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Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
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Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Matt Reeves
Produced by
Peter Chernin
Dylan Clark
Rick Jaffa
Amanda Silver
Written by
Mark Bomback
Rick Jaffa
Amanda Silver
Based on
Characters created
by Rick Jaffa
Amanda Silver
Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes
by Pierre Boulle
Starring
Andy Serkis
Jason Clarke
Gary Oldman
Keri Russell
Toby Kebbell
Kodi Smit-McPhee
Music by
Michael Giacchino
Cinematography
Michael Seresin
Edited by
William Hoy
Stan Salfas
Production
company
Chernin Entertainment
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
June 26, 2014 (2014-06-26) (Palace of Fine Arts)
July 11, 2014 (2014-07-11) (United States)
Running time
130 minutes[1]
Country
United States[2][3][4]
Language
English
Budget
$235 million (gross)[5]
$208.6 million (net)[5]
Box office
$710.6 million[6]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes is a 2014 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver. It stars Andy Serkis, Jason Clarke, Gary Oldman, Keri Russell, Toby Kebbell and Kodi Smit-McPhee. It is the sequel to the 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes, which began 20th Century Fox's reboot of the original Planet of the Apes series. Dawn is set ten years after the events of Rise, and follows a group of people in San Francisco who struggle to stay alive in the aftermath of a plague that is wiping out humanity, while Caesar tries to maintain dominance over his community of intelligent apes.
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released in the United States on July 11, 2014 and was met with highly positive reviews, with critics praising its visual effects, story, direction, acting, musical score, action and emotional depth. It was also a box office success, grossing over $710 million worldwide, and making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2014. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. It was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards, including Best Science Fiction Film, Best Director for Reeves, and Best Supporting Actor for Serkis.[7]
A third installment, titled War for the Planet of the Apes, was released on July 14, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Apes
2.2 Humans
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Visual effects
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Home media
6.4 Accolades
7 Third film
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Ten years after the pandemic of the deadly ALZ-113 virus, later called Simian Flu, the worldwide human population was drastically reduced, with only about one in five hundred genetically immune to the virus. Meanwhile, the apes, under the chimpanzee Caesar, all bestowed with genetically enhanced intelligence by the virus, have long established a colony in the Muir Woods near San Francisco.
One day, a group of humans led by a man named Malcolm enter the apes' territory from San Francisco in search of a hydroelectric dam that would restore power to the city. An encounter by Caesar's son Blue Eyes and his friend Ash leads to the latter's injury by a man named Carver. Malcolm manages to prevent further escalation while Caesar orders the humans to leave. Prompted by Koba, a scarred bonobo who holds a grudge against humans for his mistreatment as a test subject, Caesar brings his army to the humans' community at an unfinished tower as a display of strength. Caesar announces his intent to fight the humans if forced to while demanding the humans to stay in their territory. Malcolm convinces his fellow leader Dreyfus to give him time to take a small team to the forest and reconcile with the apes so they can access the dam. He meets with Caesar, who allows them to work on the generator on the condition that they surrender their guns. As Malcolm, his wife Ellie, and son Alexander work, they bond with the apes. The fragile bonding is greatly helped when Ellie, a nurse, effectively treats Cornelia's illness.
Meanwhile, Dreyfus arms his community using the Fort Point armory. Koba discovers the armory and confronts Caesar of this, but accuses him of loving humans more than apes. Caesar beats Koba in response but refrains from killing him. Koba later returns to the armory and takes an assault rifle, killing two guards and then Carver as the humans succeed in repairing the generator and restoring power to the city. Koba takes advantage of their celebration to covertly set fire to the apes' home. He then shoots Caesar, who falls into the underbrush below, and frames the humans for Caesar's apparent death in order to wage war. Koba quickly takes command and leads the apes into San Francisco, where they plunder the armory and mount an assault on the tower. The apes breach the building and imprison the humans as Dreyfus flees underground. When Ash refuses Koba's orders to kill unarmed humans, citing Caesar's teachings, Koba throws the ape to his death and has any other ape loyal to Caesar imprisoned.
Malcolm's family finds Caesar barely alive and transports him to his former house in San Francisco. Caesar reveals that Koba shot him and confesses that apes can be as corrupt and violent as humans. When Malcolm sneaks into the settlement to find medical supplies for Caesar, he encounters Blue Eyes, who spares him before learning that his father is still alive and that it was Koba who shot him, not the humans. After reconciling with Caesar, Blue Eyes returns to the tower and frees the imprisoned humans and apes. Malcolm escorts the apes into the tower, and then finds Dreyfus. He learns that the return of electricity allowed Dreyfus' men to make radio contact with survivors at a military base, who are now coming to fight the apes. Caesar confronts Koba at the top of the tower; as they fight, Dreyfus detonates C-4 charges that destabilize the tower in a failed attempt to kill the apes, at the cost of his own life. Koba starts shooting at the apes, but Caesar tackles him off a ledge. While clinging on a metal girder, Koba is rejected as an ape by Caesar and dropped to his death.
Malcolm and Caesar acknowledge their friendship, with Malcolm warning of the approaching human military. Caesar responds that the humans will never forgive the apes for their attack and convinces Malcolm to leave with his family. He then stands before a kneeling mass of apes, preparing for war.
Cast[edit]
Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (from left): director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke, Keri Russell and Andy Serkis
Apes[edit]
Andy Serkis as Caesar, a common chimpanzee and the leader of the evolved ape tribe
Toby Kebbell as Koba, a scarred bonobo and Caesar's treacherous lieutenant; previously played by Christopher Gordon in Rise
Judy Greer as Cornelia, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's wife, mother of Blue Eyes and a newborn son; previously played by Devyn Dalton in Rise
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's former rival and enemy turned friend
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan and Caesar's friend and advisor
Nick Thurston as Blue Eyes, a common chimpanzee and Caesar and Cornelia's first son
Doc Shaw as Ash, a common chimpanzee, son of Rocket, also Blue Eyes' best friend
Lee Ross as Grey, a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba, who perishes during Koba's attack on the human city.
Richard King as Stone, a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba, who after Koba's death, goes on to follow Caesar.
Humans[edit]
Jason Clarke as Malcolm, the leader of the small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar and the other apes
Gary Oldman as Dreyfus, the leader of the remaining human survivors
Keri Russell as Ellie, a former nurse at the CDC, and Malcolm's wife
Kodi Smit-McPhee as Alexander, Malcolm's son from a previous marriage
Kirk Acevedo as Carver, a former San Francisco water worker and a member of Malcolm's group. He is killed by Koba as part of a plot to usurp Caesar's position.
Jocko Sims as Werner, the colony's radio operator
Enrique Murciano as Kemp, a member of Malcolm's group
Keir O'Donnell as Finney, an ally of Dreyfus
Lombardo Boyar as Terry, a guard at the colony's armory
Kevin Rankin as McVeigh, a guard at the colony's armory
Jon Eyez as Foster, a member of Malcolm's group
James Franco (uncredited) as Will Rodman from Rise of the Planet of the Apes, in a cameo via a video from Caesar's childhood
Production[edit]
Film set on Rampart Street, New Orleans, May 2013
Development[edit]
After the release of Rise of the Planet of the Apes, director Rupert Wyatt commented on possible sequels: "I think we're ending with certain questions, which is quite exciting. To me, I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film, but this is just the beginning."[8] Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise featured several clues as to future sequels: "I hope that we're building a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth."[9]
In an interview recorded after the release of Rise, Wyatt stated, "We want to grow and evolve, in the films that will [hopefully] come after this, to the '68 original."[10] Wyatt also stated that he wants it to take place eight years after Rise, as a whole new ape generation can be born, and explore the dynamics of Caesar and Koba's relationship.[11] According to screenwriter Rick Jaffa, a version of the spaceship from the 1968 Planet of the Apes under the name Icarus was in Rise as a deliberate hint to a possible sequel.[12]
In November 2011, Andy Serkis was the first to be announced as having closed a deal for a sequel to Rise. It was reported to be a "healthy seven-figure deal" for him to reprise his role as Caesar, the ape leader.[13] On May 15, 2012, it was announced Scott Z. Burns had been hired to do rewrites on the original screenplay by Rise writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver.[14] On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[15]
Post-production
On September 17, 2012, there were reports that director Wyatt was considering leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to make the film properly.[16] On October 1, Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was confirmed as his replacement.[17] Reeves had been working on developing a new Twilight Zone film.[18] On October 18, Mark Bomback, writer of Live Free or Die Hard, was reported to be doing a re-write for Reeves.[19]
Casting[edit]
In December 2012, after the departure of director Wyatt, James Franco speculated that he would not be returning for the sequel, saying, "Now Rupert's not a part of it so I don't know. My guess is I won't be in it. Nobody's talked to me since Rupert left."[20] Later, Matt Reeves revealed that Franco would be seen in a cameo in the film.[21][22] Freida Pinto, who played primatologist Caroline Aranha in Rise, confirmed that she would not be returning for Dawn.[23] In April 2014, when asked by IGN about the fate of Franco and Pinto's characters, producer Dylan Clark said, "I mean, they’re the ones that died...They were ground zero of the virus."[24]
In February 2013, actors Gary Oldman, Jason Clarke, and Kodi Smit-McPhee were cast in lead roles for the sequel, set ten years after the events from the first film.[25][26] In March 2013, actress Keri Russell was cast in a role.[27] That same month, Judy Greer was cast as Cornelia, a female chimp and love interest for Caesar.[28] Toby Kebbell, Enrique Murciano and Kirk Acevedo joined the cast during filming.[citation needed] On May 15, 2013, Jocko Sims was cast in a supporting role of military operative Werner.[29]
Filming[edit]
Filming began in April 2013 around the town of Campbell River, British Columbia.[30] The location of Vancouver Island was chosen for its similarity to the locations depicted in the film, the forests, and the variety of landscapes.[31] Filming in New Orleans started in May 2013 and continued in July 2013 at various locations such as the former Six Flags park Six Flags New Orleans.[32]
Visual effects[edit]
Like Rise, visual effects for Dawn were done by Weta Digital. In addition to the apes, Weta created other digital animals, such as a herd of elk, a grizzly bear, and CG doubles of the live horses. The elk were created using key-frame animation and the digital crowd enhancement software MASSIVE, the bear through key-frame animation, and the horses with a mixture of key-frame animation and motion capture.
Soundtrack[edit]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino
Released
August 12, 2014
Recorded
2014
Genre
Film score
Length
77:21
Label
Sony Masterworks
Michael Giacchino film scores chronology
Star Trek Into Darkness
(2013) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
(2014) This Is Where I Leave You
(2014)
The film's score was composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 8, 2014.[33]
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Michael Giacchino.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Level Plaguing Field" 2:21
2. "Look Who’s Stalking" 2:35
3. "The Great Ape Processional" 4:34
4. "Past Their Primates" 1:57
5. "Close Encounters of the Furred Kind" 4:38
6. "Monkey to the City" 1:16
7. "The Lost City of Chimpanzee" 3:46
8. "Along Simian Lines" 5:04
9. "Caesar No Evil, Hear No Evil" 2:27
10. "Monkey See, Monkey Coup" 5:12
11. "Gorilla Warfare" 7:37
12. "The Apes of Wrath" 4:28
13. "Gibbon Take" 2:55
14. "Aped Crusaders" 3:26
15. "How Bonobo Can You Go" 5:42
16. "Enough Monkeying Around" 3:35
17. "Primates for Life" 5:42
18. "Planet of the End Credits" 8:56
19. "Ain’t That a Stinger (Written By Griffin Giacchino)" 1:10
Release[edit]
On May 31, 2012, Fox announced that Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was scheduled for release on May 23, 2014.[15] It was announced on June 20, 2013 that the release date for Dawn was being pushed back two months to July 18, 2014.[34] On December 10, 2013, the film was pushed up one week to July 11, 2014.[35] The film premiered at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California on June 26, 2014.[36] The film closed the 36th Moscow International Film Festival on June 28.[37]
In Hungary, the largest cinema chain called Cinema City could not agree with the film's distributor, InterCom, and as a result it opened on July 17, 2014 on 45 screens, significantly fewer than similar big-budget productions.[38] However, the film still managed to top the weekend box office chart of the country beating Transformers: Age of Extinction, which had been leading the chart for three weeks (on 105 screens distributed by UIP Duna).[39]
Marketing[edit]
A viral marketing campaign for the film launched in July 2013 included a "simian flu" website[40] and mock PSA videos.[41] 20th Century Fox and Vice Media's Motherboard released three short films online in July 2014 which document the ten-year gap between the events of Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[42] A novel titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes: Firestorm which is also set between the events of the first two films was published in May 2014 by Titan Books.[43] A partnership with 20th Century Fox and Ndemic Creations saw mobile/PC game Plague Inc. get a Dawn of the Planet of the Apes-themed update on July 10, 2014. It allows players to create and customize a simian flu virus to infect the world and eradicate humanity whilst helping apes survive.[44]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was a success at the box office with many critics calling it "the summer’s best popcorn film",[45] and Deadline.com commented saying it is "a franchise that will keep going and going, unless they screw it up".[46] The film grossed $208,545,589 in the USA & Canada, and $500,290,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $708,835,589.[6] Calculating in all expenses and revenues, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a net profit of $182.18 million.[47] It had a worldwide opening of $103.3 million which was the 11th-highest of 2014.[48] Worldwide it is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise[49] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[50]
In the United States and Canada, the film is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise, unadjusted for inflation[49] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[51] It opened on July 11, 2014 across 3,967 theaters and topped the box office on its opening day earning $27.7 million (including previews).[52] During its traditional three-opening, the film debuted at number one earning $72.6 million, which was 33% higher than its predecessor. Box Office Mojo pointed out that the film's good word of mouth as well as its predecessors', its darker tone, attachment of new characters and the first film's way of ending were all determining factors in the film's strong opening.[53] It remained at the summit for two consecutive weekends in North America despite facing competition with The Purge: Anarchy in its second week.[54][55]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes earned $31.3 million during its opening weekend internationally from 4,913 screens in 26 markets where it opened at No. 1 in 14 of those. International opening weekend tallies of more than $5 million were witnessed in the UK ($14.88 million), Mexico ($12.94 million), South Korea ($11.5 million), Russia ($9.99 million), Brazil with ($9.2 million) and Australia ($6.6 million).[56][57] The film topped the box office outside North America for two non-consecutive weekends.[57][58]
The film became a massive financial success in China where it opened with $47 million on its opening weekend there. The robust debut helped the film top the international charts for the first time dethroning Guardians of the Galaxy and aided the film in passing $400 million internationally and $600 million globally.[59] Fox reported that the sequel's debut in China was one of the best in history for a Western title, save for Iron Man 3, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers: Age of Extinction at that time.[60] After playing for a month in theaters, it passed $100 million on its fourth weekend and became the fourth Hollywood film of the year to achieve such a milestone.[61] In total, it went on to make $107.4 million there, of which the studio received $26.8 million profit.[46]
Critical response[edit]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim upon release.[62][63][64] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a score of 90% based on 287 reviews with a rating average of 7.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "With intelligence and emotional resonance to match its stunning special effects, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes expands on its predecessor with an exciting and ambitious burst of sci-fi achievement."[65] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a "generally favorable" rating score of 79 out of 100 based on 48 reviews.[66]
Guy Lodge of Variety said, "An altogether smashing sequel to 2011's better-than-expected Rise of the Planet of the Apes, this vivid, violent extension of humanoid ape Caesar's troubled quest for independence bests its predecessor in nearly every technical and conceptual department, with incoming helmer Matt Reeves conducting the proceedings with more assertive genre elan than Rise journeyman Rupert Wyatt."[67] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film "manages to do at least three things exceptionally well that are hard enough to pull off individually: Maintain a simmering level of tension without let-up for two hours, seriously improve on a very good first entry in a franchise and produce a powerful humanistic statement using a significantly simian cast of characters. In the annals of sequels, Dawn is to Rise of the Planet of the Apes what The Empire Strikes Back was to Star Wars—it's that much better."[68] Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said, "There's evident patience and intelligence to the filmmaking all over, as well as an engagement with genuine ideas about diplomacy, deterrence, law and leadership. However often it risks monkey-mad silliness, it's impressively un-stupid."[69] Drew McWeeny of HitFix awarded the film an "A+" grade and said "Dawn is not just a good genre movie or a good summer movie. It's a great science-fiction film, full-stop, and one of the year's very best movies so far."[70]
Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote that "in bearing, speech, and agonized expressiveness, Serkis's Caesar conveys the conflicts of a king with almost Shakespearean grandeur."[71] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being able to balance out the action sequences and special effects with strong storytelling, writing that "Dawn is more than a bunch of occasionally thrilling action sequences, emotional gut punches and throwaway jokes arranged in predictable sequence. It is technically impressive and viscerally exciting, for sure, but it also gives you a lot to think, and even to care, about."[72]
Less favorable reviews included Andrew O'Hehir at Salon.com who wrote, "Here's a rule that has gradually become clear to me: Any film that begins with one of those fake-news montages, where snippets of genuine CNN footage are stitched together to concoct a feeling of semi-urgency around its hackneyed apocalypse, already sucks even before it gets started. This one makes a dutiful attempt to struggle back from that suckage, but it all ends in yelling."[73]
Home media[edit]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 2, 2014.[74] According to Nielsen VideoScan, it subsequently became the best-selling home video release for the week.[75]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
Third film[edit]
Main article: War for the Planet of the Apes
After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. On January 6, 2014, Fox announced Reeves to direct as well as co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release. Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will produce.[76] In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14, 2017.[77][78] On May 14, 2015, the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[79] In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria was cast as one of the humans in the film.[80] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was small.[81] In October 2015, The Wrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film, retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[82]
See also[edit]
Uplift (science fiction)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "2014 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2014 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ray Subers (July 12, 2014). "Friday Report: 'Apes' Strong on Opening Day". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ray Subers (July 13, 2014). "Weekend Report: 'Apes' Goes Bananas". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ray Subers (July 20, 2014). "Weekend Report: 'Apes' Rules Again". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ray Subers (July 27, 2014). "Weekend Report: 'Lucy' Wins Brain vs. Brawn Battle". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartagloine (July 13, 2014). "Update: Intl Box Office: 'Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes' Awakens To $31.1M Overseas; 'Transformers' Adds $102M; More". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (July 28, 2014). "FINAL: Intl Box Office: 'Apes' Dawns Again; 'Godzilla' Stomps Japan; 'Hercules' Muscles In; 'Transformers' $300M+ In China; Asia Action Ramps Up; More". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (July 28, 2014). "FINAL: Intl Box Office: 'Transformers' Adds $84.6M; 'Apes' Swings Up With $61.9M; 'Boyhood' Growing In UK; More". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brent Lang (August 31, 2014). "'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' Rises to No. 1 in China". Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (August 31, 2016). "Global Box Office: 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' Roars in China, Crosses $600M Worldwide". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Julie Makinen (September 23, 2016). "'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' climbs into $100-million club in China". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Box-Office Preview: 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' Aims to Scare Away Summer Blues". The Hollywood Reporter. July 9, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Friday Box Office - Variety". Variety. July 12, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matt Barone (July 10, 2014). "Interview: Performance-Capture King Andy Serkis on Evolving Caesar in "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes"". Complex. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes Reviews - MetaCritic". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
Jump up ^ Guy Lodge Film Critic @guylodge. "'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' Review: A Bleak but Thrilling Sequel". Variety. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
Jump up ^ "'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2014-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, review: 'impressively un-stupid'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ Drew McWeeny (June 28, 2014). "Review: 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' is a daring and dazzling accomplishment". HitFix. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Burr, Ty. "Andy Serkis breathes life into 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes'". Boston Globe. 2014 Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. "Neighbors Who Need Good Fences". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ ""Dawn of the Planet of the Apes": Can the ape-pocalypse save Hollywood's dreadful summer?". Retrieved December 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hail Caesar! Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Hitting DVD and Blu-ray This December". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Thomas K. (December 10, 2014). "'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' Takes Over Home Video Sales Charts". Variety. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr., Mike (January 7, 2014). "Matt Reeves To Helm 'Planet Of The Apes 3′". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (January 5, 2015). "Channing Tatum's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016". Variety. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 5, 2015). "Channing Tatum's 'Gambit' Gets 2016 Release Date, 'Fantastic Four' Sequel Moves Up". Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed". Collider. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Jr, Mike; Hipes, Patrick (August 24, 2015). "'War Of The Planet Of The Apes' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role". Deadline. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New 'Planet of the Apes' Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (October 12, 2015). "Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next 'Planet of the Apes' Movie". The Wrap.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes
Official website
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Box Office Mojo
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes at Metacritic
[show]
v
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Planet of the Apes
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Planet of the Apes (1968)
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The Pallbearer (1996)
Cloverfield (2008)
Let Me In (2010)
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[show]
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Eye for an Eye (1996)
The Relic (1997)
Jurassic World (2015)
In the Heart of the Sea (2015)
Avatar 3 (2021)
Produced
Love Shack (2010)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dawn_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=837953321"
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File Transfer Protocol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"FTP" redirects here. For other uses, see FTP (disambiguation).
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The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.
FTP is built on a client-server model architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server.[1] FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS (FTPS) or replaced with SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
The first FTP client applications were command-line programs developed before operating systems had graphical user interfaces, and are still shipped with most Windows, Unix, and Linux operating systems.[2][3] Many FTP clients and automation utilities have since been developed for desktops, servers, mobile devices, and hardware, and FTP has been incorporated into productivity applications, such as web page editors.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of FTP server
2 Protocol overview
2.1 Communication and data transfer
2.2 Login
2.3 Anonymous FTP
2.4 NAT and firewall traversal
2.5 Differences from HTTP
3 Web browser support
3.1 Syntax
4 Security
4.1 FTP over SSH
5 Derivatives
5.1 FTPS
5.2 SSH File Transfer Protocol
5.3 Trivial File Transfer Protocol
5.4 Simple File Transfer Protocol
6 FTP commands
7 FTP reply codes
8 FTP Servers
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History of FTP server[edit]
The original specification for the File Transfer Protocol was written by Abhay Bhushan and published as RFC 114 on 16 April 1971. Until 1980, FTP ran on NCP, the predecessor of TCP/IP.[2] The protocol was later replaced by a TCP/IP version, RFC 765 (June 1980) and RFC 959 (October 1985), the current specification. Several proposed standards amend RFC 959, for example RFC 1579 (February 1994) enables Firewall-Friendly FTP (passive mode), RFC 2228 (June 1997) proposes security extensions, RFC 2428 (September 1998) adds support for IPv6 and defines a new type of passive mode.[4]
Protocol overview[edit]
Communication and data transfer[edit]
Illustration of starting a passive connection using port 21
FTP may run in active or passive mode, which determines how the data connection is established.[5] In both cases, the client creates a TCP control connection from a random, usually an unprivileged, port N to the FTP server command port 21.
In active mode, the client starts listening for incoming data connections from the server on port M. It sends the FTP command PORT M to inform the server on which port it is listening. The server then initiates a data channel to the client from its port 20, the FTP server data port.
In situations where the client is behind a firewall and unable to accept incoming TCP connections, passive mode may be used. In this mode, the client uses the control connection to send a PASV command to the server and then receives a server IP address and server port number from the server,[5][6] which the client then uses to open a data connection from an arbitrary client port to the server IP address and server port number received.[7]
Both modes were updated in September 1998 to support IPv6. Further changes were introduced to the passive mode at that time, updating it to extended passive mode.[8]
The server responds over the control connection with three-digit status codes in ASCII with an optional text message. For example, "200" (or "200 OK") means that the last command was successful. The numbers represent the code for the response and the optional text represents a human-readable explanation or request (e.g. <Need account for storing file>).[1] An ongoing transfer of file data over the data connection can be aborted using an interrupt message sent over the control connection.
While transferring data over the network, four data representations can be used:[2][3][4]
ASCII mode: Used for text. Data is converted, if needed, from the sending host's character representation to "8-bit ASCII" before transmission, and (again, if necessary) to the receiving host's character representation. As a consequence, this mode is inappropriate for files that contain data other than plain text.
Image mode (commonly called Binary mode): The sending machine sends each file byte by byte, and the recipient stores the bytestream as it receives it. (Image mode support has been recommended for all implementations of FTP).
EBCDIC mode: Used for plain text between hosts using the EBCDIC character set.
Local mode: Allows two computers with identical setups to send data in a proprietary format without the need to convert it to ASCII.
For text files, different format control and record structure options are provided. These features were designed to facilitate files containing Telnet or ASA.
Data transfer can be done in any of three modes:[1][2]
Stream mode: Data is sent as a continuous stream, relieving FTP from doing any processing. Rather, all processing is left up to TCP. No End-of-file indicator is needed, unless the data is divided into records.
Block mode: FTP breaks the data into several blocks (block header, byte count, and data field) and then passes it on to TCP.[4]
Compressed mode: Data is compressed using a simple algorithm (usually run-length encoding).
Some FTP software also implements a DEFLATE-based compressed mode, sometimes called "Mode Z" after the command that enables it. This mode was described in an Internet Draft, but not standardized.[9]
Login[edit]
FTP login uses normal username and password scheme for granting access.[2] The username is sent to the server using the USER command, and the password is sent using the PASS command.[2] This sequence is unencrypted "on the wire", so may be vulnerable to a network sniffing attack.[10] If the information provided by the client is accepted by the server, the server will send a greeting to the client and the session will commence.[2] If the server supports it, users may log in without providing login credentials, but the same server may authorize only limited access for such sessions.[2]
Anonymous FTP[edit]
A host that provides an FTP service may provide anonymous FTP access.[2] Users typically log into the service with an 'anonymous' (lower-case and case-sensitive in some FTP servers) account when prompted for user name. Although users are commonly asked to send their email address instead of a password,[3] no verification is actually performed on the supplied data.[11] Many FTP hosts whose purpose is to provide software updates will allow anonymous logins.[3]
NAT and firewall traversal[edit]
FTP normally transfers data by having the server connect back to the client, after the PORT command is sent by the client. This is problematic for both NATs and firewalls, which do not allow connections from the Internet towards internal hosts.[12] For NATs, an additional complication is that the representation of the IP addresses and port number in the PORT command refer to the internal host's IP address and port, rather than the public IP address and port of the NAT.
There are two approaches to solve this problem. One is that the FTP client and FTP server use the PASV command, which causes the data connection to be established from the FTP client to the server.[12] This is widely used by modern FTP clients. Another approach is for the NAT to alter the values of the PORT command, using an application-level gateway for this purpose.[12]
Differences from HTTP[edit]
HTTP essentially fixes the bugs in FTP that made it inconvenient to use for many small ephemeral transfers as are typical in web pages.
FTP has a stateful control connection which maintains a current working directory and other flags, and each transfer requires a secondary connection through which the data are transferred. In "passive" mode this secondary connection is from client to server, whereas in the default "active" mode this connection is from server to client. This apparent role reversal when in active mode, and random port numbers for all transfers, is why firewalls and NAT gateways have such a hard time with FTP. HTTP is stateless and multiplexes control and data over a single connection from client to server on well-known port numbers, which trivially passes through NAT gateways and is simple for firewalls to manage.
Setting up an FTP control connection is quite slow due to the round-trip delays of sending all of the required commands and awaiting responses, so it is customary to bring up a control connection and hold it open for multiple file transfers rather than drop and re-establish the session afresh each time. In contrast, HTTP originally dropped the connection after each transfer because doing so was so cheap. While HTTP has subsequently gained the ability to reuse the TCP connection for multiple transfers, the conceptual model is still of independent requests rather than a session.
When FTP is transferring over the data connection, the control connection is idle. If the transfer takes too long, the firewall or NAT may decide that the control connection is dead and stop tracking it, effectively breaking the connection and confusing the download. The single HTTP connection is only idle between requests and it is normal and expected for such connections to be dropped after a time-out.
Web browser support[edit]
Most common web browsers can retrieve files hosted on FTP servers, although they may not support protocol extensions such as FTPS.[3][13] When an FTP—rather than an HTTP—URL is supplied, the accessible contents on the remote server are presented in a manner that is similar to that used for other web content. A full-featured FTP client can be run within Firefox in the form of an extension called FireFTP.
Syntax[edit]
FTP URL syntax is described in RFC 1738, taking the form: ftp://[user[:password]@]host[:port]/url-path (the bracketed parts are optional).
For example, the URL ftp://public.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt represents the file myfile.txt from the directory mydirectory on the server public.ftp-servers.example.com as an FTP resource. The URL ftp://user001:secretpassword@private.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt adds a specification of the username and password that must be used to access this resource.
More details on specifying a username and password may be found in the browsers' documentation (e.g., Firefox[14] and Internet Explorer[15]). By default, most web browsers use passive (PASV) mode, which more easily traverses end-user firewalls.
Some variation has existed in how different browsers treat path resolution in cases where there is a non-root home directory for a user.[16]
Security[edit]
FTP was not designed to be a secure protocol, and has many security weaknesses.[17] In May 1999, the authors of RFC 2577 listed a vulnerability to the following problems:
Brute force attack
FTP bounce attack
Packet capture
Port stealing (guessing the next open port and usurping a legitimate connection)
Spoofing attack
Username enumeration
FTP does not encrypt its traffic; all transmissions are in clear text, and usernames, passwords, commands and data can be read by anyone able to perform packet capture (sniffing) on the network.[2][17] This problem is common to many of the Internet Protocol specifications (such as SMTP, Telnet, POP and IMAP) that were designed prior to the creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL.[4]
Common solutions to this problem include:
Using the secure versions of the insecure protocols, e.g., FTPS instead of FTP and TelnetS instead of Telnet.
Using a different, more secure protocol that can handle the job, e.g. SSH File Transfer Protocol or Secure Copy Protocol.
Using a secure tunnel such as Secure Shell (SSH) or virtual private network (VPN).
FTP over SSH[edit]
FTP over SSH is the practice of tunneling a normal FTP session over a Secure Shell connection.[17] Because FTP uses multiple TCP connections (unusual for a TCP/IP protocol that is still in use), it is particularly difficult to tunnel over SSH. With many SSH clients, attempting to set up a tunnel for the control channel (the initial client-to-server connection on port 21) will protect only that channel; when data is transferred, the FTP software at either end sets up new TCP connections (data channels) and thus have no confidentiality or integrity protection.
Otherwise, it is necessary for the SSH client software to have specific knowledge of the FTP protocol, to monitor and rewrite FTP control channel messages and autonomously open new packet forwardings for FTP data channels. Software packages that support this mode include:
Tectia ConnectSecure (Win/Linux/Unix)[18] of SSH Communications Security's software suite
Derivatives[edit]
FTPS[edit]
Main article: FTPS
Explicit FTPS is an extension to the FTP standard that allows clients to request FTP sessions to be encrypted. This is done by sending the "AUTH TLS" command. The server has the option of allowing or denying connections that do not request TLS. This protocol extension is defined in RFC 4217. Implicit FTPS is an outdated standard for FTP that required the use of a SSL or TLS connection. It was specified to use different ports than plain FTP.
SSH File Transfer Protocol[edit]
Main article: SSH File Transfer Protocol
The SSH file transfer protocol (chronologically the second of the two protocols abbreviated SFTP) transfers files and has a similar command set for users, but uses the Secure Shell protocol (SSH) to transfer files. Unlike FTP, it encrypts both commands and data, preventing passwords and sensitive information from being transmitted openly over the network. It cannot interoperate with FTP software.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol[edit]
Main article: Trivial File Transfer Protocol
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple, lock-step FTP that allows a client to get a file from or put a file onto a remote host. One of its primary uses is in the early stages of booting from a local area network, because TFTP is very simple to implement. TFTP lacks security and most of the advanced features offered by more robust file transfer protocols such as File Transfer Protocol. TFTP was first standardized in 1981 and the current specification for the protocol can be found in RFC 1350.
Simple File Transfer Protocol[edit]
Simple File Transfer Protocol (the first protocol abbreviated SFTP), as defined by RFC 913, was proposed as an (unsecured) file transfer protocol with a level of complexity intermediate between TFTP and FTP. It was never widely accepted on the Internet, and is now assigned Historic status by the IETF. It runs through port 115, and often receives the initialism of SFTP. It has a command set of 11 commands and support three types of data transmission: ASCII, binary and continuous. For systems with a word size that is a multiple of 8 bits, the implementation of binary and continuous is the same. The protocol also supports login with user ID and password, hierarchical folders and file management (including rename, delete, upload, download, download with overwrite, and download with append).
FTP commands[edit]
Main article: List of FTP commands
FTP reply codes[edit]
Main article: List of FTP server return codes
Below is a summary of FTP reply codes that may be returned by an FTP server. These codes have been standardized in RFC 959 by the IETF. The reply code is a three-digit value. The first digit is used to indicate one of three possible outcomes — success, failure, or to indicate an error or incomplete reply:
2yz – Success reply
4yz or 5yz – Failure reply
1yz or 3yz – Error or Incomplete reply
The second digit defines the kind of error:
x0z – Syntax. These replies refer to syntax errors.
x1z – Information. Replies to requests for information.
x2z – Connections. Replies referring to the control and data connections.
x3z – Authentication and accounting. Replies for the login process and accounting procedures.
x4z – Not defined.
x5z – File system. These replies relay status codes from the server file system.
The third digit of the reply code is used to provide additional detail for each of the categories defined by the second digit.
FTP Servers[edit]
Some popular open source FTP server implementations are:
FileZilla Server (Windows)
Pure-FTPd (Unix)
VsFTPd (Unix)
ProFTPd (Unix)
CrushFTP (Mac, Win, Linux)
Rumpus (Mac)
WingFTP (Mac, Win)
See also[edit]
Comparison of FTP client software
Comparison of FTP server software
Comparison of file transfer protocols
Curl-loader – FTP/S loading/testing open-source software
File eXchange Protocol (FXP)
File Service Protocol (FSP)
FTAM
FTPFS
List of FTP commands
List of FTP server return codes
List of FTP server software
Managed File Transfer
OBEX
Shared file access
TCP Wrapper
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Forouzan, B.A. (2000). TCP/IP: Protocol Suite (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Kozierok, Charles M. (2005). "The TCP/IP Guide v3.0". Tcpipguide.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dean, Tamara (2010). Network+ Guide to Networks. Delmar. pp. 168–171.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Clark, M.P. (2003). Data Networks IP and the Internet (1st ed.). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
^ Jump up to: a b "Active FTP vs. Passive FTP, a Definitive Explanation". Slacksite.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Parker, Don (September 2005). "Understanding the FTP Protocol". Windowsnetworking.com.
Jump up ^ RFC 959 (Standard) File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Postel, J. & Reynolds, J. (October 1985).
Jump up ^ RFC 2428 (Proposed Standard) Extensions for IPv6, NAT, and Extended Passive Mode. Allman, M. & Metz, C. & Ostermann, S. (September 1998).
Jump up ^ Preston, J. (January 2005). Deflate transmission mode for FTP. IETF. I-D draft-preston-ftpext-deflate-03.txt. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-preston-ftpext-deflate-03.txt. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Prince, Brian. "Should Organizations Retire FTP for Security?". Security Week. Security Week. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Jump up ^ RFC 1635 (Informational) How to Use Anonymous FTP. P. & Emtage, A. & Marine, A. (May 1994).
^ Jump up to: a b c Gleason, Mike (2005). "The File Transfer Protocol and Your Firewall/NAT". Ncftp.com.
Jump up ^ Matthews, J. (2005). Computer Networking: Internet Protocols in Action (1st ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Jump up ^ "Accessing FTP servers | How to | Firefox Help". Support.mozilla.com. 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
Jump up ^ "How to Enter FTP Site Password in Internet Explorer". Support.microsoft.com. 2011-09-23. Retrieved 2015-03-28. Written for IE versions 6 and earlier. Might work with newer versions.
Jump up ^ Jukka “Yucca” Korpela (1997-09-18). "FTP URLs". "IT and communication" (www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/). Retrieved 2016-01-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Securing FTP using SSH". Nurdletech.com.
Jump up ^ "Access using SSH keys & PCI DSS compliance". ssh.com.
Further reading[edit]
RFC 697 – CWD Command of FTP. July 1975.
RFC 959 – (Standard) File Transfer Protocol (FTP). J. Postel, J. Reynolds. October 1985.
RFC 1579 – (Informational) Firewall-Friendly FTP. February 1994.
RFC 1635 – (Informational) How to Use Anonymous FTP. May 1994.
RFC 1639 – FTP Operation Over Big Address Records (FOOBAR). June 1994.
RFC 1738 – Uniform Resource Locators (URL). December 1994.
RFC 2228 – (Proposed Standard) FTP Security Extensions. October 1997.
RFC 2389 – (Proposed Standard) Feature negotiation mechanism for the File Transfer Protocol. August 1998.
RFC 2428 – (Proposed Standard) Extensions for IPv6, NAT, and Extended passive mode. September 1998.
RFC 2577 – (Informational) FTP Security Considerations. May 1999.
RFC 2640 – (Proposed Standard) Internationalization of the File Transfer Protocol. July 1999.
RFC 3659 – (Proposed Standard) Extensions to FTP. P. Hethmon. March 2007.
RFC 5797 – (Proposed Standard) FTP Command and Extension Registry. March 2010.
RFC 7151 – (Proposed Standard) File Transfer Protocol HOST Command for Virtual Hosts. March 2014.
IANA FTP Commands and Extensions registry – The official registry of FTP Commands and Extensions
External links[edit]
Communication Networks/File Transfer Protocol at Wikibooks
FTP Server Online Tester Authentication, encryption, mode and connectivity.
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Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 10 metre platform
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Men's 10 metre platform
at the Games of the XXIV Olympiad
Medalists
01 !
Greg Louganis United States
02 !
Xiong Ni China
03 !
Jesús Mena Mexico
← 1984
1992 →
Diving at the
1988 Summer Olympics
3 m springboard
men women
10 m platform
men women
v
t
e
The men's 10 metre platform, also reported as platform diving, was one of four diving events on the Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics programme.
The competition was split into two phases:
Preliminary round (26 September)
Divers performed ten dives. The twelve divers with the highest scores advanced to the final.
Final (27 September)
Divers performed another set of ten dives and the score here obtained determined the final ranking.
Days after suffering a concussion during a missed dive in winning the 3 metre springboard event, defending champion Greg Louganis won the fourth gold medal of his Olympic career, scoring a near-perfect 86.70 points on his final dive to win by a narrow margin of 1.14 points.[1]
Results[edit]
Rank
Diver
Preliminary
Final
Points
Rank
Points
01 ! Greg Louganis (USA) 617.67 1 638.61
02 ! Xiong Ni (CHN) 601.50 2 637.47
03 ! Jesús Mena (MEX) 523.50 9 594.39
4 Georgy Chogovadze (URS) 540.90 7 585.96
5 Jan Hempel (GDR) 558.03 5 583.77
6 Li Kongzheng (CHN) 578.31 3 543.81
7 Steffen Haage (GDR) 529.68 8 541.02
8 Vladimir Timoshinin (URS) 570.75 4 534.66
9 Jorge Mondragón (MEX) 518.52 11 511.89
10 Isao Yamagishi (JPN) 517.80 12 500.70
11 David Bédard (CAN) 524.10 10 499.53
12 Patrick Jeffrey (USA) 553.89 6 483.54
13 Albin Killat (FRG) 517.23 13 Did not advance
14 Keita Kaneto (JPN) 497.04 14 Did not advance
15 Robert Morgan (GBR) 489.27 15 Did not advance
16 Domenico Rinaldi (ITA) 476.01 16 Did not advance
17 Oscar Bertone (ITA) 471.24 17 Did not advance
18 Craig Rogerson (AUS) 469.47 18 Did not advance
19 Graeme Banks (AUS) 462.87 19 Did not advance
20 Jeffrey Hirst (CAN) 453.99 20 Did not advance
21 Jeffrey Arbon (GBR) 450.18 21 Did not advance
22 Willi Meyer (FRG) 449.07 22 Did not advance
23 Frédéric Pierre (FRA) 437.01 23 Did not advance
24 Tom Lemaire (BEL) 433.68 24 Did not advance
25 Emilio Ratia (ESP) 425.73 25 Did not advance
26 Lee Sun-gee (KOR) 420.45 26 Did not advance
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Simon Burnton (March 28, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No20: Greg Louganis's perfect dive 1988". The Guardian.
Official Report of the Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul, 1988 - Volume 2: Competition Summary and Results (pdf) (in English and French). Seoul: Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee. 1989. pp. pp. 578–81. OCLC 23924033. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
[hide]
v
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Olympic diving champions in men's 10-metre platform
1904: George Sheldon (USA)
1908: Hjalmar Johansson (SWE)
1912: Erik Adlerz (SWE)
1920: Clarence Pinkston (USA)
1924: Albert White (USA)
1928: Pete Desjardins (USA)
1932: Harold Smith (USA)
1936: Marshall Wayne (USA)
1948: Sammy Lee (USA)
1952: Sammy Lee (USA)
1956: Joaquín Capilla (MEX)
1960: Bob Webster (USA)
1964: Bob Webster (USA)
1968: Klaus Dibiasi (ITA)
1972: Klaus Dibiasi (ITA)
1976: Klaus Dibiasi (ITA)
1980: Falk Hoffmann (GDR)
1984: Greg Louganis (USA)
1988: Greg Louganis (USA)
1992: Sun Shuwei (CHN)
1996: Dmitri Sautin (RUS)
2000: Tian Liang (CHN)
2004: Hu Jia (CHN)
2008: Matthew Mitcham (AUS)
2012: David Boudia (USA)
2016: Chen Aisen (CHN)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_–_Men%27s_10_metre_platform&oldid=755276476"
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Diving at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Diving at the Olympics - Men's platform
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