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List of Ben 10: Ultimate Alien episodes
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This is a list of episodes in the American animated television series Ben 10: Ultimate Alien.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2010)
2.2 Season 2 (2011)
2.3 Season 3 (2011–12)
2.4 Special (2011)
3 DVD releases
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 20 April 23, 2010 (2010-04-23) December 10, 2010 (2010-12-10)
2 12 February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04) April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29)
3 20 September 16, 2011 (2011-09-16) March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31)
Special November 25, 2011 (2011-11-25)
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2010)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
1
1 "Fame" Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie April 23, 2010 (2010-04-23) 101
Ben's secret identity is revealed to the entire world, and he is now a superhero loved everywhere by kids and teenagers, but distrusted by many adults. Kevin and Gwen find out who revealed Ben's secret and where he lives, and the three go to "pay him a visit". The informant turns out to be a young boy named Jimmy Jones, who has followed Ben's exploits ever since he was ten-years old. With Jimmy's help, Ben and company discover a series of alien attacks in Florida. The unknown alien steals a nuclear device from a prototype interstellar rocket. They follow the alien to his ship, which he intends to launch using the nuke, which would destroy central Florida. Ben fights him as Spider-monkey, but proves to be too strong for him, so Ben turns into Ultimate Spidermonkey, with the Ultimatrix, defeating the alien with ease. Once defeated, the alien, Bivalvan, reveals he is from the Andromeda Galaxy who was kidnapped by an alien named Aggregor. He is left restrained, with assurance that the Plumbers will be along to bring him back home. Ben reluctantly returns to school with some encouragement from Julie. The students greet him with applause, including his old bullies Cash and JT. Meanwhile, Bivalvan is found and recaptured by Aggregor.
Omnitrix alien debuts: Wildmutt (10-year-old, Ultimate Alien debut)
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Swampfire (Ultimate Alien debut), Brainstorm (Ultimate Alien debut), Echo Echo (Ultimate Alien debut), Jetray (Ultimate Alien debut), Cannonbolt (Ultimate Alien debut), Big Chill (Ultimate Alien debut), Chromastone (Ultimate Alien debut), Humungousaur (Ultimate Alien debut), Goop (Ultimate Alien debut), Spidermonkey (Ultimate Alien debut), Rath (Ultimate Alien debut), Ultimate Spidermonkey (official debut)
2
2 "Duped" Butch Lukic Len Uhley April 30, 2010 (2010-04-30) 102
After trashing a Plasma Beam Tank belonging to the Forever Knights, Ben decides he needs to be in three places at once: 1) go to Julie's tennis game, 2) He has to fight the Forever Knights with Kevin, and 3) see the Sumo Slammers 3D movie. Using Echo Echo, he divides himself into three copies and transforms back into human form, creating three of himself. However, each is one part of his personality: one is logical, one is sensitive, and one is immature and insensitive. The sensitive Ben goes with Kevin to the museum, the insensitive Ben stays to watch Julie's match, and the logical Ben goes to see Sumo Slammers. Insensitive Ben proceeds to embarrass Julie while sensitive Ben cannot properly fight. When the Forever Knights steal a Aztec Battle Armor, Ben calls in his other selves for assistance, only to quickly realize that none of them are good fighters alone. He recombines into one and uses Lodestar to separate the armor, destroying it. Ben tries to apologize to Julie, which she almost accepts, until he admits he already went to see the Sumo Slammers movie when she suggests they go see it. Furious with Ben, Julie storms off with Gwen and Kevin right behind her leaving him alone to repent for what he has done in order to gain back their trust.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Upchuck (Ultimate Alien debut), Lodestar (Ultimate Alien debut)
3
3 "Hit 'Em Where They Live" Matt Youngberg Len Wein May 7, 2010 (2010-05-07) 103
Ben's enemies are targeting his parents now that he's famous. Max, unable to deal with them alone following a fight with Sevenseven, has to enlist Ben's aid. Vulkanus, Charmcaster, and Zombozo try to attack Ben's dad, Carl, but Ben, Gwen, and Kevin intercept them. Realizing that, as a team, Ben and his friends are too strong to beat, Zombozo decides to "divide and conquer". He kidnaps Ben's mother, Sandra, knocking out Gwen who tried to protect her, and hides her in a carnival to lure the team out and separate them, but Ben and Kevin manage to beat Vulkanus and Charmcaster respectively, with Ben using Ultimate Big Chill. Gwen is left to fight Zombozo, and briefly uses her Anodite form to intimidate him into leaving the Tennyson family alone and to spread the word to every other villain.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ultimate Big Chill (official debut)
4
4 "Video Games" Dan Riba Eugene Son May 14, 2010 (2010-05-14) 104
While Gwen and Kevin are fighting each other about bad driving teaching of Kevin, Ben's celebrity status lands him in a starring role in a video game. Using motion capture technology, they record the moves of his various alien forms to integrate them into the game. In reality, however, the video game offer is a ruse by TV reporter Will Harangue and his assistant Oliver as part of his plan to create a robot to defeat Ben. After defeating Ben twice and trashing his reputation, Harangue challenges Ben to a final showdown on live TV. Unable to defeat the robot conventionally, Ben realizes what Harangue has done and uses Nanomech, the one alien he couldn't get data on, to destroy the robot from within.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Four Arms (16-year-old, Ultimate Alien debut), Nanomech (Ultimate Alien debut), Way Big (Ultimate Alien debut)
5
5 "Escape from Aggregor" Butch Lukic Charlotte Fullerton May 21, 2010 (2010-05-21) 105
A turtle-like alien is causing a rampage in Bellwood. After managing to draw Ben out, who uses Ultimate Big Chill against him, and once Gwen convinces them to use the translators in their badges, he explains that he determined this to be the easiest method of finding Ben. The alien, named Galapagus, tells of how he escaped from Aggregor alongside four other abducted aliens: Bivalvan, P'andor, Andreas and Ra'ad. Aggregor had taken them each from their own home worlds in a plot to permanently absorb all of their unique abilities. Though the aliens escaped from Aggregor's spaceship, they crash-landed on Earth. After Ben's Ultimatrix scans Galapagus' DNA, he arranges for the Plumbers to get Galapagus back to his home planet. Unfortunately for Galapagus, Aggregor was impersonating the Plumber, and recaptures him.
6
6 "Too Hot to Handle" Matt Youngberg Marty Isenberg May 28, 2010 (2010-05-28) 106
P'andor (one of the aliens who were captured by Aggregor) offers a huge cash reward to anyone who can break him out of his containment suit. Kevin decides to take the job, only to back out upon learning that P'andor is highly radioactive. Ben tries to stop them as Ultimate Humuongosaur, but he manages to escape. Since Kevin has the ability to open the suit using his Osmosian powers to absorb Taedenite, P'andor tricks him into cutting it open. Free from his containment, P'andor begins feeding on all the energy he can find, making his way to a nuclear power plant. Ben uses Ultimate Cannonbolt and with Kevin's help is able to trap P'andor back inside his suit, and deliver him to a pair of Plumbers who offer to take him back to his home world. Unfortunately, Aggregor intercepts the Plumbers' ship in space and recaptures P'andor.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ultimate Humungousaur (Ultimate Alien debut), Water Hazard (official debut), Ultimate Cannonbolt (official debut)
7
7 "Andreas' Fault" Dan Riba Ernie Altbacker and Jim Krieg June 4, 2010 (2010-06-04) 107
When Ben, Kevin, and Gwen investigate an odd string of thefts by the Forever Knights, they learn that Argit is using Andreas (one of the aliens who were captured by Aggregor) to frighten the Forever Knights into making him their leader. Argit's plans go bad when the Forever Knights eventually revolt (under Sir Dagonet), and throw him into a dungeon with Ben and the others. When they discover that the Knights plan to execute Andreas, they break out and save him. As a last act of spite, Sir Dagonet sets a bomb that will destroy everything within five miles. Andreas sacrifices himself to absorb the force of the explosion. Although Ben and company believe him to be dead, Andreas survives and was recaptured by Aggregor.
8
8 "Fused" Butch Lukic Len Uhley June 11, 2010 (2010-06-11) 108
After ambushing Ben at his house, Ra'ad (one of the aliens who were captured by Aggregor) after a short fight is thrown into a pool by Jetray. Electrocuted, he awakes in Los Selodad and blames Ben for letting Aggregor recapture the other four aliens. Aggregor has been tracking them through the Ultimatrix as a homing beacon each time it scans one of them. While trying to resist being scanned by the Ultimatrix, Ra'ad causes it to malfunction, trapping both his and Ben's consciousnesses in the same body and turning off the Ultimatrix. When Aggregor comes to capture Ra'ad, Gwen uses a nonverbal teleportation spell after a brief fight. Despite Ra'ad's protests, Gwen and Kevin reactivate the Ultimatrix, and separate them. In doing so, they alert Aggregor to their location. Ra'ad flees, leaving the others to be wiped out by the Osmosian. After Kevin scolds Ra'ad for his cowardice, he decides to surrender himself to save Ben, and is recaptured by Aggregor. After the battle, Ben swears that he will do whatever it takes to save the captured aliens.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ampfibian (official debut)
9
9 "Hero Time" Matt Youngberg Steven Barnes June 18, 2010 (2010-06-18) 109
Ben saves actress Jennifer Nocturne from a group of thugs and she is immediately smitten with him, much to Julie's chagrin. However, Ben's only interest is in Captain Nemesis, Ben's hero, who shows up moments after Ben defeats the thugs. Nemesis was actually responsible for hiring the thugs, having hoped to boost publicity by rescuing Jennifer. He tries again by releasing a group of dangerous robots led by Computron, only to be upstaged by Ben. After Ben casually comments on having defeated more of the robots than Nemesis, Will Harangue twists his comments into doubts about Nemesis' abilities. Nemesis decides to hold a friendly test of skill between them, and Ben again comes out on top. Finally pushed to the edge, he captures Julie and Jennifer, daring Ben to try and save them. Ben rescues Julie and they get back together again, while leaving Jennifer to Kevin and Gwen, then defeats Nemesis (now calling himself Overlord). Overlord is arrested, while Gwen is quick to discourage Jennifer from getting close to her most recent male rescuer. Will Harangue reports about Captain Nemesis' actions stating that a good man did bad things in order to stop "the menace that is Ben Tennyson."
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Armodrillo (official debut)
10
10 "Ultimate Aggregor" Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie October 10, 2010 (2010-10-10) 110
With all five aliens in his possession, Aggregor tries to return to his home world, Osmos 5, to absorb all of their abilities. But a Plumber ambush damages his ship, so he instead heads for Los Soledad in order to use Paradox's time machine as an alternate power source. Despite Ben, Kevin, Gwen, and Grandpa Max's best efforts, Aggregor succeeds in absorbing the aliens' forms and powers, turning himself into an unstoppable amalgam of the quintet: Ultimate Aggregor.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ultimate Swampfire (Ultimate Alien debut)
11
11 "Map of Infinity" Butch Lukic Dwayne McDuffie October 10, 2010 (2010-10-10) 111
With his new powers, Aggregor easily defeats Ben and his friends. Azmuth tells Ben that Aggregor intends to steal the Map of Infinity, a complete map of the entire universe. With it, he'll be able to find the Forge of Creation, the birthplace of the universe. He further explains that Aggregor stole the five aliens' powers to protect him from the traps guarding the map, which was split into four pieces by Professor Paradox. In order to keep him from assembling the map, the team tries to take the first piece of the Map of Infinity first, which is at Mykdl'dy (A Necrofriggian (Big Chill's species) colony world made entirely of fire and ice. After a battle with the Necrofriggian guards, they go through the temple that houses the piece, getting past the traps, but are unable to retrieve the piece after Ben (as Fourarms) and Kevin are holding a door up, and Gwen is knocked out by a poison spike. Aggregor appears and thanks them for disabling the traps for him, and in a boost of anger, Ben holds the door himself, allowing them to escape.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ultimate Echo Echo (official debut)
12
12 "Reflected Glory" Matt Youngberg Peter David October 15, 2010 (2010-10-15) 112
Ben's childhood bullies, Cash and J.T. start a TV show with Oliver (who was fired by Will Harangue after what happened in "Video Games") as their cameraman, in which they claim to be the brains behind Ben's success as a hero. Ben, Gwen, and Kevin agree to play along after a sob story from the duo. Monitoring the broadcast, Vilgax's former assistant Psyphon is convinced the boys are responsible for his master's defeat and decides to kill them. During a mission to recover a Power Decoupler from the Forever Knights, Psyphon attacks, having augmented his abilities with Vilgax's technology and unleashes some R.E.D.s (Robotic Extermination Devices). Cash and JT are forced to admit their duplicity on camera to save themselves, so Psyphon turns his attention back to Ben. Ben cannot overcome him, even as Ultimate Spidermonkey, so Cash gets the idea to use the Power Decoupler on Psyphon, draining his power. Ben then knocks him out. Unfortunately for the duo, their act of heroism goes unnoticed, the weapon having knocked out the camera before firing, and their earlier confession has alienated their fanbase. Oliver leaves telling the boys that the show is over.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Terraspin (official debut)
13
13 "Deep" Dan Riba Marty Isenberg October 22, 2010 (2010-10-22) 113
Ben, Gwen, and Kevin travel to the water world of Pisces (Ripjaws' home planet) after finding out that Aggregor is on the planet. Aided by Magister Pyke, they travel to the planet's core, which contains a gravitational multiplier holding the water planet together. Aggregor steals the device, which is actually a disguised piece of the Map of Infinity, and escapes, causing the inhabitants to mistake Ben, Gwen, and Kevin as the thieves. To save the planet from floating into space, Ben transforms into Goop and uses his Anti-Gravity Multiplier as a replacement. Goop is atomized into the water of the planet, allowing him to draw all the lost water back in. With Pisces back to normal and their ship repaired, Ben, Gwen, and Kevin return to Earth.
14
14 "Where the Magic Happens" Butch Lukic Matt Wayne October 29, 2010 (2010-10-29) 114
Gwen, Ben, and Kevin follow Aggregor into a mystical inter-dimension full magic and mana called Legerdomain with the help of Charmcaster, who was born there. They believe Aggregor's target to be the Alpha Rune worn by Addwaitya, ruler of Legerdomain, which they suspect is a disguised piece of the Map of Infinity. Gwen and Charmcaster work together several times, and the two develop a bond that seems to lead to Charmcaster changing her ways. While the group tries to steal the Alpha Rune, Aggregor uses the distraction to knock Addwaitya out and take it himself. Gwen, Ben, and Kevin escape Legerdomain with Charmcaster's help, but Charmcaster stays behind to free Legerdomain and her people from Addwaitya's rule. Ben promises Gwen that they will find a way to return and help Charmcaster after Aggregor is defeated.
15
15 "Perplexahedron" Matt Youngberg Brian Swenlin November 5, 2010 (2010-11-05) 115
Azmuth was upset at Ben's failure to protect the first three pieces of the Map of Infinity, teleports Ben, Gwen, and Kevin to the fourth piece's location: a deadly artificial planet known as Perplexhahedron, created by Professor Paradox to destroy anyone who enters it. Ben, Gwen, and Kevin manage to fight their way through the traps. They are separated, and Gwen encounters Aggregor, but he simply ignores and leaves her in a freezing room. After that, Ben and Kevin accidentally find her there, then Gwen and Kevin kiss. They reach the Sentinel, who gives them the final piece. When the piece is taken, the whole planet starts to fall apart. The Sentinel stays behind, content that he has fulfilled his purpose in life, but Ben insists on rescuing him. However, Aggregor has found the Sentinel by the time Ben returns, and in the ensuing battle manages to take the final piece of the map from Ben, because he carried it back with him and dropped it. After getting back to the ship, the Sentinel, dismayed that his life amounted to nothing, vanishes into thin air. Though they've lost the battle, Kevin assures Ben that the war isn't over.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ripjaws (Ultimate Alien debut)
16
16 "The Forge of Creation" Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie November 12, 2010 (2010-11-12) 116
Azmuth is still upset with Ben, Gwen, and Kevin for letting Aggregor get all of the four pieces of the Map of Infinity. Ben resolves to become Alien X to get Bellicus and Serena to cooperate. When this fails, Paradox arrives and changes Alien X back to Ben. After a brief argument, Paradox and Azmuth explain that the Forge of Creation is where all Celestialsapiens (Alien X's race) are born, and Aggregor hopes to absorb the powers and abilities of a newborn Celestialsapien and become omnipotent. Paradox takes them to the Forge of Creation, where an accident pulls Ben's ten-year-old self out of the timestream. After a few difficulties, past-Ben teams up with his future self to stop Aggregor. As they make their way through the Forge, they discover many Celestialsapiens in debate with themselves, and eventually a Celestialsapien egg. Aggregor reaches the egg at the same time the group does and takes everyone out with ease. In a last-ditch effort, Kevin absorbs energy from present-Ben's Ultimatrix, but the process drives him insane once again. He is now mutated like his old self, but has the new aliens instead of the old ones, becoming Ultimate Kevin. Kevin easily defeats Aggregor before absorbing his stolen power and attempting to kill him, only to be met with opposition from Gwen and both Bens. Past-Ben manages to get through to Kevin, who spares Aggregor's life before flying away, claiming he will not be so merciful next time. Paradox arrives at that moment to take them home before the other Celestialsapiens wake up, since he is not supposed to be near them, and return past-Ben to his own time period. Paradox claims that past-Ben will dismiss the entire experience as a dream while present-day Ben resolves to stop Kevin.
Omnitrix alien debuts: Heatblast (10-year-old, Ultimate Alien debut), Four Arms (10-year-old), Stinkfly (Ultimate Alien debut)
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Alien X (Ultimate Alien debut), NRG (official debut)
17
17 "...Nor Iron Bars a Cage" Butch Lukic Len Wein November 19, 2010 (2010-11-19) 117
With Kevin having absorbed the Ultimatrix's aliens and gone back to his insane state, he returns back to the Null Void prison, Incarcecon. Ben and Gwen, searching for answers, realize they have to go to Incarcecon in an attempt to stop Kevin from killing the warden, Morgg. There are also flashbacks that Kevin has, how he left his first mutation and started to absorb solid matter both with the help of a fellow inmate named Kwarrel, and showed how he escaped from the prison, with Kwarrel sacrificing himself to Morgg in the process. Ben and Gwen soon realize that Morgg is forcing the prisoners to mine a blue substance which is sold as a hallucinogenic drug. Kevin manages to catch up with Morgg to exact his revenge, dropping him in an elevator and cutting the line. Gwen saves him and take him into custody, but by the time they hit surface, the prison is in ruins. Kevin fled the prison, and Ben thinks that Kevin may have to be put down, much to Gwen's shock and horror.
18
18 "The Enemy of My Enemy" Matt Youngberg Len Uhley December 3, 2010 (2010-12-03) 118
Argit travels to Earth to borrow supplies from Kevin for a scam, where he discovers Kevin's condition and is nearly killed by the insane and vengeful Ultimate Kevin. Ben and Gwen send Argit to the Plumber's Academy to protect him from Kevin. While there Argit meets up with the Vreedle brothers (this particular set is training to be Plumbers to avoid being assassinated by their father again), where he explains that their father sent him there to rig their grades.
Kevin then goes to the Plumber's Academy to kill Argit. Ben battles Kevin but cannot defeat him. Rhomboid then launches a nuclear fission bomb, which will destroy the Academy and everyone in it, but Ben uses Ultimate Echo-Echo to destroy the bomb. Kevin attacks Argit and seemingly kills him. When Gwen tries to stop Kevin, he attacks her, but does not kill her because of what she used to mean to him, suggesting there is hope for him still. After Kevin leaves, Ben reveals Argit is simply pretending to be dead (as his species can temporarily stop their pulse) and Argit is arrested by the Vreedle Brothers by the order of Magister Colonach.
19
19 "Absolute Power, Part One" Dan Riba Charlotte Fullerton December 10, 2010 (2010-12-10) 119
After Kevin absorbs the powers and abilities of Alan, Helen, Manny, Pierce, and Dr. Viktor, Ben and Gwen argue about the best way to deal with him. Ben decides to kill him, while Gwen argues that Kevin can still be saved. The argument escalates into a heated battle between the two first-cousins, which Ben wins as Way Big using an incredibly strong and powerful cosmic ray attack. He then starts looking for Kevin, attacking anyone who has ever had any criminal connections with him, including the Forever Knights and Vulkanus. Gwen, looking for an alternative, tracks down Darkstar. She convinces Darkstar to help Kevin, and in return, she gives him enough mana to retain his normal appearance for one year. Together with a newly matured Cooper, Darkstar devises a plan to save Kevin using a fragment of the Dominus Librium. He and Cooper build a machine in Los Soledad, using the left over pieces of both Aggregor's matter energy converting device, and Professor Paradox's time machine, to strengthen and amplify the piece's energy-draining abilities, thus restoring Kevin's sanity. Darkstar also devises a plan to have Kevin absorb a fraction of Gwen's magical and Anodite abilities so that he will hunt her for more.
20
20 "Absolute Power, Part Two" Butch Lukic Dwayne McDuffie December 10, 2010 (2010-12-10) 120
The first part of the plan is a success, but Cooper and Darkstar need more time to finish the machine, so Ben recruits his remaining allies, Grandpa Max, Julie, and Ship, to help hold him off. After a long standoff, Ben is able to use Ultimate Echo Echo to finally subdue Kevin and hook him into the completed machine. The machine restores an exhausted Kevin to normal. Suddenly, Darkstar uses the machine to drain the powers and abilities from Kevin into himself, glowing with almightly god-like power. Predicting this outcome in advance, Ben hits a kill switch on the machine that takes all the stolen powers from Darkstar, and gives them back to their rightful owners, in the process of returning Bivalvan, Galapagus, P'andor, Andreas, and Ra'ad to life. Ra'ad thanks them. Kevin and Gwen kiss. Then Kevin apologizes to Ben for his actions, and offers him a ride to Mr. Smoothie's to get a smoothie.
Season 2 (2011)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
21
1 "The Transmogrification of Eunice" Matt Youngberg Eugene Son February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04) 201
Ben, Gwen, and Kevin go out into the wilderness for a camping trip. During a car race between Ben and Kevin, a strange pod falls from space. While trying to open the pod, Gwen cuts her hand on it. The pod then opens to reveal a beautiful, dark green-eyed, blonde-haired girl. Gwen gives the girl some of her spare clothes and the girl reveals her name to be Eunice, though she doesn't remember anything else. As the camping trip continues Eunice is revealed to have a strange connection to nature and Ben begins to develop romantic feelings for Eunice.
Sunder then arrives on Earth on a mission to find Eunice. While Ben tries to take Eunice to see the ravine, Sunder appears and Ben and Eunice are separated. Ben, Gwen, and Kevin find Eunice at the ravine where Sunder activates a button on her neck, which turns her into a cylinder-like device (presumably an Omnitrix core). Ben stops Sunder from escaping with Eunice and Kevin returns Eunice back to her human form. As Eunice interrogates Sunder about her past, Azmuth appears and tells them that Eunice is actually one of his earlier prototypes of the Omnitrix, known as the Unitrix,(Uni as in one as opposed to Omni as in all.) and when Gwen had electrocuted her hand on the pod, the Unitrix absorbed her human DNA, creating Eunice, and that Sunder was freed from the Null Void by him to retrieve the Unitrix for him. Ben convinces Azmuth to not put Eunice into storage but to instead put her on Primus. Before leaving, Eunice gives Ben a blue-violet flower as a token of her intense romantic affections, and for him to remember her by.
22
2 "Eye of the Beholder" Dan Riba Len Uhley February 11, 2011 (2011-02-11) 202
Baz-El is on a distant planet where he is stealing some valuable gems from some temple statues. Later, the temple guardian worshippers attack Baz-El. Ship suddenly hears Baz-El's cries for help, and leaves Julie to help his old owner. Julie ask Ben for help to locate Ship, who left to help Baz-El. However, their break-up makes things difficult, but Gwen and Kevin agree to help Julie. Ben realizes his mistake, so he transforms into Jetray and flies into space to chase after the Mecha-Vehicle. Gwen, Kevin, and Julie find Ship. Ship refuses to go back to Earth without saving Baz-El first. Ben arrives on the planet. Kevin tells Ben that the reason Julie broke up with him was because he was being a jerk.
Soon they reach Baz-El, who is still being tortured by the one-eyed aliens to reveal the location of their precious artifact, the Occulent. The Sentinels, the statues, awaken and attack Ben and others for the Occulent. But it is revealed that Baz-El had eaten the Occulent, so Julie gives it back to the Sentinel and they go back to their stationary positions. Julie then gives Ship to Baz-El, saying that Ship would be happier with him. However, Ship decides to remain with Julie. Ben apologizes to Julie for being such a jerk and promises to make it up to Julie by trying to be a better boyfriend, which makes her happy again.
23
3 "Viktor: The Spoils" Butch Lukic Kevin Grevioux February 18, 2011 (2011-02-18) 203
Zarcovia's soldiers has found the frozen body of Dr. Viktor (after the events of Absolute Power, where Ultimate Kevin attacked and absorbed his abilities). Prince Gyula and King Xarion want to see this weapon, Gyula wants to control Dr. Viktor to use him against rebels in their civil war, but Xarion tells him not to, King Xarion asks for help from Ben, Gwen, and Kevin and explains what Gyula is trying to accomplish. When they find Dr. Viktor's corpse, they are found by Gyula's soldiers, while fighting them, Dr. Viktor's ice block begins to melt and he breaks free, Gyula reveals that Dr. Viktor is under his control. Dr. Viktor defeats Ben, Gwen and Kevin and imprison them, along with King Xarion.
Gwen manages to free Xarion, but he takes an unconscious Ben for his own plans. He conducts an experiment on Ben using AmpFibian's electrical abilities, Dr. Viktor, and himself, but Prince Gyula interferes in order to stop Xarion from taking control of Dr. Viktor. Unfortunately, King Xarion's subconscious mind has been transferred to Dr. Viktor's body King Xarion, now calling himself King Viktor, starts hurting Prince Gyula. He releases Gyula as a last act of mercy, starts attacking the rebels, and is defeated by Heatblast, Gwen and Kevin. Gyula and his soldiers try to take King Viktor back, but Ben takes Gyula's device that controls his soldiers and sets them free. King Viktor swears to Ben to take revenge.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Wildmutt (16-year-old), Heatblast (16-year-old)
24
4 "The Big Story" Matt Youngberg Ernie Altbacker and Jim Krieg March 4, 2011 (2011-03-04) 204
Jimmy Jones sees a meteor falling in a cave. He goes in the cave and an alien plant attacks him. He tells Ben and his team about it, but only Ben believes him. They go in the cave but, the plant isn't there. Jimmy offers some peanuts to Ben, but he says that he is allergic. The next day, Jimmy sees Ben going into the cave and talking to the plant. He takes a photo of that, but the photo isn't good, so Gwen doesn't believe him. Later, Jimmy goes to the supermarket and Ben, as Humongousaur, attacks him. Jimmy takes his bicycle and runs, but Ben becomes Cannonbolt and hunts him down. Jimmy goes to Gwen and Kevin and they all go to the cave. In the entrance of the cave they catch Jimmy and they take him to the plant.
Jimmy finds that Gwen, Kevin, and Ben are clones made by the plant. Jimmy remembers Ben's false allergies to peanuts and he throws his peanuts on the cages that the real Ben, Gwen and Kevin are in. Ben takes the Ultimatrix from his clone then he becomes Ultimate Swampfire and he destroys the Plant. After that, Gwen tells to Jimmy that they will take him more seriously next time.
25
5 "Girl Trouble" Dan Riba Eugene Son March 11, 2011 (2011-03-11) 205
The team goes to Gwen's house to find a solution to defeat Computron's minions from Dimension 12. When they go to Gwen's room, they find a dark-hair girl. Gwen's mother, Natalie, tells them that it's Sunny, Gwen's naughty cousin. They try to leave the house, but Gwen's mom insists they take Sunny with them. The team takes Sunny to the mission but, they left her in Kevin's car. They go to fight the robots. Ben becomes Four Arms. Sunny gets bored in the car, and she follows them. She destroys the robots with ease. Sunny is very happy, but the team is looking at her strangely. Gwen tells her mother that Sunny is an Anodite, much to her surprise and disgust.
Then, a big monster knocks on the door. It is Antonio, Sunny's love-struck boyfriend. Gwen tries to stop Sunny from going with him, but fails. The team goes to defeat the robots, which have returned. During the fight, Sunny comes to have fun and she defeats some of the robots. When Gwen tells Sunny that her parents don't want her dating Antonio, Sunny sheds her human disguise and a fight ensues. Ben becomes Ultimate Humongousaur and defeats Antonio. Sunny proves to be far much stronger than Gwen, as she managed to immobilize Gwen with her long flowing tendrils of whitish-magenta hair easily. Gwensummons Grandma Verdona through a mystical manna field, who comes and takes Sunny and Antonio back to Anodyne so that their parents can deal with them themselves.
26
6 "Revenge of the Swarm" Butch Lukic Stan Berkowitz March 18, 2011 (2011-03-18) 206
Taking place one whole year after the events of the "Alien Swarm" movie, Victor Validus attacks Ben at night but when he defends himself, he finds a Nanochip that was believed to have been destroyed along with its Queen. Ben, Kevin and Gwen find his daughter, Elena Validus, to see what is going on.
27
7 "The Creature from Beyond" Dan Riba Len Uhley March 25, 2011 (2011-03-25) 207
An old man named George watches TV. In fact, he is actually watching some Forever Knights live. The group of Forever Knights that he is watching tries to break an ancient seal. The Knights headed up by Sir Reginald knew that behind that seal was the secret of the First Forever Knight, and possibly a cache of alien tech. A squire named Winston tries to tell Sir Reginald that this is a bad idea, but they ignore him and continue to break the seal. A bright light suddenly shone from the cracks in the seal. Old Man George runs away from the TV and leaves his home. The team goes to the place that the Knights were and encounter another Forever Knights group led by Sir Cyrus (who claims that his group is much different from the Forever Knights led by Patrick, Urian and Driscoll). Gwen finds that a monster was sealed there.
They find the monster which is a Limax-like medium-sized monster. The monster touches Gwen's head and Gwen enters its mind. A few minutes later, she goes in her mind again. Kevin in his metal form also has his head touched but it has no effect on him. At the end of the fight, the monster kidnaps Winston. Gwen learns that the monster is a Lucubra, a monster from another dimension. They find the Lucubra again, but they don't let Gwen join in the fight unless they need her (due to the mental after-effects the monster has on her). They go in, Ben becomes Armodrillo and the Lucubra attacks them. Just when Gwen is about to go in, Sir Cyrus with his group appears. They go in, Ben becomes NRG, and when Lucubra tried to attack his head the team discovers that metal is immune to the Lucubra's mind control. NRG opens a big hole and Gwen casts a strong nonverbal spell to seal the Lucubra inside its own dimension. In the end, Old George goes to the door and discovers that the creature is not inside.
28
8 "Basic Training" Butch Lukic Adam Beechen April 1, 2011 (2011-04-01) 208
When Ben, Gwen, and Kevin battle Trombipular, an elephant-like alien, they are summoned to Plumbers Academy to go under training. They create a good friendship with an alien named Tack and Ben dislikes the drill instructor, Magister Hulca, that is being targeted for revenge by a menacing Tetramand.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Fasttrack (official debut), Diamondhead (Ultimate Alien debut)
29
9 "It's Not Easy Being Gwen" Matt Youngberg Matt Wayne April 8, 2011 (2011-04-08) 209
Gwen must juggle things around, in which she has to help Ben and Kevin recapture Dr. Animo, fill out invitations for her mother Natalie's family reunion, help Kevin get into school, finish exams, and go to her best friend Emily's piano performance...all in one day.
30
10 "Ben 10,000 Returns" Matt Youngberg Dwayne McDuffie April 15, 2011 (2011-04-15) 210
Following a visit from Paradox after a fight with Eon, Ben 10,000 arrives twenty years from the future to seek the aid of his sixteen-year-old past counterpart in tracking down Eon. It is revealed that Eon is actually an adult Ben from an alternate world, and that he wanted to destroy all of the other Bens to become the one and only Ben Tennyson. It was also revealed that the ten-year old Ben in "Ben 10: Race Against Time" is an alternate Ben as well, and not the Ben in "Ben 10: Ultimate Alien". Plus, the Ben 10,000 that Gwen and Ben met when they were ten isn't the same Ben 10,000 they meet in the episode. This thirty-six-year-old Ben 10,000 is actually the current Ben; two decades later.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Arctiguana (Ultimate Alien debut), Clockwork (official debut), XLR8 (Ultimate Alien debut)
31
11 "Moonstruck" Butch Lukic Len Uhley April 22, 2011 (2011-04-22) 211
In flashbacks, Max tells the astounding story to Kevin, Gwen, and Ben of how he had met and fallen head-over-heels for a supremely powerful female Anodite alien when he was but seventeen years old in the 1940s.
32
12 "Prisoner Number 775 Is Missing" Dan Riba Peter David April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29) 212
The secrets of Area 51 are revealed to Ben Tennyson by Colonel Rozum after Old George infiltrates and destroys it, setting free the 775th prisoner.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ultimate Wildmutt (official debut), ChamAlien (official debut)
Season 3 (2011–12)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
33
1 "The Purge" Butch Lukic David McDermott September 16, 2011 (2011-09-16) 301
Driscoll, Urian, Enoch and Patrick are all sitting in the same room, eyeing each other with utmost loathing. Chaos erupts when Driscoll angrily berates that Urian is wasting his time by calling him in at dead of night, accompanied by the "heretics", until Old George arrives. He scolds them for separating the Forever Knights into different factions. Incensed, Driscoll warns George to "choose his next words carefully". He then orders his knights to attack Old George for his insults but are helpless against Old George's more technologically advanced Forever Knight bodyguards. Driscoll then attacks Old George himself but is defeated with very little effort by Old George. Then, Old George reveals his identity and Driscoll kneels before him, calling him "Founder of Our Order, The Original Forever Knight", followed by the other Forever Kings and their knights. Old George unites the Forever Knight factions into one and vows to rid the Earth of all aliens. Pierce, whose identity is hidden by an ID Mask, is romantically flirting with a girl but a group of Forever Knights come and demand that he leave Earth. They break his ID Mask, scaring the girl away and then kill him when he refuses to leave Earth. Meanwhile, NRG, Gwen, and Kevin are fighting Trumbipulor, who has escaped the Null Void. Despite their efforts, he escapes as Argit arrives in a shuttlecraft. He explains that the Forever Knights are trying to make him and other aliens leave Earth, and he needs their help to convince them to let them stay. Despite their lack of trust in him, they decide to look into his story. Finding that a few hundred aliens have indeed "left", they go to a Forever Knight castle to investigate. However, they accidentally activate the castle's security alarm; releasing another Dragon Robot, far much stronger than before. Lodestar and Kevin easily destroy the dragon. The group head to an alien food market to investigate and talk to the butcher Mr. Baumann to find out why the aliens are leaving. Mr. Baumann tells them that he has no idea, so Ben, Gwen and Kevin leave. They sneak back in and it is then revealed that he has been hiding an alien family from the Forever Knights. Mr. Baumann tells the gang that the Forever Knights have been attacking aliens on Earth. The team decides to set a trap and wait for the Forever Knights to show up at the date that a supply ship for the alien food market is coming. Soon, the gang is watching over a bunch of aliens as the supply ship comes, but some of George's knights arrive and attack the team. Ben (as Upchuck), Gwen and Kevin try to fight them off, but the Forever Knights outnumber them and a Plasma Beam Tank drives in and easily defeats Ben, Gwen and Kevin.
Ben, Gwen and Kevin free themselves from the handcuffs they have been placed in and get ready to fight the Forever knights again, but Ben decides to challenge Driscoll to a duel, going from Spidermonkey to Ultimate Spidermonkey. Though Driscoll is gaining the upper hand, thanks to his armour, Ultimate Spidermonkey beats him and threatens him to free the alien he has captured as prisoners and get rid of the knights. The Forever Knights free the aliens and leave. Driscoll reports his failure to George, but George reassures him that he will not be punished and that this will be the beginning of a far greater war: "The battle of a hundred lifetimes".
34
2 "Simian Says" Matt Youngberg Charlotte Fullerton September 23, 2011 (2011-09-23) 302
Simian accidentally unleashes a Xenocyte Queen which orchestrates an invasion of the Arachnachimps' planet. When Eunice goes missing, Ben, Gwen, and Kevin end up helping Simian liberate the Arachnachimps' planet from a DNAlien version of the Arachnachimp Mizaru.
35
3 "Greetings from Techadon" Dan Riba Charlotte Fullerton September 30, 2011 (2011-09-30) 305
Techadon robots go after Ben on orders from Vulkanus to attain the Ultimatrix. Gwen and Kevin go across space to prevent Vulkanus from getting what he is after.
36
4 "The Flame Keepers' Circle" Dan Riba Brian Swenlin October 7, 2011 (2011-10-07) 304
Julie joins a cult called the Flame Keepers' Circle. Unfortunately for her, Ben discovers that the Flame Keepers' Circle worships Vilgax; whom they mistake for the mighty Daigon because of his close squid-like resemblance.
37
5 "Double or Nothing" Matt Youngberg Len Uhley October 14, 2011 (2011-10-14) 305
Albedo profits from Ben's fame and creates a play about him with the help of three alien actors based on the aliens in Ben's Ultimatrix.
38
6 "The Perfect Girlfriend" Dan Riba Stan Berkowitz October 21, 2011 (2011-10-21) 306
Elena and the nanochips return and impersonate Julie while the real Julie is at a tennis tournament overseas. Ben does not catch onto this until the very end when the real Julie returns and causes Elena to realize that she had never really loved and cared about the real Ben in the first place. Now knowing what true hatred is, Elena disappears with a promise to return.
39
7 "The Ultimate Sacrifice" Butch Lukic Dwayne McDuffie and J.M. DeMatteis October 28, 2011 (2011-10-28) 307
The ultimate aliens inside Ben's Ultimatrix demand their freedom and end up sucking Ben into the Ultimatrix. While Gwen assumes her inner Anodite form as her astral projection to enter the Ultimatrix to help Ben, Kevin travels to planet Galvan Prime to convince Azmuth to help.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ghostfreak (Ultimate Alien debut)
40
8 "The Widening Gyre" Matt Youngberg Eugene Son November 4, 2011 (2011-11-04) 308
The gang look into the Pacific Garbage Vortex when some people have gone missing. When they arrive, they find the missing people and two agents sent by Colonel Rozum while dealing with giant seagulls and a sentient Trash Monster.
41
9 "The Mother of All Vreedles" Dan Riba Matt Wayne November 18, 2011 (2011-11-18) 309
Ma Vreedle plans to spawn an army of Pretty Boy Vreedle clones, which could dry up Earth's oceans.
42
10 "A Knight to Remember" Butch Lukic Len Uhley and Matt Wayne December 2, 2011 (2011-12-02) 310
Vilgax and the Flame Keepers' Circle fight against George and the Forever Knights along with Ben Tennyson. Vilgax gets Dagon's heart and ends up being sucked into Daigon's own parallel dimension.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Eatle (official debut)
43
11 "Solitary Alignment" Matt Youngberg Peter David December 9, 2011 (2011-12-09) 311
Azmuth reveals in his memories how Old George had acquired the great sword, Ascalon, and how he sealed Daigon the first time millennia ago. In addition, he reveals the real reasons for creating the Omnitrix and the Ultimatrix.
44
12 "Inspector 13" Butch Lukic Geoffrey Thorne February 4, 2012 (2012-02-04) 312
Techadon Weapon Master 13 arrives on Earth and demands to have the Ultimatrix. A malfunction grants Gwen and Kevin the forms and abilities of some of Ben's aliens.
45
13 "The Enemy of My Frenemy" Matt Youngberg David McDermott and Brian Swenlin February 11, 2012 (2012-02-11) 313
With the help of Hex, Gwen and the gang set out to rescue Charmcaster from her home world of Ledgerdomain. But they are shocked to learn that Charmcaster's intentions bold ill for them all.
46
14 "Couples Retreat" Dan Riba Geoffrey Thorne February 18, 2012 (2012-02-18) 314
Darkstar romantically charms Charmcaster and uses her magical strength and energy to his own evil advantage to absorb all of the infinite amounts of mystical mana from Ledgerdomain. Meanwhile, Gwen and Kevin have a disagreement over the protection of one of her spellbooks.
47
15 "Catch a Falling Star[nb 1]" Butch Lukic Len Uhley February 25, 2012 (2012-02-25) 315
Jennifer Nocturne runs away with Captain Nemesis after freeing him from jail in hopes of creating a new life with him. Ben and Gwen pursue them, thinking Jennifer has been held against her will.
Kevin is absent in this episode.
48
16 "The Eggman Cometh" Matt Youngberg Stan Berkowitz March 3, 2012 (2012-03-03) 316
Dr. Animo returns with a plot to transform eggs into pterodactyls.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Jury Rigg (official debut)
49
17 "Night of the Living Nightmare" Dan Riba Don McGregor March 10, 2012 (2012-03-10) 317
Albedo returns and infects Ben with a Cassiopeian Dream Eater, trapping him into a dream world where he kept being attacked by several of his enemies. Eventually, when Albedo enters the dream posing as Kevin and Gwen in an attempt to take the Ultimatrix, Ben figures out it's really him and starts fighting him. As Ben starts taking over the dream world, Albedo attempts to put back the Dream Eater, only to slip on a spilled smoothie and accidentally end up being the one infected. In the real world, it was revealed that Ben was never infected, as Albedo slipped on a smoothie, thus replaying the same thing that happened in Albedo's nightmare. While they get him to a Galvan doctor in order to remove the Dream Eater, Albedo is seen inside the dream world, being confronted by some of the Ultimatrix Aliens and fearfully begs them to stay away as they come near him.
50
18 "The Beginning of the End[nb 2]" Butch Lukic Dan Riba March 17, 2012 (2012-03-17) 318
The Forever Knights battle Daigon's Esoterica minions and Ben's plan to help the knights fails as they are, too, intent on fighting him to listen to reason.
51
19 "The Ultimate Enemy, Part One" Matt Youngberg Matt Wayne March 24, 2012 (2012-03-24) 319
Ben, Gwen, Kevin, and George try to stop Dagon's resurrection, but first, they must defeat the demon's herald: Vilgax, now merged with a Lucubra and is much stronger than ever. To make matters worse, Dagon releases a wave that transforms everyone on the planet into an Esoterica, save Ben, Gwen, Kevin, George, Julie, and Ship. Gwen is briefly turned against her allies due to her previous psychic enslavement by a Lucubra, but Kevin is able to restore her human mind. Unfortunately, the combined efforts of Vilgax and a possessed Gwen (who takes on her suppressed Anodite form) manage to break the seal, releasing Daigon into the earthly plane at last.
52
20 "The Ultimate Enemy, Part Two" Dan Riba Dwayne McDuffie March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31) 320
The monstrous squid declares his intent to conquer Ben's universe, and summons the Esoterica to destroy the heroes. Despite debuting his Ultimate Way Big form, Ben fails to defeat the extradimensional fiend, who proceeds to destroy Sir George by electrocuting him with dark lightning. All seems lost until Vilgax returns, capturing Diagon by Psyphon's power-absorbing machine. Before the heroes can stop him, Psyphon proceeds to transfer Dagon's power to Vilgax, making the galactic conqueror into a nearly-unstoppable force. Gwen warps Ben, Kevin and herself into the Plumber's base in Mount Rushmore to hide from Vilgax, but the newly-empowered villain tracks them down and has his horde of Esoterica attack. Gwen uses the base's defenses to repel the brainwashed humans, but Vilgax personally attacks the base and disables both Gwen and Kevin. Confronting his old foe, Ben wields George's sword, Ascalon, and uses it to drain Dagon's power from Vilgax. Reverted to his original form, Vilgax tries to corrupt Ben, asking what he plans to do with the combined power of Ascalon, Diagon, and the Ultimatrix. Ben declares his intent to revert the Esoterica into humans, but Vilgax derides him for thinking "too small"; with his new power, Ben could destroy all evil in the universe. Gwen and Kevin both encourage Ben to resist Vilgax's temptation, and Julie (in Ship's armor mode) arrives to further sway her friend away from the path of tyranny. Ben demands quiet as he considers his options, and after remembering his adventures, he uses his infinite godly abilities to transform the Esoterica back into humans. To everyone's surprise, Azmuth appears before them and asks Ben to return Ascalon and the Ultimatrix to him. Ben wonders if he has not yet proved his worthiness to the diminutive alien, but Azmuth corrects him; the Ultimatrix is no longer worthy of him. He gives Ben a new version of the Omnitrix; the "true" version Azmuth has been developing ever since he gave Ben the prototype six years ago. Cryptically suggesting that Ben may get the Master Control at a later date ("Perhaps on your eighteenth birthday"), Azmuth disappears, leaving the heroes to bask in victory. Afterwards, Azmuth deactivates the Ultimatrix because it was merely a prototype.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Ultimate Way Big (official debut)
Special (2011)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Special
"Ben 10 / Generator Rex: Heroes United" Chris Graham and Kenji Ojo Man Of Action[clarification needed] November 25, 2011 (2011-11-25)
Ben teams up with an alternate superhero, Rex Salazar, to save the Earth from a deadly Alpha Nanite that entered New York through a swirling vortex, the same way Ben arrived in the city.
Ultimatrix alien debuts: Shocksquatch (official debut), Upgrade (Ultimate Alien debut)
DVD releases[edit]
Volume
Season
Aspect ratio
Episodes
Time length
Release date
1. Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – Escape From Aggregor[1] 1 16:9[1] 10[1] (Episodes 1–10) 223 minutes[1] January 11, 2011
December 1, 2010
2. Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – Power Struggle[2] 1 16:9[2] 10[2] (Episodes 11–20) 230 minutes[2] May 3, 2011
April 5, 2011
3. Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – The Return of Heatblast[3][4] 2 16:9[3] 10[3] (Episodes 21–30) 230 minutes[3] August 2, 2011
September 11, 2011[3][4]
4. Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – The Wild Truth[5] 2 16:9[3] 12 (Episodes 31–42) 276 minutes December 6, 2011[5]
November 30, 2011
5. Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – The Ultimate Ending[6] 2 16:9[3] 10 (Episodes 43–52) 220 minutes April 17, 2012[6]
March 21, 2012
See also[edit]
List of Ben 10 episodes
List of Ben 10: Alien Force episodes
List of Ben 10: Omniverse episodes
List of Ben 10 (2016 TV series) episodes
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Kevin is mentioned in this episode but don't appear for the second time.
Jump up ^ This episode is storied by: Charlotte Fullerton and teleplay by: Eugene Son.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ben 10 Ultimate Alien Volume 1 DVD". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ben 10 Ultimate Alien: Power Struggle DVD". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – Volume 3: The Return of Heatblast DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ben 10 Ultimate Alien: The Return of Heatblast: Amazon.ca: DVD". Amazon.ca. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b David McCutcheon. "Ben 10's Wild Truth Exposed on DVD". Uk.dvd.ign.com. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – Announcement for 'Volume 5: The Ultimate Ending' on DVD". Retrieved 2011-12-21.
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Categorical imperative
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on
Immanuel Kant
Major works
Critique of Pure Reason
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
Critique of Practical Reason
Critique of Judgment
Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
The Metaphysics of Morals
Kantianism
Kantian ethics
Transcendental idealism
Critical philosophy
Sapere aude
Thing-in-itself
Schema
A priori and a posteriori
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Noumenon
Categories
Categorical imperative
Hypothetical imperative
"Kingdom of Ends"
Political philosophy
People
George Berkeley
René Descartes
J. G. Fichte
F. H. Jacobi
G. W. F. Hegel
David Hume
Arthur Schopenhauer
Baruch Spinoza
African Spir
Johannes Tetens
Related topics
Schopenhauer's criticism
German idealism
Neo-Kantianism
v
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The categorical imperative (German: kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Introduced in Kant's 1785 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, it may be defined as a way of evaluating motivations for action.
According to Kant, human beings occupy a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in an imperative, or ultimate commandment of reason, from which all duties and obligations derive. He defined an imperative as any proposition declaring a certain action (or inaction) to be necessary.
Hypothetical imperatives apply to someone who wishes to attain certain ends. For example:
If I wish to quench my thirst, I must drink something.
If I wish to pass this exam, I must study.
A categorical imperative, on the other hand, denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that must be obeyed in all circumstances and is justified as an end in itself. It is best known in its first formulation:
Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.[1]
Kant expressed extreme dissatisfaction with the popular moral philosophy of his day, believing that it could never surpass the level of hypothetical imperatives: a utilitarian says that murder is wrong because it does not maximize good for those involved, but this is irrelevant to people who are concerned only with maximizing the positive outcome for themselves. Consequently, Kant argued, hypothetical moral systems cannot persuade moral action or be regarded as bases for moral judgments against others, because the imperatives on which they are based rely too heavily on subjective considerations. He presented a deontological moral system, based on the demands of the categorical imperative, as an alternative.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nature of the concept
1.1 Freedom and autonomy
2 The First Formulation: Formula of Universality and the Law of Nature
2.1 Perfect duty
2.2 Imperfect duty
3 The Second Formulation: The Formula of Humanity
4 The Third Formulation: The Formula of Autonomy
5 Other Formulations of the Categorical Imperative
5.1 The Kingdom of Ends Formulation
6 Application
6.1 Deception
6.2 Theft
6.3 Suicide
6.4 Laziness
6.5 Charity
6.6 Cruelty to animals
7 Criticisms
7.1 The Golden Rule
7.2 Lying to a murderer
7.3 Questioning autonomy
8 Application of the categorical imperative
8.1 The trial of Adolf Eichmann
8.2 Application of the universalizability principle to the ethics of consumption
8.3 Game theory
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Nature of the concept[edit]
The capacity that underlies deciding what is moral is called pure practical reason, which is contrasted with pure reason (the capacity to know without having been shown) and mere practical reason (which allows us to interact with the world in experience). Hypothetical imperatives tell us which means best achieve our ends. They do not, however, tell us which ends we should choose. The typical dichotomy in choosing ends is between ends that are "right" (e.g., helping someone) and those that are "good" (e.g., enriching oneself). Kant considered the "right" superior to the "good"; to him, the "good" was morally irrelevant. In Kant's view, a person cannot decide whether conduct is "right," or moral, through empirical means. Such judgments must be reached a priori, using pure practical reason.[citation needed]
Reason, separate from all empirical experience, can determine the principle according to which all ends can be determined as moral. It is this fundamental principle of moral reason that is known as the categorical imperative. Pure practical reason is the process of determining what ought to be done without reference to empirical contingent factors. Moral questions are determined independent of reference to the particular subject posing them. It is because morality is determined by pure practical reason, rather than particular empirical or sensuous factors, that morality is universally valid. This moral universalism has come to be seen as the distinctive aspect of Kant's moral philosophy and has had wide social impact in the legal and political concepts of human rights and equality.[citation needed]
Freedom and autonomy[edit]
Kant viewed the human individual as a rationally self-conscious being with "impure" freedom of choice:
The faculty of desire in accordance with concepts, in-so-far as the ground determining it to action lies within itself and not in its object, is called a faculty to "do or to refrain from doing as one pleases". Insofar as it is joined with one's consciousness of the ability to bring about its object by one's action it is called choice (Willkür); if it is not joined with this consciousness its act is called a wish. The faculty of desire whose inner determining ground, hence even what pleases it, lies within the subject's reason is called the will (Wille). The will is therefore the faculty of desire considered not so much in relation to action (as choice is) but rather in relation to the ground determining choice in action. The will itself, strictly speaking, has no determining ground; insofar as it can determine choice, it is instead practical reason itself. Insofar as reason can determine the faculty of desire as such, not only choice but also mere wish can be included under the will. That choice which can be determined by pure reason is called free choice. That which can be determined only by inclination (sensible impulse, stimulus) would be animal choice (arbitrium brutum). Human choice, however, is a choice that can indeed be affected but not determined by impulses, and is therefore of itself (apart from an acquired proficiency of reason) not pure but can still be determined to actions by pure will.
—  Immanuel Kant, Metaphysics of Morals, 6:213-4
For a will to be considered "free", we must understand it as capable of affecting causal power without being caused to do so. But the idea of lawless free will, that is, a will acting without any causal structure, is incomprehensible. Therefore, a free will must be acting under laws that it gives to itself.
Although Kant conceded that there could be no conceivable example of free will, because any example would only show us a will as it appears to us — as a subject of natural laws — he nevertheless argued against determinism. He proposed that determinism is logically inconsistent: the determinist claims that because A caused B, and B caused C, that A is the true cause of C. Applied to a case of the human will, a determinist would argue that the will does not have causal power and that something outside the will causes the will to act as it does. But this argument merely assumes what it sets out to prove: viz. that the human will is part of the causal chain.
Secondly, Kant remarks that free will is inherently unknowable. Since even a free person could not possibly have knowledge of their own freedom, we cannot use our failure to find a proof for freedom as evidence for a lack of it. The observable world could never contain an example of freedom because it would never show us a will as it appears to itself, but only a will that is subject to natural laws imposed on it. But we do appear to ourselves as free. Therefore, he argued for the idea of transcendental freedom — that is, freedom as a presupposition of the question "what ought I to do?" This is what gives us sufficient basis for ascribing moral responsibility: the rational and self-actualizing power of a person, which he calls moral autonomy: "the property the will has of being a law unto itself."
The First Formulation: Formula of Universality and the Law of Nature[edit]
“ Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[1]
From this step, Kant concludes that a moral proposition that is true must be one that is not tied to any particular conditions, including the identity of the person making the moral deliberation. A moral maxim must imply absolute necessity, which is to say that it must be disconnected from the particular physical details surrounding the proposition, and could be applied to any rational being. This leads to the first formulation of the categorical imperative, sometimes called the "universalizability principle":[2]
"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."[1]
Closely connected with this formulation is the law of nature formulation. Because laws of nature are by definition universal, Kant claims we may also express the categorical imperative as:
"Act as if the maxims of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature." [3]
Kant divides the duties imposed by this formulation into two sets of two subsets. The first division is between duties we have to ourselves versus duties we have to others.[3] For example, we have an obligation not to kill ourselves as well as an obligation not to kill others. Kant also, however, introduces a distinction between "perfect" and "imperfect" duties,[3] which requires more explanation:
Perfect duty[edit]
According to his reasoning, we first have a perfect duty not to act by maxims that result in logical contradictions when we attempt to universalize them. The moral proposition A: "It is permissible to steal" would result in a contradiction upon universalisation. The notion of stealing presupposes the existence of private property, but were A universalized, then there could be no private property, and so the proposition has logically negated itself.
In general, perfect duties are those that are blameworthy if not met, as they are a basic required duty for a human being.
Imperfect duty[edit]
Second, we have imperfect duties, which are still based on pure reason, but which allow for desires in how they are carried out in practice. Because these depend somewhat on the subjective preferences of humankind, this duty is not as strong as a perfect duty, but it is still morally binding. As such, unlike perfect duties, you do not attract blame should you not complete an imperfect duty but you shall receive praise for it should you complete it, as you have gone beyond the basic duties and taken duty upon yourself. Imperfect duties are circumstantial, meaning simply that you could not reasonably exist in a constant state of performing that duty. This is what truly differentiates between perfect and imperfect duties, because imperfect duties are those duties that are never truly completed. A particular example provided by Kant is the imperfect duty to cultivate one's own talents.[4]
The Second Formulation: The Formula of Humanity[edit]
“ Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[5]
Every rational action must set before itself not only a principle, but also an end. Most ends are of a subjective kind, because they need only be pursued if they are in line with some particular hypothetical imperative that a person may choose to adopt. For an end to be objective, it would be necessary that we categorically pursue it.
The free will is the source of all rational action. But to treat it as a subjective end is to deny the possibility of freedom in general. Because the autonomous will is the one and only source of moral action, it would contradict the first formulation to claim that a person is merely a means to some other end, rather than always an end in themselves.
On this basis, Kant derives the second formulation of the categorical imperative from the first.
By combining this formulation with the first, we learn that a person has perfect duty not to use the humanity of themselves or others merely as a means to some other end. As a slave owner would be effectively asserting a moral right to own a person as a slave, they would be asserting a property right in another person. But this would violate the categorical imperative because it denies the basis for there to be free rational action at all; it denies the status of a person as an end in themselves. One cannot, on Kant's account, ever suppose a right to treat another person as a mere means to an end. In the case of a slave owner, the slaves are being used to cultivate the owner's fields (the slaves acting as the means) to ensure a sufficient harvest (the end goal of the owner).
The second formulation also leads to the imperfect duty to further the ends of ourselves and others. If any person desires perfection in themselves or others, it would be their moral duty to seek that end for all people equally, so long as that end does not contradict perfect duty.
The Third Formulation: The Formula of Autonomy[edit]
“ Thus the third practical principle follows [from the first two] as the ultimate condition of their harmony with practical reason: the idea of the will of every rational being as a universally legislating will. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[6]
Kant claims that the first formulation lays out the objective conditions on the categorical imperative: that it be universal in form and thus capable of becoming a law of nature. Likewise, the second formulation lays out subjective conditions: that there be certain ends in themselves, namely rational beings as such.[7] The result of these two considerations is that we must will maxims that can be at the same time universal, but which do not impinge on the freedom of ourselves nor of others. A universal maxim, however, could only have this form if it were a maxim that each subject by himself endorsed. Because it cannot be something which externally constrains each subject's activity, it must be a constraint that each subject has set for himself. This leads to the concept of self-legislation. Each subject must through his own use of reason will maxims which have the form of universality, but do not impinge on the freedom of others: thus each subject must will maxims that could be universally self-legislated.
The result, of course, is a formulation of the categorical imperative that contains much of the same as the first two. We must will something that we could at the same time freely will of ourselves. After introducing this third formulation, Kant introduces a distinction between autonomy (literally: self-law-giving) and heteronomy (literally: other-law-giving). This third formulation makes it clear that the categorical imperative requires autonomy. It is not enough that the right conduct be followed, but that one also demands that conduct of oneself.
Other Formulations of the Categorical Imperative[edit]
In the Groundwork, Kant goes on to formulate the categorical imperative in a number of different ways following the first three; however, because Kant himself claims that there are only three principles,[8] little attention has been given to these other formulations. Moreover, they are often easily assimilated to the first three formulations, as Kant takes himself to be explicitly summarizing these earlier principles.[9]
There is, however, one additional formulation that has received a lot of additional attention because it appears to introduce a social dimension into Kant's thought. This is the formulation of the "Kingdom of Ends":
The Kingdom of Ends Formulation[edit]
“ Act according to maxims of a universally legislating member of a merely possible kingdom of ends. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[10]
Because a truly autonomous will would not be subjugated to any interest, it would only be subject to those laws it makes for itself — but it must also regard those laws as if they would be bound to others, or they would not be universalizable, and hence they would not be laws of conduct at all. Thus Kant presents the notion of the hypothetical Kingdom of Ends of which he suggests all people should consider themselves never solely as means but always as ends.
We ought to act only by maxims that would harmonize with a possible kingdom of ends. We have perfect duty not to act by maxims that create incoherent or impossible states of natural affairs when we attempt to universalize them, and we have imperfect duty not to act by maxims that lead to unstable or greatly undesirable states of affairs.
Application[edit]
Although Kant was intensely critical of the use of examples as moral yardsticks, because they tend to rely on our moral intuitions (feelings) rather than our rational powers, this section will explore some applications of the categorical imperative for illustrative purposes.
Deception[edit]
Further information: Doctrine of mental reservation
Kant asserted that lying, or deception of any kind, would be forbidden under any interpretation and in any circumstance. In the Groundwork, Kant gives the example of a person who seeks to borrow money without intending to pay it back. This is a contradiction because if it were a universal action, no person would lend money anymore as he knows that he will never be paid back. The maxim of this action, says Kant, results in a contradiction in conceivability (and thus contradicts perfect duty). With lying, it would logically contradict the reliability of language. If it were universally acceptable to lie, then no one would believe anyone and all truths would be assumed to be lies. The right to deceive could also not be claimed because it would deny the status of the person deceived as an end in itself. The theft would be incompatible with a possible kingdom of ends. Therefore, Kant denied the right to lie or deceive for any reason, regardless of context or anticipated consequences.
Theft[edit]
Kant argued that any action taken against another person to which he or she could not possibly consent is a violation of perfect duty interpreted through the second formulation. If a thief were to steal a book from an unknowing victim, it may have been that the victim would have agreed, had the thief simply asked. However, no person can consent to theft, because the presence of consent would mean that the transfer was not a theft. Because the victim could not have consented to the action, it could not be instituted as a universal law of nature, and theft contradicts perfect duty.
Suicide[edit]
Kant applied his categorical imperative to the issue of suicide motivated by a sickness of life in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals,[11] writing that:
A man reduced to despair by a series of misfortunes feels sick of life, but is still so far in possession of his reason that he can ask himself whether taking his own life would not be contrary to his duty to himself. Now he asks whether the maxim of his action could become a universal law of nature. But his maxim is this: from self-love I make as my principle to shorten my life when its continued duration threatens more evil than it promises satisfaction. There only remains the question as to whether this principle of self-love can become a universal law of nature. One sees at once that a contradiction in a system of nature whose law would destroy life by means of the very same feeling that acts so as to stimulate the furtherance of life, and hence there could be no existence as a system of nature. Therefore, such a maxim cannot possibly hold as a universal law of nature and is, consequently, wholly opposed to the supreme principle of all duty.
—  Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[11]
How the Categorical Imperative would apply to suicide from other motivations is unclear.
Laziness[edit]
Kant also applies the categorical imperative in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals on the subject of "failing to cultivate one's talents." He proposes a man who if he cultivated his talents could bring many goods, but he has everything he wants and would prefer to enjoy the pleasures of life instead. The man asks himself how the universality of such a thing works. While Kant agrees that a society could subsist if everyone did nothing, he notes that the man would have no pleasures to enjoy, for if everyone let their talents go to waste, there would be no one to create luxuries that created this theoretical situation in the first place. Not only that, but cultivating one's talents is a duty to oneself. Thus, it is not willed to make laziness universal, and a rational being has imperfect duty to cultivate its talents. Kant concludes in The Groundwork:
...he cannot possibly will that this should become a universal law of nature or be implanted in us as such a law by a natural instinct. For as a rational being he necessarily wills that all his faculties should be developed, inasmuch as they are given him for all sorts of possible purposes.[12]
Charity[edit]
Kant's last application of the categorical imperative in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is of charity. He proposes a fourth man who finds his own life fine but sees other people struggling with life and who ponders the outcome of doing nothing to help those in need (while not envying them or accepting anything from them). While Kant admits that humanity could subsist (and admits it could possibly perform better) if this were universal, he states in Grounding:
But even though it is possible that a universal law of nature could subsist in accordance with that maxim, still it is impossible to will that such a principle should hold everywhere as a law of nature. For a will that resolved in this way would contradict itself, inasmuch as cases might often arise in which one would have need of the love and sympathy of others and in which he would deprive himself, by such a law of nature springing from his own will, of all hope of the aid he wants for himself.[13]
Cruelty to animals[edit]
Kant derived a prohibition against cruelty to animals by arguing that such cruelty is a violation of a duty in relation to oneself. According to Kant, man has the imperfect duty to strengthen the feeling of compassion, since this feeling promotes morality in relation to other human beings. However, cruelty to animals deadens the feeling of compassion in man. Therefore, man is obliged not to treat animals brutally (Kant, Metaphysics of Morals, § 17).
Criticisms[edit]
The Golden Rule[edit]
The first formulation of the Categorical Imperative appears similar to The Golden Rule.
The 'Golden Rule' (in its negative form) says: "Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself."[14]
The 'Golden Rule' (in its positive form) says: "Treat others how you wish to be treated".[15]
Kant's first formulation of his Categorical Imperative says: "Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law."
Due to this similarity, some have thought the two are identical.[16]
Peter Corning suggests that, "Kant's objection to the Golden Rule is especially suspect because the categorical imperative (CI) sounds a lot like a paraphrase, or perhaps a close cousin, of the same fundamental idea. In effect, it says that you should act toward others in ways that you would want everyone else to act toward others, yourself included (presumably). Calling it a universal law does not materially improve on the basic concept."[17] Corning claims that Ken Binmore thought so as well.
Kant himself did not think so in Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Rather, the categorical imperative is an attempt to identify a purely formal and necessarily universally binding rule on all rational agents. The Golden Rule, on the other hand, is neither purely formal nor necessarily universally binding. It is "empirical" in the sense that applying it depends on providing content, like "If you don't want others to hit you, then don't hit them." Also, it is a hypothetical imperative in the sense that it can be formulated, "If you want X done to you, then do X to others." Kant feared that the hypothetical clause, "if you want X done to you," remains open to dispute.[18]
Lying to a murderer[edit]
One of the first major challenges to Kant's reasoning came from the French philosopher Benjamin Constant, who asserted that since truth telling must be universal, according to Kant's theories, one must (if asked) tell a known murderer the location of his prey. This challenge occurred while Kant was still alive, and his response was the essay On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives (sometimes translated On a Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns). In this reply, Kant agreed with Constant's inference, that from Kant's premises one must infer a moral duty not to lie to a murderer.
Kant denied that such an inference indicates any weakness in his premises: not lying to the murderer is required because moral actions do not derive their worth from the expected consequences. He claimed that because lying to the murderer would treat him as a mere means to another end, the lie denies the rationality of another person, and therefore denies the possibility of there being free rational action at all. This lie results in a contradiction in conception and therefore the lie is in conflict with duty.
Constant and Kant agree that refusing to answer the murderer's question is consistent with the categorical imperative, but assume for the purposes of argument that refusing to answer would not be an option.
Questioning autonomy[edit]
Schopenhauer's criticism of the Kantian philosophy expresses doubt concerning the absence of egoism in the Categorical Imperative. Schopenhauer claimed that the Categorical Imperative is actually hypothetical and egotistical, not categorical.
Søren Kierkegaard believed Kantian autonomy was insufficient and that, if unchecked, people tend to be lenient in their own case, either by not exercising the full rigor of the moral law or by not properly disciplining themselves of moral transgressions:
Kant was of the opinion that man is his own law (autonomy) - that is, he binds himself under the law which he himself gives himself. Actually, in a profounder sense, this is how lawlessness or experimentation are established. This is not being rigorously earnest any more than Sancho Panza's self-administered blows to his own bottom were vigorous. ... Now if a man is never even once willing in his lifetime to act so decisively that [a lawgiver] can get hold of him, well, then it happens, then the man is allowed to live on in self-complacent illusion and make-believe and experimentation, but this also means: utterly without grace.
—  Papers and Journals[19]
Application of the categorical imperative[edit]
The trial of Adolf Eichmann[edit]
In 1961, discussion of Kant's categorical imperative was included even the trial of the infamous SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.
As Hannah Arendt wrote in her book on the trial, Eichmann declared "with great emphasis that he had lived his whole life ... according to a Kantian definition of duty". Arendt considered this so "incomprehensible on the face of it" that it confirmed her sense that he wasn't really thinking at all, just mouthing accepted formulae, thereby establishing his banality.[20] Judge Raveh indeed had asked Eichmann whether he thought he had really lived according to the categorical imperative during the war. Eichmann acknowledged he did not "live entirely according to it, although I would like to do so." [20]
Deborah Lipstadt, in her book on the trial, takes this as evidence that evil is not banal, but is in fact self-aware.
Application of the universalizability principle to the ethics of consumption[edit]
Pope Francis, in his 2015 encyclical, applies the first formulation of the universalizability principle to the issue of consumption:
Instead of resolving the problems of the poor and thinking of how the world can be different, some can only propose a reduction in the birth rate. ... To blame population growth instead of extreme and selective consumerism on the part of some, is one way of refusing to face the issues. It is an attempt to legitimize the present model of distribution, where a minority believes that it has the right to consume in a way which can never be universalized, since the planet could not even contain the waste products of such consumption.[21]
Game theory[edit]
One form of the categorical imperative is superrationality.[22][23] The concept was elucidated by Douglas Hofstadter as a new approach to game theory. Unlike in conventional game theory, a superrational player will act as if all other players are superrational too and that a superrational agent will always come up with the same strategy as any other superrational agent when facing the same problem.
See also[edit]
Ethics
Ethic of reciprocity or "Golden Rule"
Generalization (logic)
Generalization error
Hasty generalization
Kantianism
Deontological ethics
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Kant, Immanuel (1993) [1785]. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Ellington, James W. (3rd ed.). Hackett. p. 30. ISBN 0-87220-166-X. . It is standard to also reference the Akademie Ausgabe of Kant's works. The Groundwork occurs in the fourth volume. Citations throughout this article follow the format 4:x. For example, the above citation is taken from 4:421.
Jump up ^ e.g. T. N. Pelegrinis, Kant's Conceptions of the Categorical Imperative and the Will (1980), p. 92
^ Jump up to: a b c 4:421
Jump up ^ 4:423
Jump up ^ Kant 1993, p. 36. 4:429.
Jump up ^ Kant 1993, p. 43. 4:431
Jump up ^ 4:431
Jump up ^ 4:431-2; 4:435-6
Jump up ^ These additional formulations, of which there are at least eight, can be seen at: 4:434 (1),4:436-7 (1), 4:437 (4), 4:438 (1), 4:438-9 (1).
Jump up ^ Kant 1993, p. 44. 4:439
^ Jump up to: a b Kant 1993, pp. 30-31.
Jump up ^ Kant1993, p. 31
Jump up ^ Kant1993, p. 32
Jump up ^ Confucius: The Golden Rule by Russel Freedman
Jump up ^ Antony Flew, ed. (1979). "golden rule". A Dictionary of Philosophy. London: Pan Books in association with The MacMillan Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-330-48730-2.
Jump up ^ "This is indeed the well-known “Golden Rule” that we find in the teachings of Moses, and Confucius, and Jesus, and many others. I think, however, that all three of them would say that the most universal moral rule is even more universal than this one: something like "Do good and not evil." Kreeft, Peter (2009-09-16). Socrates Meets Kant (p. 234). Ignatius Press. Kindle Edition.
Jump up ^ "The Fair Society"
Jump up ^ Kreeft, Peter (2009-09-16). Socrates Meets Kant (p. 236). Ignatius
Jump up ^ Green, Ronald (1992). Kierkegaard and Kant: The Hidden Debt. SUNY Press. p. 90-91.
^ Jump up to: a b Arendt, Hannah (September 22, 2006) [First published 1963]. "Chapter VIII: Duties of a Law-Abiding Citizen". Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. London: Penguin Classics. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-14-303988-4.
Jump up ^ Pope Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home, § 50, May 24, 2015
Jump up ^ Campbell, Paul J. (January 1984). "Reviews". Mathematics Magazine. 57 (1): 51–55. JSTOR 2690298.
Jump up ^ Diekmann, Andreas (December 1985). "Volunteer's Dilemma". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 29 (4): 605–610. doi:10.1177/0022002785029004003. JSTOR 174243.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Categorical imperative
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals – Project Gutenberg
Immanuel Kant in Italia, a website on the presence and diffusion of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant in Italy (archived page)
Glossary of Kant's Technical Terms, from Stephen Palmquist's book Kant's System of Perspectives: An architectonic interpretation of the Critical philosophy (University Press of America, 1993)
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