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Weekly Torah portion
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This article is about the divisions of the Torah into weekly readings. For this week's Torah portion, see Torah portion.
A Torah scroll and silver pointer (yad) used in reading.
The weekly Torah portion (Hebrew: פָּרָשַׁת הַשָּׁבוּעַ Parashat ha-Shavua), popularly just parashah (or parshah /pɑːrʃə/ or parsha) and also known as a Sidra (or Sedra /sɛdrə/) is a section of the Torah (Five Books of Moses) used in Jewish liturgy during a single week. It is chanted publicly by a designated reader (ba'al koreh) in Jewish prayer services, starting with a partial reading on the afternoon of Shabbat (Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath), again during the Monday and Thursday morning services, and ending with a full reading during the following Shabbat morning services. The weekly reading is pre-empted by a special reading on major religious holidays. The Saturday morning and holiday readings are followed by a reading (Haftarah) from the Book of Prophets (Nevi'im). There are 54 weekly parashiyot (plural) or parshahs (anglicized pluralization) in Judaism, and the full cycle is read over the course of one Jewish year.
Each weekly Torah portion takes its name from the first distinctive word in the Hebrew text of the portion in question, often from the first verse. Dating back to the time of the Babylonian captivity (6th century BCE),[citation needed] public Torah reading mostly followed an annual cycle beginning and ending on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah, with the divisions corresponding to the lunisolar Hebrew calendar, which contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between leap years and regular years.[1]
In ancient times some Jewish communities practiced a triennial cycle of readings. In the 19th and 20th centuries, many congregations in the Reform and Conservative Jewish movements implemented an alternative triennial cycle in which only one-third of each weekly parashah was read in a given year; and this pattern continues. The parashot read are still consistent with the annual cycle but the entire Torah is completed over three years. Orthodox Judaism does not follow this practice.
Due to different lengths of holidays in Israel and the Diaspora, the portion that is read on a particular week will sometimes not be the same inside and outside Israel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Division into weekly parashot
2 Table of weekly readings
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Division into weekly parashot[edit]
The division of parashiot found in the modern-day Torah scrolls of all Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Yemenite communities is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in Mishneh Torah, Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls, Chapter 8. Maimonides based his division of the parashot for the Torah on the Masoretic text of the Aleppo Codex.[2]
Table of weekly readings[edit]
In the table, a portion that may be combined with the following portion, to compensate for the changing number of weeks in the lunisolar year, is marked with an asterisk.The following chart will show the weekly readings.
Book
Parsha Name
English Equivalent[3]
Parsha Portion
Bereshit (Genesis) Bereshit, בְּרֵאשִׁית In the beginning Gen. 1:1-6:8
Noach, נֹחַ Noah (rest) 6:9-11:32
Lech-Lecha, לֶךְ-לְךָ Go forth, yourself! 12:1-17:27
Vayeira, וַיֵּרָא And He appeared 18:1-22:24
Chayei Sarah, חַיֵּי שָׂרָה Life of Sarah 23:1-25:18
Toledot, תּוֹלְדֹת Generations 25:19-28:9
Vayetze, וַיֵּצֵא And he went out 28:10-32:3
Vayishlach, וַיִּשְׁלַח And he sent 32:4-36:43
Vayeshev, וַיֵּשֶׁב And he settled 37:1-40:23
Miketz, מִקֵּץ At the end of 41:1-44:17
Vayigash, וַיִּגַּשׁ And he drew near 44:18-47:27
Vayechi, וַיְחִי And he lived 47:28-50:26
Shemot (Exodus) Shemot, שְׁמוֹת Names Ex. 1:1-6:1
Va'eira, וָאֵרָא Appeared 6:2-9:35
Bo, בֹּא Go! 10:1-13:16
Beshalach, בְּשַׁלַּח When he sent out 13:17-17:16
Yitro, יִתְרוֹ Jethro 18:1-20:23
Mishpatim, מִּשְׁפָּטִים Laws 21:1-24:18
Terumah, תְּרוּמָה Offering 25:1-27:19
Tetzaveh, תְּצַוֶּה You shall command 27:20-30:10
Ki Tisa, כִּי תִשָּׂא When you elevate 30:11-34:35
*Vayakhel, וַיַּקְהֵל And he assembled 35:1-38:20
Pekudei, פְקוּדֵי Accountings 38:21-40:38
Vayikra (Leviticus) Vayikra, וַיִּקְרָא And he called Lev. 1:1-5:26
Tzav, צַו Command! 6:1-8:36
Shemini, שְּׁמִינִי Eighth 9:1-11:47
*Tazria, תַזְרִיעַ She bears seed 12:1-13:59
Metzora, מְּצֹרָע Infected one 14:1-15:33
*Acharei Mot, אַחֲרֵי מוֹת After the death 16:1-18:30
Kedoshim, קְדֹשִׁים Holy ones 19:1-20:27
Emor, אֱמֹר Say gently 21:1-24:23
*Behar, בְּהַר On the Mount 25:1-26:2
Bechukotai, בְּחֻקֹּתַי In My laws 26:3-27:34
Bemidbar (Numbers) Bamidbar, בְּמִדְבַּר In the wilderness Num. 1:1-4:20
Naso, נָשֹׂא Elevate! 4:21-7:89
Behaalotecha, בְּהַעֲלֹתְךָ In your uplifting 8:1-12:16
Shlach, שְׁלַח-לְךָ Send for yourself 13:1-15:41
Korach, קֹרַח Korach 16:1-18:32
*Chukat, חֻקַּת Law 19:1-22:1
Balak, בָּלָק Balak 22:2-25:9
Pinchas, פִּינְחָס Phinehas 25:10-30:1
*Matot, מַּטּוֹת Tribes 30:2-32:42
Masei, מַסְעֵי Journeys of 33:1-36:13
Devarim (Deuteronomy) Devarim, דְּבָרִים Words Deut. 1:1-3:22
Va'etchanan, וָאֶתְחַנַּן Pleaded 3:23-7:11
Eikev, עֵקֶב As a result 7:12-11:25
Re'eh, רְאֵה See! 11:26-16:17
Shoftim, שֹׁפְטִים Judges 16:18-21:9
Ki Teitzei, כִּי-תֵצֵא When you go out 21:10-25:19
Ki Tavo, כִּי-תָבוֹא When you enter in 26:1-29:8
*Nitzavim, נִצָּבִים Standing (Witnessing) 29:9-30:20
Vayelech, וַיֵּלֶךְ And he went 31:1-31:30
Haazinu, הַאֲזִינוּ Listen! 32:1-32:52
V'Zot HaBerachah, וְזֹאת הַבְּרָכָה And this is the blessing 33:1-34:12
See also[edit]
Judaism portal
Cantillation
Chumash
Haftarah
Sefer Torah
Tanakh
Tikkun (book)
Torah reading
Weekly Maqam
References[edit]
Jump up ^ One week is always Passover and another is always Sukkot, and the final parashah, V'Zot HaBerachah, is always read on Simchat Torah. Therefore, there can be up to 53 weeks available for the other 53 portions. In years with fewer than 53 available weeks, some readings are combined to achieve the needed number of weekly readings.
Jump up ^ Though initially doubted by Umberto Cassuto, this has become the established position in modern scholarship. (See the Aleppo Codex article for more information.)
Jump up ^ Philologos.org
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Audio files of cantillation.
Links to the Hebrew text for weekly Torah portions
The weekly Torah portion with messianic commentary[1]
Weekly Torah portion videos
The Weekly Parshah
The Weekly Parshah in Hebrew
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v
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Weekly Torah Portions
Genesis
Bereshit
Noach
Lech-Lecha
Vayeira
Chayei Sarah
Toledot
Vayetze
Vayishlach
Vayeshev
Miketz
Vayigash
Vaychi
Exodus
Shemot
Va'eira
Bo
Beshalach
Yitro
Mishpatim
Terumah
Tetzaveh
Ki Tissa
Vayakhel
Pekudei
Leviticus
Vayikra
Tzav
Shemini
Tazria
Metzora
Acharei Mot
Kedoshim
Emor
Behar
Bechukotai
Numbers
Bemidbar
Naso
Behaalotecha
Shlach
Korach
Chukat
Balak
Pinechas
Matot
Masei
Deuteronomy
Devarim
Va'etchanan
Eikev
Re'eh
Shofetim
Ki Teitzei
Ki Tavo
Nitzavim
Vayelech
Haazinu
V'Zot HaBerachah
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Rodinia
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Not to be confused with Rhodinia, a genus of moth.
For the genus of metalmark butterflies, see Rodinia (butterfly).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Proposed reconstruction of Rodinia for 750 Ma, with orogenic belts of 1.1 Ga age highlighted in green. Red dots indicate 1.3–1.5 Ga A-type granites.[1]
Rodinia (from the Russian родить, rodít, meaning "to beget, to give birth",[2] or родина", ródina, meaning "motherland, birthplace")[3][4] is a Neoproterozoic supercontinent that was assembled 1.3–0.9 billion years ago and broke up 750–633 million years ago.[5] Valentine & Moores 1970 were probably the first to recognise a Precambrian supercontinent, which they named 'Pangaea I'.[5] It was renamed 'Rodinia' by McMenamin & McMenamin 1990 who also were the first to produce a reconstruction and propose a temporal framework for the supercontinent.[6]
Rodinia formed at c. 1.23 Ga by accretion and collision of fragments produced by breakup of an older supercontinent, Columbia, assembled by global-scale 2.0–1.8 Ga collisional events.[7]
Rodinia broke up in the Neoproterozoic with its continental fragments reassembled to form Pannotia 633–573 million years ago. In contrast with Pannotia, little is known yet about the exact configuration and geodynamic history of Rodinia. Paleomagnetic evidence provides some clues to the paleolatitude of individual pieces of the Earth's crust, but not to their longitude, which geologists have pieced together by comparing similar geologic features, often now widely dispersed.
The extreme cooling of the global climate around 717–635 million years ago (the so-called Snowball Earth of the Cryogenian Period) and the rapid evolution of primitive life during the subsequent Ediacaran and Cambrian periods are thought to have been triggered by the breaking up of Rodinia or to a slowing down of tectonic processes.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geodynamics
1.1 Paleogeographic reconstructions
1.2 Break up
2 Influence on paleoclimate and life
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Notes
4.2 Bibliography
5 External links
Geodynamics[edit]
Life timeline
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Axis scale: million years
Also see: Human timeline and Nature timeline
Paleogeographic reconstructions[edit]
The idea that a supercontinent existed in the early Neoproterozoic arose in the 1970s, when geologists determined that orogens of this age exist on virtually all cratons.[9][not in citation given] Examples are the Grenville orogeny in North America and the Dalslandian orogeny in Europe.
Since then, many alternative reconstructions have been proposed for the configuration of the cratons in this supercontinent. Most of these reconstructions are based on the correlation of the orogens on different cratons.[10] Though the configuration of the core cratons in Rodinia is now reasonably well known, recent reconstructions still differ in many details. Geologists try to decrease the uncertainties by collecting geological and paleomagnetical data.
Most reconstructions show Rodinia's core formed by the North American craton (the later paleocontinent of Laurentia), surrounded in the southeast with the East European craton (the later paleocontinent of Baltica), the Amazonian craton ("Amazonia") and the West African craton; in the south with the Río de la Plata and São Francisco cratons; in the southwest with the Congo and Kalahari cratons; and in the northeast with Australia, India and eastern Antarctica. The positions of Siberia and North and South China north of the North American craton differ strongly depending on the reconstruction:[11][12]
SWEAT-Configuration (Southwest US-East Antarctica craton): Antarctica is on the Southwest of Laurentia and Australia is at the North of Antarctica.[13]
AUSWUS-Configuration (Australia-western US): Australia is at the West of Laurentia.
AUSMEX-Configuration (Australia-Mexico): Australia is at the location of nowadays Mexico relative to Laurentia.
The "Missing-link" model by Li et al. 2008 which has South China between Australia and the west coast of Laurentia.[14] A revised "Missing-link" model is proposed in which Tarim Block serves as an extended or alternative missing-link between Australia and Laurentia.[15]
Siberia attached to the western US (via the Belt Supergroup), as in Sears & Price 2000.[16]
Rodinia of Scotese.[17]
Little is known about the paleogeography before the formation of Rodinia. Paleomagnetic and geologic data are only definite enough to form reconstructions from the breakup of Rodinia[16] onwards. Rodinia is considered to have formed between 1.3 and 1.23 billion years ago and broke up again before 750 million years ago.[18] Rodinia was surrounded by the superocean geologists are calling Mirovia (from Russian мировой, mirovoy, meaning "global").
According to J.D.A. Piper, Rodinia is one of two models for the configuration and history of the continental crust in the latter part of Precambrian times. The other is Paleopangea, Piper's own concept.[19] Piper proposes an alternative hypothesis for this era and the previous ones. This idea rejects that Rodinia ever existed as a transient supercontinent subject to progressive break-up in the latter part of Proterozoic times and instead that this time and earlier times were dominated by a single, persistent "Paleopangaea" supercontinent. As evidence, he suggests an observation that the palaeomagnetic poles from the continental crust assigned to this time conform to a single path between 825 and 633 million years ago and latterly to a near-static position between 750 and 633 million years.[8] This latter solution predicts that break-up was confined to the Ediacaran Period and produced the dramatic environmental changes that characterised the transition between Precambrian and Phanerozoic times.
Break up[edit]
In 2009 UNESCO's IGCP project 440, named 'Rodinia Assembly and Breakup', concluded that Rodinia broke up in four stages between 825–550 Ma:[20]
The break up was initiated by a superplume around 825–800 Ma whose influence—such as crustal arching, intense bimodal magmatism, and accumulation of thick rift-type sedimentary successions—have been recorded in South Australia, South China, Tarim, Kalahari, India, and the Arabian-Nubian Craton.
Rifting progressed in the same cratons 800–750 Ma and spread into Laurentia and perhaps Siberia. India (including Madagascar) and the Congo-Säo Francisco Craton were either detached from Rodinia during this period or simply never were part of the supercontinent.
As the central part of Rodinia reached the Equator around 750–700 Ma, a new pulse of magmatism and rifting continued the disassembly in western Kalahari, West Australia, South China, Tarim, and most margins of Laurentia.
650–550 Ma several events coincided: the opening of the Iapetus Ocean; the closure of the Braziliano, Adamastor, and Mozambique oceans; and the Pan-African orogeny. The result was the formation of Gondwana.
The Rodinia hypothesis assumes that rifting did not start everywhere simultaneously. Extensive lava flows and volcanic eruptions of Neoproterozoic age are found on most continents, evidence for large scale rifting about 750 million years ago.[2] As early as 850 and 800 million years ago,[18] a rift developed between the continental masses of present-day Australia, East Antarctica, India and the Congo and Kalahari cratons on one side and later Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia and the West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on the other.[21] This rift developed into the Adamastor Ocean during the Ediacaran.
Around 550 million years ago, on the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian, the first group of cratons eventually fused again with Amazonia, West Africa and the Rio de la Plata cratons.[22] This tectonic phase is called the Pan-African orogeny. It created a configuration of continents that would remain stable for hundreds of millions of years in the form of the continent Gondwana.
In a separate rifting event about 610 million years ago (halfway in the Ediacaran period), the Iapetus Ocean formed. The eastern part of this ocean formed between Baltica and Laurentia, the western part between Amazonia and Laurentia. Because the exact moments of this separation and the partially contemporaneous Pan-African orogeny are hard to correlate, it might be that all continental mass was again joined in one supercontinent between roughly 600 and 550 million years ago. This hypothetical supercontinent is called Pannotia.
Influence on paleoclimate and life[edit]
Unlike later supercontinents, Rodinia would have been entirely barren. Rodinia existed before complex life colonized dry land. Based on sedimentary rock analysis Rodinia's formation happened when the ozone layer was not as extensive as it is today. Ultraviolet light discouraged organisms from inhabiting its interior. Nevertheless, its existence did significantly influence the marine life of its time.
In the Cryogenian period the Earth experienced large glaciations, and temperatures were at least as cool as today. Substantial areas of Rodinia may have been covered by glaciers or the southern polar ice cap.
Low temperatures may have been exaggerated during the early stages of continental rifting. Geothermal heating peaks in crust about to be rifted; and since warmer rocks are less dense, the crustal rocks rise up relative to their surroundings. This rising creates areas of higher altitude, where the air is cooler and ice is less likely to melt with changes in season, and it may explain the evidence of abundant glaciation in the Ediacaran period.[2]
The eventual rifting of the continents created new oceans and seafloor spreading, which produces warmer, less dense oceanic lithosphere. Due to its lower density, hot oceanic lithosphere will not lie as deep as old, cool oceanic lithosphere. In periods with relatively large areas of new lithosphere, the ocean floors come up, causing the eustatic sea level to rise. The result was a greater number of shallower seas.
The increased evaporation from the larger water area of the oceans may have increased rainfall, which, in turn, increased the weathering of exposed rock. By inputting data on the ratio of stable isotopes 18O:16O[not in citation given] into computer models, it has been shown that, in conjunction with quick weathering of volcanic rock, this increased rainfall may have reduced greenhouse gas levels to below the threshold required to trigger the period of extreme glaciation known as Snowball Earth.[23]
Increased volcanic activity also introduced into the marine environment biologically active nutrients, which may have played an important role in the development of the earliest animals.
See also[edit]
Columbia for one possible reconstruction of an earlier supercontinent
List of supercontinents
Supercontinent cycle
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Research paper suggests East Antarctica and North America once linked". The Antarctic Sun. United States Antarctic Program. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2012. Reconstruction originally published in Goodge et al. 2008, Fig 3A, p. 238; research paper mentioned is Loewy et al. 2011. See also: Rejcek 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c McMenamin & McMenamin 1990, chapter: The Rifting of Rodinia
Jump up ^ Redfern 2001, p. 335
Jump up ^ Taube, Aleksandr M., R. S. Daglish, and M. A. Cantab. Russko-angliiskii Slovar' =: Russian-english Dictionary. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1993. Print. ISBN 5200018838
^ Jump up to: a b Li et al. 2008
Jump up ^ Meert 2012, Supercontinents in Earth history, p. 998
Jump up ^ Zhao et al. 2002; Zhao et al. 2004
^ Jump up to: a b Piper 2013
Jump up ^ Dewey & Burke 1973; the name 'Rodinia' was first used in McMenamin & McMenamin 1990
Jump up ^ See for example the correlation between the North American Grenville and European Dalslandian orogenies in Ziegler 1990, p. 14; for the correlation between the Australian Musgrave orogeny and the Grenville orogeny see Wingate, Pisarevsky & Evans 2002, Implications for Rodinia reconstructions, pp. 124–126; fig. 5, p. 127
Jump up ^ For a comparison of the SWEAT, AUSWUS, AUSMEX, and Missing-link reconstructions see Li et al. 2008, Fig. 2, p. 182. For a comparison between the "consensus" Rodinia of Li et al. 2008 and the original proposal of McMenamin & McMenamin 1990 see Nance, Murphy & Santosh 2014, Fig. 11, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Examples of reconstructions can be found in Stanley 1999, pp. 336–337; Weil et al. 1998, Fig. 6, p. 21; Torsvik 2003, Fig. 'Rodinia old and new', p. 1380; Dalziel 1997, Fig. 11, p. 31; Scotese 2009, Fig. 1, p. 69
Jump up ^ Moores 1991; Goodge et al. 2008
Jump up ^ Li et al. 2008, Fig. 4, p. 188; fig. 8, p. 198
Jump up ^ Wen, Bin; Evans, David A. D.; Li, Yong-Xiang (2017-01-15). "Neoproterozoic paleogeography of the Tarim Block: An extended or alternative "missing-link" model for Rodinia?". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 458: 92–106. Bibcode:2017E&PSL.458...92W. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.030.
^ Jump up to: a b "Other Reconstructions for Rodinia based on sources for Mojavia". Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder. May 2002. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Scotese 2009; Torsvik, Gaina & Redfield 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Torsvik 2003, p. 1380
Jump up ^ Piper 2010
Jump up ^ Bogdanova, Pisarevsky & Li 2009, Breakup of Rodinia (825–700 Ma), pp. 266–267
Jump up ^ Torsvik 2003, Fig. 'Rodinia old and new', p. 1380
Jump up ^ See for example reconstructions in Pisarevsky et al. 2008, Fig. 4, p. 19
Jump up ^ Donnadieu et al. 2004[page needed]
Bibliography[edit]
Bogdanova, S. V.; Pisarevsky, S. A.; Li, Z. X. (2009). "Assembly and Breakup of Rodinia (Some Results of IGCP Project 440)" (PDF). Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 17 (3): 259–274. Bibcode:2009SGC....17..259B. doi:10.1134/S0869593809030022. ISSN 0869-5938. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
Dalziel, I. W. (1997). "Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 109 (1): 16–42. Bibcode:1997GSAB..109...16D. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:ONPGAT>2.3.CO;2.
Dewey, J. F.; Burke, K. C. (1973). "Tibetan, Variscan, and Precambrian basement reactivation: products of continental collision". Journal of Geology. 81 (6): 683–692. Bibcode:1973JG.....81..683D. doi:10.1086/627920. JSTOR 30058995.
Donnadieu, Y.; Goddéris, Y.; Ramstein, G.; Nédélec, A.; Meert, J. G. (2004). "A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff" (PDF). Nature. 428 (6980): 303–306. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..303D. doi:10.1038/nature02408. PMID 15029192. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Goodge, J. W.; Vervoort, J. D.; Fanning, C. M.; Brecke, D. M.; Farmer, G. L.; Williams, I. S.; Myrow, P. M.; DePaolo, D. J. (2008). "A positive test of East Antarctica–Laurentia juxtaposition within the Rodinia supercontinent" (PDF). Science. 321 (5886): 235–240. Bibcode:2008Sci...321..235G. doi:10.1126/science.1159189. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18621666. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
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McMenamin, M. A.; McMenamin, D. L. (1990). The emergence of animals: the Cambrian breakthrough. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06647-3.
Meert, J.G. (2012). "What's in a name? The Columbia (Paleopangaea/Nuna) supercontinent" (PDF). Gondwana Research. 21 (4): 987–993. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2011.12.002. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
Meert, J.G.; Torsvik, T.H. (2003). "The making and unmaking of a Supercontinent: Rodinia revisited" (PDF). Tectonophysics. 375: 261–288. Bibcode:2003Tectp.375..261M. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00342-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23.
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Piper, J. D. A. (2010). "Palaeopangaea in Meso-Neoproterozoic times: The palaeomagnetic evidence and implications to continental integrity, supercontinent form and Eocambrian break-up" (PDF). Journal of Geodynamics. 50 (3): 191–223. doi:10.1016/j.jog.2010.04.004. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
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Scotese, C. R. (2009). "Late Proterozoic plate tectonics and palaeogeography: a tale of two supercontinents, Rodinia and Pannotia" (PDF). Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 326 (1): 67–83. doi:10.1144/SP326.4. Retrieved 29 November 2015. Lay summary (February 2001).
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External links[edit]
Look up Rodinia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Scotese Animation: Breakup of Rodinia & Formation of Pacific Ocean
"Dance of the Giant Continents: Washington's Earliest History"
IGCP Special Project 440: mapping Proterozoic supercontinents, including Rodinia
PALEOMAP Project: Plate Tectonic Animations (java)
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text:
Pradyumna
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Pradyumna
Krishna and Pradyumna battle the demon Nikumbha who assumes the form of bird
Information
Children
Aniruddha
Parent(s)
Krishna
Rukmini
Sibling(s)
Samba
Affliation = Avatara of Kamadeva. Pradyumna (Sanskrit: प्रद्युम्न) is the name of a character in the Srimad Bhagavatam. He was the son of Lord Krishna and Rukmini. Pradyumna is considered as one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu. According to some accounts, Pradyumna was an incarnation of Kamadeva, the god of love. Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu, being referred to as Vishnu Ankar Gupta. He is one in 24 Keshava Namas (names), praised in all pujas. It is also the only name in Sanskrit with all the 3 letters joint (referred as जोडाक्षर)
The Harivamsa describes intricate relationships between Krishna Vasudeva, Sankarsana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha that would later form a Vaishnava concept of primary quadrupled expansion, or avatar.
Contents
[hide]
1 Birth, Childhood and Youth
2 Death
3 Descendant
4 Texts
5 References
5.1 Citations
5.2 Sources
Birth, Childhood and Youth[edit]
Pradyumna Kills Sambara.
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Pradyumna was son of Lord Krishna and 61st grandson of Adinarayan. His mother was Rukmini, whom Lord Krishna got from her father Bhimkashen Narayan and brother Bhimkaraya Rukmi. Pradyumna was born in Dvaraka. He was the incarnate of God Kamdev. In the Treta Yuga, Kamdev was burnt by Shiva when he became a barrier to Shiva's meditation. Shiva blessed Kamdev's distraught wife, Rati and promised her that in his next birth Kamdev will be a part of Krishna and Rati will be the daughter of Bhimkaraya Rukmi and that she will marry him. When he was a baby he was abducted by the demon Sambara. He was then cast into the sea and swallowed by a fish, but that fish was caught and carried to the house of Sambara. The fish was opened and the child was found inside. He was given to a woman in Sambara's house to raise. Narada informed her about the true identity of the child. When Pradyumna grew up, he battled the demon Sambara and killed him using the Vaishnavastra. Soon after Pradyumna became a constant companion of his father Krishna and was well liked by the people of Dvaraka. Pradyumna was a mighty Maharathi warrior. He possessed the extremely rare Vaishnavastra which is the most powerful weapon in the universe. Also he was one of the very few people to know the secret of the Chakra Vyuha. But Pradyumna did not participate in the Kurukshetra War as he went on a pilgrimage with his uncle Balarama and other yadavas.
Balarama is embraced yudhisthira with Akrura and pradhyumna and went to Pilgrimage.
But he was an active participant In ashwameda yagna which was later conducted by Yudishtira. He along with Arjuna and Krishna fought against the demon Nikumbha. Nikumbha hung Arjuna In the sky and he began to vomit blood. When Nikumbha's head was cut off by Krishna, Arjuna began to fall down from the sky. Pradyumna held Arjuna and hence his life was saved. In accordance to Lord Shiva's boon to Rati, he married her incarnation, Princess Mayavati, the Princess of Vidarbha and daughter of his maternal uncle, Bhimkaraya Rukmi. It is said that Mayavati found his valor, handsomeness and charm beyond words and insisted on marrying him at her swayamvara. With her, he fathered, Krishna's grandson and favourite, also considered a vyuha avatar of Vishnu, Prince Aniruddha. Pradyumna was later killed in an intoxicated brawl at Dvaraka that resulted in the death of most Yadava warriors.
Death[edit]
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Knowing that their destruction was near, the Yadavas retired to Prabhasa where they were allotted temporary residences. When their time had come Vrishnis started revelling and drinking. Satyaki who was inebriated laughed at and insulted Kritavarma for killing the Pandava army in midst of their sleep. Pradyumna applauded Satyaki for this which highly incensed Kritavarma. He then taunted Satyaki by saying that he had slain the armless Bhurshiravas who had given up all hostile intentions. Satyaki then narrated the incident when Kritavarma tried to kill Satrajit. Satyabhama upon hearing this became angry and started crying. She then approached Krishna and sat on his lap greatly increasing his anger towards Kritavarma. Satyaki then rising up in anger said that he would give death to Kritavarma for slaying the warriors of the Pandava army while they were asleep. Having said this he rushed towards Kritavarma and severed his head with a sword. He then started killing the warriors who were on Kritavarma's side. Krishna then ran to stop Satyaki. The Bhojas and the Andhakas incensed at Satyaki surrounded him. Krishna knowing the character of the hour stood there unmoved and let them do whatever they could do. The Bhojas and Andhakas started striking Satyaki with the pots in which they had been eating. Pradyumna upon seeing this became highly enraged and rushed forward for rescuing Satyaki who was engaged with the Bhojas and the Andhakas. However the numbers of the Bhojas and Andhakas overwhelmed the two warriors and they were slain in front of Krishna.
Descendant[edit]
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Aniruddha was the son of Pradyumna who married to Usha (daughter of Bana Daitya and granddaughter of Mahabali). He is said to have been very much like his grandfather Krishna, to the extent that he may be a jana avatar, avatar of Vishnu. Aniruddha had a son named Vajra (or Vajranabh) . Vajra was known as an invincible warrior and would remain among the few survivors of the Yadus' battle. King Vajra then had 16 idols of Krishna and other gods carved from a rare, imperishable stone called Braja and built temples to house these idols in and around Mathura so as to feel the presence of Lord Krishna.
Texts[edit]
The Jain version of the story of Pradyumna is mentioned in the Pradyumna-charitra (poem in 18 canons) of Rajchandra, written in 1618 AD.[1]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Krishnamachariar 1989, p. 294.
Sources[edit]
Krishnamachariar, M. (1989) [1937], History of Classical Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0284-5
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