text:
Indirect rule
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A 20th century Yoruba (Nigerian) depiction of a British District Officer on tour of indirect rulers
Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through pre-existing local power structures. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". By this system, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers, who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica, at the cost of losing control of their external affairs, and often of taxation, communications, and other matters, usually with a small number of European "advisors" effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 British Empire
1.1 In Africa
1.2 In India
2 Practical implementation of indirect rule
3 Interpretations
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources and references
6.1 Period writings
British Empire[edit]
1895 cartoon of Frederick Lugard, considered the pioneer of indirect rule in colonial Africa
Some British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London, while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors. In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. Prime minister Salisbury explained his position:
The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilized races, and more suitable for them than direct dominion. It is cheaper, simpler, less wounding to their self-esteem, gives them more career as public officials, and spares of unnecessary contact with white men.[2]
The Princely States of India were ruled indirectly.[3] So too was much of the West African holdings.[4]
In Africa[edit]
The ideological underpinnings, as well as the practical application, of indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard, the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906. In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate, conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century, Lugard instituted a system whereby external, military, and tax control was operated by the British, while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre-British aristocracies who may have sided with the British during or after their conquest. The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem (a problem referred to as 'The Native Problem' by Mahmood Mamdani in his work Citizen and Subject) of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard's influential work, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa.
In India[edit]
The largest application of Indirect rule was in British Asia, in hundreds of pre-colonial states, first seen at work under the East India Company's system of subsidiary alliances in the Indian subcontinent. The areas thus brought into the British sphere of influence became known as the Indian Princely States. Subsequently, the same principle was applied in strategic regions on the sea routes to India, especially in the Persian Gulf protected states.
In the British colonies, the laws were typically made by a British Governor and legislative council, but in the protectorates and princely states local rulers retained their traditional administrative authority and ability to legislate, subject to British control of certain areas. Indirect rule was particularly effective in enabling the British to exploit natural resources and raw materials of vast subordinate nations. The establishment of naval and military bases in strategic points around the globe maintained the necessary power to underpin such control.
Practical implementation of indirect rule[edit]
Indirect rule was cheaper and easier for the European powers, and in particular it required fewer administrators, but it did have a number of problems. In many cases, European authorities empowered local traditional leaders, as in the case of the monarchy of Uganda, but if no suitable leader could be found (in the traditional Western sense of the term), the Europeans would simply choose local rulers to suit them.[5] This was the case in Kenya and Southern Nigeria, and the new leaders, often called "warrant chiefs", were not always supported by the local population. The European ruling classes also often chose local leaders with similar traits to their own, despite these traits not being suited to native leadership. Many were conservative elders, and thus indirect rule fostered a conservative outlook among the indigenous population and marginalised the young intelligentsia. Written laws, which replaced oral laws, were less flexible to the changing social nature, old customs of retribution and justice were removed or banned, and the removal of more violent punishments in some areas led to an increase in crime.[citation needed] Furthermore, leaders empowered by the governments of European powers were often not familiar with their new tasks, such as recruitment and tax.[6]
Interpretations[edit]
From the early 20th century, French and British writers helped establish a dichotomy between British Indirect rule, exemplified by the Indian princely states and by Lord Lugard's writings on the administration of northern Nigeria, and French colonial direct rule. As with British theorists, French colonial officials like Félix Eboué or Robert Delavignette[7] wrote and argued throughout the first half of the 20th century for a distinct French style of rule that was centralized, uniform, and aimed at assimilating colonial subjects into the French polity.[8][9][10] French rule, sometimes labeled Jacobin, was said in these writings to be based on the twin ideologies of the centralized unitary French government of the Metropole, with the French colonial ideology of Assimilation. Colonial Assimilation argued that French law and citizenship was based on universal values that came from the French Revolution. Mirroring French domestic citizenship law, French colonial law allowed for anyone who could prove themselves culturally French (the "Évolués") to become equal French citizens.[11][12][13][14][15] In French West Africa, only parts of the Senegalese "Four Communes" ever extended French citizenship outside a few educated African elite.[16][17] This was contrasted with British Indirect Rule, which never foresaw subject Protectorates becoming legally assimilated into "the home nations".
While making more subtle distinctions, this model of direct versus indirect rule was dominant in academia from the 1930s[18] until the 1970s.[19][20][21]
Academics since the 1970s have problematised the Direct versus Indirect Rule dichotomy,[22] arguing the systems were in practice intermingled in both British and French colonial governance, and that the perception of indirect rule was sometimes promoted to justify quite direct rule structures.[23][24]
Mahmood Mamdani and other academics[25][26] have discussed extensively how both Direct and Indirect rule were attempts to implement identical goals of foreign rule, but how the "Indirect" strategy helped to create ethnic and racial cleavages within ruled societies which persist in hostile communal relations and dysfunctional strategies of government.[27][28] Mamdani himself famously described indirect rule as "decentralised despotism".[29]
Some political scientists have even expanded the debate on how direct versus indirect rule experiences continue to effect contemporary governance into how governments which have never experienced colonialism rule.[30]
See also[edit]
British Empire portal
Politics portal
Bussa revolt - a 1915 uprising against indirect rule in Northern Nigeria
Direct colonial rule
Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The American Historical Association. "ENGLAND'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES" in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY: BIAFRA, NIGERIA, THE WEST AND THE WORLD. AHA teaching guide, historians.org, n.d. Accessed 2012-09-20 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm
Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts, Salisbury: Victorian Titan (1999) p 529
Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer, "Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long-term consequences." The Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92#4 pp: 693-713 online Archived 2014-09-03 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891-1929 (London: Longman, 1972)
Jump up ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm, Terence O. Ranger, 'The Invention of Tradition' (1983)
Jump up ^ Collins and Burns, pp. 297-308
Jump up ^ Robert Louis Delavignette. Freedom and Authority in French West Africa. originally published as Les vrais chefs de l'empire: 1939. Oxford University: 1946.
Jump up ^ Georges Hardy, Histoire sociale de la colonisation française. (Paris, 1953)
Jump up ^ Raymond F. Betts, Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890-1914 (New York, 1961)
Jump up ^ Martin D. Lewis, “One Hundred Million Frenchmen: The Assimilationist Theory in French Colonial Policy,” Comparative Studies in Society and History IV (January 1962), 129-153.
Jump up ^ Erik Bleich, 'The legacies of history? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France. Theory and Society, Volume 34, Number 2, April 2005.
Jump up ^ Michael Crowder' in Senegal: A Study in French Assimilation Policy (London: Oxford University Press, 1962)
Jump up ^ Mamadou Diouf, 'The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes (Senegal): A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project' in Development and Change, Volume 29, Number 4, October 1998, pp. 671–696(26)
Jump up ^ M. M. Knight, 'French Colonial Policy—the Decline of "Association"' in The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Jun., 1933), pp. 208–224
Jump up ^ Michael Lambert, 'From Citizenship to Negritude: Making a difference in elite ideologies of colonized Francophone West Africa' in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35, No. 2. (Apr., 1993), pp. 239–262
Jump up ^ G. Wesley Johnson, Jr., The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900–1920 (1972)
Jump up ^ James F. Searing, 'Senegal: Colonial Period: Four Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gorée, and Rufisque', in Kevin Shillington (editor), Encyclopedia of African History (New York, 2005): 3 Volumes, 3, 1334–35
Jump up ^ Ralph J. Bunche, 'French and British Imperialism in West Africa' in The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Jan., 1936), pp. 31–46
Jump up ^ Michael Crowder, 'Indirect Rule: French and British Style' in Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Jul., 1964), pp. 197–205
Jump up ^ Alec G. Hargreaves, ed. Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2005; ISBN 9780739108215)
Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler (1989), 'Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule' in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31, pp 134-161 doi:10.1017/S0010417500015693
Jump up ^ Jonathan Derrick, 'The 'Native Clerk' in Colonial West Africa' in African Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 326. (Jan., 1983), pp. 61–74.
Jump up ^ Emily Lynn Osborn (2003). ‘CIRCLE OF IRON’: AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA. The Journal of African History, 44, pp 29-50 doi:10.1017/S0021853702008307
Jump up ^ Anthony I. Nwabughuogu. The Role of Propaganda in the Development of Indirect Rule in Nigeria, 1890-1929. The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 (1981), pp. 65-92
Jump up ^ Paul Rich. The Origins of Apartheid Ideology: The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration, c.1902-1932. African Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 315. (Apr., 1980), pp. 171–194.
Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer (2010). Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences. The Review of Economics and Statistics. November 2010, Vol. 92, No. 4, Pages 693-713
Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani. Indirect Rule, Civil Society, and Ethnicity: The African Dilemma. Social Justice Vol. 23, No. 1/2 (63-64), The World Today (Spring-Summer 1996), pp. 145-150
Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani. Historicizing power and responses to power: indirect rule and its reform. Social Research Vol. 66, No. 3, PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY (FALL 1999), pp. 859-886
Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (1996), p. 37.
Jump up ^ John Gerring, Daniel Ziblatt, Johan Van Gorp and Julián Arévalo (2011). An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule. World Politics, 63, pp 377-433 doi:10.1017/S0043887111000104
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sources and references[edit]
Michael Crowder. Indirect Rule: French and British Style. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Jul., 1964), pp. 197–205.
Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology: The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration, c.1902-1932. African Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 315. (Apr., 1980), pp. 171–194.
Omipidan Teslim
Indirect Rule in Nigeria OldNaija
H. F. Morris . A History of the Adoption of Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure in British Colonial Africa, 1876-1935. Journal of African Law, Vol. 18, No. 1, Criminal Law and Criminology. (Spring, 1974), pp. 6–23.
Jonathan Derrick. The 'Native Clerk' in Colonial West Africa. African Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 326. (Jan., 1983), pp. 61–74.
Diana Wylie. Confrontation over Kenya: The Colonial Office and Its Critics 1918-1940. The Journal of African History, Vol. 18, No. 3. (1977), pp. 427–447.
P. A. Brunt . Empires: Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 7, No. 3. (Apr., 1965), pp. 267–288.
R. O. Collins and J. M. Burns. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge, 2007.
Harrington, Jack (2010), Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, Chs. 4 & 5., New York: Palgrave Macmillan., ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1
Period writings[edit]
Harold Nicolson. The Colonial Problem. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939), Vol. 17, No. 1. (Jan. - Feb., 1938), pp. 32–50.
W. E. Rappard . The Practical Working of the Mandates System. Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 5. (Sep., 1925), pp. 205–226.
Jan Smuts. Native Policy in Africa. Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 29, No. 115. (Apr., 1930), pp. 248–268.
Ralph J. Bunche . French and British Imperialism in West Africa. The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Jan., 1936), pp. 31–46.
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text:
William Smith
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
William, Willie, Will, Bill, or Billy Smith may refer to:
Contents
[hide]
1 Academics
2 Arts and entertainment
2.1 Art and literature
2.2 Characters
2.3 Music
3 Business
4 Law and crime
5 Military
6 Religion
7 Science and architecture
8 Politics
8.1 Australia
8.2 Canada
8.3 New Zealand
8.4 United Kingdom
8.5 United States
9 Sports
9.1 American football
9.2 Baseball
9.3 Basketball
9.4 Cricket
9.5 Football
9.6 Rugby
9.7 Other sports
10 Other persons
11 Other uses
12 See also
Academics[edit]
William Smith (scholar) (1711–1787), classical scholar and Anglican Dean of Chester
William Smith (Episcopalian priest) (1727–1803), First Provost of the University of Pennsylvania
William Pitt Smith (1760–1796), American physician, educator and theological writer
William Smith (lexicographer) (1813–1893), English lexicographer
William Robertson Smith (1846–1894), philologist, physicist, archaeologist, and Biblical critic
William Benjamin Smith (1850–1934), professor of mathematics at Tulane University
William Ramsay Smith (1859–1937), Australian anthropologist
William Hall Smith (1866–?), President of the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1916–1920
William Cunningham Smith (1871–1943), American academic of English literature, university administrator, and writer
William Charles Smith (1881–1971), English musicologist
William Newton-Smith (born 1943), Anglo-Canadian philosopher of science
Arts and entertainment[edit]
William 'Gentleman' Smith (1730–1819), English actor
William Smith (actor) (born 1933), American actor
Will Smith (comedian) (born 1971), British comedian, actor and writer
William Smith (South African), South African television science and mathematics teacher
Art and literature[edit]
William Collingwood Smith (1815–1887), English painter
William Brooke Smith (died 1908), American artist
William Arthur Smith (1918–1989), American artist
William Twigg-Smith (1883–1950), New Zealand artist
William Craig Smith (1918–1986), American art director
Bill Smith (jewelry designer) (born 1936), American jewelry designer
Willi Smith (1948–1987), American fashion designer
William Smith (poet) (15??–16??), English poet
William Hart-Smith (1911–1990), New Zealand/Australian poet
William Jay Smith (1918–2015), American poet
William Gardner Smith (1927–1974), African-American novelist
William Jardine Smith (1834–1884), Australian writer and editor
Characters[edit]
Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air), from American sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, based on the real-life rapper
Bill Smith (Red Green Show character), from Canadian comedy The Red Green Show, played by Rick Green
Will Smith (Home and Away), from Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Zac Drayson
Billy Smith, a character in Coronation Street
Music[edit]
William Smith (composer) (1603–1645), English composer from the city of Durham
Willie "The Lion" Smith (1893–1973), jazz pianist
Willie Smith (alto saxophonist) (1910–1967), jazz alto saxophonist
Bill Smith (jazz musician) (born 1926), folk jazz clarinetist, professor of music at the University of Washington
William and Versey Smith (fl. 1927), American husband and wife blues and gospel musicians
Barkin' Bill Smith (1928–2000), American Chicago blues singer
Willie "Big Eyes" Smith (1936–2011), blues drummer and singer
William "Smitty" Smith (1944–1997), keyboardist and session musician
Bill Smith (Canadian musician) (born 1938), Canadian record producer, musician, writer, editor
Major Bill Smith (1922–1994), American record producer and executive
Business[edit]
William Henry Smith (1792–1865), entrepreneur whose business was about both newsagents and book shops
William Henry Smith (1825–1891), son of the above, and politician
William Smith (businessman) (1818–1912), nurseryman and donor to Hobart and William Smith Colleges
William Wensley Smith (1887–1955), founder of W.W. Smith Insurance Ltd
William Reardon Smith (1856–1935), British shipowner
Willie Reardon Smith (1887–1950), British shipowner
Law and crime[edit]
William Smith (chief justice) (1728–1793), historian, Chief Justice of the Province of New York, and Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec and later Lower Canada
William Smith (judge) (1697–1769), father of John Smith, Doctor Thomas Smith, Joshua Hett Smith, and Chief Justice William Smith
Sir William Cusack-Smith, 2nd Baronet (1766–1836), baronet
William E. Smith (judge) (born 1959), judge on the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island
William Francis Smith (1904–1968), American judge
William Owen Smith (1848–1929), lawyer involved in overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
William "Tangier" Smith (1655–1705), Chief Justice of the Province of New York from 1692
William Kennedy Smith (born 1960), physician and Kennedy family scion who was acquitted of rape in 1991
William Smith (murderer) (1957–2005), executed by the State of Ohio in 2005
William Trickett Smith II (born c. 1981), American drug trafficker accused of murdering his wife in Peru in 2007
Military[edit]
William Smith (Royal Navy officer) (died 1756), served as Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station and rose to Rear Admiral
William Smith (Medal of Honor) (1838–1902), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
William Smith (Medal of Honor, 1869) (1838–?), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
William Smith (ship captain) (1768–1846), American ship captain and Revolutionary War veteran
William Danvers Smith, 2nd Viscount Hambleden (1868–1928), known as Frederick Smith, officer in the British Army
William Smith (Virginia governor) (1797–1887), Governor of Virginia (1846–1849, 1864–1865) and Confederate general
William Farrar Smith (1824–1903), Union Army general
William H. Smith (Medal of Honor) (1847–1877), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
William Osborne Smith (1833–1887), first Acting Commissioner of the North West Mounted Police
William Sooy Smith (1830–1916), American Civil War General
Sir Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer) (William Sidney Smith, 1764–1840), British admiral
William F. Smith (US Army Air Corps), piloted the US Army Air Corps B-25 Billy Mitchell Bomber that crashed into the Empire State Building
William D. Smith (born 1933), United States Navy admiral
William W. Smith (admiral), United States Navy admiral during World War II, see Battle of the Coral Sea order of battle
William Y. Smith (born 1925), United States Air Force general
William Watson Smith (1892–?), World War I flying ace
William Douglas Smith (1865–1939), British general
William Ruthven Smith (1868–1941), United States Army officer
William Duncan Smith (1825–1862), career United States Army officer
William Thomas Smith (1896–1994), World War I flying ace
William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade) (1854–1914), founder of the Boys' Brigade
William Smith (c. 1872–1941), Master of the SS Sauternes, English merchant seaman killed in World War II
Religion[edit]
William Smith (Minister) (died 1647), buried in the Prophet's Grave near Largs, North Ayrshire, Scotland
William Smith (father of Abigail Adams) (1707–1783), Congregationalist minister and father of Abigail Adams
William Smith (Latter Day Saints) (1811–1893), younger brother of Joseph Smith, Jr. and himself a Mormon leader
William Smith (bishop) (1819–1892), Catholic Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh
William R. Smith (Mormon) (1826–1894), Mormon leader in Davis County, Utah Territory
William Saumarez Smith (1836–1909), Anglican Bishop/Archbishop of Sydney
William Smith (Monsignor) (1939–2009), Catholic theologian
William Carr Smith (1857–1930), Church of England clergyman
William Angie Smith (1894–1974), Bishop of the Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church
Science and architecture[edit]
William Smith (geologist) (1769–1839), English geologist
William Wright Smith (1875–1956), Scottish botanist and horticulturalist
Bill Smith (Motorola engineer) (1929–1993), one of the creators of Six Sigma
William Smith (architect) (1817–1891), Scottish architect
W. Wheeler Smith (William Wheeler Smith, c. 1838–c. 1908), American architect and real estate developer
Politics[edit]
Australia[edit]
William Collard Smith (1830–1894), treasurer in colonial Victoria (Australia)
William Laird Smith (1869–1942), Australian representative for Denison, 1910–1922 and Minister for the Navy, 1920–1921
William Forgan Smith (1887–1953), Premier of the Australian state of Queensland, 1932–1942
Canada[edit]
William Smith (Nova Scotia politician) (died 1779), merchant, judge and politician in Nova Scotia
Amor De Cosmos (William Alexander Smith, 1825–1897), Premier of British Columbia
William Smith (Canadian politician) (1847–1931), member of Canadian House of Commons 1887–1921
William Haslam Smith (born 1891), businessman and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
Bill Smith (Alberta politician) (born 1935), former mayor of Edmonton
New Zealand[edit]
William Mein Smith (1798–1869), key actor in the early settlement of New Zealand's capital city, Wellington
William Cowper Smith (1843–1911), Liberal Party Member of Parliament in New Zealand
United Kingdom[edit]
William Goldsmith alias Smith (died 1517), MP for Gloucester
William Smith (fl. 1553/54), MP for Newport (Cornwall)
William Smith (died 1591), MP for Wells
William Smith (MP for Aylesbury) (1568–1620), MP for Aylesbury, 1604
William Smith (surveyor), fl 1726
William Smith (abolitionist) (1756–1835), grandfather of Florence Nightingale, dissenter and British MP
William Smith (Ordnance) (1721–1803), of Chichester, UK, Treasurer of the Ordnance
William Henry Smith (1825–1891), MP and Cabinet Minister (First Lord of the Admiralty, War Secretary)
William Smith (1849–1913), Member of Parliament for North Lonsdale, 1892–1895
William Masters Smith (died 1861), Member of Parliament for West Kent
William Smith (MP for Ripon), MP for Ripon
William Smith (loyalist) (1954–2016), Northern Irish loyalist politician
William Smith, 3rd Viscount Hambleden (1903–1948), British peer
William Smith, 4th Viscount Hambleden (1930–2012), British peer
United States[edit]
William Smith (Maryland) (1728–1814), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland (1789–1791)
William Smith (New York state senator) (1720–1799), New York politician and judge
William Smith (Oregon politician), Oregon state senator (1890s)
William Smith (South Carolina representative) (1751–1837), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina (1797–1798)
William Smith (South Carolina senator) (1762–1840), U.S. senator from South Carolina (1815–1830)
William Smith (Virginia governor) (1797–1887), Governor of Virginia (1846–1849, 1864–1865) and Confederate general
William Smith (Virginia representative), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia (1821–1827)
William Alden Smith (1859–1932), member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1895–1906) and Senator (1905–1918) from Michigan
William Alexander Smith (politician) (1828–1888), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1873–1874)
William E. Smith (1824–1883), Governor of Wisconsin (1878–1882)
William C. Smith Jr. (1982–), Maryland State legislator
William Ephraim Smith (1829–1890), member of the Confederate (1863–1865) and U.S. (1875–1881) House of Representatives from Georgia
William Ernest Smith (1890–1973), mayor of Murray, Utah, 1946–1947
William French Smith (1917–1990), U.S. Attorney General (1981–1985)
William Grover Smith (1857–1921), Lieutenant Governor of Colorado, 1889–1891
William Hugh Smith (1826–1899), Governor of Alabama (1868–1870)
William Jay Smith (Tennessee politician) (1823–1913), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee
William L. Smith (barber) (1878–?), Socialist barber from Milwaukee who served three terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly
William Loughton Smith (1758–1812), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina (1789–1798)
William Lyman Smith (1878–?), telephone businessman who served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly and two in the Wisconsin State Senate
William M. Smith, Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives
William Nathan Harrell Smith (1812–1889), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1859–1860)
William Orlando Smith (1859–1932), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (1903–1906)
William R. Smith (Mormon) (1826–1894), member of the Utah Territory House of Representatives
William Robert Smith (1863–1924), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1903–1916)
William Rudolph Smith (1787–1868), politician in the states of Pennsylvania and Wisconsin
William Russell Smith (1815–1896), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama (1851–1856)
William Stephens Smith (1755–1816), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York (1813–1816) and son-in-law of President John Adams
William T. Smith (1916–2010), member of the New York State Senate
Sports[edit]
American football[edit]
Bill Smith (American football) (1912–1999), American football end
Billy Ray Smith Jr. (born 1961), American football player
Billy Ray Smith Sr. (1935–2001), American football player
Willie Smith (American football coach) (born 1931), 12th head college football coach for the North Carolina Central University Eagles
Wee Willie Smith (American football) (1910–1996), American football player
Willie Smith (offensive tackle, born 1937) (born 1937), former American football player
Willie Smith (tight end) (born 1964), American football tight end
Willie Smith (offensive tackle, born 1986) (born 1986), American football offensive tackle
Will Smith (defensive end) (1981–2016), American football defensive end
Will Smith (linebacker, born 1992) (born 1992), American football linebacker
Baseball[edit]
Bill Smith (baseball manager), National Association player-manager for the Baltimore Marylands
Bill Smith (baseball executive) (born 1958), Minnesota Twins general manager
Billy Smith (right-handed pitcher) (1861–1928), American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1886
Bill Smith (left-handed pitcher) (1934–1997), American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1958–59; 1962
Bill Smith (outfielder) (1865–1886), American baseball outfielder for the 1884 Cleveland Blues
Big Bill Smith (1869–?), Negro Leagues baseball catcher and manager
Billy Smith (second baseman) (born 1953), American infielder in Major League Baseball, 1975–79; 1981
Billy Smith (pitcher) (born 1954), American pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1981
Billy Smith (baseball, born 1930), American minor league first baseman and manager and Major League coach and scout
Willie Smith (pitcher) (born 1967), American pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1994
Willie Smith (outfielder) (1939–2006), American outfielder in Major League Baseball, 1963–1971
Will Smith (baseball) (born 1989), American pitcher in Major League Baseball
Will Smith (catcher) (born 1995), American baseball catcher
Basketball[edit]
Wee Willie Smith (1911–1992), American basketball player
William Smith (basketball, born 1949), American basketball player
Willie Smith (basketball) (born 1953), American professional basketball player
Bill Smith (basketball, born 1939), American basketball player
Cricket[edit]
William Smith (cricketer, born 1900) (1900–1990), English cricketer
William Smith (cricketer, born 1902) (1902–1937), Scottish cricketer
William Smith (cricketer, born 1839) (1839–1897), first class cricketer for Yorkshire
William Smith (cricketer, born 1882) (1882–?), English cricketer
Will Smith (cricketer) (born 1982), English cricketer
Bill Smith (cricketer) (born 1937), former English cricketer
William Smith (Kent cricketer) (1819–1883), English cricketer
William Smith (Somerset cricketer) (1871–1946), English cricketer
Willie Smith (cricketer) (1885–1964), English cricketer
William Brook-Smith (1885-1952), New Zealand cricketer
Football[edit]
Buxton Smith (William Smith), English footballer with Buxton and Manchester City
Stockport Smith (William Smith), English footballer with Stockport and Manchester United
William Smith (footballer, born 1865) (1865–?), English goalkeeper with Burnley
William Smith (footballer, born 1868) (1868–1907), English footballer with Lincoln City, Loughborough, Notts County and Nottingham Forest
William Smith (footballer, born 1886) (1886–?), footballer with Bradford City and Stoke
William Smith (Scottish footballer), footballer with Hibernian
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1885) (1885–?), English footballer with Brentford, Southampton and Halifax Town
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897), English footballer with Durham City and York City
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1906) (1906–1979), English footballer with Norwich City and Exeter City
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1926) (1926–2014), English footballer with Birmingham City and Blackburn Rovers
Bill Smith (footballer, born 1938), Scottish footballer with Raith Rovers and Darlington
Billy Smith (footballer, born 1882) (1882–?), English footballer for West Bromwich Albion and Birmingham
Billy Smith (footballer, born 1895) (1895–1951), English footballer with Huddersfield Town
Billy Smith (footballer, born 1900), English footballer with Hartlepool United, Huddersfield Town and Rochdale
William Smith (footballer, born 1903), English footballer
Willie Smith (footballer, born 1943), Scottish footballer with Brentford
Willie Smith (footballer, born 1948), English footballer with Wimbledon
Billy Smith (Australian footballer) (1894–1953), played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League
Bill Smith (Australian rules footballer) (1936–2010), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
Rugby[edit]
Bill Smith, Australian rugby footballer in the Bulimba Cup
William Smith (rugby union) (1881–1945), New Zealand rugby union player
Billy Smith (rugby league) (born 1942), Australian rugby league player
Will Smith (rugby league) (born 1992), Australian rugby league player
Other sports[edit]
Mysterious Billy Smith (1871–1937), Canadian boxer
William Alexander Smith (boxer) (1904–1955), South African boxer of the 1920s
Billy Smith (ice hockey) (born 1950), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
William Smith (roller hockey) in England national rink hockey team
Billy Dee Smith (born 1982), professional lacrosse player
William Smith (field hockey) (1886–1937), British field hockey player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics
William Smith (cyclist) (1893–1958), South African Olympic cyclist
Bill Smith (motorcyclist), former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer
D. William Smith (Speedy Bill Smith), sprint car driver
Willie Smith (hurdler) (born 1977), Namibian track and field hurdler
Willie Smith (sprinter) (born 1956), American former 400 metres runner
Bill Smith (fell runner) (1936–2011), fell runner and author on the sport
William Smith (swimmer) (1924–2013), two-time gold medalist in the 1948 Olympic games
William Smith (wrestler) (born 1928), 1952 Olympic gold medalist
Willie Smith (golfer) (1876–1916), Scottish golfer
Willie Smith (billiards player) (1886–1982), English professional player of snooker and English billiards
William Smith (sport shooter) (1877–1953), Canadian Olympic sport shooter
Bill Smith (poker player) (died 1997), professional poker player
Other persons[edit]
William Smith (shearer) (1896–1947), perhaps the most skilled sheep-shearer in the first half of the 20th century
William Smith (mariner) (c. 1775–1847), British mariner and discoverer of the South Shetland Islands
William Smith (priest), 18th century Scottish priest
William Smith (registrar) (1816–1895), Ghanaian civil servant
William Walter Smith (1852–1942), New Zealand gardener, naturalist and conservationist
William Wragg Smith (1808–1875), American planter, lawyer, naturalist, translator and poet
Other uses[edit]
William Smith College, in Geneva, New York
See also[edit]
Will Smith
W. Smith (rugby league), Australian rugby league player
William Smyth (disambiguation)
William Smythe (disambiguation)
Willard Smith (disambiguation)
All pages beginning with "William Smith"
All pages with a title containing William Smith
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title William Smith.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Smith&oldid=818019612"
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