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The House of the Rising Sun
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For other uses, see The House of the Rising Sun (disambiguation).
"The House of the Rising Sun" is a traditional folk song, sometimes called "Rising Sun Blues". It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate. The most successful commercial version, recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals, was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France.[1] As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band, it has been described as the "first folk rock hit".[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and early versions
1.1 Origin
1.2 Early folk and blues releases
1.3 Van Ronk arrangement
2 The Animals' version
2.1 Recording and releases
2.2 Reception
2.3 Charts
3 Frijid Pink version
3.1 Sales and certifications
4 Billboard Country Chart
4.1 Jody Miller version
4.2 Geordie version
4.3 Thin Lizzy instrumental version
4.4 Dolly Parton version
5 Five Finger Death Punch version
6 Johnny Hallyday version (in French)
6.1 Charts
7 Possible real locations
8 References
9 External links
Origin and early versions[edit]
Origin[edit]
Like many classic folk ballads, "The House of the Rising Sun" is of uncertain authorship. Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads, and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th-century ballad The Unfortunate Rake.[4] According to Alan Lomax, "Rising Sun" was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs, and it was also a name for English pubs.[5] He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th-century folk song, "Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave", also known as "Matty Groves",[6][7] but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs.[8] Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers.[5] However, Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin, the "rising sun" referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV, which was brought to North America by French immigrants.[8]
"House of Rising Sun" was said to have been known by miners in 1905.[6] The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925, in a column "Old Songs That Men Have Sung" in Adventure Magazine.[9] The lyrics of that version begin:[9][10]
There is a house in New Orleans, it's called the Rising Sun
It's been the ruin of many a poor girl
Great God, and I for one
The oldest known recording of the song, under the title "Rising Sun Blues", is by Appalachian artists Clarence "Tom" Ashley and Gwen Foster, who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6, 1933.[6][11] Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather, Enoch Ashley. Roy Acuff, an "early-day friend and apprentice" of Ashley's, learned it from him and recorded it as "Rising Sun" on November 3, 1938.[6][11] Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated, for example, "Rising Sun Blues" by Ivy Smith (1927) and "The Risin' Sun" by Texas Alexander (1928).[5]
The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax, who, along with his father, was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress. On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky, Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro, Kentucky, in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle. In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner, the 16-year-old daughter of a local miner. He called it The Rising Sun Blues.[11] Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson, both eastern Kentucky singers. In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country, Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner,[11] with reference to Martin's version.
Early folk and blues releases[edit]
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In 1941, Woody Guthrie recorded a version. A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White (who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists) was released by Mercury Records in 1950. White learned the song from a "white hillbilly singer", who might have been Ashley, in North Carolina in 1923–1924.[6] Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song, in February 1944 and in October 1948, called "In New Orleans" and "The House of the Rising Sun", respectively; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly's Last Sessions (1994, Smithsonian Folkways).
In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records. The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s. Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958, which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009.[11] Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs. In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album.
Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self-titled debut album; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career. Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962. Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin, recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967.[12] The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin' the Blues, released on Vault records (1970).
Van Ronk arrangement[edit]
In late 1961, Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album, released in March 1962. That release had no songwriting credit, but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk. In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home, Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version. Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk.
I had learned it sometime in the 1950s, from a recording by Hally Wood, the Texas singer and collector, who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner. I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps—a common enough progression in jazz, but unusual among folksingers. By the early 1960s, the song had become one of my signature pieces, and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it.[13]
The Animals' version[edit]
"The House of the Rising Sun"
Artwork for US release
Single by The Animals
from the album The Animals
B-side
"Talkin' 'bout You"
Released
June 19, 1964 (1964-06-19) (UK)
August 1964 (USA)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
May 18, 1964
Genre
Folk rock
Length
2:59, 4:29
Label
Columbia Graphophone
Songwriter(s)
Traditional, arranged by Alan Price
Producer(s)
Mickie Most
The Animals singles chronology
"Baby Let Me Take You Home"
(1964) "The House of the Rising Sun"
(1964) "I'm Crying"
(1964)
"Baby Let Me Take You Home"
(1964) "House of the Rising Sun"
(1964) "I'm Crying"
(1964)
An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle, England, where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle. The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing.[14]
The Animals' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard, rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions.
The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of "House of the Rising Sun" during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry, using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers.[15] It got a tremendous reaction from the audience, convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential,[15] and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London[15] to capture it.
Recording and releases[edit]
The song was recorded in just one take on May 18, 1964,[16] and it starts with a now-famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine.[1][3] According to Valentine, he simply took Dylan's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio.[17] The performance takes off with Burdon's lead vocal, which has been variously described as "howling,"[2] "soulful,"[18] and as "...deep and gravelly as the north-east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him."[1] Finally, Alan Price's pulsating organ part (played on a Vox Continental) completes the sound. Burdon later said, "We were looking for a song that would grab people's attention."[19]
As recorded, "House of the Rising Sun" ran four and a half minutes, regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time.[16] Producer Most, who initially did not really want to record the song at all,[17] said that on this occasion: "Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I can't take much credit for the production"[20]. He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length, saying "We're in a microgroove world now, we will release it."[20]
In the United States however, the original single (MGM 13264) was a 2:58 version. The MGM Golden Circle reissue (KGC 179) featured the unedited 4:29 version, although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2:58. The edited version was included on the group's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals, while the full version was later included on their best-selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album, The Best of the Animals. However, the very first American release of the full-length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go-Go (MGM SE-4306), the cover of which, under the listing of "House of the Rising Sun", described it as the "Original uncut version". Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965.
"House of the Rising Sun" was not included on any of the group's British albums, but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades, charting both times, reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982, using the famous Wittlesbach organ.
The Animals version was played in 6/8 meter, unlike the 4/4 of most earlier versions. Arranging credit went only to Alan Price. According to Burdon, this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label, and Alan Price's first name was first alphabetically. However, this meant that only Price received songwriter's royalties for the hit, a fact that has caused bitterness ever since, especially with Valentine.[3][21]
Reception[edit]
"House of the Rising Sun" was a trans-Atlantic hit: after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964, it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later, on September 5, 1964, where it stayed for three weeks,[22] and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles.[23] It was the group's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song.[24] The song was also a hit in a number of other countries, including Ireland, where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later.
According to John Steel, Bob Dylan told him that when he first heard The Animals' version on his car radio, he stopped to listen, "jumped out of his car" and "banged on the bonnet", inspiring him to go electric.[25] But he stopped playing the song after the Animals' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism.[citation needed] Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals' version—like Dylan's version before it—was based on his arrangement of the song.[26]
Dave Marsh described the Animals' take on "The House of the Rising Sun" as "...the first folk-rock hit," sounding "...as if they'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire."[2] Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that "It was arguably the first folk rock tune," calling it "a revolutionary single", after which "the face of modern music was changed forever."[3]
The Animals' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music. Writer Lester Bangs labeled it "a brilliant rearrangement" and "a new standard rendition of an old standard composition."[27] It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of "Songs of the Century". In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award. It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats. A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain's fourth-favourite number one song.[16]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1964)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[28] 5
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[29] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[30] 9
Ireland (IRMA)[31] 10
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[32] 5
New Zealand (Listener)[33] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[35] 1
Chart (1972)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[31] 5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34] 25
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34] 11
Preceded by
"Where Did Our Love Go" by The Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
September 5, 1964 – September 19, 1964 Succeeded by
"Oh, Pretty Woman" by Roy Orbison
Preceded by
"It's Over" by Roy Orbison UK Singles Chart number-one single
July 9, 1964 – July 15, 1964 Succeeded by
"It's All Over Now" by The Rolling Stones
Frijid Pink version[edit]
"House of the Rising Sun"
Artwork for Danish, French and German releases (French pressing pictured)
Single by Frijid Pink
from the album Frijid Pink
B-side
"Drivin' Blues"
Released
March 1970 (1970-03)
Format
7-inch single
Genre
Psychedelic rock
Length
4:44 (album)
3:23 (single)
Label
Parrot Records
Songwriter(s)
Traditional, arranged by Alan Price
Producer(s)
Michael Valvano
Frijid Pink singles chronology
"House of the Rising Sun"
(1970) "Sing a Song for Freedom"
(1970)
"House of the Rising Sun"
(1970) "Sing a Song for Freedom"
(1970)
In 1969, the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of "House of the Rising Sun", which became an international hit in 1970. Their version is in 4/4 time (like Van Ronk's and most earlier versions, rather than the 6/8 used by the Animals) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah-wah effects, set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers.[36]
According to Stevers, the Frijid Pink recording of "House of the Rising Sun" was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios. Stevers later played snippets from that session's tracks for Paul Cannon, the music director of Detroit's premier rock radio station, WKNR; the two knew each other, as Cannon was the father of Stevers's girlfriend. Stevers recalled, "we went through the whole thing and [and Cannon] didn't say much. Then 'House [of the Rising Sun]' started up and I immediately turned it off because it wasn't anything I really wanted him to hear." However, Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him, then advising Stevers, "Tell Parrot [Frijid Pink's label] to drop God Gave Me You [the group's current single] and go with this one."[37]
Frijid Pink's "House of the Rising Sun" debuted at #29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6, 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks—during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times—with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27, 1970 (number 97 Canada 1970/01/31) with a subsequent three-week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4, 1970. The certification of the Frijid Pink single "House of the Rising Sun" as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30, 1970.
The Frijid Pink single of "House of the Rising Sun" would give the song its most widespread international success, with Top Ten status reached in Austria (number 3), Belgium (Flemish region, number 6), Canada (number 3), Denmark (number 3), Germany (two weeks at number 1), Greece, Ireland (number 7), Israel (number 4), the Netherlands (number 3), Norway (seven weeks at number 1), Poland (number 2), Sweden (number 6), Switzerland (number 2), and the UK (number 4). The single also charted in Australia (number 14), France (number 36), and Italy (number 54).
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[38]
Gold 1,000,000^
Billboard Country Chart[edit]
The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard's country chart.
Jody Miller version[edit]
In 1973, Jody Miller's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart.
Geordie version[edit]
Recorded by Brian Johnson's band 'Geordie' for their 1974 album "Don't Be Fooled By The Name", Johnson went on to become vocalist for AC/DC.
Thin Lizzy instrumental version[edit]
The song was recorded as an electric but fairly mellow instrumental on the Deep Purple tribute album recorded by Thin Lizzy circa 1972, Funky Junction Play a Tribute to Deep Purple. Here it was simply called Rising Sun, and credited to Leo Muller (producer), the German businessman and label-owner.
Dolly Parton version[edit]
"The House of the Rising Sun"
Artwork for German release
Single by Dolly Parton
from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs
B-side
"Workin' Girl"
Released
September 1981 (1981-09)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
November 1980
Genre
Country pop
Length
4:02
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Traditional
Producer(s)
Mike Post
Dolly Parton singles chronology
"But You Know I Love You"
(1981) "The House of the Rising Sun"
(1981) "Single Women"
(1982)
"But You Know I Love You"
(1981) "House of the Rising Sun"
(1981) "Single Women"
(1982)
In September 1981, Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs. Like Miller's earlier country hit, Parton's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman. The Parton version makes it quite blunt, with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton. Parton's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts, where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart. Parton has occasionally performed the song live, including on her 1987–88 television show, in an episode taped in New Orleans.
Five Finger Death Punch version[edit]
"House of the Rising Sun"
Single by Five Finger Death Punch
from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2
Released
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)
Recorded
November 2013
Genre
Folk metal
Length
4:07
Label
Prospect Park
Songwriter(s)
Traditional
Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology
"Battle Born"
(2013) "House of the Rising Sun"
(2014) "Mama Said Knock You Out"
(2014)
"Battle Born"
(2013) "House of the Rising Sun"
(2014) "Mama Said Knock You Out"
(2014)
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The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of "House of the Rising Sun" on their fifth studio album, The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2, which was later released as the album's second single and the band's third single of the Wrong Side era. The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City, a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas. The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States. It also in the video game Guitar Hero Live.
Johnny Hallyday version (in French)[edit]
"Le Pénitencier"
Single by Johnny Hallyday
from the album 'Le Pénitencier'
Released
October 1964 (1964-10) (France)
Format
7-inch single, 25-cm LP
Recorded
September 1964
Label
Philips
Songwriter(s)
Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy, Alan Price
Producer(s)
Lee Hallyday
Johnny Hallyday singles chronology
"Les Mauvais garçons"
(1964) "Le Pénitencier"
(1964) "Un ami ça n'a pas de prix"
(1965)
"Les Mauvais garçons"
(1964) "Le Pénitencier"
(1964) "Un ami ça n'a pas de prix"
(1965)
Music video
"Le Pénitencier" (Live on French TV, 1966)
"Le Pénitencier" (Live at the Théâtre de Paris, 2013)
on YouTube
The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday. His version (titled "Le Pénitencier") was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no. 1 on the singles sales chart in France (from October 17 to 23).[39] In Wallonia (French Belgium) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart, also peaking at number 1.[40]
He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour.[41]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1964)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[42] 1
France (singles sales)[39] 1
Possible real locations[edit]
Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song, with varying plausibility. The phrase "House of the Rising Sun" is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel, but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place. One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father, an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife. Therefore, the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse, from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise (an idea supported by the lyric mentioning "a ball and chain," though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print). Because women often sang the song, another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis. Since cures with mercury were ineffective, going back was very unlikely.[7][14]
1867 ad noting the "Rising Sun Coffee House" building for rent or lease
Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence—from old city directories and newspapers. The first was a small, short-lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s. It burned down in 1822. An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim, including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution. Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site.[43][44]
The second possibility was a "Rising Sun Hall" listed in late 19th-century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street, at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood, which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club, commonly rented out for dances and functions. It also is no longer extant. Definite links to gambling or prostitution (if any) are undocumented for either of these buildings.
A third was "The Rising Sun", which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s, located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street.[45] In various advertisements it is described as a "Restaurant," a "Lager Beer Salon," and a "Coffee House." At the time, New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages.
Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography "The Mayor of MacDougal Street" that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century. Among them "was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun... It was the Orleans Parish women's prison."[46]
Bizarre New Orleans, a guidebook on New Orleans, asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam, Marianne LeSoleil Levant, whose surname means "the rising sun" in French.[14]
Another guidebook, Offbeat New Orleans, asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826–830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874, also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant. The building still stands, and Eric Burdon, after visiting at the behest of the owner, said, "The house was talking to me." [47]
There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun, decorated in brothel style. The owners are fans of the song, but there is no connection with the original place.[47][48]
Not everyone believes that the house actually existed. Pamela D. Arceneaux, a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans, is quoted as saying:
I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question, "Where is the House of the Rising Sun?" without finding a satisfactory answer. Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel, there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the "house" is a brothel. Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison; however, to paraphrase Freud: sometimes lyrics are just lyrics.[7]
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c York, Barry (July 9, 2004). "House of worship". The Age. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dave Marsh, The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made, NAL, 1989. Entry #91.
^ Jump up to: a b c d McLean, Ralph. "Stories Behind the Song: 'House of the Rising Sun'". BBC. BBC. Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Anthony, Ted (2007). Chasing the Rising Sun: The Journey of an American Song. Simon & Schuster. p. 21. ISBN 9781416539308. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 2. Scarecrow Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780810882966. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Matteson, Jr., Richard L., Richard Matteson. Bluegrass Picker's Tune Book. Mel Bay Music. p. 111. ISBN 9781609745523. Retrieved February 23, 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c "House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song". BBC h2g2. July 28, 2006. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Harvey, Todd (2001). The Formative Dylan: Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961-1963. Scarecrow Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-0810841154.
^ Jump up to: a b Steve Sullivan, Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 1, Scarecrow Press (2013) ISBN 0810882965, 9780810882966, p. 98.
Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the first recorded version in 1933: Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle, "House of the Rising Sun, The," The Traditional Ballad Index, 4.0, Fresno State University, (2016) (accessed October 19, 2016)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads" (PDF). Volume 2 (pages 11–12). Smithsonian Folkways. 2009. pp. 27–28. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "This is Tim Hardin". Allmusic. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street, ISBN 978-0-306-81479-2, p. 115
^ Jump up to: a b c BBC Radio 4 program January 18, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c Eric Burdon, I Used to Be an Animal, but I'm All Right Now, Faber and Faber, 1986, pp. 60-62.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ray Marshall, "The rise of supergroup", Newcastle Evening Chronicle, August 17, 2005. Accessed May 5, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony, Ted (2007). Chasing the Rising Sun: The Journey of an American Song. Simon & Schuster. p. 146. ISBN 9781416539308. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto, "More animal magnetism", St. Petersburg Times, January 15, 2004. Accessed May 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ ""House of the Rising Sun"". Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) , Rolling Stone, posted December 9, 2004. Accessed May 4, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Jon Kutner, Spencer Leigh, 1000 UK Number One Hits, Omnibus Press, 2005.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, S. (2013), Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, Volume 2, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0810882959, p.99.
Jump up ^ Anthony, Ted (2007). Chasing the Rising Sun: The Journey of an American Song. Simon & Schuster. p. 149. ISBN 9781416539308. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Animals", Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, 1994. Accessed May 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Muze article, "Best Of The Animals (Abkco)", Tower Records. Accessed May 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Anthony, Ted (19 June 2007). Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song. Simon & Schuster. p. 151. ISBN 9781416539308.
Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk: The Mayor of MacDougal Street. Then, sometime in 1968, Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number-one chart hit out of the damn thing. Same arrangement. I would have loved to sue for royalties, but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement.
Jump up ^ Lester Bangs, The British Invasion, in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, 1980, p. 176.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Animals – The House of the Rising Sun" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4715." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Animals – The House of the Rising Sun". GfK Entertainment Charts.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Irish Charts – Search Results – The House of the Rising Sun". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Animals – The House of the Rising Sun" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ Hung, Steffen. "charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart (General)". charts.org.nz. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Animals: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The Animals Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry, Allmusic. Accessed May 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ David A. Carson. Grit, Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll The University of Michigan Press(2009 reprint) p.239
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Frijid Pink – House of the Rising Sun". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b "Le pénitencier - Johnny Hallyday - Hit-Parade.net". Retrieved 2017-11-13.
Jump up ^ "spanishcharts.com - Johnny Hallyday - Le pénitencier". Retrieved 2017-11-13.
Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier — Wikipédia
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Johnny Hallyday – Le pénitencier" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Unknown title". New Orleans Net (NOLA). Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things, June 26, 2007, New Orleans Net (NOLA), retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "LEJ's Blog".
Jump up ^ Van Ronk, Dave and Wald, Elijah, "The Mayor of MacDougal Street" 2005, Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-82216-2
^ Jump up to: a b "In Search of the House of the Rising Sun". ABC News. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ B&B site, more theories
External links[edit]
Songfacts "House Of The Rising Sun" entry
The sheet music
The REAL Meaning Behind The Song “House Of The Rising Sun
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Bob Dylan (album)
Side one
"You're No Good"
"Talkin' New York"
"In My Time of Dyin'"
"Man of Constant Sorrow"
"Fixin' to Die"
"Pretty Peggy-O"
"Highway 51"
Side two
"Gospel Plow"
"Baby, Let Me Follow You Down"
"House of the Risin' Sun"
"Freight Train Blues"
"Song to Woody"
"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean"
[show]
v
t
e
The Animals
The (Original) Animals (1962–1966, 1977, 1983): Eric Burdon
Chas Chandler
Mick Gallagher
Barry Jenkins
Alan Price
Dave Rowberry
John Steel
Hilton Valentine
Eric Burdon & The (New) Animals (1966–1969): Vic Briggs
Eric Burdon
Barry Jenkins
Danny McCulloch
Zoot Money
Andy Summers
John Weider
Studio albums
The Animals (1962–1966)
(UK) The Animals
Animal Tracks
Animalisms
(US) The Animals
The Animals on Tour
Animal Tracks
Animalization
Animalism
Eric Burdon and the Animals
Eric Is Here (US only)
Winds of Change
The Twain Shall Meet
Every One of Us (US only)
Love Is
The Animals (1977, 1983)
Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted
Ark
Compilations
The Best of The Animals (1966)
The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals
The Most of Animals
The Best of The Animals (1988)
The Best of The Animals (1997)
Absolute Animals 1964–1968
Hit singles
"Baby Let Me Take You Home"
"The House of the Rising Sun"
"I'm Crying"
"Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"
"Bring It On Home to Me"
"We Gotta Get out of This Place"
"It's My Life"
"Inside-Looking Out"
"Don't Bring Me Down"
"See See Rider"
"Help Me Girl"
"When I Was Young"
"Good Times"
"San Franciscan Nights"
"Monterey"
"Sky Pilot"
"The Night"
Related articles
The Animals discography
Eric Burdon discography
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Sandi Thom
Albums
Smile... It Confuses People
The Pink & the Lily
Merchants and Thieves
Singles
"I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker (With Flowers in My Hair)"
"What If I'm Right"
"Lonely Girl"
"The Devil's Beat"
"Saturday Night"
"This Ol' World"
"Gold Dust"
"House of the Rising Sun"
"Maggie McCall"
Related articles
Discography
RCA Records
[show]
v
t
e
Dolly Parton
Albums
Singles
Studio albums
Hello, I'm Dolly (1967)
Just Because I'm a Woman (1968)
In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad) (1969)
My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy (1969)
The Fairest of Them All (1970)
The Golden Streets of Glory (1971)
Joshua (1971)
Coat of Many Colors (1971)
Touch Your Woman (1972)
My Favorite Songwriter, Porter Wagoner (1972)
My Tennessee Mountain Home (1973)
Bubbling Over (1973)
Jolene (1974)
Love Is Like a Butterfly (1974)
The Bargain Store (1975)
Dolly (1975)
All I Can Do (1976)
New Harvest...First Gathering (1977)
Here You Come Again (1977)
Heartbreaker (1978)
Great Balls of Fire (1979)
Dolly, Dolly, Dolly (1980)
9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (1980)
Heartbreak Express (1982)
Burlap & Satin (1983)
The Great Pretender (1984)
Real Love (1985)
Rainbow (1987)
White Limozeen (1989)
Eagle When She Flies (1991)
Slow Dancing with the Moon (1993)
Something Special (1995)
Treasures (1996)
Hungry Again (1998)
The Grass Is Blue (1999)
Little Sparrow (2001)
Halos & Horns (2002)
For God and Country (2003)
Those Were The Days (2005)
Backwoods Barbie (2008)
Better Day (2011)
Blue Smoke (2014)
Pure & Simple (2016)
Compilations
As Long as I Love (1970)
The Best of Dolly Parton (1970)
Just the Way I Am (1972)
Mine (1973)
Best of Dolly Parton (1975)
Greatest Hits (1982)
Collector's Series (1985)
Think About Love (1986)
The Best There Is (1987)
Best of Dolly Parton, Vol. 3 (1987)
I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits (1996)
Ultimate Dolly Parton (2003)
The Very Best of Dolly Parton (2007)
Playlist: The Very Best of Dolly Parton (2008)
Exclusives
Precious Memories (1999)
Sha-Kon-O-Hey! Land of Blue Smoke (2009)
Collaborations
Just Between You And Me
Just the Two of Us
Always, Always
Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca
Once More
Two of a Kind
The Right Combination • Burning the Midnight Oil
Together Always
We Found It
Love and Music
Porter 'n' Dolly
Say Forever You'll Be Mine
Porter & Dolly
The Winning Hand
Trio
Honky Tonk Angels
Trio II
Songs
"Dumb Blonde"
"Mule Skinner Blues"
"Joshua"
"Coat of Many Colors"
"Touch Your Woman"
"My Tennessee Mountain Home"
"Jolene"
"I Will Always Love You"
"Love is Like a Butterfly
"The Bargain Store"
"The Seeker"
"We Used To"
"All I Can Do"
"Light of a Clear Blue Morning"
"Here You Come Again"
"Two Doors Down" / "It's All Wrong, But It's All Right"
"Heartbreaker"
"Baby I'm Burning"
"You're The Only One"
"Sweet Summer Lovin'"
"Starting Over Again"
"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You"
"9 to 5"
"But You Know I Love You"
"The House of the Rising Sun"
"Single Women"
"Heartbreak Express"
"Hard Candy Christmas"
"Potential New Boyfriend"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Tennessee Homesick Blues"
"Don't Call It Love"
"Real Love" (w/ Kenny Rogers)
"Think About Love"
"Tie Our Love (In a Double Knot)"
"We Had It All"
"The River Unbroken"
"Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That"
"Yellow Roses"
"White Limozeen"
"Rockin' Years"
"Silver and Gold"
"Eagle When She Flies"
"Romeo"
"Little Sparrow"
"Better Get to Livin'"
"Together You and I"
Collaboration singles
"The Last Thing on My Mind"
"Please Don't Stop Loving Me"
"Say Forever You'll Be Mine"
"To Know Him Is to Love Him"
"Telling Me Lies"
"Those Memories of You"
"Wildflowers"
Guest singles
"Islands in the Stream" (w/ Kenny Rogers)
"Love Is Strange" (w/ Kenny Rogers)
"When I Get Where I'm Going" (w/ Brad Paisley)
Soundtracks
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas
Rhinestone
Straight Talk
Live albums
A Real Live Dolly
Heartsongs: Live from Home
Live and Well
Live from London
An Evening With...Dolly Live!
Christmas albums
Once Upon a Christmas (w/ Kenny Rogers)
Home for Christmas
Children's albums
I Believe in You
Films
Hollywood to Dollywood
The Book Lady
For the Love of Dolly
Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors
Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love
Tours
Halos & Horns Tour
Hello, I'm Dolly Tour
The Vintage Tour
An Evening with Dolly Parton
Backwoods Barbie Tour
Better Day World Tour
Blue Smoke World Tour
Pure & Simple Tour
Theme parks
and attractions
Dollywood
Dollywood's Splash Country
Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede
Related articles
Awards and nominations
Stella Parton
Rachel Dennison
Dollywood Foundation
Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography
Just Because I'm a Woman: Songs of Dolly Parton
Book
Category
[show]
v
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Five Finger Death Punch
Zoltan Bathory
Jeremy Spencer
Ivan Moody
Jason Hook
Chris Kael
Caleb Bingham
Darrell Roberts
Matt Snell
Studio albums
The Way of the Fist (2007)
War Is the Answer (2009)
American Capitalist (2011)
The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 1 (2013)
The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2 (2013)
Got Your Six (2015)
And Justice for None (2018)
Compilation albums
A Decade of Destruction (2017)
Singles
"The Bleeding"
"Never Enough"
"Stranger than Fiction"
"Hard to See"
"Walk Away"
"Dying Breed"
"No One Gets Left Behind"
"Bad Company"
"Far from Home"
"Under and Over It"
"Back for More"
"Remember Everything"
"Coming Down"
"The Pride"
"Lift Me Up"
"Battle Born"
"House of the Rising Sun"
"Wrong Side of Heaven"
"Jekyll and Hyde"
"Wash It All Away"
"My Nemesis"
"Gone Away"
Related articles
Discography
Invidia
[show]
v
t
e
Miriam Makeba
Studio albums
Miriam Makeba (1960)
The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba (1962)
The World of Miriam Makeba (1963)
The Voice of Africa (1964)
Makeba Sings! (1965)
An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba (1965)
The Magic of Makeba (1965)
The Magnificent Miriam Makeba (1966)
All About Miriam (1966)
Pata Pata (1967)
Makeba! (1968)
Keep Me in Mind (1970)
A Promise (1974)
Miriam Makeba & Bongi (1975)
Country Girl (1978)
Comme une symphonie d'amour (1979)
Sangoma (1988)
Welela (1989)
Eyes on Tomorrow (1991)
Sing Me a Song (1994)
Homeland (2000)
Reflections (2004)
Compilations
Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba (1975)
The Queen of African Music (1987)
Africa (1991)
Singles
"The House of the Rising Sun" (1960)
"The Click Song" / "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" (1963)
"Malaika" / "Malcolm X" (1965)
"Pata Pata" (1967)
"Mas que Nada" (1967)
"I Shall Be Released" / "Iphi Ndilela (Show Me the Way)" (1969)
"Soweto Blues" (1988)
"Brand New Day"
"Chauffeur Blues"
"Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika"
People
Bongi Makeba (daughter)
Hugh Masekela (3rd husband)
Stokely Carmichael (4th husband)
[show]
v
t
e
Johnny Hallyday
Studio albums
Je t'aime, je t'aime, je t'aime
Solitudes à deux
Hollywood
À partir de maintenant
En pièces détachées
Pas facile
Quelque part un aigle
La Peur
Hallyday 84: Nashville en direct
Rock'n'Roll Attitude
Gang
Cadillac
Ça ne change pas un homme
Rough Town
Lorada
Ce que je sais
Sang pour sang
À la vie, à la mort !
Ma vérité
Le Cœur d'un homme
L'Attente
Singles
"T'aimer follement"
"Souvenirs, souvenirs"
"Itsy bitsy petit bikini"
"Kili watch"
"Viens danser le twist"
"Retiens la nuit"
"Ya ya twist"
"Elle est terrible"
"Tes tendres années"
"Les Bras en croix" (c/w "Quitte-moi doucement" and "Dis-moi oui" on the EP)
"Da dou ron ron"
"Ma guitare"
"Pour moi la vie va commencer"
"Le Pénitencier"
"Un ami ça n'a pas de prix"
"Quand revient la nuit"
"Cheveux longs et idées courtes"
"Noir c'est noir"
"Si j'étais un charpentier"
"Hey Joe"
"Petite fille"
"San Francisco"
"À tout casser"
"Cours plus vite Charlie"
"Que je t'aime"
"Ceux que l'amour a blessé"
"Jésus Christ"
"Deux amis pour un amour"
"Essayez"
"Oh! Ma jolie Sarah"
"Comme un corbeau blanc"
"J'ai un problème" (with Sylvie Vartan)
"Noël interdit"
"Prends ma vie"
"Je t'aime, je t'aime, je t'aime"
"Johnny Rider"
"La Fille de l'été dernier"
"La Terre promise"
"Requiem pour un fou"
"Derrière l'amour" (c/w "Joue pas de rock'n'roll pour moi")
"Gabrielle"
"Ne me quitte pas" (live)
"L'Envie" (live)
"Que je t'aime" (live)
"Tous ensemble"
"Marie"
"Mon plus beau Noël"
"Ça n'finira jamais"
Other songs
"Je n'suis pas un héros"
Films
Tales of Paris
D'où viens-tu Johnny?
Cherchez l'idole
À tout casser
The Specialist
Point de chute
L'aventure, c'est l'aventure
L'Animal
Détective
Terminus
The Iron Triangle
Why Not Me?
The Man on the Train
Crime Spree
Crimson Rivers II: Angels of the Apocalypse
Quartier V.I.P.
Jean-Philippe
Vengeance
The Pink Panther 2
Titeuf
Salaud, on t'aime
Rock'n Roll
Chacun sa vie et son intime conviction
Family
Sylvie Vartan
David Hallyday
Laura Smet
Related articles
Johnny Hallyday discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun&oldid=837112090"
Categories:
American folk songs
Music of New Orleans
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The Animals songs
Alan Price songs
B.B. King songs
Bob Dylan songs
Lead Belly songs
Joan Baez songs
Johnny Hallyday songs
Peter, Paul and Mary songs
Song recordings produced by Mickie Most
Miriam Makeba songs
Nina Simone songs
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Dolly Parton songs
Jody Miller songs
Alt-J songs
Demis Roussos songs
Deram Records singles
Folk songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Columbia Graphophone Company singles
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Mercury Records singles
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Five Finger Death Punch songs
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Young's modulus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rubber, a material with an extremely low Young's modulus
Young's modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a solid material. It is a mechanical property of linear elastic solid materials, and will be more or less dependent on temperature, depending on the material being considered. It defines the relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in a material. Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young. However, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler, and the first experiments that used the concept of Young's modulus in its current form were performed by the Italian scientist Giordano Riccati in 1782, pre-dating Young's work by 25 years.[1] The term modulus is the diminutive of the Latin term modus which means measure.
A solid material will deform when a load is applied to it. If it returns to its original shape after the load is removed, this is called elastic deformation. In the range where the ratio between load and deformation remains constant, the stress–strain curve is linear. Not many materials are linear and elastic beyond a small amount of deformation. A stiff material needs more force to deform compared to a soft material, and an infinite force would be needed to deform a perfectly rigid material, implying that it would have an infinite Young's modulus. Although such a material cannot exist, a material with a very high Young's modulus can be approximated as rigid.[2]
Material stiffness should not be confused with:
Strength: the strength of material is the amount of force it can withstand and still recover its original shape;
Geometric stiffness: the geometric stiffness is an external characteristic which depends on shape, e.g. the bending stiffness of an I beam is much higher than that of a rod made of the same steel, thus having the same rigidity, and same mass of material per length;
Hardness: the hardness of a material defines the relative resistance that its surface imposes against the penetration of a harder body;
Toughness: toughness is the amount of energy that a material can absorb before fracture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Technical
1.1 Units
1.1.1 United States
2 Usage
2.1 Linear versus non-linear
2.2 Directional materials
3 Calculation
3.1 Force exerted by stretched or contracted material
3.2 Elastic potential energy
3.3 Relation among elastic constants
4 Approximate values
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Technical[edit]
The technical definition is: the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) along an axis to the strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range of stress in which Hooke's law holds.[3]
Units[edit]
Young's modulus is the ratio of stress (which has units of pressure) to strain (which is dimensionless), and so Young's modulus has units of pressure. Its SI unit is therefore the pascal (Pa or N/m2 or kg·m−1·s−2). The practical units used are megapascals (MPa or N/mm2) or gigapascals (GPa or kN/mm2).
United States[edit]
In United States customary units, it is expressed as pounds (force) per square inch (psi). The abbreviation ksi refers to kips per square inch. A "kip" is not an Imperial unit of force, it is an abbreviation, use to indicate 1000 pounds-force, making a ksi equal to 1000 psi.
Usage[edit]
The Young's modulus enables the calculation of the change in the dimension of a bar made of an isotropic elastic material under tensile or compressive loads. For instance, it predicts how much a material sample extends under tension or shortens under compression. The Young's modulus directly applies to cases of uniaxial stress, that is tensile or compressive stress in one direction and no stress in the other directions. Young's modulus is also used in order to predict the deflection that will occur in a statically determinate beam when a load is applied at a point in between the beam's supports. Other elastic calculations usually require the use of one additional elastic property, such as the shear modulus, bulk modulus or Poisson's ratio. Any two of these parameters are sufficient to fully describe elasticity in an isotropic material.
Linear versus non-linear[edit]
Young's modulus represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law, which relates the stress and the strain. However, Hooke's law is only valid under the assumption of an elastic and linear response. Any real material will eventually fail and break when stretched over a very large distance or with a very large force; however all solid materials exhibit nearly Hookean behavior for small enough strains or stresses. If the range over which Hooke's law is valid is large enough compared to the typical stress that one expects to apply to the material, the material is said to be linear. Otherwise (if the typical stress one would apply is outside the linear range) the material is said to be non-linear.
Steel, carbon fiber and glass among others are usually considered linear materials, while other materials such as rubber and soils are non-linear. However, this is not an absolute classification: if very small stresses or strains are applied to a non-linear material, the response will be linear, but if very high stress or strain is applied to a linear material, the linear theory will not be enough. For example, as the linear theory implies reversibility, it would be absurd to use the linear theory to describe the failure of a steel bridge under a high load; although steel is a linear material for most applications, it is not in such a case of catastrophic failure.
In solid mechanics, the slope of the stress–strain curve at any point is called the tangent modulus. It can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress–strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material.
Directional materials[edit]
Young's modulus is not always the same in all orientations of a material. Most metals and ceramics, along with many other materials, are isotropic, and their mechanical properties are the same in all orientations. However, metals and ceramics can be treated with certain impurities, and metals can be mechanically worked to make their grain structures directional. These materials then become anisotropic, and Young's modulus will change depending on the direction of the force vector. Anisotropy can be seen in many composites as well. For example, carbon fiber has a much higher Young's modulus (is much stiffer) when force is loaded parallel to the fibers (along the grain). Other such materials include wood and reinforced concrete. Engineers can use this directional phenomenon to their advantage in creating structures.
Calculation[edit]
Young's modulus E, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress, σ ( ε ) {\displaystyle \sigma (\varepsilon )} , by the engineering extensional strain, ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } , in the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the physical stress–strain curve:
E ≡ σ ( ε ) ε = F / A Δ L / L 0 = F L 0 A Δ L {\displaystyle E\equiv {\frac {\sigma (\varepsilon )}{\varepsilon }}={\frac {F/A}{\Delta L/L_{0}}}={\frac {FL_{0}}{A\Delta L}}}
where
E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)
F is the force exerted on an object under tension;
A is the actual cross-sectional area, which equals the area of the cross-section perpendicular to the applied force;
ΔL is the amount by which the length of the object changes (ΔL is positive if the material is stretched , and negative when the material is compressed);
L0 is the original length of the object.
Force exerted by stretched or contracted material[edit]
The Young's modulus of a material can be used to calculate the force it exerts under specific strain.
F = E A Δ L L 0 {\displaystyle F={\frac {EA\Delta L}{L_{0}}}}
where F is the force exerted by the material when contracted or stretched by ΔL.
Hooke's law for a stretched wire can be derived from this formula:
F = ( E A L 0 ) Δ L = k x {\displaystyle F=\left({\frac {EA}{L_{0}}}\right)\Delta L=kx\,}
where it comes in saturation
k ≡ E A L 0 {\displaystyle k\equiv {\begin{matrix}{\frac {EA}{L_{0}}}\end{matrix}}\,} and x ≡ Δ L . {\displaystyle x\equiv \Delta L.\,}
But note that the elasticity of coiled springs comes from shear modulus, not Young's modulus.
Elastic potential energy[edit]
The elastic potential energy stored in a linear elastic material is given by the integral of the Hooke's law:
U e = ∫ k x d x = 1 2 k x 2 . {\displaystyle U_{e}=\int {kx}\,dx={\frac {1}{2}}kx^{2}.}
now by expliciting the intensive variables:
U e = ∫ E A Δ L L 0 d Δ L = E A L 0 ∫ Δ L d Δ L = E A Δ L 2 2 L 0 {\displaystyle U_{e}=\int {\frac {EA\Delta L}{L_{0}}}\,d\Delta L={\frac {EA}{L_{0}}}\int {\Delta L}\,d\Delta L={\frac {EA{\Delta L}^{2}}{2L_{0}}}}
This means that the elastic potential energy density (i.e., per unit volume) is given by:
U e A L 0 = E Δ L 2 2 L 0 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {U_{e}}{AL_{0}}}={\frac {E{\Delta L}^{2}}{2L_{0}^{2}}}}
or, in simple notation, for a linear elastic material: u e ( ε ) = ∫ E ε d ε = 1 2 E ε 2 {\displaystyle u_{e}(\varepsilon )=\int {E\,\varepsilon }\,d\varepsilon ={\frac {1}{2}}E{\varepsilon }^{2}} , since the strain is defined ε ≡ Δ L L 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon \equiv {\frac {\Delta L}{L_{0}}}} .
In a nonlinear elastic material the Young's modulus is a function of the strain, so the second equivalence no longer holds and the elastic energy is not a quadratic function of the strain:
u e ( ε ) = ∫ E ( ε ) ε d ε ≠ 1 2 E ε 2 {\displaystyle u_{e}(\varepsilon )=\int {E(\varepsilon )\,\varepsilon }\,d\varepsilon \neq {\frac {1}{2}}E{\varepsilon }^{2}}
Relation among elastic constants[edit]
For homogeneous isotropic materials simple relations exist between elastic constants (Young's modulus E, shear modulus G, bulk modulus K, and Poisson's ratio ν) that allow calculating them all as long as two are known:
E = 2 G ( 1 + ν ) = 3 K ( 1 − 2 ν ) . {\displaystyle E=2G(1+\nu )=3K(1-2\nu ).\,}
Approximate values[edit]
Influences of selected glass component additions on Young's modulus of a specific base glass
Young's modulus can vary somewhat due to differences in sample composition and test method. The rate of deformation has the greatest impact on the data collected, especially in polymers. The values here are approximate and only meant for relative comparison.
Approximate Young's modulus for various materials
Material
GPa
Mpsi
Rubber (small strain) 0.01–0.1[4] 1.45–6998145000000000000♠14.5×10−3
Low-density polyethylene[5] 0.11–0.86 1.6–6998650000000000000♠6.5×10−2
Diatom frustules (largely silicic acid)[6] 0.35–2.77 0.05–0.4
PTFE (Teflon) 0.5[4] 0.075
HDPE 0.8 0.116
Bacteriophage capsids[7] 1–3 0.15–0.435
Polypropylene 1.5–2[4] 0.22–0.29
Polycarbonate 2–2.4 0.29-0.36
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 2–2.7[4] 0.29–0.39
Nylon 2–4 0.29–0.58
Polystyrene, solid 3–3.5[4] 0.44–0.51
Polystyrene, foam[8] 0.0025–0.007 0.00036–0.00102
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)[9] 4 0.58
Wood (along grain) 11[4] 1.60
Human Cortical Bone[10] 14 2.03
Glass-reinforced polyester matrix[11] 17.2 2.49
Aromatic peptide nanotubes[12][13] 19–27 2.76–3.92
High-strength concrete 30[4] 4.35
Amino-acid molecular crystals[14] 21–44 3.04–6.38
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (50/50 fibre/matrix, biaxial fabric) 30–50[15] 4.35–7.25
Hemp fiber[16] 35 5.08
Magnesium metal (Mg) 45[4] 6.53
Glass (see chart)[specify] 50–90[4] 7.25–13.1
Flax fiber[17] 58 8.41
Aluminum 69[4] 10
Mother-of-pearl (nacre, largely calcium carbonate)[18] 70 10.2
Aramid[19] 70.5–112.4 10.2–16.3
Tooth enamel (largely calcium phosphate)[20] 83 12
Stinging nettle fiber[21] 87 12.6
Bronze 96–120[4] 13.9–17.4
Brass 100–125[4] 14.5–18.1
Titanium (Ti) 110.3 16[4]
Titanium alloys 105–120[4] 15–17.5
Copper (Cu) 117 17
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (70/30 fibre/matrix, unidirectional, along fibre)[22] 181 26.3
Silicon Single crystal, different directions[23][24] 130–185 18.9–26.8
Wrought iron 190–210[4] 27.6–30.5
Steel (ASTM-A36) 209[4] 29
polycrystalline Yttrium iron garnet (YIG)[25] 193 28
single-crystal Yttrium iron garnet (YIG)[26] 200 29
Cobalt-chrome (CoCr)[27] 220–258 29
Aromatic peptide nanospheres[28] 230–275 33.4–40
Beryllium (Be)[29] 287 41.6
Molybdenum (Mo) 329–330[4][30][31] 47.7–47.9
Tungsten (W) 400–410[4] 58–59
Silicon carbide (SiC) 450[4] 65
Tungsten carbide (WC) 450–650[4] 65–94
Osmium (Os) 525–562[32] 76.1–81.5
Single-walled carbon nanotube 1,000+[33][34] 150+
Graphene (C) 1050[35] 152
Diamond (C) 1050–1210[36] 152–175
Carbyne (C)[37] 32100[38] 7007321000000000000♠4,660
See also[edit]
Bending stiffness
Deflection
Deformation
Flexural modulus
Hooke's law
Impulse excitation technique
List of materials properties
Yield (engineering)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Rational Mechanics of Flexible or Elastic Bodies, 1638–1788: Introduction to Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia, vol. X and XI, Seriei Secundae. Orell Fussli.
Jump up ^ In computer graphics visual effects, the terms linear elastic material and rigid material are used interchangeably if the Young's modulus is high.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus), E".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Elastic Properties and Young Modulus for some Materials". The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Overview of materials for Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Molded". Matweb. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Subhash G, Yao S, Bellinger B, Gretz MR (2005). "Investigation of mechanical properties of diatom frustules using nanoindentation". J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 5 (1): 50–6. doi:10.1166/jnn.2005.006. PMID 15762160.
Jump up ^ Ivanovska IL, de Pablo PJ, Sgalari G, MacKintosh FC, Carrascosa JL, Schmidt CF, Wuite GJ (2004). "Bacteriophage capsids: Tough nanoshells with complex elastic properties". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101 (20): 7600–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7600I. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308198101. PMC 419652  . PMID 15133147.
Jump up ^ "Styrodur Technical Data" (PDF). BASF. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Material Properties :: MakeItFrom.com". Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rho, JY (1993). "Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements". Journal of Biomechanics. 26 (2): 111–119. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(93)90042-d. PMID 8429054.
Jump up ^ "Polyester Matrix Composite reinforced by glass fibers (Fiberglass)". [SubsTech] (2008-05-17). Retrieved on 2011-03-30.
Jump up ^ Kol, N.; et al. (June 8, 2005). "Self-Assembled Peptide Nanotubes Are Uniquely Rigid Bioinspired Supramolecular Structures". Nano Letters. 5 (7): 1343–1346. Bibcode:2005NanoL...5.1343K. doi:10.1021/nl0505896.
Jump up ^ Niu, L.; et al. (June 6, 2007). "Using the Bending Beam Model to Estimate the Elasticity of Diphenylalanine Nanotubes". Langmuir. 23 (14): 7443–7446. doi:10.1021/la7010106.
Jump up ^ Azuri, I.; et al. (November 9, 2015). "Unusually Large Young's Moduli of Amino Acid Molecular Crystals". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 (46): 13566–13570. doi:10.1002/anie.201505813.
Jump up ^ "Composites Design and Manufacture (BEng) – MATS 324".
Jump up ^ Nabi Saheb, D.; Jog, JP. (1999). "Natural fibre polymer composites: a review". Advances in Polymer Technology. 18 (4): 351–363. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4<351::AID-ADV6>3.0.CO;2-X.
Jump up ^ Bodros, E. (2002). "Analysis of the flax fibres tensile behaviour and analysis of the tensile stiffness increase". Composite Part A. 33 (7): 939–948. doi:10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00040-4.
Jump up ^ A. P. Jackson,J. F. V. Vincent and R. M. Turner (1988). "The Mechanical Design of Nacre". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 234 (1277): 415–440. Bibcode:1988RSPSB.234..415J. doi:10.1098/rspb.1988.0056.
Jump up ^ DuPont (2001). "Kevlar Technical Guide": 9.
Jump up ^ M. Staines, W. H. Robinson and J. A. A. Hood (1981). "Spherical indentation of tooth enamel". Journal of Materials Science. 16 (9): 2551–2556. Bibcode:1981JMatS..16.2551S. doi:10.1007/bf01113595.
Jump up ^ Bodros, E.; Baley, C. (15 May 2008). "Study of the tensile properties of stinging nettle fibres (Urtica dioica)". Materials Letters. 62 (14): 2143–2145. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2007.11.034.
Jump up ^ Epoxy Matrix Composite reinforced by 70% carbon fibers [SubsTech]. Substech.com (2006-11-06). Retrieved on 2011-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Physical properties of Silicon (Si)". Ioffe Institute Database. Retrieved on 2011-05-27.
Jump up ^ E.J. Boyd; et al. (February 2012). "Measurement of the Anisotropy of Young's Modulus in Single-Crystal Silicon". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 21 (1): 243–249. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2011.2174415.
Jump up ^ Chou, H. M.; Case, E. D. (November 1988). "Characterization of some mechanical properties of polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) by non-destructive methods". Journal of Materials Science Letters. 7 (11): 1217–1220. doi:10.1007/BF00722341.
Jump up ^ YIG properties
Jump up ^ "Properties of cobalt-chrome alloys – Heraeus Kulzer cara". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Adler-Abramovich, L.; et al. (December 17, 2010). "Self-Assembled Organic Nanostructures with Metallic-Like Stiffness". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (51): 9939–9942. doi:10.1002/anie.201002037. PMID 20878815.
Jump up ^ Foley, James C.; et al. (2010). "An Overview of Current Research and Industrial Practices of Be Powder Metallurgy". In Marquis, Fernand D.S. Powder Materials: Current Research and Industrial Practices III. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 263. doi:10.1002/9781118984239.ch32.
Jump up ^ "Molybdenum: physical properties". webelements. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Molybdenum, Mo" (PDF). Glemco. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ D.K.Pandey; Singh, D.; Yadawa, P. K.; et al. (2009). "Ultrasonic Study of Osmium and Ruthenium" (PDF). Platinum Metals Rev. 53 (4): 91–97. doi:10.1595/147106709X430927. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ L. Forro; et al. "Electronic and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Y. H. Yang; Li, W. Z.; et al. (2011). "Radial elasticity of single-walled carbon nanotube measured by atomic force microscopy". Applied Physics Letters. 98 (4): 041901. Bibcode:2011ApPhL..98d1901Y. doi:10.1063/1.3546170.
Jump up ^ Fang Liu; Pingbing Ming & Ju Li. "Ab initio calculation of ideal strength and phonon instability of graphene under tension" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Spear and Dismukes (1994). Synthetic Diamond – Emerging CVD Science and Technology. Wiley, N.Y. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-471-53589-8.
Jump up ^ Owano, Nancy (Aug 20, 2013). "Carbyne is stronger than any known material". phys.org.
Jump up ^ Mingjie Liu, Vasilii I. Artyukhov, Hoonkyung Lee, Fangbo Xu and Boris I. Yakobson (Dec 2, 2013). "Carbyne From First Principles: Chain of C Atoms, a Nanorod or a Nanorope?" (PDF). arxiv.org. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Further reading[edit]
ASTM E 111, "Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus"
The ASM Handbook (various volumes) contains Young's Modulus for various materials and information on calculations. Online version (subscription required)
External links[edit]
Matweb: free database of engineering properties for over 115,000 materials
Young's Modulus for groups of materials, and their cost
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Elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic materials
Bulk modulus ( K {\displaystyle K} )
Young's modulus ( E {\displaystyle E} )
Lamé's first parameter ( λ {\displaystyle \lambda } )
Shear modulus ( G , μ {\displaystyle G,\mu } )
Poisson's ratio ( ν {\displaystyle \nu } )
P-wave modulus ( M {\displaystyle M} )
[hide]Conversion formulas
Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas.
K = {\displaystyle K=\,} E = {\displaystyle E=\,} λ = {\displaystyle \lambda =\,} G = {\displaystyle G=\,} ν = {\displaystyle \nu =\,} M = {\displaystyle M=\,} Notes
( K , E ) {\displaystyle (K,\,E)} K {\displaystyle K} E {\displaystyle E} 3 K ( 3 K − E ) 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K-E)}{9K-E}}} 3 K E 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3KE}{9K-E}}} 3 K − E 6 K {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-E}{6K}}} 3 K ( 3 K + E ) 9 K − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(3K+E)}{9K-E}}}
( K , λ ) {\displaystyle (K,\,\lambda )} K {\displaystyle K} 9 K ( K − λ ) 3 K − λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(K-\lambda )}{3K-\lambda }}} λ {\displaystyle \lambda } 3 ( K − λ ) 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(K-\lambda )}{2}}} λ 3 K − λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{3K-\lambda }}} 3 K − 2 λ {\displaystyle 3K-2\lambda \,}
( K , G ) {\displaystyle (K,\,G)} K {\displaystyle K} 9 K G 3 K + G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9KG}{3K+G}}} K − 2 G 3 {\displaystyle K-{\tfrac {2G}{3}}} G {\displaystyle G} 3 K − 2 G 2 ( 3 K + G ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-2G}{2(3K+G)}}} K + 4 G 3 {\displaystyle K+{\tfrac {4G}{3}}}
( K , ν ) {\displaystyle (K,\,\nu )} K {\displaystyle K} 3 K ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle 3K(1-2\nu )\,} 3 K ν 1 + ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K\nu }{1+\nu }}} 3 K ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-2\nu )}{2(1+\nu )}}} ν {\displaystyle \nu } 3 K ( 1 − ν ) 1 + ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-\nu )}{1+\nu }}}
( K , M ) {\displaystyle (K,\,M)} K {\displaystyle K} 9 K ( M − K ) 3 K + M {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(M-K)}{3K+M}}} 3 K − M 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-M}{2}}} 3 ( M − K ) 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3(M-K)}{4}}} 3 K − M 3 K + M {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K-M}{3K+M}}} M {\displaystyle M}
( E , λ ) {\displaystyle (E,\,\lambda )} E + 3 λ + R 6 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E+3\lambda +R}{6}}} E {\displaystyle E} λ {\displaystyle \lambda } E − 3 λ + R 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-3\lambda +R}{4}}} 2 λ E + λ + R {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\lambda }{E+\lambda +R}}} E − λ + R 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-\lambda +R}{2}}} R = E 2 + 9 λ 2 + 2 E λ {\displaystyle R={\sqrt {E^{2}+9\lambda ^{2}+2E\lambda }}}
( E , G ) {\displaystyle (E,\,G)} E G 3 ( 3 G − E ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {EG}{3(3G-E)}}} E {\displaystyle E} G ( E − 2 G ) 3 G − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(E-2G)}{3G-E}}} G {\displaystyle G} E 2 G − 1 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2G}}-1} G ( 4 G − E ) 3 G − E {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(4G-E)}{3G-E}}}
( E , ν ) {\displaystyle (E,\,\nu )} E 3 ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{3(1-2\nu )}}} E {\displaystyle E} E ν ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E\nu }{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}} E 2 ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}} ν {\displaystyle \nu } E ( 1 − ν ) ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E(1-\nu )}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}
( E , M ) {\displaystyle (E,\,M)} 3 M − E + S 6 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3M-E+S}{6}}} E {\displaystyle E} M − E + S 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-E+S}{4}}} 3 M + E − S 8 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3M+E-S}{8}}} E − M + S 4 M {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-M+S}{4M}}} M {\displaystyle M}
S = ± E 2 + 9 M 2 − 10 E M {\displaystyle S=\pm {\sqrt {E^{2}+9M^{2}-10EM}}}
There are two valid solutions.
The plus sign leads to ν ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \nu \geq 0} .
The minus sign leads to ν ≤ 0 {\displaystyle \nu \leq 0} .
( λ , G ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,G)} λ + 2 G 3 {\displaystyle \lambda +{\tfrac {2G}{3}}} G ( 3 λ + 2 G ) λ + G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}} λ {\displaystyle \lambda } G {\displaystyle G} λ 2 ( λ + G ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}} λ + 2 G {\displaystyle \lambda +2G\,}
( λ , ν ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,\nu )} λ ( 1 + ν ) 3 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )}{3\nu }}} λ ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{\nu }}} λ {\displaystyle \lambda } λ ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-2\nu )}{2\nu }}} ν {\displaystyle \nu } λ ( 1 − ν ) ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-\nu )}{\nu }}} Cannot be used when ν = 0 ⇔ λ = 0 {\displaystyle \nu =0\Leftrightarrow \lambda =0}
( λ , M ) {\displaystyle (\lambda ,\,M)} M + 2 λ 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M+2\lambda }{3}}} ( M − λ ) ( M + 2 λ ) M + λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {(M-\lambda )(M+2\lambda )}{M+\lambda }}} λ {\displaystyle \lambda } M − λ 2 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-\lambda }{2}}} λ M + λ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{M+\lambda }}} M {\displaystyle M}
( G , ν ) {\displaystyle (G,\,\nu )} 2 G ( 1 + ν ) 3 ( 1 − 2 ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1+\nu )}{3(1-2\nu )}}} 2 G ( 1 + ν ) {\displaystyle 2G(1+\nu )\,} 2 G ν 1 − 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}} G {\displaystyle G} ν {\displaystyle \nu } 2 G ( 1 − ν ) 1 − 2 ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G(1-\nu )}{1-2\nu }}}
( G , M ) {\displaystyle (G,\,M)} M − 4 G 3 {\displaystyle M-{\tfrac {4G}{3}}} G ( 3 M − 4 G ) M − G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3M-4G)}{M-G}}} M − 2 G {\displaystyle M-2G\,} G {\displaystyle G} M − 2 G 2 M − 2 G {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M-2G}{2M-2G}}} M {\displaystyle M}
( ν , M ) {\displaystyle (\nu ,\,M)} M ( 1 + ν ) 3 ( 1 − ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1+\nu )}{3(1-\nu )}}} M ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) 1 − ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{1-\nu }}} M ν 1 − ν {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M\nu }{1-\nu }}} M ( 1 − 2 ν ) 2 ( 1 − ν ) {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1-2\nu )}{2(1-\nu )}}} ν {\displaystyle \nu } M {\displaystyle M}
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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {9K(K-\lambda )}{3K-\lambda }}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K\nu }{1+\nu }}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3K(1-\nu )}{1+\nu }}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E+3\lambda +R}{6}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-3\lambda +R}{4}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2\lambda }{E+\lambda +R}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E-\lambda +R}{2}}}

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value: vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:8.055ex; height:4.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:6.953ex; height:3.676ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.238ex; height:2.843ex;

value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E}{3(1-2\nu )}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {E\nu }{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}}

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value: {\displaystyle S=\pm {\sqrt {E^{2}+9M^{2}-10EM}}}

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value: {\displaystyle \lambda +{\tfrac {2G}{3}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {G(3\lambda +2G)}{\lambda +G}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +G)}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1+\nu )}{3\nu }}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-2\nu )}{2\nu }}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda (1-\nu )}{\nu }}}

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value: {\displaystyle \nu =0\Leftrightarrow \lambda =0}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M+2\lambda }{3}}}

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value: {\tfrac {(M-\lambda )(M+2\lambda )}{M+\lambda }}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\lambda }{M+\lambda }}}

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value: vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.201ex; height:4.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.421ex; height:2.843ex;

value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2G\nu }{1-2\nu }}}

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value: vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:6.777ex; height:4.009ex;

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1+\nu )}{3(1-\nu )}}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}{1-\nu }}}

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value: {\displaystyle {\tfrac {M\nu }{1-\nu }}}

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display: none;

value: مدول یانگ – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Առաձգականության մոդուլներ – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: यंग मापांक – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: Серпімділік модулі – Kazakh

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value: Модуль упругости – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value: යං මාපාංකය – Sinhala

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: யங்கின் மட்டு – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Модулі пружності – Ukrainian

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value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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