text:
Cost of raising a child
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The cost of raising a child varies from country to country.
The cost of raising a child is usually determined according to a formula that accounts for major areas of expenditure, such as food, housing, and clothing. However, any given family's actual expenses may differ from the estimates. For example, the rent on a home does not usually change when the tenants have another child, so the family's housing costs may remain the same. In other cases, the home may be too small, in which case the family might move to a larger home at a higher cost.
Contents
[hide]
1 Developing countries
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
3.1 Dual-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)
3.2 Single-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)
4 India
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Developing countries[edit]
According to Globalissues.org, "Almost half the world—over three billion people—live on less than $2.50 a day."[1] This statistic includes children. Based on UNICEF statistics, in developing countries the cost is roughly US$900 for raising a child for a year, and US$16,200 for raising a child from birth to age 17.[2] (This calculation is difficult, since families in developing countries often do not operate with currency, but barter or trade to provide for their children.)[3] Half of all children in the world live in poverty.[2]
United Kingdom[edit]
The annual LV= (Liverpool Victoria) Cost of a Child report calculates the cost of raising a child from birth to 21 years old. The latest report puts the cost as £231,843.[4] The Cost of a child calculations, from birth to 21 years, were compiled by the Centre of Economic and Business Research (CEBR) for LV= in December 2015 and are based on the cost for the 21-year period to December 2015. Additional research was conducted by Opinium Research LLP from 22 to 27 January 2016. The total sample size was 1,000 UK adults with children under the age of 18 and was conducted online. Results have been weighted to nationally representative criteria
United States[edit]
The tax exemption per child is $3,900 in 2013 which is based on the basic cost of raising a child. Plus there is a tax credit up to $1000 for each child.[citation needed]
Based on a survey by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the table below shows the estimated Average Spending on Children by Families. The data comes from the Consumer Expenditure Survey by the U.S. Department of Labor, conducted from 2005-06. The figures have been updated to 2011 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. However, some dispute the numbers as being biased high for political reasons (e.g., Texas A&M University Finance Professor H. Swint Friday: "The numbers, reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, are outrageously misleading. Often government statistics are produced for political objectives that cause the research methodology to be biased toward finding the highest dollar amount to support the objective."[5]).
These figures from the USDA go up to age 18, and do not include any college or university education. Nor does it offer any spending estimates if the child remains in the home as a dependent after the age of 18.[6]
Both tables are for the United States overall, not based on any specific region in the country.
Dual-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[edit]
Dual-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[7]
Age
of Child
Housing
Food
Transport.
Clothing
Health
Child Care
/Education
Misc.
Total
Before-tax income: Less than $59,410 (Average = $38,000)
0 to 2 2,990 1,160 1,170 640 630 2,040 420 9,050
3 to 5 2,990 1,260 1,230 500 590 1,910 620 9,100
6 to 8 2,990 1,710 1,350 570 660 1,290 630 8,760
9 to 11 2,990 1,970 1,350 580 710 1,910 630 9,520
12 to 14 2,990 2,130 1,480 690 1,090 1,110 700 9,960
15 to 17 2,990 2,120 1,630 730 1,010 1,290 589 9,970
Total 53,820 31,050 24,630 11,130 14,070 23,640 10,740 169,080
Before-tax income: $59,410 to $102,870 (Average = $79,940)
0 to 2 3,920 1,405 1,690 760 850 2,860 890 12,370
3 to 5 3,920 1,490 1,740 610 800 2,740 1,090 12,390
6 to 8 3,920 2,100 1,860 680 940 1,680 1,110 12,290
9 to 11 3,920 2,400 1,870 710 1,000 2,110 1,100 13,110
12 to 14 3,920 2,580 1,990 840 1,410 1,910 1,170 13,820
15 to 17 3,920 2,570 2,150 900 1,330 2,400 1,050 14,320
Total 70,560 37,620 33,900 13,500 18,990 41,100 19,230 234,900
Before-tax income: More than $102,870 (Average = $180,040)
0 to 2 7,100 1,900 2,550 1,050 980 5,090 1,790 20,460
3 to 5 7,100 2,000 2,610 880 930 4,970 1,990 20,480
6 to 8 7,100 2,630 2,730 970 1,080 3,910 2,000 20,420
9 to 11 7,100 2,980 2,730 1,010 1,150 4,350 2,000 21,320
12 to 14 7,100 3,190 2,860 1,170 1,610 4,700 2,070 22,700
15 to 17 7,100 3,180 3,020 1,280 1,520 6,460 1,950 24,510
Total 127,800 47,640 49,500 19,080 21,810 88,440 35,400 389,670
All numbers are in US dollars.
Also notice that the dual parent and solo parent charts use different income ranges so that direct comparison between the two should be undertaken with care.
Single-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[edit]
Single-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)[7]
Age
of Child
Housing
Food
Transport.
Clothing
Health
Child care
/Education
Misc.
Total
Before-tax income: Less than $40,410 (Average = $18,350)
0 to 2 2,840 1,400 680 410 520 1,400 510 7,760
3 to 5 2,840 1,370 920 330 600 1,940 610 8,610
6 to 8 2,840 1,830 1,030 340 670 1,940 780 8,450
9 to 11 2,840 2,010 1,060 400 620 1,360 740 9,030
12 to 14 2,840 2,150 1,130 420 940 1,120 840 9,440
15 to 17 2,840 2,270 1,130 460 930 880 670 9,180
Total 51,120 33,090 17,850 7,080 12,840 22,980 12,450 157,410
Before-tax income: $59,410 or more (Average = $107,820)
0 to 2 5,880 2,080 1,920 590 980 3,670 1,650 16,770
3 to 5 5,880 2,070 2,160 500 1,090 4,210 1,750 17,660
6 to 8 5,880 2,680 2,260 530 1,180 3,350 1,930 17,810
9 to 11 5,880 3,000 2,300 610 1,110 3,880 1,880 18,660
12 to 14 5,880 3,080 2,370 650 1,560 4,150 1,980 19,670
15 to 17 5,880 3,220 2,370 730 1,550 5,010 1,810 20,570
Total 105,840 48,390 40,140 10,830 22,410 72,810 33,000 333,420
All numbers are in US dollars.
India[edit]
Based on an estimate by Economic Times in April 2011, the cost of raising a child from birth to age of majority (21 Years) for a middle to upper-middle income family comes to about ₹55 lakh (US$84,000) in total.[8]
Cost break up is as follows:
Cost of raising a child in India (as of April, 2011)
Expenditure Class
Estimated Cost (Rs. Lakh)
% of Cost
Education 25.19 46%
Housing 10.40 19%
Entertainment 6.57 12%
Clothing 3.29 6%
Food 2.74 5%
Transportation 2.74 5%
Healthcare 2.19 4%
Others 1.64 3%
Total
54.75
100%
Note: Estimate assumes cost of birth, but doesn't consider any major illness in child.
See also[edit]
Only child
Child care
Child support
Childfree
Cost of living
Demographic economics
Family economics
Family planning
Family values
Single parent
Middle-class squeeze
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shah, Anup (September 20, 2010). "Poverty Facts and Stats". Global Issues. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b State of the World's Children, 2005, UNICEF
Jump up ^ Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula, Dollar a day revisited, World Bank, May 2008
Jump up ^ "Cost of a child | LV=". www.lv.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
Jump up ^ Friday, H. Swint (July 20, 2007). "Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe". caller.com. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Business/page?id=4019746
^ Jump up to: a b Lino, Mark. "Expenditures on Children by Families, 2011 (Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2011)" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How much it cost to raise a child" (pdf). report. Economic Times. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
External links[edit]
"Raising that '07 baby will cost $204,060 in U.S." - from Reuters, retrieved August 5, 2012.
"Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe" - from caller.com, retrieved March 31, 2013.
"Cost of Raising Children in the US" - from Globe Life Insurance, retrieved September 11, 2013
[hide]
v
t
e
Parenting
Types
Adoptive
Alloparenting
Complex family
Coparenting
Foster care
Kommune 1
Noncustodial
Nuclear family
Orphaned
Shared
Single parent
Blended family
Surrogacy
In loco parentis
Theories · Areas
Attachment theory
Applied behavior analysis
Behaviorism
Child development
Cognitive development
Developmental psychology
Human development
Love
Maternal bond
Nature versus nurture
Parental investment
Paternal bond
Pediatrics
Social psychology
Styles
Attachment parenting
Concerted cultivation
Gatekeeper parent
Helicopter parent
Nurturant parenting
Slow parenting
Soccer mom
Strict father model
Taking Children Seriously
Work at home parent
Techniques
After-school activity
Allowance
Bedtime
Child care
Co-sleeping
Homeschooling
Latchkey kid
Parent Management Training
Play (date)
Role model
Spoiled child
Television
Toy (educational)
Discipline
Blanket training
Corporal punishment in the home
Curfew
Grounding
Tactical ignoring
Time-out
Abuse
Child abandonment
Child abuse
Child labour
Child neglect
Cinderella effect
Incest
Narcissistic parent
Parental abuse by children
Parental alienation
Legal and social
aspects
Child support
Cost of raising a child
Marriage
Parental responsibility
Deadbeat parent
Paternity
Disownment
Experts
T. Berry Brazelton
Tanya Byron
Bryan Caplan
Rudolf Dreikurs
David Elkind
Jo Frost
Haim Ginott
Thomas Gordon
Alan E. Kazdin
Truby King
Annette Lareau
Penelope Leach
Madeline Levine
William Sears
B. F. Skinner
Benjamin Spock
Baby and Child Care
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_of_raising_a_child&oldid=837388999"
Categories:
Parenting
Family
Marriage
Demographic economics
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 20 April 2018, at 14:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role tabindex class

value: button 0 togglelink

tag: span

attr: class dir xml:lang

value: toctitle ltr en

tag: li

value:
/wiki/Opinium_Research_LLP
mw-redirect
Opinium Research LLP

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Statistical_survey
mw-redirect
Statistical survey

value:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of Agriculture

value:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of Labor

value:
/wiki/Consumer_Price_Index
mw-redirect
Consumer Price Index

value: Edit section: Dual-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)

value: Edit section: Single-Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child (not the basic cost of raising)

attr: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

value:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align: right;

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

value: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://go.worldbank.org/3KL75ZFJ60

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Complex_family
mw-redirect
Complex family

value:
/wiki/Parent_Management_Training
mw-redirect
Parent Management Training

value: Parental responsibility (access and custody)

value:
/wiki/Paternity_(law)
mw-redirect
Paternity (law)

value: The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

value: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cost_of_raising_a_child rootpage-Cost_of_raising_a_child skin-vector action-view


text:
Magic Tree House
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2011 anime film, see Magic Tree House (film).
The Magic Tree House
Author
Mary Pope Osborne
Illustrator
Sal Murdocca (USA)
Ayana Amako (Japan)
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's historical fantasy
Publisher
Random House (USA)
Media Factory (Japan)
The Magic Tree House is an American series of children's books written by American author Mary Pope Osborne. The original American series is illustrated by Salvatore Murdocca, although other illustrators have been used for foreign-language editions.
The series consists of two groups. The first group consists of books 1-28, in which Morgan Le Fay sends Jack and Annie Smith, two normal children who are siblings from the fictional town of Frog Creek, Pennsylvania, on numerous adventures and missions with a magical tree house. The second group, referred to as the Magic Tree House "Merlin Missions," begins with book 29, Christmas in Camelot. In the Merlin Missions, Jack and Annie have quests from the ancient wizard Merlin the Magician. These books are longer than the previous 28, and some take place in fantasy realms like Camelot. Kathleen and Teddy are two apprentices who befriend Jack and Annie during their adventures, with one of these adventures being to free Teddy from a spell. The two occasionally join Jack and Annie, and, when they don't, provide them support instead. During Super Edition #1, Teddy sends them on a mission instead of Morgan or Merlin. The companion "Magic Tree House Fact Trackers" are co-written by Mary Pope Osborne with her husband Will Osborne or her sister Natalie Pope Boyce.
Contents
[hide]
1 Magic Tree House Books
2 Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books
3 Magic Tree House Super editions
4 Non-fiction books
5 Characters
5.1 Jack
5.2 Annie
5.3 Morgan le Fay
5.4 Teddy
5.5 Kathleen
6 Movies
7 References
8 External links
Magic Tree House Books[edit]
Magic Tree House Books are for Beginning Chapter Book Readers. Adventures with Jack and Annie, perfect for readers ages 6-9 who are just starting to read chapter books.[1]
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes
1 Dinosaurs Before Dark (UK Title: Valley of the Dinosaurs) 000000001992-07-28-0000July 28, 1992 In the mystery of the Tree house #1 Jack and Annie discover the tree house and, using the magical books there, they travel back to the late Cretaceous period (65 million years ago) where they meet a Pteranodon that saves them from a Tyrannosaurus rex. Jack finds a gold medallion with the letter "M" on it. Companion book: #1, Dinosaurs.
2 The Knight at Dawn (UK title: Castle of Mystery) 000000001993-02-16-0000February 16, 1993 In the mystery of the Tree house #2 In England during the Middle Ages, Jack and Annie explore a castle and meet a brave knight. Companion book: #2, Knights and Castles.
3 Mummies in the Morning (UK title: Secret of the Pyramid) 000000001993-08-24-0000August 24, 1993 In the mystery of the Tree house #3 In Ancient Egypt, Jack and Annie help Queen Hutepi find her missing Book of the Dead. Companion book: #3, Mummies and Pyramids.
4 Pirates Past Noon (UK title: Pirates' Treasure!) 000000001994-03-08-0000March 8, 1994 In the mystery of the Tree house #4 Jack and Annie encounter some pirates in the Caribbean Sea and meet Morgan le Fay, who turns out to be the mysterious "M". Companion book: #4, Pirates.
5 Night of the Ninjas 000000001995-03-21-0000March 21, 1995 In the mystery of the Magic spell #1 Morgan le Fay is under a spell. Jack and Annie must find four magical objects to reverse the spell, with the help of a mouse named Peanut. In ancient Japan, Jack and Annie encounter ninjas and samurai and get a moonstone. Companion book: #30, Ninjas and Samurai.
6 Afternoon on the Amazon (UK title: Adventure on the Amazon) 000000001995-08-29-0000August 29, 1995 In the mystery of the Magic spell #2 Jack and Annie search the Amazon rainforest for a second magical object for Morgan le Fay, which turns out to be a mango. Companion book: #5, Rain Forests.
7 Sunset of the Sabertooth (UK title: Mammoth to the Rescue) 000000001996-04-14-0000April 14, 1996 In the mystery of the Magic spell #3 In the last Ice Age, Jack and Annie encounter Cro-Magnons, wooly mammoths, and a saber-toothed cat while looking for the third object to help Morgan - a mammoth bone flute. Companion book: #12, Sabertooths and the Ice Age.
8 Midnight on the Moon (UK title: Moon Mission) 000000001996-10-29-0000October 29, 1996 In the mystery of the Magic spell #4 Thirty-five years into their future (2031), Jack and Annie travel to the moon to look for the fourth object needed to help Morgan le Fay. Companion book: #6, Space.
9 Dolphins at Daybreak (UK title: Diving with Dolphins) 000000001997-04-29-0000April 29, 1997 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #1 in Set in the Pacific Ocean with bottlenose dolphins. Companion book: #9, Dolphins and Sharks.
10 Ghost Town at Sundown (UK title: A Wild West Ride) 000000001997-09-16-0000September 16, 1997 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #2 Set in the American Wild West, where Jack and Annie meet a cowboy named Slim.
11 Lions at Lunchtime (UK title: Lions on the Loose) 000000001998-02-12-0000February 12, 1998 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #3 Jack and Annie are on a mission on the African Savannah.
12 Polar Bears Past Bedtime (UK title: Icy Escape) 000000001998-04-24-0000April 24, 1998 In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #4 Set in the North Pole, Jack and Annie meet an Inuit. Companion book: #16, Polar Bears and the Arctic.
13 Vacation Under The Volcano (UK title: Racing with Gladiators) 000000001998-06-20-0000June 20, 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories #1 Jack and Annie travel to Pompeii on the eve of the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. Companion book: #14: Ancient Rome and Pompeii.
14 Day of the Dragon King (UK title: Palace of the Dragon King) 000000001998-08-11-0000August 11, 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories #2 Jack and Annie travel to China as it was 2,000 years in their past. The Dragon King is also known as Emperor Qin. Companion book: #31, China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall.
15 Viking Ships at Sunrise (UK title: Voyage of the Vikings) 000000001998-10-20-0000October 20, 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories #3 In medieval Ireland, Jack and Annie encounter Vikings. Companion book: #33, Vikings.
16 Hour of the Olympics (UK title: Olympic Challenge!) 000000001998-12-17-0000December 17, 1998 In the mystery of the Lost stories #4 Jack and Annie travel to Ancient Greece and see the first Olympic games. Companion book: #10, Ancient Greece and the Olympics.
17 Tonight on the Titanic 000000001999-03-23-0000March 23, 1999 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #1 Jack and Annie travel back to 1912 and are on the RMS Titanic during her fateful voyage. In this arc the two are assisted by a dog named Teddy that they must find gifts to free. Companion book: #7, Titanic.
18 Buffalo Before Breakfast 000000001999-05-18-0000May 18, 1999 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #2 In the American Old West, Jack and Annie encounter a Lakota boy on the Great Plains.
19 Tigers at Twilight 000000001999-08-17-0000August 17, 1999 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #3 Jack and Annie explore the Indian jungles of the past.
20 Dingoes at Dinnertime 000000002000-03-14-0000March 14, 2000 In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #4 Set in ancient Australia. Jack and Annie receive the final gift and return home where Morgan removes the spell on the dog who is revealed to be a boy named Teddy, a young magician who trapped himself under a spell causing him to become a dog.
21 Civil War on Sunday 000000002000-05-23-0000May 23, 2000 In the Morgan's library arc #1 In the American Civil War, Jack and Annie encounter Clara Barton.
22 Revolutionary War on Wednesday 000000002000-09-26-0000September 26, 2000 In the Morgan's library arc #2 Jack and Annie cross the Delaware River with George Washington. Companion book: #11, American Revolution.
23 Twister on Tuesday 000000002001-03-27-0000March 27, 2001 In the Morgan's library arc #3 In the 1870s, Jack and Annie encounter pioneer settlement of the Midwestern prairie. They have to save a teacher and some kids before they are hit by a tornado. Companion book: #8, Twisters and Other Terrible Storms.
24 Earthquake in the Early Morning 000000002001-08-24-0000August 24, 2001 In the Morgan's library arc #4 In 1906, Jack and Annie experience the San Francisco earthquake. The two are able to use what they find to inspire King Arthur to battle Mordred, although in a later book it is shown that he wins without dying in these stories.
25 Stage Fright on a Summer Night 000000002002-03-12-0000March 12, 2002 In the Type of magic arc #1 In Elizabethan England, Jack and Annie meet William Shakespeare
26 Good Morning Gorillas 000000002002-08-23-0000August 23, 2002 In the Type of magic arc #2 In the Congo rain forest, Jack and Annie encounter gorillas.
27 Thanksgiving on Thursday 000000002002-10-24-0000October 24, 2002 In the Type of magic arc #3 In Plymouth in 1621, Jack and Annie share the first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians. Companion book: #13, Pilgrims.
28 High Tide in Hawaii 000000002003-03-25-0000March 25, 2003 In the Type of magic arc #4 Jack and Annie travel to the Hawaii of the past and almost get caught in a tsunami. They also make two friends who share an adventure with them. Companion book: #15, Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters.
29 A Big Day For Baseball 000000002017-08-01-0000August 1, 2017 Jack & Annie are whisked back to Brooklyn's Ebbets Field on April 15, 1947, to witness Jackie Robinson's Major League debut.
Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books[edit]
Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books 1-27 for More Advanced Readers. More challenging adventures for the experienced readers ages 7-10. [2]
The Magic Tree House Merlin Missions were originally ordered sequentially, starting at Book #29 (Christmas in Camelot). With the 25th anniversary re-prints, the books have been separated into their own distinct series and re-numbered starting at Merlin Mission #1. [3]
Original #
Merlin Mission #
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes
29 1 Christmas in Camelot 000000002001-10-10-0000October 10, 2001 In the Quest to save Camelot arc #1 Jack and Annie go on a quest to save Camelot, a quest that will prove to a beleaguered King Arthur that children and imagination really can make a difference. Eventually Jack and Annie break the spell over Camelot and meet the Knights of the Round Table most notably Sir Lancelot. This is also the first story where Merlin the Magician sends Jack and Annie on an adventure instead of Morgan, having learned of their abilities from Morgan Le Fay.
(Note: NOTE- This is the 25th book chronologically, due to the main storyline built upon the end of "Earthquake in the Early Morning".)
(Note: This is labeled book 29 originally and "Merlin Mission #1" in the recent reprints, resulting in two "Magic Tree House #29" Books)
30 2 Haunted Castle on Hallow's Eve 000000002003-06-18-0000June 18, 2003 In the Quest to save Camelot arc #2 Jack, Annie, and Teddy must restore order to a duke's castle, on the outer realm of Camelot, for Merlin. Jack and Annie reunite with Teddy from the Enchanted Dog arc who becomes a recurring character in the rest of the books. It is also the first book where Jack and Annie perform their own magic. Jack and Annie are able to use the power of a magic hazel twig to transform themselves back to humans from ravens and Jack is able to tap into its power to defeat the Evil Raven King by turning him into a baby raven. This new ability of theirs is likely foreshadowing of later books when they start to make magic of their own.
31 3 Summer of the Sea Serpent 000000002004-03-09-0000March 9, 2004 In the Quest to save Camelot arc #3 Jack and Annie must retrieve the Sword of Light for Merlin for all the good of Camelot. Jack and Annie meet Kathleen who, along with Teddy, becomes a recurring character in the books, acting as their sidekick and a possible love interest for Jack. In this book Jack and Annie retrieve the Sword of Light and earn the right to wield it, learning later that the sword is in fact Excalibur and they retrieved it from Camelot's past so King Arthur can one day get it.
32 4 Winter of the Ice Wizard 000000002004-09-28-0000September 28, 2004 In the Quest to save Camelot arc #4 Jack and Annie must go on a mission for the evil Ice Wizard, which is retrieving one of his eyes, in order to free Merlin and Morgan.
33 5 Carnival at Candlelight 000000002005-03-08-0000March 8, 2005 In the Using magic wisely arc #1 Jack and Annie must go and save Venice, Italy from a flood disaster, but Merlin's instructions are confusing. The next four books are part of an arc where Jack and Annie complete missions to prove to Merlin that they can use magic wisely.
34 6 Season of the Sandstorms 000000002005-06-26-0000June 26, 2005 In the Using magic wisely arc #2 Jack and Annie must help the caliph of ancient Baghdad spread wisdom to the world.
35 7 Night of the New Magicians 000000002006-03-14-0000March 14, 2006 In the Using magic wisely arc #3 Jack and Annie travel to the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 in the Magic Tree House. They have to save four new magicians (Alexander Graham Bell, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison, and Gustave Eiffel), before an evil sorcerer kidnaps them and steals the secrets of their magic. As it turns out, there is no evil sorcerer and the only one that shows up is Merlin himself who had wanted Jack and Annie to meet the four.
36 8 Blizzard of the Blue Moon 000000002006-09-26-0000September 26, 2006 In the Using magic wisely arc #4 Jack and Annie travel in the Magic Tree House to the New York City of the Great Depression in 1938. They must help a unicorn under a spell. However, two evil sorcerers in training, Balor and Grinda, are up to the same challenge. In this book, Jack and Annie are given the power to make magic on their own via a magic wand.
37 9 Dragon of the Red Dawn 000000002007-02-27-0000February 27, 2007 In the Happiness arc #1 Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to feudal Japan to find the first of four secrets of happiness for Merlin the magician because Morgan has noticed that he does not feel well, does not eat or sleep, and is tired. To do this, they must spend the day with famous Japanese haiku poet Matsuo Basho.
38 10 Monday with a Mad Genius 000000002007-08-28-0000August 28, 2007 In the Happiness arc #2 Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to Florence, Italy, to find the second of four secrets of happiness. To do this, they must help Leonardo da Vinci all day, "morning, noon, and afternoon, till the night bird sings its song." Companion book: #19, "Leonardo da Vinci"
39 11 Dark Day in the Deep Sea 000000002008-03-25-0000March 25, 2008 In the Happiness arc #3 The magic tree house takes Jack and Annie to a deserted island, in the 1870s, looking for another secret of happiness. They get rescued by scientists on the HMS Challenger (1858), in the Atlantic Ocean, and end up helping the scientists, who are looking for a sea monster. Will they be able to help the scientist and find the secret of happiness? This book is 144 pages long, making it the longest book in the series. Companion book: #17, "Sea Monsters"
40 12 Eve of the Emperor Penguin 000000002008-09-23-0000September 23, 2008 In the Happiness arc #4 Jack and Annie go to Antarctica to try to find their last secret of happiness, but they only find penguins. Only the penguins have the answer to this question. This is the only book where it is specifically stated that Jack and Annie did not travel through time. They also use the wand to make magic twice: once to find the penguins and a second time to teleport to Mount Erebus, the only time they use its power twice. Companion book: #18, "Penguins and Antarctica"
41 13 Moonlight on the Magic Flute 000000002009-03-10-0000March 10, 2009 In the Inspiring arc #1 Jack and Annie head to 18th-century Austria, where they must find and help a musician by the name of Mozart. Decked out in the craziest outfits they’ve ever worn—including a wig for Jack and a giant hoopskirt for Annie, the two siblings search an entire palace to no avail. Their hunt is further hampered by the appearance of a mischievous little boy who is determined to follow them everywhere. But when the boy lets the animals out of the palace zoo, Jack and Annie have to use the only magic at their disposal to save themselves and the naughty little boy. The party is in the Summer Palace at five o'clock in the evening on October 13, 1762. When Jack and Annie use their magic flute (In Inspiring #1, 2, 3, and 4, the Wand of Dianthus changes into instruments.) Mozart makes a song called The Magic Flute.
42 14 A Good Night for Ghosts 000000002009-07-28-0000July 28, 2009 In the Inspiring arc #2 Jack and Annie are on their second mission to find—and inspire—artists to bring happiness to millions. After traveling to New Orleans, Jack and Annie come head to head with some real ghosts, as well as discover the world of jazz when they meet a young Louis Armstrong. Companion book: #20, "Ghosts"
43 15 Leprechaun in Late Winter 000000002010-01-12-0000January 12, 2010 In the Inspiring arc #3 The kids meet a girl in their third mission to put "artists" on the right path. She is sad because she believes in leprechauns and faerie, but cannot find any. The girl grows up to be Lady Gregory, a famous legend teller of the Irish lore. Can the kids save her from sadness and put the third artist on the right path? This is the first time that something that one of the kids has written has been used to travel through time: the kids time travel by wishing using Jack's notes on where they are traveling to. They travel to 1862 to go to Ireland. Companion book: #21, "Leprechauns and Irish Folklore"
44 16 A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time 000000002010-09-14-0000September 14, 2010 In the Inspiring arc #4 The kids are whisked back to Victorian England to help famed author Charles Dickens. The kids know Charles had everything he wants. Will the kids find the thing Charles wants? The kids are thrown in jail, only to be saved by Charles Dickens! To find Charles' secret, they will need help from three ghosts and get to know Charles very, very, well. Companion book: #22, "Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens"
45 17 A Crazy Day with Cobras 000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011 In the Penny's spell arc #1 When Penny, Merlin's beloved penguin (from Eve of the Emperor Penguin), is accidentally turned to stone by Teddy, the kids must travel to an Indian desert and find an ingredient to a spell before Merlin comes back. Jack and Annie have to escape a swarm of king cobras and meet the infamous All-Power Great Mogul. To start their quest, Jack and Annie must find an emerald rose to find the first piece of breaking Penny's spell. Companion book: #23, Snakes and Other Reptiles.
46 18 Dogs in the Dead of Night 000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011 In the Penny's spell arc #2 Jack and his sister Annie travel to Swiss Alps to get the second magical object to break the spell on the beloved baby penguin, Penny. They face a dog rescue and many other adventures. Companion book: #24, Dog Heroes.
47 19 Abe Lincoln At Last! 000000002011-12-27-0000December 27, 2011 In the Penny's spell arc #3 Jack and Annie travel to the time of the Civil War, and they must help a friend of Abe's in order to find the third gift for breaking Penny's spell. The friend is an orphan named Sam. It's a race against time as Jack and Annie try to decide what is right. Companion book: #25, Abraham Lincoln.
48 20 A Perfect Time For Pandas 000000002012-07-24-0000July 24, 2012 In the Penny's spell arc #4 Jack and Annie visit China during the Great Sichuan Earthquake of 2008. Companion book: #26, Pandas and Other Endangered Species.
49 21 Stallion by Starlight 000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013 In the Greatness arc #1 Jack and Annie go back to Ancient Macedonia and an adventure with Alexander the Great when he was a child and his famous stallion: Bucephalus. Companion book: #27, Horse Heroes.
50 22 Hurry Up Houdini![4] 000000002013-08-23-0000August 23, 2013 In the Greatness arc #2 Jack and Annie meet magician Harry Houdini.
51 23 High Time for Heroes[5] 000000002014-01-07-0000January 7, 2014 In the Greatness arc #3 Jack and Annie meet Florence Nightingale in Egypt. Companion book: #28, Heroes for All Times.
52 23 Soccer on Sunday[6] 000000002014-05-27-0000May 27, 2014 In the Greatness arc #4 Jack and Annie travel to a soccer field in Mexico. Companion book: #29, Soccer.
53 25 Shadow of the Shark 000000002015-06-23-0000June 23, 2015 none While on a vacation from Morgan and Merlin, Jack and Annie accidentally travel back in time over a thousand years to ancient Mayan times and meet sharks and Mayan warriors. In this book, Jack and Annie accidentally go to the right place but the wrong time due to pointing to the wrong illustration. Companion book: #32, Sharks and Other Predators.
54 26 Balto of the Blue Dawn 000000002016-01-05-0000January 5, 2016 none Jack and Annie meet Balto, a jet-black Siberian husky in Alaska, 1925. Companion book: #34, Dogsledding and Extreme Sports.
55 27 Night of the Ninth Dragon 000000002016-07-26-0000July 26, 2016 none Jack and Annie must help save Merlin, Morgan, Teddy, and Kathleen (trapped in Avalon) and King Arthur (injured) when invaders threaten Camelot. Companion book: #35, Dragons and Mythical Creatures.
Magic Tree House Super editions[edit]
On January 6, 2015, the first Magic Tree House Super Edition was released. It is 183 pages long. The super editions are longer than the original Magic Tree House books and the Magic Tree House Merlin Missions.
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes
1 Danger in the Darkest Hour January 6, 2015 none The first Magic Tree House Super Edition is called Danger in the Darkest Hour [7] Jack and Annie going back to World War II shortly before D-Day to rescue Kathleen from behind enemy lines. It also features the first time they have had to deal with a situation using their own talents and with no help from magic since the Merlin Missions began.
Main article: Danger in the Darkest Hour
Non-fiction books[edit]
The Magic Tree House Fact Trackers (formerly called Magic Tree House Research Guides) are non-fiction companions to the fiction books, written by Mary Pope Osborne, Will Osborne, and Natalie Pope Boyce. They were first released in 2000 by Scholastic and Random House. They provide more in-depth follow-up information on the topics in the series than already covered.[8] As of July 2016[update], 35 have been published. The first two Fact Trackers were published in August 2000 as companions for the first two stories, then 7 to 8 years old. In 2008 story #39, Dark Day in the Deep Sea and its fact tracker #17, Sea Monsters were the first story and fact tracker to be published simultaneously; simultaneous production has been common since...
No.
Title
Companion To:
Date Published:
1 Dinosaurs 001 !Magic Tree House #1: Dinosaurs Before Dark 000000002000-08-01-0000August 1, 2000
2 Knights and Castles 002 !Magic Tree House #2: The Knight at Dawn 000000002000-08-01-0000August 1, 2000
3 Mummies and Pyramids 003 !Magic Tree House #3: Mummies in the Morning 000000002001-02-27-0000February 27, 2001
4 Pirates 004 !Magic Tree House #4: Pirates Past Noon 000000002001-05-22-0000May 22, 2001
5 Rain Forests 006 !Magic Tree House #6: Afternoon on the Amazon 000000002001-09-25-0000September 25, 2001
6 Space 008 !Magic Tree House #8: Midnight on the Moon 000000002002-02-26-0000February 26, 2002
7 Titanic 017 !Magic Tree House #17: Tonight on the Titanic 000000002002-08-27-0000August 27, 2002
8 Twisters and Other Terrible Storms 023 !Magic Tree House #23: Twister on Tuesday 000000002003-02-05-0000February 5, 2003
9 Dolphins and Sharks 009 !Magic Tree House #9: Dolphins at Daybreak 000000002003-06-04-0000June 4, 2003
10 Ancient Greece and the Olympics 016 !Magic Tree House #16: Hour of the Olympics 000000002004-06-01-0000June 1, 2004
11 American Revolution 022 !Magic Tree House #22: Revolutionary War on Wednesday 000000002004-09-14-0000September 14, 2004
12 Sabertooths and the Ice Age 007 !Magic Tree House #7: Sunset of the Sabertooth 000000002005-02-01-0000February 1, 2005
13 Pilgrims 027 !Magic Tree House #27: Thanksgiving on Thursday 000000002005-09-01-0000September 1, 2005
14 Ancient Rome and Pompeii 013 !Magic Tree House #13: Vacation Under a Volcano 000000002006-04-25-0000April 25, 2006
15 Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters 028 !Magic Tree House #28: High Tide in Hawaii 000000002007-02-27-0000February 27, 2007
16 Polar Bears and the Arctic 012 !Magic Tree House #12: Polar Bears Past Bedtime 000000002007-09-25-0000September 25, 2007
17 Sea Monsters 039 !Magic Tree House #39: Dark Day in the Deep Sea 000000002008-03-25-0000March 25, 2008
18 Penguins and Antarctica 040 !Magic Tree House #40: Eve of the Emperor Penguin 000000002008-09-23-0000September 23, 2008
19 Leonardo da Vinci 038 !Magic Tree House #38: Monday with a Mad Genius 000000002009-01-13-0000January 13, 2009
20 Ghosts 042 !Magic Tree House #42: A Good Night for Ghosts 000000002009-07-28-0000July 28, 2009
21 Leprechauns and Irish Folklore 043 !Magic Tree House #43: Leprechaun in Late Winter 000000002010-01-12-0000January 12, 2010
22 Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens 044 !Magic Tree House #44: A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time 000000002010-09-14-0000September 14, 2010
23 Snakes and Other Reptiles 045 !Magic Tree House #45: A Crazy Day with Cobras 000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011
24 Dog Heroes 046 !Magic Tree House #46: Dogs in the Dead of Night 000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011
25 Abraham Lincoln 047 !Magic Tree House #47: Abe Lincoln At Last 000000002011-12-27-0000December 27, 2011
26 Pandas and Other Endangered Species 048 !Magic Tree House #48: A Perfect Time For Pandas 000000002012-07-24-0000July 24, 2012
27 Horse Heroes[9] 049 !Magic Tree House #49: Stallion by Starlight 000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013
28 Heroes for All Times 052 !Magic Tree House #51: High Time for Heroes 000000002014-01-07-0000January 7, 2014
29 Soccer[10] 052 !Magic Tree House #52: Soccer on Sunday 000000002014-05-27-0000May 27, 2014
30 Ninjas and Samurai 005 !Magic Tree House #5: Night of the Ninjas 000000002014-09-23-0000September 23, 2014
31 China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall 014 !Magic Tree House #14: Day of the Dragon King 000000002014-12-23-0000December 23, 2014
32 Sharks and Other Predators 053 !Magic Tree House #53: Shadow of the Shark 000000002015-06-23-0000June 23, 2015
33 Vikings 015 !Magic Tree House #15: Viking Ships at Sunrise 000000002015-09-22-0000September 22, 2015
34 Dogsledding and Extreme Sports 054 !Magic Tree House #54: Balto of the Blue Dawn 000000002016-01-05-0000January 5, 2016
35 Dragons and Mythical Creatures 055 !Magic Tree House #55: Night of the Ninth Dragon 000000002016-07-26-0000July 26, 2016
Characters[edit]
There are roughly six main characters throughout the Magic Tree House series. These include: Jack, Annie, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Kathleen, and Teddy. Jack and Annie play the largest role in the series, and they embark on numerous adventures for Merlin and Morgan le Fay throughout the series. They also receive the help of the young magicians Kathleen and Teddy while they embark on their missions.
Jack[edit]
Jack is the brother of Annie, the other major character in the series. He has short brown hair and wears red-rimmed glasses that have round lenses. Jack is often shy around others, unlike Annie, and he often takes time to get used to new situations. Jack also believes in science and reason much more than Annie does, and he often keeps a small notebook in which he takes notes about their adventures. Jack often wants to read about a place and time and absorb as much information as he can before embarking on their adventure. He is also older than Annie, which may play a role in his maturity. Jack is extremely intelligent for his young age, and his vast knowledge often helps him and Annie complete their missions. This results in him having unexpected knowledge or talents that help complete their missions such as Jack being able to drive a vehicle despite not being old enough to possess the skill. Jack is courageous, willing to risk his own life to help others, and he is compassionate, caring for everything and everyone. He also reveals in Civil War On Sunday #21 that he thinks war is kind of cool until the end. However, he sometimes lacks self-confidence until something motivates him to perform the needed feat. When he is confident in his abilities, Jack is good at doing the tasks. On one occasion, while driving a truckload of kids past a Nazi checkpoint, his confident demeanor was enough to fool the Nazis into thinking he was a regular truck driver and let him pass without an inspection. He completed the feat thanks to Kathleen lying to him that she'd made them invisible and was left stunned at what he was capable of. He also has a growing crush on Kathleen, as he gets shy around her and notes that she is extremely pretty. Her opinion of him matters to Jack greatly enough that if she shows confidence in his ability to perform tasks, he has more confidence in himself if only for the reason of not wanting to let Kathleen down.
Annie[edit]
Annie is the younger sister of Jack, and she is the second major character in the series. Annie has blond hair tied in pigtails, and has blue eyes. Annie believes in magic much more than Jack does, and Morgan le Fay reveals that Annie's belief in magic helped her see the magic tree house. Annie is often impulsive and not as shy as Jack. However, this often leads to trouble that the pair has to deal with. Annie is younger than Jack, which means that she is less mature. Annie also talks to animals much more than Jack does, and she is kind to them.
Morgan le Fay[edit]
Morgan le Fay is a witch and Time Librarian from King Arthur's time. She is King Arthur's sister.[11] In Books 1-3, she was in form of a pteranodon, cat, and knight.[12] In Book 4, she transforms from a green parrot into human form.[13] She has since become the kids' mentor and adviser on their quest to become Master Librarians of Time. She is the one who gives Jack and Annie riddles and quests to solve in Books 1 through 28.
Teddy[edit]
A young sorcerer and apprentice of Morgan. Jack and Annie first meet Teddy when he's trapped in the form of a dog and spend books 17-20 freeing him from the spell. Teddy is not his actual name but the nickname Jack and Annie gave him when he was a dog. His real name is unknown but everyone calls him Teddy, not just Jack and Annie. When he regained human form, he chose to have Jack and Annie continue calling him Teddy as he liked the nickname though he asked for them to call him Ted, something they only did for his brief appearance as a human at the end of book 20. Teddy is kind-hearted but overconfident in his abilities and isn't actually that good at magic usually, requiring Kathleen to aid him in finishing his spells more often than not. Over the course of the books, Teddy gets better but still requires help a lot. His misfortunes with magic resulted in him turning himself into a dog and Penny the Penguin into stone, resulting in Jack and Annie having to help him break the spells.
Kathleen[edit]
Kathleen is the youngest of 20 sisters, and she is a selkie, or being that can morph herself and others into seals. Kathleen is one of Morgan's apprentices, and she is extremely friendly, quickly befriending Annie, Jack, Morgan, Merlin, and Teddy. Kathleen is free-spirited and playful, probably due to her being a selkie. Kathleen has brown hair that is long and curly, and brown eyes. She also wears a seaweed dress. In seal form, she can communicate with other seals as well. Kathleen is also talented in magic spells. She is also very caring as shown when she is sent to rescue two children in Normandy during World War II and instead risks her life to protect ten children. Her empathic nature results in her losing her magic when she loses hope, forcing Jack and Annie to rescue her. Once her hope is restored, so is her magic. Jack has a crush on her, but it is unknown if she shares these feelings.
Movies[edit]
The animated film Magic Tree House (マジック・ツリーハウス), produced by Media Factory, premiered in Japan in October 2011[14] and was generally released there on January 7, 2012.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.magictreehouse.com/teachers/celebrating-25-years/
Jump up ^ https://www.magictreehouse.com/teachers/celebrating-25-years/
Jump up ^ https://www.magictreehouse.com/teachers/celebrating-25-years/
Jump up ^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2013). Hurry up, Houdini!. Random House Childrens Books. ISBN 9780307980472. OCLC 816027002.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2014). High Time for Heroes. Random House Childrens Books. ISBN 9780307980496. OCLC 840464294.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2014). Hurry up, Houdini!. Random House Childrens Books. ISBN 9780307980533. OCLC 857879351.
Jump up ^ "Magic Tree House Super Edition #1: Danger in the Darkest Hour".
Jump up ^ "Magic Tree House The Mystery of the Ancient Riddles Boxed Set #3: Book 9-12 (Magic Treehouse Series): "Meet the writer: Biography"". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2013). Horse Heroes. Paw Prints. ISBN 9781451786026. OCLC 81160106.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Mary Pope (2014). Soccer. Random House. ISBN 9780385386296. OCLC 857879358.
Jump up ^ Book #4, Pirates Past Noon, p. 59
Jump up ^ Book #4, Pirates Past Noon, p. 63
Jump up ^ Book #4, Pirates Past Noon, p. 56-58
Jump up ^ "TIFF 上映作品: マジック・ツリーハウス (Films: The Magic Tree House)" (in Japanese). Tokyo International Film Festival. 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Magic Tree House Books' 2012 Film Confirmed as Anime". Anime News Network. 2011-03-08. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
External links[edit]
Official website
Magic Tree House at Mediafactory (in Japanese)
Mary Pope Osborne blog
Magic Tree House series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic_Tree_House&oldid=806466422"
Categories:
Fantasy books by series
American children's books
Series of children's books
Time travel novels
Novels set in Pennsylvania
Hidden categories:
CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)
Books with missing cover
Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles with Japanese-language external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Magyar
日本語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 October 2017, at 06:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href title

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: caption

tag: td

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: th

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Sal_Murdocca
mw-redirect
Sal Murdocca

tag: br

value:
/wiki/Morgan_Le_Fay
mw-redirect
Morgan Le Fay

value:
/wiki/Merlin_the_Magician
mw-redirect
Merlin the Magician

value:
/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex
mw-redirect
Tyrannosaurus rex

value:
/wiki/Wooly_mammoth
mw-redirect
Wooly mammoth

value:
/wiki/Mt._Vesuvius
mw-redirect
Mt. Vesuvius

value:
/wiki/Emperor_Qin
mw-redirect
Emperor Qin

value:
/wiki/Olympic_games
mw-redirect
Olympic games

value:
/wiki/San_Francisco_earthquake
mw-redirect
San Francisco earthquake

value:
/wiki/Pilgrim_(Plymouth_Colony)
mw-redirect
Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)

value:
/wiki/Wampanoag_people
mw-redirect
Wampanoag people

value:
/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York
mw-redirect
Brooklyn, New York

value: Edit section: Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books

value:
/wiki/Feudal_Japan
mw-redirect
Feudal Japan

value:
/wiki/Matsuo_Basho
mw-redirect
Matsuo Basho

value:
/wiki/Florence,_Italy
mw-redirect
Florence, Italy

value:
/wiki/Lady_Gregory
mw-redirect
Lady Gregory

value:
/wiki/Great_Mogul
mw-redirect
Great Mogul

value:
/wiki/Great_Sichuan_Earthquake
mw-redirect
Great Sichuan Earthquake

value: Edit section: Magic Tree House Super editions

value:
plainlinks noprint asof-tag update
display:none;

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
/wiki/Great_Ice_Age
mw-redirect
Great Ice Age

value:
/wiki/Irish_Folklore
mw-redirect
Irish Folklore

value:
/wiki/Endangered_Species
mw-redirect
Endangered Species

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/816027002

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/840464294

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/857879351

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/81160106

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/857879358

value:
nofollow
http://www.magictreehouse.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.marypopeosborne.net

value: Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016

value: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

value: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

value: Category:Articles with Japanese-language external links

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Magic_Tree_House
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: マジック・ツリーハウス – Japanese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Magic_Tree_House rootpage-Magic_Tree_House vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mercury-in-glass thermometer for measurement of room temperature. Daniel Fahrenheit's mercury-in-glass thermometer was far more reliable and accurate than any that had existed before, and the mercury thermometers in use today are made in the way Fahrenheit devised.
Danzig-born Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, a pioneer of exact thermometry (or precision thermometry. He invented the mercury thermometer (first practical, accurate thermometer) and Fahrenheit scale (first standardized temperature scale to be widely used).
The mercury-in-glass or mercury thermometer was invented by physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714). It consists of a bulb containing mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter; the volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume of the bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature; the small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column a relatively long way up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum.
In order to calibrate the thermometer, the bulb is made to reach thermal equilibrium with a temperature standard such as an ice/water mixture, and then with another standard such as water/vapour, and the tube is divided into regular intervals between the fixed points. In principle, thermometers made of different material (e.g., coloured alcohol thermometers) might be expected to give different intermediate readings due to different expansion properties; in practice the substances used are chosen to have reasonably linear expansion characteristics as a function of true thermodynamic temperature, and so give similar results.
The application of mercury (1714) and Fahrenheit scale (1724) for liquid-in-glass thermometers ushered in a new era of accuracy and precision in thermometry.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Maximum thermometer
3 Maximum minimum thermometer
4 Physical properties
5 Phase-out
5.1 List of countries with regulations or recommendations on mercury thermometers
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
A large mercury in glass thermometer.
See also: Liquid-in-glass thermometer and Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
The thermometer was used by the originators of the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.
Anders Celsius, a Swedish scientist, devised the Celsius scale, which was described in his publication The origin of the Celsius temperature scale in 1742.
Celsius used two fixed points in his scale: the temperature of melting ice and the temperature of boiling water. This wasn't a new idea, since Isaac Newton was already working on something similar. The distinction of Celsius was to use the condition of melting and not that of freezing. The experiments for reaching a good calibration of his thermometer lasted for 2 winters. By performing the same experiment over and over again, he discovered that ice always melted at the same calibration mark on the thermometer. He found a similar fixed point in the calibration of boiling water to water vapour (when this is done to high precision, a variation will be seen with atmospheric pressure; Celsius noted this). At the moment that he removed the thermometer from the vapour, the mercury level climbed slightly. This was related to the rapid cooling (and contraction) of the glass.
When Celsius decided to use his own temperature scale, he originally defined his scale "upside-down", i.e. he chose to set the boiling point of pure water at 0 °C (212 °F) and the freezing point at -100 °C (-32 °F).[2] One year later, Frenchman Jean-Pierre Christin proposed to invert the scale with the freezing point at 0 °C (32 °F) and the boiling point at 100 °C (212 °F).[3] He named it Centigrade (100 grades).
Finally, Celsius proposed a method of calibrating a thermometer:
Place the cylinder of the thermometer in melting ice made of pure water and mark the point where the fluid in the thermometer stabilises. This point is the freeze/thaw point of water.
In the same manner mark the point where the fluid stabilises when the thermometer is placed in boiling water vapour.
Divide the length between the two marks into 100 equal parts.
These points are adequate for approximate calibration but both vary with atmospheric pressure. Nowadays, the triple point of water is used instead of the freezing point (the triple point occurs at 273.16 kelvins (K), 0.01 °C).
Before the discovery of the true thermodynamic temperature, the thermometer defined the temperature; thermometers made with different materials would define different temperature scales (a coloured alcohol thermometer would give a slightly different reading than a mercury thermometer at, say half-scale). In practice, several materials gave very similar temperatures to each other and, when discovered, to the thermodynamic temperature.
Maximum thermometer[edit]
Closeup of a maximum thermometer. The break in the column of mercury is visible.
A medical mercury-in-glass maximum thermometer showing the temperature of 38.7 °C.
One special kind of mercury-in-glass thermometer, called a maximum thermometer, works by having a constriction in the neck close to the bulb. As the temperature rises, the mercury is pushed up through the constriction by the force of expansion. When the temperature falls, the column of mercury breaks at the constriction and cannot return to the bulb, thus remaining stationary in the tube. The observer can then read the maximum temperature over the set period of time. To reset the thermometer it must be swung sharply. This design is used in the traditional type of medical thermometer.
Maximum minimum thermometer[edit]
A maximum minimum thermometer, also known as Six's thermometer, is a thermometer which registers the maximum and minimum temperatures reached over a period of time, typically 24 hours. The original design contains mercury, but solely as a way to indicate the position of a column of alcohol whose expansion indicates the temperature; it is not a thermometer operated by the expansion of mercury; mercury-free versions are available.
Physical properties[edit]
Mercury thermometers cover a wide temperature range from −37 to 356 °C (−35 to 673 °F); the instrument's upper temperature range may be extended though the introduction of an inert gas such as nitrogen. This introduction of an inert gas increases the pressure on the liquid mercury and therefore its boiling point is increased, this in combination with replacing the Pyrex glass with fused quartz allows the upper temperature range to be extended to 800 °C (1,470 °F).
Mercury cannot be used below the temperature at which it becomes solid, −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). If the thermometer contains nitrogen, the gas may flow down into the column when the mercury solidifies and be trapped there when the temperature rises, making the thermometer unusable until returned to the factory for reconditioning. To avoid this, some weather services require that all mercury-in-glass thermometers be brought indoors when the temperature falls to −37 °C (−35 °F).
To measure lower meteorological temperatures, a thermometer containing a mercury-thallium alloy which does not solidify until the temperature drops to −61.1 °C (−78.0 °F) may be used.
Phase-out[edit]
As of 2012[update], many mercury-in-glass thermometers are used in meteorology; however, they are becoming increasingly rare for other uses, as many countries banned them for medical use due to the toxicity of mercury. Some manufacturers use galinstan, a liquid alloy of gallium, indium, and tin, as a replacement for mercury.
The typical "fever thermometer" contains between 0.5 and 0.3 g (0.28 and 0.17 drachms) of elemental mercury.[4][5] Swallowing this amount of mercury would, it is said, pose little danger but the inhaling of the vapour could lead to health problems.[6]
List of countries with regulations or recommendations on mercury thermometers[edit]
Map of the countries of the European Union that banned mercury-in-glass thermometers according to Directive 2007/51/EC as of 22 January 2013. Countries in blue have made legal bans on the issue, countries in gray are of unknown status at the present, and countries in red are those whose "Member State does not consider national execution measures necessary."[7]
Argentina
In February 2009, the Argentine Health Ministry instructed by resolution 139/09 that all health centres and hospitals should buy mercury-free thermometers and blood pressure meters and called on dentists, medical technicians, and environmental health specialists to start eliminating this toxin.[8] As of 2016[update] mercury thermometers were still on sale to the public at pharmacies.
Austria
There was a voluntary take-back action for thermometers containing mercury based on the Federal Waste Management Plan 2006, and carried out in close cooperation between the Austrian Chamber of Pharmacists (Österreichische Apothekerkammer), the Federal Ministry of Environment, a private waste disposer, a producer of electronic thermometers and a pharmaceutical distributor. The disposal company supplied each pharmacy (approximately 1,200) with a collection bin and covered the cost of disposal. The pharmaceutical distributor covered the logistical costs for the distribution of the thermometers. The pharmacies accepted a refund of only 0.50 Euro per thermometer for handling (which is far below their normal margin). The supplier provided the thermometers at a reduced price. The Federal Ministry supported each sold thermometer (covering about 30% of the direct costs) and advertised the project. During the collection period, consumers could bring in a mercury thermometer and buy an electronic thermometer for a subsidised price of 1 Euro. Between October 2007 and January 2008, about 465,000 electronic thermometers were sold and about one million mercury thermometers (together containing about 1 tonne of mercury) were collected.[9]
Philippines
By the Philippines Department of Health’s Administrative Order 2008-0221, all mercury equipment from hospitals, including mercury-in-glass thermometers, will be phased out in the Philippines by September 28, 2010. Even before the order was released, 50 hospitals have already banned mercury from their establishments. Among these fifty hospitals, the Philippine Heart Center was the first one to do so. San Juan de Dios Hospital, Philippine Children’s Medical Center, San Lazaro Hospital, Ospital ng Muntinlupa, Lung Center of the Philippines, the National Kidney and Transplant Institute, Manila Adventist Medical Center and Las Piñas Hospital also made steps to ban the toxic chemical. The country was the first one to make a step to ban mercury from its health care system in Southeast Asia.[10][11]
United Kingdom
Since European Union directive 2007/51/EC came into force on 3 April 2009, the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA) reported that mercury thermometers could no longer be sold to the general public. Shops holding stocks of unsold thermometers had to withdraw them from sale; mercury thermometers purchased before this date could be used without legal implications. The purpose of these restrictions is to protect the environment and public health by decreasing the amount of mercury waste released.[12] The HPA had, in 2007, released a guide to dealing with small spills of mercury.[13]
United States of America
In the United States, both the American Academy of Pediatrics[14] and the United States Environmental Protection Agency[15] recommend that alternative thermometers be used in the home.[14]
See also[edit]
Mercury probe, an electrical probing device to sample for electrical characterization
Mercury switch, an electrical circuit, on-off switch using the element mercury
Mercury swivel commutator, an electrical circuit, current-reversing switch using the element mercury
Mercury vapour turbine, a rotary engine to produce electricity from mercury vapor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Grigull, Ulrich (1966). Fahrenheit, a Pioneer of Exact Thermometry. (The Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 1966, Vol. 1, pp. 9-18.)
Jump up ^ "Anders Celsius 1701–1744". Astronomical Observatory: History. Uppsala University.
Jump up ^ Smith, Jacqueline (2009). "Appendix I: Chronology". The Facts on File Dictionary of Weather and Climate. Infobase Publishing. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4381-0951-0. 1743 Jean-Pierre Christin inverts the fixed points on Celsius' scale, to produce the scale used today.
Jump up ^ "Thermometers and Thermostats: Fever Thermometers". Mercury and the Environment: Products that Contain Mercury. Environment Canada. 2010-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Mercury: Thermometers". US Environmental Protection Agency. * oral/rectal/baby thermometers, containing about 0.61 grams of mercury; and
* basal temperature thermometers, containing about 2.25 grams of mercury.
Jump up ^ "Mercury and Human Health". Healthy Living: It's Your Health: Environment. Health Canada. 2009-03-02. Archived from the original on 2006-12-19.
Jump up ^ "National Provisions communicated by the Member States concerning: Directive 2007/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 September 2007 amending Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing of certain measuring devices containing mercury". EUR-Lex. 72007L0051.
Jump up ^ Clarín newspaper, Argentina starts to say goodbye to mercury thermometers, 14/04/11 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ UNEP(DTIE)/Mercury/WG/1/INF/3 Draft Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Management of Mercury Waste, 2010 Archived 2010-04-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://zerowastepilipinas.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/01_faye-ferrer.pdf
Jump up ^ Salazar T (2008-09-13). "RP hospitals to phase out devices containing mercury". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24.
Jump up ^ UK Health Protection Agency Chemical Hazards and Poisons Report, from the Chemical Hazards and Poisons Division, January 2010 Issue 16, p6: Does the Health Protection Agency website prevent harm from breakage of mercury thermometers? Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ HPA: Mercury in residential settings: step-by-step guide to cleaning up spills. 2007, updated 6 August 2009 Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldman LR; Shannon MW; Committee on Environmental Health (July 2001). "Technical report: mercury in the environment: implications for pediatricians". Pediatrics. 108 (1): 197–205. doi:10.1542/peds.108.1.197. PMID 11433078.
Jump up ^ "Things are Heating Up with Mercury in Thermometers". Children's Health Protection. US Environmental Protection Agency.
External links[edit]
"Mercury in your Environment". US Environmental Protection Agency.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury-in-glass_thermometer&oldid=828727772"
Categories:
Thermometers
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
Dutch inventions
Mercury (element)
Science and technology in the Dutch Republic
1714 introductions
Hidden categories:
Articles with Spanish-language external links
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Nederlands
Polski
Română
Simple English
Slovenščina
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
中文
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 March 2018, at 11:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

attr: class style

attr: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

value: /wiki/Danzig mw-redirect Danzig

value:
/wiki/Exact_thermometry
mw-redirect
Exact thermometry

value:
/wiki/Precision_thermometry
mw-redirect
Precision thermometry

value:
/wiki/Mercury_thermometer
mw-redirect
Mercury thermometer

value:
/wiki/Fahrenheit_scale
mw-redirect
Fahrenheit scale

value:
/wiki/Temperature_scale
mw-redirect
Temperature scale

value:
/wiki/Liquid-in-glass_thermometer
mw-redirect
Liquid-in-glass thermometer

value: Edit section: Maximum minimum thermometer

value: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

value: Edit section: List of countries with regulations or recommendations on mercury thermometers

value: Argentine Health Ministry (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Blood_pressure_meter
mw-redirect
Blood pressure meter

value:
/wiki/Medical_technician
mw-redirect
Medical technician

value: Federal Ministry of Environment (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Manila_Adventist_Medical_Center
mw-redirect
Manila Adventist Medical Center

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.108.1.197

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11433078

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.epa.gov/mercury

value: Category:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment

value: Category:Science and technology in the Dutch Republic

value: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012

value: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Mercury-in-glass_thermometer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: مقياس حرارة زئبقي – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value: מדחום כספית – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Termometru din sticlă cu mercur – Romanian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Mercury-in-glass thermometer – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mercury-in-glass_thermometer rootpage-Mercury-in-glass_thermometer skin-vector action-view