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Ready Player One
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This article is about the novel by Ernest Cline. For the film based on the novel, see Ready Player One (film).
Ready Player One
First edition cover
Author
Ernest Cline
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
LitRPG, Science fiction, dystopian
Publisher
Random House
Publication date
August 16, 2011
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback), e-book, audiobook
Pages
385
ISBN
978-0307887436
Ready Player One is a 2011 LitRPG science fiction novel, and the debut novel of American author Ernest Cline. The story, set in a dystopian 2040s, follows protagonist Wade Watts on his search for an Easter egg in a worldwide virtual reality game, the discovery of which will lead him to inherit the game creator's fortune. Cline sold the rights to publish the novel in June 2010, in a bidding war to the Crown Publishing Group (a division of Random House).[1] The book was published on August 16, 2011.[2] An audiobook was released the same day; it was narrated by Wil Wheaton, who was mentioned briefly in one of the chapters.[3][4]Ch. 20 In 2012, the book received an Alex Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association division of the American Library Association[5] and won the 2012 Prometheus Award.[6]
A film adaptation, screenwritten by Cline and Zak Penn and directed by Steven Spielberg, was released on March 29, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Setting
1.2 Plot
2 Characters
3 Reception
4 Spin-offs and sequels
4.1 Short story
4.2 Sequel novel
5 In other media
5.1 Easter egg hunt promotion
5.2 Film adaptation
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Setting[edit]
In the 2040s,[7] the world has been gripped by an energy crisis from the depletion of fossil fuels and the consequences of global warming, and overpopulation, causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation. To escape the decline their world is facing, people turn to the OASIS,[a] a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves. It functions both as an MMORPG and as a virtual society, with its currency being the most stable in the real world. It was created by James Halliday who, when he died, had announced in his will to the public that he had left an Easter egg inside OASIS, and the first person to find it would inherit his entire fortune and the corporation. The story follows the adventures of Wade Watts, starting about five years after the announcement, when he discovers one of the three keys pointing to the treasure.
Plot[edit]
Teenager Wade Watts lives with his aunt in Oklahoma City[8] in the "stacks", a poverty-stricken district constructed of trailer homes piled on top of each other. He spends his spare time as a "gunter" ("egg hunter"), logging on to the OASIS as an avatar under the moniker Parzival, reading Halliday's journal Anorak's Almanac, and researching details of the 1980s pop culture, mainly classic video games and movies, that Halliday loved. One day, he realizes that the first key is located on the same virtual world as his own online high school, in a re-creation of the Dungeons & Dragons module Tomb of Horrors. He meets Art3mis, a famous female gunter and blogger who has been exploring the place, and advances further than she does when he defeats the AI Acererak at the video game Joust. He is awarded the Copper Key, and Parzival appears on the "Scoreboard", attracting the world's attention.
Parzival completes the gate's puzzles by playing through the Dungeons of Daggorath video game and then role-playing Matthew Broderick's character in the film WarGames. Art3mis clears the gate shortly afterwards, as does Wade's friend Aech. Wade’s fame enables him to make a living by endorsing virtual products. It also brings him to the attention of Nolan Sorrento, head of operations at Innovative Online Industries (IOI), a multinational corporation bent on taking control of the OASIS and monetizing it through a well-funded effort to find the Easter Egg. When Wade refuses to join IOI, Sorrento attempts to kill him by blowing up the stacks where Wade lives, disguising the explosion as a meth lab accident.
Wade escapes Oklahoma City and moves to Columbus, Ohio, where he lies low, assuming the pseudonym Bryce Lynch and living in an anonymous apartment designed for hardcore OASIS users. He considers an alliance with Aech, Art3mis, and Daito and Shoto, two Japanese gunters who have also earned the Copper Key. Instead, he and Art3mis begin a wary friendship, but when he asks her out, Art3mis declines. IOI operatives, called Sixers, attempt to assassinate Wade and Art3mis at the birthday party of OASIS co-founder Ogden Morrow. They are stopped by Morrow, who has special privileges and powers within the OASIS. Five months pass. Neither Wade nor anyone else has found the next token, the Jade Key.
When Art3mis finds the Jade Key, Parzival scrambles to planet Archaide, where he plays a perfect game of Pac-Man, receiving only a quarter as a prize. Aech provides a hint leading him to the planet Frobozz where he solves the text adventure game Zork. Sorrento, who had tracked Art3mis and Aech using a premium locator artifact, establishes a base there to farm their company's avatars with keys, and unlocks the second Gate and acquires the Jade Key. Shoto tells Parzival that the Sixers infiltrated Daito's real-life apartment and threw him out of the building, killing him.
Parzival unlocks the Jade Gate, a Voight-Kampff machine in the Blade Runner universe, and completes the arcade game Black Tiger as a character from the first-person shooter perspective. Using his knowledge of Rush, he acquires the Crystal Key, and after playing "Discovery", the third movement from the title track of their album "2112", finds a clue regarding the conditions to unlock the final gate. As he messages Art3mis, Aech, and Shoto with his solution, Sorrento ends their covert attempts to clear the third gate, Castle Anorak, and places a force field around it.
Wade manipulates his assumed identity in order to be arrested and placed in indentured servitude in IOI's tech support department. While inside IOI, he uses black market passwords and security exploits to hack into IOI's intranet: he acquires a wealth of information, including footage of Daito's murder. The information also includes the attempt on his own life, as well as plans to kill Shoto and Art3mis in real life. After escaping the corporation, he shares his information with his friends and publicizes a gathering of avatars to storm the castle. They are interrupted by Ogden Morrow, who offers them a safe haven at his home in Oregon. Wade meets the real-life Aech and Ogden, but not Art3mis and Shoto, who are already hooked into Ogden's immersion pods.
The day of the battle, Wade uses his planted hack to bring down the barricade, and a massive fight among avatars ensues. After Parzival uses the giant robot Leopardon to fight against Sorrento's Mechagodzilla Kiryu, Parzival and friends unlock the gate, at which point the Sixers use an artifact called the Cataclyst to destroy the castle and all avatars over a large area. Parzival survives because having the Pac-Man quarter granted him an extra life. As he enters the Crystal Gate, he announces that if he wins he will share his fortune with his three friends. With Sorrento and his Sixers on his heels, Parzival plays Tempest, role-plays King Arthur and various characters in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, and retrieves the Easter egg in Adventure. His victory grants him control of the OASIS, including wiping out his enemies' avatars, resurrecting his friends, and a Big Red Button that would wipe OASIS. Sorrento is arrested for the murder of Daito and for conspiring to kill Wade and the others. Back in Oregon, Wade and Art3mis meet in person and rekindle their relationship with a kiss.
Characters[edit]
Wade Owen Watts a.k.a. Parzival: the viewpoint character, an orphan from the "stacks" surrounding metropolitan Oklahoma City. Wade names his OASIS character Parzival after the Arthurian knight involved in the quest for the holy grail, and dedicates his life to finding James Halliday's Easter egg. He is 18 years old when he finds the Copper Key in the prologue of the book. His username at the virtual high school he attends is Wade3.[b] Wade's character was based on a mix of Cline as well as his geek friends.[9]
James Donovan Halliday a.k.a. Anorak: creator of OASIS. A big fan of 1980s culture, he announces in his will his plans to leave his entire fortune to whoever can find his Easter egg that he had hidden in OASIS. His character was initially inspired by Willy Wonka who Cline described as a "rich eccentric holding a fantastic contest". Cline used the personalities of Howard Hughes and Richard Garriott, and placed Halliday's birth year around the same as his own so that his pop culture interests would coincide with Cline's "and the other middle-aged uber geeks I know".[10][9]
Aech (pronounced like the letter H):Ch. 33 Wade's best friend, fellow gunter, and rival in the quest to find the egg. Aech's specialty is in PvP and first-person shooter games, and is one of the top combatants on OASIS. Although Aech's avatar is an athletic Caucasian heterosexual male,p. 38-39 Aech is played by an African-American lesbian named Helen Harris, who grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and is about the same age as Wade.Ch. 33 Aech is based partly on Cline's friend Harry Knowles as well as himself and other geeks, both men and women.[9]
Art3mis: a famous female gunter and blogger. Wade has a huge cyber-crush on her, which is complicated by their competition in search of the egg.p. 35 She chose her avatar's name from the Greek goddess of the hunt.[c] Like other characters, Cline based Art3mis on himself and other geeks, both men and women.[9] Her real name is Samantha Evelyn Cook from Vancouver, British Columbia and she has a port-wine stain on her face.Ch. 30
Ogden "Og" Morrow: Co-creator of the OASIS and best friend of James Halliday. They founded the video game company Gregarious Games, where he would handle the business operations, and which would later become Gregarious Simulation Systems (GSS), the company that launched OASIS.p. 54-56 His appearance and personality are described as being "a cross between Albert Einstein and Santa Claus." Concerned that people were using it to escape reality, he quits GSS and works on educational software with his wife Kira until her death. His relationship with Halliday deteriorated, and the two men remained estranged until before Halliday's death, when he is entrusted with ensuring that the hunt goes smoothly and without cheating.Ch. 32-33 Ogden lives in Oregon and owns a set of advanced OASIS consoles and immersion rigs, and is able to monitor everyone in the OASIS, even in private chat rooms.Ch. 12, 32-33 He rarely appears in public, and only shows up on the OASIS once a year on his birthday, where he assumes the avatar of the Great and Powerful Og. Ogden's character and relationship with Halliday was inspired by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with Morrow being more like Jobs as a "charismatic tech leader".[10][11]
Daito: one of the two Japanese gunters who rise to the top of the scoreboard early on in the hunt, working in a team with "brother", Shoto. The pair have a generally tense, but not unfriendly relationship with Aech, and Art3mis, They are closer to Parzival, and work together on quests unrelated to the hunt. They are based on otaku: Japanese geeks who enjoy movies and anime, as well as hikikomori: people who live as recluses inside their family's homes.[9] Daito's real name is revealed to be Toshiro Yoshiaki after he is killed by the IOI.
Shoto: the second and younger of the two Japanese gunters working as a team in their quest for the egg.p. 129 Shoto's real name is Akihide Karatsu.p. 292 Following the death of his partner, Shoto collaborates with Art3mis, Aech and Wade to finish the hunt.
Nolan Sorrento: the head of operations at Innovative Online Industries (IOI), the multinational corporation that serves as an Internet service provider for most of the world, and that plans to take over and monetize the OASIS. Sorrento is head of IOI's Oology division, which is dedicated to searching for Halliday's Easter egg.p. 33 His avatar name is IOI-655321, after his employee number.Ch. 14, 16 IOI employees in the division are nicknamed Sixers, after their six-digit employee numbers that also begin with the number 6.p. 33 Cline said that he named Sorrento after Nolan Bushnell, founder of the video game company Atari, and said, "Not that I think Nolan is a bad guy, or anything. It’s meant as a subtle tribute!"[12]
Reception[edit]
Ready Player One was a New York Times bestseller.[13][14][15] Among those praising the book were Entertainment Weekly, The Boston Globe, The A.V. Club, CNN.com, io9, and Boing Boing. USA Today wrote that the novel "undoubtedly qualifies Cline as the hottest geek on the planet right now."[16] NPR said that the book was "ridiculously fun and large-hearted". Cline "takes a far-out premise and engages the reader instantly" with a "deeply felt narrative [that] makes it almost impossible to stop turning the pages."[17] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that "The book gets off to a witty start" but noted that it lacks at least one dimension, stating that gaming had overwhelmed everything else about this book.[18] Rebecca Serle of HuffPost described the book as "the grown-up's Harry Potter" and that it "has it all – nostalgia, trivia, adventure, romance, heart and, dare I say it, some very fascinating social commentary."[19]
The book has been translated into over 20 languages.[20]
In an interview with Fortune, Cline said that his book had inspired designers at companies such as Oculus VR which recommended the book for their new employees.[21][22] Oculus has also invited Cline several times to sign books and demo hardware.[23]
Spin-offs and sequels[edit]
Short story[edit]
Lacero, a fan-fiction story by Andy Weir, was published in the 2016 edition of Ready Player One. It follows the story of Nolan Sorrento and functions as a precursor to the main novel, and is considered canonical to the Ready Player One fictional universe.[24][25][26]
Sequel novel[edit]
In 2015, in an interview with Den of Geek, screenwriter Zak Penn reported that Cline was working on a sequel to the novel.[27] In December 2017, Cline himself confirmed he is writing a sequel.[28]
In other media[edit]
Easter egg hunt promotion[edit]
Ten months after the first edition release, Cline revealed on his blog that Ready Player One itself contained an elaborately hidden Easter egg. This clue would form the first part of a series of staged video gaming tests, similar to the plot of the novel. Cline also revealed that the competition's grand prize would be a DeLorean.[29] The game Ultimate Collector: Garage Sale by Austin-based developer Portalarium was featured in one part of the contest.[30][31] The final stage of the contest was announced on August 1, 2012, and was to set a world record on one of several classic arcade or Atari 2600 games. This was completed on August 9, 2012 by Craig Queen, who set a new world record in Joust. He was awarded the DeLorean on the TV show X-Play.[32]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Ready Player One (film)
The film rights were purchased by Warner Bros. on the same day Cline finalized his publishing deal with Random House, one year prior to the novel's publication. Dan Farah brought the project into the studio and is producing it with Donald De Line. Cline adapted his novel into a screenplay.[33] Over the years, Eric Eason and Zak Penn assisted Cline with rewrites.[34]
Steven Spielberg signed on to direct in March 2015.[35] Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger of Amblin Partners also joined Deline and Farah as producers. Warner Bros. initially announced a release date of December 15, 2017.[36] On February 9, 2016, the release date was pushed back to March 30, 2018, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[37] The movie began production in the spring of 2016 and was filmed in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
On June 9, 2016, Variety stated that Spielberg's regular collaborator John Williams was planning on composing the film's score.[38] However, scheduling conflicts with another Spielberg film, The Post, led to Spielberg signing Alan Silvestri for the score.
The film stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, Simon Pegg, Hannah John-Kamen and Mark Rylance. It premiered at South by Southwest on March 11, 2018, and was theatrically released by Warner Bros. in the United States on March 29, 2018. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its visuals and brisk pacing, and noting it an improvement over the book, though criticism for the lack of character development and "achingly regressive" view of pop culture fans.[39][40]
See also[edit]
Simulated reality
Simulated reality in fiction
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ OASIS is an acronym for Ontologically Anthropocentric Sensory Immersive Simulationp. 48
Jump up ^ In OASIS, the students are required to use their real name when attending school, plus a number for name duplicates. For example, Wade Watts goes by Wade3, and there is another student named Todd13. p. 29-30
Jump up ^ Art3mis chose the leet spelling as her username because the original spelling was already taken.p. 93
^ The terms "Ch.." and "p." are shortened forms for chapter and page, and refer to chapters and pages in the Ready Player One novel in its first American edition.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] Archived November 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One by Ernest Cline". Random House Publishers. 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ McWeeny, Drew (August 16, 2011). "Review: 'Ready Player One' is the geek book event of the year: Ernie Cline's first novel offers nostalgia, the future, and a gamer's dream". HitFix.
Jump up ^ "You want to accept Anorak's Invitation. Trust me. -". wilwheaton.net. August 15, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "YALSA's Alex Awards". American Library Association. 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Libertarian Futurist Society. "PROMETHEUS AWARD WINNERS ANNOUNCED". Retrieved July 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Newitz, Annalee. "Read the first two chapters of Ernest Cline's new novel, Ready Player One". gizmodo.com. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Poppe, Nathan (February 1, 2018). "Why isn't Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' movie set in OKC?". NewsOK. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sims, Tony (June 22, 2011). "A Few Minutes With Fanboys Writer Ernest Cline on Ready Player One". Wired.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Lord British Inspired Anorak | Ernie's Blog". Ernestcline.com. October 19, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bilton, Nick. "One on One: Ernest Cline, Author of 'Ready Player One'". nytimes.com. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Geek Genius Behind Ready Player One: An Interview With Ernest Cline". warpzoned.com. September 23, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction: Sunday, September 11th 2011". September 11, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Paperback Trade Fiction Books - Best Sellers - July 1, 2012 - The New York Times". nytimes.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paperback Trade Fiction Books - Best Sellers - December 25, 2016 - The New York Times". nytimes.com. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. August 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schaub, Michael (August 22, 2011). "'Player One': A Winning, Geeked-Out Page-Turner". NPR. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (August 14, 2011). "'Ready Player One' by Ernest Cline – Review". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Author, Rebecca Serle; Mine, When You Were; Falling, The Edge of; Love, Famous in (August 17, 2011). "'Ready Player One': An Interview with Author Ernest Cline". HuffPost. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One". ernestcline.com. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How Ready Player One author Ernest Cline inspired Oculus VR". fortune.com. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brogan, Jacob (July 14, 2015). ""Imagining the Future Is Dangerous"". Retrieved February 14, 2017 – via Slate.
Jump up ^ "Facebook gives its Oculus employees a dystopian sci-fi book to get them excited about building the future". businessinsider.com. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lacero". galactanet.com. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brock Wilbur (March 28, 2016). "How 'The Martian' Impacted the 'Ready Player One' Movie". INverse.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain. "The Author of The Martian Wrote Ready Player One Fan Fiction, and Now It's Canon". gizmodo.com. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sequel citations:
"Ernie Cline Reportedly Writing Ready Player One Sequel". slashfilm.com. January 16, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
"Ready Player One Is Getting A Sequel". cinemablend.com. January 16, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
"READY PLAYER ONE Sequel Rumored To Be In The Works - Nerdist". nerdist.com. January 25, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Knight, Jacob (December 12, 2017). "Ernie Cline Penning A Sequel Novel To READY PLAYER ONE". birthmoviesdeath.com. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Three Hidden Keys Open Three Secret Gates | Ernie's Blog". Ernestcline.com. June 5, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Contest Winners Level Up In The Ready Player One Easter Egg Hunt". Giant Freakin Robot.
Jump up ^ "For Ernest Cline, author of Ready Player One, success is measured in DeLoreans and geeked-out fans". venturebeat.com. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player —One Author Ernest Cline Gives Away a DeLorean on X-Play". g4tv.com. August 30, 2012. Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (June 18, 2010). "Warner Bros and De Line Pictures Win Book Auction For 'Ready Player One'". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 13, 2010). "Eason to rewrite 'Player' script". Variety. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (March 25, 2015). "Steven Spielberg To Direct Sci-Fi Cult Favorite 'Ready Player One'; Back At Warner Bros". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zumberge, Marianne. "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Slated for 2017 Release".
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (February 9, 2016). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Pushed Back to Avoid 'Star Wars: Episode VIII'". Variety. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (June 9, 2016). "AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes". Variety. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jagneaux, David (March 13, 2018). "Ready Player One Movie Review Roundup: Another Spielberg Classic?". UploadVR. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Casey, Henry T. (March 14, 2018). "Ready Player One Review Roundup: Pretty, Flawed". Tom’s Guide. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ready Player One
Ready Player One title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Official Tumblr
Excerpts from the book from Scribd
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ready_Player_One&oldid=837659925"
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text:
Alveolar process
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Alveolar process
Left maxilla. Outer surface. (Alveolar process visible at bottom.)
Cartilages of the nose, seen from below. (Alveolar process of maxilla visible at bottom.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Processus alveolaris
Dorlands
/Elsevier
p_34/12667282
TA
A02.1.12.035
FMA
52897
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The alveolar process (/ælˈviːələr/[1]) (alveolar bone) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets (dental alveoli) on bones that hold teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxillae and the mandible.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Features
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Developmental disturbances
2.2 Pathology
3 Additional images
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
On the maxillae, the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface, and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface. It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae.
The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament (PDL), which is called the lamina dura when viewed on radiographs. It is this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament. It is uniformly radiopaque (or lighter). Integrity of the lamina dura is important when studying radiographs for pathological lesions.
The alveolar bone or process is divided into the alveolar bone proper and the supporting alveolar bone. Microscopically, both the alveolar bone proper and the supporting alveolar bone have the same components: fibers, cells, intercellular substances, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
The alveolar bone proper is the lining of the tooth socket or alveolus (plural, alveoli). Although the alveolar bone proper is composed of compact bone, it may be called the cribriform plate because it contains numerous holes where Volkmann canals pass from the alveolar bone into the PDL. The alveolar bone proper is also called bundle bone[citation needed] because Sharpey fibers, a part of the fibers of the PDL, are inserted here. Similar to those of the cemental surface, Sharpey fibers in alveolar bone proper are each inserted at 90 degrees, or at a right angle, but are fewer in number, although thicker in diameter than those present in cementum. As in cellular cementum, Sharpey fibers in bone are generally mineralized only partially at their periphery.
The alveolar crest is the most cervical rim of the alveolar bone proper. In a healthy situation, the alveolar crest is slightly apical to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) by approximately 1.5 to 2 mm.[2] The alveolar crests of neighboring teeth are also uniform in height along the jaw in healthy situation.[3]
The supporting alveolar bone consists of both cortical bone and trabecular bone. The cortical bone, or cortical plates, consists of plates of compact bone on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone. These cortical plates are usually about 1.5 to 3 mm thick over posterior teeth, but the thickness is highly variable around anterior teeth.[2] The trabecular bone consists of cancellous bone that is located between the alveolar bone proper and the plates of cortical bone. The alveolar bone between two neighboring teeth is the interdental septum (or interdental bone).[3]
Features[edit]
The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly calcium hydroxyapatite, which is similar to that found in higher percentages in both enamel and dentin, but is most similar to the levels in cementum (50%). Like all bone, mature alveolar bone is by weight 60% mineralized or inorganic material, 25% organic material, and 15% water. The minerals of potassium, manganese, magnesium, silica, iron, zinc, selenium, boron, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, and others are also present but in smaller amounts. Alveolar bone is more easily remodeled than cementum, thus allowing orthodontic tooth movement. When viewing a stained histological section, the remodeled alveolar bone shows arrest lines and reversal lines, as does all bone tissue.[3]
Clinical significance[edit]
Developmental disturbances[edit]
The developmental disturbance of anodontia (or hypodontia, if only one tooth), in which tooth germs are congenitally absent, may affect the development of the alveolar processes. This occurrence can prevent the alveolar processes of either the maxillae or the mandible from developing. Proper development is impossible because the alveolar unit of each dental arch must form in response to the tooth germs in the area.[3]
Pathology[edit]
After extraction of a tooth, the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone, which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone. However, with the loss of teeth, a patient becomes edentulous, either partially or completely, and the alveolar bone undergoes resorption. The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected, however, because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable. The loss of alveolar bone, coupled with attrition of the teeth, causes a loss of height of the lower third of the vertical dimension of the face when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation. The extent of this loss is determined based on clinical judgment using the Golden Proportions.[3]
The density of the alveolar bone in a given area also determines the route that dental infection takes with abscess formation, as well as the efficacy of local infiltration during the use of local anesthesia. In addition, the differences in alveolar process density determine the easiest and most convenient areas of bony fracture to be used, if needed during tooth extraction of impacted teeth.[3]
During chronic periodontal disease that has affected the periodontium (periodontitis), localized bone tissue is also lost.
Additional images[edit]
This X-ray film reveals some bone loss on the right side of the mandible. The associated teeth exhibit poor crown-to-root ratios and may be subject to secondary occlusal trauma.
Alveolar process
Alveolar process of maxilla
Alveolar process of mandible
See also[edit]
Dental alveolus
Periodontium
Periodontal disease
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Entry "alveolar" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
^ Jump up to: a b c Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 219
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 176
External links[edit]
Photo of model at Waynesburg College skeleton/alveolarprocess
"Anatomy diagram: 34256.000-1". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01.
Diagram at case.edu
[show]
v
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Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth (Periodontology)
Anatomy
Periodontium
Alveolar bone
Biologic width
Bundle bone
Cementum
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Gingival fibers
Gingival sulcus
Junctional epithelium
Mucogingival junction
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Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
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Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions
Infection
A. actinomycetemcomitans
Capnocytophaga sp.
F. nucleatum
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T. forsythia
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Important personalities
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Endodontology
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[show]
v
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The facial skeleton of the skull
Maxilla
Surfaces
Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa)
Infraorbital foramen
Anterior nasal spine
Infratemporal: Alveolar canals
Maxillary tuberosity
Orbital: Infraorbital groove
Infraorbital canal
Nasal: Greater palatine canal
Processes
Zygomatic process
Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest)
Alveolar process
Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine)
Other
Body of maxilla
Maxillary sinus
Zygomatic
Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital)
Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal)
Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial)
Palatine
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Pterygopalatine fossa
Pterygoid fossa
Plates
Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine)
Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen)
Processes
Pyramidal
Orbital
Sphenoidal
Mandible
Body
external surface (Mandibular symphysis, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal)
internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea)
Alveolar part
Ramus
Mylohyoid groove
Mandibular canal
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Angle
Coronoid process
Mandibular notch
Condyloid process
Pterygoid fovea
Nose
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Internasal suture
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Inferior nasal concha
Ethmoidal process
Maxillary process
Vomer
Wing
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text:
Guano Islands Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Guano Islands Act (11 Stat. 119, enacted August 18, 1856, codified at 48 U.S.C. ch. 8 §§ 1411-1419) is a United States federal law passed by the U.S. Congress that enables citizens of the United States to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of another government. It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States in these territories.
Whenever any citizen of the United States discovers a deposit of guano on any island, rock, or key, not within the lawful jurisdiction of any other Government, and not occupied by the citizens of any other Government, and takes peaceable possession thereof, and occupies the same, such island, rock, or key may, at the discretion of the President, be considered as appertaining to the United States.
—  Section 1 of the Guano Islands Act
The Act continues to be part of the law of the United States. The most recent Guano Islands Act claim was made to Navassa Island, however, the claim was discarded because an American court ruled the island was already under American jurisdiction (a claim Haiti disputes).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Criminal jurisdiction
3 Claims
4 Disputed claims
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the 1840s, guano came to be prized as a source of saltpeter for gunpowder as well as an agricultural fertilizer. The United States began importing it in 1843 through New York. By the early 1850s, the U.K. imported over 200,000 tons a year, and U.S. imports totaled about 760,000 tons.[2] The "guano mania" of the 1850s led to high prices in an oligopolistic market, attempts of price control, fear of resource exhaustion, and eventually the enactment of the Guano Islands Act 1856 in August 1856.[3] The Act enables U.S. citizens to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano for the U.S., and empowering the President to send in armed military to intervene. This encouraged American entrepreneurs to search and exploit new deposits on tiny islands and reefs in the Caribbean and in the Pacific.
This is the beginning of the concept of insular areas in U.S. territories. Up to this time, any territory acquired by the U.S. was considered to have become an integral part of the country unless changed by treaty and eventually to have the opportunity to become a state of the Union. With insular areas, land could be held by the federal government without the prospect of its ever becoming a state in the Union.
Criminal jurisdiction[edit]
Section 6 provides that criminal acts on or adjacent to these territories "shall be deemed committed on the high seas, on board a merchant ship or vessel belonging to the United States; and shall be punished according to the laws of the United States relating to such ships or vessels and offenses on the high seas..."[4] The provision was considered and ruled constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202 (1890).
Claims[edit]
More than 100 islands have been claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act, but most claims have been withdrawn. The Act specifically allows the islands to be considered possessions of the U.S., but it also provides that the U.S. is not obliged to retain possession after guano is exhausted. On the other hand, it also does not say that the U.S. cannot retain possession though the guano is exhausted.
The Act does not specify what the status of the territory is after it is abandoned by private U.S. interests.
The islands still claimed by the United States under the Act are:
Baker Island[5]
Howland Island[5]
Jarvis Island[5]
Johnston Atoll[5]
Kingman Reef/Danger Rock[5]
Midway Atoll[6]
Navassa Island[5] (claimed by Haiti)
Bajo Nuevo Bank[5] (disputed with Colombia)
Serranilla Bank[5] (disputed with Colombia)
Swains Island (part of American Samoa; no evidence that guano was mined)[7]
Disputed claims[edit]
The claim by the United States under the Guano Act of 1856 to a number of islands are subject to territorial disputes. In most cases, the dispute stems from attempts by a state to expand its exclusive economic zone over the surrounding seas.
To cement the U.S. claim to Navassa Island against Haiti, President James Buchanan issued Executive Orders establishing United States territorial jurisdiction beyond just the Guano Act of 1856. The United States Supreme Court in 1890 ruled the Guano Act constitutional; and, citing the actions of the Executive Branch, amongst other points in law, determined Navassa Island as pertaining to the United States.[8] Control of Navassa Island was transferred by the Department of the Interior to the Director of the Office of Insular Affairs under Order No. 3205 on January 16, 1997. Both the Department of the Interior and Insular Affairs would later grant administration responsibilities to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under Order No. 3210 on December 3, 1999. Order No 3210 also established a 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) territorial sea boundary for the United States around Navassa Island.
Multiple countries have claimed ownership of Serranilla Bank and the Bajo Nuevo Bank. Bajo Nuevo Bank is the subject of conflicting claims made by a number of sovereign states.
In 1899, a claim was made on Fox Island, Quebec.[citation needed] Fox Island consists of two uninhabited islands - one located on the north end of Lake Kipawa near Kipawa, Quebec and the other located south of Harrington Harbour, Quebec in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
In 1964, Leicester Hemingway, brother of author Ernest Hemingway, attempted to establish a country (or more appropriately, a micronation) dubbed the Republic of New Atlantis, on an 8 x 30 foot bamboo raft anchored with an engine block outside the territorial waters of Jamaica, using the Guano Islands Act as part of a claim to sovereignty. His apparent intention was to use the new country as the headquarters for his own International Marine Research Society, with which he planned to further marine research, as well as to protect Jamaican fishing. Neither the US nor Jamaica recognized his claim before the raft was destroyed in a storm in 1966.[9][10]
See also[edit]
Islands portal
Law portal
List of Guano Island claims
United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands
United States Minor Outlying Islands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/07/08/by-kevin-underhill-the-guano-islands-act/
Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav. (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, pp.42.
Jump up ^ Skaggs & Wines, R. A. (1985). Fertilizer in America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, pp. 54-70.
Jump up ^ Guano Islands Act (11 Stat. 119
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Acquisition Process of Insular Areas". United States Government, Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stahr, Walter (2012). Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2794-0. several islands first claimed under the guano island law ; Kindle location 2856 of 15675.
Jump up ^ Skaggs, Jimmy M. (1994). The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-312-10316-3.
Jump up ^ Jones v. United States, 137 U. S. 202 (1890).
Jump up ^ Hale, Russell. "Contents of a Country: Leicester Hemingway's Republic of New Atlantis". University of Texas Humanities Research Center. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Surveying the American Tropics: A Literary Geography from New York to Rio. Liverpool University Press. 2013.
External links[edit]
Text of U.S. Code, Title 48, Chapter 8
34th Congress Statutes at Large
43rd Congress Statutes at Large
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Oregon Treaty (1846)
Mexican Cession (1848)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Guano Islands Act (1856)
Alaska Purchase (1867)
Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
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34th United States Congress
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