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Continental drift
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This article is about the development of the continental drift hypothesis before 1958. For the contemporary theory, see plate tectonics. For the Russell Banks novel, see Continental Drift (novel). For the fourth film in the Ice Age franchise, see Ice Age: Continental Drift.
The continental drift of the last 250 million years
Antonio Snider-Pellegrini's Illustration of the closed and opened Atlantic Ocean (1858).[1]
Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed.[2] The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism (though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes). The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the continents move.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Wegener and his predecessors
1.3 Rejection of Wegener's theory, 1910s–1950s
2 Evidence of continental drift
3 See also
4 Works cited
5 External links
History[edit]
Further information: Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (before 1954)
Early history[edit]
Abraham Ortelius (Ortelius 1596),[4] Theodor Christoph Lilienthal (1756),[5] Alexander von Humboldt (1801 and 1845),[5] Antonio Snider-Pellegrini (Snider-Pellegrini 1858), and others had noted earlier that the shapes of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean (most notably, Africa and South America) seem to fit together.[6] W. J. Kious described Ortelius' thoughts in this way:[7]
Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus ... suggested that the Americas were "torn away from Europe and Africa ... by earthquakes and floods" and went on to say: "The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three [continents]."
Writing in 1889, Alfred Russel Wallace remarks, "It was formerly a very general belief, even amongst geologists, that the great features of the earth's surface, no less than the smaller ones, were subject to continual mutations, and that during the course of known geological time the continents and great oceans had again and again changed places with each other."[8] He quotes Charles Lyell as saying, "Continents, therefore, although permanent for whole geological epochs, shift their positions entirely in the course of ages."[9] and claims that the first to throw doubt on this was James Dwight Dana in 1849.
In his Manual of Geology, 1863, Dana says, "The continents and oceans had their general outline or form defined in earliest time. This has been proved with respect to North America from the position and distribution of the first beds of the Silurian – those of the Potsdam epoch. … and this will probably prove to the case in Primordial time with the other continents also".[10] Dana was enormously influential in America – his Manual of Mineralogy is still in print in revised form – and the theory became known as Permanence theory.[11]
This appeared to be confirmed by the exploration of the deep sea beds conducted by the Challenger expedition, 1872-6, which showed that contrary to expectation, land debris brought down by rivers to the ocean is deposited comparatively close to the shore on what is now known as the continental shelf. This suggested that the oceans were a permanent feature of the Earth's surface, and did not change places[clarification needed] with the continents.[12]
Wegener and his predecessors[edit]
Alfred Wegener
The idea that the American continents had once formed a single landmass together with Europe and Asia before assuming their present shapes and positions was speculated by several scientists before Alfred Wegener's 1912 paper.[13] Although Wegener's theory was formed independently and was more complete than those of his predecessors, Wegener later credited a number of past authors with similar ideas:[14][15] Franklin Coxworthy (between 1848 and 1890),[16] Roberto Mantovani (between 1889 and 1909), William Henry Pickering (1907)[17] and Frank Bursley Taylor (1908).[18] In addition, Eduard Suess had proposed a supercontinent Gondwana in 1885[19] and the Tethys Ocean in 1893,[20] assuming a land-bridge between the present continents submerged in the form of a geosyncline, and John Perry had written an 1895 paper proposing that the earth's interior was fluid, and disagreeing with Lord Kelvin on the age of the earth.[21]
For example: the similarity of southern continent geological formations had led Roberto Mantovani to conjecture in 1889 and 1909 that all the continents had once been joined into a supercontinent; Wegener noted the similarity of Mantovani's and his own maps of the former positions of the southern continents. In Mantovani's conjecture, this continent broke due to volcanic activity caused by thermal expansion, and the new continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion of the rip-zones, where the oceans now lie. This led Mantovani to propose an Expanding Earth theory which has since been shown to be incorrect.[22][23][24]
Continental drift without expansion was proposed by Frank Bursley Taylor,[25] who suggested in 1908 (published in 1910) that the continents were moved into their present positions by a process of "continental creep".[26][27] In a later paper he proposed that this occurred by their being dragged towards the equator by tidal forces during the hypothesized capture of the moon in the Cretaceous, resulting in "general crustal creep" toward the equator. Although his proposed mechanism was wrong, he was the first to realize the insight that one of the effects of continental motion would be the formation of mountains, and attributed the formation of the Himalayas to the collision between the Indian subcontinent with Asia.[28] Wegener said that of all those theories, Taylor's, although not fully developed, had the most similarities to his own. In the mid-20th century, the theory of continental drift was referred to as the "Taylor-Wegener hypothesis",[25][28][29] although this terminology eventually fell out of common use.[30]
Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912.[13] His hypothesis was that the continents had once formed a single landmass, called Pangaea, before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations.
Wegener was the first to use the phrase "continental drift" (1912, 1915)[13][14] (in German "die Verschiebung der Kontinente" – translated into English in 1922) and formally publish the hypothesis that the continents had somehow "drifted" apart. Although he presented much evidence for continental drift, he was unable to provide a convincing explanation for the physical processes which might have caused this drift. His suggestion that the continents had been pulled apart by the centrifugal pseudoforce (Polflucht) of the Earth's rotation or by a small component of astronomical precession was rejected, as calculations showed that the force was not sufficient.[31] The Polflucht hypothesis was also studied by Paul Sophus Epstein in 1920 and found to be implausible.
Rejection of Wegener's theory, 1910s–1950s[edit]
The theory of continental drift was not accepted for many years. One problem was that a plausible driving force was missing.[2] A second problem was that Wegener's estimate of the velocity of continental motion, 250 cm/year, was implausibly high.[32] (The currently accepted rate for the separation of the Americas from Europe and Africa is about 2.5 cm/year).[33] And it did not help that Wegener was not a geologist. Other geologists also believed that the evidence that Wegener had provided was not sufficient. It is now accepted that the plates carrying the continents do move across the Earth's surface, although not as fast as Wegener believed; ironically one of the chief outstanding questions is the one Wegener failed to resolve: what is the nature of the forces propelling the plates?[2]
The British geologist Arthur Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable. He proposed in 1931 that the Earth's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface.[34] His Principles of Physical Geology, ending with a chapter on continental drift, was published in 1944.[35]
David Attenborough, who attended university in the second half of the 1940s, recounted an incident illustrating its lack of acceptance then: "I once asked one of my lecturers why he was not talking to us about continental drift and I was told, sneeringly, that if I could prove there was a force that could move continents, then he might think about it. The idea was moonshine, I was informed."[36]
Geological maps of the time showed huge land bridges spanning the Atlantic and Indian oceans to account for the similarities of fauna and flora and the divisions of the Asian continent in the Permian era but failing to account for glaciation in India, Australia and South Africa.[37]
As late as 1953 – just five years before Carey[38] introduced the theory of plate tectonics – the theory of continental drift was rejected by the physicist Scheidegger on the following grounds.[39]
First, it had been shown that floating masses on a rotating geoid would collect at the equator, and stay there. This would explain one, but only one, mountain building episode between any pair of continents; it failed to account for earlier orogenic episodes.
Second, masses floating freely in a fluid substratum, like icebergs in the ocean, should be in isostatic equilibrium (in which the forces of gravity and buoyancy are in balance). But gravitational measurements showed that many areas are not in isostatic equilibrium.
Third, there was the problem of why some parts of the Earth's surface (crust) should have solidified while other parts were still fluid. Various attempts to explain this foundered on other difficulties.
Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with the article "Seismology and the New Global Tectonics", published in 1968, using data collected from seismologic stations, including those he set up in the South Pacific.[40][41]
It is now known that there are two kinds of crust: continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is inherently lighter and its composition is different from oceanic crust, but both kinds reside above a much deeper "plastic" mantle. Oceanic crust is created at spreading centers, and this, along with subduction, drives the system of plates in a chaotic manner, resulting in continuous orogeny and areas of isostatic imbalance. The theory of plate tectonics explains all this, including the movement of the continents, better than Wegener's theory.
Evidence of continental drift[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Plate tectonics.
Fossil patterns across continents (Gondwanaland).
Mesosaurus skeleton, MacGregor, 1908.
Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive. Similar plant and animal fossils are found around the shores of different continents, suggesting that they were once joined. The fossils of Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile, found both in Brazil and South Africa, are one example; another is the discovery of fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus in rocks of the same age at locations in Africa, India, and Antarctica.[42] There is also living evidence—the same animals being found on two continents. Some earthworm families (e.g. Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae) are found in South America and Africa, for instance.
The complementary arrangement of the facing sides of South America and Africa is obvious, but is a temporary coincidence. In millions of years, slab pull and ridge-push, and other forces of tectonophysics, will further separate and rotate those two continents. It was this temporary feature which inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift, although he did not live to see his hypothesis generally accepted.
Widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift. The continuity of glaciers, inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites, suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which became a central element of the concept of continental drift. Striations indicated glacial flow away from the equator and toward the poles, based on continents' current positions and orientations, and supported the idea that the southern continents had previously been in dramatically different locations, as well as being contiguous with each other.[14]
See also[edit]
Geological history of Earth – timeline of historical continental configurations
Works cited[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, La Création et ses mystères dévoilés (Creation and its mysteries revealed) (Paris, France: Frank et Dentu, 1858), plates 9 and 10 (between pages 314 and 315).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Historical perspective [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". pubs.usgs.gov.
Jump up ^ Oreskes 2002, p. 324.
Jump up ^ Romm, James (3 February 1994), "A New Forerunner for Continental Drift", Nature, 367 (6462): 407–408, Bibcode:1994Natur.367..407R, doi:10.1038/367407a0.
^ Jump up to: a b Schmeling, Harro (2004). "Geodynamik" (PDF) (in German). University of Frankfurt.
Jump up ^ Brusatte, Stephen, Continents Adrift and Sea-Floors Spreading: The Revolution of Plate Tectonics (PDF)
Jump up ^ Kious, W. J.; Tilling, R. I. (February 2001) [1996], "Historical perspective", This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics (Online ed.), U.S. Geological Survey, ISBN 0-16-048220-8, retrieved 29 January 2008
Jump up ^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1889), "12", Darwinism …, Macmillan, p. 341
Jump up ^ Lyell, Charles (1872), Principles of Geology ... (11 ed.), John Murray, p. 258
Jump up ^ Dana, James D. (1863), Manual of Geology, Theodore Bliss & Co, Philadelphia, p. 732
Jump up ^ Oreskes, Naomi (2002), Continental Drift (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012
Jump up ^ Wallace 1889
^ Jump up to: a b c Wegener, Alfred (6 January 1912), "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage" (PDF), Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 63: 185–195, 253–256, 305–309, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wegener, A. (1966) [1929], The Origin of Continents and Oceans, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-61708-4
Jump up ^ Wegener, A. (1929), Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (4 ed.), Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt. Ges.
Jump up ^ Coxworthy, Franklin (1924). Electrical Condition; Or, How and where Our Earth was Created. J.S. Phillips. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Pickering, W.H (1907), "The Place of Origin of the Moon – The Volcani Problems", Popular Astronomy: 274–287, Bibcode:1907PA.....15..274P
Jump up ^ Frank Bursley Taylor (3 June 1910) "Bearing of the Tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth’s plan", Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 21 : 179–226.
Jump up ^ Eduard Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde (The Face of the Earth), vol. 1 (Leipzig, (Germany): G. Freytag, 1885), page 768. From p. 768: "Wir nennen es Gondwána-Land, nach der gemeinsamen alten Gondwána-Flora, ... " (We name it Gondwána-Land, after the common ancient flora of Gondwána ... )
Jump up ^ Edward Suess (March 1893) "Are ocean depths permanent?", Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress (London), 2 : 180- 187. From page 183: "This ocean we designate by the name "Tethys", after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean."
Jump up ^ Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth", Nature, 51 : 224–227, 341–342, 582–585.
Jump up ^ Mantovani, R. (1889), "Les fractures de l'écorce terrestre et la théorie de Laplace", Bull. Soc. Sc. Et Arts Réunion: 41–53
Jump up ^ Mantovani, R. (1909), "L'Antarctide", Je m’instruis. La science pour tous, 38: 595–597
Jump up ^ Scalera, G. (2003), "Roberto Mantovani an Italian defender of the continental drift and planetary expansion", in Scalera, G.; Jacob, K.-H., Why expanding Earth? – A book in honour of O.C. Hilgenberg, Rome: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, pp. 71–74
^ Jump up to: a b Obituary: Frank Bursley Taylor (1860–1938), Proceedings of the American Academy, Vol. 75, No. 6 (Dec. 1944), American Academy of Arts and Sciences, pp. 176–178 (retrieved 20 October 2015)
Jump up ^ Taylor, F.B. (1910), "Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan", GSA Bulletin, 21 (2): 179–226, doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015[29b:WTCCA]2.0.CO;2
Jump up ^ Henry R. Frankel, "Wegener and Taylor develop their theories of continental drift", in The Continental Drift Controversy: Wegener and the Early Debate Volume 1, Wegener and the Early Debate, pp. 38–80, Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780521875042 doi:10.1017/CBO9780511842368.004
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, James Lawrence (2015). Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences: From Heresy to Truth. Columbia University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-231-53845-9. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Hansen, L. T., Some considerations of, and additions to the Taylor-Wegener hypothesis of continental displacement, Los Angeles, 1946. OCLC 1247437 OCLC
Jump up ^ R. M. Wood, Coming Apart at the Seams, New Scientist, 24 January 1980
Jump up ^ "Plate Tectonics: The Rocky History of an Idea". Wegener's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the earth was solid and immovable resulted in the scientific dismissal of his theories.
Jump up ^ University of California Museum of Paleontology, Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) (accessed 30 April 2015).
Jump up ^ Unavco Plate Motion Calculator (accessed 30 April 2015).
Jump up ^ Holmes, Arthur (1931). "Radioactivity and Earth Movements" (PDF). Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. Geological Society of Glasgow: 559–606.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Arthur (1944). Principles of Physical Geology (1st ed.). Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons. ISBN 0-17-448020-2.
Jump up ^ McKie, Robin (28 October 2012). "David Attenborough: force of nature". The Observer. London. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
Jump up ^ See map based on the work of the American paleontologist Charles Schuchert in Wells, H. G.; Huxley, Julian; Wells, G. P. (1931), The Science of life, p. 734
Jump up ^ Carey, S. W. (1958). Carey, S. W., ed. "Continental Drift—A symposium". Hobart: Univ. of Tasmania: 177–363.
Jump up ^ Scheidegger, Adrian E. (1953), "Examination of the physics of theories of orogenesis", GSA Bulletin, 64: 127–150, Bibcode:1953GSAB...64..127S, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[127:EOTPOT]2.0.CO;2
Jump up ^ "Jack Oliver, Who Proved Continental Drift, Dies at 87". The New York Times. 12 January 2011. p. A16. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Isacks, Bryan; Oliver, Jack; Sykes, Lynn R. (15 September 1968). "Seismology and the New Global Tectonics". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (18): 5855–5899. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.5855I. doi:10.1029/JB073i018p05855. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rejoined continents [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". USGS.
References
Le Grand, Homer Eugene (1988), Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories, Cambridge University, ISBN 0-521-31105-5 .
Oreskes, Naomi (1999), The Rejection of Continental Drift, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-511732-8 (pb: 0-19-511733-6).
Oreskes, Naomi (2002), "Continental Drift" (PDF), in Munn, Ted; MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S., Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Vol. 1, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 321–325, ISBN 0-471-97796-9, OCLC 633880622
Ortelius, Abraham (1596) [1570], Thesaurus Geographicus (in Latin) (3 ed.), Antwerp: Plantin, OCLC 214324616 (First edition published 1570, 1587 edition online)
Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio (1858), La Création et ses mystères dévoilés, Paris: Frank and Dentu .
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Continental drift
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Continental drift
A brief introduction to Plate Tectonics, based on the work of Alfred Wegener
Wegener and his proofs
Maps of continental drift, from the Precambrian to the future
Continental Drift: Theory & Definition at Live Science
The theory of continental drift
Benjamin Franklin (1782) and Ralph Waldo Emerson (1834) both made mention of Continental Drift
Observe an animation of the breakup of Pangaea – Animation of continental drift for the last 150 million years
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Vinod Kambli
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Vinod Kambli
Personal information
Full name
Vinod Ganpat Kambli
Born
(1972-01-18) 18 January 1972 (age 46)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Batting
Left-hand bat
Bowling
Right arm off break
Role
Batsman
International information
National side
India (1991-2000)
Test debut
29 January 1993 v England
Last Test
8 November 1995 v New Zealand
ODI debut
18 October 1991 v Pakistan
Last ODI
29 October 2000 v Sri Lanka
Domestic team information
Years
Team
1989–2005
Mumbai
Career statistics
Competition
Tests
ODIs
FC
List A
Matches
17 104 129 221
Runs scored
1084 2477 9965 6476
Batting average
54.20 32.59 59.67 41.24
100s/50s
4/3 2/14 35/44 11/35
Top score
227 106 262 149
Balls bowled
– 4 777 156
Wickets
– 1 10 1
Bowling average
– 7.00 49.70 159.00
5 wickets in innings
– – – –
10 wickets in match
– n/a – n/a
Best bowling
– 1/7 2/15 1/7
Catches/stumpings
7/– 15/– 56/– 50/–
Source: Cricinfo, 4 February 2006
Vinod Ganpat Kambli ( pronunciation (help·info); born 18 January 1972) is a former Indian cricketer, who played for India as a middle order batsman, as well as for Mumbai and Boland, South Africa.[1][2] He is the first man to score a century in a One-day International on his birthday.[3]
Despite having the highest career batting average for an Indian test cricketer of 54 [4] he played his last Test when he was just 23 years. He was not even considered for Test cricket[5] and only considered for one day cricket.[6][7] Currently he appears as a cricket expert and commentator on various television channels. He has also appeared on various reality shows and done few serials and Bollywood films as an actor. He played a supporting role in the Kannada film Bettanagere.[8][9][10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 School cricket and later
3 International career
4 Academy
5 Personal life
6 Politics
7 Movie career
7.1 Television
8 International centuries
8.1 Test centuries
8.2 ODI centuries
9 International awards
9.1 One Day International Cricket
9.1.1 Man of the Match awards
10 References
11 External links
Early life[edit]
Kambli hails from Indira Nagar, Kanjurmarg, a suburb of Mumbai. He is a childhood friend of the Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar.[11] The small patch of land that served as his first cricket pitch was surrounded on all sides by high-rise buildings.The scoring system was dictated by the lack of space, and the higher a batsman hit the ball into the buildings the more runs he scored. It explains why Kambli was one of the best over-the-top hitters of spin bowling.[citation needed]
School cricket and later[edit]
He shared an unbroken partnership of 664 runs with Sachin Tendulkar in a school cricket match against St. Xavier's School, Fort. Kambli contributed 349 runs before their coach Acharekar forced the pair to declare the innings; he then took six wickets for 37 runs in St. Xavier's first innings.
Kambli started his Ranji Trophy career with a six off the first ball he faced. He made his One Day International and Test debuts in 1991 and 1992, respectively. In Tests, he made four centuries including two double-centuries. He also holds the record for the fastest Indian player (14 innings) to reach 1000 runs in Tests.[12]
International career[edit]
He scored 224 against England at Wankhede Stadium in 1993 as his maiden test century in his third test. In the next test against Zimbabwe, he scored 227. In his next test series he scored 125 and 120 against Sri Lanka. He is also the only cricketer to hit three consecutive test centuries in three innings, all centuries against different countries. In his 17 Tests, he averaged 69.13 in the first innings, and just 9.40 in the second innings, with a difference of 59.73.
He made his ODI debut in 1991 against Pakistan during the Wills Sharjah Trophy. He played world cup tournaments in 1992 and 1996. He has 2 ODI centuries in to his credit: 100 not out against England at Jaipur in 1993 on his birthday, setting the record for becoming the first batsman to score an ODI hundred on his birthday[13][14] and 106 against Zimbabwe at Kanpur in the 1996 World Cup. Cricket lovers won't forget the picture of Kambli crying when he went back to the dressing room after Sri Lanka were awarded the semi-final match of the 1996 World Cup.
He played his last Test match at the age of only 24[11] while he played his last ODI in the year 2000 and formally announced his retirement from first class cricket on 22 September 2011.[12]
An innings-by-innings breakdown of Kambli's Test match batting career, showing runs scored (red bars) and the average of the last ten innings (blue line).
He played for Boland province in the South African domestic circuit.[citation needed]
Academy[edit]
On 15 August 2009, Kambli launched his Khel Bharti Sports Academy[15] in Mumbai and announced his retirement from cricket as he wished to coach at Khel Bharti Academy.
Personal life[edit]
Vinod Kambli first married Noella Lewis, who was working as a receptionist at Hotel Blue Diamond (in Pune) in the year 1998.[16][17] After separating from her Vinod Kambli married fashion Model Andrea Hewitt, the couple has a child born in June 2010.[18]
After his marriage to his second wife Andrea, Kambli converted to Christianity, naming his son Jesus Christiano Kambli.[19] Despite his conversion Kambli stated that he still respects all religions.[20]
Journalist Kunal Purandare has penned his biography called Vinod Kambli: The Lost Hero. He played for Boland province in the South African domestic circuit.
On Friday, 29 November 2013, Kambli was admitted to Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital, following a heart attack. Kambli was taken ill while he was driving from Chembur to Bandra and suddenly stopped the car. A policewoman on duty, Sujata Patil noticed he could not drive and arranged to rush him to Lilavati Hospital. Kambli had undergone angioplasty on two of his blocked arteries in 2012.
Politics[edit]
Vinod Kambli joined the Lok Bharati Party[21][22] and was appointed vice-president of the party. He contested the 2009 Assembly election from Vikhroli, Mumbai as a Lok Bharati Party candidate and lost the election.[23] However, he continues to do social work. In 2011, He supported Anna Hazare's campaign of India against Corruption.
Movie career[edit]
Vinod Kambli has also appeared as an actor in few films also.
Year
Film
Language
Cast
Director
Notes
2002 Annarth Hindi Sanjay Dutt, Sunil Shetty, Preeti Jhangiani Ravi Dewan [24]
2009 Pal Pal Dil Ke Ssaat Hindi Ajay Jadeja, Mahi Gill, Satish Shah V.K.Kumar Dubbed in Malayalam as Aayiram Varnangal
2015 Bettanagere Kannada Sumanth Shailendra, Akshay Mohan Gowda
Television[edit]
Vinod Kambli made his debut on the small screen on DD National in a serial called Miss India in 2002.[25]
International centuries[edit]
Test centuries[edit]
Test centuries of Vinod Kambli
No
Runs
Match
Against
City/Country
Venue
Start date
Result
[1] 224 3 England Mumbai, India Wankhede Stadium 19 February 1993 Won
[2] 227 4 Zimbabwe Delhi, India Feroz Shah Kotla 13 March 1993 Won
[3] 125 6 Sri Lanka Colombo, Sri Lanka Sinhalese Sports Club Ground 27 July 1993 Won
[4] 120 7 Sri Lanka Colombo, Sri Lanka P Sara Oval 4 August 1993 Drawn
ODI centuries[edit]
One Day International centuries of Vinod Kambli
No
Runs
Match
Against
City/Country
Venue
Start date
Result
[1] 100* 11 England Jaipur, India Sawai Mansingh Stadium 18 January 1993 Lost
[2] 106 67 Zimbabwe Kanpur, India Green Park Stadium 6 March 1996 Won
International awards[edit]
One Day International Cricket[edit]
Man of the Match awards[edit]
No.
Opponent
Venue
Date
Match Performance
Result
1 England Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur 19 January 1993 100* (149 balls: 9x4, 1x6) England won by 4 wickets.[26]
2 Zimbabwe Nahar Singh Stadium, Faridabad 19 March 1993 80 (75 balls: 8x4, 1x6) India won by 67 runs.[27]
3 Zimbabwe Nehru Stadium, Pune 25 March 1993 47* (62 balls: 5x4) India won by 8 wickets.[28]
4 South Africa Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Mohali 22 November 1993 86 (116 balls: 10x4) India won by 43 runs.[29]
5 United Arab Emirates Sharjah Cricket Stadium, UAE, Sharjah 13 April 1994 82* (66 balls: 4x4, 3x6) India won by 71 runs.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kunal Purandare (2011). Vinod Kambli: The Lost Hero. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-1582-4. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Ashish Magotra. "Kambli to play in South Africa". Rediff.com.
Jump up ^ "Birthday bullies, ODI oldies and poultry-laden Tests". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Records / India / Test matches / Highest averages". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ Tarun J Tejpal (1996-05-15). "Killing of Kambli". Outlook. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ Derek Pringle (2006-08-08). "Kambli the rising star who ran himself out". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ "RHIGHEST CAREER BATTING AVERAGE FOR INDIA IN TEST MATCHES". Cricket archives. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
Jump up ^ Taniya Talukdar (2013-11-29). "Vinod Kambli suffers heart attack, Kannada debut to be delayed?". timesofindia. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
Jump up ^ Aravind Gowda (2014-06-04). "Cricketer Kambli set for Kannada film debut". dailymail. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
Jump up ^ Kavya Christopher (2015-10-27). "Vinod Kambli's Junglee avatar for Kannada film". timesofindia. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
Jump up ^ India today. Aroon Purie for Living Media India Ltd. April 1993. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "RECORDS / TEST MATCHES / BATTING RECORDS / FASTEST TO 1000 RUNS". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Birthday hundreds, and the fastest to 2000 Test runs". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
Jump up ^ Pushp, Pushkar (2015-04-24). "Birthday Bashes: Cricketers who made it big on their birthdays". Sports-nova | Live Scores, Current Sports News, Articles and Quiz. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Kambli awaits Sachin's visit to new academy".
Jump up ^ Vinod Kambli. uniBlogger.com. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Story- July 1998. Sabrang.com. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Times of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (12 January 2010). Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Nishad Pai Vaidya (18 January 2017). "Vinod Kambli: 16 facts about one of biggest wastes of talent in cricket history". Cricket Country. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Chaturvedi, Vinita (12 December 2010). "'Christ has come home!'". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090204/1169412.html
Jump up ^ "Vinod Kambli takes on a different ball game". MumbaiMirror.com.
Jump up ^ Kambli, Yuvraj's father lose in election – IBNLive. Cricketnext.in.com (23 October 2009). Retrieved on 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ India today international. Living Media India Ltd. January 2001. p. 74. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Kambli captures Miss India. mid-day.com. 29 May 2004
Jump up ^ "1992-1993 India v England - 1st Match - Jaipur".
Jump up ^ "1992-1993 India v Zimbabwe - 1st Match - Faridabad".
Jump up ^ "1992-1993 India v Zimbabwe - 3rd Match - Pune".
Jump up ^ "1993-1994 C.A.B. Jubilee Tournament - 10th Match - India v South Africa - Mohali, Chandigarh".
Jump up ^ "1993-1994 Pepsi Austral-Asia Cup - 1st Match - United Arab Emirates v India - Sharjah".
External links[edit]
Cricinfo Player Profile : Vinod Ganpat Kambli
Vinod Kambli on Twitter
[show]
v
t
e
Batsmen with a Test batting average above 50
Australia
Don Bradman (99.94)
Adam Voges (61.87)
Steve Smith (61.37)
Greg Chappell (53.86)
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Denis Compton (50.06)
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Vinod Kambli (54.20)
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India squad – 1996 Cricket World Cup Semi-Finalists
1 Azharuddin (c)
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4 Sidhu
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8 Srinath
9 Prasad
10 Kumble
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Coach: Wadekar (Coach cum Manager)
[show]
v
t
e
India squad – 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy runners-up
1 Ganguly (c)
2 Badani
3 Kambli
4 Dravid
5 Robin
6 Agarkar
7 Kumble
8 Dahiya (wk)
9 Tendulkar
10 Prasad
11 Joshi
12 Yuvraj
13 Sriram
14 Zaheer
Coach: Gaekwad (Ind)
Authority control
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Kitty Walker
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Kitty Walker
Brothers & Sisters character
Portrayed by
Calista Flockhart
First appearance
"Patriarchy"
1x01, September 24, 2006
Last appearance
"Walker Down the Aisle"
5x22, May 8, 2011
Created by
Jon Robin Baitz
Profile
Other names
Kat, Kitty
Occupation
Author, communications director, political commentator
Residence
San Marino, California
[show]Family
Father
William Walker
Mother
Nora Walker
Brothers
Tommy Walker
Kevin Walker
Justin Walker
Half-brothers
Ryan Lafferty
Half-sisters
Sarah (Brothers & Sisters)
Husband
Robert McCallister (2007–10)
Children
Evan McCallister
Unborn baby with Seth
Stepsons
Jack McCallister
Stepdaughters
Sophia McCallister
Grandmothers
Ida Holden
Uncles
Saul Holden
Nephews
Cooper Whedon
William Walker II
Daniel Walker Wandell
Nieces
Paige Whedon
Elizabeth Walker
Olivia Walker Wandell
Other relatives
Jason McCallister
Scotty Wandell
Luc Laurent
Katherine Anne "Kitty" Walker McCallister is a fictional character on the primetime show Brothers & Sisters. She is played by actress Calista Flockhart. In a two-part 2010 episode, actress Kay Panabaker portrayed a teenage Kitty Walker in flashback sequences set in 1986.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character history
1.1 Background
1.2 Season 1
1.3 Season 2
1.4 Season 3
1.5 Season 4
1.6 Season 5
2 References
3 External links
Character history[edit]
Background[edit]
Kitty Walker is the second eldest of the Walker family, born in late September 1968,[1] although she is the first child of William and Nora (as Sarah Walker was not William's biological child). Kitty shared the conservative beliefs of her father, William, and brother, Tommy. Being Republican, Kitty always clashed with her mother, Nora, who is more liberal. Even though they love each other, their relationship is somewhat complicated.
One of the reasons for their misunderstanding was because of younger brother Justin. Kitty supported his decision to join the army whereas Nora was completely against it, especially after Justin was deployed to Afghanistan. From that point until Kitty's return to Los Angeles the two had barely spoken to each other. Until she returned for a visit for her birthday, Kitty had not been home in several years. She had been living in New York City, and witnessed the fall of the Twin Towers during the September 11 attacks.
Season 1[edit]
Kitty quit her job in New York City as a radio host after she was offered the opportunity to be a part of the political show (Red, White and Blue) in Los Angeles, despite the fact that her then fiancé, Jonathan, didn't want her to. Unable to work things out, they broke up.
After the sudden death of her father, Kitty discovered, along with the rest of the Walker family, that her father had been cheating on her mother and had embezzled money from the company pension fund, putting the family business at risk. Feeling betrayed and vulnerable, Kitty slept with cohost Warren Salter, further complicating things with Jonathan, who wanted to reconcile with her. Soon after, they ultimately decided it was for the best if they broke up permanently. Jonathan returned to New York. Kitty was therefore free to pursue an affair with Warren but he was hesitant, as he was already involved with his young assistant, Amber. Warren finally asked Kitty out, and she accepted on the condition that he set things straight with Amber. When Kitty discovered that he didn't do so, she realized they didn't have a future together.
When Kitty's brother Justin was called to fight in Iraq, she asked one of her guests, Senator Robert McCallister, for his help, but he refused. After another failed attempt to make him change his mind, Kitty apologized in front of her audience. Even though she admitted she had made a mistake, she didn't regret it and decided to leave the show. Robert was nonetheless impressed by her frankness. After much persuasion from Robert, Kitty became his communications director. Even though it was obvious that they were attracted to each other, Kitty was reticent at first, wanting to take a "man fast". The two of them nevertheless started dating soon after. Most recently after the campaign helicopter that she and Robert were scheduled to fly on crashed, Kitty asked McCallister to marry her. Later, the Senator proposed and Kitty accepted.
Season 2[edit]
In Season 2, Kitty continues to plan her wedding to Robert, but when she discovers she is pregnant, the wedding is pushed forward to save the Senator from scandal of having a child out of wedlock. When Kitty eventually miscarries her child, the wedding is put off. After Kitty and Robert marry, their main goal is to have another child; after in vitro fertilization fails, the couple decide to look at adoption. Kitty is also revealed to have written a tell all book about the campaign with Robert and calls in an old friend, Isaac Marshall (played by Danny Glover) to help with the press and Robert's political image. When brother Kevin marries Scotty at the end of the season, it's Kitty who performs the ceremony.
Season 3[edit]
In Season 3, Kitty and Robert are married and starting the adoption process. She asks Sarah to write a recommendation for her and Robert. However, Sarah asks Nora to do it as she doesn't have time. Kitty, suspicious, questions Sarah about the letter and finds out that Nora wrote it, leading to a slight rift between them. Sarah then writes the letter.
Later, Robert tells Kitty that he has heard rumours that someone in his administration has written a book about his failed presidential campaign. It is revealed that Kitty wrote the book and accidentally leaves it at her mother's home. Nora and Justin read the book and tell the others. They read the book and see that Kitty is talking about them negatively. Kitty and Robert then have them all over for a regular Walker dinner for the social worker. The dinner goes horribly, Nora spills water on the social worker, who leaves. Nora and Kitty then get into an argument. Robert, to everyone's surprise, stands up to Nora and defends Kitty. She explains that she used her family to describe certain aspects about the typical voter. Robert, who is slightly angry about the book, reads it and tells her it's brilliant. However, if Kitty publishes it, she will have to resign as his Communications Director. In the episode "Bakersfield", Kitty is upset because Robert told her he was going to Washington but, in fact, went to Iraq to see the effects of the war. She is initially hurt, fearing he will always put his career ahead of his family. While Robert is away, Kitty gets a call from the adoption agency with the news that a woman who is six months pregnant would like them to have her child. When she calls Robert with the news, his overjoyed reaction persuades her to forgive him.
When Robert returns to the States, they set up a meeting with the birth mother at the hospital she works at. She is a brain surgeon who plainly didn't have time for the baby. After the conversation, everything seemed to be going well and both parties were excited. This was until Kitty decided to go back to the hospital and question Trish (the birth mother) if she was 100% sure that she would go through with the adoption, and Trish was insulted that Kitty would doubt her. She ultimately told Kitty that she would find another set of adoption parents. Kitty was devastated that she had messed their chance up and Robert was upset with Kitty for returning to the hospital without discussing it with him. In a later episode, Trish phoned Robert and Kitty apologizing for "freaking out" when Kitty had questioned her, and thanked her for giving her a chance to rethink her decision, which remained the same. She told them that if they can trust her again, she would be happy to give them her baby. Although Robert was skeptical, Kitty was elated.
After Robert suffers a heart attack, her and Robert's marriage begins to deteriorate as he sinks into a deep depression and secretly launches plans to run for governor of California, and Kitty is left to deal with a recovering Robert and their infant son, Evan. She then meets a man named Alec who is a single father and they slowly bond and become flirtatious. When Robert eventually discovers things it snaps him out of his depression but he becomes upset with Kitty. While in Mexico visiting Tommy, he asks her if she loves him and at first she doesn't know but chases after him, only to find herself too late as his chopper has already taken off.
Season 4[edit]
In season 4, it is known that Kitty has been diagnosed with Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, which will bring the family closer than ever. She starts chemotherapy, then considers stopping it in lieu of herbal remedies and positive thinking. She discovers hair loss from the treatment and shaves her head. She, Robert and Evan all move in with Nora during Kitty's treatment so she can help with Evan during Kitty's weakened state. Though the cancer is seemingly awful news it seems to bring Kitty and Robert closer and repairs their relationship. On the day of Justin and Rebecca's wedding Kitty learns that the chemotherapy has not worked and that in fact her cancer has spread. However, she purposely neglects to tell Robert and her family because she doesn't want to spoil the occasion. During the ceremony as she is reading a poem by e.e. cummings, Kitty passes out and her family rushes to her aid. Justin reveals that she isn't breathing and starts mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Kitty is resuscitated at the hospital where her doctor reveals that her cancer has indeed advanced and spread and suggests a dangerous bone marrow transplant, which Kitty favors but Nora doesn't.
Robert becomes angry with Kitty for keeping her advanced cancer from him, but they reconcile and he asks her to renew their vows when Kitty chooses the bone marrow transplant over more chemo-therapy. However, all the Walker siblings are tested and it is revealed that none of them are a match. In desperation Nora turns to Ryan and asks him to get tested and it is revealed that he is a match but doesn't want to donate his marrow as he blames the Walkers (in place of William) for his mother's suicide. Nora tries to tell him that she is angry with William as well but that he must move on. Nora also tells Ryan that by not helping Kitty, Evan will lose his mother, like Ryan did. However, it appears he leaves town in order to escape his sabotaging the wine at Ojai. Just as everyone begins to lose hope, Ryan returns after sorting through what Nora said and donates his marrow to his half-sister. The story then jumps three weeks later as Robert holds a press conference, it is revealed that the transplant was a success and Robert concedes his bid for governor and Ryan seemingly makes amends with the Walker family.
Kitty has since begun to run for Robert's senate seat after he decided to step down. Robert is now involved with a group trying to gather evidence on Stanton, a politician. After he catches on to Robert he threatens to derail Kitty's campaign should he go ahead with his information. In the season finale, the Walker family is involved in a massive highway accident. Robert is severely injured, but persuades Justin, who is a med student, to help the others while he waits for an ambulance. Kitty stays with Robert in the car and pleads with him to survive.
Season 5[edit]
A year later, Kitty is tending to Robert, who has been in a vegetative coma since the accident. She insists he can recover, ignoring the rest of the family's doubts. She's offered a job taking his spot in the RNC, but she refuses as it would take her away from him. She blames Justin for what happened, saying Justin should have tended to Robert at the accident site, but Justin replies Robert wanted him to help Holly. A talk with Nora makes Kitty realize Robert will never wake up and finally decides to shut off his life support. Mourning her husband, she decides she'll be okay as she prepares to move on with her life.
Eventually she rents a house in Ojai to 'find herself' again. She meets a man, Jack, and they become romantically involved. Kitty is initially worried that their relationship won't work because of their different personalities. Jack reveals that he used to work in the city and would move back there if he got to be with Kitty. Once there, however, he begins to become heavily involved in his job and makes plans to move to a different country. Kitty says she can't go because of her family and her son. When they realize that their lives are at different points, they end their relationship.
Soon after this, Kitty is offered a job as a lecturer at Waxley University, which she accepts. Whilst there, a young graduate student named Seth asks her out. Although hesitant because of their age gap, Kitty agrees to go out with him. Their relationship goes well until she finds out his mother is the Dean at Waxley and worries she may lose her job. It turns out that she believes her son is not good enough for Kitty, which only makes Kitty more sure of her feelings. When Kitty leaves for DC, she tells her family she is going for business meetings and breaks things off with Seth. It is later revealed that there were some complications with her bone marrow and her cancer was at risk of returning. Once being given the all clear, she returns home and asks Seth for another chance to which he agrees. They then take a trip to Boston together. Kitty returns to support Sarah when she finds out that Brody is her father. On Sarah's wedding day, she reveals that she is pregnant with Seth's child.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bloggers and Sisters". Brothers & Sisters. Disney–ABC Television Group. December 5, 2006. Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
External links[edit]
Press release for Brothers & Sisters
[show]
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text:
The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag
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"The 'Fish' Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"
1968 U.S. picture sleeve
Song by Country Joe and the Fish
from the album I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die
Released
November 1967
Recorded
July 1967 – September 1967
Length
3:44
Label
Vanguard
Songwriter(s)
Country Joe McDonald
Producer(s)
Samuel Charters
"I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag" is a song by the American psychedelic rock band Country Joe and the Fish, written by Country Joe McDonald, and first released as the opening track on the extended play Rag Baby Talking Issue No. 1, in October 1965 (see 1965 in music). "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"'s dark humor and satire made it one of the most recognized protest songs against the Vietnam War. Critics cite the composition as a classic of the counterculture era.
The song was usually preceded by "The Fish Cheer", a cheer spelling out "F-I-S-H". An altered version of the cheer that was performed in live performances, known as "The Fuck Cheer", resulted in a television ban for Country Joe and the Fish in 1968, for the vulgarity, but was applauded by concert-goers.
"I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag" saw a more commercial release on the group's second album, I Feel Like I'm Fixin' to Die, which was distributed in November 1967. The song was a favorite among the hippie culture, and was featured in McDonald's set list at the Woodstock Festival in 1969. Decades later, McDonald had a lawsuit filed against him for allegedly infringing on the copyright of Kid Ory's tune, "Muskrat Ramble". McDonald denied these allegations and the suit was later dismissed.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Composition and Rag Baby
1.2 Album version and "The Fuck Cheer"
1.3 Woodstock performance
1.4 Copyright lawsuit
2 Covers and features
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Composition and Rag Baby[edit]
Although the song achieved national notoriety when it was included on Country Joe and the Fish's second album, I Feel Like I'm Fixin' to Die, it was first composed and distributed two years prior.[1] In 1965, Country Joe McDonald founded and edited for a local counterculture magazine in Berkeley, California, which he called Rag Baby - a Bay Area adaptation of the folk magazine Broadside. McDonald published four editions of the magazine, and sought to incorporate musical influences to support Rag Baby's left-wing message.[2] To accomandate the issue, McDonald was inspired to distribute a "talking issue" of the magazine, an extended play called Rag Baby Talking Issue No. 1. In June 1965, an early incarnation of Country Joe and the Fish recorded an acoustic version of "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag", the later debut album track, "Superbird", and two other songs by local folk musician, Peter Krug at Arhoolie Records Studios, under the guidance of record producer Chris Strachwitz.[3] According to McDonald, the rag was written in under 30 minutes with a conscious purpose of reflecting on the escalation of the Vietnam conflict, while he composed another song, "Who Am I", which was also relating to the US's increasing armed involvement.[4] About 100 copies of the EP were pressed on McDonald's independent label and, were sold at Sproul Plaza in UC Berkeley, during a Teach-in, and in underground stores that stocked Rag Baby.[2]
The song's lyrics are about placing blame on American politicians, high-level military officers, and industry corporations on starting the Vietnam War. McDonald composed "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag" in the summer of 1965, just as the U.S.'s military involvement was increasing, and was intensively opposed by the young generation.[4] It expresses discontent towards the process of conscription, through the use of dark humor, and culminating in a reflection of casualties of the war, as hinted in the satirical invitation to "be the first one on your block, to have your son come home in a box". In addition, the song features a signature chorus:
And it's one, two, three, what are we fighting for?
Don't ask me I don't give a damn
Next stop is Vietnam.
And it's five, six, seven, open up the pearly gates,
Well there ain't no time to wonder why,
Whoopie! We're all gonna die!
The album version concludes with the uttering of several light machine guns firing and a final explosion, evoking the dropping of another atomic bomb.[5]
Album version and "The Fuck Cheer"[edit]
After a brief stint performing as a duo in Berkley, McDonald and Melton recruited more members and eventually signed a recording contract with Vanguard Records in December 1966.[6] Inspired by the live performances of Bob Dylan and The Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the group became fully intertwined in electronic rock, and recorded a new electrified version of "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag" in Sierra Sound Laboratories, in February 1967.[7][8] Initially, the song was going to be featured on Country Joe and the Fish's debut album, Electric Music for the Mind and Body, but record producer Sam Charters insisted that the track remain off the record. When the controversial composition, "Superbird", was not banned from airplay, "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag" was placed as the opening to their second album, I Feel Like I'm Fixin' to Die.[9][10]
The song was a popular attraction in the band's live performance, and, in the summer of 1968, the first instance of slightly altered version known as "The Fuck Cheer" appeared in New York City at the Shaefer Summer Music Festival, among a crowd of nearly 10,000. Drummer Gary "Chicken" Hirsh suggested that the opening chorus spell out "fuck", which was positively received by younger listeners, and led to unexpected radio exposure of the album version on both alternative radio stations and AM radio.[11] Although Hirsh has never explained why he made the change, writer James E. Perone has speculated in his book Songs of the Vietnam Conflict that it was a "rebellious counterculture political act demonstrating free speech rights in the mid-1960s".[12] However, executives from The Ed Sullivan Show were present at the concert, and barred Country Joe and the Fish from their scheduled appearance and any future performances on the show.[3]
Woodstock performance[edit]
On August 16, 1969, the second day of the Woodstock Festival, McDonald made an unexpected solo performance of "The Fuck Cheer" at the conclusion of his set list, after Ritchie Havens. McDonald was augmented with a Yamaha FG 150 guitar that he found and holstered with a rope.[13] According to McDonald, "I went on with my guitar and it was like 'Here is this guy who's going to sing' but no one paid any attention. I played 'Janis' and 'Tennessee Stud' and then I walked off the stage. I asked my tour manager if he thought it would be OK if I went back on and did the cheer and he said yeah. So I went "Give me an F!", and they all yelled "F!"[14] The audience receptively responded by cheering the "F-U-C-K" chant along with McDonald. The performance was featured on the Woodstock film, which included sing-a-long lyrical subtitles of "The Fuck Cheer".[15]
Copyright lawsuit[edit]
In 2001, the heirs of New Orleans jazz trombonist Kid Ory launched a lawsuit against Country Joe McDonald, claiming that the music of "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag" constituted plagiarism of "Muskrat Ramble", a number by Ory,[16][17] recorded by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five in 1926. In 2005, a court dismissed the suit, holding that the Ory estate had waited too long to make the claim. If the action had been successful Country Joe McDonald would have been required, under law, to pay $150,000 for each live performance of the song in the three years since the lawsuit was filed. McDonald would have also been barred from ever performing the song again without the possibility of further damages.[18]
Covers and features[edit]
Pete Seeger covered the song in 1970. There were initially plans to release his version as a single, and indeed some copies were sent out to DJs, but according to Seeger, distributors refused to handle it, and it was never officially released. It eventually found its way onto the Internet.[19] It was also included as a bonus track on a reissue of his 1969 album Young vs. Old.[20]
McDonald performed part of the song while playing a folksinging hippie named "Joaquin" in the Tales of the City TV miniseries.[21]
The song was regularly broadcast into Hỏa Lò Prison (the "Hanoi Hilton"), in North Vietnam, to American prisoners of war by their captors. The prisoners later reported it actually boosted their morale as they sang along.[22]
The Passion Killers, comprising several members of the band Chumbawamba, covered the song with modified lyrics on their 1991 single, "Whoopee! We're All Gonna Die!", as a protest against the first Gulf War.[23][24]
Eugene Chadbourne released a rewritten version entitled "Feel Like I'm Fixin' to Die (Iraq)" on his 1991 7" single Oil of Hate.[25]
Japanese band Omoide Hatoba included a 40-second-long cover on their 1992 album Black Hawaii, with the title reading "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fix-in-to-Die Rag." Sung by Public Bath Records' David Hopkins, it consists of the intro, first verse, chorus, and the chorus starting to repeat when Seiichi Yamamoto cuts it off by shouting "Next!"
Swedish rock singer Svante Karlsson (sv) covered it in 2003 on his album Autograph. This version features a solo performed by legendary guitarist Albert Lee.
The song has been featured in the films Woodstock (1970), More American Graffiti (1979), Purple Haze (1982), and Hamburger Hill (1987), and the HBO miniseries Generation Kill (2008). It was also featured in the TV show The Wonder Years, in the season 2 episode, titled "Walk Out" (1989).
It was referenced on the 2008 edition of the AP United States History exam.[26]
See also[edit]
List of anti-war songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Selvin, Joel. "Country Joe McDonald Biography". ci.berkley.ca.us. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Collectors Items: The First Three EP's (CD booklet)". One Way Records. 1994. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Belmont, Bill. "A History". well.com. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald, Country Joe. "How I Wrote the Rag". countryjoe.com. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "I Feel Like I'm Fixin' to Die (CD booklet)". Ace Vanguard Masters. 2013. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Country Joe McDonald". countryjoe.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Country Joe and the Fish interview with Joe McDonald". Psychedelic Baby Magazine. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie (2003). "Eight Miles High: Folk-rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock". Backbeat Books. p. 27. ISBN 0879307439.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Country Joe and the Fish - Biography". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "I Feel Like I'm Fixin' to Die - Review". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Gary "Chicken" Hirsh - Biography". allmusic.com. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Perone, James E. (2001). "Songs of the Vietnam Conflict". Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 40. ISBN 0313315280.
Jump up ^ "Woodstock 1969-1999". countryjoe.com. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Phil. "Feel Like I'm Fixin' For a Comeback..." independent.co.uk. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Country Joe McDonald interview". hightimes.com. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Country Joe Sued For Stealing Protest Song". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Country Joe McDonald Accused Of Ripping Off Jazz Great". MTV.
Jump up ^ "Country Joe Sued For Stealing Protest Song". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Country Joe McDonald, the "Suppressed" Seeger recording". countryjoe.com.
Jump up ^ the omni recording corporation Archived February 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City (TV Mini-Series 1993)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Patriots": the Vietnam War Remembered from All Sides", Christian G. Appy, p. 198
Jump up ^ "Country Joe McDonald, How I Wrote the Rag". countryjoe.com.
Jump up ^ Chumbawamba Discography
Jump up ^ Chadbourne, Eugene. "Oil Of Hate". Discogs. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Repository" (PDF). apcentral.collegeboard.com.
[hide]
v
t
e
Country Joe and the Fish
"Country" Joe McDonald
Barry "The Fish" Melton
Gary "Chicken" Hirsh
David Bennett Cohen
Bruce Barthol
David Getz
Peter Albin
John Francis Gunning
Paul Armstrong
Mark Ryan
Gregory Leroy Dewey
Mark Kapner
Doug Metzler
Studio albums
Electric Music for the Mind and Body (1967)
I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die (1967)
Together (1968)
Here We Are Again (1969)
CJ Fish (1970)
Reunion (1977)
Live albums
Live! Fillmore West 1969 (1994)
Songs
"The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag"
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Last Train from Gun Hill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Last Train from Gun Hill
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Sturges
Produced by
Hal B. Wallis
Written by
James Poe
from a story by
Les Crutchfield
Starring
Kirk Douglas
Anthony Quinn
Carolyn Jones
Earl Holliman
Music by
Dimitri Tiomkin
Cinematography
Charles B. Lang Jr.
Production
company
Bryna Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
July 29, 1959 (1959-07-29) (United States)
Running time
95 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$2.5 million (est. US/ Canada rentals)[1]
Last Train from Gun Hill is a 1959 Western by action director John Sturges. It stars Kirk Douglas, Anthony Quinn, Carolyn Jones, and Earl Holliman. Douglas and Holliman had previously appeared together in Sturges' Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), which used much of the same crew.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Filming locations
4 Comic book adaption
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Two old friends, Matt Morgan (Kirk Douglas) and Craig Belden (Anthony Quinn), now find themselves on opposite sides of the law. Belden, a rich cattle baron, is the de facto ruler of the town of Gun Hill. Morgan is a U.S. Marshal living in another town with his Native American/Indian wife (played by Ziva Rodann) and young son, Petey.
Two young drunken cowboys rape and murder Morgan's wife while she is returning with their son from a visit to her father. The boy escapes on one of the killers' horses, bearing a distinctive, fancy saddle.
Morgan sets off to find the killer. His one clue is the saddle, which he recognizes as belonging to Belden. Assuming it was stolen from his old friend, Morgan travels to the town of Gun Hill to pick up the trail, but once there he quickly realizes that Belden's son Rick (Earl Holliman) is the killer.
Belden refuses to turn over his son, forcing Morgan to go against the entire town. He vows to capture Rick and get him on that night's last train from Gun Hill.
Morgan takes Rick prisoner, holding him at the hotel. Belden sends men to rescue his son, but Morgan manages to hold them off. In the meantime, Belden's former lover (Carolyn Jones) decides to help Morgan. She sneaks a shotgun to his hotel room. The second rapist, Lee, sets fire to the hotel to flush out Morgan.
Morgan presses the shotgun to Rick's chin on the way to the train depot, threatening to pull the trigger if anyone attempts to stop him. Lee tries to kill Morgan but shoots Rick instead. Morgan then kills Lee with the shotgun. As the train prepares to leave, a devastated Belden confronts Morgan in a final showdown and is gunned down.
Cast[edit]
Kirk Douglas as Matt Morgan
Anthony Quinn as Craig Belden
Carolyn Jones as Linda
Earl Holliman as Rick Belden
Brian G. Hutton as Lee Smithers
Brad Dexter as Beero
Ziva Rodann as Catherine Morgan
Val Avery as Steve, Horseshoe Bartender
Bing Russell as Skag
Walter Sande as Sheriff Bartlett
Filming locations[edit]
The movie was filmed in and around Old Tucson Studios outside of Tucson, Arizona, as well as at Paramount Studios and their back lot in Los Angeles, California.
Comic book adaption[edit]
Dell Four Color #1012 (July 1959)[2][3]
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1959
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1959: Probable Domestic Take", Variety, 6 January 1960 p 34
Jump up ^ "Dell Four Color #1012". Grand Comics Database.
Jump up ^ Dell Four Color #1012 at the Comic Book DB
External links[edit]
Last Train from Gun Hill on IMDb
Last Train from Gun Hill at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by John Sturges
The Man Who Dared (1946)
Shadowed (1946)
Alias Mr. Twilight (1946)
For the Love of Rusty (1947)
Keeper of the Bees (1947)
Thunderbolt (1947)
The Sign of the Ram (1948)
Best Man Wins (1948)
The Walking Hills (1949)
The Capture (1950)
Mystery Street (1950)
Right Cross (1950)
The Magnificent Yankee (1950)
Kind Lady (1951)
The People Against O'Hara (1951)
It's a Big Country (1951)
The Girl in White (1952)
Jeopardy (1953)
Fast Company (1953)
Escape from Fort Bravo (1953)
Bad Day at Black Rock (1955)
Underwater! (1955)
The Scarlet Coat (1955)
Backlash (1956)
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957)
The Law and Jake Wade (1958)
The Old Man and the Sea (1958)
Last Train from Gun Hill (1959)
Never So Few (1959)
The Magnificent Seven (1960)
By Love Possessed (1961)
Sergeants 3 (1962)
A Girl Named Tamiko (1962)
The Great Escape (1963)
The Satan Bug (1965)
The Hallelujah Trail (1965)
Hour of the Gun (1967)
Ice Station Zebra (1968)
Marooned (1969)
Joe Kidd (1972)
Chino (1973)
McQ (1974)
The Eagle Has Landed (1976)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Train_from_Gun_Hill&oldid=820036984"
Categories:
1959 films
English-language films
1950s Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin
Films directed by John Sturges
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Paramount Pictures films
American films
Bryna Productions films
Films adapted into comics
United States Marshals Service in fiction
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This page was last edited on 12 January 2018, at 18:35.
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