text:
American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct
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Professional responsibility
Duties to the client
Confidentiality
Avoiding conflict of interest
Due diligence and Competence (law)
Avoid commingling
Avoid self-dealing
Effective assistance
Avoid fee splitting
Withdrawal from representation
Duties to the court
Disclosure of perjury
Disclosure of adverse authority
Duties to the profession
Limitations on legal advertising
Report misconduct
Sources of law
ABA Model Rules
Penalties for misconduct
Disbarment
Judicial misconduct
v
t
e
The ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, created by the American Bar Association (ABA), are a set of rules that prescribe baseline standards of legal ethics and professional responsibility for lawyers in the United States. They were promulgated by the ABA House of Delegates upon the recommendation of the Kutak Commission in 1983. The rules are merely recommendations, or models, (hence the name "Model Rules") and are not themselves binding. However, having a common set of Model Rules facilitates a common discourse on legal ethics, and simplifies professional responsibility training as well as the day-to-day application of such rules. As of 2015[update], 49 states and four territories have adopted the rules in whole or in part, of which the most recent to do so was the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in March 2015. California is the only state that has not adopted the ABA Model Rules, while Puerto Rico is the only U.S. jurisdiction outside of confederation has not adopted them but instead has its own Código de Ética Profesional.
Contents
[hide]
1 State, commonwealth and territorial adoptions of the Rules
1.1 California
2 Professional regulation
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
State, commonwealth and territorial adoptions of the Rules[edit]
The American Bar Association is a private sector voluntary professional association. As such, it has no lawmaking power or regulatory authority, but it is just like any other nongovernmental bar association. Accordingly, the Model Rules are not legally binding on ABA members or within any particular jurisdiction. However, the Model Rules have been adopted, in whole or in part, and sometimes in variation, as the rules of professional conduct for attorneys in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and four of the five inhabited U.S. territories. The rules of professional conduct or professional responsibility adopted in a particular state are legally enforceable against the lawyers of that state as well as any lawyer practicing there on a pro hac vice basis.
On December 17, 2008, New York announced that it would finally abandon the old ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility (the last state to do so) and adopt a heavily modified version of the ABA Model Rules, effective April 1, 2009.[1] New York's version of the Model Rules was created by adjusting the standard Model Rules to reflect indigenous New York rules that had been incorporated over the years into its version of the Model Code. Even though New York did not adopt the Model Rules verbatim, the advantage of adopting its overall structure is that it simplifies the professional responsibility training of New York lawyers, and makes it easier for out-of-state lawyers to conform their conduct to New York rules by simply comparing their home state's version of the Model Rules to New York's version.
In June 2009, the Supreme Court of Maine approved the adoption of the Model Rules in that state, effective August 1, 2009.[2] Among the portions of the Model Rules that the Maine Rules of Professional Conduct do not include is Model Rule 1.8(j) (2002) categorically prohibiting sexual relations between lawyer and client.[3]
In March 2015, the Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands adopted its current Rules of Attorney Discipline and Procedure, which incorporates the ABA Model Rules by reference and expands upon them by adding another 22 local rules of professional conduct.[4]
California[edit]
California still has its own set of unique rules governing professional attorney conduct. Although many of the rules are similar and sometimes identical to the ABA Model Rules, the California rules differ markedly from the ABA models in both format, scope and content. For example, under the ABA Model Rules, an attorney may be disciplined for the appearance of impropriety, regardless whether any actual impropriety occurred; whereas the California rules permit discipline for only actual impropriety. This reflects the nature of California law.
It is unlikely that California will ever adopt the ABA Model Rules apart beyond harmonising the format and existing California rules that are identical or nearly identical to ABA Model Rules. Reasons for this reluctance include the fact there are more than 280,000 attorneys licensed in California, so a drastic change from the existing rules to completely different rules would shock the profession and, ultimately, would most likely fail. Additionally, many of California's rules of professional conduct are established by statute and, thus, would require action by the California Legislature to change them; or, alternatively, action by the people of California through the voter initiative process.
Another important factor is that the legal profession is regulated very differently in California than it is in the rest of the United States. Outside of California, the profession is regulated solely by the judicial branch of state government. Within California, the State Bar of California operates as a state government agency under the supervision of the California Supreme Court; but the State Bar was created by the California Legislature, and the Legislature has full power to regulate the legal profession, if it so wishes. In particular, the State Bar cannot collect annual member dues unless and until the California Legislature passes an annual State Bar Dues Bill, which the governor must sign into law. When Governor Pete Wilson vetoed the dues bill in 1997, the State Bar effectively shut down operations except for self-funded activities like the California Bar Exam. In 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the dues bill but a crisis was averted on that occasion.
But the most important reason the California Bar is reluctant to adopt the ABA Model Rules is that most members believe the ABA Model Rules would not sufficiently protect the California public from harm. This is due to California law and public policy being so markedly different from the rest of the country in so many ways. For example, California is one of only four states where covenants not to compete are void as against public policy; and it is one of only three states where trusts are presumed to be revocable unless the trust instrument explicitly states the trust is irrevocable (whereas the opposite is true in the other 47 states).
By way of comparative example, California has long held the position that clients must be encouraged to speak candidly to their legal counsel about both past and future actions knowing their statements will be held in complete confidence. Their counsel can then explain the relevant law to them and urge them to conform their future conduct to the law, thus promoting lawful conduct. In contrast, ABA Model Rule 1.6 contains exceptions to confidentiality for both violent and nonviolent (e.g. financial) future crimes, which California believes creates a strong disincentive for clients to discuss their future plans with their attorneys - but for which the client might chose to comply with the law instead of violating it.
Another notable difference is that ABA Model Rule 1.8(j) contains an outright ban on sexual relations between attorney and client (unless the relationship predated the legal representation), while California Rule 3-120 only prohibits sexual relationships, that Require or demand sexual relations with a client incident to or as a condition of any professional representation; or, 2) Employ coercion, intimidation, or undue influence in entering into sexual relations with a client; or, 3) Continue representation of a client with whom the member has sexual relations if such sexual relations cause the member to perform legal services incompetently. The rule does not mention contracts for sexual services (i.e. prostitution) but as these contracts are criminally illegal in California, it is arguably not necessary to specify them.
A third major difference is that ABA Model Rule 4.1 prohibits an attorney from making a "false statement of material fact or law to a third person." While the ABA model expressly applies to any context in which a lawyer acts in a representative capacity, California Rule 5-200 prohibits an attorney only from making false statements before a court.
In 2001, the Commission for the Revision of the Rules of Professional Conduct of the State Bar of California began a comprehensive revision of the California rules that would, among other things, convert them into a localized version of the ABA Model Rules. However, the Commission's progress had been extremely slow, simply because there are so many substantive and structural differences between the California rules and the ABA models. In October 2010, the State Bar of California formally adopted the Commission's report, recommending adoption of 67 proposed changes to harmonise the California Rules of Professional Conduct with the ABA Model Rules of Professional Responsibility.
On September 19, 2014, however, for reasons that were not fully explained, the Supreme Court of California rejected all of the proposed revisions and returned them to the State Bar.[5][6] The Court's letter directed the State Bar to start the process all over again with a new Commission, and to submit a new set of revised rules by March 31, 2017.[5][6]
Professional regulation[edit]
Except for the Patent Bar, there is no national legal profession in the United States but there are 56 separate legal professions. In contrast to most Commonwealth countries, where transactional lawyers and litigators are separately licensed as "solicitors" and "barristers," respectively; all American attorneys are licensed to practice as both solicitors and barristers (therefore these terms are almost never used). Likewise, whereas solicitors in England and Wales are professionally self-regulated by the private-sector Law Society of England and Wales while barristers are self-regulated by the private-sector General Council of the Bar, attorneys in all states except California, all territories and the District of Columbia are generally regulated by the public sector judicial branch of state, district or territorial government, as officers of the court. The legal profession in California is regulated jointly by the California Supreme Court, mostly through its agency the State Bar of California and by the California Legislature, which exercises legislative control over all professions.
Within the public sector regulatory agencies, boards and organisations, officers are invariably licensed members of the pertinent profession while key managerial and general staff typically are not. The Executive Director and Deputy Executive Director of the State Bar of California, for example, are active members of the State Bar. While either of their secretaries could be a member of the State Bar, they most likely are not. Similarly, the Board of Trustees that oversee the business operations of the State Bar of California under supervision of the California Supreme Court is legally required to be a mix of attorneys licensed to practice in California and "public members" who may not be licensed attorneys.[7]
So, while American attorneys are regulated by public sector agencies instead of private sector law societies, most of the people who develop the regulatory policies are practising attorneys and sitting judges, so there is a degree of self-regulation but not nearly to the same degree that solicitors and barristers in England and Wales, and other Commonwealth jurisdictions are self-regulated by private sector associations.
See also[edit]
American Bar Association Model Code of Professional Responsibility
American Bar Association
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Press Release: New Attorney Rules of Professional Conduct Announced, Communications Office of the New York Courts, 17 December 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.mebaroverseers.org/attorney_regulation/maine_conduct_rules.html
Jump up ^ http://www.maine.gov/tools/whatsnew/index.php?topic=mebar_overseers_bar_rules&id=88185&v=article
Jump up ^ http://www.cnmilaw.org/pdf/court_rules/R07.pdf Northern Mariana Islands Rules of Attorney Discipline and Procedure.
^ Jump up to: a b Rogers, Joan C. (2 October 2014). "California Justices Tell State Bar to Redo Proposals for Updating Lawyer Conduct Rules". ABA/BNA Lawyers’ Manual on Professional Conduct. Bloomberg BNA. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Zitrin, Richard (10 October 2014). "Viewpoint: State Supreme Court Resets Ethics Rewrite". The Recorder. ALM Media Properties, LLC. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.calbar.ca.gov/AboutUs/BoardofTrustees.aspx Board of Trustees, State Bar of California.
External links[edit]
The ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct
Pre-2002 Changes to the Model Rules since its adoption in 1983 from Cornell Law School
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text:
United States two-dollar bill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Two dollars
(United States)
Value
$2.00
Width
156 mm
Height
66.3 mm
Weight
Approx. 1[1] g
Security features
None
Paper type
75% cotton
25% linen
Years of printing
1862–1966,
1976–present (Federal Reserve Note, current form)
Obverse
Design
Thomas Jefferson
Design date
1928
Reverse
Design
Trumbull's Declaration of Independence
Design date
1976
The United States two-dollar bill ($2) is a current denomination of U.S. currency. The third U.S. President (1801–09), Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note. The reverse features an engraving of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bill's pre-1929 life as a large-sized note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate, Treasury or "Coin" Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note. When U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. Production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design. Two-dollar bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. This comparative scarcity in circulation, coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation, has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases.
Contents
[hide]
1 Denomination overview
2 Rarity
3 History
3.1 Large-sized notes
3.2 Small size notes
3.2.1 1928–1966
3.2.2 1976–present
3.3 Series dates
3.3.1 Large size
3.3.2 Small size
4 Visual snapshot
5 Usage
5.1 Lockheed U-2
5.2 Incidents
6 Uncut currency sheets
7 References
8 External links
Denomination overview[edit]
The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act, and first used in March 1862.[2] The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two-dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all United States Notes from production, which included the two-dollar bill.[3] The two-dollar bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued; the Treasury Department cited the two-dollar bill's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination. In 1976 production of the two-dollar denomination was resumed and the two-dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note, with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello. It has remained a current denomination since then.[4] It was estimated that if the two-dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one-dollar bills in circulation, the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ($112 million adjusted for inflation)[5] over the period from 1976 to 1981, due to reduced production, storage, and shipping costs.[6]
However, due to their limited use, two-dollar bills are not printed as frequently in a new series like other denominations, which are produced according to demand.[7] Though some cash registers accommodate the bill, its slot is often used for things like checks and rolls of coins. Some bill acceptors found in vending machines, self checkout lanes, and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two-dollar bills, even if the fact is not stated on the label.[8] Although they are generally available at most banks, two-dollar bills are usually not handed out arbitrarily except upon specific request by the customer, and even then, may cause a delay with a trip to the vault.[9]
Rarity[edit]
The seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note. Hoarding of the series due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation. After its initial release, supplies of the Series 1976 two-dollar bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 began to be printed. This series was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.[10]
Today, there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer being produced. According to the Treasury, it "receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation".[11] In response, the Treasury stated: "The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations... As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide."
Things such as unusual serial numbers (example: A11111111A), and replacement notes designated by a star in the serial number can raise the collector value. "Collectible" two-dollar bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding colors and special graphics to regular issue bills by using computer printers. However, these bills are not authorized by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors' market.[12]
Certain conventions and tourism/convention bureaus capitalize on the scarcity of $2 bills in circulation, encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring. Sometimes known as "SpendTom" campaigns, the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder. Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes.[13]
History[edit]
Large-sized notes[edit]
First $2 bill issued in 1862 as a Legal Tender Note.
Series 1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting Winfield Scott Hancock
Series 1890 featuring James McPherson. This "Coin Note" was used for government purchases of silver bullion from the mining industry.
(approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)
In March 1862, the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note (United States Note) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is not the same portrait used currently for the $10 bill. The continental congress based on defending the United States, released on June 25, 1776, began to authorize $2 credit, the circulation of 49,000 copies. Pass two-dollar bill was first used in March 1862. Between 1966 and 1976, two-dollar notes were not printed.
By 1869, the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse. This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE. The reverse was completely redesigned. This series was again revised in 1874, changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting, adding a red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C., and changing the term TREASURY NOTE to UNITED STATES NOTE. The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 and by 1880 the red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue. This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time.[14]
National Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 (Lazy Duce) on the obverse, the reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield.[15]
The second two-dollar denomination in the silver certificate series printed in 1891. This note features United States Secretary of the Treasury William Windom.
In 1886, the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued. This design went on until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse.[16]
Two-dollar Treasury, or "Coin", Notes were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry. The reverse featured large wording of TWO in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. In 1891 the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.[17]
In 1896, the "Educational Series" Silver Certificate was issued. The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture. The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F. B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note. By 1899, however, The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics.[18]
Robert Fulton and Samuel Morse depicted on the reverse of the 1896 $2 'Educational Series" Silver Certificate.
The final design of the United States' silver certificate series featuring George Washington, printed in 1899.
The only large-sized, Federal Reserve Note-like $2 bill was issued in 1918 as a Federal Reserve Bank Note. Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank. The obverse of the note featured a borderless portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center. The reverse featured a World War I battleship.[19]
Beginning in the 1950s, production of $2 bills began to decrease. The relative scarcity of the bills lead some to start saving any they found, with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation. Currently, the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1% of the U.S. currency in circulation.
Small size notes[edit]
(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)
1928–1966[edit]
In 1928, when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size, the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note. The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills. The reverse featured Jefferson's home, Monticello. The note's seal and serial numbers were red. The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right.[20]
In 1953 the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note. The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO. The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2. The reverse remained unchanged.[21]
The final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello.[22] And, because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse. Two-dollar bills, along with $5 and $100 United States Notes, were officially discontinued in August 1966, although they remain legal tender.
1976–present[edit]
Series 1976 first day of issue $2 bill with a canceled JFK postage stamp.
On April 13, 1976, the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost-saving measure.[23] Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note. The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson. A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes. Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial, it was decided to use a bicentennial themed design on the reverse. An engraved rendition (not an exact reproduction) of John Trumbull's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse. First day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date "APR 13 1976". In all, 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed.
Currently, stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value. If the bills were stamped in an exotic place, the value may be slightly higher. However, no first-day-issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable.
Despite their age, crisp, uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable. These notes were saved and hoarded upon their original issue and are plentiful today. A typical single uncirculated 1976 $2 bill is worth only slightly above face value. If the note is circulated, then it is only worth its $2 face value.
In 1996 and 1997, 153,600,000 bills were printed[24] as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta. In 2004, 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank. An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all twelve Federal Reserve Banks. In all, 220,800,000 notes were printed.[10]
In February 2012, the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes, in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012. Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012.[25][26]
In November 2013, the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; these notes entered circulation in early 2014. A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014, which ran from October 2013 through September 2014.[27]
Series dates[edit]
Large size[edit]
Series 1880 $2 Legal Tender note showing a large brown treasury seal. The signatures of Blanche Bruce & A. U. Wyman. are present on the obverse near the bottom
Type
Series
Registerα
Treasurerα
Sealα
Notes
Legal Tender Note 1862 Lucius E. Chittenden F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays Also called a "Greenback".
Legal Tender Note 1869 John Allison F.E. Spinner Large Red Nicknamed: "Rainbow Note" from its
red, white, and blue colors.[28]
Legal Tender Note 1874 John Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays
Legal Tender Note 1875 John Allison New & Wyman Small Red w/rays
Legal Tender Note 1878 Allison & Scofield James Gilfillan Small Red w/rays Scofield/Gilfillan combo is scarce
Legal Tender Note 1880 Scofield, Bruce,
Rosecrans, and Tillman Gilfillan, Wyman, Huston,
Nebeker, and Morgan Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped
Legal Tender Note 1917 Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman John Burke & White Small Red scalloped
National Bank Note Original Colby, Jeffries, and Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w/rays Jeffries/Spinner combo is very rare
National Bank Note 1875 Allison & Scofield New, Wyman, and Gilfillan Small Red scalloped Nicknamed: "Lazy Deuce" along with
the original series from the position
of the "2" on the note.[29]
Silver Certificate 1886 William S. Rosecrans Jordan, Hyatt, and Huston Large Brown/Red
Small Red scalloped
Silver Certificate 1891 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red
Silver Certificate 1891 Rosecrans & Tillman Nebecker & Morgan Small Red scalloped
Silver Certificate 1896 Tillman & Bruce Morgan & Roberts Small Red w/rays Part of the "Educational Series".
Silver Certificate 1899 Lyons, Vernon, Napier,
Parker, Teehee, Elliott,
and Speelman Roberts, Treat, McClung,
Thompson, Burke, and White Blue
Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Huston & Nebecker Large Brown
& Small Red scalloped
Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red
Treasury Note 1891 Rosecrans, Tillman, and Bruce Nebecker, Morgan, and Roberts Small Red scalloped
Federal Reserve Bank Note 1918 Teehee & Elliott John Burke Blue Nicknamed: "Battleship note" from
the reverse design.[30]
Small size[edit]
The first small-size $2 Legal Tender Note printed (Smithsonian)
Type
Series
Treasurerα
Secretaryα
Seal
Legal Tender Note 1928, 1928-A to G Tate, Woods, Julian,
Clark Mellon, Mills, Morgenthau,
Vinson, Snyder Red
Legal Tender Note 1953, 1953-A to C Priest, Smith, Granahan Humphrey, Anderson, Dillon Red
Legal Tender Note 1963, 1963-A Kathryn E. Granahan Dillon & Fowler Red
Federal Reserve Note 1976 Francine I. Neff William E. Simon Green
Federal Reserve Note 1995 Mary Ellen Withrow Robert E. Rubin Green
Federal Reserve Note 2003 Rosario Marin John W. Snow Green
Federal Reserve Note 2003-A Anna Escobedo Cabral John W. Snow Green
Federal Reserve Note 2009 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Timothy F. Geithner Green
Federal Reserve Note 2013 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Jack Lew Green
^α These are sourced by The Official Red Book (Whitman).[31]
Visual snapshot[edit]
A chronological display of the American two-dollar bill.
Visual collection of the two-dollar bill throughout the history of the United States.
Usage[edit]
Over five million $2 bills are entered into the database of the American currency-tracking website Where's George?.[32] Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use, their use can make a particular group of spenders visible. A documented case of using two-dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County. In 1989, Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills. When the bills began to appear in different places, people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy.[33]
Use of the two-dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights, particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises.[34][35] Two-dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged, especially in strip clubs. This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single, higher-denomination bill as the lowest common note in use.[36]
The use of the two-dollar bill is popular among fans and alumni of Clemson University who often bring notes with them when traveling to university athletic events in other localities as a demonstration of their economic impact in an area. The idea was first popularized in 1977 when Georgia Tech had threatened to no longer play the Tigers in football and has since caught on as a token of fandom when traveling to other locations. Fans will often stamp an orange tiger paw (Clemson's logo) on the note as a sign of its origin.[37]
During the 1930s, the $2 bill was often used at East Coast horse race tracks to make a bet. Because of the German and Jewish influence, the bill was locally known in parts of New Jersey as a "zwei-buck", and the upper right corner "2" was sometimes torn off to increase the luck.[citation needed]
Lockheed U-2[edit]
"U.S. Air Force pilots who fly the venerable Lockheed U-2 spy plane always keep a $2 bill in their flight suit. Each pilot is issued a number identifying their chronological position among the 1,000 or so pilots who have flown the U-2 solo. Some pilots search until they find a $2 bill with a serial number whose final digits match their pilot number. New pilots must provide $222 in $2 bills to fund the U-2 clubhouse at Beale Air Force Base, near Yuba City, California. Veteran pilots conduct periodic “conformity checks” to make sure new fliers are carrying at least one bill. The fine for a violation? $2."[38]
Incidents[edit]
The relative scarcity of the $2 bill in everyday circulation has led to confusion at points of sale, as well as overreaction and prosecution of the individual attempting to tender the bill.
In 2005, a man in Baltimore, Maryland was jailed for attempting to use legally circulating $2 bills to pay a car stereo installation fee that Best Buy originally agreed to waive in the first place.[39]
In 2016, a 13-year-old girl in Texas was detained by police at Fort Bend Independent School District's Christa McAuliffe Middle School, and prevented from eating lunch that day, for attempting to use a $2 bill to pay for chicken nuggets in the school cafeteria.[40] [41]
Uncut currency sheets[edit]
Uncut 32-subject sheet of series 1995 $2 Federal Reserve Notes.
Uncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings. Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills. Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston (A), New York (B), Atlanta (F), Chicago (G), Minneapolis (I), and Dallas (K) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation. Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced, although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made. All two-dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth, Texas (indicated by "FW" preceding the face plate number on the obverse of the note).[10][42][43]
Uncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes. A 32-subject sheet, which is the original-size sheet on which the notes are printed, is available. Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32-subject sheet. These include half (16-note), quarter (8-note), and eighth (4-note) sheets for $2 bills. Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values.[44] Uncut sheets of large size notes (issued before 1928) also exist, but are extremely rare.[45]
Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple Inc., has been using $2 banknotes separated from 4-bill uncut sheets (glued together into pads), to surprise merchants and waiters; also, because of notes' unusual appearance, he has been interviewed by a Secret Service agent.[46][47]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program. "Weight of a US Banknote". uscurrency.gov. US Federal Reserve. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Legal Tender Alexander Hamilton: 1862 $2 Currency". The Kennedy Mint. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency". friesian.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Paper Money - Small-size Bicentennial $2 notes". Coinworld.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stone, Suzanne J. (March–April 1976). "The $2 Bill Returns" (PDF). The Economic Review. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. 62 (2). Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "$2.00 still printed?". Ustreas.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "$2 accepting vending machines". 4mega-vending.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Use The $2". Retrieved October 30, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Series 2003A $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "FAQs: Denominations of currency". United States Department of the Treasury. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ bbbconsumeralert (January 27, 2010). "Sometimes a $2 Bill is Just a $2 Bill". Tucson Citizen.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Spend Tom 2010". Visit California. January 1, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 88–90. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 91. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 91–92. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 97. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 98. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 99. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Stone, Suzanne J. (March–April 1976). "The $2 Bill Returns". Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing. "Annual Production Figures". Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Series 2009 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2012 BEP Production Info via FOIA". WheresGeorge.com. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Series 2013 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1869 $2 Legal Tender Rainbow Note". usrarecurrency.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kathy Lawrence (May 19, 2011). ""Lazy Deuces" — $2 National Bank Notes". currency.ha.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fred Reed (July 29, 2009). "Battleship Note Projects American Naval Strength". numismaster.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. & Ira S. Friedberg (2014). A guide Book of United States Paper Money 4th Edition. Whitman. pp. 56–68.
Jump up ^ http://www.wheresgeorge.com/wrapper.php?page=denom
Jump up ^ Tad Walch (May 17, 2003). "Geneva workers give their $2 worth". Deseret News. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2A supporters start Buycott to battle the Starbucks Anti-Firearm Boycott". Military Times. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Starbucks "$2 for 2A" Appreciation Day Going Viral". The Truth About Guns. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "$2 bill increasing in use and shedding its 'play-money' image". USA Today. November 7, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clemson University Traditions". Retrieved October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Michael M. "What’s The Most Useful Form of Cash? (Hint: It’s not a $100 Bill)"] The Wall Street Journal.February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Man arrested, cuffed after using $2 bills". WND.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Little Girl Detained By Police After Trying to Buy School Lunch with Real $2 Bill". Reason.com. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lunchroom Lunacy: ISD cops investigate $2 bill spent on school lunch". abc13.com. Retrieved Feb 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Series 1995 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Series 2003 $2". USpapermoney.info. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "BEP to Raise Uncut Currency Sheet Prices". coinnews.net. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Large Size. 1896. Silver Certificates. Bound Presentation Set of the First Educational Uncut Sheets. $1, $2, and $5. Fr-224, 247, and 268. PMG Photo Proof Certificates". stacksbowers.com. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Woz and the Secret Service: "The infamous $2 bill incident"". Woz.org. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ Woz's $2 bill sheets - The Engadget Show on YouTube (2011-02-01)
General
Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money, 17th edition published by Krause Publications
Arthur L. Friedberg, Ira S. Friedberg, David L. (INT) Ganz (2005). A Guide Book of United States Paper Money. Whitman Publishing, LLC. p. 432. ISBN 0-7948-1786-6. Retrieved February 9, 2011. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing website
USpapermoney.info
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2 United States dollar banknotes.
The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing's website
USAToday: "$2 bill increasing in use and shedding its 'play-money' image" 2006-11-06.
The Two Dollar Bill project teaches Americans about the history of the $2 bill"
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