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Religion in Sweden
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Umeå City Church.
Religion in Sweden is diversified. Christianity was the religion of virtually all of the Swedish population from the 12th to the early 20th century, but it has rapidly declined throughout the late 20th and early 21st century. In 2015, legally registered Christians comprised 69.9% of the total population.[1][2]
Religions in Sweden (2015)[1][2]
Church of Sweden (63.2%)
Other protestants (3.8%)
Eastern Orthodox Churches (1.3%)
Catholic Church (1.2%)
Other Christian denominations (0.3%)
Islam (1.4%)
Other religions (0.3%)
Unaffiliated (28.4%)
The Lutheran Church of Sweden — which was the state religion until 2000 — has a registered membership of 6.1 million Swedish citizens, equal to 61.2% of the total population.[2] One reason for the high membership might be the fact that until 1996 all newborns with at least one parent being a member of the Church of Sweden were also registered as members of the church.[3] Yet the membership is declining rapidly, about 1% each year, falling from 95% in 1970 and 85% in 2000.
Prior to their Christianisation that became complete around the 12th century, the Swedes practised forms of Norse religion. At first they became part of the Catholic Church; then, from the 1530s, Sweden switched to Lutheranism as part of the Protestant Reformation which converted most of Germanic Europe; the Church of Sweden was formed and remained the official religion of the Christian state until the turn of the 21st century. The 21st century brought with itself a rapid decline of Christianity overall, the disestablishment of the Church of Sweden, and the modest growth of other religions, often brought by waves of immigration from outside the country. These last include Islam, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and other Eastern religions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Historical Norse religion
1.2 9th–12th century: Conversion to Catholicism
1.3 16th century: Protestant Reformation; conversion to Lutheranism
1.4 17th–18th century: Conversion of the Sami and freedom for Christian minorities
1.5 18th–19th century: Crackdown on Pietism and enforcement of Lutheranism
1.6 19th–20th century: Liberalisation of all religions
2 Demographics and legal frameworks
3 Religions
3.1 Buddhism
3.2 Christianity
3.2.1 Protestantism
3.2.1.1 Church of Sweden
3.2.1.2 Protestant free churches
3.2.2 Catholic Church
3.2.3 Jehovah's Witnesses
3.2.4 Orthodox Christianity
3.3 Germanic Heathenism
3.4 Islam
3.5 Judaism
4 Surveys
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
History[edit]
Historical Norse religion[edit]
Gamla Uppsala, the centre of worship in Sweden until the temple was destroyed in the late 11th century.
Before the 11th century, Swedes practised Norse religion, worshipping a variety of Germanic deities. An important religious centre was the Temple at Uppsala. The shape and location of this temple is sparsely documented, but it is referenced in the Norse sagas and Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum, and is also described by Adam of Bremen. It was probably destroyed by King Ingold I in 1087 during the last known battle between the pagans and the Christians.
While Norse religion was officially abandoned with the Christianization of Scandinavia, belief in many spirits of Norse mythology such as tomtar, trolls, elves and dwarves lived on for a long time in Scandinavian folklore.
9th–12th century: Conversion to Catholicism[edit]
The historical Vadstena Abbey of the Catholic order of the Bridgettines, founded by Bridget of Sweden.
Main article: Christianization of Sweden
The oldest evidence of Christian burial sites in Sweden are dated to the 6th century, but they are very few in number. The earliest documented campaign to Christianise the Swedes was made by the monk Ansgar (801–865). Making his first visit to Birka in 828–829, he was granted permission to build a church. In 831, he returned home and became Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, with responsibility for Christianity in the north. Around 850, he came back to Birka, where the original congregation had been shattered. Ansgar tried to reestablish it, but it only lasted a few years.
Christianity first gained a hold in Västergötland, probably due to mercantile ties to the Christian Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England. Remnants of a 9th-century church building has recently been excavated in Varnhem. The diocese of Skara, which is the oldest diocese in Sweden, emerged under the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, in the late 10th century. According to Adam of Bremen, the Christian king Olof Skötkonung, who ruled from c. 995 to c. 1022 was forced to limit Christian activities to the western province. When King Stenkil ascended to the throne in 1060 Christianity was firmly established throughout most of Sweden, although the people of Uppland, and probably Sodermanland, resisted the new religion.
The last king adhering to the old religion was Blot-Sweyn, who reigned 1084–1087. A handful of local saints (canonized on diocesan level before the centralized process became normative in 1170–1200), folk saints and clerics were allegedly martyred as late as the 1120s, most of them in Sodermanland and Uppland. Under the reign of Eric the Saint (1150–1160) Christianity became an ideological factor of the state, and the First Swedish Crusade took place; it was a military expedition aimed at converting the Finns to Christianity and conquering Finland as Swedish territory. (However, no archeological data or written sources seem to support the legend. The diocese and bishop of Finland are not listed among their Swedish counterparts before the 1250s). A national church of Sweden was not organized until 1164, when the first archbishop of Uppsala received his pallium from the archbishop of Lund.
Pre-Reformation Swedish Catholic religious leaders — including Bridget of Sweden, founder of the continuously functioning Catholic Vadstena Abbey — continue to be held in high regard by the population as a whole. Her nunnery at Vadstena is one of Sweden's pre-eminent tourist attractions.
16th century: Protestant Reformation; conversion to Lutheranism[edit]
Ruins of Alvastra Monastery in Ödeshög. Various ruined medieval Catholic monasteries such as this one stand as testimonies of the appropriation of Catholic properties by the Swedish state during the Protestant Reformation.
Main article: Swedish Reformation
Shortly after Gustav Vasa was elected king in 1523, he asked the Pope to confirm Johannes Magnus as Archbishop of Sweden, replacing Gustav Trolle, who had supported the Danish king Christian II and was convicted for treason. When the Pope refused, Gustav Vasa — he himself a proponent of a "Renaissance Biblical Humanism" — started to promote the Swedish Lutheran reformers Olaus, Laurentius Petri, and Laurentius Andreae. Gustav Trolle was eventually forced into exile, and soon all ecclesiastical property was transferred to the Crown. In 1531, Laurentius Petri was appointed by the Crown to become the first Lutheran primate of Sweden, and was ordained by five Catholic bishops without papal assent. The ties with Rome were irreversibly cut in 1536, when Canon Law was abolished.
Originally, no changes were made to official church doctrine, and the episcopal organization was retained. Gradually, in spite of popular protests against the introduction of "Luthery", teachings were aligned with continental Lutheranism. Calvinism was, otherwise, refuted as heresy at the synod of Stockholm in 1565. In order to appease the Holy See, king John III of Sweden, one of Gustav Vasa's sons, took measures to bring the Church of Sweden to a theological position influenced by George Cassander, but, in the heat of controversy, such a compromise position did not achieve its intent of reunion. However, after his death, his brother, Duke Charles, summoned the Uppsala Synod in 1593, which declared the Holy Scriptures the sole guideline for faith, with four documents accepted as faithful and authoritative explanations of it: the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, the Athanasian Creed, and the unaltered Augsburg Confession of 1530.[4] The Uppsala Synod also reinstated The Swedish Church Ordinance of 1572, which remained in use until 1686.
The move put Charles at odds with the heir to the throne, his nephew Sigismund, who was raised in the Catholic faith. Although Sigismund promised to uphold Lutheranism, Duke Charles's aspirations to power led to the War against Sigismund, a power struggle that was effectively decided at the Battle of Stångebro in 1598, in favour of Charles and Protestantism.
During the era following the Protestant Reformation, usually known as the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy, small groups of non-Lutherans, especially Calvinist Dutchmen, the Moravian Church and Walloons or French Huguenots from Belgium, played a significant role in trade and industry, and were quietly tolerated as long as they kept a low profile.
17th–18th century: Conversion of the Sami and freedom for Christian minorities[edit]
The Sami, who originally had their own shamanistic religion, were converted to Lutheranism by Swedish missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. Citizens of foreign nations, mainly Russians, were granted freedom to practice Eastern Orthodox Christianity since the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617. Anglican and Calvinist foreigners were granted freedom to practice their religions in Stockholm (1741) and Gothenburg (1747). Similar liberties were granted Catholics in 1781, and an apostolic vicar was sent to Sweden in 1783.
18th–19th century: Crackdown on Pietism and enforcement of Lutheranism[edit]
In order to curb Pietism several royal decrees and parliament acts were issued in the 18th century; they forbade Swedish citizens to practice any religion besides mandatory Lutheran Sunday mass and daily family devotions. Without the presence of a Lutheran clergyman public religious gatherings were forbidden. It remained illegal until 1860 for Lutheran Swedes to convert to another confession or religion.
19th–20th century: Liberalisation of all religions[edit]
In 1860 it became legal to leave the Church of Sweden for the purpose of becoming a member of another officially recognised religious denomination. From 1951, it became legal to leave the church, without providing any reason. From 1951 to 1977 all religious institutions could only be established with the permission of the Crown. This law was eventually abolished in 1977.
Demographics and legal frameworks[edit]
Church of Sweden members[5]
Year
Population
Church
members
Percentage
1972 8,146,000 7,754,784 95.2%
1980 8,278,000 7,690,636 92.9%
1990 8,573,000 7,630,350 89.0%
2000 8,880,000 7,360,825 82.9%
2005 9,048,000 6,967,498 77.0%
2006 9,119,000 6,893,901 75.6%
2007 9,179,000 6,820,161 74.3%
2008 9,262,000 6,751,952 72.9%
2009 9,340,682 6,664,064 71.3%
2010 9,415,570 6,589,769 70.0%
2011 9,482,855 6,519,889 68.8%
2012 9,555,893 6,446,729 67.5%
2013 9,644,864 6,357,508 65.9%
2014 9,747,355 6,292,264 64.6%
2015 9,850,452 6,225,091 63.2%
2016 9,995,153 6,116,480 61.2%[2]
A temple of Chinese Buddhism in Rosersberg, Stockholm.
Church of Scientology in Malmö.
The constitution of Sweden provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. The government at all levels seeks to protect this right in full and does not tolerate its abuse, either by governmental or private actors. The rights and freedoms enumerated in the constitution include the rights to practice one's religion and protection of religious freedom. The laws concerning religious freedoms are generally observed and enforced at all government levels and by the courts in a non-discriminatory fashion. Legal protections cover discrimination or persecution by private actors.[6]
In the early 2000s about 85% of Swedes still belonged to the Church of Sweden. By the end of 2016, this figure had fallen to 61.2%.[2] The percentage of Swedes belonging to the Church of Sweden is decreasing yearly by more than one percent. In the same year 2016, according to an online survey held among about 500 working-age, internet connected people in Sweden, only 24% of the participants claim to believe in Protestantism.[7] 45% of the participants claim not to have any religious or spiritual belief, of whom 33% are atheists and 13% are agnostics. 13% say that they hold spiritual beliefs but they are not religious. Immigration and conversion has brought into Sweden a variety of religions from the East, including Islam (3%) and Buddhism (1%), but also new populations of Catholics (4%), and Orthodox Christianity (3%).[7]
Eight recognized religious denominations, in addition to the Church of Sweden, raise revenues through member-contributions made through the national tax system. All recognized denominations are entitled to direct government financial support, contributions made through the national tax system, or a mix of both. Certain Christian holidays are national holidays. School students from minority religious backgrounds are entitled to take relevant religious holidays.[6] No recognition or registration is required to carry out religious activity. Religious groups that want to receive government aid may apply for it.[6]
Education about all major world religions is compulsory in public schools. Parents may send their children to religious charter schools, all of which receive school vouchers, provided they adhere to government guidelines on core academic curriculum.[6] The Office of the Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination investigates claims of discrimination "due to race, skin color, national or ethnic origin, or religion". Discrimination on religious grounds is illegal, including discrimination in the work place and in the provision of public and private services.[6]
Religions[edit]
Religion, formal affiliation (in 2015)[1]
Members
Percent
Christianity
6,886,501
69.9%
Church of Sweden[2] 6,225,091 63.2%
Orthodox Churches 140,275 1.4%
Uniting Church in Sweden 126,610 1.3%
Catholic Church 113,053 1.2%
Pentecostal congregations 106,819 1.1%
Evangelical Free Church 50,132 0.5%
Evangelical National Foundation 39,413 0.4%
Other Christians 53,048 0.5%
Jehovah's Witnesses[8] 22,430 0.2%
Mormons[9] 9,630 0.1%
Non-Christian religions
167,132
1.7%
Islam 139,759 1.4%
Judaism 8,302 0.1%
Buddhism 7,901 0.1%
Mandaeism 6,979 0.05%
Alevism 4,191 0.05%
No affiliation or other religions
2,796,819
28.4%
Total
9,850,452
100.0%
Buddhism[edit]
Main article: Buddhism in Sweden
Buddharama Temple in Torsby.
In 2014, there were 4,812 formal affiliated Buddhists in Sweden, comprising the 0.05% of the total population. A 2016 survey by Ipsos based on 500 working-age, internet connected Swedes, found that 1% of the respondents declared to be Buddhists.[7]
Christianity[edit]
Side view of Uppsala Cathedral, the headquarters of the Church of Sweden.
Catholic Church of Christ the King in Göteborg.
A Jehovah's kingdom hall in Kristinehamn.
In 2015 there were 6,886,501 formal affiliated Christians in Sweden, comprising 69.9% of the total population.[1][2][8]
Survey results are various, for example, according to a 2016 Ipsos survey, only 32% of the approximately 500 working-age, internet connected participants claimed to belong to Christianity, and among them 24% belong to Protestantism, 4% to Catholicism, 3% to Orthodox Christianity and 1% to the Jehovah's Witnesses.[7] Despite this, the Pew Research Center found in Spring 2016 that 66.7% out of a sample of 1,000 Swedes claimed to be Christians.[10]
Protestantism[edit]
As of 2015, 6,601,113 people, or 67% of the total population, were registered members of the various Protestant denominations in Sweden.[1][2]
Church of Sweden[edit]
Main article: Church of Sweden
The Church of Sweden (Swedish: Svenska kyrkan) is the largest Christian church in Sweden, and also the largest religious body. The church professes the Lutheran faith and is a member of the Porvoo Communion. As of 2016 it has 6,116,480 members as of 2016, 61.2% of the Swedish population,[2] although surveys show different figures, ranging from 24%[7] to 41%[11] to 52.1%.[10] Until 2000 it held the position of state religion, and most Swedes were baptised at birth. The number of both new baptisms and members has declined since. Indeed, according to official statistics, as of 2016:
About 4 out of 10 (44.1%) children are christened in the Church of Sweden.[12]
Just over 1 out of 3 (33.7%) weddings take place in church.[12]
About 3 out of 4 (74.3%) Swedes have Christian burials.[12]
The Church of Sweden, by law,[13] is organized in the following manner:
It is an Evangelical Lutheran community of faith manifested in parishes and dioceses. The church also has a national organisation.
It is an open national church which, working with a democratic organisation and through the ministry of the church, covers the whole nation.
The primate of the Church of Sweden is the Archbishop of Uppsala.
Protestant free churches[edit]
The 19th century saw the arrival of various evangelical free churches, and, towards the end of the century secularism, leading many to distance themselves from church rituals. Leaving the Church of Sweden became legal with the so-called Dissenter Law of 1860, but only under the provision of entering another denomination. The right to stand outside any religious denomination was established in the law on freedom of religion in 1951.
Today, the Swedish Free Church Council (Swedish: Sveriges Frikyrkosamråd) organizes free churches in Sweden, belonging to various Protestant denominations: Calvinist, Pentecostal, and others. In total the member churches have around 250,000 members. Baptists, Methodists and the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden merged in 2011 into a new denomination: the Uniting Church in Sweden. It is the largest member church in the Swedish Free Church Council, with approximately 65,000 members. One of the Baptist denominations, the Evangelical Free Church in Sweden, has remained an independent denomination outside this merger.
Catholic Church[edit]
Main article: Catholic Church in Sweden
Most Catholics in Sweden are of Slavic (especially Poles and Croats), South American or Middle Eastern (especially Assyrian) origin.
As of 2015, legally registered Catholics in Sweden were 113,053,[1] comprising 1.2% of the total population. According to Ipsos, in 2016 Catholic Church in Sweden account for 4% of the working-age, internet connected population,[7] while the Pew Research Center found a percentage of 1.2% in April 2016.[10]
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
According to the 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, there are 22,730 active members in Sweden, and 36,270 people attended their annual memorial of Christ's death. This number includes active members and guests.[14] As of 2016, 1% of the working-age, internet connected population of Sweden declared to be Jehovah's Witnesses.[7]
Orthodox Christianity[edit]
The Eastern Orthodox Church in Sweden are divided between several canonical jurisdictions (Greek, Russian, Serbian and others). The Serbian Orthodox Church has several parishes in Sweden, under jurisdiction of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia. The Church of the Goths has a presence in Gotland. As of 2015, legally registered Eastern Orthodox Christians were 140,275 and they were the second-largest Christian sect in Sweden, comprising the 1.4% of the total population. A 2016 survey found that 3% of the working-age, internet connected population of Sweden declared to be Orthodox Christians.[7]
Germanic Heathenism[edit]
Members of Forn Sed Sweden holding a sacrifice.
Main article: Heathenry (new religious movement)
Germanic Heathenry, the contemporary continuation of ancient Germanic religion, is represented by various organizations, including the Nordic Society of the Ese (Nordiska Asa-samfundet), the Swedish Forn Sed Assembly (Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige) and the Community for Nordic Faith (Samfälligheten för Nordisk Sed). The Nordic Society of the Ese, despite being the most recently founded amongst the three (it was founded in 2013), has quickly grown to become the largest Heathen organization in Sweden.[15]
Islam[edit]
Stockholm Mosque.
Main article: Islam in Sweden
Islam entered Sweden primarily through immigration from countries with large Muslim populations (such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, Iraq, Morocco, Iran, and Somalia ) in the late 20th century. The Baltic Tatars were the first Muslim group in modern Sweden.
In 2009 it was estimated that there were 450,000 to 500,000 Muslims in Sweden, around 5% of the total population,[16] while there were only 139,759 formal affiliated Muslims in 2015.[1] As of 2016, 3% of the working-age, internet connected population of Sweden claimed to be believers in Islam.[7]
Judaism[edit]
Malmö Synagogue.
Main article: History of the Jews in Sweden
The Official Council of Swedish Jewish Communities estimates about 20,000 ethnic Jews in Sweden by halakhic criteria.[17] Of them, about 8,302 were members of a Jewish religious congregation in 2015.[1]
Stockholm has the largest community and boasts a primary school, a kindergarten, a library, a bi-monthly publication (Judisk Krönika) and a weekly Jewish radio program. Other cities like Malmö, Gothenburg, Borås, Helsingborg, Lund, and Uppsala have Jewish communities as well. Synagogues can be found in Stockholm (which has two Orthodox and one Conservative synagogue), Göteborg (one Orthodox and one Conservative synagogue), Malmö (one Orthodox synagogue), and in Norrköping (although the Norrköping community is too small to perform regular services).
Surveys[edit]
Surveys often show contrasting figures.
In 2015 Eurobarometer found that Christianity was the religion for 47.6% of the respondents, with Protestantism being the main denomination with 36.5%, followed by other Christians with 8.6%, Catholics with 1.6% and Eastern Orthodox with 0.8%. 31.0% of the sample declared to be Agnostic and 19.0% declared to be atheist.[18]
In the same year, the International Social Survey Programme found that 71.6% of the Swedish population declared to belong to a Christian denomination, with Lutheranism being the largest denomination accounting for 66.3% of the respondents; Roman Catholicism was the second-largest sect accounting for 2.0% and Eastern Orthodoxy was the third with 1.1%; members of other Christian denominations comprised 2.2% of the total population. A further 26.6% declared to have no religion, 1.1% to be Muslim and 0.5% declared to belong to other religions.[19]
In 2016 in online multi-nation survey held by Ipsos, Christianity was the major religious group among approximately 500 working-age, internet connected Swedes, with 32% of the population declaring to be Christians, of whom 24% Protestants, 4% Catholics, 3% Orthodox Christians and 1% Jehovah's Witnesses.[7] At the same time, 45% of the respondents declared having no preference for any religion or spirituality, with 33% being atheists and 13% agnostics.[7]
In Spring 2016 the Pew Research Center held a survey based on a nationally representative sample of 1,000 people with more than 18 years, finding that 66.7% of the respondents declared to be Christians, of whom 53.1% Protestants, 1.2% Catholics, 0.7% Eastern Orthodox and 11.4% being simply Christians.[10]
See also[edit]
Christianization of Scandinavia
Bahá'í Faith in Sweden
Hinduism in Sweden
Religion in Europe
Religion by country
Demographics of atheism
Irreligion in Sweden
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Statistik 2015 - Myndigheten för stöd till trossamfund". www.sst.a.se (in Swedish). 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Svenska kyrkan i siffror". Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan).
Jump up ^ Wendy Sloane (1995-10-04). "Sweden Snaps Strong Ties Between Church and State". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
Jump up ^ N.F. Lutheran Cyclopedia, article, "Upsala, Diet of", New York: Schrivner, 1899. p. 528–29.
Jump up ^ "Svenska kyrkans medlemsutveckling år 1972-2012". Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Sweden". U.S. Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. October 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Religion, Ipsos Global Trends". Ipsos. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. See also About Ipsos Global Trends survey for limitations of this survey
^ Jump up to: a b "Sweden: How Many Jehovah's Witnesses Are There?". JW.ORG. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
Jump up ^ "LDS Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership". www.mormonnewsroom.org. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Spring 2016 Survey Data | Pew Research Center". www.pewglobal.org. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Discrimination in the EU in 2012 – Special Eurobarometer 393 (The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?")" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Döpta, konfirmerade, vigda och begravda enligt Svenska kyrkans ordning år 1970-2016". Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan).
Jump up ^ "SFS 1998:1591", Riksdagen
Jump up ^ 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. JW.org. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jacob Zetterman. "Asatron frodas i en nationalistisk miljö". Dagen, 18 November 2016.
Jump up ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2009 : Sweden, U.S. Department Of State.
Jump up ^ "Antal judar". Judiska Centralrådet (in Swedish).
Jump up ^ "DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015", Special Eurobarometer, 437, European Union: European Commission, 2015, retrieved 15 October 2017 – via GESIS
Jump up ^ "Country specific religious affiliation or denomination: Sweden - weighted". International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations IV - ISSP 2015. 2015 – via GESIS.
External links[edit]
Media related to Religion in Sweden at Wikimedia Commons
Eurel: sociological and legal data on religions in Europe
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