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Republic of Doyle
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Republic of Doyle
Genre
Comedy-drama
Police procedural
Created by
Allan Hawco
Malcolm MacRury
Perry Chafe
Starring
Allan Hawco
Seán McGinley
Lynda Boyd
Krystin Pellerin
Mark O'Brien
Marthe Bernard
Bob Cole
Opening theme
"Oh Yeah"
by Great Big Sea
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
6
No. of episodes
77 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Allan Hawco, John Vatcher, Michael Levine
Location(s)
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Cinematography
Malcolm Cross
Running time
44 minutes
Production company(s)
Take the Shot Productions Fireworks (seasons 1-2) Content Film (season 3-6)
Distributor
Trifecta Entertainment & Media
(United States)
Release
Original network
CBC Television
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
January 6, 2010 – December 10, 2014
External links
Website
Republic of Doyle is a Canadian comedy-drama television series set in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador which aired on CBC Television from January 6, 2010 to December 10, 2014.[1]
The show stars Allan Hawco as private investigator and former police officer Jake Doyle and Seán McGinley as his father, retired police officer Malachy Doyle.[2] They partner as private investigators with Rose Doyle, Malachy's second wife, played by Lynda Boyd, in St. John's. Krystin Pellerin stars as Constable/Sergeant Leslie Bennett, with Mark O'Brien as Desmond "Des" Courtney, who works with the Doyles, and Marthe Bernard as Katrina "Tinny" Doyle, Jake's niece and Malachy's granddaughter. Their cases involve them in all sorts of dealings – not all of them on the right side of the law.
The show was renewed on April 4, 2014, for a sixth and final season.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Characters
3 Production
4 Season synopses
4.1 Season One
4.2 Season Two
4.3 Season Three
4.4 Season Four
4.5 Season Five
4.6 Season Six
5 Episodes
6 Reception
6.1 Ratings
7 Awards and nominations
7.1 Canadian Cinema Editors Awards
7.2 Canadian Comedy Awards
7.3 Canadian Screen Awards
7.4 Gemini Awards
8 DVD releases
9 International broadcasters
10 References
11 External links
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Allan Hawco – Jake Doyle (Seasons 1–6)
Seán McGinley – Malachy Doyle (Seasons 1–6)
Lynda Boyd – Rose Miller (Seasons 1–6)
Krystin Pellerin – Leslie Bennett (Seasons 1–6)
Rachel Wilson – Dr. Nikki Renholds (Main, Season 1; Recurring, Seasons 2–6)
Mark O'Brien – Desmond "Des" Courtney (Seasons 1–6)
Marthe Bernard – Katrina "Tinny" Doyle (Seasons 1–6)
Bob Cole – Voice of the Republic[5] (Seasons 1–6)
Recurring[edit]
Steve O'Connell – Sergeant Daniel Hood (Seasons 1–6)
Sean Panting – Walter McLean (Seasons 1–6)
Michelle Nolden – Allison Jenkins (Seasons 2–5)
Jonathan Goad – Christian Doyle (Seasons 1–6)
Krista Bridges - Kathleen Doyle (Seasons 3-6)
Lola Tash – Sloan Daniels (appears in 12 episodes from Seasons 5–6)
Rick Roberts – Mayor William Cadigan Clarke (Seasons 2–5)
Jonathan Keltz – Grayson Mann (Seasons 4–5)
Patricia Isaac – Monica Hayward (Season 4)
Nicholas Campbell – Martin Poole (Seasons 1–5)
Paul Gross – Kevin Crocker (Seasons 2–5)
Gordon Pinsent – Maurice Becker (Seasons 1–4)
Victor Garber – Garrison Steele (Seasons 1–5)
Alan Doyle – Wolf Redmond (Seasons 2–6)
Scott Grimes – Jimmy O'Rourke (Seasons 3–6)
Characters[edit]
Jake Doyle – Jake is a 30-year-old man living with his father Malachy because his ex-wife Nikki kicked him out. A former cop, he works as a private investigator with his father, Mal, and his father’s wife, Rose. He is over-protective of his 16-year-old niece, Tinny. He is the second son and youngest child of Mal Doyle and his late wife Emily Ann. He drives a 1968 Pontiac GTO and wears a black leather jacket, both of which figure prominently and iconically throughout the series. After years of pursuit, in Season Four he and Leslie Bennett become a couple. He also discovers in Season Five that he has a sixteen-year-old daughter, Sloan. Near the end of the series Sloan reveals to Jake that it was all a scam and she forged the DNA test and isn't actually Jake's daughter. In the series finale Leslie reveals to Jake that she is pregnant and after being shot by Inspector Pickard and she is in the hospital it is revealed to Jake that she is going to have twins.
Leslie Bennett – Leslie is an Inspector in the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary who is friends/lovers with Jake and gives him information to help with his cases. Leslie is Jake's source of distraction from his cases and personal life. She is a sharp shooter, very intelligent and a great match for Jake. She and Jake have real feelings for each other, but seem to show them the wrong way, making their relationship complicated but very interesting. From season four onwards their relationship has been growing stronger, until a secret from her past resurfaces. She is the mother of two with another baby on the way.
Malachy Doyle – Malachy, known as Mal or Skipper and Poppy, is a private investigator with his son, Jake in their business "Doyle and Doyle." He is 56 and has 3 “grown” children: Christian, Kathleen and Jake. He also has a granddaughter named Tinny, who is living with him while her mother (Kathleen Doyle) is away working in Alberta. His wife Rose lives with him, his granddaughter, and his youngest son Jake. He pokes fun at Jake's somewhat 'unsuccessful' relationships with women. He has since discovered he has a second granddaughter.
Rose Miller – Rose is Mal's wife, stepmother to Jake, Christian, and Kathleen, and step-grandmother to Tinny and Sloan. She works as the office manager/secretary for Doyle and Doyle. She seems to have a love/hate relationship with her husband’s granddaughter Tinny and his son Jake, which has evolved over the series into motherly affection. Rose's criminal ex-husband, Martin Poole, keeps turning up.
Nikki Renholds – Nikki is Jake's ex-wife. Nikki was a physician at a St. John's hospital. Nikki helped out with different cases in the first few episodes. She has since remarried, moved away, and has a son.
Katrina 'Tinny' Doyle-Courtney – Tinny is the daughter of Kathleen Doyle. She lives with her grandfather, Mal or Poppy as she calls him, Uncle Jake and grandfather’s wife, Rose. She is 16 and can’t stand her grandfather and uncle's over-protective nature. She has a love/hate relationship with her grandfather's girlfriend, Rose and one of the employees and main characters, Des Courtney. Tinny has since become a Constable with the Constabulary, and has begun dating Des. She is now Katrina 'Tinny' Doyle-Courtney after marrying Des.
Des Courtney – Des is the fashion-challenged and delinquent graffiti artist who tags the town and Jake’s beloved Pontiac GTO until Jake brings him to heel – and into the employ of Doyle and Doyle Investigations. He is 19 and has a crush on Tinny, leading Jake to dislike him. His real name is Pierce Redmond, and he is the son of the infamous, yet equally as dopey, Jody Redmond. Not wanting to be associated with his father, Des conceals his identity. He has grown from a delinquent to a valued member of Doyle & Doyle, specializing in the technological side of investigations. After a failed relationship with a medical student and surviving getting shot, he has begun dating Tinny. He is now married to Tinny Doyle-Courtney.
Walter McLean – Walter has been Jake's best friend since kindergarten and his wing-man that used to be right behind Jake in a fight. Walter was Jake's lawyer in his divorce from his wife Nikki. Walter appears only sporadically. In season three he becomes romantically involved with Tinny's mother Kathleen. The status of their relationship is unknown, but presumed to be over.
Allison Jenkins (season 2, guest starring in season 4) – Allison is the crown attorney and has all the things that turn Jake's head. What was once strictly professional turned into a romantic relationship, which ended when she realized Jake's feelings for Leslie were stronger than his feelings for her. She appeared briefly in season four.
Sloan Daniels (season 5 - season 6) - Initially believed to be Jake's sixteen-year-old daughter that he had with high school flame Ellen Daniels, Sloan spent her time in group homes before meeting the Doyles. In "Whistleblower" her half-sister arrives and reveals to the Doyles that she is not Jake's daughter after all and was simply conning them. She is responsible for bankrupting the Doyles, and eventually attempts to turn herself in to the police to make things right before Jake stops her. She leaves to go to Gander to live with her aunt.
Kevin Crocker (guest starring in seasons 2, 4 and 5) - Jake's former partner on the force, and Tinny's biological father. Crocker was dismissed from the force for the presumed murder of a call girl, and has been on the run ever since. In Season Four he discovers that he is Tinny's father, much to Jake's initial dismay. The character name is evocative of the character name, Bobby Crocker, and the actor who played him, Kevin Dobson, in the classic television series Kojak (1973–78), starring Telly Savalas.
Production[edit]
The show is filmed in and around St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.[6] The show's star, Allan Hawco, is also executive producer/showrunner/co-creator and head writer of the show.
Other producers include John Vatcher (exec producer), Rob Blackie, Perry Chafe (co-creator and writer) and Michael Levine.[7]
In 2013, Republic of Doyle aired a fictional crossover with another CBC Television crime drama, Murdoch Mysteries.[8] With the two shows set over 100 years apart, Hawco appeared on the November 25, 2013 episode of Murdoch Mysteries as Jacob Doyle, a 19th-century ancestor of Jake Doyle, while Yannick Bisson appeared on the January 29, 2014 episode of Republic of Doyle as Detective Bill Murdoch, a 21st-century descendant of his regular character Detective William Murdoch.[8]
Season synopses[edit]
Season One[edit]
Premiering on January 6, 2010, the show introduces Allan Hawco as Jake Doyle and Sean McGinley as Mal Doyle as a father and son pair of private investigators. The debut show also reveals relationship complications with Jake and his ex-wife Nikki and his new infatuation: Leslie, the Inspector who works at the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary. While Jake tries to improve his relationship with Leslie, he discovers he may have impregnated his ex-wife, but soon discovers the positive pregnancy test he found in her garbage can did not belong to her. After he realizes he is free from the burden of having to deal with child-support, his relationship with Leslie develops as Nikki’s relationship with her new boyfriend grows. However, Leslie soon begins to decide whether her relationship with Jake will prove beneficial in the future. As Jake finalizes his divorce with Nikki, his relationship status with Leslie improves to good friends. Yet Leslie’s focus quickly shifts to her new title as Sergeant after being promoted to the position. Jake realizes he has other problems too; his mischievous older brother, Christian makes an unexpected visit to his house, greeting him in the kitchen. After Christian offends Jake, their relationship swiftly intensifies. The last episode of the season shows the characters’ struggle to keep their republic strong as their relationships fall apart.[9]
Season Two[edit]
Season Two begins with Rose, Mal’s partner, dealing with the consequences of his recent heart attack. Meanwhile, Jake and Leslie take initiatives to move past the hiccups in their relationship and move on from one another. Tinny, Jake’s niece, embarks on an investment in order to raise personal funds, meanwhile, Mal discovers a secret that Rose has kept from him; her mother stole her engagement ring. Jake learns what Leslie sees their relationship as. As the season progresses, so does Tinny’s income business along with the amount of friends she makes. Jake as well as the viewers are introduced to Allison, the crown attorney. Meanwhile, Mal and Rose experience issues in their marriage but are quickly able to recover and move forward. As Mal’s relationship with Rose strengthens, so does Jake’s relationship with Allison when they move past the boundaries of friendship. Des, an admirer of Tinny yet an enemy of Jake, exploits Tinny’s business yet saves it in the process. Adding to the drama, Jake finds himself bailing his delinquent brother out of jail and finds himself dealing with issues concerning money. Like all his previous relationships, Jake ill-manages to maintain his relationship with Allison. When Jake receives a new job offer, his relationship with Allison struggles even further. Meanwhile, the relationship of Des and Tinny becomes more intimate. After further complications with Allison, Jake decides to break up with Allison.[9]
Season Three[edit]
In the opening episode of Season Three, the viewers are informed that Tinny travels to London. However, it is revealed by Des that her trip did not go smoothly but Des promises to keep the hiccup a secret. Jake finds himself interacting with Nikki again by doing a favor of which he is not fond. Jake struggles to avoid Nikki and win back the unimpressed Allison. Rose gets in trouble with the police for carrying a gun. Tinny is bothered by the quickly growing relationship between Des and Chandra, a university student of medicine. Kathleen, a newly introduced character that serves as Jake's sister, is helped with her mothering issues by Rose. The two begin to progress in their friendship. Des finds himself in a precarious position—choosing between Tinny and Chandra. He decides to break up with Chandra and pursue a romance with Tinny. Kathleen faces parenting issues at home. Des attempts to impress Jake by helping him in an investigation using his various connections, while Allison jeopardizes the safety of the Doyle household with a mistake from her past. Mal becomes tied up in complications with his former wife while Tinny obsesses over her death and Kathleen experiences troubles in their relations as a result of a poor decision in Kathleen’s history. George, an unappreciated individual in the Republic, bothers Kathleen by scamming her, but Jake comes to the rescue and saves her from his tricks. The season ends with Tinny discovering the identity of her father, which is not revealed to the viewers.
Season Four[edit]
The season kicks off with relatives from Ireland paying the Doyles a visit a bringing some drama along with them. As in the previous season, Tinny still tries to unravel hidden secrets about her dad and succeeds in doing so; she discovers her mother, Kathleen conceived her with a current prisoner, Kevin Crocker. Tinny attempts to associate with Crocker by revealing her true identity as his daughter. Jake tries to redefine his relationship with Leslie by reintroducing her into his world, and by doing so, he is able to once again gain her trust, as well as her affection. However; disaster strikes and Jake searches for the missing Leslie, who disappeared as a result of working a precarious case. Jake soon comes to the rescue, and saves Leslie from her kidnapper. Soon after the major incident, Leslie is hit by personal issues regarding family: her father dies. Meanwhile, Tinny’s relations with Crocker grow and Jake is troubled by the fact that Tinny is spending so much time with the con. Jake takes another hit after being kidnapped as his kidnapper nearly takes his life by burning him to death. After being hit by a car in a parking garage, the medication used to mend Jake's injuries from the incident, gives him some peculiar dreams. The season comes to an end with Crocker and Jake being forced to collaborate in order to save the kidnapped Tinny.[9]
Season Five[edit]
After the wild adventure Jake took in the previous season by saving Tinny, his rescue mission leads to his kidnapping. The Doyles have been anxiously searching for him for the past two months and Tinny risks her career as a police officer and becomes unprofessional by involving her personal life in her police work and helping Jake. As a result, Tinny gets suspended. Meanwhile, Des overcomes his sorrow over losing Tinny. Jake experiences more complications in returning to St. John’s, but eventually makes it home safe with the help of his niece. Jake and Leslie’s relationship heats up with Jake nearly impregnating her. When Leslie is being followed and nearly gets shot, Jake is extremely worried for her safety but soon finds out her pursuer is actually her long-lost husband. Jake and Leslie try but fail to smooth their relationship with the shocking news. Leslie and Jake are finally forced to define their relationship and decide not to see each other due to the recent complications, even after Jake confesses his love. After Des hooks up with a troubled young woman, Sloan, he must avoid Tinny. Jake finds it hard to avoid Leslie when he gets tied up in her ex-husband’s business. Meanwhile, Tinny gets the chance of her career on a big case. To make matters worse for Jake, Nikki pays him a visit. The season ends with Jake being tried and arrested for murder but is then kidnapped by one of Leslie’s pursuers; the kidnapper forces Jake to make several unwarranted missions.[9]
Season Six[edit]
After being accused of murder, Jake must confront his enemies as he comes to terms with what happened to Leslie and try to clear his own name in the process. Leslie goes back to work a couple episodes in, but with conditions, and she must meet with the force therapist. Sloan gets into trouble and Jake must bail her out by making a deal with Vick Saul. Even though she was not cleared by her therapist after having a panic attack on duty, Leslie lends a hand to the Doyle clan to try and clear Jake's name before it is too late. When Leslie's past disobedience on the force comes to light, she must work harder than ever to save her job. Jake's murder conviction comes front and center as the season comes to a final close with all the Doyle family trying to clear his name.[10][11]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Republic of Doyle episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 12 January 6, 2010 (2010-01-06) April 7, 2010 (2010-04-07)
2 13 January 12, 2011 (2011-01-12) April 6, 2011 (2011-04-06)
3 13 January 11, 2012 (2012-01-11) April 4, 2012 (2012-04-04)
4 13 January 6, 2013 (2013-01-06) April 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)
5 16 October 2, 2013 (2013-10-02) February 5, 2014 (2014-02-05)
6 10 October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15) December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Season
Timeslot (ET)
# Ep.
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Viewers
Date
Premiere viewers
Date
Finale viewers
1
Wednesday 9:00pm
12
January 6, 2010
969,000[12]
April 7, 2010
?
2010
?
2
13
January 12, 2011
1,038,000[13]
April 6, 2011
?
2011
?
3
13
January 11, 2012
?[14]
April 4, 2012
968,000[15]
2012
?
4
Sunday 9:00pm
13
January 6, 2013
802,000[16]
April 21, 2013
?
2013
?
5
Wednesday 9:00pm
16
October 2, 2013
?
February 5, 2014
?
2014
?
6
10
October 15, 2014
?
December 10, 2014
?
2015
?
Awards and nominations[edit]
Canadian Cinema Editors Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2011 Best Editing in Long Form Television Series Michael Pacek Nominated [17]
Canadian Comedy Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2011 Best Performance by a Male in a Television Series Mark O'Brien Nominated [18]
2014 Best Performance by a Male in a Television Series Mark O'Brien Nominated [19]
Canadian Screen Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2013 Best Performance in a Guest Role, Dramatic Series Gordon Pinsent Won [20]
2014 Best Cross-Platform Project, Fiction - The Republic of Doyle Ride-Along App Allen Martin, Eva Riinitze, Fergus Heywood, Helen Asimakis, John Vatcher, Mike Evans, Rose Paton Nominated
Gemini Awards[edit]
Year
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref
2010 Best Dramatic Series Allan Hawco, John Vatcher, Rob Blackie, Michael Levine Nominated [20]
Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role Allan Hawco Nominated
Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role Lynda Boyd Nominated
Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series Rachel Wilson Nominated
Best Photography in a Dramatic Program or Series Michael Storey Nominated
2011 Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role Krystin Pellerin Nominated
Best Production Design or Art Direction in a Fiction Program or Series Gordon Barnes Nominated
Best Sound in a Dramatic Series Scott Yates, Peter Clements, Harvey Hyslop, Andrew Tay, Paul Steffler, Mark Shnuriwsky, Lori Clarke Nominated
DVD releases[edit]
Entertainment One has released all six seasons on DVD in Canada.[21][22][23][24][25][26]
On September 6, 2016, eOne will release Republic of Doyle- The Complete Series on DVD in Canada.[27]
Acorn Media has released the first two seasons on DVD in the USA.[28][29]
In Region 4, Beyond Home Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia.[30][31]
DVD name
Ep #
Release dates
Region 1 (CAN)
Region 4
The Complete First Season 12 November 16, 2010 May 4, 2011
The Complete Second Season 13 July 19, 2011 April 4, 2012
The Complete Third Season 13 November 20, 2012 TBA
The Complete Fourth Season 13 October 1, 2013 TBA
The Complete Fifth Season 16 September 30, 2014 TBA
The Complete Sixth Season 10 April 21, 2015 TBA
The Complete Series 77 September 6, 2016 TBA
International broadcasters[edit]
Country
Channel
Premiere date
South Africa Fox Entertainment 1 August 2010[32]
United Kingdom Alibi 27 October 2010[33]
Australia ABC2 (season one)
13th Street (season two –) 6 November 2010[34][35]
Brazil Globosat HD 11 November 2010
Estonia Fox Crime 11 September 2010
Serbia Fox Crime 14 October 2010
Bulgaria Fox Crime 4 December 2010
Poland TVP2 25 December 2012
Germany 13th Street 16 October 2013
United States CW Every Saturday and Sunday
Netherlands 13th Street Until Friday 13 March 2015, daily Monday-Friday
Republic of Doyle is aired in the USA on various stations via syndication.[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CBC winter season brings 3 new shows". cbc.ca, November 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Full Cast & Crew." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle renewed for 6th season". CBC News. 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
Jump up ^ Laura Kane (2014-10-12). "'Republic of Doyle' star Allan Hawco and cast on the final season". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
Jump up ^ Allan Hawco [@allanhawco] (1 May 2013). ""Last time on Republic of Doyle" - that's Bob's voice. RT @thefutureyousee: @allanhawco you should get Bob Cole to guest on RoD" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle: A rogue P.I. with Newfie smarts". Toronto Star, January 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "CBC renews 14 shows for coming season". CBC News. April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Celebrating the Can-combo of Republic of Doyle and Murdoch Mysteries" Archived 2013-12-12 at Archive.is. National Post, November 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "List of Republic of Doyle Episodes." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Feb. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2014.
Jump up ^ "List of Republic of Doyle episodes" Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation Sunday June 21, 2015
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle episode list" IMDB Sunday June 21, 2015
Jump up ^ Wild, Diane (January 7, 2010). "Ratings: Republic of Doyle, 18 to Life, Dragons' Den, Heartland". TV Eh?. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brioux, Bill (January 13, 2011). "Doyle & Dragons roar back on CBC". TV Feeds My Family. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Brioux, Bill (January 18, 2012). "The Brioux Report: Big Bang beats Globes; new CBC season soars". The Brioux Report. Torstar. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Brioux, Bill (April 11, 2012). "The Brioux Report: Big Bang's Easter Miracle". The Brioux Report. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://tvfeedsmyfamily.blogspot.ca/2013/01/murdoch-mysteries-lifts-cbcs-premiere.html
Jump up ^ Eng, David. "1st Annual Canadian Cinema Editors (CCE) Awards - nominations". chinokino.com. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Comedy Awards nominations". Third Beat. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "2014 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees announced". www.thecomedynetwork.ca. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "awards database". academy.ca. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle DVD news: Announcement for Republic of Doyle – Season 1". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle DVD news: Announcement for Republic of Doyle – Season 2". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle DVD news: Announcement for Republic of Doyle - Season 3". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle: The Complete Fourth Season: Amazon.ca: Allan Hawco: DVD". Amazon.ca. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
Jump up ^ "'Season 5' DVDs Are Coming Soon to Canada". Tvshowsondvd.com. 2014-08-29. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
Jump up ^ "It's the End of the Republic with 'Season 6: The Final Season'". Tvshowsondvd.com. 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Front Cover Art for 'The Complete Series' 19-DVD Set". Tvshowsondvd.com. 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Acorn to Deliver a State-Side Release of Season 1 DVDs". Tvshowsondvd.com. 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle, Season 2". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
Jump up ^ "REPUBLIC OF DOYLE - SEASON 1 | Television Series | Drama | Comedy". Beyondhomeentertainment.com.au. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
Jump up ^ "REPUBLIC OF DOYLE - SEASON 2 | Television Series | Drama | Comedy". Beyondhomeentertainment.com.au. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Doyle". TVSA. 2010-08-01. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ "UKTV enters Republic of Doyle" (Press release). C21 Media. 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Jump up ^ "ABC2 Programming Airdate: Republic of Doyle (episode one)". ABC Television Publicity. 2010-11-20.
Jump up ^ Newsome, Brad (6 January 2012). "Republic of Doyle, Friday, January 6". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Daniel MacEachern (2013-04-17). "'Republic of Doyle' headed for U.S." The Telegram. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
External links[edit]
Television in Canada portal
Official website
Republic of Doyle on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Doyle&oldid=837889899"
Categories:
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Sentencing Reform Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Sentencing Reform Act, part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, was a U.S. federal statute intended to increase consistency in United States federal sentencing. It established the United States Sentencing Commission.[1] It also abolished federal parole,[2] except for persons convicted under federal law before November 1, 1987, persons convicted under District of Columbia law, "transfer treaty" inmates, persons who violated military law who are in federal civilian prisons, and persons who are defendants in state cases and who are under the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program.[3]
The act was passed by large majorities in both houses of Congress.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "An Overview of the United States Sentencing Commission" (PDF). United States Sentencing Commission. United States Sentencing Commission. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Barry L. Johnson. "Sentencing Reform Act (1984)". eNotes. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LACK OF PAROLE FOR FEDERAL PRISONERS " (Archive). Families Against Mandatory Minimums. p. 2/4. Retrieved on December 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stith, Kate; Koh, Steve Y. (1993). "The Politics of Sentencing Reform: The Legislative History of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines". Faculty Scholarship Series. Yale Law School. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
This United States federal legislation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Haber process
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Fritz Haber, 1918
The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today.[1] It is named after its inventors, the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who developed it in the first half of the 20th century. The process converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H2) using a metal catalyst under high temperatures and pressures:
N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 (ΔH° = −91.8 kJ) => (ΔH° = −45.8 kJ·mol−1)
Before the development of the Haber process, ammonia had been difficult to produce on an industrial scale[2][3][4] with early methods such as the Birkeland–Eyde process and Frank–Caro process all being highly inefficient.
Although the Haber process is mainly used to produce fertilizer today, during World War I it provided Germany with a source of ammonia for the production of explosives, compensating for the Allied trade blockade on Chilean saltpeter.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Process
2.1 Sources of hydrogen
2.2 Reaction rate and equilibrium
2.3 Catalysts
3 Economic and environmental aspects
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Haber process
Throughout the 19th century the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing. The main source was mining niter deposits. At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demand[5] and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important. The obvious source was atmospheric nitrogen (N2), comprising nearly 80% of the air, however N2 is exceptionally stable and will not readily react with other chemicals. Converting N2 into ammonia posed a challenge for chemists globally.
Haber, with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol, developed the high-pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the Haber process at laboratory scale.[6][7] They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air, drop by drop, at the rate of about 125 ml (4 US fl oz) per hour. The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF, which assigned Carl Bosch the task of scaling up Haber's tabletop machine to industrial-level production.[3][8] He succeeded in 1910. Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel prizes, in 1918 and 1931 respectively, for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems of large-scale, continuous-flow, high-pressure technology.[9]
Ammonia was first manufactured using the Haber process on an industrial scale in 1913 in BASF's Oppau plant in Germany, reaching 20 tonnes per day the following year.[10] During World War I, the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate. The Allies had access to large sodium nitrate deposits in Chile (Chile saltpetre) controlled by British companies. Germany had no such resources, so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort.[9][11] Synthetic ammonia from the Haber process was used for the production of nitric acid, a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives.
Process[edit]
A historical (1921) high-pressure steel reactor for production of ammonia via the Haber process is displayed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany.
scheme of ammoniac reactor
This conversion is typically conducted at 15–25 MPa (150–250 atm; 2,200–3,600 psi) and between 400–500 °C (752–932 °F), as the gases (nitrogen and hydrogen) are passed over four beds of catalyst, with cooling between each pass so as to maintain a reasonable equilibrium constant. On each pass only about 15% conversion occurs, but any unreacted gases are recycled, and eventually an overall conversion of 97% is achieved.[1]
The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal, and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about 2.5–3.5 MPa (25–35 bar; 360–510 psi), and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from 6–18 MPa (60–180 bar; 870–2,610 psi), depending upon which proprietary process is used.[1]
Sources of hydrogen[edit]
The major source of hydrogen is methane from natural gas. The conversion, steam reforming, is conducted with steam in a high temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst, separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas.
Reaction rate and equilibrium[edit]
Nitrogen (N2) is very unreactive because the molecules are held together by strong triple bonds. The Haber process relies on catalysts that accelerate the scission of this triple bond.
Two opposing considerations are relevant to this synthesis: the position of the equilibrium and the rate of reaction. At room temperature, the equilibrium is strongly in favor of ammonia, but the reaction doesn't proceed at a detectable rate. The obvious solution is to raise the temperature, but because the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium constant (using bar or atm units) becomes 1 around 150–200 °C (302–392 °F). (See Le Châtelier's principle.)
Kp(T) for N
2 + 3 H
2 ⇌ 2 NH
3[12]
Temperature (°C)
Kp
300 4.34 × 10−3
400 1.64 × 10−4
450 4.51 × 10−5
500 1.45 × 10−5
550 5.38 × 10−6
600 2.25 × 10−6
Above this temperature, the equilibrium quickly becomes quite unfavorable at atmospheric pressure, according to the Van 't Hoff equation. Thus one might suppose that a low temperature is to be used and some other means to increase rate. However, the catalyst itself requires a temperature of at least 400 °C to be efficient.
Pressure is the obvious choice to favor the forward reaction because there are 4 moles of reactant for every 2 moles of product (see entropy), and the pressure used (15–25 MPa (150–250 bar; 2,200–3,600 psi)) alters the equilibrium concentrations to give a profitable yield.[citation needed]
Economically, pressure is an expensive commodity. Pipes, valves, and reaction vessels need to be strengthened, and there are safety considerations of working at 20 MPa. In addition, running pumps and compressors takes considerable energy. Thus the compromise used gives a single pass yield of around 15%.[citation needed]
Another way to increase the yield of the reaction would be to remove the product (i.e. ammonia gas) from the system. In practice, gaseous ammonia is not removed from the reactor itself, since the temperature is too high; it is removed from the equilibrium mixture of gases leaving the reaction vessel. The hot gases are cooled enough, whilst maintaining a high pressure, for the ammonia to condense and be removed as liquid. Unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen gases are then returned to the reaction vessel to undergo further reaction.[citation needed]
Catalysts[edit]
The most popular catalysts are based on iron promoted with K2O, CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3. The original Haber–Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst, but it was available in extremely small quantities. Haber noted uranium was almost as effective and easier to obtain than osmium. Under Bosch's direction in 1909, the BASF researcher Alwin Mittasch discovered a much less expensive iron-based catalyst, which is still used today. Some ammonia production utilizes ruthenium-based catalysts (the KAAP process). Ruthenium forms more active catalysts that allows milder operating pressures. Such catalysts are prepared by decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite.[1]
In industrial practice, the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder, which is usually obtained by reduction of high purity magnetite (Fe3O4). The pulverized iron metal is burnt (oxidized) to give magnetite of a defined particle size. The magnetite particles are then partially reduced, removing some of the oxygen in the process. The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite, encased in a shell of wüstite (FeO), which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of iron metal. The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction, resulting in a highly porous high surface area material, which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst. Other minor components of the catalyst include calcium and aluminium oxides, which support the iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area. These oxides of Ca, Al, K, and Si are unreactive to reduction by the hydrogen.[1]
energy diagram
The reaction mechanism, involving the heterogeneous catalyst, is believed to involve the following steps:[13]
N2 (g) → N2 (adsorbed)
N2 (adsorbed) → 2 N (adsorbed)
H2 (g) → H2 (adsorbed)
H2 (adsorbed) → 2 H (adsorbed)
N (adsorbed) + 3 H(adsorbed)→ NH3 (adsorbed)
NH3 (adsorbed) → NH3 (g)
Reaction 5 occurs in three steps, forming NH, NH2, and then NH3. Experimental evidence points to reaction 2 as being the slow, rate-determining step. This is not unexpected since the bond broken, the nitrogen triple bond, is the strongest of the bonds that must be broken.
A major contributor to the elucidation of this mechanism is Gerhard Ertl.[14]
Economic and environmental aspects[edit]
Further information: Ammonia production § Sustainable ammonia production
Industrial fertilizer plant
When it was first invented, the Haber process needed to compete against another industrial process, the Cyanamide process. However, the Cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor-intensive than the Haber process.[9]:137–143
The Haber process now produces 450 million tonnes of nitrogen fertilizer per year, mostly in the form of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea. Three to five percent of the world's natural gas production is consumed in the Haber process (around 1–2% of the world's annual energy supply).[15][16][17][18] In combination with pesticides, these fertilizers have quadrupled the productivity of agricultural land:
With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice-free continents, rather than under 15% of the total land area that is required today.[19]
Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food, the Haber process served as the "detonator of the population explosion", enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to today's 7 billion.[20] Nearly 80% of the nitrogen found in human tissues originated from the Haber-Bosch process.[21] Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50%,[22] farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats.[21][23]
See also[edit]
Ammonia
Ammonia production
Hydrogen production
Industrial gas
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Appl, Max (2005), "Ammonia", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH
Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT. ISBN 9780262693134.
^ Jump up to: a b Hager, Thomas (2008). The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish genius, a doomed tycoon, and the scientific discovery that fed the world but fueled the rise of Hitler (1st ed.). New York, NY: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-35178-4.
Jump up ^ Sittig, Marshall (1979). Fertilizer Industry: Processes, Pollution Control, and Energy Conservation. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corp. ISBN 0-8155-0734-8.
Jump up ^ James, Laylin K. (1993). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992 (3rd ed.). Washington,DC: American Chemical Society. p. 118. ISBN 0-8412-2690-3.
Jump up ^ Haber, Fritz (2012). Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen (in German) (1st ed.). Paderborn: Salzwasser Verlag. ISBN 9783864448423.
Jump up ^ "Robert Le Rossignol, 1884–1976: Professional Chemist" (PDF), ChemUCL Newsletter, UCL Department of Chemistry: 8, 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-13
Jump up ^ Patent US 990191
^ Jump up to: a b c Hager, T. (2008). he Alchemy of Air. New York, NY: Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-307-35178-4.
Jump up ^ Philip & Phyllis Morris, "From Fertile Minds" (review) American Scientist, 2001
Jump up ^ "Nobel Award to Haber". New York Times. 3 February 1920. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene, Jr; Bursten, Bruce E (2006). "Table 15.2". Chemistry: The Central Science (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN 0-13-109686-9.
Jump up ^ Wennerström, Håkan; Lidin, Sven. "Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces" (PDF). NobelPrize.org. Swedish Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
Jump up ^ Bozso, F.; Ertl, G.; Grunze, M.; Weiss, M. (1977). "Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces: I. Fe(100) and Fe(111)". J. Catal. 49 (1): 18–41. doi:10.1016/0021-9517(77)90237-8. . Imbihl, R.; Behm, R. J.; Ertl, G.; Moritz, W. (1982). "The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe(100)". Surf. Sci. 123 (1): 129–140. Bibcode:1982SurSc.123..129I. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90135-2. . Ertl, G.; Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111)". Surf. Sci. 114 (2–3): 515–526. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..515E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-6. . Ertl, G. (1983). "Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia". J. Vac. Sci. Tech. A. 1 (2): 1247–1253. doi:10.1116/1.572299.
Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262693134.
Jump up ^ "International Energy Outlook 2007".
Jump up ^ Fertilizer statistics. "?". Archived from the original on 2008-04-24.
Jump up ^ Smith, Barry E. (September 2002). "Structure. Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets". Science. 297 (5587): 1654–5. doi:10.1126/science.1076659. PMID 12215632.
Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2011). "Nitrogen cycle and world food production" (PDF). World Agriculture. 2: 9–13.
Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (1999). "Detonator of the population explosion" (PDF). Nature. 400: 415. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..415S. doi:10.1038/22672.
^ Jump up to: a b Howarth, R. W. (2008). "Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of sources and trends globally and regionally". Harmful Algae. 8: 14–20. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.015.
Jump up ^ Oenema, O.; Witzke, H.P.; Klimont, Z.; Lesschen, J.P.; Velthof, G.L. (2009). "Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses in agriculture in EU-27". Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 133: 280–288. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.025.
Jump up ^ Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262693134.
"The Haber Process". Chemguide.co.uk.
External links[edit]
Haber-Bosch process, most important invention of the 20th century, according to V. Smil, Nature, July 29, 1999, p 415 (by Jürgen Schmidhuber)
Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes: Fritz Haber
Nobel e-Museum - Biography of Fritz Haber
BASF - Fertilizer out of thin air
Uses and Production of Ammonia
Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis
Review of "Between Genius and Genocide: The Tragedy of Fritz Haber, Father of Chemical Warfare" by Daniel Charles
Authority control
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text:
Best alternative to a negotiated agreement
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In negotiation theory, the best alternative to a negotiated agreement or BATNA is the most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement cannot be reached. BATNA is the key focus and the driving force behind a successful negotiator. A party should generally not accept a worse resolution than its BATNA. Care should be taken, however, to ensure that deals are accurately valued, taking into account all considerations, such as relationship value, time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain. These other considerations are often difficult to value, since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations, rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Overview[edit]
The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net, but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations. Although a negotiator's alternative options should, in theory, be straightforward to evaluate, the effort to understand which alternative represents a party's BATNA is often not invested. Options need to be actual and actionable to be of value,[1][third-party source needed] however without the investment of time, options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria.[2][citation needed] Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options.[third-party source needed] This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating result. Negotiators also need to be aware of the other negotiator's BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering.[3][page needed]
Some people may adopt aggressive, coercive, threatening and/or deceptive techniques, this is known as a hard negotiation style;[4] a theoretical example of this is adversarial approach style negotiation.[4] Others may employ a soft style, which is friendly, trusting, compromising, and conflict avoiding.[5] According to Fisher and Ury, when hard negotiators meet soft negotiators, the hard negotiators usually win their position, but at the cost of potentially damaging the long term relationship between the parties.
Attractive alternatives are needed to develop a strong BATNA. In the best-selling book Getting to YES: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In, the authors give 3 suggestions of how to accomplish this:
Inventing a list of actions one might take if no agreement is reached
Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives
Selecting the alternative that sounds best
In negotiations involving different cultures, all parties need to account for cultural cognitive behaviors and should not let judgments and biases affect the negotiation. The individual should be separate from the objective.[5][page needed]
The purpose here, as Gulliver mentions, is for negotiation parties to be aware.[6]
Preparation at all levels, including prejudice-free thoughts, emotion-free behavior, bias-free behavior are helpful according to Morris and Gelfand.[7]
History[edit]
BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation (PON), in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES, unwittingly duplicating the game theory concept of a disagreement point from bargaining problems pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier.[5][8] A Nash Equilibrium is reached among a group of players when no player can benefit from changing strategies if every other player sticks to their current strategy.[9] For example, Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can, taking into account Phil's decision, and Phil is making the best decision he can, taking into account Amy's decision. Likewise, a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can, taking into account the decisions of the others.
See also[edit]
Conflict resolution research
Opportunity cost
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement | Negotiation Experts
Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement | YArooms
Jump up ^ Negotiation, Readings, Exercises and Cases, Roy J. Lewicki[full citation needed]
^ Jump up to: a b Nolan-Haley, Jaqueline M (2001). Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell. Thomson West. pp. 39–50. ISBN 978-0-314-18014-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fisher and Ury, Roger and William (2011). Getting to YES. Penguin Books. pp. 1–170. ISBN 978-0-14-311875-6.
Jump up ^ Gulliver, P.H (1979). Disputes and Negotiation: A Cross Culture Perspective. Academic Press. p. 287.
Jump up ^ Morris, Michael W.; Gelfand, Michele J. (2004). "Cultural Differences and Cognitive Dynamics: Expanding the Cognitive Perspective on Negotiation". In Gelfand, Michele J.; Brett, Jeanne M. The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture. Stanford University Press. pp. 45–70. ISBN 978-0-8047-4586-4.
Jump up ^ Myerson, Roger B. "Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory" (PDF). Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory. Journal of Economic Literature. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Hawkins and Steiner, Jeff and Neil. "The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna" (PDF). Gamed Therory Varied Uses in ADR. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
External links[edit]
BATNA Explained by David Venter
Alternative definition of BATNA
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text:
Daisy wheel printing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Wheel printer.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Metal Daisy Wheel for Xerox & Diablo printers
Plastic Daisy Wheel for Qume printers
Samples of daisy wheel printer output. Actual print is much crisper than these images
The Royal LetterMaster, a budget daisy-wheel printer from the 1980s
Daisy wheel printing is an impact printing technology invented in 1969 by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems. It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements, each with typically 96 glyphs, to generate high-quality output comparable to premium typewriters such as the IBM Selectric, but two to three times faster. Daisy wheel printing was used in electronic typewriters, word processors and computers from 1972. The daisy wheel is considered to be so named because of its resemblance to the daisy flower.[1]
By 1980 daisy wheel printers had become the dominant technology for high-quality text printing. Dot-matrix impact, thermal, or line printers were used where higher speed or image printing were required and poor print quality was acceptable. Both technologies were rapidly superseded for most purposes when dot-based printers—in particular laser printers—that could print any characters or graphics, rather than being restricted to a limited character set, became able to produce output of comparable quality. Daisy wheel technology is now found only in some electronic typewriters.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
2.1 Bi-directional printing
2.2 Graphics
3 Variants
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
In 1889 Arthur Irving Jacobs patented a daisy wheel design (U.S. Patent 409,289) that was used on the Victor index typewriter.
A. H. Reiber of Teletype Corporation received U.S. Patent 2,146,380 in 1939 for a daisy wheel printer.
In 1972 a team at Diablo Systems led by engineer David S. Lee developed the first commercially successful daisy wheel printer, a device that was faster and more flexible than IBM's golf-ball devices, being capable of 30 cps (characters per second), whereas IBM's Selectric operated at 13.4 cps.[2]
Xerox acquired Diablo that same year, following which Lee departed to set up Qume Corporation in 1973. Xerox's Office Product Division had already been buying Diablo printers for its Redactron text editors. After 7 years trying to make Diablo profitable, the OPD focused on developing and selling the Diablo 630 which was mostly bought by companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation.[citation needed] The Diablo 630 could produce letter quality output as good as that produced by an IBM Selectric or Selectric-based printer, but at a lower cost. A further advantage was that it supported the entire ASCII printing character set. Its servo-controlled carriage also permitted the use of proportional spaced fonts, where characters occupy a different amount of horizontal space according to their width.
The Diablo 630 was so successful that virtually all later daisy wheel printers, as well as many dot matrix printers and even the original Apple Laserwriter either copied its command set or could emulate one. Daisy wheel printers from Diablo and Lee's 1973 company Qume were the dominant high-end output technology for computer and office automation applications by 1980, though high speed non-impact techniques were already entering the market (e.g. IBM 6640 inkjet, Xerox 2700 and IBM 6670 laser). From 1981 onwards the IBM PC's introduction of "Code page 437" with 254 printable glyphs (including 40 shapes specifically for drawing forms), and development of Xerox Star-influenced environments such as the Macintosh, GEM and Windows made bit-mapped approaches more desirable, driving cost reductions for laser printing and higher resolution for impact dot matrix printing.
Xerox later adapted Diablo's daisy wheel technology into a typewriter that sold for less than $50. An automated factory was built near Dallas that took less than 30 minutes to assemble a Xerox typewriter. The Xerox typewriter was well received but never achieved the projected sales numbers due to the advent of the PC and word processing software. The typewriter was later modified to be compatible with PCs but the engineering which made it a low cost device reduced its flexibility.[3] By the mid-1980s daisy wheel technology was rapidly becoming obsolete due to the growing spread of affordable laser and inkjet machines, and daisy wheel machines soon disappeared except for the small remaining typewriter market.
Design[edit]
The print-head and daisy wheel on a Xerox/Diablo D-25 printer.
The heart of the system is an interchangeable metal or plastic "daisy wheel" holding an entire character set as raised characters moulded on each "petal". In use a servo motor rotates the daisy wheel to position the required character between the hammer and the ribbon. The solenoid-operated hammer then fires, driving the character type onto the ribbon and paper to print the character on the paper. The daisy wheel and hammer are mounted on a sliding carriage similar to that used by dot matrix printers.
Different typefaces and sizes can be used by replacing the daisy wheel. It is possible to use multiple fonts within a document: font changing is facilitated by printer device drivers which can position the carriage to the center of the platen and prompt the user to change the wheel before continuing printing. However, printing a document with frequent font changes and thus requiring frequent wheel changes was a tedious task.
Many daisy wheel machines offer a bold type facility, accomplished by double- or triple-striking the specified character(s); servo-based printers advance the carriage fractionally for a wider (and therefore blacker) character, while cheaper machines perform a carriage return without a line feed to return to the beginning of the line, space through all non-bold text, and restrike each bolded character. The inherent imprecision in attempting to restrike on exactly the same spot after a carriage return provides the same effect as the more expensive servo-based printers, with the unique side effect that as the printer ages and wears, bold text becomes bolder.
Like all other impact printers, daisy wheel printers are noisy.
Bi-directional printing[edit]
Most daisy-wheel printers could print a line and then, using built-in memory, print the following line backwards, from right to left. This saved the time that otherwise would have been needed to return the print head to its starting point.
Graphics[edit]
Although the daisy wheel principle is basically inappropriate for printing bitmap graphics, there were attempts to enable them to do so. Most daisy wheel printers supported a relatively coarse and extremely slow graphics mode by printing the image entirely out of dots (formed by the "period" character). This required a mechanism capable of pixel by pixel movement, both horizontally and vertically, and low-end printers were incapable of it.[4] Given the slow speed and the coarse resolution this was not a feasible technique for printing large images, but could usefully print a small logo onto a letterhead and then the following letter, all in a single unattended print run without changing the print element.
Daisy wheel printers are capable of producing simplified graphics in the form of ASCII art.
As daisy wheel elements are made of plastic to keep mass and manufacturing costs low, using the period character for graphics would cause unacceptably rapid wear, so plastic elements are offered with a metal insert in this position that lasts much longer.[citation needed]
Consideration was also given to optimising graphic printing by changing the glyphs on the daisy wheel to a set that would be able to print all the required bitmap combinations more quickly, without requiring an impact for every single dot. This would have the advantage that vertical dot combinations could be printed in a single impact, without requiring fine rotation control of the platen roller. However it would require a specialised daisy wheel so printing of a letter and letterhead would require a two-step process with a manual wheel change in-between.[5] As the development of this technique post-dated the widespread availability of 24-pin dot matrix printers and coincided with the arrival of affordable laser printers in offices, it was never a popular approach.
Brother Industries manufactured the Twinriter 5 (1985) and 6 (1987) printers which tried to overcome the limitation of the missing graphics capabilities of daisy wheel printers by adding a dot matrix print head to the existing daisy wheel print head, with the former being used for letter quality printing and the latter for drafts and for printing symbols which were not present in the daisy wheel character set.[6][7][8]
Variants[edit]
Thimble printers are closely related to daisy wheel printers, but instead of a flat wheel the petals were bent to form a cup-shaped "thimble" print element. Introduced by NEC in 1977 as their "Spinwriter" series, the replaceable thimbles each held 128 characters.[9][10]
See also[edit]
Apple Daisy Wheel Printer
Daisy Systems Holland
Diablo 630
IBM Wheelwriter
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Merriam Webster On-line".
Jump up ^ Hirahara, Naomi (2002). Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. ISBN 1-57356-344-7.
Jump up ^ Strassman, Paul A. (June 5, 2008). The Computers Nobody Wanted; My Years with Xerox. Strassmann, Inc. pp. 96–97. ISBN 1-4276-3270-7.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Thom (March 1984). "Creating a letterhead with your daisywheel printer". Creative Computing Magazine. 10 (3): 202.
Jump up ^ Kostopoulos, G. K. (February 1989). "Quality graphics for daisy-wheel word processing". Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on. IEEE. 35 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1109/30.24649. ISSN 0098-3063.
Jump up ^ Linzmayer, Owen W. (November 1985). "Double duty printers". Creative Computing. 11 (11): 72. Archived from the original on 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ King, Steve (1987-11-23). "Brother Twinriter 6 - Daisy Wheel Drives Us Dotty - A Little Slowly - Dual-Format Printer Saves Spaces, Sacrifies Draft Print Quality". Infoworld: 57–60. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ Shannon, L. R. (1987-08-25). "Peripherals; Finally, the Right Stuff". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
Jump up ^ Cromemco 3355A Printer Operator's Guide (PDF). Cromemco, Inc. March 1980. (Rebadged Model 550 Series Spinwriter)
Jump up ^ "NEC Printer Model Information". Retrieved 18 February 2009.
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