text:
What Are You Doing Here?
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WHAT ARE YOU DOING HERE? A Black Woman’s Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal
Author
Laina Dawes
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Autobiography
Publisher
Bazillion Points
Publication date
January 8, 2013
Media type
print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
224
ISBN
978-1935950059
WHAT ARE YOU DOING HERE? A Black Woman’s Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal is a non-fiction book written by the Canadian journalist Laina Dawes. First published in 2013, the book explores how black women musicians and fans navigate the metal, hardcore, and punk music genres that are regularly thought of as inclusive spaces and centered on a community spirit, but fail to block out the race and gender issues that exist in the outside world. It features a foreword by Skin of Skunk Anansie.
External links[edit]
Official website
Laina Dawes interview on NPR
Book review by Publishers Weekly
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Are_You_Doing_Here%3F&oldid=747107034"
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text:
Gallic rooster
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (July 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the French article.
Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Gallic rooster on the garden gate of the Palais de l'Elysée in Paris, the official residence of the President of the French Republic.
The Gallic rooster (French: le coq gaulois) is an unofficial national symbol of France as a nation, as opposed to Marianne representing France as a State, and its values: the Republic. The rooster is also the symbol of the Wallonia region and the French Community of Belgium.
Contents
[hide]
1 France
2 Wallonia
3 Cocorico
4 References
5 External links
France[edit]
Gallic rooster on top of a war memorial in La Rochelle
During the times of Ancient Rome, Suetonius, in The Twelve Caesars, noticed that, in Latin, rooster (gallus) and Gauls (Gallus) were homonyms.[1] However, the association of the Gallic rooster as a national symbol is apocryphal, as the rooster was neither regarded as a national personification nor as a sacred animal by the Gauls in their mythology and because there was no "Gallic nation" at the time, but a loose confederation of Gallic nations instead. But a closer review within that religious scheme indicates that "Mercury" was often portrayed with the cockerel,[citation needed] a sacred animal among the Continental Celts.[2] Julius Caesar in De Bello Gallico identified some gods worshipped in Gaul by using the names of their nearest Roman god rather than their Gaulish name, with Caesar saying "Mercury" was the god most revered in Gaul.[3] The Irish god Lug identified as samildánach led to the widespread identification of Caesar's Mercury as Lugus[citation needed] and thus also to the sacred cockerel, the Gallic rooster, as an emblem of France.[citation needed]
Its association with France dates back from the Middle Age and is due to the play on words in Latin between Gallus, meaning an inhabitant of Gaul, and gallus, meaning rooster, or cockerel. Its use, by the enemies of France, dates to this period, originally a pun to make fun of the French,[1] the association between the rooster and the Gauls/French was developed by the kings of France for the strong Christian symbol that the rooster represents: prior to being arrested, Jesus predicted that Peter would deny him three times before the rooster crowed on the following morning. At the rooster's crowing, Peter remembered Jesus's words. Its crowing at the dawning of each new morning made it a symbol of the daily victory of light over darkness and the triumph of good over evil. It is also an emblem of the Christian's attitude of watchfulness and readiness for the sudden return of Christ, the resurrection of the dead, and the final judgment of humankind. That is why, during the Renaissance, the rooster became a symbol of France as a Catholic state and became a popular Christian image on weather vanes, also known as weathercocks.[citation needed]
Gallic rooster atop a World War I memorial, Liomer (Somme).
The jersey of the French national rugby team, with the traditional Gallic rooster symbol
The popularity of the Gallic rooster as a national personification faded away until its resurgence during the French Revolution (1789). The republican historiography completely modified the traditional perception of the origins of France. Until then, the royal historiography dated the origins of France back to the baptism of Clovis I in 496, the "first Christian king of France". The republicans rejected this royalist and Christian origin of the country and trace the origins of France back to the ancient Gaul. Although purely apocryphal, the rooster became the personification of the early inhabitants of France, the Gauls.
The Gallic rooster, colloquially named Chanteclair, had been a national emblem ever since, especially during the Third Republic. The rooster was featured on the reverse of French 20-franc gold pieces from 1899 to 1914. After World War I it was depicted on countless war memorials.
Today, it is often used as a national mascot, particularly in sporting events such as football (soccer) and rugby. The 1998 FIFA World Cup, hosted by France, adopted a rooster named Footix as mascot. The France national rugby league team are known as the Chanteclairs referring to the cockerel's song.
The popularity of the symbol extends into business. Le Coq Sportif ("The athletic rooster"), is a French manufacturer of sports equipment using a stylized rooster and the colors of the French tricolour as its logo. Moreover, it is the logo of Pathé, a French-born, now international company of film production and distribution.
Another heraldic animal officially used by the French nation was the French Imperial Eagle, symbol of the First and Second French Empire under Napoleon I and Napoleon III.
Wallonia[edit]
The Walloon rooster.
In 1913, the Gallic rooster was adopted as the symbol of Walloon movement. It represents a "bold rooster" (le coq hardi), raising its claws, instead of the "crowing rooster" that is traditionally depicted in France. This symbol, also known as the Walloon rooster, was officially adopted as the symbol of Wallonia (in 1998) and the French Community of Belgium (in 1991).
Cocorico[edit]
In France and Wallonia, the French onomatopeia for the rooster crowing sound, "cocorico" (cock-a-doodle-doo), is sometimes used to express national pride.[citation needed]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Collignon, Alain (6 April 2017). "Drapeau wallon" [Walloon flag] (in French). Wallonia: Institut Destrée [The Destree Institute]. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Peter Berresford (23 June 1994). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195089615.
Jump up ^ Caesar, Julius (53 BC). " Chapter 17". Commentarii de Bello Gallico [Commentaries on the Gallic War]. Book 6. Translated from Latin by William Alexander McDevitte and W. S. Bohn (1869). Wikisource.
External links[edit]
Media related to Gallic rooster at Wikimedia Commons
Embassy of France in the United States - additional information
French Prime Minister's office - additional information
Images of Footix, the cockerel mascot of the 1998 FIFA World Cup.
France plucks its bird from peril, from BBC. A plan to preserve the genetic heritage of the French cockerel.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallic_rooster&oldid=831976028"
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Mythological galliforms
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Coraline (film)
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Coraline
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Henry Selick
Produced by
Henry Selick
Claire Jennings
Bill Mechanic
Mary Sandell
Screenplay by
Henry Selick
Based on
Coraline
by Neil Gaiman
Starring
Dakota Fanning
Robert Bailey Jr.
Teri Hatcher
Jennifer Saunders
Dawn French
John Hodgman
Ian McShane
Music by
Bruno Coulais
Cinematography
Pete Kozachik
Edited by
Christopher Murrie
Production
company
Laika
Pandemonium
Distributed by
Focus Features
Release date
February 5, 2009 (2009-02-05) (PIFF)[1]
February 6, 2009 (2009-02-06) (United States)
Running time
100 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$60 million[3]
Box office
$124.6 million[3]
Coraline is a 2009 American 3D stop-motion dark fantasy horror film based on Neil Gaiman's 2002 novel of the same name. It was the first feature film produced by Laika and was distributed by Focus Features. The film depicts an adventurous girl finding an idealized parallel world behind a secret door in her new home, unaware that the alternate world contains a dark and sinister secret. Written and directed by Henry Selick, the film was made with Gaiman's approval and co-operation.[4] The titular character's name came from a typo in "Caroline". According to Gaiman, "I had typed the name Caroline, and it came out wrong. I looked at the word Coraline, and knew it was someone's name. I wanted to know what happened to her." [5][6]
The film was released in United States theaters on February 6, 2009, after a world premiere at the Portland International Film Festival,[7] and received positive reviews from critics. The film made $16.85 million during opening weekend, ranking third at the box office.[8] At the end of its box office run, the film had grossed over $124 million worldwide. Coraline won Annie Awards for best music, character design, production design and received Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations for Best Animated Feature.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Soundtrack list
5 Release
5.1 Home media
5.2 Other media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
6.3.1 Awards and nominations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot
Coraline Jones and her parents move from Pontiac, Michigan, to their new home in Ashland, Oregon, the dilapidated Pink Palace Apartments. Her eccentric new neighbors include Mr. Bobinsky, Miss Spink and Miss Forcible, and Wyborne "Wybie" Lovat, the grandson of the landlady.
Wybie gives Coraline a button-eyed ragdoll that resembles her. The doll then lures her to a small door in the living room, which is bricked up and can only be unlocked by a button key. That night, a mouse guides her through the door, where the bricks have been replaced by a corridor to the Other World, inhabited by button-eyed doppelgängers of people from her world. Coraline meets her Other Mother and Other Father, who are warmer and more attentive than her real parents.
After dinner, she goes to sleep in her Other Bedroom, but awakes in her real bedroom. Despite cryptic warnings from her neighbors, Coraline visits the Other World three times, where she meets the Other Mr. Bobinsky, the Other Miss Spink and Miss Forcible, and the Other Wybie, who has been rendered mute. The cat is the same cat as in the real world, but is able to speak in the Other World.
The Other Mother invites Coraline to stay forever, but says a pair of buttons will have to be sewn over her eyes. Horrified, Coraline attempts to flee, but the Other Mother has blocked all the exits to the real world. The cat appears and reveals to her the sinister truth about the Other World and the Other Mother. The Other Mother suddenly grows tall and grotesque and imprisons her behind a mirror. There, Coraline meets the ghosts of previous victims, including the long-lost twin sister of Wybie's grandmother. They tell her that the Other Mother, whom they refer to as the Beldam, created and sent button-eyed rag dolls that resembled them in order to spy on their lives. With the promise of a better life, she lured them into the Other World, where she sewed buttons over their eyes and consumed their lives. To free their souls, their real eyes need to be found. Coraline promises to help.
Coraline is suddenly rescued from the mirror by the Other Wybie. He helps her escape back to the real world, but Coraline discovers that her parents are missing. She eventually deduces that they have been kidnapped by the Beldam. The cat advises Coraline to propose a "game": if Coraline cannot find her parents and the ghosts' eyes, she will let buttons be sewn over her eyes, but if she can, they will all be set free. The Beldam reluctantly agrees.
One by one, Coraline finds the ghosts' eyes in the Other World, now turned nightmarish, from its deranged inhabitants. As she does, the Other Pink Palace Apartments' surroundings gradually disintegrate until only the living room is left. Inside, Coraline sees the Beldam in her arachnoid form. Warned that the Beldam will never let them go, she tricks her into unlocking the door. While the Beldam is distracted, Coraline finds her parents trapped in a snow globe, grabs it, and throws the cat at the Beldam's face. The struggling cat rips her button eyes out. Coraline escapes into the corridor and slams and locks the door shut on the Beldam's hand, severing it. Her parents reappear in the real world, with no memory of what happened. That night, the ghosts warn her to get rid of the button key to prevent the Beldam from accessing the real world. As Coraline prepares to drop it down the well, the severed hand attacks her and tries to drag her back to the Other World. Wybie smashes it with a rock, then throws the pieces and the key into the well and seals it shut.
The next day, Coraline and her parents, who have finally finished their work, host a garden party for the neighbors. Coraline also prepares to tell Mrs. Lovat the truth about her twin sister.
Cast
Dakota Fanning as Coraline Jones, a curious 11-year-old[9][10] girl with dark blue hair.
Robert Bailey Jr. as Wyborne "Wybie" Lovat, the geeky, nervous 11-year-old grandson of Coraline's landlady. Wybie is a character introduced for the film adaptation so that the viewer "wouldn't have a girl walking around, occasionally talking to herself".[11]
Teri Hatcher as Mel Jones, Coraline's mother, and the Beldam / Other Mother, the ruler of the Other World.
Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French as April Spink and Miriam Forcible respectively, a pair of retired burlesque actresses.
John Hodgman as Charlie Jones, Coraline's father and the Other Father.
John Linnell as Other Father's singing voice.
Ian McShane as Sergei Alexander Bobinsky, a former Chernobyl liquidator and one of Coraline's neighbors who owns a jumping mice circus. His nickname is "Mr B."
Keith David as the Cat, a sarcastic, mysterious, nameless black cat from Coraline's world who appears and disappears at will and has the ability to speak in the Other World.
Caroline Crawford as Mrs. Lovat, Wybie's grandmother and the owner of the Pink Palace Apartments.
Production
"Coraline [was] a huge risk. But these days in animation, the safest bet is to take a risk."
–Henry Selick[12]
Director Henry Selick met author Neil Gaiman just as he was finishing the novel Coraline, and given that Gaiman was a fan of Selick's The Nightmare Before Christmas, he invited him to a possible adaptation of the film. As Selick thought a direct adaptation would lead to "maybe a 47-minute movie", his screenplay had some expansions, such as the creation of Wybie. When looking for a design away from the style seen in most animation, Selick discovered the work of Japanese illustrator Tadahiro Uesugi and invited him to become the concept artist. One of Uesugi's biggest influences was on the color palette, which was muted in reality and more colorful in the Other World.[11] Uesugi declared that "at the beginning, it was supposed to be a small project over a few weeks to simply create characters; however, I ended up working on the project for over a year, eventually designing sets and backgrounds, on top of drawing the basic images for the story to be built upon."[13]
Coraline was staged in a 140,000-square-foot (13,000 m2) warehouse in Hillsboro, Oregon.[12][14] The stage was divided into 50 lots,[15] which played host to nearly 150 sets.[12] Among the sets were three miniature Victorian mansions, a 42-foot (12.8 m) apple orchard, and a model of Ashland, Oregon, including tiny details such as banners for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.[14] More than 28[clarification needed] animators worked at a time on rehearsing or shooting scenes, producing 90–100 seconds of finished animation each week.[16] To add the stereoscopy for the 3D release, the animators shot each frame from two slightly apart camera positions.[11]
Every object on screen was made for the film.[11] The crew used three 3D printing systems from Objet in the development and production of the film. Thousands of high-quality 3D models, ranging from facial expressions to doorknobs, were printed in 3D using the Polyjet matrix systems, which enable the fast transformation of CAD (computer-aided design) drawings into high-quality 3D models.[17] The puppets had separate parts for the upper and lower parts of the head that could be exchanged for different facial expressions.[11] The characters of Coraline could potentially exhibit over 208,000 facial expressions.[17] Computer artists composited separatedly-shot elements together, or added elements of their own which had to look handcrafted instead of computer-generated – for instance, the flames were done with traditional animation and painted digitally, and the fog was dry ice.[11]
At its peak, the film involved the efforts of 450 people,[12] including from 30[14] to 35[12] animators and digital designers in the Digital Design Group (DDG) directed by Dan Casey and more than 250 technicians and designers.[14] One crew member, Althea Crome, was hired specifically to knit miniature sweaters and other clothing for the puppet characters, sometimes using knitting needles as thin as human hair.[12] The clothes would also simulate wear using paint and a file.[11] Several students from The Art Institute of Portland were also involved in making the film.
The soundtrack for Coraline features songs composed by French composer Bruno Coulais with one, "Other Father Song", by They Might Be Giants. The Other Father's singing voice is provided by John Linnell, one of the singers from the band. They wrote 10 songs for the film; when a melancholy tone was decided, all but one were cut. Coulais' score was performed by the Hungarian Symphony Orchestra and features choral pieces sung by the Children's Choir of Nice in a nonsense language.[18] Selick mentions that the main soloist, "a young girl you hear singing in several parts of the film" is coincidentally named Coraline.[18] Coraline won Coulais the 2009 Annie Award for best score for an animated feature.
Soundtrack
Soundtrack list
"Sirens of the Sea" – Performed by Michele Mariana
"Other Father Song" – Written and Performed by John Linnell
"Nellie Jean" – Performed by Kent Melton
"Dreaming" – Performed by Bruno Coulais, The Children's Choir of Nice, and Teri Hatcher
Release
Home media
The film was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-ray on July 21, 2009, by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. A 3-D version comes with four sets of 3-D glasses—specifically the green-magenta anaglyph image. Coraline was released in the United Kingdom on DVD and Blu-ray on October 12, 2009. A 3-D version of the film was also released on a 2-Disc Collector's Edition. The DVD opened to first week sales of 1,036,845 and over $19 million in revenue. Total sales stand at over 2.6 million units and over $45 million in revenue.[19] A two-disc Blu-ray 3D set which includes a stereoscopic 3D on the first disc and an anaglyph 3D image was released in 2011.
Other media
The website for Coraline involves an interactive exploration game where the player can scroll through Coraline's world. It won the 2009 Webby Award for "Best Use of Animation or Motion Graphics", both by the people and the Webby organization. It was also nominated for the Webby "Movie and Film" category.[20] On June 16, 2008, D3 Publisher announced the release of a video game based on the film. It was developed by Papaya Studio for the Wii and PlayStation 2 and by Art Co. for Nintendo DS. It was released on January 27, 2009, close to the film's theatrical release.[21] The soundtrack was released digitally February 3, 2009, by E1 Music, and in stores on February 24, 2009.
Reception
Box office
According to Paul Dergarabedian, a film business analyst with Media by Numbers, for the film to succeed it needed a box office comparable to Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, which grossed $16 million its opening weekend and ended up making more than $192 million worldwide; prior to the film's release, Dergarabedian thought Laika "should be really pleased" if it made close to $10 million on its opening weekend.[14] In its US opening weekend, the film made $16.85 million, ranking third at the box office.[8] It made $15 million on its second weekend, bringing its U.S. total up to $35.6 million, $25.5 million of which coming from 3D presentations.[22] As of November 2009, the film had grossed $75,286,229 in the United States and Canada and $49,310,169 in other territories, making a total of $124,596,398 worldwide.[3]
Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 90% based on 262 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With its vivid stop-motion animation combined with Neil Gaiman's imaginative story, Coraline is a film that's both visually stunning and wondrously entertaining."[23] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[24]
David Edelstein said the film is "a bona fide fairy tale" that needed a "touch less entrancement and a touch more ... story".[25] A. O. Scott of The New York Times called the film "exquisitely realized" with a "slower pace and a more contemplative tone than the novel. It is certainly exciting, but rather than race through ever noisier set pieces toward a hectic climax in the manner of so much animation aimed at kids, Coraline lingers in an atmosphere that is creepy, wonderfully strange and full of feeling."[26]
Accolades
Awards and nominations
Awards
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Outcome
Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Henry Selick Nominated
American Film Institute Awards Best 10 Movies Won
Annie Awards
Best Animated Feature Nominated
Best Directing in a Feature Production Henry Selick Nominated
Best Voice Acting in a Feature Production Dawn French Nominated
Best Music in an Animated Feature Production Bruno Coulais Won
Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Travis Knight Nominated
Best Character Design in a Feature Production Shane Prigmore; Shannon Tindle Won
Best Production Design in a Feature Production Christopher Appelhans; Tadahiro Uesugi Won
Best Storyboarding in a Feature Production Chris Butler Nominated
Annecy International Animated Film Festival Best Feature – Tied Won
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated
BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated
BAFTA Children's Award Best Feature Film Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated
Cinema Audio Society Awards
Lifetime Achievement Henry Selick Won
Career Achievement (sound designer/re-recording mixer) Randy Thom Won
EDA [Alliance of Women Film Journalists] Award
Best Animated Female ([the character of] Coraline) Won
Best Animated Film Nominated
Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Nominated
Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects, Foley, Music, Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film Nominated
Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Film Nominated
People's Choice Awards Best Animated 3D Movie of 2009 Nominated
Producers Guild of America Awards Producer of the Year in Animated Motion Picture Nominated
San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards Best Animated Feature Won
St. Louis Film Critics Awards Best Animated Film Nominated
Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Claire Jennings, Henry Selick Nominated
Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Coraline – Lead Animators Travis Knight and Trey Thomas Nominated
Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture John Allan Armstrong, Richard Kent Burton, Craig Dowsett Nominated
Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture Deborah Cook, Matthew DeLeu, Paul Mack, Martin Meunier Nominated
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Nominated
See also
2000s portal
Cartoon portal
Animation portal
Film in the United States portal
United States portal
List of ghost films
References
Jump up ^ Hudetz, Mary (February 6, 2009). "Made in Oregon: animated 'Coraline'". KVAL. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coraline rated PG by the BBFC". BBFC. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2009. Run Time 100m 19s
^ Jump up to: a b c "Coraline". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Savage, Annaliza (November 14, 2008). "Gaiman Calls Coraline the Strangest Stop-Motion Film Ever". Wired.com. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Daniel, Anne Margaret. ""Coraline, by Neil Gaiman: The First Decade"". The Blog. Huffington Post Books. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Daniel, Anne-Margaret. ""Coraline, by Neil Gaiman: The Fir".
Jump up ^ Turnquist, Kristi (February 5, 2009). "'Coraline' premiere offers Portland some Hollywood glitter". OregonLive.com. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b DiOrio, Carl (February 8, 2009). "Moviegoers into 'Into You'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wojczuk, Montana (February 25, 2009). "Coraline Hits the Screen, Stage and Page". Paste Magazine. Retrieved December 7, 2014. ...Seeing a real 11-year old girl in peril,...
Jump up ^ Ulaby, Neda (February 5, 2009). "Henry Selick, Keeping Stop-Motion Moving Ahead". NPR. Retrieved December 7, 2014. The title character, aged 11,..
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The Making of Coraline", Coraline DVD
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f McNichol, Tom (February 2009). "Hollywood Knights". Portland Monthly. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Desowitz, Bill (January 23, 2009). "Tadahiro Uesugi Talks 'Coraline' Design". Animation World. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mesh, Aaron (February 4, 2009). "Suspended Animation". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Backstage view (19th of 21 backlot production photos)". David Strick's Hollywood Backlot. Los Angeles Times. August 7, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009. Backstage view of the facility in which Coraline's stop-motion animation is filmed in Portland, Oregon. The Coraline stage is divided into approximately 50 units separated by black curtains. Each unit contains a different set that is in the process of being dressed, lit, rigged or shot.
Jump up ^ J. McLean, Thomas (September 16, 2008). "On the Set with 'Coraline': Where the Motion Doesn't Stop". Animation World Network. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Objet Geometries (February 5, 2009). "Objet Geometries' 3-D Printers Play Starring Role in New Animated Film Coraline". PR Newswire UK. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Capone (February 2, 2009). "Capone Talks with Coraline Director and Wizard Master Henry Selick". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Movie Coraline – DVD Sales". The Numbers. Nash Information Services,. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "13th Annual Webby Awards Nominees & Winners". The Webby Awards. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Remo, Chris (June 16, 2008). "D3 Announces Coraline And Shaun The Sheep Adaptations". Gamasutra. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Holdovers Live Under Killer Friday Debut". Box Office Mojo. February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Coraline (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Coraline Reviews". Metacritic. February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Edelstein, David (February 1, 2009). "What You See Is What You Get". New York Magazine. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. (February 6, 2009). "Cornered in a Parallel World". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coraline (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Coraline
Official website
Coraline on IMDb
Coraline at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Coraline at AllMovie
Coraline at Rotten Tomatoes
Coraline at Metacritic
Coraline at Box Office Mojo
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Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Other short titles
Domestic and Foreign Investment Improved Disclosure Act
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Amendment
Unlawful Corporate Payments Act
Long title
An Act to amend the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to make it unlawful for an issuer of securities registered pursuant to section 12 of such Act or an issuer required to file reports pursuant to section 15(d) of such Act to make certain payments to foreign officials and other foreign persons, to require such issuers to maintain accurate records, and for other purposes.
Acronyms (colloquial)
FCPA
Nicknames
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977
Enacted by
the 95th United States Congress
Effective
December 19, 1977
Citations
Public law
95-213
Statutes at Large
91 Stat. 1494
Codification
Titles amended
15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade
U.S.C. sections amended
15 U.S.C. ch. 2b § 78a et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 305 by William Proxmire (D-WI) on January 18, 1977
Committee consideration by Senate Banking, House Commerce
Passed the Senate on May 5, 1977 (passed)
Passed the House on November 1, 1977 (passed, in lieu of H.R. 3815)
Reported by the joint conference committee on December 6, 1977; agreed to by the Senate on December 6, 1977 (agreed) and by the House on December 7, 1977 (349-0)
Signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 19, 1977
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) (15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1, et seq.) is a United States federal law known primarily for two of its main provisions, one that addresses accounting transparency requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and another concerning bribery of foreign officials.[1] The act was amended in 1988 and in 1998. As of 2012[update] there were continued congressional concerns.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Provisions and scope
1.1 Persons subject to the FCPA
2 History
3 Enforcement
4 Requirements
4.1 Anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) solutions
5 Application
5.1 Charges
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Provisions and scope[edit]
The idea of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is to make it illegal for companies and their supervisors to influence foreign officials with any personal payments or rewards.[3][page needed] The FCPA applies to any person who has a certain degree of connection to the United States and engages in foreign corrupt practices. The Act also applies to any act by U.S. businesses, foreign corporations trading securities in the U.S., American nationals, citizens, and residents acting in furtherance of a foreign corrupt practice whether or not they are physically present in the U.S. This is considered the nationality principle of the act. Any individuals that are involved in those activities may face prison time.[3][page needed] This act was passed to make it unlawful for certain classes of persons and entities to make payments to foreign government officials to assist in obtaining or retaining business.[4][full citation needed][3] In the case of foreign natural and legal persons, the Act covers their deeds if they are in the U.S. at the time of the corrupt conduct. This is considered the protective principle of the act.[3] Further, the Act governs not only payments to foreign officials, candidates, and parties, but any other recipient if part of the bribe is ultimately attributable to a foreign official, candidate, or party. These payments are not restricted to monetary forms and may include anything of value.[5] This is considered the territoriality principle of the act.[3]
An ongoing debate asks about the law's effects. Scholars have found that the FCPA discourages US firms from investing in foreign markets.[6] Companies engaging in mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets face a uniquely increased level of regulatory and corruption risk.[7]
Persons subject to the FCPA[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Issuers[clarification needed]
Includes any U.S. or foreign corporation that has a class of securities registered, or that is required to file reports under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934
Domestic concerns
Refers to any individual who is a citizen, national, or resident of the United States and any corporation and other business entity organized under the laws of the United States or of any individual US State, or having its principal place of business in the United States
Any person
Covers both enterprises and individuals
History[edit]
As a result of U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigations in the mid-1970s, over 400 U.S. companies admitted making questionable or illegal payments in excess of $300 million to foreign government officials, politicians, and political parties.[8] The abuses ran the gamut from bribery of high foreign officials to secure some type of favorable action by a foreign government to so-called facilitating payments that were made to ensure that government functionaries discharged certain ministerial or clerical duties.[8] If the official has no choice but to bribe, and bribery is legal in the country, bribing is seen as greasing the wheels. One major example was the Lockheed bribery scandals, in which officials of aerospace company Lockheed paid foreign officials to favor their company's products.[9]:10 Another was the Bananagate scandal in which Chiquita Brands had bribed the President of Honduras to lower taxes.[citation needed] Congress enacted the FCPA to bring a halt to the bribery of foreign officials and to restore public confidence in the integrity of the American business system.
The Act was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 19, 1977. It was first amended by the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, where Title V is known as the 'Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1988'. It introduced a "knowing" standard in order to find violations of the Act, encompassing "conscious disregard" and "willful blindness." Other amendments were for "bona fide", "reasonable" and lawful gifts under the laws of the foreign country.[10]
The second amendment was the International Anti-Bribery Act of 1998 which was designed to implement the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention—i.e., to include certain foreign persons and extending the scope beyond U.S. borders.
Enforcement[edit]
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Department of Justice are both responsible for enforcing the FCPA. This is because the FCPA both amends an SEC Act and the criminal code. The SEC enforces the Act for companies it regulates and the Department of Justice enforces the bill regarding all other domestic companies. This split was criticized even before the act was passed.[8]:10–11 In 2010 the SEC created a specialized unit for FCPA enforcement.[11] In 2012, the SEC and the DOJ issued their first joint guide to the FCPA.[12]
In April 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions traveled to an ethics lawyers conference to assure them that he would continue prosecutions under the FCPA, regardless of new SEC Chairman Jay Clayton's expressed skepticism and of President Donald Trump's comments that it is a "horrible law" and "the world is laughing at us".[13][14]
Requirements[edit]
The anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA make it unlawful for a U.S. person, and certain foreign issuers of securities, to make a payment to a foreign official for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person. Since the 1998 Amendment of FCPA they also apply to foreign firms and persons who take any act in furtherance of such a corrupt payment while in the U.S. The meaning of foreign official is broad. For example, an owner of a bank who is also the minister of finance would count as a foreign official according to the U.S. government. Doctors at government-owned or managed hospitals are also considered to be foreign officials under the FCPA, as is anyone working for a government-owned or managed institution or enterprise. Employees of international organizations such as the United Nations are also considered to be foreign officials under the FCPA. A 2014 federal appellate court decision has provided guidance on how the term "foreign official" is defined under FCPA.[15]
Because the Act concerns the intent of the bribery rather than the amount, there is no requirement of materiality. Offering anything of value as a bribe, whether cash or non-cash items, is prohibited.
The FCPA also requires companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to meet its accounting provisions.[16] These accounting provisions operate in tandem with the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA, and require respective corporations to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. An increasing number of corporations are taking additional steps to protect their reputation and reduce their exposure by employing the services of due diligence companies tasked with vetting third party intermediaries and identifying easily overlooked government officials embedded in otherwise privately held foreign firms. This strategy is one element of an effective FCPA Compliance Program, as it shows a sincere attempt to avoid business situations where high risk (prior history or proximity to unethical behavior) individuals are concerned.[citation needed]
Regarding payments to foreign officials, the act draws a distinction between bribery and facilitation or "grease payments", which may be permissible under the FCPA, but may still violate local laws. The primary distinction is that grease payments or facilitation payments are made to an official to expedite his performance of the routine duties he is already bound to perform. The exception focuses on the purpose of the payment rather than on its value.Payments to foreign officials may be legal under the FCPA if the payments are permitted under the written laws of the host country. Certain payments or reimbursements relating to product promotion may also be permitted under the FCPA.[citation needed]
A U.S. company acquiring a foreign firm could face successor liability for FCPA violations committed by the foreign firm prior to being acquired.[17] Generally, acquiring companies may be liable as a successor for pre-existing FCPA violations committed by an acquired company where those violations were subject to the FCPA's jurisdiction when committed.[18] This position was further confirmed by the DOJ in a 2014 opinion stating that pre-acquisition conduct by a foreign target company without a jurisdictional nexus to the U.S. would not be subject to FCPA enforcement.[19]
Anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) solutions[edit]
Businesses increasingly focus on their core competencies, and as a result engage more third parties to provide critical business functions. Companies do not have direct control over their third-party providers, which expose them to regulatory and reputational risk of FCPA violations by those third parties.[20] Under the FCPA, businesses are accountabile for activities involving both their internal and external relationships. Companies that operate internationally, or that engage third parties in countries with a high Corruption Perceptions Index, are especially at risk. Many companies have now adopted "anti-bribery/anti-corruption" (ABAC) solutions to combat this risk and help protect themselves from fines and reputational damage.
ABAC compliance solutions are a subset of third party management. These systems can automatically manage third party information and monitor their ongoing activities in compliance with FCPA regulation.[21]
Application[edit]
Stronger DOJ and SEC enforcement has increased the prominence of the FCPA from 2010 onwards.[22] The SEC website shows a complete list of enforcement cases since 1978.[23] Notable select cases of the application of FCPA since 2008 are with ALCOA, Biomet, Bizjet, Hewlett Packard Company, KBR, Marubeni Corporation, News Corporation, Siemens, Smith & Nephew and Walmart de Mexico as follows:
In 2008, Siemens AG paid a $450 million fine for violating the FCPA. This is one of the largest penalties ever collected by the DOJ for an FCPA case.[24]
In 2012, Japanese firm Marubeni Corporation paid a criminal penalty of US$54.6 million for FCPA violations when acting as an agent of the TKSJ joint venture, which comprised Technip, Snamprogetti Netherlands B.V., Kellogg Brown & Root Inc., and JGC Corporation. Between 1995 and 2004, the joint venture won four contracts in Nigeria worth more than US$6 billion, as a direct result of having paid US$51 million to Marubeni to be used to bribe Nigerian government officials.[25]
In 2012 Smith & Nephew paid US$22.2 million to the DOJ and SEC, and Bizjet International Sales and Support Inc. paid US$11.8 million to the DOJ for bribery of foreign government officials. Both companies entered into a deferred prosecution agreement.[26][27]
In March 2012, Biomet Inc. paid a criminal fine of US$17.3 million to resolve charges of FCPA violations and US$5.5 million in disgorgement of profits and pre-judgment interest to the SEC.[28]
In January 2014, ALCOA paid $175 million in disgorgement of revenues and a fine of $209 million to settle charges that its Australian bauxite mining subsidiary retained an agent that made bribes to government officials in Bahrain and to officers of Aluminum Bahrain B.S.C. to secure long-term contracts to supply the company with bauxite ore.[29]
In March 2014, Marubeni Corporation agreed with the DOJ to pay a US$88 million fine after pleading guilty to taking part in a scheme to pay bribes to high ranking Indonesian officials in order to secure a lucrative power project.[30]
On February 24, 2015, the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company "Goodyear" agreed to pay more than $16 million to settle FCPA charges that two of its African subsidiaries allegedly paid $3.2 million in bribes that generated $14,122,535 in illicit profits.[31] The SEC FCPA charges involved Goodyear subsidiaries in Kenya and Angola for allegedly paying bribes to government and private-sector workers in exchange for sales in each country.[32] According to the SEC because "Goodyear did not prevent or detect these improper payments because it failed to implement adequate FCPA compliance controls at its subsidiaries" and, for the Kenyan subsidiary, "because it failed to conduct adequate due diligence" prior to its acquisition. It was not alleged that Goodyear had any involvement with or knowledge of its subsidiaries' improper conduct.[33]
Charges[edit]
In 2009, former Representative William J. Jefferson, Democrat of Louisiana, was charged with violating the FCPA by bribing African governments for business interests.[34]
In 2010 the DOJ and the SEC were investigating whether Hewlett Packard Company executives paid about $10.9 million in bribery money between 2004 and 2006 to the Prosecutor General of Russia "to win a €35 million-dollar contract to supply computer equipment throughout Russia."[35] On September 11, 2014 HP Russia pleaded guilty before U.S. District Judge D. Lowell Jensen of the Northern District of California to conspiracy and substantive violations of the anti-bribery and accounting provisions of the FCPA. The court sentenced HP Russia to pay a $58,772,250 fine.[36]
In July 2011, the DOJ opened an inquiry into the News International phone hacking scandal that brought down News of the World, the recently closed UK tabloid newspaper. In cooperation with the Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom), the DOJ was to examine whether News Corporation violated the FCPA by bribing British police officers.[37] Nine police officers were convicted including a senior officer in the Met counter-terrorism command, Det Ch Insp April Casburn, former Met anti-terrorism officer Timothy Edwards, former police officer Simon Quinn, former Met officer Paul Flattley and Scott Chapman, an ex-prison officer.[38]
An April 2012 article in the New York Times reported that a former executive of Walmart de México y Centroamérica alleged in September 2005 that Walmart de Mexico had paid bribes to officials throughout Mexico in order to obtain construction permits, that Walmart investigators found credible evidence that Mexican and American laws had been broken, and that Walmart executives in the U.S. "hushed up" the allegations.[39][40] According to an article in Bloomberg, Wal-Mart's "probe of possible bribery in Mexico may prompt executive departures and steep U.S. government fines if it reveals senior managers knew about the payments and didn't take strong enough action, corporate governance experts said."[41] Eduardo Bohorquez, the director of Transparencia Mexicana, a "watchdog" group in Mexico, urged the Mexican government to investigate the allegations.[42] Wal-Mart and the US Chamber of Commerce had participated in a campaign to amend FCPA; according to proponents, the changes would clarify the law, while according to opponents, the changes would weaken the law.[43]
Other cases are with Avon Products, Invision Technologies, BAE Systems, Baker Hughes, Daimler AG, Monsanto, Halliburton, Titan Corporation, Triton Energy Limited, Lucent Technologies.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Convention against Corruption (disambiguation)
Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
Politically exposed person
The UK Bribery Act
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Funk, T. Markus (September 10, 2010). "Getting What They Pay For: The Far-Reaching Impact Of the Dodd-Frank Act's 'Whistleblower Bounty' Incentives on FCPA Enforcement" (PDF). White Collar Crime Report. Bureau of National Affairs. 5 (19): 1–3.
Jump up ^ LeRoy Miller, Roger (2011). Business Law Today: The Essentials. United States: South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 127. ISBN 1-133-19135-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Luthans, Fred; Doh, Jonathan (2014). International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0-07-786244-2.
Jump up ^ USDOJ, (2014)
Jump up ^ Posadas, Alejandro. "Combating Corruption Under International Law" (pdf). School of Law, Duke University.
Jump up ^ Graham, Bradley, Stroup, Caleb (2016). "Does Anti-bribery Enforcement Deter Foreign Investment?" (PDF). Applied Economics Letters. doi:10.1080/13504851.2015.1049333.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Robin; Stacey, Oliver; Jarman, Daniel. "Tackling Corruption and Regulatory Risk in M&A Transactions". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134.
^ Jump up to: a b c House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (September 28, 1977). "H.R. Rep. 95-640 REPORT together with MINORITY VIEWS To accompany H.R.3815" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Rich, Ben R. and Janos, Leo. Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed. New York: Little Brown & Co., 1994, ISBN 0-7515-1503-5.
Jump up ^ Michael V. Seitzinger (February 7, 2012). "Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Congressional Interest and Executive Enforcement" (PDF). CRS Report to U.S. Congress. Congressional Research Service. p. 11. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "SEC Names New Specialized Unit Chiefs and Head of New Office of Market Intelligence" (Press release). SEC. January 13, 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and the Enforcement Division of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (November 14, 2012). "A Resource Guide to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act" (PDF). p. 130. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Charlie Savage (25 April 2017). "Sessions Vows to Enforce an Anti-Bribery Law Trump Ridiculed". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Attorney General Jeff Sessions Delivers Remarks at the Ethics and Compliance Initiative's Conference". C-SPAN.org. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael V. Seitzinger (15 October 2014). "Eleventh Circuit Provides Guidance for the Definition of "Foreign Official" under the FCPA" (PDF). Legal Sidebar via Congressional Research Service. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 78m
Jump up ^ Lawler, William; Phillips, Anthony. "Avoiding the Threat of FCPA Successor Liability". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134.
Jump up ^ Sprinzen, Nicole; Hildebrand, Jennifer. "DOJ Clarifies Successor Liability for Foreign Acquisitions". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Alice; Greenburg, Douglas; Sabin, Barry; Seltzer, Nathan; Su, Jonathan; Volkman, Eric; Chandler, Kari; Brown Jones, Erin. "DOJ Guidance Underscores Importance of Anti-corruption Due Diligence in International M&A". Transaction Advisors. ISSN 2329-9134.
Jump up ^ http://www.economist.com/media/globalexecutive/outsourcing_revolution_e_02.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.hiperos.com/anti-bribery-corruption.html
Jump up ^ T. Markus Funk, "Another Landmark Year: 2010 FCPA Enforcement Year-in-Review and Trends for 2011," Bloomberg Law Reports (January 3, 2010).
Jump up ^ "SEC Enforcement Actions: FCPA Cases". SEC. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Administrator. "Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Reporting Center - Siemens AG pays $450 million to settle FCPA bribery charges". foreign-corrupt-practices-act.org.
Jump up ^ US Department of Justice (17 January 2012). "Marubeni Corporation Resolves Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Investigation and Agrees to Pay a $54.6 Million Criminal Penalty".
Jump up ^ Smith & Nephew (6 February 2012). "Smith & Nephew reaches settlement with US Government". Smith & Nephew. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Reuters (14 March 2012). "U.S. says BizJet settles foreign bribery charges". Reuters.
Jump up ^ Richard L. Cassin (26 March 2012). "Biomet Pays $22.8 Million To Settle Bribe Charges". The FCPA Blog.
Jump up ^ "SEC Charges ALCOA with FCPA Violations". United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
Jump up ^ Brown, Howard. "$88 Million Fine Agreed by Marubeni Corporation of Japan with the U.S. Department of Justice to Settle a Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Investigation".
Jump up ^ Pelletier, Paul; Tidman, Aaron; Haviland, Jane (25 February 2015). "Goodyear's Settlement with the SEC Emphasizes the Importance of FCPA Due Diligence in M&A Transactions and of Having a Robust Anti-Corruption Policy". Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Horn, George (1 March 2015). "M and A Due Diligence Failures: FCPA and Goodyear". The National Law Review. Barnes & Thornburg LLP. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Mandelker, Sigal P.; Emert, Rochelle H.; Caraballo-Garrison, Phillip J. (27 February 2015). "Goodyear Pays for Sins of Subsidiaries in $16 Million Settlement". Proskauer Rose LLP. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Stout, David (2009-08-06). "Ex-Rep. Jefferson Convicted in Bribery Scheme". The New York Times. p. A14.
Jump up ^ Crawford, David; Searcey, Dionne (April 16, 2010). "U.S. Joins H-P Bribery Investigation". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Hewlett-Packard Russia Pleads Guilty To And Sentenced For Bribery Of Russian Government Officials". www.justice.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ "News Corp shares hit two-year low on hacking arrest". BBC World News. 18 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Operation Elveden corruption probe ends". BBC News. 2016-02-26. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ Barstow, David (April 21, 2012). "Vast Mexican Bribery Case Hushed Up by Wal-Mart After High-Level Struggle". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Miguel Bustillo (April 23, 2012). "Wal-Mart Faces Risk in Mexican Bribe Probe". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Welch, David; Weidlich, Thom (April 23, 2012). "Wal-Mart Bribery Probe May Exposes Retailer to U.S. Fines". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mexican watchdog group says Mexico's federal government should probe alleged Wal-Mart bribes". The Washington Post. Associated Press. April 22, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Hamburger, Tom; Dennis, Brady; Yang, Jia Lynn (April 24, 2012). "Wal-Mart took part in lobbying campaign to amend anti-bribery law". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
External links[edit]
US Department of Justice page on the FCPA
The American Bar Association's Global Anti-Corruption Committee Webpage.
Incidents of actual or alleged bribery
Telvick, Marlena (2003-04-07). "Indictments allege bribes were paid for Kazakstan oil / 2 Americans accused -- but not U.S. firms". sfgate.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
Lucent fires four executives in China over allegations of bribery Stephen Taub April 7, 2004 CFO.com
"Monsanto Company Charged with Bribing Indonesian Official" U.S. Department of State, 2005-01-10
Schwartz, Nelson; Bergman, Lowell (November 25, 2007). "Payload: Taking Aim at Corporate Bribery". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
"At Siemens, Bribery Was Just a Line Item," by Siri Schubert, New York Times 12/21/2008. joint report by ProPublica, PBS's Frontline, the Investigative Reporting Program at UC Berkeley and The New York Times; related documentary on Frontline April 7, 2009.
"The Business of Bribes" PBS Frontline and FRONTLINE/World February 2009
"KBR charged with bribing Nigerian officials for contracts" CNN.com, February 2009
"Detailed coverage on Wal-Mart FCPA Issues in India" Fraudtoday.net, December 2012
"Halliburton, U.S. Reach Settlement In Bribery Probe," All Things Considered, NPR, January 26, 2009. Halliburton Corp. has announced it will pay out more than $560 million to the Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle a probe into bribery and bid-rigging in contracts around the world. Investigative journalist Lowell Bergman talks about the settlement.
David C. Weiss, The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, SEC Disgorgement of Profits, and the Evolving International Bribery Regime: Weighing Proportionality, Retribution, and Deterrence, 30 Michigan Journal of International Law 471 (2009).
thebriberyact.com information about the UK Bribery Act
New York Law Journal, November 4, 2010, "White Collar Experts Are Recruited to Handle Expected Increase in Government Enforcements," quote in that article from lawyer M. Scott Peeler, who when asked to compare the two acts, said, "It's the FCPA on steroids."
The European Anti-Bribery Blog. The FCPA and anti-bribery news with a European slant
Google’s ‘Regime Change’ Agent, Jared Cohen
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/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act
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value: 해외부패방지법 – Korean

value: 連邦海外腐敗行為防止法 – Japanese

value: Закон о коррупции за рубежом (США) – Russian

value: Закон про корупцію за кордоном – Ukrainian

value: 海外反腐败法 – Chinese

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