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The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
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For the most recent season, see The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 8).
The Real Housewives of
Beverly Hills
Genre
Reality
Starring
Taylor Armstrong
Camille Grammer
Adrienne Maloof
Kim Richards
Kyle Richards
Lisa Vanderpump
Brandi Glanville
Yolanda Hadid
Carlton Gebbia
Joyce Giraud de Ohoven
Eileen Davidson
Lisa Rinna
Erika Girardi
Kathryn Edwards
Dorit Kemsley
Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
8
No. of episodes
159 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Alex Baskin
Dave Rupel
Douglas Ross
Christopher Cullen
Toni Gallagher
Producer(s)
Christopher Cullen
Anthony McLemore
Ken Schoech
Kimberly Goodman
Juile Murphy
Sally-Anne King
Camera setup
Multiple
Running time
41–43 minutes
Production company(s)
Evolution Media
Distributor
NBCUniversal International Television Production
Release
Original network
Bravo
Picture format
NTSC (480i)
HDTV 1080i
Original release
October 14, 2010 (2010-10-14) – present (present)
Chronology
Preceded by
The Real Housewives of D.C.
Followed by
The Real Housewives of Miami
Related shows
Vanderpump Rules
Vanderpump Rules After Show
External links
Website
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (abbreviated RHOBH) is an American reality television series that premiered on October 14, 2010, on Bravo. The show was developed as the sixth installment of The Real Housewives franchise following The Real Housewives of Orange County, New York City, Atlanta, New Jersey, and D.C. It has aired seven seasons and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women residing in Beverly Hills, California.[1]
The series originally focused on Taylor Armstrong, Camille Grammer, Adrienne Maloof, Kim Richards, Kyle Richards, and Lisa Vanderpump. The current lineup consists of Kyle Richards, Vanderpump, Lisa Rinna, Erika Girardi, Dorit Kemsley and Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave. Of the original housewives, Grammer left after the second season, Armstrong and Maloof left after the third, and Kim Richards left after the fifth. The remaining housewives joined in later seasons: Rinna in the fifth, Girardi in the sixth, Kemsley in the seventh and Mellencamp Arroyave in the eighth. Other housewives include Brandi Glanville (seasons 3–5), Yolanda Hadid (seasons 3–6), Carlton Gebbia (season 4), Joyce Giraud de Ohoven (season 4), Eileen Davidson (seasons 5–7), and Kathryn Edwards (season 6).
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview and casting
1.1 Season 1–4
1.2 Season 5–present
1.3 Timeline of housewives
2 Episodes
3 References
4 External links
Overview and casting[edit]
Season 1–4[edit]
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills was announced in March 2010 as the sixth installment in the network's The Real Housewives franchise.[2] The cast was announced on August 31, 2010, with former child actresses (and Paris Hilton's aunts[3]) Kim Richards and Kyle Richards, heiress/businesswoman Adrienne Maloof, restaurant owner/entrepreneur Lisa Vanderpump, actor Kelsey Grammer's former wife Camille Grammer, and (now widowed) investment banker's wife Taylor Armstrong.[4][5][6][7] The first season premiered on October 14, 2010, scoring over 1.5 million viewers[8] and the series' ratings continued to grow, attracting 3.7 million viewers between the 9 p.m. and 10 p.m. airings for the January 13, 2011 episode, making it the number one telecast among adults 18–49 versus all cable competition in the time slot.[9]
The January 20, 2011 finale became the highest-rated episode of the season with 4.2 million viewers, when combined with multiple evening reruns.[10] The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' first season ranked as the second highest rated first season series of the Real Housewives franchise ever in all demographics, averaging 2.42 million total viewers and 1.71 million adults 18–49.[11] The series also received a 2011 Critics Choice Award for best reality series.[11]
The series' second season renewal was announced in March 2011[12] and premiered on September 5, 2011.[11] The entire season one cast returned, and Brandi Glanville and Dana Wilkey were each introduced to the series as a friend of the housewives".[13][14] Grammer left the main cast after season two, and the second season was re-edited after the death of Taylor Armstrong's husband, Russell Armstrong, who committed suicide on August 15, 2011.[15][16]
The third-season premiere aired on November 5, 2012. Brandi Glanville was upgraded to main housewife, and Yolanda Foster (now Hadid) was added to the series. Marisa Zanuck was introduced as a friend of the housewives, and Camille Grammer held the same title.[17] Faye Resnick officially joined the show as a friend of the housewives mid-season.[18] Ratings for season 3 decreased from previous seasons. The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills hit a season high of 2.35 million viewers and a 1.1 rating (18–49 aged viewers) on November 26, 2012,[19] then plunged by 34% to a two-season low on March 11, 2013, with 1.56 million viewers and a 0.7 18–49 rating.[20]
The series was renewed for a fourth season officially on April 2, 2013.[21] Kyle Richards, Kim Richards, Brandi Glanville, Lisa Vanderpump, and Yolanda Foster all returned. Adrienne Maloof did not return for the fourth season, nor did she attend the season three reunion that was filmed March 1, 2013.[22] Camille Grammer and Faye Resnick did not appear at all.[23][24][25] Marisa Zanuck later revealed that producers did not ask her to return for the fourth season.[26] TMZ posted a video of musician Rod Stewart stating that his wife, Penny Lancaster, turned down an offer from Bravo to be a part of the cast for the fourth season. Speculation began in April 2013 that Lisa Rinna would be joining the series for the fourth season, but a representative for Bravo stated, at the time — there was "no truth" to the story.[27][28] E! News confirmed that Carlton Gebbia and Joyce Giraud de Ohoven had joined the main cast, while Taylor Armstrong had been demoted to a guest role.[29] The fourth season premiered on November 4, 2013.[30]
Season 5–present[edit]
The fifth season renewal of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills was announced in April 2014.[31] On May 28, 2014, it was reported that both Joyce Giraud and Carlton Gebbia would not be returning for the upcoming season.[32] The fifth season began filming on June 20, 2014, with Lisa Vanderpump, Brandi Glanville, Kim and Kyle Richards, and Yolanda Foster returning.[33][34] By July 2014, it was reported that Rinna had signed on for the fifth season,[35][36][37][38] together with another Days of Our Lives alumna, Eileen Davidson.[39] In addition, original housewives Maloof, Grammer, and Armstrong returned to the series for multiple appearances.[40][41] The fifth season premiered on November 18, 2014.[42]
In June 2015, it was confirmed that both Kim Richards and Brandi Glanville would not return as housewives for the sixth season.[43][44][45] In August, E! News reported that singer Erika Girardi would be joining the series for the upcoming sixth season.[46] In November, it was officially confirmed that Erika Girardi and Kathryn Edwards would join the show as housewives; former cast members, including Kim Richards, Grammer, Armstrong, Resnick, Maloof, and Glanville would make guest appearances, alongside Bethenny Frankel from The Real Housewives of New York City.[47]
In April 2016, Bravo announced that the series was renewed for a seventh season.[48] On June 15, 2016, Hadid announced that she would not be returning to the show for season seven.[49] On July 7, 2016, Vanderpump confirmed that she would return for the show's seventh season while Edwards announced that she would be departing from the cast after one season.[50][51] In August 2016, Davidson confirmed she would return for her third consecutive season.[52] Also in August, Bravo officially confirmed the return of Vanderpump and Kyle Richards for season seven, while Richards revealed that filming for the season had begun by sharing footage of the camera crew in her kitchen.[53]
In September 2016, Eden Sassoon, daughter of hairstylist Vidal Sassoon, confirmed she was filming for the upcoming season, but at that time, her role had yet to be determined, while original cast member Grammer confirmed she was also filming for the new season, describing a party that was filmed in Malibu, which Kyle Richards, Girardi, and Davidson also attended.[54][55] Later in September, Vanderpump confirmed her close friend, Dorit Kemsley, had been filming for the seventh season, and that Glanville would not be making any appearances.[56] On September 19, 2016, during an interview with Access Hollywood, Kyle Richards confirmed that Eden Sassoon would appear in a recurring capacity. In the same interview, Rinna also confirmed Eden Sassoon's arrival to the series, as well as confirming her own return.[57]
On October 27, 2016, Bravo officially confirmed that the seventh season would feature six housewives; including the previously confirmed Vanderpump and Kyle Richards alongside newly confirmed Rinna.[58] In the following days, Bravo also confirmed Davidson and Girardi's return.[59][60] On November 1, 2016, Bravo announced that the seventh season would premiere on December 6, 2016, with Vanderpump, Kyle Richards, Davidson, Rinna, and Girardi returning full-time with new cast-member, Dorit Kemsley, along with Eden Sassoon in a recurring capacity. The release of the trailer for the seventh season confirmed that former cast-members, Grammer and Kim Richards would make guest appearances.[61][62]
In April 2017, the series was renewed for its eighth season.[63] On May 3, 2017, Eden Sassoon announced she would not return to the series for its eighth season.[64] In June 2017, Girardi announced her return to the series for her third consecutive season.[65] In July 2017, Davidson announced her departure from the series, citing her work schedules at The Young and the Restless and Days of Our Lives as to why it was best to "step away from being a housewife for now."[66]
On November 17, 2017, the eighth season was announced. The season will premiere on December 19, 2017, with all housewives from the previous season returning, with the exclusion of Davidson, whose departure had been previously announced. The season will also welcome the addition of new housewife, Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave, as well as Grammer returning in a friend of capacity and former housewife Maloof making a guest appearance. [67]
Timeline of housewives[edit]
Housewives
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Taylor Armstrong Main Guest
Camille Grammer Main Friend Guest Friend
Adrienne Maloof Main Guest Guest
Kim Richards Main Guest
Kyle Richards Main
Lisa Vanderpump Main
Brandi Glanville Friend Main Guest
Yolanda Hadid Main
Carlton Gebbia Main
Joyce Giraud de Ohoven Main
Eileen Davidson Main
Lisa Rinna Guest Main
Kathryn Edwards Main
Erika Girardi Main
Dorit Kemsley Main
Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave Main
Friends of the housewives
Dana Wilkey Guest Friend Guest
Faye Resnick Guest Friend Guest
Marisa Zanuck Friend
Eden Sassoon Friend
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 17 October 14, 2010 February 15, 2011
2 24 September 5, 2011 February 16, 2012
3 22 November 5, 2012 April 8, 2013
4 23 November 4, 2013 April 7, 2014
5 23 November 18, 2014 April 21, 2015
6 24 December 1, 2015 May 10, 2016
7 21 December 6, 2016 April 25, 2017
8 TBD December 19, 2017 TBA
References[edit]
Jump up ^ LaPorte, Nicole (December 15, 2010). "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills: 8 Secrets". The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 27, 2015. None of the Housewives technically live in Beverly Hills.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 10, 2010). "Bravo Adds Fifth Night Of Programming, Boosting Original Hours By 20%". TV by the Numbers (Press release). Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paris Hilton turns up to support her aunts at Real Housewives of Beverly Hills premiere". The Daily Mail. October 12, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bravo's "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" Delivers a Wealth of Drama, Premiering Thursday, October 14, at 10pm ET/PT". The Futon Critic (Press release). August 31, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fultz, Ashley (March 19, 2010). "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Cast Revealed!". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Aly (March 26, 2010). "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills: Last Castmate Revealed!". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 31, 2010). "Bravo's 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Premieres Thursday, October 14 @10pm". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 15, 2010). "Thursday Cable Ratings: Jersey Shore Still Down From Highs, But Still Highest + It's Always Sunny, The League, Project Runway + More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (January 14, 2011). "Bravo's The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Sets Records with Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (January 21, 2011). "Bravo's "The Real Housewives Of Beverly Hills" Breaks Records Again With 4.2 Million Total Viewers In Combined Prime Telecasts". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Glitz and Glamour Returns With Bravo's "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" Season 2 Premiering Monday, September 5, at 9PM ET/PT". The Futon Critic (Press release). July 27, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 30, 2011). "Bravo Picks Up 11 New Series, And Increases Original Hours By 20%". TV by the Numbers (Press release). Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (July 27, 2011). "'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Gets a Premiere Date and Two 'Unofficial' New Cast Members". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Alison (July 27, 2011). "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills New Cast: Revealed!". People. Time Inc. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dillon, Nancy (August 17, 2011). "Russell Armstrong, husband of 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' star, autopsy results complete". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Source: Bravo Will Delay Premiere of 'Real Housewives' in Wake of Armstrong Death". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. August 18, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meet the New Housewives of Beverly Hills in Season 3 Sneak Peek!". Us Weekly. Wenner Media LLC. September 20, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Harper, Jen (September 21, 2012). "'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Season 3 trailer brings the drama and the new ladies". Zap2it. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 28, 2013). "Monday Cable Ratings:Monday NIght Football Wins Night, 'Catfish', 'Teen Mom 2', 'WWE Raw' 'Pawn Stars', 'Basketball Wives', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 12, 2013). "Monday Cable Ratings: 'Monday Night RAW' Wins Night + 'Teen Mom II', 'Pawn Stars', 'American Pickers', 'Lizard Lick Towing' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 2, 2013). "Bravo Greenlights 17 New and 18 Returning Unscripted Series". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Adrienne Maloof Skipping Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Reunion Taping". Us Weekly. Wenner Media LLC. March 1, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Heller, Jill (March 29, 2013). "Faye Resnick Reportedly Quitting 'Real Housewives' After Adrienne Maloof Announces Departure". International Business Times. IBT Media. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (March 4, 2013). "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Shakeup: Camille Grammer and Adrienne Maloof Not Returning For Season 4". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Raha (January 3, 2013). "Camille Grammer Leaving Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". People. Time Inc. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Macatee, Rebecca (April 29, 2013). "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Star Marisa Zanuck Leaving Show: "I Wasn't Asked Back"". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Reiher, Andrea (April 20, 2013). "Lisa Rinna to 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills'? A rep for Bravo says 'no truth' to the rumor". Zap2it. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Malcolm, Shawna (April 18, 2013). "Lisa Rinna Not Joining Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, Despite Reports". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jenna Mullins; Melanie Bromley (June 21, 2013). "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills: Carlton Gebbia And Joyce Giraud In, Taylor Armstrong Out?". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 18, 2013). "Bravo Sets November Premiere Dates for 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills & Atlanta', 'Shahs of Sunset', 'Thicker Than Water' & More". TV by the Numbers (Press release).
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (April 8, 2014). "Bravo Developing Morgan Spurlock, Thom Beers Projects; Orders Real-Time Dating Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (May 28, 2014). "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Casting Shakeup: Joyce Giraud and Carlton Gebbia Have Been Fired". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Huggins, Sarah (June 25, 2014). "'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills': Lisa Vanderpump confirms Season 5 return". Zap2it. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Madeline, Boardman (June 27, 2014). "Kyle Richards Officially Returning to Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, "Not Going to Miss" Carlton Gebbia". Us Weekly. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dries, Kat (July 18, 2014). "Reports: Lisa Rinna to Join The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". Jezebel. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (July 14, 2014). "Lisa Rinna Is Joining The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sitzer, Carly (July 8, 2014). "Lisa Rinna Signs On For 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' — And Brandi Glanville is Jealous!". In Touch Weekly. Bauer Media Group. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (July 15, 2014). "'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Adds Lisa Rinna to Cast". The Wrap. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marquina, Sierra (July 24, 2014). "Days of Our Lives Actress Eileen Davidson Joining The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". Us Weekly. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Julles, Anny (July 2, 2014). "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Season 5 Cast Update: Adrienne Maloof, Camille Grammer Planning Return After Lisa Vanderpump News". Latin Post. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Huggins, Sarah (November 19, 2014). "Camille Grammer, Adrienne Maloof and Taylor Armstrong return to 'RHOBH' Season 5 and all is right in the world". Zap2it. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris (November 18, 2014). "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Returns with Reunions, Remorse and (Lisa) Rinna". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Us Weekly Staff (June 4, 2015). "Kim Richards Not Returning to Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". Us Weekly. Wenner Media LLC. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Takeda, Allison (June 24, 2015). "Brandi Glanville Confirms Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Exit: It's Been a "Roller Coaster"". Us Weekly. Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brandi Glanville Speaks Out About Parting with #RHOBH". Bravo Media. NBCUniversal. June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nessif, Bruna (August 7, 2015). "Erika Jayne Joins the Cast of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vena, Joceylyn (November 5, 2015). "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Welcomes Two New 'Wives: Get a First Look at Season 6". Bravo Media. NBCUniversal. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ge, Linda (April 27, 2016). "'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills,' 'Vanderpump Rules' Among Bravo Renewals". The Wrap. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris (June 15, 2016). "Yolanda Hadid Leaving The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". E! News. United States: NBCUniversal. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Pump is still in the game': Lisa Vanderpump confirms she WILL return for 7th season of RHOBH". Daily Mail. July 7, 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Kathryn Edwards Will Not Be Returning to Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". People. July 7, 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (August 12, 2016). "Eileen Davidson Dishes On The State Of Y&R's Ashley & Confirms Return To RHOBH For Season 7!". On-Air On-Soaps. United States: Michael Fairman Soaps, Inc. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Segura, Megan (August 26, 2016). "Kyle Richards and Lisa Vanderpump Start Filming Season 7 of RHOBH". Bravo. The Daily Dish. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Segura, Megan (September 1, 2016). "Meet Eden Sassoon, The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Newest Addition". ET. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bueno, Antoinette (September 9, 2016). "amille Grammer Confirms 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Return: Our Show 'Never Lacks the Drama'". Entertainment Tonight Online. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sander, Brice (September 19, 2016). "Lisa Vanderpump Shuts Down the Idea of a Brandi Glanville 'Real Housewives' Return: 'Absolutely Not!'". ET Online. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'RHOBH': Kyle Richards & Lisa Rinna Discuss Eden Sassoon". Access Hollywood. September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Segura, Megan (October 27, 2016). "Find Out Who's Coming Back to The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills for Season 7". Bravo. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Segura, Megan (October 28, 2016). "See Who Else Is Coming Back for Season 7 of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". Bravo. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Segura, Megan (October 31, 2016). "Get Ready for Yet Another Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Season 7 Reveal". Bravo. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rosenfeld, Laura (November 1, 2016). "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Returns in December: Get Your First Look at the Luxe New Season". Bravo. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris (November 1, 2016). "RHOBH's Explosive Trailer Is Full of New Faces and New Fights". E! Online. United States: NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (April 27, 2017). "Bravo Renews Five 'Real Housewives' Series, 'Vanderpump Rules,' 12 More Shows". Variety. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (May 3, 2017). "Eden Sassoon Not Returning to RHOBH: #Grateful". E! Online. United States: NBCUniversal. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sander, Brice (June 7, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: Erika Jayne Shares Health Update Following 'DWTS' Injury and Surgery, Confirms Her 'RHOBH' Return!". Entertainment Tonight. United States. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eileen Davidson Off The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Quinn, Dave (November 16, 2017). "'You Have to Cut the Head Off the Devil!' War Erupts on RHOBH Season 8 Trailer". People. United States: Time Inc. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
External links[edit]
Television in the United States portal
Official website
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills on IMDb
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills at TV Guide
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Babylonian captivity
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The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia. After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, besieged Jerusalem, resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim.[1] Jehoiakim refused to pay tribute in Nebuchadnezzar's fourth year, which led to another siege in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year, culminating with the death of Jehoiakim and the exile of King Jeconiah, his court and many others; Jeconiah's successor Zedekiah and others were exiled in Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year; a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year. The dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees given in the biblical accounts vary.[2] These deportations are dated to 597 BCE for the first, with others dated at 587/586 BCE, and 582/581 BCE respectively.[3]
After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were permitted to return to Judah.[4][5] According to the biblical book of Ezra, construction of the second temple in Jerusalem began around 537 BCE. All these events are considered significant in Jewish history and culture, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism.
Archaeological studies have revealed that not all of the population of Judah was deported, and that, although Jerusalem was utterly destroyed, other parts of Judah continued to be inhabited during the period of the exile.[6] The return of the exiles was a gradual process rather than a single event, and many of the deportees or their descendants did not return.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical accounts of the exile
2 Archaeological and other non-Biblical evidence
3 Exilic literature
4 Significance in Jewish history
5 Chronology
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Biblical accounts of the exile[edit]
In the late 7th century BCE, the Kingdom of Judah was a client state of the Assyrian empire. In the last decades of the century, Assyria was overthrown by Babylon, an Assyrian province. Egypt, fearing the sudden rise of the Neo-Babylonian empire, seized control of Assyrian territory up to the Euphrates river in Syria, but Babylon counter-attacked. In the process Josiah, the king of Judah, was killed in a battle with the Egyptians at the Battle of Megiddo (609 BCE).
After the defeat of Pharaoh Necho's army by the Babylonians at Carchemish in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim began paying tribute to Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. Some of the young nobility of Judah were taken to Babylon.
In the following years, the court of Jerusalem was divided into two parties, in support of Egypt and Babylon. After Nebuchadnezzar was defeated in battle in 601 BCE by Egypt, Judah revolted against Babylon, culminating in a three-month siege of Jerusalem beginning in late 598 BCE.[7] Jehoiakim, the king of Judah, died during the siege[8] and was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin (also called Jeconiah) at the age of eighteen.[9] The city fell on 2 Adar (March 16) 597 BCE,[10] and Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and its Temple and took Jeconiah, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet Ezekiel) back to Babylon.[11] Jehoiakim's uncle Zedekiah was appointed king in his place, but the exiles in Babylon continued to consider Jeconiah as their Exilarch, or rightful ruler.
Despite warnings by Jeremiah and others of the pro-Babylonian party, Zedekiah revolted against Babylon and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh Hophra. Nebuchadnezzar returned, defeated the Egyptians, and again besieged Jerusalem, resulting in the city's destruction in 587 BCE. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the city wall and the Temple, together with the houses of the most important citizens. Zedekiah and his sons were captured, the sons were executed in front of Zedekiah, who was then blinded and taken to Babylon with many others (Jer 52:10–11). Judah became a Babylonian province, called Yehud, putting an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah. (Because of the missing years in the Jewish calendar, rabbinic sources place the date of the destruction of the First Temple at 3338 HC (423 BCE)[12] or 3358 HC (403 BCE)).[13]
Illustration from the Nuremberg Chronicle of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule
The first governor appointed by Babylon was Gedaliah, a native Judahite; he encouraged the many Jews who had fled to surrounding countries such as Moab, Ammon and Edom to return, and he took steps to return the country to prosperity. Some time later, a surviving member of the royal family assassinated Gedaliah and his Babylonian advisors, prompting many refugees to seek safety in Egypt. By the end of the second decade of the 6th century, in addition to those who remained in Judah, there were significant Jewish communities in Babylon and in Egypt; this was the beginning of the later numerous Jewish communities living permanently outside Judah in the Jewish Diaspora.
According to the book of Ezra, the Persian Cyrus the Great ended the exile in 538 BCE,[14] the year after he captured Babylon.[15] The exile ended with the return under Zerubbabel the Prince (so-called because he was a descendant of the royal line of David) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former High Priests of the Temple) and their construction of the Second Temple in the period 521–516 BCE.[14]
Archaeological and other non-Biblical evidence[edit]
Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, his capture of King Jeconiah, his appointment of Zedekiah in his place, and the plundering of the city in 597 BCE are corroborated by a passage in the Babylonian Chronicles:[16]:293
In the seventh year, in the month of Kislev, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land, and encamped against the City of Judah and on the ninth day of the month of Adar he seized the city and captured the king. He appointed there a king of his own choice and taking heavy tribute brought it back to Babylon.
Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets, describing ration orders for a captive King of Judah, identified with King Jeconiah, have been discovered during excavations in Babylon, in the royal archives of Nebuchadnezzar.[17][18] One of the tablets refers to food rations for "Ya’u-kīnu, king of the land of Yahudu" and five royal princes, his sons.[19]
Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian forces returned in 588/586 BCE and rampaged through Judah, leaving clear archaeological evidence of destruction in many towns and settlements there.[16]:294 Clay ostraca from this period, referred to as the Lachish letters, were discovered during excavations; one, which was probably written to the commander at Lachish from an outlying base, describes how the signal fires from nearby towns were disappearing: "And may (my lord) be apprised that we are watching for the fire signals of Lachish according to all the signs which my lord has given, because we cannot see Azeqah."[20] Archaeological finds from Jerusalem testify that virtually the whole city within the walls was burnt to rubble in 587 BCE and utterly destroyed.[16]:295
Archaeological excavations and surveys have enabled the population of Judah before the Babylonian destruction to be calculated with a high degree of confidence to have been approximately 75,000. Taking the different biblical numbers of exiles at their highest, 20,000, this would mean that at most 25% of the population had been deported to Babylon, with the remaining 75% staying in Judah.[16]:306 Although Jerusalem was destroyed and depopulated, with large parts of the city remaining in ruins for 150 years, numerous other settlements in Judah continued to be inhabited, with no signs of disruption visible in archaeological studies.[16]:307
The Cyrus Cylinder, an ancient tablet on which is written a declaration in the name of Cyrus referring to restoration of temples and repatriation of exiled peoples, has often been taken as corroboration of the authenticity of the biblical decrees attributed to Cyrus,[21] but other scholars point out that the cylinder's text is specific to Babylon and Mesopotamia and makes no mention of Judah or Jerusalem.[21] Professor Lester L. Grabbe asserted that the "alleged decree of Cyrus" regarding Judah, "cannot be considered authentic", but that there was a "general policy of allowing deportees to return and to re-establish cult sites". He also stated that archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle" taking place over decades, rather than a single event.[22]
As part of the Persian Empire, the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (Yehud Medinata[23]) with different borders, covering a smaller territory.[22] The population of the province was greatly reduced from that of the kingdom, archaeological surveys showing a population of around 30,000 people in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.[16]:308
An exhibition in Jerusalem has on display over 100 cuneiform tablets that detail trade in fruits and other commodities, taxes, debts, and credits accumulated between Jews driven from, or convinced to move from Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BCE. They include details on one exiled Judean family over four generations, all with Hebrew names.[24][25]
Exilic literature[edit]
The exilic period was a rich one for Hebrew literature. Biblical depictions of the exile include Book of Jeremiah 39–43 (which saw the exile as a lost opportunity); the final section of 2 Kings (which portrays it as the temporary end of history); 2 Chronicles (in which the exile is the "Sabbath of the land"); and the opening chapters of Ezra, which records its end. Other works from or about the exile include the stories in Daniel 1–6, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, the "Story of the Three Youths" (1 Esdras 3:1–5:6), and the books of Tobit and Book of Judith.[26]
The Priestly source, one of the four main sources of the Torah/Pentateuch in the Bible, is primarily a product of the post-exilic period when the former Kingdom of Judah had become the Persian province of Yehud.[27] Also during this Persian period, the final redaction of the Pentateuch purportedly took place.[16]:310
Significance in Jewish history[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
James Tissot, The Flight of the Prisoners.
In the Hebrew Bible, the captivity in Babylon is presented as a punishment for idolatry and disobedience to Yahweh in a similar way to the presentation of Israelite slavery in Egypt followed by deliverance. The Babylonian Captivity had a number of serious effects on Judaism and Jewish culture. For example, the current Hebrew alphabet was adopted during this period, replacing the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.
This period saw the last high-point of biblical prophecy in the person of Ezekiel, followed by the emergence of the central role of the Torah in Jewish life. According to many historical-critical scholars, the Torah was redacted during this time, and began to be regarded as the authoritative text for Jews. This period saw their transformation into an ethno-religious group who could survive without a central Temple.[28]
This process coincided with the emergence of scribes and sages as Jewish leaders (see Ezra). Prior to exile, the people of Israel had been organized according to tribe. Afterwards, they were organized by smaller family groups. Only the tribe of Levi continued in its temple role after the return. After this time, there were always sizable numbers of Jews living outside Eretz Israel; thus, it also marks the beginning of the "Jewish diaspora", unless this is considered to have begun with the Assyrian Captivity of Israel.
In Rabbinic literature, Babylon was one of a number of metaphors for the Jewish diaspora. Most frequently the term "Babylon" meant the diaspora prior to the destruction of the Second Temple. The post-destruction term for the Jewish Diaspora was "Rome", or "Edom".
Chronology[edit]
The following table is based on Rainer Albertz's work on Israel in exile.[29] (Alternative dates are possible.)
Year
Event
609 BCE Death of Josiah
609–598 BCE Reign of Jehoiakim (succeeded Jehoahaz, who replaced Josiah but reigned only 3 months) Began giving tribute to Nebuchadnezzar in 605 BCE. First deportation, including Daniel.
598/7 BCE Reign of Jehoiachin (reigned 3 months). Siege and fall of Jerusalem.
Second deportation, 16 March 597
597 BCE Zedekiah made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon
594 BCE Anti-Babylonian conspiracy
588 BCE Siege and fall of Jerusalem. Solomon's Temple destroyed.
Third deportation July/August 587
583 BCE Gedaliah the Babylonian-appointed governor of Yehud Province assassinated.
Many Jews flee to Egypt and a possible fourth deportation to Babylon
562 BCE Release of Jehoiachin after 37 years in a Babylonian prison.[30] He remains in Babylon
539 BCE Persians conquer Babylon (October)
538 BCE Decree of Cyrus allows Jews to return to Jerusalem
520–515 BCE Return by many Jews to Yehud under Zerubbabel and Joshua the High Priest.
Foundations of Second Temple laid
See also[edit]
Judaism portal
Avignon Papacy, sometimes called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"
Al-Yahudu Tablets, 200 clay tablets from the sixth and fifth centuries BCE on the exiled Judean community
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coogan, Michael (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel S Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 357–58. ISBN 0802862608. Retrieved 11 June 2015. Overall, the difficulty in calculation arises because the biblical texts provide varying numbers for the different deportations. The HB/OT’s conflicting figures for the dates, number, and victims of the Babylonian deportations become even more of a problem for historical reconstruction because, other than the brief reference to the first capture of Jerusalem (597) in the Babylonian Chronicle, historians have only the biblical sources with which to work.
Jump up ^ Dunn, James G.; Rogerston, John William (2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 545. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015). Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7–11, 30, 226.
Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica. 3 (2nd ed.). p. 27.
Jump up ^ Stern, Ephraim (November–December 2000). "The Babylonian Gap". Biblical Archaeology Review. 26 (6). From 604 BCE to 538 BCE—there is a complete gap in evidence suggesting occupation. ... I do not mean to imply that the country was uninhabited during the period between the Babylonian destruction and the Persian period. There were undoubtedly some settlements, but the population was very small. Many towns and villages were either completely or partly destroyed. The rest were barely functioning. International trade virtually ceased. Only two regions appear to have been spared this fate—the northern part of Judah (the region of Benjamin) and probably the land of Ammon, although the latter region awaits further investigation.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wigoder, The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible Pub. by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. (2006)
Jump up ^ Dan Cohn-Sherbok, The Hebrew Bible, Continuum International, 1996, p. x. ISBN 0-304-33703-X
Jump up ^ 2Kings 24:6–8
Jump up ^ Philip J. King, Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion (Westminster John Knox Press, 1993), p. 23.
Jump up ^ The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. by Michael D Coogan. Pub. by Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 350
Jump up ^ Rashi to Talmud Bavli, avodah zara p. 9a. Josephus, seder hadoroth year 3338
Jump up ^ malbim to ezekiel 24:1, abarbanel et al.
^ Jump up to: a b "Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule". Biu.ac.il. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
Jump up ^ Harper's Bible Dictionary, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.
Jump up ^ Thomas, David Winton (1958). Documents from Old Testament Times (1961 ed.). Edinburgh and London: Thomas Nelson. p. 84.
Jump up ^ Cf. 2Kings 24:12, 24:15–24:16, 25:27–25:30; 2Chronicles 36:9–36:10; Jeremiah 22:24–22:6, 29:2, 52:31–52:34; Ezekiel 17:12.
Jump up ^ COJS staff. "Babylonian Ration List: King Jehoiakhin in Exile, 592/1 BCE". COJS.org. The Center for Online Judaic Studies. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013. Ya’u-kīnu, king of the land of Yahudu
Jump up ^ Translation from Aḥituv, Shmuel. Echoes from the Past. Jerusalem: CARTA Jerusalem, 2008, p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b Becking, Bob (2006). ""We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred. Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-57506-104-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0567089984.
Jump up ^ Yehud being the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew Yehuda, or "Judah", and "medinata" the word for province
Jump up ^ "Ancient tablets on display in Jerusalem reveal Jewish life during Babylon exile".
Jump up ^ "Ancient tablets reveal life of Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon". 3 February 2017 – via Reuters.
Jump up ^ Rainer Albertz, Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century BCE (page 15 link) Society for Biblical Literature, 2003, pp. 4–38
Jump up ^ Blum, Erhard (1998). "Issues and Problems in the Contemporary Debate Regarding the Priestly Writings". In Sarah Shectman, Joel S. Baden. The strata of the priestly writings: contemporary debate and future directions. Theologischer Verlag. pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ A Concise History of the Jewish People. Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littma. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 43
Jump up ^ Rainer Albertz, Israel in exile: the history and literature of the sixth century BCE, p.xxi.
page 77 with another list of dates
Jump up ^ 2 Kings 25:27
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Babylonian captivity.
Yehud Medinata map, CET – Center For Educational technology
Yehud Medinata Border map, CET – Center For Educational technology
Peter R. Ackroyd, "Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C." (SCM Press, 1968)
Rainer Albertz, Bob Becking, "Yahwism after the Exile" Van Gorcum, 2003)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase: the place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the origins of Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2009)
Nodet, Étienne, "A search for the origins of Judaism: from Joshua to the Mishnah" (Sheffield Academic Press, 1999, original edition Editions du Cerf, 1997)
Becking, Bob, and Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (eds), "The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic & Post-Exilic Times" (Brill, 1999)
Bedford, Peter Ross, "Temple restoration in early Achaemenid Judah" (Brill, 2001)
Berquist, Jon L., "Approaching Yehud: new approaches to the study of the Persian period" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2007)
Grabbe, Lester L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period", vol.1 (T&T Clark International, 2004)
Levine, Lee I., "Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the second Temple period (538 B.C.E.-70 C.E.)" (Jewish Publication Society, 2002)
Lipschitz, Oded, "The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem" (Eisenbrauns, 2005)
Lipschitz, Oded, and Oeming, Manfred (eds), "Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period" (Eisenbrauns, 2006)
Middlemas, Jill Anne, "The troubles of templeless Judah" (Oxford University Press, 2005)
Stackert, Jeffrey, "Rewriting the Torah: literary revision in Deuteronomy and the holiness code" (Mohr Siebeck, 2007)
Vanderkam, James, "An introduction to early Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2001)
Wikisource.
"Babylonian Captivity". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Babylonish Captivity". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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