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Right to keep and bear arms
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For other uses, see Bear arms (disambiguation), Right to keep and bear arms in the United States, and Overview of gun laws by nation.
The right to keep and bear arms (often referred to as the right to bear arms) is the people's right to possess weapons (arms) for their own defense, as described in the philosophical and political writings of Aristotle, Cicero, John Locke, Machiavelli, the English Whigs and others.[1]
Inclusion of this right in a written constitution is uncommon. In 1875, 17 percent of constitutions included a right to bear arms, yet, since the early twentieth century, "the proportion has been less than 9 percent and falling".[2] In their historical survey and comparative analysis of constitutions dating back to 1789,[2] Tom Ginsburg and colleagues "identified only 15 constitutions (in nine countries) that had ever included an explicit right to bear arms. Almost all of these constitutions have been in Latin America, and most were from the 19th century".[3]
Generally, where modern constitutions refer to arms at all, the purpose is "to allow the government to regulate their use or to compel military service, not to provide a right to bear them".[2] Constitutions which historically guaranteed a right to bear arms are those of Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Liberia, Mexico, Nicaragua and the United States of America.[4] Nearly all of the Latin American examples were modelled on that of the United States.[3] At present, out of the world’s nearly 200 constitutions, three still include a right to bear arms: Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States; of these three, only the last does not include explicit restrictive conditions.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Americas
2.1 Guatemala
2.2 Mexico
2.3 United States
3 Europe
3.1 United Kingdom
3.2 Switzerland
4 Gun violence and the politics of the right to bear arms
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 Further reading
Background[edit]
The Bill of Rights 1689 allowed Protestant citizens of England to "have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law" and restricted the ability of the English Crown to have a standing army or to interfere with Protestants' right to bear arms "when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law" and established that Parliament, not the Crown, could regulate the right to bear arms.[5][6]
Sir William Blackstone wrote in the 18th century that the right to have arms was auxiliary to the "natural right of resistance and self-preservation" subject to suitability and allowance by law.[7]
The term arms is derived from the Latin arma (neuter plural), meaning weapons and/or armor, and armare, which means to equip.[8] Originally used in the 1600s, the term refers to the process of equipping for war.[9] It is commonly used as a synonym for weapon.[10] Use of these terms with regard to the right to keep and bear arms is predicated on the concepts of the right of self-defense, defense of property, and defense of state.[citation needed]
In Old English, beran (past tense bær) means to bear, bring, bring forth, or produce; to endure or sustain; or to wear.[11]
Since the initial use of the term in the 1300s, arms have evolved and advanced.[12] In the 17th century, firearms were relatively new devices for warfare or practical uses such as hunting, and swords, spears, and other manual weapons were more prevalent until the 18th century.[12] In the 19th and 20th centuries, firearms came to the forefront of the concept of the right to keep and bear arms.[13]
No right to bear firearms exists under international law, in particular there is no human right to self-defense and its means. Instead, states are under an obligation to reasonably limit access to firearms as part of their duty to protect the right to life.[14]
Americas[edit]
Guatemala[edit]
Gun rights in Guatemala have changed over time. In the current constitution, residents have the right to own and use firearms in their homes, which can be forfeited only by judicial order.[15] Article 38 of Guatemalan constitution states the following:
The right to own weapons for personal use, not prohibited by the law, in the place of inhabitation, is recognized. There will not be an obligation to hand them over, except in cases ordered by a competent judge.
The right to bear arms is recognized, [and is] regulated by the law.[16]
Mexico[edit]
See also: Gun politics in Mexico
Article 10 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 states the following:
The inhabitants of the United Mexican States have the right to possess arms within their domicile, for their safety and legitimate defense, except those forbidden by Federal Law and those reserved for the exclusive use of the Army, Militia, Air Force and National Guard. Federal law shall provide in what cases, conditions, under what requirements and in which places inhabitants shall be authorized to bear arms.[17]
United States[edit]
Main article: Right to keep and bear arms in the United States
In the United States, which has an English common law tradition, a longstanding right to keep and bear arms was recognized prior to the creation of a written national constitution.[18] Today, the right is specifically protected by the US Constitution and many state constitutions,[19] which grant a right to own arms for individual use and to bear these same arms both for personal protection and for use in a militia.[20] The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution reads:
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.[21]
Convicted felons, persons adjudicated as mentally ill, and some others are prohibited from possessing firearms and ammunition in the US. In most states, residents may carry a handgun or other weapon in public in a concealed or open manner on one's person or in proximity, but that is restricted by some states and many cities. Some jurisdictions require a permit for concealed carry, but most jurisdictions do not require a permit for open carry, if it is allowed. Some states and localities require licenses to own or purchase guns and ammunition, as detailed in a summary of gun laws in the United States. Other states do not require such formalities and some allow the ownership and use of weapons taxed by the NFA.
Early legal wording can be found in the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776. Following the American Revolution, one of the first legislative acts undertaken by each of the newly independent states was to adopt a reception statute that gave legal effect to the existing body of English common law to the extent that American legislation or the Constitution had not explicitly rejected it.[22] Many English common-law traditions, such as the right to keep and bear arms, habeas corpus, jury trials, and various other civil liberties, were enumerated in the US Constitution. Significant principles of English common law prior to 1776 remain in effect in many jurisdictions in the United States. The common law of England is still the rule of decision, except if it conflicts with the US Constitution, state constitutions, or acts of Congress or state legislatures, in every state except Louisiana.[23]
Europe[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
See also: Firearms policy in the United Kingdom
The right to keep and bear arms is not legally or constitutionally protected in the United Kingdom.[24] Most[25] handguns, automatic, and centerfire semi-automatic weapons are illegal to possess without special proviso.[24][26]
The English Bill of Rights 1689 allowed Protestants the right to bear arms within the law.[27] The first serious control on firearms was established with the passing of the Firearms Act 1920.[28] Since the passing of gun control laws, the UK has one of the lowest firearm death rates among developed nations, with 0.2 deaths per 100,000, compared to 10.2 in the U.S.[29]
Since 1953, it has been a criminal offence in the United Kingdom to carry a knife (with the exception of non-locking folding knives with a blade length of 3 inches (7.62 centimetres) or less) or any "offensive weapon" in a public place without lawful authority or reasonable excuse.
Switzerland[edit]
Further information: Gun politics in Switzerland
The Swiss have a statutory right to bear arms under Article 3 of the 1997 Weapons Act.[30][31][32] Switzerland practices universal conscription, which requires that all able-bodied male citizens keep fully automatic firearms at home in case of a call-up. Every male between the ages of 20 and 34 is considered a candidate for conscription into the military, and following a brief period of active duty will commonly be enrolled in the militia until age or an inability to serve ends his obligation.[33] Until December 2009, these men were required to keep their government-issued selective fire combat rifles and semi-automatic handguns in their homes as long as they were enrolled in the armed forces.[34] Since January 2010, they have had the option of depositing their personal firearm at a government arsenal.[35] Until September 2007, soldiers received 50 rounds of government-issued ammunition in a sealed box for storage at home; after 2007 only about 2,000 specialist troops are allowed to keep the ammunition at home.[36]
Switzerland is estimated to have one of the highest personal gun ownership rates in the world.[37] While it has a low overall crime rate by European standards, it has one of the highest gun suicide rates in Europe.[38] However, it also has one of the world's lowest overall homicide rates, considerably lower than the European average.[39] The gun homicide rate ranks in the middle of Western European countries.[40]
Swiss gun laws are considered restrictive.[41] Owners are legally responsible for third-party access to and usage of their weapons. Licensing procedures are similar to those in other Germanic countries.[42] In a referendum in February 2011, voters rejected a citizens' initiative that would have obliged members of the armed services to store their rifles and pistols on military compounds and required that privately owned firearms be registered.[43]
Gun violence and the politics of the right to bear arms[edit]
Legal restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms are usually put in place by legislators because they believe that they will reduce gun related violence.[44][45][46] Their actions are frequently the result of grass roots pressure for such controls. The Brady and Snowdrop Campaigns and the Million Mom March are recent examples of campaigns calling for tighter restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms.
Accident statistics are hard to obtain, but much data is available on the issue of gun ownership and gun related deaths. The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) has made comparisons between countries with different levels of gun ownership and investigated the correlation between gun ownership levels and gun homicides, and between gun ownership levels and gun suicides. A strong correlation is seen in both.
During the 1989 and 1992 International Crime Surveys, data on gun ownership in eighteen countries have been collected on which WHO data on suicide and homicide committed with guns and other means are also available. The results presented in a previous paper based on the fourteen countries surveyed during the first ICS and on rank correlations (Spearman's rho), suggested that gun ownership may increase suicides and homicides using firearms, while it may not reduce suicides and homicides with other means. In the present analysis, four additional countries covered by the 1992 ICS only have been included, and Pearson's correlation coefficients r have been used. The results confirm those presented in the previous study.[47]
UNICRI also investigated the relationship between gun ownership levels and other forms of homicide or suicide to determine whether high gun ownership added to or merely displaced other forms of homicide or suicide. They reported that "widespread gun ownership has not been found to reduce the likelihood of fatal events committed with other means. Thus, people do not turn to knives and other potentially lethal instruments less often when more guns are available, but more guns usually means more victims of suicide and homicide." Speculating on possible causes the researchers concluded that "all we know is that guns do not reduce fatal events due to other means, but that they go along with more shootings. Although we do not know why exactly this is so, we have a good reason to suspect guns to play a—fatal—role in this".[48]
The research reporter found that guns were the major cause of homicides in 3 of the 14 countries it studied; Northern Ireland, Italy, and the United States. Although the data seem to indicate that reducing the availability of one significant type of arms—firearms—leads to reductions both in gun crimes and gun suicides and in overall crimes and overall suicides, the author did caution that "reducing the number of guns in the hands of the private citizen may become a hopeless task beyond a certain point", citing the American example.[48]
In contrast to the 1993 study however, a more recent study by UNICRI researchers from 2001 examined the link between household gun ownership and overall homicide, overall suicide, as well as gun homicide and gun suicide rates amongst 21 countries. Significant correlations between household gun ownership and rates of gun suicides for both genders, and gun homicide rates involving female victims were found. There were no significant correlations detected for total homicide and suicide rates, as well as gun homicide rates involving male victims.[49]
See also[edit]
Index of gun politics articles
Overview of gun laws by nation
Right of self-defense
Knife legislation
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Halbrook, Stephen P. (1994). That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (Independent Studies in Political Economy). Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. p. 8. ISBN 0-945999-38-0. OCLC 30659789.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ginsburg, Tom; Elkins, Zachary; Melton, James (7 March 2013). "U.S. Gun Rights Are Truly American Exceptionalism". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Elkins, Zachary (4 April 2013). "Rewrite the Second Amendment". New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Ginsburg, Tom; Elkins, Zachary; Melton, James (2016). "Data Visualizations – Right to Bear Arms". CCP: Comparative Constitutions Project. Retrieved 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "1688 c.2 1 Will. and Mar. Sess. 2". The National Archives (UK). Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC: Bill of Rights Act, 1689 – The Glorious Revolution". bbc.co.uk. BBC. 2002. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England". Avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas Harper. "arm (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Arm". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bear (v.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Marshall, Michael. "Timeline: Weapons technology". New Scientist. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Spitzer, Robert J. (2012). "Policy Definition and Gun Control". The Politics of Gun Control. Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm. ISBN 978-1-59451-987-1.
Jump up ^ Hessbruegge, Jan Arno (2017). "Human rights standards for self-defense between private persons". Human Rights and Personal Self-Defense in International Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 235–292. ISBN 978-0-19-065502-0.
Jump up ^ http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-03-07/u-s-gun-rights-truly-are-american-exceptionalism
Jump up ^ Guatemala's Constitution of 1985 with Amendments through 1993 (PDF). constituteproject.org. 6 June 2017. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Mexican Constitution (As amended)" (PDF). pp. Article 10. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
Jump up ^ McAffee, Thomas B.; Quinlan, Michael J. (1997). "Bringing Forward The Right To Keep And Bear Arms: Do Text, History, or Precedent Stand In The Way?". Scholarly Works. Paper 512.
Jump up ^ Volokh, Eugene (2008). "State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions". law.ucla.edu.
Jump up ^ Wills, Garry (September 21, 1995). "To Keep and Bear Arms". The New York Review of Books (Book review). NYREV. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
Jump up ^ US Constitution at Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute
Jump up ^ Lammi, Glenn G.; Chang, James (December 17, 2004). "Michigan High Court Ruling Offers Positive Guidance on Challenges to Tort Reform Laws" (PDF). Legal Backgrounder. Washington Legal Foundation. 19 (46). Unknown ID:10563059.
Jump up ^ Milestones! 200 Years of American Law: Milestones in Our Legal History. By Jethro Koller Lieberman. Published by West, 1976. Original from the University of California. Digitized June 11, 2008. ISBN 0-19-519881-6, ISBN 978-0-19-519881-2, p. 16 [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Alpers, Philip, Marcus Wilson, Amélie Rossetti and Daniel Salinas (2015-04-29). "United Kingdom – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law – Gun regulation, Right to Possess Firearms". Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. Retrieved 2015-05-13. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/518193/Guidance_on_Firearms_Licensing_Law_April_2016_v20.pdf
Jump up ^ Kopel, David (1995). "It isn't about duck hunting: The British origins of the right to arms". Michigan Law Review. Michigan Law Review Association (93): 1333–62. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ John Pate (1903-08-11). "Dunblane Massacre Resource Page – Pistols Act, 1903". Dvc.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
Jump up ^ "How U.S. gun deaths compare to other countries". CBS. October 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/law/help/firearms-control/switzerland.php#f3
Jump up ^ http://www.poa-iss.org/CASACountryProfile/NationalLegislation/1@Swiss-Weapons-Act-.fr.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/citation/quotes/1535
Jump up ^ The Swiss Army at Europeforvisitors.com.
Jump up ^ Lott, John R. (October 2, 2003). "Swiss Miss". National Review. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hinterlegung der persönlichen Waffe". Logistikbasis der Armee, Eidgenössisches Departement für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Soldiers can keep guns at home but not ammo". Swissinfo. 27 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "Estimating Civilian Owned Firearms" (Press release). Small Arms Survey. September 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "De-Quilling the Porcupine: Swiss Mull Tighter Gun Laws". Retrieved 2008-01-22.
Jump up ^ http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=UNODC&f=tableCode%3a1%3bCountryUNNumCode%3a756&c=2,3,5,6,8,10&s=countryName:asc,yr:desc&v=1
Jump up ^ http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/compare/178/rate_of_gun_homicide/11,49,50,18,65,69,71,232,86,66,88,125,136,177,172,149,192
Jump up ^ "Switzerland – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law". International Firearms Injury Prevention & Policy. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bundesgesetz vom 20. Juni 1997 über Waffen, Waffenzubehör und Munition (Waffengesetz, WG)". Swissinfo. 20 June 1997. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Switzerland rejects tighter gun controls". BBC News Online. 13 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Wright, David (April 22, 2007). "U.K. Response to School Massacre: Ban Handguns". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "EU legislators push tougher gun controls". International Herald Tribune. November 29, 2007. Archived from the original on November 29, 2007.
Jump up ^ "President Clinton Calls Brady Law a Success and Backs More Limits". New York Times. December 1, 1999.
Jump up ^ Killias, Martin (1993). "Gun Ownership, Suicide and Homicide: An International Perspective" (PDF). In Alvazzi del Frate, Anna; Zvekic, Ugljesa; van Dijk, Jan J. M. Understanding Crime, Experiences of Crime and Crime Control - Acts of the International Conference, Rome, 18–20 Nov 1992. Rome: United Nations International Crime & Justice Research Institute (UNICRI). pp. 289–306. ISBN 92-9078-023-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-01-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Killias, Martin (1993). "Gun Ownership, Suicide and Homicide: An International Perspective" (PDF). In Alvazzi del Frate, Anna; Zvekic, Ugljesa; van Dijk, Jan J. M. Understanding Crime, Experiences of Crime and Crime Control - Acts of the International Conference, Rome, 18–20 Nov 1992. Rome: United Nations International Crime & Justice Research Institute (UNICRI). pp. 289–306. ISBN 92-9078-023-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-01-07. During the 1989 and 1992 International Crime Surveys data on gun ownership in eighteen countries have been collected on which WHO data on suicide and homicide committed with guns and other means are also available. The results ... based on the fourteen countries surveyed during the first ICS and on rank correlations...suggested that gun ownership may increase suicides and homicides using firearms, while it may not reduce suicides and homicides with other means.
Jump up ^ Killias, M.; van Kesteren, J.; Rindlisbacher, M. (2001). "Guns, Violent Crime, and Suicide in 21 Countries" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Criminology. 43 (4): 429–448.
Further reading[edit]
Baker, Dennis (2009). Collective Criminalization and the Constitutional Right to Endanger Others. Criminal Justice Ethics.
Cramer, Clayton E. (1994). For the Defense of Themselves and the State: The Original Intent and Judicial Interpretation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-94913-3.
Dizard, Jan E.; Muth, Robert Merrill; Andrews, Stephen P., Jr. (1999). Guns in America: A Reader. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1878-7.
Halbrook, Stephan P. (1989). A Right to Bear Arms: State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26539-9.
Malcolm, Joyce (1996). To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674893078.
Malcolm, Joyce (2004). Guns and Violence: The English Experience. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674016088.
Spitzer, Robert J. (1998). The Politics of Gun Control. Chatham House Publishers. ISBN 1-56643-021-6.
Uviller, H. Richard; William G. Merkel (2002). The Militia and the Right to Arms. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3017-2.
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The Age of Adaline
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Age of Adaline
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Lee Toland Krieger
Produced by
Sidney Kimmel
Gary Lucchesi
Tom Rosenberg
Written by
J. Mills Goodloe
Salvador Paskowitz
Starring
Blake Lively
Michiel Huisman
Kathy Baker
Harrison Ford
Ellen Burstyn
Narrated by
Hugh Ross
Music by
Rob Simonsen
Cinematography
David Lanzenberg
Edited by
Melissa Kent
Production
company
Lakeshore Entertainment
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
April 24, 2015 (2015-04-24) (United States)
Running time
113 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25 million[2]
Box office
$65.7 million[3]
The Age of Adaline is a 2015 American romantic fantasy film about a woman who stops aging after an accident at the age of 29. It was directed by Lee Toland Krieger and written by J. Mills Goodloe and Salvador Paskowitz. The film stars Blake Lively, Michiel Huisman, Kathy Baker, Amanda Crew, Harrison Ford, and Ellen Burstyn. The film was theatrically released on April 24, 2015 by Lionsgate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
One afternoon in San Francisco, Adaline Bowman purchases fake IDs at an apartment before returning home to feed her dog. She then goes to work and opens a box of film reels, including one that explains her life. She was born on New Years Day 1908, then later married and gave birth to a daughter, only to become a widow after her husband died in a tragic accident. Years later, in 1937, Adaline crashed her car when she swerved into a ravine during a snowstorm and died in the freezing lake nearby, but a lightning strike suddenly revived her. From that moment on, Adaline has stayed physically 29 years old.
Ever since, she has changed her identification and address according to the era, while her daughter Flemming ages normally, appearing older than Adaline. One night, two suspicious FBI agents attempt to force her onto an airplane for study, but she escapes captivity and realizes that she will have to spend the rest of her life on the run.
On New Year's Eve in the present year, she attends a party where she meets Ellis Jones, introducing herself as her current alias, Jennifer. He asks to see her again but she refuses, knowing she can never fall in love because she can never have a normal future with someone. The next day at work, Ellis arrives and again asks Adaline to go on a date with him. Finally she accepts.
In a flashback, Adaline is shown pulling up in a cab to a park where a man is waiting, holding an engagement ring. Scared, she asks the cab driver to keep going. Back in the present day, Adaline's dog falls ill and she begins to ignore Ellis' calls. He shows up at her apartment but she pushes him away, only to have a change of heart while looking through some old photographs and realizing she doesn't want to live the same year a hundred times without having a natural life.
They later resolve their argument and Ellis asks Adaline to attend the party at his parents' house celebrating his parents' fortieth anniversary, and she says yes. Upon their arrival, Ellis introduces her to his father, William, who recognizes her instantly and calls her Adaline. She appears to recognize him, too, but lies, telling him that Adaline was her mother, who has since died. A flashback shows how they met and came to be in love, soon revealing that he was the man with the engagement ring she stood up that afternoon. One night, Ellis tells Adaline he is falling in love with her and she is unsure of how to react.
The following day, Adaline talks with William outside and he notices a scar on her left hand, and becomes shaken. Another flashback reveals that Adaline cut her hand while they were hiking decades ago and he had stitched it up himself. He realizes that she is truly Adaline and confronts her. She becomes upset, claiming she used to be "normal" and doesn't know what changed her. He begs her not to run, for Ellis' sake, but she says she doesn't know how to stay. She flees and returns to the house, writing a note to Ellis while he showers, then she packs her things and leaves. Moments later, Ellis finds the letter and confronts his father, who refuses to explain.
While driving home, Adaline thinks of all the times she has run and suddenly has a change of heart about the way she lives her life. She stops and calls her daughter to tell her she is going to stop running. As she turns the car around, a tow truck plows into her in a hit-and-run accident, leaving her to die. Freezing and helpless, Adaline dies again. An ambulance arrives and she is revived by the electricity of the defibrillator. Later in the hospital, she wakes up to Ellis, and the two profess their love for one another. Adaline then tells him of her 107 years of life.
One year later, Ellis and Adaline are going to a New Year's Eve party. As she is leaving, she notices something strange in the hallway mirror: her first grey hair, proving she has begun to age naturally again. When Ellis asks if she is okay, she responds: "Yes... Perfect."
Cast[edit]
Blake Lively as Adaline Bowman[4] / Jennifer "Jenny" Larson
Michiel Huisman as Ellis Jones[5]
Harrison Ford as William Jones[6]
Anthony Ingruber as young William
Ellen Burstyn as Flemming Prescott[4]
Izabel Pearce as Young Flemming
Kathy Baker as Kathy Jones
Amanda Crew as Kikki Jones
Lynda Boyd as Regan
Anjali Jay as Cora
Richard Harmon as Tony
Mark Ghanimé as Caleb
Barclay Hope as Stanley Chesterfield
Chris William Martin as Dale Davenport
Hiro Kanagawa as Kenneth
Lane Edwards as Dr. Larry Levyne
Peter J. Gray as Clarence James
Jane Craven as Miriam Prescott[7]
Production[edit]
On May 12, 2010 it was announced that The Age of Adaline would be co-financed and co-produced by Lakeshore Entertainment and Sidney Kimmel Entertainment. Salvador Paskowitz and J. Mills Goodloe wrote the script.[8] Sierra / Affinity has the international rights, while producers were Steve Golin, Alix Madigan, Tom Rosenberg and Gary Lucchesi.[8] On July 20, 2010 it was reported that Andy Tennant was set to direct the film.[9] On October 31, 2010, Summit Entertainment bought the US distribution rights to the film, which was set to begin shooting in March 2011 for an early 2012 release.[10]
On February 22, 2011, it was reported that Gabriele Muccino was in talks to direct the film, replacing Tennant, with the film re-titled from The Age of Adaline to simply Adaline.[11] On May 14, 2012, it was announced that Spanish director Isabel Coixet would direct the film instead.[12] On October 16, 2013, Lee Toland Krieger was reported to be the actual director of the film.[4] Producer Dan Cohen had shown him the script at a general meeting in 2009.[13]
Casting[edit]
On May 12, 2010, Katherine Heigl was cast as the title character.[8] On November 12, 2010, Angela Lansbury was added to the cast of the film, set to play the daughter of the ageless Adaline.[14] On November 15, Heigl withdrew from Adaline's cast, and there were rumors that she had been fired by Lakeshore, which both Lakeshore and Heigl denied.[15] She later announced that her withdrawal was a result of her recent adoption of a daughter.[15] On August 15, 2011, TheWrap reported that Natalie Portman had been offered the lead role.[16] On August 25, Portman told Entertainment Weekly that she had declined the offer.[17]
On October 16, 2013, Blake Lively and Ellen Burstyn were cast in the film to play the lead roles, with Lively starring as the title character.[4] On January 15, 2014 Harrison Ford joined the cast, and the film was set to begin shooting in March of that year.[18] On February 11, 2014 Michiel Huisman joined the cast to star opposite Lively as Adaline's love interest.[5]
Filming[edit]
Filming began on March 10, 2014 in Vancouver and continued through May 5.[18][19] On March 11, 2014 filming at the Hotel Vancouver commenced.[20] Anamorphic lenses and minimal use of steadicams were employed to provide greater authenticity for scenes set in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. The films Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire served as inspiration for the period color tone and saturation.[21]
Music[edit]
While Rob Simonsen scored the film, Lana Del Rey contributed a song titled "Life Is Beautiful". The song is featured in the film's trailer but is not included in the soundtrack.
Release[edit]
On August 15, 2014, Lionsgate set the film for a January 23, 2015 worldwide release.[22] Later, the date was shifted to April 24, 2015.[23] The film was released on DVD on September 8, 2015.
Marketing[edit]
The promotional campaign was aimed primarily at fashion-conscious women. Danielle DePalma, executive vice-president of digital marketing at Lionsgate, said, "We were very aware of Blake’s high-fashion profile when we crafted the campaign, and there was so much beautiful imagery from the film." They created vignettes for MTV and VH1 and a fashion segment for E! News showing viewers how to achieve the same looks as Lively. They created a custom "Fashion Journey Through the Decades" initiative, through which a fashion influencer from YouTube or Maker Studios created a unique look inspired by the film. Video ads were also released on Instagram and tutorials on Pinterest. Advance screenings for fashion and lifestyle influencers took place in partnership with Gilt City. The application Periscope was used to spread information about the film.[24]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The Age of Adaline earned $42,629,776 in North America and $23,033,500 in other countries, for a worldwide box office gross of $65.7 million.[25] The film opened with $575,000 during Thursday late-night showings at 2,100 U.S. theaters.[26] It finished the weekend at number three behind Furious 7 and Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 with $13.4 million from 2,991 locations.[27]
Critical response[edit]
The Age of Adaline has received mixed reviews from critics, although the performances of Blake Lively and Harrison Ford received very positive reviews and were cited as some of their best work in recent years.[28] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 55%, based on 146 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus reads "The Age of Adaline ruminates on mortality less compellingly than similarly themed films, but is set apart by memorable performances from Blake Lively and Harrison Ford."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[30] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave The Age of Adaline an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[31]
Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars, expressing surprise at the film's increase in quality midway through: "I've never seen a less involving movie become so compelling at the exact moment when you've resigned to write it off as just okay." He also gave high praise to Harrison Ford's dramatic performance, writing that "Ford's voice—always deep, lowered an octave by age and one more by William's longing—is even more powerful [than the devastating look on his face]. This is Ford's best performance since [The Fugitive,] maybe since [Witness]".[32]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Drama Nominated [33]
Choice Movie Actress: Drama Blake Lively Nominated
Choice Movie: Liplock Blake Lively and Michiel Huisman Nominated
The Joey Awards Young Actress in a Television Izabel Pearce Nominated
People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Nominated [34][35]
Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress Blake Lively Nominated
Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated [36]
Best Actress Blake Lively Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE AGE OF ADALINE (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michiel Huisman". imdb.com.
Jump up ^ "The Age of Adaline (2015)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fleming Jr, Mike (October 16, 2013). "Blake Lively, Ellen Burstyn Set To Star In 'The Age Of Adaline'". Deadline. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Michiel Huisman To Co-Star Opposite Blake Lively In 'Age Of Adaline'". Deadline. February 11, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Harrison Ford Joins 'Age of Adaline'". The Hollywood Reporter. January 15, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Peter, Gray. "SHOOT: THE AGE OF ADALINE With Adaline's Husband (Peter J. Gray)". yvrshoots.com. YVRshoots. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kit, Borys (May 12, 2010). "Katherine Heigl to star in 'Age of Adaline'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (July 20, 2010). "'Bounty Hunter' director tapped for 'Adaline'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ DiOrio, Carl (October 31, 2010). "Summit Nabs Rights to Katherine Heigl Film 'Adaline'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (February 22, 2011). "Gabriele Muccino in Talks to Direct Supernatural Romance 'Adaline'". firstshowing.net. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (May 14, 2012). "'Elegy' Director Boards Fantasy Romance 'Age of Adaline'". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Solomon, Dan (April 24, 2015). "The Director Of "The Age of Adaline" On Bringing A Dream Project To Life". Fast Company. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (November 12, 2010). "Angela Lansbury To Play Katherine Heigl's Daughter In 'Adaline'". deadline.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (November 15, 2010). "Katherine Heigl Out Of 'Adaline'". deadline.com. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ L. Weinstein, Joshua (August 15, 2011). "Natalie Portman Offered Lead Role in Indie Drama 'Adaline'". TheWrap. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Markovitz, Adam (August 25, 2011). "Natalie Portman turns down 'Adaline' role". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff (January 15, 2014). "Harrison Ford Joins Blake Lively, Ellen Burstyn in Drama 'Age of Adaline'". TheWrap. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "START DATE: AGE OF ADALINE with Blake Lively as Immortal Woman Expected to Start Filming March 10th". yvrshoots.com. February 11, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Age of Adaline', starring Blake Lively, begins filming in Vancouver". onlocationvacations.com. March 11, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Age of Adaline - Movie production notes". CinemaReview.com. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lionsgate Dates 'L'age de Adaline'". deadline.com. August 15, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (September 24, 2014). "Johnny Depp Comedy 'Mortdecai' Shifts to January 2015 Release Date". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Todd (April 28, 2015). "How Blake Lively's Iconic Fashion Gave 'Age of Adaline' a Big Boost". The Wrap. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Age of Adaline (2015)". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (April 24, 2015). "Box Office: 'Age of Adaline' Launches with $575,000 in Latenight Shows". Variety. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (April 26, 2015). "Box Office: 'Furious 7′ Races Past 'Age of Adaline'". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Age of Adaline review". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. April 22, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Age of Adaline (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Age of Adaline". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Todd. "'Age of Adaline' Overhauls 'Furious 7' at Friday Box Office". TheWrap. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller Seitz (24 April 2015). "The Age of Adaline Movie Review (2015)". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED". Teen Choice Awards. FOX. August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016 Winners and highlights". CBS News. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "List: Who won People's Choice Awards?". USA Today. January 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016!". Saturn Awards. February 24, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
External links[edit]
The Age of Adaline on IMDb
The Age of Adaline at AllMovie
The Age of Adaline at Box Office Mojo
The Age of Adaline at Metacritic
The Age of Adaline at Rotten Tomatoes
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Right axis deviation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Right axis deviation
Hexaxial reference system
[edit on Wikidata]
The electric axis of the heart is the net direction in which the wave of depolarisation travels. It is measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG). Normally, this begins at the atrioventricular node (AV node); from here the wave of depolarisation travels down to the apex of the heart. The hexaxial reference system can be used to visualise the directions in which the depolarisation wave may travel.
On a hexaxial diagram (see figure 1):
If the electrical axis falls between the values of -30° to +90° this is considered normal.
If the electrical axis is between -30° to -90° this is considered left axis deviation.
If the electrical axis is between +90° to +180° this is considered right axis deviation (RAD).
RAD is an ECG finding that arises either as an anatomically normal variant or an indicator of underlying pathology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs, symptoms and risk factors
2 Causes
2.1 Fascicular block
2.2 Lateral myocardial infarction
2.3 Right ventricular hypertrophy
2.4 Pre-excitation syndromes
2.5 Ventricular tachycardia
2.6 Ventricular ectopy
3 Pathophysiology
3.1 Right ventricular hypertrophy
3.2 Left ventricular atrophy
3.3 Conduction abnormalities
3.4 Position of heart in the chest
4 Diagnosis
5 See also
6 References
Signs, symptoms and risk factors[edit]
There are often no symptoms for RAD and it is usually found by chance during an ECG. Many of the symptoms exhibited by patients with RAD are associated with its different causes. The table below displays the four most common causes and the signs, symptoms and risk factors associated with it.
Signs and symptoms
Risk factors
Lateral myocardial infarction Anxiety
Chest pain
Fatigue
Shortness of breath[1]
Smoking or Tobacco
Obesity
Gender
Hypertension
Diabetes
Physical activity
Age
Alcohol
Right ventricular hypertrophy Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Fainting
Chronic lung disease (COPD)[2]
Pulmonary hypertension
Mitral stenosis
Pulmonary embolism
Congenital heart disease
Arrythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy
Fascicular Block Light-headedness
Fainting
Palpitations[3]
Hereditary bundle branch block
Pre-excitation syndrome Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White[4]
Other causes Variable Ectopic venticular beats
Drug toxicity (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants[5])
Hyperkalaemia
Causes[edit]
Fascicular block[edit]
Main article: Left posterior fascicular block
Blockage of the left posterior fascicle would lead to activation of the anterior portion of the left ventricle followed by activation of the rest of the ventricle in a superior to inferior direction and directed towards the right. This would lead to right axis deviation findings on an ECG.[6] Bifascicular block is a combination of right bundle branch block and either left anterior fascicular block or left posterior fascicular block. Conduction to the ventricle would therefore be via the remaining fascicle. The ECG will show typical features of RBBB plus either left or right axis deviation.[7][8]
Lateral myocardial infarction[edit]
The lateral wall of the left ventricle is supplied by branches of the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries.[8] Infarction of the lateral wall will thus lead to deviation of the axis away from the site of infarction.[9]
Right ventricular hypertrophy[edit]
Increased thickness of the right ventricle leads to right axis deviation (see above).
Pre-excitation syndromes[edit]
Main article: Pre-excitation syndromes
Pre-excitation refers to early activation of the ventricles due to impulses bypassing the AV node via an accessory pathway.[10] Accessory pathways are abnormal conduction pathways formed during cardiac development. An example of pre-excitation syndromes is Wolff Parkinson White syndrome. Here, the presence of a left lateral accessory pathway leads to right-axis deviation.[11]
Ventricular tachycardia[edit]
Main article: Ventricular tachycardia
Fascicular tachycardia usually arises from the posterior fascicle of the left bundle branch. They produce QRS complexes of relatively short durations with a right bundle branch block pattern. Tachycardias originating in the anterior left fascicle would lead to right axis deviation.
Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia originates from the outflow tract of the right ventricle or the tricuspid annulus. As it arises from the right ventricle, the impulse spreads inferiorly from beneath the pulmonary valve, and there right axis deviation.[12]
Ventricular ectopy[edit]
Ventricular ectopy is when the heartbeat is an abnormal heartbeat where the QRS complex is significantly wider. When the origin of the ectopic heartbeat is in the anterior fascicule then there is right axis deviation.[13]
Pathophysiology[edit]
The pathophysiology depends on the specific cause of right axis deviation. Most causes can be attributed to one of four main mechanisms.[14][15] These include right ventricular hypertrophy, reduced muscle mass of left ventricle, altered conduction pathways and change in the position of the heart in the chest.
Right ventricular hypertrophy[edit]
Enlargement of right ventricular myocardial mass can result in right axis deviation. There are 2 main reasons for this mechanism.[15] Firstly, more muscle mass will result in greater amplitude of depolarisation of that side of the heart.[15] Secondly, depolarisation of the heart will be slower through the right ventricle relative to the left, and therefore the effects of the right ventricle on the axis of the heart will be dominant.[15]
Left ventricular atrophy[edit]
Decrease in myocardial mass of the left ventricle will shift the balance of depolarisation towards the right. For example, scarring and atrophy caused by ischaemia of the left ventricle will cause depolarisation of the left side of the heart to be less forceful.[15] Hence, depolarisation of the right ventricle will be greater in amplitude than left, shifting the axis to the right.
Conduction abnormalities[edit]
Changes in the conduction pathways of the heart can result in right axis deviation. For example, an accessory pathway from the left atrium to the left ventricle, as in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome, will result in the left ventricle finishing depolarisation earlier than the right.[16] Hence, the right ventricle will have more of an effect on the axis of the heart.
Position of heart in the chest[edit]
The apex of the heart is normally orientated towards the left. A more vertical orientation of the heart, shifts the axis to the right. Physiologically, this can occur in tall and thin individuals.[16] Pathologically, conditions such as a left-sided pneumothorax and lung hyperinflation (e.g. COPD)[17] can cause rightwards displacement of the heart. The congenital condition of dextrocardia results in right axis deviation.
Diagnosis[edit]
ECG showing right axis deviation
In general, a positive (upwards) deflection of an ECG trace demonstrates an electrical activity which moves towards the measuring electrode, whereas a negative (downwards) deflection of an ECG trace demonstrates an electrical activity which moves away from the measuring electrode. The electrical heart axis can be estimated from the ECG by using the quadrant method or degree method.[18]
Quadrant Method:[19] Leads I and II are usually observed. If lead I is positive (translating to 0° on the hexaxial reference system) and lead II is positive (translating to 60°), the electrical heart axis is estimated to fall in the left lower quadrant within the normal range. On the other hand, as shown in Figure 2, if lead I is negative (translating to 180°) and lead II is positive, the electrical heart axis is estimated to fall in the right lower quadrant suggesting a right axis deviation. Similarly, leads I and aVF can be used.
Degree method: First, identify the lead with the smallest QRS complex or isoelectric (flat) QRS complex (lead a). After locating the axis of the lead on the hexaxial reference system, identify the lead which is perpendicular to it (lead b). If lead b is positive, the electrical heart axis can be estimated to lie within the quadrant between axis of lead a and lead b.
A simple tool to quickly identify axis deviation (Figure 3) is the popular mnemonic; Reaching for Right Axis Deviation and Leaving for Left Axis Deviation. This refers to the appearance of leads I and III. If the QRS complex is negative in lead I and positive in lead III, the QRS complexes appear to be "reaching" to touch each other. This signifies right axis deviation. Conversely, if the QRS complex is positive in lead I and negative in lead III. the leads have the appearance of "leaving" each other. If the QRS complex in lead II is also negative, this confirms a left axis deviation.
See also[edit]
Left axis deviation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kirchberger, Inge; Heier, Margit; Kuch, Bernhard; Scheidt, Wolfgang von; Meisinger, Christa. "Presenting symptoms of myocardial infarction predict short- and long-term mortality: The MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry". American Heart Journal. 164 (6): 856–861. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2012.06.026.
Jump up ^ Agarwal, R.L.; Kumar, Dinesh; Gurpreet; Agarwal, D.K.; Chabra, G.S. (2008-01-01). "Diagnostic Values of Electrocardiogram in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)". Lung India : Official Organ of Indian Chest Society. 25 (2): 78–81. doi:10.4103/0970-2113.44125. ISSN 0970-2113. PMC 2822322  . PMID 20165655.
Jump up ^ Topol, Eric J.; Califf, Robert M. (2007-01-01). Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770125.
Jump up ^ Steurer, G.; Frey, B.; Gürsoy, S.; Tsakonas, K.; Celiker, A.; Andries, E.; Kuck, K.; Brugada, P. (1994-11-01). "Cardiac depolarization and repolarization in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome". American Heart Journal. 128 (5): 908–911. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(94)90588-6. ISSN 0002-8703. PMID 7942483.
Jump up ^ Thanacoody, H. K. Ruben; Thomas, Simon H. L. (2005-01-01). "Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning : cardiovascular toxicity". Toxicological Reviews. 24 (3): 205–214. doi:10.2165/00139709-200524030-00013. ISSN 1176-2551. PMID 16390222.
Jump up ^ Kusumoto, Fred M. (2009-04-21). ECG Interpretation: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Application. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780387888804.
Jump up ^ Burns, Ed. "Lateral STEMI". Life In The Fast Lane. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Burns, Ed (2015-07-04). "Bifascicular Block". Life In The Fast Lane. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
Jump up ^ Chugh, S. N. (2014-05-14). Textbook of Clinical Electrocardiography. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. ISBN 9789350906088.
Jump up ^ Burns, Ed (2016-05-31). "Pre-excitation Syndromes". Life In The Fast Lane. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up ^ Lilly, Leonard S. (2015-06-25). Braunwald's Heart Disease Review and Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323375405.
Jump up ^ Bennett, David H. (2006-09-29). Cardiac Arrhythmias 7th Edition: Practical Notes on Interpretation and Treatment. CRC Press. ISBN 9781444113464.
Jump up ^ Conover, Mary Boudreau (2003-01-01). Understanding Electrocardiography. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0323019056.
Jump up ^ Kossmann, Charles E.; Berger, Adolph R.; Brumlik, Joseph; Briller, Stanley A. (February 1948). "An analysis of causes of right axis deviation based partly on endocardial potentials of the hypertrophied right ventricle". American Heart Journal. 35 (2): 309–335. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(48)90108-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hall, John E. (2016). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (13 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 144–147. ISBN 978-1-4557-7016-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuhn, Lisa; Rose, Louise (December 2008). "ECG Interpretation Part 1: Understanding Mean Electrical Axis". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 530–534. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2008.01.007.
Jump up ^ Harrigan, Richard A (May 18, 2002). "Conditions affecting the right side of the heart - ProQuest". BMJ. 324 (7347): 1201–1204. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1201. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ M Allen et. al., Diane (2011). ECG Made Incredibly Easy (PDF). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 264–271. ISBN 978-1-60831-289-4. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Burns, Ed (2016-06-28). "ECG Axis Interpretation". Life in the Fast Lane. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
[show]
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hexaxial reference system
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T
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Tessa Peake-Jones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tessa Peake-Jones
Born
(1957-05-09) 9 May 1957 (age 60)
Hammersmith, Middlesex, England
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1979–present
Television
Only Fools and Horses (1988–2003)
Partner(s)
Douglas Hodge (1984/1985-2012)[1]
Children
2
Tessa Peake-Jones (born 9 May 1957) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Raquel in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, whom she played from December 1988 until it ended in 2003.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Television
3 Personal life
4 Filmography and TV roles
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
She was educated at Kenmore Park Junior School, Harrow and Downer Grammar School, now known as Canons High School, before training at the Central School of Speech and Drama.[2]
Television[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Tessa Peake-Jones" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Peake-Jones is best known for playing Raquel Turner, the longtime partner of the main character Derek "Del Boy" Trotter, in the television comedy Only Fools and Horses. She had a co-starring role in the 1999 TV series Births, Marriages, and Deaths. Her other television appearances include The Demon Headmaster, Midsomer Murders, Casualty, Holby City, The Bill, Up the Garden Path and So Haunt Me.
She appeared in the BBC adaptation of Iris Murdoch's The Bell (1982).She also played the role of the bookish sister Mary Bennet in the BBC serial adaptation of Pride and Prejudice (1980).
In both 2009 and 2011, Peake-Jones played Sue Bond in the BBC daytime soap opera, Doctors. In 2013 she appeared in the Doctor Who Christmas episode "The Time of the Doctor", playing a character called Marta.
In March 2008 she appeared as a member of staff in the Channel 4 dramaPoppy Shakespeare. Set in psychiatric hospital, the production also starred Naomie Harris and Anna Maxwell Martin.
Since 2014 she has appeared in Grantchester as Mrs Sylvia Maguire, the vicar's religious and cantankerous housekeeper
Personal life[edit]
Her partner was Douglas Hodge, who played her son Damien Trotter as an adult in the Only Fools and Horses episode "Heroes and Villains". They announced that they had split up in February 2013 after 27 years together. They have two children, a daughter, Mollie Rose, born in 1991, and a son, Charlie, born c. 2000.[3]
Filmography and TV roles[edit]
The Danedyke Mystery (1979)... Angela Horton
Pride and Prejudice (1980)... Mary Bennet
The Bell (1982)... Dora Greenfield
BBC Television Shakespeare – The Two Gentlemen of Verona – (1983)... Julia
Charters and Caldicott (1985)... Jenny
Quartermaine's Terms (1987)... Anita
What the Butler Saw (1987)... Geraldine Barclay
Only Fools and Horses (1988–2003)... Raquel Turner
Anything More Would Be Greedy (1989)... Jonquil Vickery
Casualty (1990)... Esther MacCauley
Up the Garden Path (1990–1993)... Maria
So Haunt Me (1992–1994)... Sally Rokeby
The Good Sex Guide (1994)... Herself
Casualty (1995)... Jenny Hodges
The Demon Headmaster (1996–1998)... Mrs. Hunter
Midsomer Murders (1998)... Sarah Lawton
Births, Marriages and Deaths (1999)... Molly
The Lost World – Mrs Summerlee (2001)
Holby City... Maggie Latham (2001)
Heartbeat... Lady Jocelyn (2008)
Poppy Shakespeare (2008) (TV Drama)...Psychotic Ward Nurse
Doctors (2009, 2011)... Sue Bond
Agatha Christie's Poirot – The Clocks (2010)... Valerie Bland
Casualty (2010)... Tina Flannery
First Night (2010)... Mrs. Hammond
Marchlands (2011 TV series) ....Evelyn Bowen
Holby City (2012, 2016) ....Imelda Cousins
Doctor Who – "The Time of the Doctor" (25 December 2013) ... Marta
Grantchester (2014–)... Mrs Maguire
Bonobo (2014)... Judith
Unforgotten (2015)... Sheila (4 episodes)
Midsomer Murders (2016)... Mary Appleton
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Only Fools And Horses actors Tessa Peake-Jones and Douglas Hodge split". 6 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Daily Mail Weekend interview 14 January 2012
Jump up ^ Costa, Maddy (16 January 2008). "One of the girls". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
External links[edit]
Tessa Peake-Jones on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 172189039
SUDOC: 149261128
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tessa_Peake-Jones&oldid=838048325"
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