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Mario Party
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This article is about the series. For information of the first game in the series, see Mario Party (video game).
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Mario Party
Logo of Mario Party
Genres
Party game
Developer(s)
Hudson Soft (1998–2007)
Capcom (arcade release)
Nd Cube (2012–present)
Publisher(s)
Nintendo
First release
Mario Party
December 18, 1998 (December 18, 1998)
Latest release
Mario Party: The Top 100
November 10, 2017 (November 10, 2017)
Spin-offs
Wii Party
Mario Party (Japanese: マリオパーティ, Hepburn: Mario Pāti) is a party video game series featuring characters from the Mario franchise, in which up to four local players or computer-controlled characters (CPUs) compete in a board game interspersed with minigames. The series was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. The series is known for its party game elements, including the often unpredictable multiplayer modes that allow play with up to four (and sometimes eight) human players or CPUs.
After the development of Mario Party 8, several of Hudson Soft's key designers left to work for Nintendo subsidiary Nd Cube, developers of Wii Party.[1] Starting in 2012 with Mario Party 9, Nd Cube has taken over development of the series from Hudson Soft. The latest title in the series, Mario Party: Star Rush, was released in 2016 for the Nintendo 3DS.
The series currently holds the record for the longest-running minigame series.[2] As of December 2014, Nintendo reported cumulative worldwide sales of 39.6 million game copies in the Mario Party franchise.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Party Mode
1.2 Minigame Mode
2 Games
2.1 Main series
2.2 Other games
2.2.1 Mario Party-e
2.2.2 Mario Party Advance
2.2.3 Mario Party DS
2.2.4 Mario Party: Island Tour
2.2.5 Mario Party: Star Rush
2.2.6 Mario Party: The Top 100
3 Playable characters
3.1 Notes
4 Reception
4.1 Controversies
4.1.1 Mario Party (N64)
4.1.2 Mario Party 8
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay
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Over the course of the Mario Party series, gameplay has changed to suit the technology of the hardware. There are several modes available for play in each game, each of which provides its own rules and challenges.
Party Mode
Every game in the main series has a standard Party Mode in which up to four players play through a board, trying to collect as many stars as possible. In every turn, each player rolls a die and progresses on the board, which usually has branching paths. Coins are primarily earned by performing well in a minigame played at the end of each turn. On most boards, players earn stars by reaching a star space and purchasing a star for a certain amount of coins. The star space appears randomly on one of several pre-determined locations and moves every time a star is purchased, usually occupying a blue space.
Every Mario Party contains at least 50 to 90 minigames with a few different types. Four-player games are a free-for-all in which players compete individually. In 2-on-2 and 1-on-3 minigames, players compete as two groups, cooperating to win, even though they are still competing individually in the main game. Some minigames in Mario Party are 4-player co-op, even though it doesn't say it. In most situations, winners earn ten coins each.
Battle minigames first appeared in Mario Party 2. These games are like the 4-player games, but instead of winners earning ten coins each, each player contributes a randomly selected number of coins (or all coins if the player falls short of the pot amount). The winner of the minigame receives approximately 70% of the pot, the second-place winner receives the other 30%, and a random player occasionally gets coins left over from rounding.
Duel minigames debuted in Mario Party 2, and were omitted in Mario Party 4 (though the Story minigames are all duels), but return again in Mario Party 5. Duel games pit two players against each other. In Party Mode, one player initiates the duel, wagering coins or even a star against another player. The winner of the duel receives all coins or stars wagered. Starting with Mario Party 7, the player no longer chooses the wager in a duel, rather, the duel takes place and the prize to the winner, if any, is randomly determined.
Bowser minigames are introduced in Mario Party 4 in which players try to avoid being burned by Bowser's fire breath if they lose. When that happens, players must give up coins, stars or items. In Mario Party 7, a single-player version of the games were introduced and only one person can play.
Mario Party 9 introduced a new set of minigames entitled Bowser Jr. minigames. Here, Bowser Jr. challenges two players to compete in a minigame with him. If they successfully defeat him, both players will receive five Mini Stars. If not, then Bowser Jr. will take five from each player.
At the end of the game, bonus stars can be awarded to players. Three specific stars are awarded in Mario Party through Mario Party 6. All later games have six possible bonus stars, but only three of those stars are awarded per game. These stars add to the player's overall total.
Minigame Mode
In addition to Party mode, every Mario Party has a minigame mode in which minigames are played without the board game. Minigame modes vary from game to game, but later games have many different variations. In one such example from Mario Party 5, each player tries to fill a board with as many spaces as possible in his or her color by winning minigames. In Mario Party 6 and onward, there is one game in Minigame mode intended for single-player.
Games
Timeline of release years
1998 Mario Party
1999 Mario Party 2
2000 Mario Party 3
2001
2002 Mario Party 4
2003 Mario Party-e
Mario Party 5
2004 Mario Party 6
2005 Mario Party Advance
Mario Party 7
2006
2007 Mario Party 8
Mario Party DS
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 Mario Party 9
2013 Mario Party: Island Tour
2014
2015 Mario Party 10
2016 Mario Party: Star Rush
2017 Mario Party: The Top 100
Main series
Game
Year
System
MG
Notes
Mario Party 1998 Nintendo 64 53 First entry in the series. Six characters are playable: Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach (referred to as Peach), Donkey Kong (referred to as DK), Yoshi, and Wario.
Mario Party 2 1999 Nintendo 64, Wii Virtual Console, Wii U Virtual Console[4] 65 Introduces items to the series.
Mario Party 3 2000 Nintendo 64 71 Adds Daisy and Waluigi as playable characters. The only game in the Mario Party series to contain duels where two characters can battle each other using main enemies, such as Goombas and Koopa Troopas.
Mario Party 4 2002 GameCube 62 Last game where Donkey Kong can be fully playable until Mario Party 10. Introduces the Team Battle feature to the series.
Mario Party 5 2003 GameCube 75 Released in 2004 to Japanese arcades as Super Mario Fushigi no Korokoro Party (Super Mario: The Mysterious Rolling Party) by Capcom. Donkey Kong is restricted to having a special "DK Space". Koopa Kid, Toad, and Boo are now playable, bringing the total number of playable characters to ten.
Mario Party 6 2004 GameCube 82 First game to make use of GameCube's microphone peripheral, packaged with the game. Adds Toadette as an unlockable playable character, making this the first game in the series to have unlockable characters.
Mario Party 7 2005 GameCube 88 Support for up to eight players with eight-player joystick only game. Continues use of microphone peripheral. Adds Birdo and Dry Bones as unlockable playable characters.
Mario Party 8 2007 Wii 81 Minigames utilize Wii Remote's capabilities. Adds Blooper and Hammer Bro. as unlockable playable characters.
Mario Party 9 2012 Wii 82[5] Introduces two new types of stars called Mini Stars and Mini Ztars.[6] Players do not travel around the board individually but instead in one vehicle. Adds Koopa as a default playable character, and Shy Guy and Kamek (Magikoopa in NA regions) as unlockable playable characters.
Mario Party 10 2015 Wii U 73 Introduces two new modes of play: Bowser Party and Amiibo Party. Adds Rosalina as a default playable character, Spike as an unlockable playable character, Bowser as a playable character (only in Bowser Party and Amiibo Party), and Donkey Kong returns as a playable character for the first time since Mario Party 4.
Other games
Mario Party-e
See also: Nintendo e-Reader § Other
Mario Party-e is a card game that makes optional use of the Nintendo e-Reader and was released on February 7, 2003. Many of these cards contain "dot-codes" that, when scanned into the e-Reader, allow players to play minigames similar to those found in the regular Mario Party series.[citation needed] The Mario Party-e contains a Play Mat, an instruction book and a pre-constructed deck consisting of sixty-four cards. An extra card was included as a promotion in an issue of GamePro.[citation needed]
Mario Party Advance
Main article: Mario Party Advance
Mario Party Advance was released for the Game Boy Advance on March 28, 2005. It is the first Mario Party game on a handheld gaming system.
Mario Party DS
Main article: Mario Party DS
Mario Party DS was released on November 19, 2007 for the Nintendo DS in North America. Many of the 74 minigames featured utilize the capabilities of the DS's touch screen and microphone, in addition to traditional minigames using the directional pad and control buttons.
Mario Party: Island Tour
Main article: Mario Party: Island Tour
Mario Party: Island Tour is an iteration of Mario Party for the Nintendo 3DS that was announced via a Nintendo Direct on April 17, 2013 and was released in North America on November 22, 2013.[7] In addition to traditional controls, many of the game's 82 minigames[8] utilize the touch screen and other unique features of the system. It adds Bowser Jr. as an unlockable playable character.
Mario Party: Star Rush
Main article: Mario Party: Star Rush
Mario Party: Star Rush is the second iteration of Mario Party for the Nintendo 3DS that was announced at Nintendo's Treehouse Live! during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016.[9] The game was the first to be Amiibo compatible,[9] and was released in Japan, Europe, and Australia in October 2016, and in North America in November 2016.[10]
Mario Party: The Top 100
Main article: Mario Party: The Top 100
Mario Party: The Top 100 is the third iteration of Mario Party for the Nintendo 3DS and was announced during a Nintendo Direct on September 13, 2017. Unlike traditional Mario Party titles, the game is a compilation of various 100 remastered minigames originally featured in the past ten entries of the main series. It was released on November 10, 2017, in North America and was released in PAL and Japan in December 2017.[11][12]
The game received mixed or average reviews.[13]
Playable characters
Default sorting is by first appearance, then by number of appearances. For alphabetical order, click on "Character".
Character
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Advance
DS
Island Tour
Star Rush
The Top 100
Mario Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Luigi Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Princess Peach Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Yoshi Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Wario Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y
Donkey Kong Y Y Y Y Y4 N N N N Y N N N Y N
Princess Daisy N N Y2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y
Waluigi N N Y2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y
Toad N N N Y3 Y2 Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N
Boo N N N Y3 Y2 Y Y Y N N N N Y Y7 N
Koopa Kid9 N N N Y3 Y2 Y N N N N N N N N N
Koopa Troopa N N N Y3 N N N N Y N N N N N N
Shy Guy N N N Y3 N N N N Y12 N N N N N N
Bowser10 N N N Y3 N N N N N Y6 N N N Y7 N
Toadette N N N N N Y1 Y Y N Y1 N N N Y N
Birdo N N N N N N Y1 Y Y N N N N N N
Dry Bones N N N N N N Y1 Y N N N N N N N
Blooper N N N N N N N Y1 N N N N N N N
Hammer Bro. N N N N N N N Y1 N N N N N N N
Mii N N N N N N N Y5 N N N N N N N
Kamek8 N N N N N N N N Y12 N N N N N N
Rosalina N N N N N N N N N Y N N N Y Y
Spike N N N N N N N N N Y1 N N N N N
Bowser Jr. N N N N N N N N N N N N Y1 Y7 N
Diddy Kong N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y N
Notes
^ Is an unlockable character
^ Is only playable in Party Mode
^ Is only playable in the Beach Volley Folley minigame in 4
^ Is only playable in the Super Duel Mode in 5
^ Is only playable in the Extra mode in 8
^ Is only playable in the Bowser Party, Bowser Challenge, and amiibo Party modes in 10
^ Is only playable in the Mario Shuffle mode in Star Rush
^ In NA regions, Kamek is called "Magikoopa"
^ In PAL regions, Koopa Kid is called "Mini Bowser"
^ In JPN regions, Bowser is called "Koopa"
Reception
Aggregate review
Game
Metacritic[14]
Mario Party 79/100
Mario Party 2 76/100
Mario Party 3 74/100
Mario Party 4 70/100
Mario Party 5 69/100
Mario Party 6 71/100
Mario Party Advance 54/100
Mario Party 7 64/100
Mario Party 8 62/100
Mario Party DS 72/100
Mario Party 9 74/100
Mario Party: Island Tour 60/100
Mario Party 10 67/100
Mario Party: Star Rush 68/100
Mario Party: The Top 100 58/100
Controversies
Mario Party (N64)
In the original Mario Party for the Nintendo 64, certain minigames required players to rotate the controller's analog stick, including one in which the player is challenged to wind up Fly-Guy at the minigame house. Some players used the palms of their hands, rather than their thumbs, to rotate the analog stick. As a result, they would often endure blisters. In an act of contrition, Nintendo gave away free gaming gloves to the victims of these blisters.[15] Some wore away the stick because it was not very durable. The analog stick rotation has no longer been used since Mario Party 2. The exceptions are the mini-game in Mario Party 5 in which the player only needs to rotate it once and the mini-game in Mario Party 3 in which players throw Bowser in a manner similar to Super Mario 64 and do not need to use the palm of their hand to move the analog stick. Mario Party: Island Tour resumed using these types of minigames because players can spin the Nintendo 3DS' analog stick safely.
Mario Party 8
In July 2007, Mario Party 8 for the Wii was withdrawn from United Kingdom game stores shortly after its release date.[16] This was allegedly caused by Kamek using the word "spastic." Complaints were raised from consumers because the term is used to refer to an intellectually disabled person and is considered offensive in the United Kingdom. In August 2007, Nintendo re-released the game, replacing "spastic" with the word "erratic".[17]
References
Jump up ^ "What Wii Party And Mario Party Have In Common". Kotaku. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Jump up ^ Guinness World Records 2011 - Gamer's Edition. Guinness World Records Ltd. 2010. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4053-6546-8.
Jump up ^ "Bring along your amiibo as your party plus-one from 20th March in Mario Party 10". Nintendo of Europe. February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo". Nintendo. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "List of minigames in Mario Party 9 - Super Mario Wiki, the Mario encyclopedia". Mariowiki.com. 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
Jump up ^ "– Mario Party 9 – Game Info". Nintendo.com. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
Jump up ^ "Mario Party Coming To Nintendo 3DS". Cinemablend.com. 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Mario Party 3DS - Nintendo 3DS". IGN. 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mario Party: Star Rush - Nintendo Treehouse: Live @ E3 2016". YouTube. 2016-06-15. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo Gives Players Unprecedented Freedom of Adventure in The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild". GoNintendo.com. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
Jump up ^ Joshi, Arjun (14 September 2017). "Mario Party: The Top 100 Will Combine The Best Of The Series On 3DS". Nintendo Life. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mario Party: The Top 100 release date brought forward to December 22 in Europe". Gematsu. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mario Party: The Top 100". Metacritic. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Search Results". Metacritic. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo to hand out gaming gloves". BBC News. 2000-03-09. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Jump up ^ Richards, Jonathan (2007-07-17). "Nintendo withdraws game that taunts spastics". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
Jump up ^ Sliwinski, Alexander (2007-07-27). "Non-'spastic' Mario Party 8 returns Aug. 8 to Europe". Weblogs, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
External links
Mario portal
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Christmas card
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Christmas card (disambiguation). For similar custom in less religious countries, see New Year Card.
Norwegian Christmas card
A 19th-century American Christmas card
A Christmas card is a greeting card sent as part of the traditional celebration of Christmas in order to convey between people a range of sentiments related to the Christmas and holiday season. Christmas cards are usually exchanged during the weeks preceding Christmas Day by many people (including non-Christians) in Western society and in Asia. The traditional greeting reads "wishing you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year". There are innumerable variations on this greeting, many cards expressing more religious sentiment, or containing a poem, prayer, Christmas song lyrics or Biblical verse; others stay away from religion with an all-inclusive "Season's greetings".
A Christmas card is generally commercially designed and purchased for the occasion. The content of the design might relate directly to the Christmas narrative with depictions of the Nativity of Jesus, or have Christian symbols such as the Star of Bethlehem or a white dove representing both the Holy Spirit and Peace. Many Christmas cards show Christmas traditions, such as seasonal figures (e.g., Santa Claus, snowmen, and reindeer), objects associated with Christmas such as candles, holly, baubles, and Christmas trees, and Christmastime activities such as shopping, caroling, and partying, or other aspects of the season such as the snow and wildlife of the northern winter. Some secular cards depict nostalgic scenes of the past such as crinolined shoppers in 19th century streetscapes; others are humorous, particularly in depicting the antics of Santa and his elves.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Official Christmas cards
1.2 Commercial Christmas cards
1.3 Charity Christmas cards
1.4 Christmas stamps and stickers
1.5 Collectors items
1.6 Home-made cards
2 The Christmas card list
2.1 Christmas letters
3 Environmental impact and recycling
4 International Christmas greetings
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
The world's first commercially produced Christmas card, designed by John Callcott Horsley for Henry Cole in 1843
Children looking at Christmas cards in New York 1910
Christmas card by Louis Prang, showing a group of anthropomorphized frogs parading with banner and band.
The first Christmas cards were commissioned by Sir Henry Cole and illustrated by John Callcott Horsley in London on 1st May 1843.[1][2][3] The central picture showed three generations of a family raising a toast to the card's recipient: on either side were scenes of charity, with food and clothing being given to the poor.[4] Allegedly the image of the family drinking wine together proved controversial, but the idea was shrewd: Cole had helped introduce the Penny Post three years earlier. Two batches totaling 2,050 cards were printed and sold that year for a shilling each.[5]
Early British cards rarely showed winter or religious themes, instead favoring flowers, fairies and other fanciful designs that reminded the recipient of the approach of spring. Humorous and sentimental images of children and animals were popular, as were increasingly elaborate shapes, decorations and materials. At Christmas 1873, the lithograph firm Prang and Mayer began creating greeting cards for the popular market in Britain The firm began selling the Christmas card in America in 1874, thus becoming the first printer to offer cards in America. Its owner, Louis Prang, is sometimes called the "father of the American Christmas card."[6] By the 1880s, Prang was producing over five million cards a year by using the chromolithography process of printmaking.[1] However, the popularity of his cards led to cheap imitations that eventually drove him from the market. The advent of the postcard spelled the end for elaborate Victorian-style cards, but by the 1920s, cards with envelopes had returned. The extensive Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection from the Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 32,000 Victorian and Edwardian greeting cards, printed by the major publishers of the day,[7] including Britain’s first commercially produced Christmas card.[8]
The production of Christmas cards was, throughout the 20th century, a profitable business for many stationery manufacturers, with the design of cards continually evolving with changing tastes and printing techniques. The now widely recognized brand Hallmark Cards was established in 1913 by Joyce Hall with the help of brother Rollie Hall to market their self-produced Christmas cards.[9] The Hall brothers capitalized on a growing desire for more personalized greeting cards, and reached critical success when the outbreak of World War I increased demand for cards to send to soldiers.[9] The World Wars brought cards with patriotic themes. Idiosyncratic "studio cards" with cartoon illustrations and sometimes risque humor caught on in the 1950s. Nostalgic, sentimental, and religious images have continued in popularity, and, in the 21st century, reproductions of Victorian and Edwardian cards are easy to obtain. Modern Christmas cards can be bought individually but are also sold in packs of the same or varied designs. In recent decades changes in technology may be responsible for the decline of the Christmas card. The estimated number of cards received by American households dropped from 29 in 1987 to 20 in 2004.[10] Email and telephones allow for more frequent contact and are easier for generations raised without handwritten letters - especially given the availability of websites offering free email Christmas cards. Despite the decline, 1.9 billion cards were sent in the U.S. in 2005 alone.[11] Some card manufacturers now provide E-cards. In the UK, Christmas cards account for almost half of the volume of greeting card sales, with over 668.9 million Christmas cards sold in the 2008 festive period.[12] In mostly non-religious countries (e.g. Czech Republic), the cards are rather called New Year Cards, however they are sent before Christmas and the emphasis (design, texts) is mostly given to the New Year, omitting religious symbols.
Official Christmas cards[edit]
President Johnson's 1967 White House Christmas card
"Official" Christmas cards began with Queen Victoria in the 1840s. The British royal family's cards are generally portraits reflecting significant personal events of the year.
Despite the governing practice of the separation of church and state within American politics, there is a long-standing custom for the President and First Lady to send White House Christmas Cards each holiday season.[13] The practice originated with President Calvin Coolidge, who was the first president to issue a written statement of peaceful tidings during the holidays in 1927.[13][14] President Herbert Hoover was the first to give Christmas notes to the White House staff, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first president to utilize the card format (rather than the previously used notes or a written statement) that most closely resembles the Christmas cards of today.[13]
In 1953, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first official White House card. The cards usually depict White House scenes as rendered by prominent American artists. The number of recipients has snowballed over the decades, from just 2,000 in 1961 to 1.4 million in 2005.[15]
Commercial Christmas cards[edit]
Tucker Corporation Christmas Card, 1947
Many businesses, from small local businesses to multi-national enterprises send Christmas cards to the people on their customer lists, as a way to develop general goodwill, retain brand awareness and reinforce social networks. These cards are almost always discrete and secular in design, and do not attempt to sell a product, limiting themselves to mentioning the name of the business. The practice harkens back to trade cards of the 18th century, an ancestor of the modern Christmas card.
Charity Christmas cards[edit]
Christmas card promoting Royal typewriters
Many organizations produce special Christmas cards as a fundraising tool. The most famous of these enterprises is probably the UNICEF Christmas card program,[16] launched in 1949, which selects artwork from internationally known artists for card reproduction. The UK-based Charities Advisory Trust gives out an annual "Scrooge Award" to the cards that return the smallest percentage to the charities they claim to support[17] although it is not universally well received by the Christmas card producers.[18]
Christmas stamps and stickers[edit]
Santa Coming Down the Chimney
Many countries produce official Christmas stamps, which may be brightly colored and depict some aspect of Christmas tradition or a Nativity scene. Small decorative stickers are also made to seal the back of envelopes, typically showing a trinket or some symbol of Christmas.
In 2004, the German post office gave away 20 million free scented stickers, to make Christmas cards smell of a fir Christmas tree, cinnamon, gingerbread, a honey-wax candle, a baked apple and an orange.
Collectors items[edit]
From the beginning, Christmas cards have been avidly collected. Queen Mary amassed a large collection that is now housed in the British Museum.[19] The University College London's Slade School of Fine Art houses a collection of handmade Christmas Cards from alumni such as Paula Rego and Richard Hamilton and are displayed at events over the Christmas season, when members of the public can make their own Christmas cards in the Strang Print Room.[20] Specimens from the "golden age" of printing (1840s–1890s) are especially prized and bring in large sums at auctions. In December 2005, one of Horsley's original cards sold for nearly £9,000. Collectors may focus on particular images like Santa Claus, poets, or printing techniques. The Christmas card that holds the world record as the most expensive ever sold was a card produced in 1843 by J. C. Horsley and commissioned by civil servant Sir Henry Cole. The card, one of the world's first, was sold in 2001 by UK auctioneers Henry Aldridge to an anonymous bidder for a record breaking £22,250.[21]
Santa Claus and his reindeer
Silk cord and tassels, c. 1860
Victorian, c. 1870
Christmas Card, 1880
Victorian, 1885
Postcard, c. 1901
Christmas card, 1904
Christmas postcard 1907
Christmas card, 1912
American card, c. 1920
Frances Brundage Christmas card, 1910
Home-made cards[edit]
Christmas card made on a PC incorporating digital photography.
Since the 19th century, many families and individuals have chosen to make their own Christmas cards, either in response to monetary necessity, as an artistic endeavour, or in order to avoid the commercialism associated with Christmas cards. With a higher preference of handmade gifts during the 19th century over purchased or commercial items, homemade cards carried high sentimental value as gifts alone. Many families make the creation of Christmas cards a family endeavour and part of the seasonal festivity, along with stirring the Christmas cake and decorating the tree. Over the years such cards have been produced in every type of paint and crayon, in collage and in simple printing techniques such as potato-cuts. A revival of interest in paper crafts, particularly scrapbooking, has raised the status of the homemade card and made available an array of tools for stamping, punching and cutting.
Advances in digital photography and printing have provided the technology for many people to design and print their own cards, using their original graphic designs or photos, or those available with many computer programs or online as clip art, as well as a great range of typefaces. Such homemade cards include personal touches such as family photos and holidays snapshots. Crowdsourcing, another trend enabled by the Internet, has allowed thousands of independent and hobbyist graphic designers to produce and distribute holiday cards around the world.
The Christmas card list[edit]
Christmas Market in Nürnberg, lithography from the 19th century.
Danish Christmas card, 1919
Many people send cards to both close friends and distant acquaintances, potentially making the sending of cards a multi-hour chore in addressing dozens or even hundreds of envelopes. The greeting in the card can be personalized but brief, or may include a summary of the year's news. The extreme of this is the Christmas letter (below). Because cards are usually exchanged year after year, the phrase "to be off someone's Christmas card list" is used to indicate a falling out between friends or public figures.
Christmas letters[edit]
Main article: Round-robin letter
Some people take the annual mass mailing of cards as an opportunity to update those they know with the year's events, and include the so-called "Christmas letter" reporting on the family's doings, sometimes running to multiple printed pages. In the UK these are known as round-robin letters.[22] While a practical notion, Christmas letters meet with a mixed reception; recipients may take it as boring minutiae, bragging, or a combination of the two, whereas other people appreciate Christmas letters as more personal than mass-produced cards with a generic missive and an opportunity to "catch up" with the lives of family and friends who are rarely seen or communicated with. Since the letter will be received by both close and distant relatives, there is also the potential for the family members to object to how they are presented to others; an entire episode of Everybody Loves Raymond was built around conflict over the content of just such a letter.
Environmental impact and recycling[edit]
Christmas card with holly
Jacques Hnizdovsky Christmas card
During the first 70 years of the 19th century it was common for Christmas and other greeting cards to be recycled by women's service organizations who collected them and removed the pictures, to be pasted into scrap books for the entertainment of children in hospitals, orphanages, kindergartens and missions. With children's picture books becoming cheaper and more readily available, this form of scrap-booking has almost disappeared.
Recent concern over the environmental impact of printing, mailing and delivering cards has fueled an increase in e-cards.[23][24]
The U.K. conservation charity Woodland Trust runs an annual campaign to collect and recycle Christmas cards to raise awareness of recycling and collect donations from corporate sponsors and supporters. All recycled cards help raise money to plant more trees. In the 12 years that the Woodland Trust Christmas Card Recycling Scheme has been running, more than 600 million cards have been recycled. This has enabled the Woodland Trust to plant more than 141,000 trees, save over 12,000 tonnes of paper from landfill and stop over 16,000 tonnes of CO2 from going into the atmosphere – the equivalent to taking more than 5,000 cars off the road for a year.[25] The scheme has had celebrity supporters including Jo Brand, Dermot O' Leary and Sean Bean and is the longest running scheme of its type in the country.[26]
International Christmas greetings[edit]
Christmas card made on a PC
The traditional English greeting of "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year" as it appears in other languages:[27]
Albanian: Gëzuar Krishtlindjet dhe Vitin e Ri
Basque: Gabon Zoriontsuak eta urte berri on
Breton: Nedeleg laouen na bloavezh mat
Bulgarian: Весела Коледа и Честита Нова Година
Catalan: Bon Nadal i Feliç Any Nou
Chinese Simplified (China, except Hong Kong): 圣诞快乐，新年进步
Chinese Traditional (Hong Kong & Taiwan): 聖誔快樂，新年進步
Cornish: Nadelik Lowen, Bledhen Nowyth Da.
Croatian - Hrvatski: Čestit Božić i sretna Nova godina
Czech: Veselé vánoce a šťastný nový rok.[28] But mostly used is secular 'P.F.' standing for French 'Pour féliciter' (literally 'For happiness in the year...').
Danish: Glædelig jul og godt nytår! or simply God jul
Dutch: Prettige kerstdagen en een gelukkig nieuwjaar
Estonian: Häid jõule ja head uut aastat
Esperanto: Gajan kristnaskon kaj feliĉan novan jaron
Filipino: Maligayang Pasko at Manigong Bagong Taon
Finnish: Hyvää joulua ja onnellista uutta vuotta
French: Joyeux Noël et Bonne Année
Galician: Bo Nadal e Feliz Aninovo
Georgian: გილოცავთ შობა-ახალ წელს
German: Fröhliche Weihnachten und ein glückliches/gutes Neues Jahr
Greek: Καλά Χριστούγεννα και ευτυχισμένος ο Καινούριος Χρόνος
Hungarian: Kellemes karácsonyi ünnepeket és boldog új évet or simply B. ú. é. k.
Icelandic: Gleðileg jól og farsælt nýtt ár
Indonesian: Selamat Hari Natal dan Tahun Baru
Irish: Nollaig Shona Duit
Italian: Buon Natale e Felice Anno Nuovo
Kashubian: Wiesołëch Gòdów i szczestlewégò Nowégò Rokù
Korean : 메리 크리스마스
Japanese: メリー・クリスマス
Latvian: Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus un laimīgu Jauno gadu
Lithuanian: Linksmų šventų Kalėdų ir laimingų Naujųjų metų
Macedonian: Среќна Нова Година и честит Божиќ
Malay: Selamat Hari Krismas dan Tahun Baru
Maltese: Il-Milied Hieni u s-Sena t-Tajba
Mongolian: Зул сар болон Шинэ жилийн баярын мэнд хүргье
Norwegian: God jul og godt nyttår
Persian: کریسمس و سال نو مبارک
Polish: Wesołych Świąt i Szczęśliwego Nowego Roku
Portuguese: Feliz Natal e um Feliz Ano Novo
Romanian: Crăciun Fericit și La mulți ani
Russian: С Новым годом и Рождеством Христовым!
Sinhala: Suba naththalak wewa, suba aluth aurudhak wewa
Slovak: Veselé Vianoce a Štastný Nový rok
Slovenian: Vesel Božič in Srečno Novo Leto
Spanish: Feliz Navidad y próspero Año Nuevo
Swedish: God Jul och Gott Nytt År
Vietnamese: Chúc mừng Giáng Sinh và chúc mừng năm mơi (acute accent over ơ in "mơi")
Ukrainian: Веселих свят! (Happy Holidays!) / З Новим роком і Різдвом Христовим!
Urdu:آپکو بڑا دن اور نیا سال مبارک ہو
Welsh: Nadolig Llawen a Blwyddyn Newydd Dda
Christmas postcards
American card, c. 1940
War-related, c. 1943
Rust Craft, c. 1950
Snow in the Netherlands
Christmas card
Christmas card Frances Brundage
Merry Christmas card
Christmas tree market
Christmas card with embroidery
Christmas Card
Santa Claus clothes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Christmas Card". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Christmas card sold for record price BBC News. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ György Buday, George Buday (1992). The history of the Christmas card. p.8. Omnigraphics, 1992
Jump up ^ The Times (London, England), 26 November 2001, p.8 12 cards from the original print run are said to survive: one, sent by Henry Cole and his wife to his grandmother, was sold in 2001 for £20,000.
Jump up ^ Earnshaw, Iris (November 2003). "The History of Christmas Cards". Inverloch Historical Society Inc. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. ©1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 148 ISBN 0-471-29198-6.
Jump up ^ "MMU Special Collections - Victorian Ephemera". Manchester Metropolitan University. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Susie Stubbs (10 May 2013). "Small Museums #1: Manchester Metropolitan University's Special Collections". Creative Tourist. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Olson, James S; Abraham O Mendoza (1946). American Economic History: A Dictionary and Chronology. Greenwood: ABC-CLIO. p. 287. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "?". Journal Sentinel. Archived from the original on 28 August 2005.
Jump up ^ "?". U.S. Census Bureau.
Jump up ^ Facts And Figures - GCA: The Greeting Card Association Retrieved 17 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Greenberg, David. "Signed, Sealed, Secular". LA Times. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Storm, Christian. "Happy Holidays from the White House". Business Insider. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Melissa McNamara (7 December 2005). "Bush 'Holiday' Cards Cause Stir". CBS News. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ UNICEF Christmas Card Program, UNICEF Philippines
Jump up ^ "?". Charitiesadvisorytrust.org.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ The Charities Advisory Trust – Killing a UK market in decline
Jump up ^ "Victorian Christmas Cards". WCN Magazine. World Collectors Net. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "UCL Slade Art Collection Events". UCL.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Warner, Gerald. "A perfect excuse not to send Christmas cards". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Round Robins". Debrett's. Debrett's.
Jump up ^ Jura Koncius (29 November 2007). "The Greening of Christmas". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Hilary Osborne (13 December 2006). "Avoiding the wrap tap". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Christmas Card Recycling Scheme". Woodland Trust Website. Woodland Trust.
Jump up ^ "Woodland Trust M&S Partnership". Woodland Trust Website. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Merry Christmas" in many languages
Jump up ^ "Vánoce, Velikonoce". Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Blair, Arthur. Christmas Cards for the Collector. London: Batsford, 1986 ISBN 0-7134-5224-2
Brown, Ellen. Christmas, Inc.: A Brief History of the Holiday Card. JSTOR Daily, December 21, 2015.
Buday, György. The History of the Christmas Card. London: Rockliff, 1954
Ettlinger, L. D. & Holloway, R. G. (1947) Compliments of the Season. (The King Penguin Books; K38.) Westdrayton: Penguin Books 39 p & plates
Higgs, Michelle. Christmas Cards: From the 1840s to the 1940s. Princes Risborough: Shire, 1999 ISBN 0-74780-426-5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas cards.
BBC Devon News Story of the first commercial Christmas card, including picture. Retrieved 2 January 2006.
BBC December 3, 2005: First Christmas card sold for £8,469. Retrieved 2 January 2006.
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