Jerusalem". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Israel Topography". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "River Restoration". Israel Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The coastal plain". Retrieved 26 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Makhteshim Country". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Israel's Negev Desert". Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Israel Natural Environment". Geckogo.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Geology of Israel". Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rosh HaNikra". JAFI. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Ferry M.; Meghraoui M.; Karaki A.A.; Al-Taj M.; Amoush H.; Al-Dhaisat S.; Barjous M. (2008). "A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 260 (3—4): 394–406. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.260..394F. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049.
^ Jump up to: a b American Friends of the Tel Aviv University, Earthquake Experts at Tel Aviv University Turn to History for Guidance (October 4, 2007). Quote: The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., and 1033 C.E. "So roughly, we are talking about an interval of every 400 years. If we follow the patterns of nature, a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033." (Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel (Shmulik) Marco). [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Zafrir Renat, Israel Is Due, and Ill Prepared, for Major Earthquake, Haaretz, 15 January 2010. "On average, a destructive earthquake takes place in Israel once every 80 years, causing serious casualties and damage." [2]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "River Jordan". Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lake Tiberias". Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dead Sea". Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Dead Sea Canal". Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, No. 58, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Climate". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Mini-tornado' sweeps through western Galilee". Ynetnews. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Bar, Avi (18 January 2009). "Israel`s largest-ever reserve of natural gas discovered off Haifa coast". Haaretz.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rural Settlement Geography of Israel" (PDF). Indiana State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Israel considers building artificial islands – Israel Environment". Ynetnews. 20 June 1995.
Jump up ^ Ben, Ilan (17 June 2012). "Short on space, Israel looks to artificial islands". The Times of Israel.
Jump up ^ "CBS: Israel home to 8 Million citizens". Ynetnews.
Jump up ^ "Localities, Population, and Density" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Jerusalem: From Town to Metropolis". University of Southern Maine. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Initiated Development in the Nazareth Region". Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Mahler, Gregory S. Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 229.
Jump up ^ Troen, Selwyn Ilan; Noah Lucas. Israel: The First Decade of Independence. SUNY Press. p. 496.
Jump up ^ Herzog, Hanna. Gendering Politics: Women in Israel. University of Michigan Press. p. 22.
Jump up ^ "Population by population group" (PDF). Israel CBS. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Population by religion" (PDF). Israel CBS. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Social Survey" (in Hebrew). Israel CBS. 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Circassians in Israel". Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Armenian Quarter". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Overshoot Index 2011" (PDF). Population Matters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Israel.
Wikimedia Atlas of Israel
Geographic data related to Israel at OpenStreetMap
Geography and Climate at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
Geography and Nature at the Israel Ministry of Tourism website
Geography of Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library
Israel: Maps and Views at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
[show]
v
t
e
Geography of Israel
Districts
List of districts
Jerusalem District
Northern District
Haifa District
Central District
Tel Aviv District
Southern District
Judea and Samaria Area
Bodies of water
Sea of Galilee
Jordan River
Mediterranean Sea
Gulf of Eilat / Red Sea
Dead Sea
Occupied territories
West Bank
Golan Heights
Cities
List of cities
Jerusalem
Tel Aviv-Yafo
Haifa
Beersheba
Regions
Arabah
Bet Shean Valley
Galilee
Judea
Judaean Mountains
Hula Valley
Jezreel Valley
Jordan Valley
Negev
Samaria
Shephelah
Brook of Sorek
Coastal plain
Mount Carmel
Bordering nations
Lebanon
Syria
Jordan
Palestine
Egypt
Archaeology
Archaeology of Israel
[show]
v
t
e
Geography of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with
limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and
other territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
[show]
v
t
e
Israel articles
History
Antiquity
Second Temple period
Old Yishuv
Zionism
Yishuv
Independence
Arab–Israeli conflict
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Peace process
Timeline
by year
Geography
Borders
Cities
Districts
Lakes
Dead Sea
Sea of Galilee
Land of Israel
National parks and nature reserves
Rivers
Jordan River
Wildlife
Politics
Cabinet
Prime Minister
Elections
Foreign relations
Knesset (parliament)
Parties
Law
Basic Laws
Judiciary
President
System of government
Security
Censorship
Civil defense
Intelligence Community
Aman
Mossad
Shin Bet
Israel Defense Forces
Conscription
Structure
Police
Wars
West Bank barrier
Economy
Agriculture
Banking
Companies
Diamond industry
Energy
Science and technology
Taxation
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Tourism
Transport
Water supply and sanitation
Society
Aliyah
Crime
Demographics
People
Education
Healthcare
Human rights
Kibbutz
Languages
Hebrew
Arabic
Religion
Standard of living
Women
Culture
Archaeology
Architecture
Cinema
Cuisine
Literature
Media
Museums
Music
National symbols
Public holidays
Sport
Visual arts
World Heritage Sites
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Israel&oldid=813552015"
Categories:
Geography of Israel
Geography of Palestine (region)
Hidden categories:
CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)
Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction
Use dmy dates from June 2013
Coordinates not on Wikidata
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from January 2017
M w
Articles with DMOZ links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Български
Cebuano
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Lietuvių
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 December 2017, at 01:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: This article is extended-confirmed protected

attr: class id

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

attr: href class

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value: List of countries and dependencies by area

value:
/wiki/Judean_Desert
mw-redirect
Judean Desert

value:
/wiki/Judean_Hills
mw-redirect
Judean Hills

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Palestine
mw-redirect
British Mandate for Palestine

value:
/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Treaty
mw-redirect
Sykes-Picot Treaty

value:
/wiki/Israeli_settlers
mw-redirect
Israeli settlers

value:
/wiki/Israeli_Arabs
mw-redirect
Israeli Arabs

value:
/wiki/Palestinian_people
mw-redirect
Palestinian people

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:115px; top:80px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:62.2px; top:124px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90.8px; top:157px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:132.6px; top:97.6px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:82px; top:245px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27px; top:73.4px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:137px; top:60.2px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:139.2px; top:183.4px

value:
/wiki/Gulf_of_Eilat
mw-redirect
Gulf of Eilat

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:64.4px; top:372.6px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:117.2px; top:124px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:42.4px; top:185.6px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134.8px; top:3px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194.2px; top:5.2px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:181px; top:168px

value: position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27px; top:278px

value: width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;

value:
/wiki/Israeli_Coastal_Plain
mw-redirect
Israeli Coastal Plain

value:
/wiki/Fertility_(soil)
mw-redirect
Fertility (soil)

value: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2017)

value:
/wiki/Western_Galilee
mw-redirect
Western Galilee

value:
/wiki/Sharon_Plain
mw-redirect
Sharon Plain

value:
/wiki/Highland_(geography)
mw-redirect
Highland (geography)

value:
/wiki/Plain_of_Esdraelon
mw-redirect
Plain of Esdraelon

value:
/wiki/Syrian-East_African_Rift
mw-redirect
Syrian-East African Rift

value:
/wiki/Dan_River_(Israel)
mw-redirect
Dan River (Israel)

value:
/wiki/Hulah_Valley
mw-redirect
Hulah Valley

value:
/wiki/National_Water_Carrier
mw-redirect
National Water Carrier

value:
/wiki/Sinai_peninsula
mw-redirect
Sinai peninsula

value:
/wiki/Makhtesh_Gadol
mw-redirect
Makhtesh Gadol

value:
/wiki/Makhtesh_Katan
mw-redirect
Makhtesh Katan

value:
/wiki/Karst_topography
mw-redirect
Karst topography

value:
/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_mountains
mw-redirect
Anti-Lebanon mountains

value:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jordan
mw-redirect
Kingdom of Jordan

value:
/wiki/Banias_River
mw-redirect
Banias River

value:
/wiki/Hasbani_river
mw-redirect
Hasbani river

value:
/wiki/Dead_Sea_canal_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Dead Sea canal (disambiguation)

value:
/wiki/Supercell_thunderstorms
mw-redirect
Supercell thunderstorms

value: Geography of Israel is located in Israel

value: Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart

value: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: red

value: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; color: blue

value: padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em

value: width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%

value: width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: none; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver

value: width: 100%; margin: 0; float: left; clear: right; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%

value: width: 19.5em; float: left; clear: right; margin-left:0em;margin-right:1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver

value: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

value:
/wiki/Nuclear_Test_Ban
mw-redirect
Nuclear Test Ban

value:
/wiki/Marine_Life_Conservation
mw-redirect
Marine Life Conservation

value:
/wiki/Kibbutz_Lotan
mw-redirect
Kibbutz Lotan

value:
/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Metropolitan_Area
mw-redirect
Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area

value:
/wiki/Israeli_Arab
mw-redirect
Israeli Arab

value: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: National parks and nature reserves of Israel

value:
nofollow
external text
http://countrystudies.us/israel/34.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://jiis.org/.upload/web%20C1009.pdf

value: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

value:
nofollow
external text
http://countrystudies.us/israel/35.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.05.049

value:
nofollow
external text
http://american.edu/ted/deadsea.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://countrystudies.us/israel/36.htm

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Geography of the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Geography_of_Northern_Cyprus
mw-redirect
Geography of Northern Cyprus

value: Geography of the Palestinian territories

value:
/wiki/Geography_of_South_Ossetia
mw-redirect
Geography of South Ossetia

value: Geography of the British Indian Ocean Territory

value:
/wiki/Geography_of_Christmas_Island
mw-redirect
Geography of Christmas Island

value: Geography of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

value: Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)

value: Structure and internal organization of the Israel Army

value:
/wiki/National_symbols_of_Israel
mw-redirect
National symbols of Israel

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Geography of Palestine (region)

value: Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)

value: Category:Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction

value: Category:Articles with disputed statements from January 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Geography_of_Israel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: جغرافيا إسرائيل – Arabic

value: География на Израел – Bulgarian

value: جغرافیای اسرائیل – Persian

value: גאוגרפיה של ארץ ישראל – Hebrew

value: ისრაელის გეოგრაფია – Georgian

value: География Израиля – Russian

value: Географія Ізраїлю – Ukrainian

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Geography_of_Israel rootpage-Geography_of_Israel skin-vector action-view


text:
Butler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Butlers" redirects here. For other uses, see Butler (disambiguation).
A butler in the White House Butler's Pantry.
A butler is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantry. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor, and housekeepers caring for the entire house and its appearance.[1] A butler is usually male,[2] and in charge of male servants, while a housekeeper is usually a woman, and in charge of female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as footmen) were rarer and therefore better paid and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the senior male servant, has the highest servant status. He can also be sometimes used as a chauffeur.
In older houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as majordomo, butler administrator, house manager, manservant, staff manager, chief of staff, staff captain, estate manager and head of household staff are sometimes given. The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given, but perhaps, more importantly in line with the requirements of the individual employer. In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate manager of higher rank than the butler. The butler also served drinks or post to the people of the house. The butler can also be served by a head footman or footboy called the under-butler.[3]
The butler was also the senior steward in a lascar ship's crew.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Origin and history
2.1 Ancient through medieval eras
2.2 Elizabethan through Victorian eras
2.3 Butlers in early United States
2.4 The modern butler
3 Training
4 Gender and butlering
5 Historically important butlers
6 In visual art
7 In fiction
7.1 Examples
8 See also
9 References
10 Notes
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background[edit]
The word "butler" comes from Anglo-Norman buteler, variant form of Old Norman *butelier, corresponding to Old French botellier "officer in charge of the king's wine bottles", derived of boteille "bottle", Modern French bouteille, itself from Gallo-Romance BUTICULA "bottle". The role of the butler, for centuries, has been that of the chief steward of a household, the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the household's assets.
In Britain, the butler was originally a middle-ranking member of the staff of a grand household. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the butler gradually became the senior, usually male, member of a household's staff in the very grandest households. However, there was sometimes a steward who ran the outside estate and financial affairs, rather than just the household, and who was senior to the butler in social status into the 19th century. Butlers used always to be attired in a special uniform, distinct from the livery of junior servants, but today a butler is more likely to wear a business suit or business casual clothing and appear in uniform only on special occasions.
A silverman or silver butler has expertise and professional knowledge of the management, secure storage, use and cleaning of all silverware, associated tableware and other paraphernalia for use at military and other special functions.
Origin and history[edit]
A slave in charge of wine in ancient Rome.
The modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that were generally concerned with the care and serving of alcoholic beverages.
Ancient through medieval eras[edit]
From ancient through medieval times, alcoholic beverages were chiefly stored first in earthenware vessels, then later in wooden barrels, rather than in glass bottles; these containers would have been an important part of a household's possessions. The care of these assets was therefore generally reserved for trusted slaves, although the job could also go to free persons because of heredity-based class lines or the inheritance of trades.
The biblical book of Genesis contains a reference to a role precursive to modern butlers. The early Hebrew Joseph interpreted a dream of Pharaoh's שקה (shaqah) (literally "to give to drink"), which is most often translated into English as "chief butler" or "chief cup-bearer".[4]
In ancient Greece and Rome, it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine, while during the Medieval Era the pincerna filled the role within the noble court. The English word "butler" itself comes from the Middle English word bo(u)teler (and several other forms), from Anglo-Norman buteler, itself from Old Norman butelier, corresponding to Old French botellier ("bottle bearer"), Modern French bouteiller, and before that from Medieval Latin butticula. The modern English "butler" thus relates both to bottles and casks.
A pincerna depicted in service to a noble court during the Medieval Era.
Eventually the European butler emerged as a middle-ranking member of the servants of a great house, in charge of the buttery (originally a storeroom for "butts" of liquor, although the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry).[5] While this is so for household butlers, those with the same title but in service to the Crown enjoyed a position of administrative power and were only minimally involved with various stores.
In a large house, the butler (centre-left) is traditionally head over a full array of household servants. This is the servant staff at the Stonehouse Hill of Massachusetts, the estate of Frederick Lothrop Ames, 1914.
Elizabethan through Victorian eras[edit]
The Steward of the Elizabethan era was more akin to the butler that later emerged.[6] Gradually, throughout the 19th century and particularly the Victorian era, as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased in various countries, the butler became a senior male servant of a household's staff. By this time he was in charge of the more modern wine cellar, the "buttery" or pantry (from French pan from Latin panis, bread) as it came to be called, which supplied bread, butter, cheese, and other basic provisions, and the ewery, which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving.[7] In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties.[8] Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, a manual published in Britain in 1861, reported:
The number of the male domestics in a family varies according to the wealth and position of the master, from the owner of the ducal mansion, with a retinue of attendants, at the head of which is the chamberlain and house-steward, to the occupier of the humbler house, where a single footman, or even the odd man-of-all-work, is the only male retainer. The majority of gentlemen's establishments probably comprise a servant out of livery, or butler, a footman, and coachman, or coachman and groom, where the horses exceed two or three.[8]
Glanusk Park in Powys, U.K., in 1891. The residence had 17 servants in residence. The largest stately houses could have 40 or more.
Butlers were head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect. They were more managerial than "hands on"—more so than serving, they officiated in service. For example, although the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest, the door was actually opened by a footman, who would receive the guest's hat and coat. Even though the butler helped his employer into his coat, this had been handed to him by a footman. However, even the highest-ranking butler would "pitch in" when necessary, such as during a staff shortage, to ensure that the household ran smoothly, although some evidence suggests this was so even during normal times.[9]
The household itself was generally divided into areas of responsibility. The butler was in charge of the dining room, the wine cellar, pantry, and sometimes the entire main floor. Directly under the butler was the first footman (or head footman), although there could also be a deputy butler or under-butler who would fill in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. The footman—there were frequently numerous young men in the role within a household—performed a range of duties including serving meals, attending doors, carrying or moving heavy items, and they often doubled as valets. Valets themselves performed a variety of personal duties for their employer. Butlers engaged and directed all these junior staff and each reported directly to him. The housekeeper was in charge of the house as a whole and its appearance. In a household without an official head housekeeper, female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under the butler's management, while in smaller households, the butler usually doubled as valet. Employers and their children and guests addressed the butler (and under-butler, if there was one) by last name alone; fellow servants, retainers, and tradespersons as "Mr. [Surname]".
Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. Beeton in her manual suggested a GBP 25–50 (USD 2,675–5,350) per-year salary for butlers; room and board and livery clothing were additional benefits, and tipping known as vails, were common.[10] The few butlers who were married had to make separate housing arrangements for their families, as did all other servants within the hierarchy.
Butlers in early United States[edit]
Robert Roberts's The House Servant's Directory, 1827.
From the beginning of slavery in the United States, in the early 17th century, African Americans were put to task as domestic servants. Some eventually became butlers. Gary Puckrein, a social historian, argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalised the sorts of "refined" norms and personal attributes that would reflect highly upon the social stature of their masters or mistresses. One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S. publisher by an African American was by a butler named Robert Roberts. The book, The House Servant's Directory,[11] first published in 1827, is essentially a manual for butlers and waiters, and is called by Puckrein "the most remarkable book by an African American in antebellum United States". The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828, and a third in 1843.[12]
European indentured servants formed a corps of domestic workers from which butlers were eventually drawn. Although not the victims of institutionalised slavery, many of them had not volunteered for domestic service, but were forced into it by indebtedness or coercion. As with African American slaves, they could rise in domestic service, and their happiness or misery depended greatly on the disposition of their masters.
The modern butler[edit]
Beginning around the early 1920s (following World War I), employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall decline in western European countries, and even more markedly in the United States. Even so, there were still around 30,000 butlers employed in Britain by World War II. As few as one hundred were estimated to remain by the mid-1980s.[13] Social historian Barry Higman argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with a high level of socio-economic inequality. Conversely, as a society undergoes levelling among its social classes, the number employed in domestic service declines.[14]
Following varied shifts and changes accompanying accelerated globalisation beginning in the late 1980s, overall global demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically. According to Charles MacPherson, President of Charles MacPherson Associates and owner of The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers, the proximate cause is that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years, and such people are finding that they desire assistance in managing their households. MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy people in China has increased particularly, creating in that country a high demand for professional butlers who have been trained in the European butlering tradition.[15] There is also increasing demand for such butlers in other Asian countries, India, and the petroleum-rich Middle East.[16][17]
Higman additionally argues that the inequality/equality levels of societies are a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant/employer relationship.[18] As the 21st century approached, many butlers began carrying out an increasing number of duties formerly reserved for more junior household servants. Butlers today may be called upon to do whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting, in the goal of freeing their employers to carry out their own personal and professional affairs. Professional butler and author Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray-wielding butlers who specialise in serving tables and decanting wine is now anachronistic, and that employers may well be more interested in a butler who is capable of managing a full array of household affairs—from providing the traditional dinner service, to acting as valet, to managing high-tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff. While in truly grand houses the modern butler may still function exclusively as a top-ranked household affairs manager,[19] in lesser homes, such as those of dual-income middle-class professionals,[17] they perform a full array of household and personal assistant duties,[20] including mundane housekeeping.[21] Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings, embassies, cruise ships, yachts, or within their own small "Rent-a-Butler" business or similar agency.[22]
Along with these changes of scope and context, butlering attire has changed. Whereas butlers have traditionally worn a special uniform that separated them from junior servants, and although this is still often the case, butlers today may wear more casual clothing geared for climate, while exchanging it for formal business attire only upon special service occasions. There are cultural distinctions, as well. In the United States, butlers may frequently don a polo shirt and slacks, while in Bali they typically wear sarongs.[23]
In 2007, the number of butlers in Britain had risen to an estimated 5,000.[24]
The period drama, Downton Abbey, has been credited as the reason for a sudden upsurge in the demand for 'properly trained butlers'.[25]
Training[edit]
Butlers traditionally learned their position while progressing their way up the service ladder. For example, in the documentary The Authenticity of Gosford Park, retired butler Arthur Inch (born 1915) describes starting as a hall boy.[26] While this is still often the case, numerous private butlering schools exist today, such as The British Butler Institute.[27] Additionally, major up-market hotels such as the Ritz-Carlton offer traditional butler training, while some hotels have trained a sort of pseudo-butler for service in defined areas such as "technology butlers", who fix guests' computers and other electronic devices, and "bath butlers" who draw custom baths.[28]
Gender and butlering[edit]
Butlers have traditionally been male, and this remains the norm. Probably the first mention of a female butler is in the 1892 book Interludes being Two Essays, a Story, and Some Verses by Horace Smith. In it Smith quotes a certain Sydney Smith who had apparently run into lean times:
A man servant was too expensive, so I caught up a little garden girl, made like a milestone, christened her Bunch, put a napkin in her hand, and made her my butler. The girls taught her to read, Mrs. Sydney to wait, and I undertook her morals. Bunch became the best butler in the country.[29]
Today, female butlers are sometimes preferred,[30] especially for work within Middle and Far Eastern families where it may be religiously problematic for men to work closely with women in a household.[31] Western female celebrities may also prefer a female butler,[32] as may households where the wife is driving the decision to hire a butler.[17] In 2004, Buckingham Palace announced it was actively recruiting women for the position.[33] Despite these trends, the Ivor Spencer School asserts that female butlers are not easily placed, on the whole.
The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers reports that 40% of the students admitted into its program are women. The school goes on to report that the labour market still has a preference for male butlers, however, the market is becoming more progressive and increasing numbers of female butlers are being hired.[34]
In ancient times, the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity-based class structures. With the advent of the medieval era, butlering became an opportunity for social advancement—even more so during Victorian times. Although still based upon various antecedent roles as manifested during different eras, butlering today has frequently taken over many of the roles formerly reserved for lower-ranking domestic servants. At the same time it has become a potentially lucrative career option.[35]
Historically important butlers[edit]
Eugene Allen, White House butler who served under eight U.S. presidents
Grant Harrold butler to Charles, Prince of Wales and etiquette expert, founder of Nicholas Veitch Limited
Paul Burrell, butler to Diana, Princess of Wales
Ivor Spencer, toastmaster and etiquette specialist, head of the Ivor Spencer International School for Butler Administrators/Personal Assistants and Estate Managers
Leslie Bartlett, butler, toastmaster and founder of The London School of British Butlers
Alonzo Fields, White House chief butler from 1932–1953
In visual art[edit]
Heads of Six of Hogarth's Servants
Butlers have been occasionally depicted in visual art. A famous painting, Heads of Six of Hogarth's Servants (c. 1758), is unique among such works. In it, the 18th-century English artist William Hogarth depicted his household servants, all surrounding the butler. In showing the group in a close-knit assemblage rather than in the performance of their routine household duties, Hogarth sought to humanise and dignify them in a manner akin to wealthy-class members, who were the normal subjects of such portraits. While this was a subversive act that certainly raised many eyebrows in his day—Hogarth conspicuously displayed the work in his estate home in full view of guests—at the same time he had painted his servants' facial expressions to convey the sincerity and deference expected of servant-class members.[36]
In contemporary art, "The Butler's in Love" series by U.S. artist Mark Stock is especially poignant. In the series, Stock portrays the butler as sick with love, but the possibility of fulfillment is hopeless: the love is a forbidden love, perhaps felt for the lady of the house, and so it must be suffered alone in silent concealment. In addition to the ongoing mannerisms and facial expressions of the butler, a seated lady once appearing in a curtained room and a recurring lipstick-stained absinthe glass over which the butler obsesses provide the interpretive clues. In selecting a butler as his subject, Stock sought to provide a "universal character", a pathos-laden figure that could be widely related to and that could depict the universality of loneliness felt by someone who can only look in from the outside. Stock began the series in 1985 to express his difficult feelings during a personal experience of unrequited love. One of the paintings was inspiration for a 3-D short film, "The Butler's in Love" by actor/director David Arquette, shot in 2008 at San Francisco's historic Westerfield Mansion.[37][38][39]
In fiction[edit]
The real-life modern butler attempts to be discreet and unobtrusive, friendly but not familiar, keenly anticipative of the needs of his or her employer, and graceful and precise in execution of duty. The butler of fiction, by contrast, often tends to be larger than life and has become a plot device in literature and a traditional role in the performing arts. Butlers may provide comic relief with wry comments, clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes, and are represented as at least as intelligent and moral as their “betters,” or even more so. They are often portrayed as being serious and expressionless and in the case that the wealthy hero is an orphan—such as Batman, Chrono Crusade's Satella Harvenheit, or Tomb Raider's Lara Croft—may be a father figure to said hero. Regardless of the genre in which they are cast, butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the "British butler" model and are given an appropriate-sounding surname. The fictional butler tends to be given a typical Anglo-Celtic surname and have an English accent. The Asian, African American, or Caribbean houseboy is a variant, but even these major-domos are based on the British icon.
Today, butlers are usually portrayed as being refined and well-spoken. However, in 19th century fiction such as Dracula, butlers generally spoke with a strong Cockney or other regional accent.
"The butler" is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas, whether or not the character has been given a name. Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre, where a catchphrase is "The butler did it!"
The best-known fictional manservant, and the prototype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all. Reginald Jeeves, the iconic creation of author P. G. Wodehouse is a "gentleman's gentleman" and general factotum. Probably the best-known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films; Hudson of Upstairs, Downstairs television fame; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series; and Crichton from J. M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton. Lesser-knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere, which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series; Lurch, from the television series The Addams Family, based on Charles Addams' The New Yorker cartoons; Beach, from the Wodehouse series about Blandings Castle; Niles, the butler at the Sheffield house in American sitcom The Nanny, Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, and Benson from the two series Soap and Benson.
Not all fictional butlers portray the "butler stereotype", however. Alan Bates, who played the butler Jennings in the film Gosford Park, was coached in brooding detail by Arthur Inch, a longtime real-life butler.[40] Mr. Stevens, the butler played by Anthony Hopkins in the film Remains of the Day, was also acted with remarkable realism. A female butler, Sarah Stevens, is the principal character in Linda Howard's 2002 Dying to Please, a murder/romance novel. Howard gives detailed and generally accurate descriptions of butlering in the work.[41]
Examples[edit]
See also: List of fictional butlers
Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's butler from Batman
Austin from the game Gardenscapes
Edwin Jarvis, Tony Stark's butler from Iron Man
Ronove, the demon butler and highest-ranking furniture of the Golden Witch; Beatrice and the Endless Sorcerer, Battler from Umineko no Naku Koro ni
Angus Hudson, from the television show Upstairs, Downstairs
Benson DuBois, the Tate butler in the hit 1970's sitcom, Soap
Edmund Blackadder, butler to Prince George the Prince Regent, in the TV Series Blackadder the Third
Nestor, the butler of Marlinspike Hall in The Adventures of Tintin
Niles the butler in the TV Series The Nanny
Sebastian Michaelis, a demon disguised as a man bound by contract to his master in the Black Butler manga and anime series
Sebastian Beach, from the Blandings Castle stories by P. G. Wodehouse, frequently conspires with the clever Gally Threepwood
Smithers, Veronica Lodge's fictional butler
Hugh Edgar, butler, The Edwardian Country House, 2002 British historical recreation TV series
Charles Carson, butler to the Crawley family in Downton Abbey
John Lawless, a central character in the 1967 Sherman Brothers' musical movie The Happiest Millionaire played by 60 teen idol Tommy Steele.
Wadsworth, the protagonist in the movie Clue
Mr. Stevens, the protagonist of Kazuo Ishiguro's Booker Prize-winning novel, The Remains of the Day and movie of the same name
Spencer, butler in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive
Cadbury, butler to Richie Rich
Higgins, from the sitcom Our Man Higgins and the radio comedy on which it was based, It's Higgins, Sir
Underling, the butler in the 2006 Broadway Musical The Drowsy Chaperone
The titular protagonist of Hayate the Combat Butler; Hayate Ayasaki
Butler, the butler for Prince Salde Canarl Shellbrick III off of the puzzle game Puyo Puyo Fever 2
Giles, the butler for ABC's Whodunnit? TV series
Subaru Konoe, the female butler of Kanade Suzutsuki who is disguised as a male in the Mayo Chiki! anime, manga and light novel
Domovoi Butler, butler/bodyguard to Artemis Fowl in Eoin Colfer's Artemis Fowl book series.
Willikins, butler to Samuel Vimes in the Discworld series by Terry Pratchett.
Charley Raunce, who succeeds to the position from footman when Eldon the Butler dies, in the novel Loving by Henry Green.
See also[edit]
Footman
Chauffeur
Maid
Housekeeper
Valet
Domestic worker
Household
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Post, Emily (2007). Emily Post's Etiquette. Echo Library. ISBN 1-4068-1215-3.
Jump up ^ "Home". Butlersguild. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.literary-liaisons.com/article046.htm
Jump up ^ Genesis 39-40.
Jump up ^ This was most likely from a loss of the original Latin meaning and the mistaken belief that buttery related to "butter".
Jump up ^ Lord Montague's Book of Rules and Orders, 1595.
Jump up ^ Nancy Scanlon (2006). "The Development of the Kitchen in the English Country House 1315–1864". Journal of Culinary Science and Technology. 4 (2/3): 79–92.
^ Jump up to: a b Beeton, Isabella (2000) [1861]. Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management. Oxford University Press. p. 393. ISBN 0-19-283345-6.
Jump up ^ Carrolyn Steedman, "The servant’s labour: the business of life, England, 1760–1820", Social History, Vol. 29 No. 1, (February 2004).
Jump up ^ D. Marshall, "The Domestic Servants of the Eighteenth Century", Economica, No. 25, (Apr. 1929), pp. 15–40. Available online with subscription.
Jump up ^ Robert Roberts. "The House Servant's Directory". Digital.lib.msu.edu. Munroe and Francis; New York: Charles S. Francis, 1827. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Gary Puckrein (Oct-Nov 98). "The Science of Service". American Visions. 13 (5). Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ J. Lee (1988). "Steady, Jeeves—you've got company!". U.S. News & World Report. 104 (17).
Jump up ^ Higman, Barry (2002). Domestic Service in Australia. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 0-522-85011-1.
Jump up ^ Scott Simon (10 February 2007). "By Jeeves, We're Having a Butler Shortage—Interview with Charles MacPherson" (Streaming Audio). Weekend Edition Saturday. NPR News. Retrieved 13 August 2007. Also see Sheelah Kolhatka, "Inside the Billionaire Service Industry". The Atlantic, Sept 2006, 97-101. Archived by WebCite.
Jump up ^ See for example Chadha, Monica. "Royal tips for Indian butlers", BBC News, 17 February 2003. Available online. Archived by WebCite.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Butlers: A Jeeves of my very own", The Daily Telegraph, 15 November 2007. Available online. Archived by WebCite.
Jump up ^ Higman (2002).
Jump up ^ Ferry, Steven M. Butlers & Household Managers: 21st Century Professionals. BookSurge Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 1-59109-306-6.
Jump up ^ William Loeffler (15 April 2007). "The butler does it". The Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Lifestyle.
Jump up ^ James Woodford (5 October 2002). "Move over, Jeeves, a new breed of butler is working her way up". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Elizabeth Camille, a butler in Sydney, states, "I still make beds, clean toilets and peg out washing.... It's not all as glamorous as people perceive it to be." Additionally see "Desperately seeking Jeeves", The Globe and Mail (Canada), 20 July 2007. Lynda Reeves, president of the Toronto-based House & Home Media, says that the term "butler" today is just "a pretentious name for a housekeeper".
Jump up ^ Jones, Harvey. "More money than time? Rent a butler". The Independent (UK), 15 December 2001. Available online. Archived by WebCite. Also see http://www.rentabutler.de and http://www.rentabutler.nl/.
Jump up ^ Patrao, Michael. "The alter ago of Jeeves". The Deccan Herald, 27 July 2007. Available online. Archived by WebCite.
Jump up ^ Sapstead, David. "Shortage of Butlers Has World's Wealthy Facing a Crisis", New York Sun, 30 May 2007. Available online. Archived by WebCite.
Jump up ^ Galvin, Libby (28 November 2012). "Demand for British butlers DOUBLES in one year from world's wealthiest families 'influenced by Downton Abbey'". Daily Mail Online. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ The Authenticity of Gosford Park, Documentary featurette in Gosford Park Collector's Edition DVD, Universal Studios, 2002.
Jump up ^ Simon (10 Feb 2007).
Jump up ^ Witchel (2000). "At Hotels, the Butlers Are Doing It". New York Times. 149 (51486): 2.
Jump up ^ Smith, Horace; Joel Lehtonen (translator) (1892). Interludes being Two Essays, a Story, and Some Verses. MacMillan & Co. ISBN 1-4069-1965-9. Available online Archived December 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. (full text).
Jump up ^ James Woodford (5 October 2002). "Move over, Jeeves, a new breed of butler is working her way up". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007.
Jump up ^ See "Unique Rosewood Ladies Floor could start trend in Saudi, Middle East Hotels", 12 October 2007. Available online. Archived by WebCite. Also, for interesting background see Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village. Anchor, 1995. ISBN 0-385-01485-6.
Jump up ^ See The International Guild of Professional Butlers, accessed 31 December 2007. Archived by WebCite.
Jump up ^ Milne, Meg. "The Royal butlerettes", The Financial Mail, 31 October 2004. Available online. Archived by WebCite.
Jump up ^ Charles MacPherson (9, April 2014)
Jump up ^ In Loeffler (15 April 2007), Nathalie Laitmon of The Calendar Group in Stamford, Connecticut, states that skilled butlers within the grandest households can make USD 200,000 (GBP 101,500). She states, "The bigger the lifestyle of the family, the more they can earn".
Jump up ^ Waterfield G., A. French and M. Craske, eds. (2003). Below stairs, 400 years of servants' portraits. London: National Portrait Gallery. ISBN 1-85514-512-X. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Croft, Karen. "Butlers in Love", Salon, 24 May 2001. Available online: Page 1, Page 2 Archived 2008-05-30 at WebCite, Archive 1, Archive 2.
Jump up ^ Stock, Mark. Correspondence with Stephen Ewen, stephenewen.org. Also see http://www.theworldofmarkstock.com.
Jump up ^ Garchik, Leah. San Francisco Chronicle, 14 May 2008. Available online. Archived by WebCite. Also see http://www.wayfaring.com/waypts/show/32050[permanent dead link] for a brief history of the mansion.
Jump up ^ "The man who got it right for Gosford Park and told Richard E Grant what was wrong", Mid Sussex Times, 2002. Available online. Archived by WebCite. Also see The Authenticity of Gosford Park.
Jump up ^ For a synopsis of Howard's book, see "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2010-01-24. .
Notes[edit]
This article is based on material from "A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering[permanent dead link]" by Stephen Ewen, which is licensed under the Creative Common Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Butler", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL. The article there is a mirror copy of "A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering" by Stephen Ewen.
Further reading[edit]
Cyrus Redding Every Man His Own Butler. London: Whittaker & Co., 1839 OCLC 25057151
Charles MacPherson The Butler Speaks: A Return to Proper Etiquette, Stylish Entertaining, and the Art of Good Housekeeping Toronto: Random House, 2013
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Butlers.
Nicholas Veitch: The Royal School of British Etiquette and The Royal School of Butlers
Butler School
The Butler's Guild
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butler&oldid=833769923"
Categories:
Domestic work
Gendered occupations
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: dates
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Webarchive template webcite links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
粵語
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 April 2018, at 10:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Butler_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Butler (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: img

attr: href title

attr: class style

tag: b

value:
/wiki/Business_attire
mw-redirect
Business attire

value: Edit section: Ancient through medieval eras

value:
/wiki/Joseph_(Hebrew_Bible)
mw-redirect
Joseph (Hebrew Bible)

value:
/wiki/Medieval_Era
mw-redirect
Medieval Era

value: Edit section: Elizabethan through Victorian eras

value: Edit section: Butlers in early United States

value:
/wiki/South:_Ante_Bellum
mw-redirect
South: Ante Bellum

value:
/wiki/Indentured_servants
mw-redirect
Indentured servants

value:
/wiki/Technology_butler
mw-redirect
Technology butler

value: Edit section: Historically important butlers

value: The London School of British Butlers (page does not exist)

value: Westerfield Mansion (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Period_piece
mw-redirect
Period piece

value:
/wiki/Niles_(The_Nanny)
mw-redirect
Niles (The Nanny)

value:
/wiki/The_Nanny_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
The Nanny (TV series)

value:
/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel_Air
mw-redirect
The Fresh Prince of Bel Air

value:
/wiki/Remains_of_the_Day
mw-redirect
Remains of the Day

value: List of Umineko no Naku Koro ni characters

value:
/wiki/Umineko:_When_They_Cry
mw-redirect
Umineko: When They Cry

value:
/wiki/Benson_DuBois
mw-redirect
Benson DuBois

value:
/wiki/Mr._E._Blackadder
mw-redirect
Mr. E. Blackadder

value:
/wiki/George_(Blackadder_character)
mw-redirect
George (Blackadder character)

value:
/wiki/Prince_Regent
mw-redirect
Prince Regent

value:
/wiki/Hayate_Ayasaki
mw-redirect
Hayate Ayasaki

value:
/wiki/Whodunnit%3F_(U.S._TV_series)
mw-redirect
Whodunnit? (U.S. TV series)

value:
/wiki/Artemis_Fowl_(series)
mw-redirect
Artemis Fowl (series)

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548516

value:
nofollow
external free
http://www.rentabutler.de

value:
nofollow
http://www.rentabutler.nl/
external free

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.butlersguild.com

value: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

value:
nofollow
external free
http://www.theworldofmarkstock.com

value: Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License

value: Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License

value:
nofollow
http://www.nicholasveitch.co.uk/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.butlerschool.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.butlersguild.com/
external text

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Webarchive template webcite links

value: Category:All articles with dead external links

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017

value: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Butler
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=Butler&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler
Butler – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler
Butler – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler
Butler – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler
Butler – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value: Дворецкий (старший лакей) – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler
Butler – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Butler rootpage-Butler skin-vector action-view