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Firefighting
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Not to be confused with a firefight, which is a battle with firearms.
Firefighters at a major fire involving an abandoned convent in Canada, 2006
Firefighting in Jyväskylä, Finland
Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodlands, etc. A firefighter suppresses and extinguishes fires to protect lives, property and the environment.[1] Firefighters may provide other services to their communities.
Firefighters typically undergo a high degree of technical training.[1][2] This involves both general firefighting techniques and developing specialist expertise in particular fire operations, such as aircraft firefighting and wildland firefighting In the U.S. the national level of certifications are called Firefighter I/II.
One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combustible materials. The four major risks are smoke, oxygen deficiency, elevated temperatures, and poisonous atmospheres.[3] Additional hazards include falls and structural collapse that can exacerbate the problems entailed in a toxic environment. To combat some of these risks, firefighters carry self-contained breathing equipment.
The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire and to identify the specific risks.
Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or oxidant removal, or chemical flame inhibition.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Historic tactics and tools
1.2 Ancient Rome
1.3 United Kingdom
1.4 United States
2 Firefighter duties
2.1 Firefighter skills
2.2 Specialized skills
2.3 Shift hours
2.4 Fire wardens
3 Hazards caused by fire
4 Reconnaissance and "reading" the fire
5 Science of extinguishment
6 Use of water
6.1 Open air fire
6.2 Closed volume fire
7 Asphyxiating a fire
8 Tactical ventilation or isolation of the fire
9 Categorizing fires in the US
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Bulgarian firefighters in action, 1930s
Ottawa Fire Department motor pump, Ottawa, Ontario, taken by the Topley Studio, May 1915.
The earliest known firefighters were in the city of Rome. In 60 A.D., emperor Nero established a Corps of Vigils (Vigiles) to protect Rome after a disastrous fire. It consisted of 7,000 people equipped with buckets and axes, and they fought fires and served as police.[4]
Historic tactics and tools[edit]
In the 4th century B.C., an Alexandrian Greek named Ctesibius made a double force pump called a siphona. As water rose in the chamber, it compressed the air inside, which forced the water to eject in a steady stream through a pipe and nozzle.[4]
In the 16th century, syringes were also used as firefighting tools, the larger ones being mounted on wheels.[4] Another traditional method that survived was the bucket brigade, involving two lines of people formed between the water source and the fire. Typically, men in one of the lines would pass along the full buckets of water toward the fire while in the other line women and children would pass back the empty buckets to be refilled.[4]
In the 17th century, 'fire engines' were made, notably in Amsterdam.[4] In 1721, the English inventor Richard Newsham made a popular fire engine that was essentially a rectangular box on wheels filled using a bucket brigade to provide a reservoir while hand-powered pumps supplied sufficient water pressure to douse fires at a distance.[4]
Ancient Rome[edit]
Ancient Rome did not have municipal firefighters. Instead, private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action. They would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires, but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire. However, there is no mention of fires being extinguished, rather they were contained and burned themselves out. Ancient Rome did not have an organized firefighting force until the Vigiles were formed in the reign of Augustus.[5]
United Kingdom[edit]
Prior to the Great Fire of London in 1666, some parishes in the UK had begun to organize rudimentary firefighting. After the Great Fire, Nicholas Barbon introduced the first fire insurance. In order to reduce insurance costs, Barbon also formed his own fire brigade, and other companies followed suit.
By the start of the 1800s, insured buildings were identified with a badge or mark indicating that they were eligible for a company's firefighting services. Buildings not insured with a particular company were left by its firefighters to burn,[6] unless they happened to be adjacent to an insured building, in which case it was often in the company's interest to prevent the fire from spreading. In 1833 fire insurance companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment.
Steam-powered apparatuses were first introduced in the 1850s, allowing a greater quantity of water to be directed onto a fire; in the early 1930s they were superseded by versions powered by an internal combustion engine.
In World War II the Auxiliary Fire Service, and later the National Fire Service, were established to supplement local fire services. At that time, there was no countrywide standard for firefighting terms, procedures, ranks, or equipment (such as hose couplings). These were standardized after the war.
United States[edit]
In January 1608, a fire destroyed many of the colonists' provisions and lodgings in Jamestown, Virginia. Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia were all plagued by fires, and volunteer fire brigades formed soon after such disasters.[7]
In 1736, Benjamin Franklin founded the Union Fire Company in Philadelphia, which became the standard for volunteer fire organizations. These firefighters had two critical tools: salvage bags and so-called bed keys. Salvage bags were used to quickly collect and save valuables, and bed keys were used to separate the wooden frame of a bed into pieces for safe and rapid removal from the fire.[7]
The first American attempt at fire insurance failed after a large fire in Charlestown, Massachusetts in 1736. Later in 1740, Benjamin Franklin organized the Philadelphia Contributionship to provide fire insurance, which was more successful. The Contributionship adopted "fire marks" to easily identify insured buildings. Firefighting started to become formalized with rules for providing buckets, ladders, and hooks, and with the formation of volunteer companies. A chain of command was also established.[7]
Firefighter duties[edit]
Play media
Aerial video of Firefighting
A firefighter's goals are to save lives, property, and the environment. A fire can rapidly spread and endanger many lives, but with modern firefighting techniques, catastrophe can often be avoided. To prevent fires from starting, a firefighter's duties may include public education about fire safety and conducting fire inspections of locations to verify their adherence to local fire codes.
Firefighter skills[edit]
A firefighter doing a ladder slide, which is used to quickly escape from a window
Firefighting requires skills in combating, extinguishing, and preventing fires, responding to emergency calls, operating and maintaining fire department equipment and quarters, and extensive training in performing firefighting and rescue activities. Firefighters must also have, or be able to acquire, knowledge of department organizations, operations, and procedures,[4] and the district or city street system[4] they will have to negotiate in order to perform their duties.
They must meet minimum physical fitness standards and learn various firefighting and rescue duties within a reasonable period[4]
Examples are:
Structural Firefighting
Wildland Firefighting
Specialized skills[edit]
Specialized areas of fire operations may require subject-specific training.[8][9]
A hose team training to fight an aircraft fire aboard a US aircraft carrier, 2006
Examples are:
Aircraft Firefighting
Maritime Firefighting
Aerial Firefighting
Shift hours[edit]
Firefighters typically follow a 24-hour shift schedule, although some fire departments work eight or 12 hour shifts.[10] Australian firefighters work a 10/14 shift, in which the day shift works ten hours and the night shift works 14 hours.[11] Firefighting personnel are split up into alternating shifts. Usually, the 24 hour shifts are followed by two days off.[4] The shift personnel arrive for roll call at a specified time, ready to complete a regular tour of duty.[4] While on shift, the firefighter remains at the fire station unless relieved or assigned other duties.[4]
Fire wardens[edit]
A fire warden poster, circa 1940s.
In fire fighting, there are also people designated as fire wardens, also known as the chief officer. Their duties vary, some may ensure evacuation of that part of the building for which they are responsible; others may be responsible for fire control in a particular area, direct a crew in the suppression of forest fires, or function as fire patrolmen in a logging area.[12]
The chief officer is in charge of his firefighters during fires or emergencies, and he is expected to command and control the overall situation while effectively combating a fire or other emergency.[4] Chief officers must be able to evaluate their firefighters, use sound judgement when deciding when it is time to withdraw firefighters from a fire, and react calmly in emergency situations.[4] The chief officer must direct the activities of a fire department and supervise all firefighting activities. In addition, he must have extensive knowledge of the city, the location of streets, fire hydrants and fire alarm boxes, and the principal buildings.[4] Also he must have knowledge of explosives, hazardous chemicals, and the combustion qualities of materials in buildings, homes, and industrial plants.[4]
In certain jurisdictions, civilians can get certified to be a Fire Warden, and some cities require certain types of buildings, such as high rises, to have a certain number of Fire Wardens. For example, the City of Houston, Texas, requires every tenant in a high-rise to have at least one Fire Warden for every 7500 sq. ft. occupied, and a minimum of two Fire Wardens per floor.[13] In this example, their duties include investigating any fire alarms (see if there really is a fire and if so, its nature), ensuring the fire department is contacted, directing the evacuation of the facility, activating or delaying activation of fire suppression equipment such as halon and sprinklers (delayed in case of a false alarm), meeting the fire department and taking them to the location of the alarm or to the fire past any security or locked doors, and, if necessary, fighting the fire until the fire department arrives.
Hazards caused by fire[edit]
Structure fire in Grand Rapids, Michigan, US
One of the major hazards associated with firefighting operations is the toxic environment created by combusting materials. The four major hazards are:[14]
Smoke, which is becoming increasingly dangerous due to the increased variety and amount of synthetic household materials.
Oxygen deficient atmosphere, 21% O2 is normal, 19.5% O2 is considered oxygen deficient.
Elevated temperatures
Toxic atmospheres
To deal with such hazards, firefighters carry a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA; an open-circuit positive pressure system) to prevent smoke inhalation. These are not oxygen tanks (oxygen as a powerful fire accelerant would represent a grave risk when combined with virtually anything combustible in the presence of fire) but use compressed air in a similar manner to SCUBA diving gear. A firefighter's SCBA usually hold 30 to 45 minutes of air, depending on the size of the tank and the rate of consumption during strenuous activities. While this gear helps to eliminate the risks, firefighters are still exposed to smoke, toxic dust and fumes that have contributed to firefighters being 14% more likely to develop cancer.
Obvious risks associated with the immense heat generated by a fire, even without direct contact with the flames (direct flame impingement), such as conductive heat and radiant heat, can cause serious burns even from great distances. There are a number of comparably serious heat-related risks, such as burns from hot gases (e.g., air), steam, and hot and/or toxic smoke. Accordingly, firefighters are equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) that includes fire-resistant clothing such as Nomex or polybenzimidazole fiber (PBI) and helmets that limit the transmission of heat towards the body. No PPE, however, can completely protect the user from the effects of all possible fire conditions.[15]
Heat can cause flammable liquid contained in tanks to explode violently, producing what is called a BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion).[16] Some chemical products such as ammonium nitrate fertilizers can also explode, potentially causing physical trauma from blast or shrapnel injuries. Sufficient heat causes human flesh to burn as fuel, or the water within to boil, leading to potentially severe medical problems.
Depending on the heat of the fire, burns can occur in a fraction of a second.
Main article: Burn
Additional risks of fire are the obscuring of vision due to smoke, potentially causing a fall or disorientation; becoming trapped in a fire; and structural collapse.[17]
"Three hours of fighting a fire stiffens arteries and impairs cardiac function in firefighters" according to a new study by Bo Fernhall, a professor in the department of kinesiology and community health in the College of Applied Health Sciences, and Gavin Horn, director of research at the Illinois Fire Service Institute. The conditions (observed in healthy male firefighters) are "also apparent found in weightlifters and endurance athletes..."[18]
Reconnaissance and "reading" the fire[edit]
The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire (which may not be obvious for an indoor fire, especially if there are no witnesses), to identify any specific risks, and to detect possible casualties. An outdoor fire may not require reconnaissance, but a fire in a cellar or an underground car park with only a few centimeters of visibility may require long reconnaissance to identify the source of the fire.
The "reading" of a fire is the analysis by firefighters of indications of thermal events such as flashover, backdraft or smoke explosion. It is performed during reconnaissance and fire suppression maneuvers.
The main signs are:
Hot zones, which can be detected with a gloved hand, for example by touching a door before opening it;
Soot on windows, which usually means that combustion is incomplete, and thus, a lack of air in the room;
Smoke pulsing in and out around a door frame, as if the fire were breathing, which usually also means a lack of air to support combustion.
Spraying water on the ceiling in short pulses of a diffused spray (e.g., a cone with an opening angle of 60°) can be undertaken to test the heat of smoke: If the temperature is moderate, the water falls down in drops with a sound like rain; if the temperature is high, the water vaporizes with a hiss—the sign of a potentially extremely dangerous impending flashover.
Ideally, part of reconnaissance is consulting a plan for the building that provides information about structures, firefighter hazards, and in some cases the most appropriate strategies and tactics for fighting a fire in that context.
Science of extinguishment[edit]
See also: Fire Chemistry and Physical properties of wildfires
A fire helicopter is used to fight a wildfire
There are four elements[19] needed to start and sustain a fire and/or flame. These are a reducing agent (fuel), Heat, an oxidizing agent (oxygen), and a chemical reaction. A fire can be extinguished by taking away any of the four components.[19]
The fuel is the substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process. The most common fuels contain carbon along with combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Heat is the energy component of a fire. When it comes into contact with a fuel, it provides the energy necessary for ignition, causes the continuous production and ignition of fuel vapors or gases so that the combustion reaction can continue, and causes the vaporization of solid and liquid fuels. The resulting self-sustained chemical chain reaction is complex and requires fuel, an oxidizer, and heat energy to come together in a very specific way. An oxidizing agent is a material or substance that will release gases, including oxygen, when the proper conditions exist. It is crucial to the sustainment of a flame or fire.
Using water is one common method to extinguish a fire. Water extinguishes a fire by cooling, which removes heat because of water’s ability to absorb massive amounts of heat as it converts to water vapor. Without heat, the fuel cannot keep the oxidizer from reducing the fuel in order to sustain the fire. Water also extinguishes a fire by smothering it. When water is heated to its boiling point, it converts to water vapor. When this conversion takes place, it dilutes the oxygen in the air above the fire, thus removing one of the elements that the fire requires to burn. This can also be done with foam.
Another way to extinguish a fire is fuel removal. This can be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel, by removing solid fuel in the path of a fire, or by allowing the fire to burn until all the fuel is consumed, at which point the fire will self-extinguish.
One final extinguishing method is chemical flame inhibition. This can be accomplished by applying dry chemical or halogenated agents that interrupt the chemical chain reaction and stop flaming. This method is effective on gas and liquid fuel; because, they must have flame to burn.
Sound waves have been successfully used in a device fabricated by two George Mason University senior engineering students, Viet Tran and Seth Robertson, but the procedure is still awaiting a patent (2015).[20]
Use of water[edit]
USMC firefighters neutralize a fire during a training exercise
A firefighting aircraft dumping water on a forest fire in South Africa.
One common way to extinguish a fire is to spray it with water. The water has two roles: It vaporizes when it comes in contact with fire, and this vapor displaces the oxygen (the volume of water vapor is 1,700 times greater than liquid water, at 1,000 °F (538 °C) it expands over 4,000 times). This leaves the fire without enough of the combustive agent, and it dies out.[16] The vaporization of water also absorbs heat; it thereby cools the smoke, air, walls, and objects that could act as further fuel, and thus prevents one of the means by which fires grow, which is by "jumping" to nearby heat/fuel sources to start new fires, which then combine. Water extinguishment is thus a combination of "asphyxia" (cutting off the oxygen supply) and cooling. The flame itself is suppressed by asphyxia, but the cooling is the most important element in mastering a fire in a closed area.
Water may be accessed from a pressurized fire hydrant, pumped from water sources such as lakes or rivers, delivered by tanker truck, or dropped from water bombers, which are aircraft adapted as tankers for fighting forest fires. An armored vehicle (firefighting tank) may be used where access to the area is difficult.
Open air fire[edit]
For outdoor fires, the seat of the fire is sprayed with a straight spray: the cooling effect immediately follows the "asphyxia" caused by vaporization[citation needed] and reduces the further amount of water required. A straight spray is used so the water arrives massively to the seat of the fire before it vaporizes. A strong spray may also have a mechanical effect; it can disperse the combustible product and thus prevent the fire from starting again. Spray is always aimed at a surface or an object. For this reason, the strategy is sometimes called a two-dimensional or 2D attack.
An outdoor fire is always fed with air, and the risk to people is limited as they can move away from it, except in the case of wildfires or bushfires where they risk being easily surrounded by the flames. It might, however, be necessary to protect specific objects like houses or gas tanks against infrared radiation, and thus to use a diffused spray between the fire and the object. Breathing apparatus is often required as there is still the risk of inhaling smoke or poisonous gases.
Closed volume fire[edit]
Iranian firefighters had to extinguish the fire at Bistoon Petrochemicals Powerhouse
Until the 1970s, fires were usually attacked while they declined, using the same strategy as for open air fires. Now fires are attacked in their development phase because firefighters arrive sooner at the site of a fire and because of changes in building construction. The increasing use of thermal insulation confines the heat, and modern materials, especially polymers, produce much more heat than do traditional materials like wood, plaster, stone, and bricks. Under these conditions, there is a greater risk of backdraft and flashover.
Directly spraying the seat of the fire in enclosed areas can have unfortunate consequences: the force of water pushes air in front of it, which supplies the fire with extra oxygen before the water. The most important issue is not combating the flames, but controlling the fire; for example, cooling the smoke so that it cannot spread and start fires further away, and endanger the lives of people, including the firefighters.
When a fire spreads beyond the building of its origin and spreads throughout the neighborhood, it is called a “conflagration.” Today, a conflagration is a large fire that is beyond the capability of the fire service to contain.[21]
The volume of the fire must be cooled before its seat is attacked. This strategy, originally of Swedish origin (Mats Rosander & Krister Giselsson), was adapted by London Fire Officer Paul Grimwood following a decade of operational use in the busy West End of London between 1984 and 1994[22] and termed the three-dimensional or 3D attack.
Use of a diffuse spray was first proposed by Chief Lloyd Layman of the Parkersburg Fire Department, at the 1950 Fire Department Instructors Conference (FDIC) held in Memphis. Using Grimwood's modified 3D attack strategy, the ceiling is first sprayed with short pulses of a diffuse spray. This cools the smoke which is then less likely to start a fire when it moves away. As gas cools it becomes denser (Charles's law); thus, it also reduces the mobility of the smoke and avoids a "backfire" of water vapor. Also, the diffuse spray creates an inert "water vapor sky", which prevents "roll-over" (rolls of flames on the ceiling created by hot burning gases).
Only short pulses of water need to be sprayed, otherwise the spraying modifies the equilibrium, and the gases mix instead of remaining stratified: the hot gases (initially at the ceiling) move around the room, and the temperature rises at the ground, which is dangerous for firefighters.
An alternative is to cool all the atmosphere by spraying the whole atmosphere as if drawing letters in the air ("penciling").
Modern methods for extinguishing an urban fire dictate the use of a massive initial water flow, e.g. 500 L/min for each fire hose. The aim is to absorb as much heat as possible at the beginning to stop the expansion of the fire and to reduce the smoke. If the flow is too low, the cooling is insufficient, and the steam that is produced can burn firefighters (the drop of pressure is too small and the vapor is pushed back in their direction).
Although it may seem paradoxical, the use of a strong flow with an efficient fire hose and an efficient strategy (diffuse spray, small droplets) requires a smaller amount of water. This is because once the temperature is lowered, only a limited amount of water is necessary to suppress the fire seat with a straight spray. For a living room of 50 m2 (60 sq yd), the required amount of water is estimated as 60 L (15 gal).
French firefighters used an alternative method in the 1970s: spraying water on the hot walls to create a water vapor atmosphere and asphyxiate the fire. This method is no longer used because it turned out to be risky; the pressure created pushed the hot gases and vapor towards the firefighters, causing severe burns, and pushed the hot gases into other rooms where they could start other fires.
Asphyxiating a fire[edit]
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In some cases, the use of water is undesirable. This is because some chemical products react with water to produce poisonous gases, or they may even burn when they come into contact with water (e.g., sodium). Another problem is that some products float on water, such as hydrocarbons (gasoline, oil, and alcohol, etc.); a burning layer can then be spread by the fire. If a pressurized fuel tank is endangered by fire it is necessary to avoid heat shocks that may damage the tank if it is sprayed with cooling water; the resulting decompression might produce a BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion).
Electrical fires cannot be extinguished with water since the water could act as a conductor.
In such cases, it is necessary to asphyxiate the fire. This can be done in a variety of ways. Chemical products which react with the fuel can be used to stop the combustion. A layer of water-based fire retardant foam can be applied by the fire hose in order to separate the oxygen in the air from the fuel. carbon dioxide, halon, or sodium bicarbonate can be used. In the case of very small fires and in the absence of other extinguishing agents, covering the flame with a fire blanket can eliminate oxygen flow to the fire. A simple and usually effective way to put out a fire in a stove-top pan is to put a lid on the pan and leave it there.
Tactical ventilation or isolation of the fire[edit]
One of the main risks of a fire is the smoke; because, it carries heat and poisonous gases, and obscures vision. In the case of a fire in a closed location (building), the following two different strategies may be used: isolation of the fire or ventilation.
Paul Grimwood introduced the concept of tactical ventilation in the 1980s to encourage a better thought-out approach to this aspect of firefighting. Following work with Warrington Fire Research Consultants (FRDG 6/94) his terminology and concepts were adopted officially by the UK fire services, and are now referred to throughout revised Home Office training manuals (1996–97). Grimwood's original definition of his 1991 unified strategy stated that, "tactical ventilation is either the venting, or containment (isolation) actions by on-scene firefighters, used to take control from the outset of a fire's burning regime, in an effort to gain tactical advantage during interior structural firefighting operations."
When properly used, ventilation improves life safety, fire extinguishment, and property conservation by 'pulling' fire away from trapped occupants and objects.
In most cases of structural firefighting, a 4x4 foot opening is cut into the roof directly over the fire room. This allows hot smoke and gases to escape through the opening, returning the conditions inside the room to normal. It is important to coordinate the ventilation with an interior fire attack since the opening of a ventilation hole supplies more air, and thus oxygen, to the fire. Ventilation may also "limit fire spread by channeling fire toward nearby openings and allows fire fighters to safely attack the fire" as well as limit smoke, heat, and water damage.[23]
Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) consists of using a fan to create excess pressure in a part of the building. This pressure pushes the smoke and heat out of the building, and thus facilitates rescue and fire fighting operations. It is necessary to have an exit for the smoke, to know the building layout well to predict where the smoke will go, and to ensure that the doors ensuring the ventilation remain open by wedging or propping them. The main risk of this method is that it may accelerate the fire, or even create a flash-over; for example, if the smoke and the heat accumulate in a dead end.
Hydraulic ventilation is the process of directing a stream of water from the inside of a structure out the window using a fog pattern.[16] This will effectively pull smoke out of room. Smoke ejectors may also be used for this purpose.
Categorizing fires in the US[edit]
Main article: Multiple-alarm fire
In the US, fires are sometimes categorized as "one alarm", "all hands", "two alarm", "three alarm" (or higher) fires. There is no standard definition for what this means quantifiably; though, it always refers to the level of response by the local authorities. In some cities, the numeric rating refers to the number of fire stations that have been summoned to the fire. In others, it reflects the number of "dispatches" requesting additional personnel and equipment.[24][25]
Alarms levels are generally used to define the tiers of the response as to what resources are to be used. For example, a structure fire response draws the following equipment: four engine/pumper companies, one truck/ladder/aerial/quint company, and one battalion chief unit. This is referred to as an Initial Alarm or Box Alarm. A working fire request (for the same incident) would call for air/light units and chief officers/fireground commanders (if not provided in the original dispatch). This summarizes the response to a First Alarm fire. Second and subsequent alarms call for two engine companies and one truck company.
The reason behind the "Alarm" designation is so the Incident Commander does not have to list each apparatus required. He can simply say, "Give me a second alarm here", instead of "Give me a truck company and two engine companies" along with requesting where they should come from. Categorization of fires varies among fire departments. A single alarm for one department may be a second alarm for another. Response always depends on the size of the fire and the department.
See also[edit]
Glossary of firefighting—list of firefighting terms and acronyms, with descriptions
Glossary of firefighting equipment—expansion of Glossary of firefighting
Glossary of wildfire terms—expansion of Glossary of firefighting
Index of firefighting articles—alphabetical list of firefighting articles
List of fire departments
Outline of firefighting—structured list of firefighting topics, organized by subject area
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p International Fire Service Training Association. Fire Service Orientation and Indoctrination. Philadelphia: Board of Regents, 1984. Print.
Jump up ^ Dillon, Matthew; Garland, Lynda (2005). Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar. ISBN 9780415224581.
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Jump up ^ City of Fort Lauderdale (April 2011). "Fire-Rescue - Special Operations Command". fortlauderdale.gov.
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Jump up ^ Fire Warden Certification Classes - City of Houston - http://houstontx.gov/fire/HFMO/highrisecert.html
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Jump up ^ "The Risks of Being a Fireman". work.chron.com. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
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Jump up ^ "Four-alarm fire on Avenue B". thevillager.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
External links[edit]
Look up firefighting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firefighting.
CDC - NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program
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GND: 4125289-5
NDL: 00571993
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Help
Category:Snakes of South America
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Pages in category "Snakes of South America"
The following 43 pages are in this category, out of 43 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
A
Amazon Basin emerald tree boa
Andean forest-pitviper
Andean milk snake
Apostolepis assimilis
Argentinian coral snake
B
Banded cat-eyed snake
Boa constrictor
Bothriopsis
Bothriopsis pulchra
Bothrops
Bothrops ammodytoides
Bothrops atrox
Bothrops insularis
Bothrops itapetiningae
C
Chironius laurenti
Clelia plumbea
Clelia scytalina
Corallus annulatus
Corallus ruschenbergerii
Crowned false boa
D
Dipsas variegata
E
Eaten Alive (TV special)
Emerald tree boa
G
Green anaconda
Guyana blind snake
I
Imantodes gemmistratus
L
Lachesis (genus)
Lachesis acrochorda
Leptophis ahaetulla
M
Mastigodryas boddaerti
Milk snake
Mussurana
Mussurana (species)
Mussurana bicolor
O
Oxyrhopus formosus
Oxyrhopus melanogenys
Oxyrhopus occipitalis
P
Philodryas baroni
Pseudoeryx
S
Shaw's dark ground snake
Siphlophis leucocephalus
T
Taeniophallus occipitalis
Y
Yellow anaconda
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Snakes_of_South_America&oldid=630089721"
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text:
The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2
US cover art
Developer(s)
Nippon Ichi Software
Publisher(s)
JP: Nippon Ichi Software
AS: Sega
WW: NIS America
Director(s)
Kenta Asano
Producer(s)
Souhei Niikawa
Composer(s)
Tenpei Sato
Platform(s)
PlayStation 4
Release
JP: February 23, 2017
AS: May 25, 2017
NA: March 27, 2018
EU: March 30, 2018
AU: April 13, 2018
Genre(s)
Action role-playing game
Mode(s)
Single-player
The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 (魔女と百騎兵2, Majo to Hyakkihei 2) is an action role-playing video game developed and published by Nippon Ichi Software for the PlayStation 4. Featuring a different witch than its predecessor The Witch and the Hundred Knight, the game released in February 2017 in Japan and in March 2018 in North America and Europe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Setting
3 Development
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 is an action role-playing game with a top-down isometric view. Players fight their way through a variety of levels as Hundred Knight, a magical creature that can be equipped with five types of weapons: swords, hammers, staffs, lances, and spears. Each weapon type differs in attack range, speed, and motion. By changing the order of use, players create many different combos.
Setting[edit]
The world of Kevala is corrupted by the Witch's Disease, an illness developed in children under age 10. Its cause is unknown. A third eye appears on the forehead of those infected with the Witch’s Disease, and when the eye opens they awaken as a witch. A girl named Amalie lives in a remote village after she lost her parents to a witch. Her younger sister Milm is the only family she has left. One day, Milm suddenly disappears and Amalie eagerly searches for her. When she is about to give up, Milm shows up again, covered in mud and with the witch's eye on her forehead.[1]
Development[edit]
The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 was first revealed in May 2015 through a short video in which Nippon Ichi Software confirmed that the game was in development.[2] In October 2016, director Kenta Asano told Dengeki PlayStation that the PlayStation 4 was chosen as platform for the game because The Witch and the Hundred Knight Revival, an enhanced port of the original game for the system, was well received. A Winter 2017 release was announced at the same time.[3][4] Later that month, the February 23 release date was revealed.[5] The game will be released in North America and Europe in March 2018.[6]
Reception[edit]
The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 received a 33/40 score in issue 1472 of Famitsu upon its Japanese release.[7] Commercially, the game was not as successful in Japan as its predecessor. According to Media Create, only 13,421 physical copies of the game were sold during the week of release,[8] compared to 49,209 copies in the week of launch of the first game for PlayStation 3 in 2013.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sal Romano (October 20, 2016). "The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 first details, screenshots". Gematsu. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sal Romano (May 12, 2015). "The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 announced, Revival teaser trailer". Gematsu. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sato (October 11, 2016). "The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 Releases In Winter 2017 With New Story And Characters". Siliconera. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gobu (ゴブ蔵) (October 11, 2016). "『魔女と百騎兵2』2017年冬にPS4で発売決定！ストーリーを一新し、アクション要素が大幅パワーアップ". Hachima Kikou. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sal Romano (October 24, 2016). "The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 launches February 23 in Japan, teaser trailer". Gematsu. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sal Romano (January 18, 2018). "The Witch and the Hundred Knight 2 launches March 27 in North America, March 30 in Europe". Gematsu. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Potak (ポタク) (February 14, 2017). "【ファミ通クロスレビュー】PS4『ニーアオートマタ』39点、PS4/PSV『スーパーロボット大戦V』34点　など". Hachima Kikou. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "「NieR：Automata」19万8000本，「スーパーロボット大戦V」合計18万3000本の「ゲームソフト週間販売ランキング＋」". 4Gamer.net. March 1, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "「逆転裁判5」25万本，「ドラゴンズクラウン」合計17万5000本，「魔女と百騎兵」4万9000本など，新作多数の「ゲームソフト週間販売ランキング＋」". 4Gamer.net. July 31, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Site (in Japanese)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Witch_and_the_Hundred_Knight_2&oldid=835784329"
Categories:
2017 video games
Dark fantasy video games
Nippon Ichi Software games
Role-playing video games
Video games featuring female protagonists
Witchcraft in video games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 4-only games
PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
Video games developed in Japan
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Don't Worry, Be Happy
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This article is about the song by Bobby McFerrin. For other uses, see Don't Worry, Be Happy (disambiguation).
"Don't Worry, Be Happy"
Single by Bobby McFerrin
from the album Simple Pleasures
A-side
"Don't Worry Be Happy"[1]
B-side
"Good Lovin'"
"Simple Pleasures" (optional)
Released
September 1988, 1989, 2000
Format
12" maxi
7" promo
7" single
CD single
Recorded
1988
Genre
Reggae[2]
jazz[1]
a cappella
Length
4:50 (album version)
4:03 (music video)
3:50 (radio edit)
Label
EMI-Manhattan Records[1]
Songwriter(s)
Bobby McFerrin[1]
Producer(s)
Linda Goldstein[1]
Music video
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" on YouTube
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" is a popular worldwide hit song by musician Bobby McFerrin. Released in September 1988, it became the first a cappella song to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Music video
4 Chart performance
5 Usage in popular culture
6 Awards
7 Charts
8 Certifications
9 Cover versions
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
Meher Baba, who often used the phrase "Don't worry, be happy"
The Indian mystic and sage Meher Baba (1894–1969) often used the expression "Don't worry, be happy" when cabling his followers in the West.[3]
In the 1960s, the expression was printed up on inspirational cards and posters of the era. In 1988, McFerrin noticed a similar poster in the apartment of the jazz duo Tuck & Patti in San Francisco.[citation needed] Inspired by the expression's charm and simplicity, McFerrin wrote the now famous song, which was included in the soundtrack of the movie Cocktail, and became a hit single the next year. In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said, "Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba, it usually says 'Don't worry, be happy,' which is a pretty neat philosophy in four words, I think."[4]
Linda Goldstein, the song's producer, said the song gave McFerrin "the freedom to explore," adding, "He is a man of infinite, unfathomable, boundless voices and everything he has ever heard has gone into his brain, from the Mickey Mouse Club theme to the Metropolitan Opera."[5]
Composition[edit]
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" (2008)
A 24-second audio sample of Bobby McFerrin's "Don't Worry, Be Happy".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
he "instruments" in the a cappella song are entirely overdubbed voice parts and other sounds made by McFerrin, using no instruments at all; McFerrin also sings with an affected accent.[6]
Music video[edit]
The comedic original music video for the song stars McFerrin, Robin Williams, and Bill Irwin,[7] and is somewhat shorter than the album version.
Chart performance[edit]
Originally released in conjunction with the film Cocktail in 1988, the song originally peaked at No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] The song was re-released the same year and peaked at No. 1 on September 24, 1988[8] displacing "Sweet Child o' Mine" by Guns N' Roses which had previously held the No. 1 spot.[9]
The song also peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Tracks chart[10] and No. 7 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.[8] The song was also a hit in the United Kingdom and on the UK Singles Chart, the song reached number 2 during its fifth week on the chart (kept from the top spot by Whitney Houston's "One Moment in Time").[11]
In Canada, the song reached No. 1 on its 8th week.[12]
The song is the first a cappella song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart and one critic noted it is a "formula for facing life's trials."[13]
While the song reached No. 1 on the charts, its album Simple Pleasures reached No. 12 on the album charts after starting out at No. 20 when it was first released.[9]
Usage in popular culture[edit]
Comedian George Carlin wrote in Napalm and Silly Putty that many Americans would embrace the philosophy of denial in the song.[14]
Featured in the 1988 romance film Cocktail, starring Tom Cruise and Elisabeth Shue. It was also released as part of the film's official soundtrack.
The song was used in George H. W. Bush's 1988 U.S. presidential election as Bush's 1988 official presidential campaign song, without Bobby McFerrin's permission or endorsement. In reaction, Bobby McFerrin (a Democrat) publicly protested that particular use of his song, including stating that he was going to vote against Bush, and completely dropped the song from his own performance repertoire, to make the point even clearer. The George H. W. Bush campaign then reportedly desisted from further use of the song.[15]
In 1989, Delacorte Press published a book titled Don’t Worry, Be Happy with the song’s lyrics, 20 new verses written by McFerrin, and illustrations by Bennett Carlson.
The song became an unofficial anthem in Jamaica after Hurricane Gilbert struck the island in September 1988 (coinciding with the song's release) and caused months of hardship to the population. The song is often erroneously attributed to Bob Marley.[16][17]
In 1997, the song was featured in the direct-to-video film Casper: A Spirited Beginning.
In 2001, Mondo Club recorded the titular single. The performer was Trevor Taylor.[18]
In 2005, featured in the biographical military drama Jarhead, starring Jake Gyllenhaal.
In 2006, the song was parodied in the animated film Flushed Away.
In 2008, the song was featured in the Disney/Pixar animated film WALL-E. McFerrin had previously provided vocal work for Pixar's short film Knick Knack.
In November 2014, it was featured as a mashup with "Winter Wonderland" by a cappella group Pentatonix featuring Tori Kelly on the album That's Christmas to Me.[19]
It was featured in the dance video game Just Dance 2015.
In 2017, the song was covered by Kermit Ruffins, Irvin Mayfield, Jason Marsalis, Cyril Neville, Haley Reinhart, and Glen David Andrews for Ruffins and Mayfield's album A Beautiful World.[20]
Awards[edit]
The song is ranked No. 31 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s and also appears on Rolling Stone's list of the 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time.[21] At the 1989 Grammy Awards, "Don't Worry, Be Happy" won the awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1988–89)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[22] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[23] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[24] 2
Canadian RPM 30 Retail Singles[25] 1
Canadian RPM Top Singles[26] 1
France (SNEP)[27] 29
Germany (Official German Charts)[28] 1
Irish Singles Chart[29] 3
Italy (FIMI)[30] 18
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[31] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[32] 3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33] 2
Norway (VG-lista)[34] 5
South African Chart[35] 4
Spain (AFYVE)[36] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[37] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[38] 2
UK (Official Charts Company)[39] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[40] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary[40] 7
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles[40] 11
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [41] 75
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Germany (BVMI)[42]
Platinum 500,000^
United States (RIAA)[43]
Gold 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Cover versions[edit]
Versions of "Don't Worry, Be Happy" have been recorded by several artists. The Katsimiha Brothers made a Greek cover of the song with original lyrics, and Montenegrin musician Rambo Amadeus made a parody entitled "Don't Happy, Be Worry", as a critique to the optimism of the music scene in the former Yugoslavia in the face of war and economic depression. In addition, the lyrics of "Fight the Power" by hip-hop artists Public Enemy refer critically to "Don't Worry, Be Happy". A version of this song sung by The Hit Crew is also added into the Big Mouth Billy Bass, a very popular animatronic singing toy. Hermes House Band covered the song on their Rhythm of the Nineties album in 2009. Reggae artist Cas Haley covered the song as a hidden bonus track on his Favorites album (together with former Jah Roots lead singer, Josh Heinrichs). Also in 1989 Dutch rock DJ Alfred Lagarde recorded a version in Dutch with a heavy Surinam accent under the name Johnny Camaro. Spanish Ska band The Locos covered this song in a similar style, Ska.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry Be Happy". Retrieved 9 June 2014.
Jump up ^ SPIN june 1989 (PDF). SPIN Media LLC. 1989. p. 66. ISSN 0886-3032. Retrieved 2013-06-05.
Jump up ^ Bhau Kalchuri (1986). 'Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, The Biography of the Avatar of the Age, Meher Baba. Manifestation, Inc. pp. 5134, 5770, 5970, 6405, 6742.
Jump up ^ "'USA Weekend Magazine". October 21, 1988. In an interview by Bruce Fessier for USA Weekend magazine in 1988 McFerrin said, "Whenever you see a poster of Meher Baba, it usually says 'Don't worry, be happy
Jump up ^ "Bobby McFerrin Extended Interview" (Video Interview). Retrieved 9 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Michael. "'Don't Worry, Be Happy'--It's Catching" Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Sun-Sentinel:1988.
Jump up ^ Heldenfels, Rich (June 27, 2012). "Mailbag: Mr. Noodle explained". Akron Beacon-Journal. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Hot 100: The Week of September 24, 1988". billboard.com. Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b Holden, Stephen (Sep 29, 1988). "Don`t Worry, Be Happy: Bobby Mcferrin Has A No. 1 Hit". New York Times News Service. Retrieved 9 June 2014. McFerrin`s hit is earning the superb vocal improviser a mass audience, as his album, ``Simple Pleasures`` leaps from No. 20 to No. 12 on the album chart.
Jump up ^ "Bobby McFerrin Awards". All Media Network, LLC. March 11, 1950. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Don't Worry, Be Happy. B Happy - Benny to Beyonce, 2012 - books.google.com
Jump up ^ Carlin, George (2001). Napalm and Silly Putty.
Jump up ^ ""Don't Worry, Be Happy", Bobby McFerrin". VH1's Pop-up Video. 1997.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Helen. "Revd Helen OSullivan on Don't Worry Be Happy" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Barry (Dec 11, 2013). "Don't Worry, Be Happy 5.4 Project". Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ Mondo Club – Don't Worry Be Happy
Jump up ^ "[Official Video] Winter Wonderland/Don't Worry Be Happy - Pentatonix (ft Tori Kelly)". YouTube. November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kermit Ruffins • Irvin Mayfield – A Beautiful World". Basin Street Records. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Kate (September 30, 2011). "The 15 Best Whistling Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Don't Worry, Be Happy in Canadian 30 Retail Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 2013-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Don't Worry, Be Happy in Canadian Top Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 2013-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Don't Worry, Be Happy in Irish Chart". IRMA. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved 2013-06-05. Only one result when searching "Don't worry be happy"
Jump up ^ "The best-selling singles of 1989 in Italy". HitParadeItalia (it). Retrieved 2013-06-05.
97. Don't Worry, Be Happy - Bobby McFerrin [#18, 1988/89]
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Bobby McFerrin" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ John Samson. "Don't Worry, Be Happy in South African Chart". Retrieved 2013-06-05.
Jump up ^ "LISTAS DE AFYVE - Singles 1988" (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Bobby McFerrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "1988 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 22nd October 1988". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2013-06-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bobby McFerrin awards on Allmusic". All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved 2013-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bobby McFerrin; 'Don't Worry, Be Happy')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Bobby Mc Ferrin – Don't Worry, Be Happy". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
1980s portal
Lyrics of this song on Bobby McFerrin's official website
Preceded by
"Sweet Child o' Mine" by Guns N' Roses Billboard Hot 100 number one single
September 24, 1988 – October 1, 1988 Succeeded by
"Love Bites" by Def Leppard
[show]
v
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Grammy Award for Record of the Year
1959−1980
"Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)" by Domenico Modugno (1959)
"Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin (1960)
"Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith (1961)
"Moon River" by Henry Mancini (1962)
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" by Tony Bennett (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" by Henry Mancini (1964)
"The Girl from Ipanema" by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1965)
"A Taste of Honey" by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass (1966)
"Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra (1967)
"Up, Up and Away" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1968)
"Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1969)
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1971)
"It's Too Late" by Carole King (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack (1974)
"I Honestly Love You" by Olivia Newton-John (1975)
"Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille (Daryl Dragon, Toni Tennille) (1976)
"This Masquerade" by George Benson (1977)
"Hotel California" by Eagles (Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Randy Meisner, Joe Walsh) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" by Billy Joel (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter, Patrick Simmons) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" by Christopher Cross (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes (1982)
"Rosanna" by Toto (Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, Steve Porcaro) (1983)
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner (1985)
"We Are the World" by USA for Africa (1986)
"Higher Love" by Steve Winwood (1987)
"Graceland" by Paul Simon (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" by Bette Midler (1990)
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1991)
"Unforgettable" by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton (1993)
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston (1994)
"All I Wanna Do" by Sheryl Crow (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal (1996)
"Change the World" by Eric Clapton (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" by Shawn Colvin (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion (1999)
"Smooth" by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson) featuring Rob Thomas (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2001)
"Walk On" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" by Norah Jones (2003)
"Clocks" by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Phil Harvey, Chris Martin) (2004)
"Here We Go Again" by Ray Charles and Norah Jones (2005)
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Frank Edwin Wright III) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison) (2007)
"Rehab" by Amy Winehouse (2008)
"Please Read the Letter" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant (2009)
"Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill) (2010)
"Need You Now" by Lady Antebellum (Hillary Scott, Charles Kelley, Dave Haywood) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" by Adele (2012)
"Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2013)
"Get Lucky" by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) by Sam Smith (2015)
"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2016)
"Hello" by Adele (2017)
"24K Magic" by Bruno Mars (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Song of the Year
1959−1980
"Volare" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1959)
"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1960)
"Theme from Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1961)
"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1962)
"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1964)
"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1965)
"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1966)
"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1967)
"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1968)
"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1969)
"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1971)
"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1974)
"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1975)
"Send in the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1976)
"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1977)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1982)
"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1983)
"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1985)
"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1986)
"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1987)
"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1990)
"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1991)
"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1993)
"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1994)
"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1996)
"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1999)
"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2001)
"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2003)
"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2004)
"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2005)
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2007)
"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2008)
"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2009)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2010)
"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2012)
"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2013)
"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2015)
"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2016)
"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2017)
"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2018)
[show]
v
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Meher Baba
Publications
God Speaks (1955)
Discourses (1939)
God in a Pill? (1966)
Terms and concepts
God-realization
Perfect Master
Involution
Mast
Mandali
New Life
Prayers
Parvardigar Prayer
Prayer of Repentance
Beloved God Prayer
Seven Names of God Prayer
101 Names of God
Traditions
Amartithi
Silence Day
Dhuni
Meher Baba's missing book
Important places
Meherabad ashram
Pilgrim Center
shrine/tomb
Meherazad
Meher Spiritual Center
Meher Mount
Avatar's Abode
Family
Shireen Irani (mother)
Sheriar Irani (father)
Mani Irani (sister)
Associated figures
Mehera Irani
Norina Matchabelli
Kitty Davy
Eruch Jessawala
Faredoon Driver
Bhau Kalchuri
Francis Brabazon
William Donkin
Lyn Ott
Charles Purdom
Gabriel Pascal
Quentin Tod
Meredith Starr
Pete Townshend
Tom Hopkinson
Mirza Ismail
Contacted masters
Hazrat Babajan
Upasni Maharaj
Sai Baba of Shirdi
Hazrat Tajuddin Baba
Narayan Maharaj
Organizations
Avatar Meher Baba Trust
Sufism Reoriented
Legacy
"Don't Worry, Be Happy"
Beyond Words (1997 documentary)
Nema aviona za Zagreb (2012 film)
Happy Birthday (1970 album)
I Am (1972 album)
With Love (1976 album)
O Parvardigar (1976 film)
"Parvardigar" (2001 album)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Worry,_Be_Happy&oldid=838201365"
Categories:
1988 singles
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List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Emblem of the Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India, in New Delhi
This is a list of judges of the Supreme Court of India, the highest court in the Republic of India. The list is ordered according to seniority. There are currently 24 judges, against a maximum possible strength of 31. As per the Constitution of India, judges of the Supreme Court judges retire at age 65.[1]
Justice Dipak Misra is the current and 45th Chief Justice of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Judges ordered by seniority
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
List of Judges ordered by seniority[edit]
S. No.
Name[2]
Gender
Date of appointment
Date of retirement
State/Union Territory
Notes
1 Dipak Misra
(Chief Justice) Male 10 October 2011 2 October 2018 Odisha 28 August 2017[a]
2 Jasti Chelameswar Male 10 October 2011 22 June 2018 Andhra Pradesh
3 Ranjan Gogoi Male 23 April 2012 17 November 2019 Assam
4 Madan Lokur Male 4 June 2012 30 December 2018 Delhi
5 Kurian Joseph Male 8 March 2013 29 November 2018 Kerala
6 Arjan Kumar Sikri Male 12 April 2013 6 March 2019 Delhi
7 Sharad Arvind Bobde Male 12 April 2013 23 April 2021 Maharashtra
8 Rajesh Kumar Agrawal Male 17 February 2014 4 May 2018 Uttar Pradesh
9 N. V. Ramana Male 17 February 2014 26 August 2022 Andhra Pradesh
10 Arun Kumar Mishra Male 7 July 2014 2 September 2020 Madhya Pradesh
11 Adarsh Kumar Goel Male 7 July 2014 6 July 2018 Punjab
12 Rohinton Fali Nariman Male 7 July 2014 12 August 2021 Maharashtra
13 Abhay Manohar Sapre Male 13 August 2014 27 August 2019 Madhya Pradesh
14 R. Banumathi Female 13 August 2014 19 July 2020 Tamil Nadu
15 Uday U. Lalit Male 13 August 2014 8 November 2022 Maharashtra
16 Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar Male 13 May 2016 29 July 2022 Maharashtra
17 Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud Male 13 May 2016 10 November 2024 Maharashtra
18 Ashok Bhushan Male 13 May 2016 4 July 2021 Uttar Pradesh
19 L. Nageswara Rao Male 13 May 2016 7 June 2022 Andhra Pradesh
20 Sanjay Kishan Kaul Male 17 February 2017 25 December 2023 Delhi
21 Mohan Shantanagoudar Male 17 February 2017 4 May 2023 Karnataka
22 S. Abdul Nazeer Male 17 February 2017 4 January 2023 Karnataka
23 Navin Sinha Male 17 February 2017 18 August 2021 Bihar
24 Deepak Gupta Male 17 February 2017 6 May 2020 Himachal Pradesh
25 Indu Malhotra Female 27 April 2018 14 March 2022 Delhi
See also[edit]
List of Chief Justices of India
List of current Indian chief justices
List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Date of elevation as Chief Justice of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hon'ble The Chief Justice of India & Hon'ble Judges". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chief Justice of India and Sitting Hon'ble Judges arranged according to date of appointment as on 10 March 2014". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
External links[edit]
[show]
v
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e
Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India
Dipak Misra
CJI
Jasti Chelameswar
Ranjan Gogoi
Madan Lokur
Kurian Joseph
Arjan Kumar Sikri
Sharad Arvind Bobde
Rajesh Kumar Agrawal
N. V. Ramana
Arun Kumar Mishra
Adarsh Kumar Goel
Rohinton Fali Nariman
Abhay Manohar Sapre
R. Banumathi
Uday U. Lalit
Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar
Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud
Ashok Bhushan
L. Nageswara Rao
Sanjay Kishan Kaul
Mohan Shantanagoudar
S. Abdul Nazeer
Navin Sinha
Deepak Gupta
Chief Justices of India
[show]
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Judiciary of India
Supreme Court
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
List of Chief Justices of India
List of sitting judges
High Courts
High Courts of India
Chief Justices of High Courts of India
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Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
Gram Nyayalayas
Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
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Constitution
Constitution of India
Law of India
Indian Penal Code
Appointment of Judges
National Judicial Appointments Commission
Collegium System
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India&oldid=838488306"
Categories:
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