text:
Ultrafiltration (renal)
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Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney
In renal physiology, ultrafiltration occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) in the kidneys. As in nonbiological examples of ultrafiltration, pressure (in this case blood pressure) and concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane (provided by the podocytes). The Bowman's capsule contains a dense capillary network called the glomerulus. Blood flows into these capillaries through the afferent arterioles and leaves through the efferent arterioles.
The high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules in the tubular fluid such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood in the glomerular capsule across the basement membrane of the Bowman's capsule and into the renal tubules. This process is called ultrafiltration; the resulting fluid, virtually free of large proteins and blood cells, is referred to as glomerular filtrate, or ultrafiltrate.[1] Further modification of ultrafiltrate, by reabsorption and secretion, transforms it into urine.
Glomerular pressure is about 75 millimeters of mercury (10 kPa). It is opposed by osmotic pressure (30 mmHg, 4.0 kPa) and hydrostatic pressure (20 mmHg, 2.7 kPa) of solutes present in capsular space. This difference in pressure is called effective pressure (25 mmHg, 3.3 kPa).
In hemodialysis centers, ultrafiltration takes place on the hemodialysis machines when the venous pressure is greater than the transmembrane pressure (TMP). This cleans whole blood while keeping its blood cells intact.
Contents
[hide]
1 Selectivity
2 Slow continuous ultrafiltration
3 See also
4 References
Selectivity[edit]
See also: Table of permselectivity for different substances
The structures of the layers of the glomerulus determine their permeability-selectivity (permselectivity). For instance, small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely, while larger plasma proteins, such as hemoglobin tetramers, haptoglobin bound hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all. Also, negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than positively charged ones.
Slow continuous ultrafiltration[edit]
Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration (SCUF) is an artificial method which approximately mimics the ultrafiltration function of the kidneys. SCUF is a continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) generally used to remove fluid from fluid overloaded patients suffering acute renal failure. During SCUF blood is removed from the body and is passed through an extracorporeal circuit through a hemofilter and a predetermined percentage of plasma water is removed based upon a prescription. Typically, no more than 2 liters an hour of fluid is removed. The remaining blood is returned to the patient. Unlike hemodialysis, hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration, no dialysate or replacement fluids are used in SCUF.[2]
See also[edit]
Ultrafiltration (industrial)
Ultrafiltration
Aquapheresis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Koushanpour, Esmail (1986). Renal Physiology. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 53–72. ISBN 978-0-387-96304-4.
Jump up ^ Ronco C, Bellomo R, Ricci Z (2001). "Hemodynamic response to fluid withdrawal in overhydrated patients treated with intermittent ultrafiltration and slow continuous ultrafiltration: role of blood volume monitoring". Cardiology. 96 (3-4): 196–201. doi:10.1159/000047404. PMID 11805387.
[hide]
v
t
e
Physiology of the kidneys and acid-base physiology
Renal function
Secretion
clearance
Pharmacokinetics
Clearance of medications
Urine flow rate
Reabsorption
Solvent drag
sodium
chloride
urea
glucose
oligopeptides
protein
Renal function
Glomerular filtration rate
Creatinine clearance
Renal clearance ratio
Urea reduction ratio
Kt/V
Standardized Kt/V
Measures of dialysis
Hemodialysis product
PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow
Extraction ratio)
Filtration
Renal blood flow
Ultrafiltration
Countercurrent exchange
Filtration fraction
Hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Renin
Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
Prostaglandins
Acid-base balance
Fluid balance
Darrow Yannet diagram
Body water: Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
Extracellular fluid
(Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Transcellular fluid)
Base excess
Davenport diagram
Anion gap
Arterial blood gas
Winters' formula
Buffering
Bicarbonate buffer system
Respiratory compensation
Renal compensation
Other
Fractional sodium excretion
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Natriuresis
Urine
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The Endless Summer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 1966 documentary film. For other uses, see Endless Summer (disambiguation).
The Endless Summer
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Bruce Brown
Produced by
Bruce Brown
Written by
Bruce Brown
Starring
Mike Hynson
Robert August
Miki Dora
Narrated by
Bruce Brown
Music by
The Sandals
Cinematography
Bruce Brown
Edited by
Bruce Brown
Distributed by
Cinema V
Monterey Media
Release date
June 15, 1966 (1966-06-15)
Running time
95 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$50,000
Box office
$20 million[1]
The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie (the initial release was in 1964, world-wide release was 1966[citation needed]).
Filmmaker/narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers, Mike Hynson and Robert August, on a surfing trip around the world. Despite the balmy climate of their native California, cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter. They travel to the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti, Hawaii, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria and South Africa in a quest for new surf spots and introduce locals to the sport. Other important surfers of the time, such as Miki Dora, Phil Edwards and Butch Van Artsdalen also appear.
Its title comes from the idea, expressed at both the beginning and end of the film, that if one had enough time and money it would be possible to follow the summer up and down the world (northern to southern hemisphere and back), making it endless. The concept of the film was born through the suggestion of a travel agent to Bruce Brown during the planning stages of the film. The travel agent suggested that the flight from Los Angeles to Cape Town, South Africa and back would cost $50 more than a trip circumnavigating the world.[2] After which, Bruce came up with the idea of following the summer season by traveling up and down the world.
The narrative presentation eases from the stiff and formal documentary of the 1950s and early 1960s to a more casual and fun-loving personal style filled with sly humor. The surf rock soundtrack to the film was provided by The Sandals. The "Theme to the Endless Summer" was written by Gaston Georis and John Blakeley of the Sandals. It has become one of the best known film themes in the surf movie genre.
When the movie was first shown, it encouraged many surfers to go abroad, giving birth to the "surf-and-travel" culture, with prizes for finding "uncrowded surf", meeting new people and riding the perfect wave. It also introduced the sport, which had become popular outside of Hawaii and the Polynesian Islands in places like California and Australia, to a broader audience. In addition, it set the style for later surf-and-travel movies, including Momentum, (These Are) Better Days, and Thicker Than Water.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Reaction
2.1 Legacy
3 Sequels
4 References
5 External links
Development[edit]
Bruce Brown started surfing in the early 1950s.[1] He took still photographs to show his mother what the draw of the sport was. While serving in the United States Navy on Oahu years later, he used an 8 mm movie camera to photograph surfers from California. Once Brown got back to the states, he edited his footage into an hour-long film. Surfer Dale Velzy showed it at his San Clemente shop, charging 25 cents for admission. Velzy bought Brown a 16 mm camera and together they raised $5,000 to make Slippery When Wet, Brown's first "real" surf film.[1]
In the winter of 1958, Brown went back to Hawaii to film the North Shore's big surf. On the plane ride over, the novice filmmaker read a book about how to make movies. Brown said, "I never had formal training in filmmaking and that probably worked to my advantage".[1] By 1962, he had spent five years making one surf film per year. He would shoot during the fall and winter months, edit during the spring and show the finished product during the summer. Brown remembered, "I felt if I could take two years to make a film, maybe I could make something special".[1] To do this, he would need a bigger budget than he had on previous films. To raise the $50,000 budget for The Endless Summer, Brown took the best footage from his four previous films and made Waterlogged.[1]
Brown took his completed film to several Hollywood studio distributors but was rejected because they did not think it would have mainstream appeal.[1] In January, he took The Endless Summer to Wichita, Kansas for two weeks where moviegoers lined up in snowy weather in the middle of winter and it went on to selling out multiple screenings.[3] Distributors were still not convinced and Brown rented a theater in New York City where his film ran successfully for a year.[1] After the success of the run at New York's Kips Bay Theater, Don Rugoff of Cinema 5 distribution said he did not want the film or poster changed and wanted them distributed as is, thus Brown selected him over other distributors who wished to alter the poster.[4]
Reaction[edit]
When The Endless Summer debuted, it grossed $5 million domestically[5] and over $20 million worldwide.[1]
Roger Ebert said of Brown's work, "the beautiful photography he brought home almost makes you wonder if Hollywood hasn't been trying too hard".[6] Time magazine wrote, "Brown leaves analysis of the surf-cult mystique to seagoing sociologists, but demonstrates quite spiritedly that some of the brave souls mistaken for beachniks are, in fact, converts to a difficult, dangerous and dazzling sport".[7]
In his review for The New York Times, Robert Alden wrote, "the subject matter itself—the challenge and the joy of a sport that is part swimming, part skiing, part sky-diving and part Russian roulette—is buoyant fun".[8]
Legacy[edit]
The then-unknown break off Cape St. Francis in South Africa became one of the world's most famous surfing sites thanks to The Endless Summer.[9]
In 2002, The Endless Summer was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Sequels[edit]
In 1994, Brown released a sequel, The Endless Summer II, in which surfers Pat O'Connell and Robert "Wingnut" Weaver retrace the steps of Hynson and August. It shows the growth and evolution of the surfing scene since the first film, which presented only classic longboard surfing. O'Connell rides a shortboard, which was developed in the time between the two movies, and there are scenes of windsurfing and bodyboarding. The film illustrates how far surfing had spread, with footage of surf sessions in France, South Africa, Costa Rica, Bali, Java, and even Alaska. The sequel follows a similar structure to the original, with another round the world surfing adventure reflecting on cultural differences since the first film was shot.
In 2000, Dana Brown, Bruce's son, released The Endless Summer Revisited, which consisted of unused footage from the first two films, as well as original cast interviews.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Ryan, Tim (October 2004). "Big Waves, Big Screen". Bruce Brown Films. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bharath, Deepa; Connelly, Laylan (May 15, 2014). "Surfing through time". Huntington Beach Wave. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Benning, Jim (December 11, 2006). "The Enduring Appeal of The Endless Summer". WorldHum. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
Jump up ^ The Endless Summer - A Look Back at the Endless Summer (DVD). monterey media. 2010.
Jump up ^ Tom Lisanti, Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies: The First Wave, 1959-1969, McFarland 2005, p270
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (June 12, 1967). "The Endless Summer". Chicago Sun-Times.
Jump up ^ "Surfs Up". Time. July 8, 1966.
Jump up ^ Alden, Robert (June 16, 1966). "The Endless Summer". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Cosford, Bill (June 10, 1994). "Beach Culture". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Endless Summer
Bruce Brown Films
The Endless Summer Official Website
The Endless Summer on IMDb
The Endless Summer at Rotten Tomatoes
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1966 films
English-language films
1960s sports films
Films directed by Bruce Brown
United States National Film Registry films
Documentary films about surfing
Films shot in Indonesia
Films shot in Senegal
Films set on beaches
Australian sports films
Films shot in New Zealand
Raglan, New Zealand
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Judith Keppel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Judith Keppel
Born
Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel
(1942-08-18) 18 August 1942 (age 75)
Wolverhampton, Staffordshire,[1] England
Known for
First winner of the British television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Eggheads
Spouse(s)
Desmond Leon Corcoran (1964–80) (divorced)
Neil Shand (1985–87) (separated)
Children
Sibylla Monacella Corcoran (born 1966)
Alexander Martin Desmond Corcoran (born 1968)
Aline Rose Corcoran (born 1972)
Parent(s)
Walter Arnold Crispin Keppel (father)
Relatives
Arnold Keppel, 8th Earl of Albemarle (great-grandfather)
Walter, 9th Earl of Albemarle (grandfather)
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (third cousin)
Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel (born 18 August 1942)[2] was the first one-million-pound winner on the television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in the United Kingdom. She is also the only woman in the United Kingdom to have won it and also the first person to win a million pounds or more on a British television game show. She has appeared on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads since 2003.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
3 References
4 External links
Personal life[edit]
Keppel's father Hon Walter Arnold Crispian Keppel (1914–1996) was a lieutenant commander in the Fleet Air Arm, who moved with the family to various naval postings around Britain until they settled in London when she was 17. She took A-levels at St Mary's School, Wantage,[3] and completed a secretarial course, and married her first husband Desmond Corcoran, an art dealer. The couple went on to have three children, Sibylla, Alexander, and Rosie, but divorced in 1980. In 1985 she married comedy script writer Neil Shand. They separated in 1987.[4]
Keppel is the granddaughter of Walter, 9th Earl of Albemarle. Her great-grandfather, the 8th Earl, was brother-in-law of Alice Keppel, the mistress of King Edward VII, and was the great-granduncle of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.[5] The Duchess of Cornwall is therefore her third cousin. Through the noble lineage of her aforementioned grandfather, her ancestry can be traced back to Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England, who were the subjects of her million-pound question on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?.
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?[edit]
£1 million (15 of 15)
Which King was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine?
• A: Henry I • B: Henry II
• C: Richard I • D: Henry V
Keppel's £1 million question
Keppel appeared on the 20 November 2000 episode of the UK edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, becoming the 12th winner in the world and the first in the UK to win one million pounds. At the time, she was a garden designer living in Fulham and was "struggling for money".[6] Nonetheless, she had spent about 100 pounds phoning the quiz show more than 50 times to secure a place. "BT rang me up and said, 'Do you realise your telephone bills are rising?'"[7] There was speculation at the time that the win was leaked to the press so that ITV would draw ratings away from BBC One which was showing the last episode of One Foot in the Grave in the same timeslot. However, the Independent Television Commission cleared Celador and ITV of the allegations.[8]
Keppel now appears on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads, where she and four other quiz champions are pitted against members of the public.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 'West Midlands' county did not exist prior to 1st April 1974. 'Staffordshire' is correct
Jump up ^ Charles Mosley (ed.), Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage (London: Burke's Peerage, 1999)
Jump up ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/233b6186-52c8-11e3-8586-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4115VmSpl
Jump up ^ Woods, Judith (4 August 2001). "Thank God, I don't have to move to France". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Sir William Coutts Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle thePeerage.com
Jump up ^ "My secret to winning Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Being single". Daily Telegraph. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cool, calm, and collector of quiz show's first million :But first the adverts as viewers wait for response to the final question". Herald Scotland. 21 November 2000. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Millionaire? cleared of ratings 'fix'". BBC News. 15 January 2001. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
External links[edit]
Preceded by
First winner Top prize winner on
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK)
20 November 2000 Succeeded by
David Edwards
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judith_Keppel&oldid=800263479"
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