text:
R/T
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the vehicle badge. For other uses, see RT.
Dodge R/T vehicles badge
R/T is the performance marker used on Dodge automobiles since the 1960s (much like Chevrolet Super Sport). R/T stands for Road/Track (no "and"). R/T models usually come with R/T badging and a combination of upgraded suspension, tires, brakes, and often more powerful engines. Many models have also come with monotone paint and stripes as well as aggressive body kits. In 2004 the Chrysler SRT Division (Chrysler Corp. SRT Vehicles) replaced R/T as the high performance auto group for Dodge vehicles, though the trim level is still in use on many current models.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current Vehicles
2 Previous Vehicles
3 Other vehicles using R/T properties
4 Concept vehicles using R/T properties
5 Engines Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Current Vehicles[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Challenger R/T
2008-Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 375 hp (Manual) 372 hp (Automatic) 5.0 s[1]
Dodge Charger R/T
2011-Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 370 hp 5.3 s[2]
Dodge Durango R/T
2011-Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 360 hp 7.3 s[3]
Dodge Journey R/T
2012-Present V6 3.6 Chrysler Pentastar engine 283hp 6.2 s[4]
Previous Vehicles[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Spirit R/T
1991-1992 I4 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 5.8 s[5]
Dodge Daytona IROC R/T
1992-1993 I4 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 6.0 s[6]
Dodge Neon R/T
1998-1999 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon A588 engine 150 hp 7.5 s[7]
Dodge Neon R/T
2001-2004 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon Magnum engine 150 hp 7.6 s[8]
Dodge Caliber R/T
2004-2007 I4 2.4 World engine 172 hp 10.1 s[9]
Dodge Stratus R/T
2001-2005 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi SOHC 6G72 engine 200 hp 7.4 s[10]
Dodge Intrepid R/T
2000-2002 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 242 hp
Dodge Avenger R/T
2008-2014 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGF engine 283 hp 6.0 s[11]
Dodge Nitro R/T
2008-2009 V6 4.0 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 255 hp 7.7 s[12]
Dodge Journey R/T
2009-2015 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 235 hp 8.0 s[13]
Dodge Stealth R/T
1991-1996 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi DOHC 6G72 engine 222 hp
3.0 Mitsubishi Twin-Turbo DOHC 6G72 engine 296-320 hp ---
5.3 s[14]
Dodge Coronet R/T
1967-1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Magnum 375 HP
6.1 s[15]
7.0 s[16]
Dodge Charger R/T
1968-1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP 5.3 s[17]
7.4 s[18]
Dodge Challenger R/T
1970-1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP ---
6.2 s[19]
Dodge Aspen R/T
1976-1980 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA 360 engine 170 hp 9.9 s[20]
Dodge Dakota R/T
1998-2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 7.0 s[21]
Dodge Durango R/T
1999-2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 8.2 s[22]
Dodge Magnum R/T
2004-2007 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 hp 6.1 s[23]
Dodge Ram 1500 R/T
2005-2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 345 hp('06-07)/370 hp(08-10) 5.7 s[24]
Dodge Charger R/T
2006-2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340-350 hp('06-07)/368 hp(08-10)
Dodge Viper R/T10
1992-1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 400 hp
Other vehicles using R/T properties[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Coronet Super Bee
1968-1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP ---
Dodge Charger Daytona
1969 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP ---
Dodge Charger Super Bee
1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP ---
Dodge Ram 1500 SS/T
1996-1998 V8 5.9 Chrysler Hemi engine 240HP ---
Dodge Ram 1500 Rumble Bee
2004-2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP ---
Dodge Charger Daytona
2006-2009 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 350HP(06-07)/370HP(08-09) ---
Concept vehicles using R/T properties[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Copperhead
1997 V6 2.7 Chrysler LH engine 180HP ---
Dodge Sidewinder
1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 410HP ---
Dodge Charger R/T (1999 concept)
1999 V8 4.7 Chrysler engine 325HP ---
Dodge Super 8 Hemi
2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP ---
Engines Gallery[edit]
The Turbocharged 2.4L I4 Chrysler Neon Engine that used in Dodge Neon SRT-4 is also used in Dodge Stratus R/T.
The Chrysler 5.7 Hemi Engine is used in most of modern R/T V8 vehicles.
A picture of the 8.0 Chrysler LA Viper engine which is used in the Dodge Viper R/T10 and the concept Dodge Sidewinder.
The 7.2 Chrysler 440 SixPack engine, this was used in most of classic muscle cars made by Dodge and Plymouth.
A picture of the classic 7.0 Chrysler Hemi engine with a power of 425HP, the modern aftermarket - or custom - 426 Hemi produce nearly to 600 HP.
See also[edit]
Chrysler Group SRT Vehicles
Mercedes-AMG
Chevrolet SS Vehicles
BMW M Power
References[edit]
Jump up ^ dodge Challenger R/T 2011 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R/T 2011 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R/T 2011 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Journey R/T 2012 0-60 m/h
Jump up ^ Dodge Spirit R/T 0-60 m/h - OnlineHome.us
Jump up ^ Dodge Daytona IROC R/T 0-60 m/h - moparautos.com
Jump up ^ Dodge Neon 1998 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Neon R/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Caliber R/T 0-60 m/h - InsideLine
Jump up ^ Dodge Stratus R/T 0-60 m/h - ModernRacer
Jump up ^ Dodge Avenger R/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Nitro R/T 0-60 m/h - InsideLine
Jump up ^ Dodge JourneyR/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Stealth R/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R/T Hemi 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R/T SixPack 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R/T Hemi 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R/T SixPack 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Challenger R/T SixPack 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Aspen R/T 0-60 m/h - Automobile-Catalog
Jump up ^ Dodge Dakota R/T 0-60 m/h - TruckTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R/T 2000 0-60 m/h - ConceptCarz
Jump up ^ Dodge Magnum R/T 0-60 m/h - Read&Track
Jump up ^ Dodge Ram R/T 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
External links[edit]
Official Dodge Website
[show]
v
t
e
FCA US LLC
Marques
Current
Chrysler
Dodge
Jeep
Ram
Fiat Automobiles (USA)
Defunct
AMC (1966–1988)
Commer (1905–1979)
Barreiros (1959–1978)
DeSoto (1928–1961)
Eagle (1988–1998)
Fargo (1920–1972)
Hillman (1907–1976)
Humber (1898–1975)
Imperial (1955–1975, 1981–1983)
Karrier (1908–1977)
Plymouth (1928–2001)
Singer (1905–1970)
Simca (1934–1977)
SRT (2013–2014)
Sunbeam (1901–1976)
Valiant (1960–1966)
Divisions and
subsidiaries
Current
Chrysler Australia
Chrysler Capital
Chrysler Canada
Dodge
Jeep
Mopar
Ram Trucks
Street & Racing Technology (SRT)
Road Track (R/T)
Defunct
Chrysler-Plymouth (1928–2001)
American Motors Corporation (1954–88)
Chrysler Australia (1951–81)
Chrysler Europe (1967–81)
Chrysler UK (1970–81)
Envi (2007–09)
Former
Eurostar Automobilwerk
Global Electric Motorcars
Chrysler First Financial Services Corporation
Joint ventures and
alliances
Current
United States Council for Automotive Research
Defunct
Diamond-Star Motors
DaimlerChrysler–Mitsubishi alliance
Global Engine Alliance
People
Walter Chrysler
Lee Iacocca
Bob Lutz
C. Robert Kidder
Thomas W. LaSorda
Sergio Marchionne
Louis Rhodes
Places
Chrysler Building
Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center
Factories
Proving grounds
Products
Engines (Hemi, Pentastar, WGE)
Platforms
Transmissions
Vehicles
Other
Big Three
Cerberus Capital Management
Chrysler Classic Racing
Daimler-Chrysler (1998–2007)
History (Chapter 11 reorganization)
Parent
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R/T&oldid=829206813"
Categories:
Chrysler
Dodge
Muscle cars
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 7 March 2018, at 07:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/RT_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
RT (disambiguation)

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value:
/wiki/Street_and_Racing_Technology
mw-redirect
Street and Racing Technology

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
/wiki/Dodge_Neon#1995.E2.80.931999
mw-redirect
Dodge Neon

value:
/wiki/Chrysler_Neon_engine#A588
mw-redirect
Chrysler Neon engine

value:
/wiki/Dodge_Neon#2000.E2.80.932005
mw-redirect
Dodge Neon

value:
/wiki/Chrysler_Neon_engine#Magnum
mw-redirect
Chrysler Neon engine

value:
/wiki/Chrysler_World_engine#2.4
mw-redirect
Chrysler World engine

value:
/wiki/Chrysler_RB_engine#440
mw-redirect
Chrysler RB engine

value: 1969 Dodge Coronet R slash T photo-10.JPG

value: Dodge Charger R-T (Gibeau Orange Julep).JPG

value: '08 Dodge Charger R-T (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10).jpg

value: Edit section: Other vehicles using R/T properties

value: '70 Dodge Coronet Super Bee (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10).jpg

value: Edit section: Concept vehicles using R/T properties

value: 1999 Charger CNG-powered show car at Pocono Raceway.jpg

value:
/wiki/Dodge_SRT-4
mw-redirect
Dodge SRT-4

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allpar.com/neon/neonrt.html

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dodge.com

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

value:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/American_Motors
mw-redirect
American Motors

value:
/wiki/Chrysler_UK
mw-redirect
Chrysler UK

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/R/T
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=R/T&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-R_T rootpage-R_T skin-vector action-view


text:
The Breakfast Club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes. For other uses, see The Breakfast Club (disambiguation).
The Breakfast Club
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Hughes
Produced by
Ned Tanen
John Hughes
Written by
John Hughes
Starring
Emilio Estevez
Paul Gleason
Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy
Music by
Keith Forsey
Gary Chang
Cinematography
Thomas Del Ruth
Edited by
Dede Allen
Production
company
A&M Films
Channel Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
February 15, 1985 (1985-02-15)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1 million[2]
Box office
$51.5 million[3]
The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written, produced, and directed by John Hughes, starring Emilio Estevez, Paul Gleason, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy. The storyline follows five teenagers, each members of different high school cliques, who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes, while facing a strict disciplinarian.
The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15, 1985. It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget. Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time, as well as one of Hughes' most memorable and recognizable works. The media referred to the film's five main actors as members of a group called the "Brat Pack."
The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School, the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes' friends. Thus, those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of "The Breakfast Club." In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[4][5]
The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
3.3 Poster
4 Themes
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
6.3 Accolades
7 Legacy
8 Soundtrack
8.1 Track listing
8.2 Critical reception
9 References
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
On Saturday, March 24, 1984, five students report at 7:00 a.m. for all-day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois. While not complete strangers, each of them comes from a different clique, and they seem to have nothing in common: the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish, the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark, the geekish intellect Brian Johnson, the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds, and the rebellious delinquent John Bender.
They gather in the high school library, where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak, move from their seats, or sleep until they are released at 3:00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand-word essay, in which each must describe "who you think you are." He then leaves, returning only occasionally to check on them. John, who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon, ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students, teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire. Allison is initially quiet, except for an occasional random outburst. Over the course of the day, Vernon gives John several weekends' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet, but he escapes and returns to the library.
The students pass the hours by talking, arguing, and, at one point, smoking marijuana that John retrieves from his locker. Gradually, they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets: Allison is a compulsive liar; Andrew cannot easily think for himself; John comes from an abusive household; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way. They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents, which are a key cause for their personal issues as well: Allison's parents ignore her due to their own problems; Andrew's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible; John's father verbally and physically abuses him; Brian's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades; and Claire's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments. The students realize that, even with their differences, they face similar pressures and complications in their lives.
Despite their differences in social status, the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses. Claire gives Allison a makeover, to reveal just how pretty she really is, which sparks romantic interest in Andrew. Claire decides to break her "pristine" virgin appearance by kissing John in the closet and giving him a hickey. Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention, their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards.
As the detention nears its end, the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left. Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave. As the students part ways outside the school, Allison and Andrew kiss, as do Claire and John. Allison rips Andrew's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep, and Claire gives John one of her diamond earrings, which he attaches to his earlobe. Vernon reads the essay, in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are, using simple definitions and stereotypes. One by one, the five students' voices add, "But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal." Brian signs the letter as "The Breakfast Club." John raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home.
Cast[edit]
Judd Nelson as John Bender
Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish
Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark
Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson
Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds
Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon
John Kapelos as Carl Reed
Ron Dean as Mr. Clark
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes' 1984 film Sixteen Candles. Towards the end of filming, Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club. Hall became the first to be cast, agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson. Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds, but she was "really upset" because she wanted to play Claire Standish. She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part.[7] The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy.
Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender. However, when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke, Estevez was recast. Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender, which was the last role to be cast, though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson. Hughes eventually cast Cusack, but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began, because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role. At one point, Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off-camera, and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him.[7][8]
Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos.[9]
Filming[edit]
In 1999, Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience.[10] Hughes ultimately convinced the film's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot, he could greatly minimize their risk. Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut. Hughes opted for an insular, largely one room set and wrote it about high school students, who would be played by younger actors.[11]
Principal photography began on March 28, 1984, and ended in May. Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines, Illinois, shuttered in 1981. The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes' 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School. The library at Maine North High School, considered too small for the film, prompted the crew to build the set in the school's gymnasium.[12] The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence.[13] On the Ferris Bueller's Day Off DVD commentary (featured on the 2004 DVD version), Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money, and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film. The first print was 150 minutes in length.[14]
During a cast reunion in honor of the film's 25th anniversary, Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director's Cut existed but Hughes' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts.[8]
In 2015 the first draft of the film's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building.[15]
Poster[edit]
The film's poster, featuring the five characters huddled together, was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting. The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on.[16] The poster refers to the five "types" of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film, and in a different sequence, stating "They were five total strangers with nothing in common, meeting for the first time. A brain, a beauty, a jock, a rebel and a recluse."
Themes[edit]
The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood, by adults and by themselves. It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs, as well as the lofty expectations of their parents, teachers, and other authority figures. On the surface, the students have little in common with each other. However, as the day rolls on, they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations.[17][18] Stereotyping is another theme. Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down, the characters "empathize with each other's struggles, dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions, and discover that they are more similar than different."[19]
The main adult character, Mr. Vernon, is not portrayed in a positive light. He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film. Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon.[17]
Release[edit]
The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15, 1985 in the United States.
Home media[edit]
In 2003, the film was released on DVD as part of the "High School Reunion Collection."[20] In 2008, a "Flashback Edition" DVD was released with several special features, including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson.[21] A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray was released in 2010,[22] and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal's 100th Anniversary series.[23][24] On March 10, 2015, the 30th Anniversary Edition was released. This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD, Digital HD and Blu-ray.[25]
On October 16, 2017, The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018.[26]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received high critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 88% approval rating based on 60 reviews, with an approval rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus states, "The Breakfast Club is a warm, insightful, and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers."[27] Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62% based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews."[28]
Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated, "Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers, as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades."[29]
Box office[edit]
In February 1985, the film debuted at #3 at the box office (behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford).[30] Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide, the film is a box office success, given its alleged $1 million budget.[31]
Accolades[edit]
Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005.
Award
Nominee
Result
Silver Bucket of Excellence Award Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Paul Gleason
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy Won
Legacy[edit]
The Breakfast Club is known as the "quintessential 1980s film" and is considered as one of the best films of the decade.[32] In 2008, Empire magazine ranked it #369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.[33] It then rose 331 places to rank at #38 on their 2014 list.[34] Similarly, The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list[35] and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[36] In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie, Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club.[37]
In 2005, the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards. For the event, MTV attempted to reunite the original cast. Sheedy, Ringwald, and Hall appeared together on stage, with Kapelos in the audience; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates. Estevez could not attend because of other commitments, and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on-stage reunion, prompting Hall to joke that the two were "in Africa with Dave Chappelle." Yellowcard performed Simple Minds' anthem for the film, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," at the awards. At the 82nd Academy Awards (March 7, 2010), Sheedy, Hall, Ringwald, and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes—who had died a few months prior—along with other actors who had worked with him, including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink, Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone.
Soundtrack[edit]
The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
February 19, 1985
Recorded
1984
Genre
Rock, new wave
Length
38:02
Label
A&M Records
Producer
various artists
Singles from The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
"Don't You"
Released: February 20, 1985 (US), April 8, 1985 (UK)
Audio sample
Simple Minds—Don't You (Forget About Me)
file
help
The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19, 1985 by A&M Records. The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The song "Don't You (Forget About Me)" performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20, 1985 in the United States and on April 8, 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Track listing[edit]
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Simple Minds
"Waiting" – E.G. Daily
"Fire in the Twilight" – Wang Chung
"I'm the Dude" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Heart Too Hot to Hold" – Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill
"Dream Montage" (instrumental) – Gary Chang
"We Are Not Alone" – Karla DeVito
"Reggae" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Didn't I Tell You?" – Joyce Kennedy
"Love Theme" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
Critical reception[edit]
In a June 25, 1985 review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "D−" and said that it has "utterly negligible" songs, and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," best known for being played during the film's opening and closing credits.[38] In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that, apart from Simple Minds' "undisputed masterpiece," the album is largely "disposable" and marred by "'80s artifacts" and "forgettable instrumentals."[39]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club". Bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 80's: 'The Breakfast Club'". Retrieved September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps (December 14, 2016). "'Breakfast Club,' 'Rushmore' Among Films Added to National Film Registry". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan (December 14, 2016). "National Film Registry honors 'Breakfast Club,' 'Rushmore' and other teen angst movies". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast Club 30". BreakfastClub30.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Itzkoff, Dave (September 17, 2010). "She Won't Forget About Him: Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Julie (September 21, 2010). "'The Breakfast Club' Cast Reunites, But Where's Emilio? 'Working on 'Mighty Ducks 5". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Premiere, December 1999, Oral history "Breakfast Club"". comcast.net.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. p. 47.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. p. 58.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 59, 69.
Jump up ^ Dameron, Emerson (August 11, 2009). "John Hughes: The Director's Cut". Newcity Film. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Johnson (April 21, 2015). "Original 'Breakfast Club' screenplay found in District 207 cabinet during move". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 79-80, 325-326.
^ Jump up to: a b Loukides, Paul (1996). Beyond the Stars 5: Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film. Popular Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780879727017.
Jump up ^ Barsanti, Chris (2010). Filmology: A Movie-a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know. Adams Media. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club". Oup.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (High School Reunion Collection): Molly Ringwald, Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, John Kapelos, Paul Gleason, John Hughes, Ned Tanen: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (Flashback Edition): Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Molly Ringwald, Ally Sheedy, Judd Nelson, Paul Gleason, Mercedes Hall, John Kapelos, Ron Dean, Perry Crawford, Fran Gargano, John Hughes, Tim Gamble, Jackie Burch, Thomas del Ruth: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (25th Anniversary Edition) [Blu-ray]: Emilio Estevez, Paul Gleason, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Ally Sheedy, John Hughes: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy) : Universal's 100th Anniversary". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments". Universal 100th. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nordine, Michael (October 16, 2017). "The Criterion Collection Announces January 2018 Titles, Including 'The Breakfast Club' and 'I, Daniel Blake'". IndieWire. Penske Business Media, LLC. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Cathleen (February 15, 1985). "'The Breakfast Club' is an endearing teenage comedy: 1985 review". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office: February 15-18, 1985—4-day President's Day Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Dunkleberger, Amy (2007). So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter?. Enslow Publishers, Inc. p. 73.
Jump up ^ "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time — Empire — www.empireonline.com". Empire.
Jump up ^ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's The 50 Best High School Movies". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (December 14, 2001). "FILM REVIEW; Pretty in Prank: A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of..." The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (June 25, 1985). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Breakfast Club [Original Soundtrack]". AllMusic. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Ringwald, Molly (April 6, 2018). "What About "The Breakfast Club"? - Revisiting the movies of my youth in the age of #MeToo". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
External links[edit]
1980s portal
Film in the United States portal
Comedy portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Breakfast Club
The Breakfast Club on IMDb
The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database
The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo
The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes
The Breakfast Club at Metacritic
[hide]
v
t
e
John Hughes
Director
and writer
Sixteen Candles (1984)
The Breakfast Club (1985)
Weird Science (1985)
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Curly Sue (1991)
Writer only
National Lampoon's Class Reunion (1982)
Mr. Mom (1983)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Nate and Hayes (1983)
National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985)
Pretty in Pink (1986)
Some Kind of Wonderful (1987)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
Home Alone (1990)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Dutch (1991)
Beethoven (1992)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
Baby's Day Out (1994)
Miracle on 34th Street (1994)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Flubber (1997)
Home Alone 3 (1997)
Reach the Rock (1998)
Just Visiting (2001)
Maid in Manhattan (2002, story)
Drillbit Taylor (2008, original character)
Related
Don't You Forget About Me (2009 documentary)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&oldid=838348610"
Categories:
1985 films
English-language films
1980s comedy-drama films
1980s coming-of-age films
1980s high school films
1980s teen comedy films
1980s teen drama films
1985 soundtracks
A&M Films films
A&M Records soundtracks
American comedy-drama films
American coming-of-age films
American films
American high school films
American teen comedy films
American teen drama films
Coming-of-age comedy films
Coming-of-age drama films
Film soundtracks
Films directed by John Hughes (filmmaker)
Films produced by John Hughes (filmmaker)
Films set in 1984
Films set in Illinois
Films shot in Illinois
Screenplays by John Hughes (filmmaker)
United States National Film Registry films
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Use mdy dates from March 2017
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Audio sample to be checked
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
23 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 13:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: i

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

tag: tr

tag: img

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: colspan style

attr: scope style

attr: href title

value:
/wiki/Detention_(Academia)
mw-redirect
Detention (Academia)

value:
/wiki/Letterman_jacket
mw-redirect
Letterman jacket

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

value: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

value:
/wiki/Blockbuster_film
mw-redirect
Blockbuster film

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value:
/wiki/Empire_(magazine)
mw-redirect
Empire (magazine)

value:
/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards
mw-redirect
MTV Movie Awards

value: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

value: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

value: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

value:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

value: File:Simple Minds - Don't You Forget About Me.ogg

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

value:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.BreakfastClub30.com

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000A98ZP

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003IWYOF4

value:
nofollow
http://www.universal100th.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=15732

value:
/wiki/Fandango_Media
mw-redirect
Fandango Media

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.empireonline.com/500/25.asp

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

value:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088847/
external text

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Films directed by John Hughes (filmmaker)

value: Category:Films produced by John Hughes (filmmaker)

value: Category:Screenplays by John Hughes (filmmaker)

value: Category:United States National Film Registry films

value: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

value: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: نادي الإفطار – Arabic

value: Клуб „Закуска“ – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: کلوپ صبحانه – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: दी ब्रेकफास्ट क्लब – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: מועדון ארוחת הבוקר – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: "Таңкы тамак" клубу – Kyrgyz

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: ブレックファスト・クラブ – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Клуб «Завтрак» – Russian

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Клуб «Сніданок» – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Breakfast_Club rootpage-The_Breakfast_Club skin-vector action-view


text:
Burning of Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Burning of Washington
Part of the War of 1812
Battle of Bladensburg
Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British invaded Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings
Date
August 24, 1814
Location
Washington, D.C., United States
Result
British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom United States
Commanders and leaders
Robert Ross
George Cockburn
James Madison
Strength
4,250[1] 7,640
Casualties and losses
1 killed, 3 wounded (Colonial Marines)
3 unknown wounded
City of Washington attacked by British forces
Many government buildings set ablaze
Destruction of the 36-gun frigate USS New York.
44-gun frigate USS Columbia and 22-gun sloop USS Argus burnt to avoid capture.
[show]
v
t
e
Chesapeake campaign
Havre de Grace
Craney Island
St. Michaels
Chesapeake Bay Flotilla
Bladensburg
Washington
Alexandria
Caulk's Field
North Point
Baltimore
Farnham Church
The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings, including the White House (known as the Presidential Mansion), and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government.[2] The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada. Throughout the history of the United States, the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington, D.C.; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital.
President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the "United States Capital for a Day". President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville.
Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden, very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—put out the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away, killing British troops and American civilians alike. Following the storm, the British returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. After the "Storm that saved Washington", as it soon came to be called, the Americans returned to the city.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Reasons for the attack
2 Events
3 U.S. Capitol
4 White House
5 Other Washington properties
6 "The Storm that Saved Washington"
7 Aftermath
8 Reconstruction
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Citations
10.3 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Reasons for the attack[edit]
The British government, already at war with Napoleonic France, adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812. Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada. However, after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814, Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States. In addition to reinforcements sent to Canada, the Earl of Bathurst, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda, from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada.[4] The commanders were under strict orders, however, not to carry out operations far inland, or to attempt to hold territory. Early in 1814, Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station, controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war. He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans.[5]
Admiralty House, Mount Wyndham, Bermuda, where the attack was planned
Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak, and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack.[6] Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore, Washington and Philadelphia. On July 17, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and "the greater political effect likely to result".[7] General Ross commanded a 4,500-man army, composed of the 4th (King's Own) Light, 21st Royal North British Fusiliers, 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot, and 85th Regiment of Foot.
An added motive was retaliation for what Britain saw as the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814, the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover.[8] On June 2, 1814, Sir George Prévost, Governor General of The Canadas, wrote to Cochrane at Admiralty House, in Bailey's Bay, Bermuda, calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the laws of war. Prévost argued that,
… in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie, in order that if the war with the United States continues you may, should you judge it advisable, assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.[8]
On July 18, Cochrane ordered Cockburn to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable".[9] Cochrane instructed, "You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States". Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President's Mansion, during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast. They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen (Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist), with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches. They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings. Major-General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order. Throughout the events of that day, a severe storm blew into the city, worsening on the night of August 24, 1814.
Events[edit]
Burning of Washington August 1814
President James Madison, members of his government, and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day. President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville.[10]
The sappers and miners of the Corps of Royal Engineers under Captain Blanshard were employed in burning the principal buildings. Blanshard reported that it seemed that the American President was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners that a handsome entertainment had been prepared. Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed the feast.[11]:358
U.S. Capitol[edit]
The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington, D.C. in the War of 1812. Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814, restored.
The Capitol was, according to some contemporary travelers, the only building in Washington "worthy to be noticed."[12] Thus, it was a prime target for the British invaders, both for its aesthetic and symbolic value. Upon arrival into the city via Maryland Avenue, the British targeted the Capitol (first the southern wing, containing the House of Representatives, then the northern wing, containing the Senate).[13] Prior to setting it aflame, the British looted the building (which at that time housed Congress, the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Court). Items looted by British General Sir George Cockburn included “An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810.[14]"
The British intended to burn the building to the ground. They set fire to the southern wing first. The flames grew so quickly that the British were prevented from collecting enough wood to burn the stone walls completely. However, the Library of Congress’s contents in the northern wing contributed to the flames on that side.[15] Among the destruction was the 3,000-volume collection of the Library of Congress [16] and the intricate decorations of the neoclassical columns, pediments, and sculptures[17] originally designed by William Thornton in 1793 and Benjamin Latrobe in 1803.[18] The wooden ceilings and floors burned, and the glass skylights melted because of the intense heat.[19] But, the building was not a complete loss. The House rotunda, the east lobby, the staircases, and Latrobe’s famous Corn-Cob Columns in the Senate entrance hall all survived.[20] The Superintendent of the Public Buildings of the City of Washington, Thomas Munroe, concluded that the loss to the Capitol amounted to $787,163.28, with $457,388.36 for the North wing and main building, and $329,774.92 for the South wing.[21]
White House[edit]
The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24, 1814. Watercolor by George Munger, displayed at the White House
After burning the Capitol, the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House. After US government officials and President Madison fled the city, the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband, urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment's notice.[22] Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British.[23] James Madison's personal slave, the fifteen-year-old boy Paul Jennings, was an eyewitness.[24] After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison, Jennings published his memoir in 1865, considered the first from the White House:
It has often been stated in print, that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House, she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington (now in one of the parlors there), and carried it off. She had no time for doing it. It would have required a ladder to get it down. All she carried off was the silver in her reticule, as the British were thought to be but a few squares off, and were expected any moment.[25]
Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were:
John Susé (Jean Pierre Sioussat) (a Frenchman, then door-keeper, and still living) and Magraw [McGraw], the President's gardener, took it down and sent it off on a wagon, with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of. When the British did arrive, they ate up the very dinner, and drank the wines, &c., that I had prepared for the President's party.[25][26][27]
The soldiers burned the president's house, and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day.
In 2009, President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables. (The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting, not the original,[28] although it is the same one on display in the East Room.) "A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington, to visit the White House. They looked at the painting their relative helped save."[29] In an interview with National Public Radio, Jennings' great-great-grandson Hugh Alexander said, "We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting, which was for me one of the high points."[24] He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison.[24]
Other Washington properties[edit]
The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn. At background right is the burning of the US Treasury Building and the Capitol Building
The day after the destruction of the White House, Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper, the National Intelligencer, intending to burn it down. However, several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses. Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him, branding him "The Ruffian." Instead, he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick, and ordered all the "C" type destroyed "so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name."[30]
The US Treasury Building (built 1804)
The Blodget Hotel which housed the US Patent Office; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814. The Patent Office later burned in 1836
The Washington Navy Yard in 1862
The British sought out the United States Treasury in hopes of finding money or items of worth, but they found only old records.[16] They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings. The United States Department of War building was also burned. However, the War and State Department files had been removed, so all books and records had been saved; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier.[31] The First U.S. Patent Office Building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton, the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents, who gained British cooperation to preserve it.[32][A] "When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack, the Patent Office was the only Government building . . . left untouched" in Washington.[33]
The Americans had already burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard, founded by Thomas Jefferson, to prevent capture of stores and ammunition,[34] as well as the 44-gun frigate USS Columbia and the 22 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion.[35] The Navy Yard's Latrobe Gate, Quarters A, and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction.[36][37] Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant's House, although several private properties were damaged or destroyed.[38]
In the afternoon of August 25, General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf's Point. The fort, later known as Fort McNair, had already been destroyed by the Americans, but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained. While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well, the powder ignited. As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion, and many others were maimed.[39]
"The Storm that Saved Washington"[edit]
Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—put out the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on Constitution Avenue[3] and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike.[40] Following the storm, the British troops returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation. While some assert that the storm forced their retreat,[3] it seems likely from their destructive and arsonous actions before the storm, and their written orders from Cochrane to "destroy and lay waste",[41] that their intention was merely to raze the city, rather than occupy it for an extended period. Whatever the case, the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. Despite this, the "Storm that saved Washington" as it became known, did the opposite according to some. The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy (such as the Patent Office). The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington DC.
An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn 10th Baronet and a female resident of Washington. "Dear God! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed to in this infernal country?" enquired the Admiral. "This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city,” the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn. "Not so, Madam," Cockburn retorted. “It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city", before riding off on horseback.[42] Yet, the British left right after the storm completely unopposed by any American military forces.
The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack, of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines.[43]
The destruction of the Capitol, including the Senate House and the House of Representatives, the Arsenal, Dockyard, Treasury, War Office, President's mansion, bridge over the Potomac, a frigate and a sloop together with all Materiel was estimated at £365,000.[11]:359
A separate British force captured Alexandria, on the south side of the Potomac River, while Ross' troops were leaving Washington. The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town.[44]
President Madison returned to Washington by September 1, on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia.[45] Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19. Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings, they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building.[46]
In 2013, an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series "Weather That Changed History," entitled "The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C.," was devoted to these events.
Aftermath[edit]
Most contemporary American observers, including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists, condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism.[47] Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe, where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and always spared destruction (at least on the part of the occupiers - the famous burning of Moscow that occurred less than two years prior had been an act carried out by the defenders). According to The Annual Register, the burning had "brought a heavy censure on the British character," with some members of Parliament, including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread,[47] joining in the criticism.
The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada. In addition, they noted that the United States had been the aggressor, declaring war and initiating it.[48] Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York, the provincial capital of Upper Canada, early in 1813. Sir George Prévost wrote that "as a just retribution, the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate."[49] The Reverend John Strachan, who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there, wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington "was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations, not only of public but private property, committed by them in Canada."[50]
When they ultimately returned to Bermuda, the British forces took two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife, Queen Charlotte, which had been discovered in one of the public buildings. One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda, and the other in the Cabinet Building, both in the city of Hamilton.[51]
Reconstruction[edit]
The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War
Although the President and military officers returned to Washington only a few days after the British left, Congress did not return for three and half weeks.[52] The Thirteenth Congress officially convened on September 19, 1814 at the Blodgett’s Hotel, one of the few surviving buildings large enough to hold all members.[53] The Blodgett's Hotel also housed the U. S. Patent Office. Although the British had destroyed all public buildings, the Blodgett's Hotel and U.S. Patent Office was spared.[54] It was in this building that Congress met between September 1814 and December 1815 (when construction of the Old Brick Capitol was complete).[55]
There was a movement in Congress to relocate the capital after the burning. Congressmen from the North pushed for relocation to Philadelphia or other prominent Union cities, while Southern congressmen claimed that moving the capital would degrade the American sense of dignity and strength (however many southern congressmen simply did not want to move the capital north of the Mason-Dixon line).[56] On September 21, 1814, the House of Representatives voted to strike down a proposal to relocate the capital from Washington, D. C. by a margin of 83 to 54.[57] On February 3, 1815, in an effort to guarantee that the federal government would always remain in the area, Washington property owners funded the building of the Old Brick Capitol,[58] a larger meeting space where the Supreme Court now stands.[59] Construction of the Old Brick Capitol cost $25,000 and was funded primarily through the sale of stocks. The largest donor was Daniel Carroll of Duddington, a rich English property owner in the area.[60] Construction began on July 4, 1814 and concluded in December 1815. Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol between December 1815 and December 1819, when the Capitol reopened.[61]
The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated. The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete; the Capitol took twelve years.[18] A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the District concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one.[62] On February 13, 1815, President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings, including the Capitol, “on their present sites in the city of Washington”.[63] Benjamin Latrobe, architect of the Capitol who took over for William Thornton in 1803, was rehired to repair the building on April 18, 1815.[64] He immediately requested 60,000 feet of boards, 500 tons of stone, 1,000 barrels of lime, and brick.[65] With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks,[61] Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1818 for being difficult.[66] Charles Bulfinch took over and officially completed the renovations by 1826.[18] Bulfinch modified Latrobe’s design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86ft. With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington, the value of land in the area increased dramatically, paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the American Civil War.[67]
See also[edit]
War of 1812 portal
War of 1812 bibliography
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Brief History of the United States Patent Office from its foundation—1790 to 1886—with an outline of laws, growth, publications, office routine, etc. Washington, D.C.: R. Beresford, Printer. 1886. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2011. It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the Patent Office to destroy it. Thornton "put himself before the gun, and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed: 'Are you Englishmen or only Goths and Vandals? This is the Patent Office, a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested. Would you destroy it? If so, fire away, and let the charge pass through my body.' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers, and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction."
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Burning of Washington, D.C.;Chesapeake Campaign". The War of 1812. genealogy, Inc. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The White House at War: The White House Burns: The War of 1812". White House Historical Association. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c The War of 1812, Scene 5 "An Act of Nature", History Channel, 2005
Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999, p. 240.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b Cruikshank 2006, p. 402.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006, p. 414.
Jump up ^ "Brookeville 1814". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
Jump up ^ Herrick 2005, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Muller, Charles, G. (1963). The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press,. p. 139.
Jump up ^ United States Department of the Treasury. "An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810". Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrick 2005, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Muller, Charles G. (1963). The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 140.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the U.S. Capitol Building". Architect of the Capitol | United States Capitol.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
Jump up ^ United States Congress, Thirteenth Congress (October 29, 1814). "Report from the superintendent of the Public Buildings" in the Report of the Committee appointed to...inquire into the cause...of the invasion of the city of Washington by the British forces. Washington, DC: United States Congress. p. 362.
Jump up ^ Pitch, Anthony S. (1998). The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 49–50.
Jump up ^ Willets includes Dolley Madison's letter to her sister describing these events. (Willets 1908, p. 219)
^ Jump up to: a b c Siegel & Block 2009, Descendant...
^ Jump up to: a b Jennings 1865, pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets (Willets 1908, p. 221)
Jump up ^ Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House (McCormick 1904, p. 170).
Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house
Jump up ^ Gura 2009, Descendants of a slave....
Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2001, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Business Methods in the War Department: Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments. By United States. War Dept. Board on Business Methods 1889 .p.184
Jump up ^ "The Patent Fire of 1836". patentlaws.com. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "One Hot Commodity: Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office". Kids pages. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crawford, p222, quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27, 1814 'The Enemy himself, on our entering the Town set fire to …'
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902, p. 47.
Jump up ^ "It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington." (Gerson & Branam 1973, p. 5)
Jump up ^ "When the British captured Washington on August 24, 1814, and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage, both Quarters A (Tingey's House) and Quarters B (Lieutenant Haraden's House) were untouched, but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that 'not a movable object from cellar to garret was left, and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken." (Taylor 1973, p. 3,5)
Jump up ^ "Act of July 14, 1832, to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2, 1833, to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-yard by the British in 1814." (Reports... 1894, p. 174)
Jump up ^ George 2000, p. 111.
Jump up ^ NWS staff 2011.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006, p. 414.
Jump up ^ Peter Snow "When Britain Burned the White House" 2012
Jump up ^ "No. 16939". The London Gazette. September 27, 1814. pp. 1942–1943.
Jump up ^ Landry 2009, p. 255.
Jump up ^ "James Madison, Proclamation – Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1, 1814". The American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Howe, David Walker (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b Hitsman & Graves 1999, pp. 243–244.
Jump up ^ Hickey 1989, p. 202.
Jump up ^ Elting 1995, p. 220.
Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999, pp. 244–245.
Jump up ^ POTSI (archived): HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 99.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 141.
Jump up ^ Skeen, C. Edward (2003). “The Fourteenth Congress Begins” in 1816: America Rising (PDF). University Press of Kentucky. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Clark, Allen C. (1938). Daniel Carroll of Duddington (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 36.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812-1817” in Washing: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 64–65.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812-1817” in Washing: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 65.
Jump up ^ Clark, Allen C. (1938). Daniel Carroll of Duddington (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 142.
^ Jump up to: a b Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 143.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 100.
Jump up ^ United States Congress, Thirteenth Congress (February 13, 1815). Session III, Statue III, Ch. 41 (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Congress. p. 205.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Skeen, C. Edward (2003). “The Fourteenth Congress Begins” in 1816: America Rising (PDF). University Press of Kentucky. p. 37.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812-1817” in Washing: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 73.
Sources[edit]
Crawford, Michael J. (Ed) (2002). The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 3. Washington: United States Department of Defense. ISBN 978-0-16-051224-7
Cruikshank, Ernest (2006) [1814]. The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier. (Part 1-2). University of Calgary. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
Fredriksen, John C. (2001). America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-57607-603-3.
George, Christopher T (2000). Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay. White Mane Books. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-57249-276-9.
Gerson, Leonard; Branam, Alfred (August 14, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Gleig, George Robert (1827). The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814–1815. London: J. Murray. ISBN 0-665-45385-X.
Gura, David (August 24, 2009). "Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved". The Two-Way. NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Herrick, Carole (2005). August 24, 1814: Washington in Flames. Falls Church, VA: Higher Education Publications, Inc.
Hickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana. ISBN 0-252-01613-0.
Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
Jennings, Paul (1865). A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison. Brookyn: George C. Beadle.
Landry, Peter (2009). Settlement, Revolution & War. Bloomington, IL: Trafford Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4251-8791-0.
McCormick, John H. (1904). "The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Washington, D.C. 7: 170–194. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Morriss, Roger (1997). Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-253-0.
NWS staff (June 15, 2011). "NWS Sterling, VA – D.C. Tornado Events". National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Myatt, Kevin (August 26, 2006). "Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812?". The Roanoke Times. Roanoke, VA. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Roosevelt, Theodore (1902). The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans. Part II. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Siegel, Robert; Block, Melissa (August 24, 2009). "Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy". NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Taylor, Nancy (August 14, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-Third Congress. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1894. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Willets, Gilson (1908). Inside History of the White House-the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation's presidents and their families. New York: The Christian Herald.
Further reading[edit]
Latimer, Jon. 1812: War with America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-674-02584-9
Martin, John. "The British Are Coming: Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze," LC Information Bulletin, September 1998
Pack, A. James. The Man Who Burned The White House, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87021-420-9
Phelan, Mary Kay. The Burning of Washington: August 1814, Ty Crowell Co, 1975. ISBN 0-690-00486-9
Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, White House History Magazine, Fall 1998
Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-425-3
Siegel, Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR, August 24, 2009.
Snow, Peter "When Britain Burned the White House, The 1814 Invasion of Washington", London: John Murray, 2013. ISBN 978-1-250-04828-8
Whitehorne, Joseph A. The Battle for Baltimore: 1814 (1997)
Listing by surname of Royal Marines (2nd Battn, 3rd Battn, Colonial Marines) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington
External links[edit]
The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation's Capital
Brookeville 1814, U.S. Capital for a Day Maryland State Archives
[show]
v
t
e
Conflicts of the War of 1812
Battles of the War of 1812
United States
Washington, D.C.
Burning of Washington
Georgia
Battle of Fort Peter
Louisiana
Battle of New Orleans
Siege of Fort St. Philip
Maryland
Battle of Baltimore
Battle of Bladensburg
Battle of Caulk's Field
Battle of North Point
Battle of St. Michaels
Raid on Havre de Grace
Massachusetts
Battle of Hampden
New York
Battle of Big Sandy Creek
Battle of Buffalo
Battle of Ogdensburg
Battle of Plattsburgh
Capture of Fort Niagara
Raid on Black Rock
Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor
Ohio
Battle of Fort Stephenson
Copus massacre
Siege of Fort Meigs
Virginia
Battle of Craney Island
Raid on Alexandria
Skirmish at Farnham Church
Battle of Rappahannock River
U.S. territories
Alabama
Battles of Fort Bowyer
Illinois
Battle of Fort Dearborn
Battle of Rock Island Rapids
Siege of Prairie du Chien
Indiana
Battle of the Mississinewa
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle of Wild Cat Creek
Siege of Fort Harrison
Siege of Fort Wayne
Michigan
Battle of Brownstown
Battle of Frenchtown
Battle of Mackinac Island
Battle of Maguaga
Siege of Detroit
Siege of Fort Mackinac
Mississippi
Battle of Burnt Corn
Battle of Callabee Creek
Canoe Fight
Battle of Holy Ground
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Battle of Talladega
Battle of Tallushatchee
Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
Fort Mims massacre
Kimbell–James Massacre
Missouri
Battle of Credit Island
Battle of the Sink Hole
British North America
Lower Canada
Battle of the Chateauguay
First Battle of Lacolle Mills
Second Battle of Lacolle Mills
Upper Canada
Battle of Beaver Dams
Battle of Chippawa
Battle of Cook's Mills
Battle of Crysler's Farm
Battle of Fort George
Battle of Frenchman's Creek
Battle of Longwoods
Battle of Lundy's Lane
Battle of Malcolm's Mills
Battle of Queenston Heights
Battle of Stoney Creek
Battle of the Thames
Battle of York
Capture of Fort Erie
Raid on Elizabethtown
Raid on Port Dover
Raid on Gananoque
Siege of Fort Erie
Spanish Empire
Spanish Florida
Battle of Pensacola
Naval battles
Atlantic Ocean
Capture of HMS Boxer
Capture of HMS Cyane
Capture of HMS Epervier
Capture of HMS Frolic
Capture of HMS Penguin
Capture of HMS Dominica
Capture of USS Argus
Capture of USS Chesapeake
Capture of USS President
Chesapeake Bay Flotilla
USS Constitution vs HMS Java
Sinking of HMS Avon
Battle of Fayal
Sinking of HMS Peacock
Sinking of HMS Reindeer
USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere
USS United States vs HMS Macedonian
Caribbean Sea
Battle of La Guaira
Great Lakes
Battle of Lake Erie
Battle of Fort Oswego
Engagements on Lake Huron
Engagements on Lake Ontario
First Battle of Sacket's Harbor
Gulf Coast
Action of 13 December 1814
Battle of Lake Borgne
Pacific Ocean
Action off James Island
Action off Charles Island
Nuku Hiva Campaign
Battle of Valparaiso (Capture of USS Essex)
See also: American Indian Wars, Creek War, Napoleonic Wars, and Tecumseh's War
Category
Portal
definition
textbooks
quotes
source texts
media
news stories
[show]
v
t
e
James Madison
4th President of the United States (1809–1817)
5th U.S. Secretary of State (1801–1809)
United States House of Representatives (1789–1797)
Congress of the Confederation (1781–1783)
Virginia House of Delegates (1776–1779, 1784–1786)
"Father of the
Constitution"
Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution
1786 Annapolis Convention
1787 Constitutional Convention
Virginia Plan
Constitution of the United States
Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
The Federalist Papers
written by Madison
No. 10
No. 51
Virginia Ratifying Convention
United States Bill of Rights
27th amendment
Constitution drafting and ratification timeline
Founding Fathers
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Tecumseh's War
Battle of Tippecanoe
War of 1812
origins
Burning of Washington
The Octagon House
Treaty of Ghent
Seven Buildings residence
results
Second Barbary War
Era of Good Feelings
Second Bank of the United States
State of the Union Address (1810
1814
1815
1816)
Cabinet
Federal judiciary appointments
Other noted
accomplisments
Co-founder, American Whig Society
Supervised the Louisiana Purchase
Anti-Administration party
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Democratic-Republican Party
First Party System
republicanism
Library of Congress
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Report of 1800
Other writings
The Papers of James Madison
Life
Early life and career
Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace
Montpelier
Elections
U.S. House of Representatives election, 1789
1790
1792
1794
U.S. presidential election, 1808
1812
Legacy and
popular culture
James Madison Memorial Building
James Madison University
James Madison College
Madison, Wisconsin
Madison Square
Madison River
Madison Street
U.S. postage stamps
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
James Madison Freedom of Information Award
James Madison Award
James Madison Institute
A More Perfect Union (1989 film)
Liberty's Kids (2002 miniseries)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
Marbury v. Madison
National Gazette
Paul Jennings
Madisonian Model
American Philosophical Society
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Family
Dolley Madison (wife)
John Payne Todd (stepson)
James Madison, Sr. (father)
Nelly Conway Madison (mother)
William Madison (brother)
Ambrose Madison (paternal grandfather)
James Madison (cousin)
George Madison (paternal second-cousin)
Thomas Madison (paternal second-cousin)
John Madison (great-grandfather)
Lucy Washington (sister-in-law)
← Thomas Jefferson
James Monroe →
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&oldid=837099973"
Categories:
1814 fires
1814 in Washington, D.C.
Arson in Washington, D.C.
August 1814 events
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles of the War of 1812
Burned buildings and structures in the United States
Fires at legislative buildings
Fires in Washington, D.C.
Presidency of James Madison
Urban fires in the United States
Washington, D.C. in the War of 1812
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Use mdy dates from August 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
日本語
Português
Русский
Tiếng Việt
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 18:21.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class colspan style

tag: br

value: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

value:
/wiki/George_Cockburn
mw-redirect
George Cockburn

value: Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign

value: Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte
mw-redirect
Napoleon Bonaparte

value: Secretary of State for War and the Colonies

value:
/wiki/Laws_of_war
mw-redirect
Laws of war

value:
/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers
mw-redirect
Corps of Royal Engineers

value:
/wiki/Sir_George_Cockburn
mw-redirect
Sir George Cockburn

value:
/wiki/Benjamin_Latrobe
mw-redirect
Benjamin Latrobe

value: Edit section: Other Washington properties

value:
/wiki/United_States_Treasury
mw-redirect
United States Treasury

value:
/wiki/Fort_McNair
mw-redirect
Fort McNair

value: Edit section: "The Storm that Saved Washington"

value:
/wiki/Burning_of_York
mw-redirect
Burning of York

value:
/wiki/Mason-Dixon_line
mw-redirect
Mason-Dixon line

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/War_of_1812_bibliography
mw-redirect
War of 1812 bibliography

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.myoutbox.net/pobere.htm

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: upper-alpha;

value:
nofollow
https://www.loc.gov/item/2013656773/
external text

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/George_Robert_Gleig
mw-redirect
George Robert Gleig

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.roanoke.com/weather/wb/79760

value: Template talk:Battles of the War of 1812

value:
/wiki/Battles_of_the_War_of_1812
mw-redirect
Battles of the War of 1812

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island
mw-redirect
Battle of Mackinac Island

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek
mw-redirect
Battle of Callabee Creek

value: Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek

value:
/wiki/Naval_battle
mw-redirect
Naval battle

value:
/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane
mw-redirect
Capture of HMS Cyane

value:
/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus
mw-redirect
Capture of USS Argus

value: Action of 13 December 1814 (Louisiana Campaign)

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: List of Secretaries of State of the United States

value:
/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776
mw-redirect
Virginia Constitution

value: Constitutional Convention (United States)

value: History of the United States Constitution

value: Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison

value: 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution

value: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

value: List of federal judges appointed by James Madison

value: United States House of Representatives elections, 1789

value: United States House of Representatives elections, 1790

value: United States House of Representatives elections, 1792

value: United States House of Representatives elections, 1794

value: United States presidential election, 1808

value: United States presidential election, 1812

value:
/wiki/Madison_Square
mw-redirect
Madison Square

value:
/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Madison Street (disambiguation)

value: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

value: James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation

value: James Madison Freedom of Information Award

value:
/wiki/Madisonian_Model
mw-redirect
Madisonian Model

value:
/wiki/James_Madison,_Sr.
mw-redirect
James Madison, Sr.

value:
/wiki/Nelly_Conway_Madison
mw-redirect
Nelly Conway Madison

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom

value: Category:Burned buildings and structures in the United States

value: Category:Urban fires in the United States

value: Category:Washington, D.C. in the War of 1812

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Burning_of_Washington
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: حريق واشنطن – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value: به آتش کشیدن واشینگتن – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: 워싱턴 방화 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: ワシントン焼き討ち – Japanese

value: Сожжение Вашингтона – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Burning_of_Washington rootpage-Burning_of_Washington skin-vector action-view