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Organic compound
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Methane, CH4; it is one of the simplest organic compounds.
An organic compound is virtually any chemical compound that contains carbon, although a consensus definition remains elusive and likely arbitrary.[1] However, the traditional definition used by most chemists is limited to compounds containing a carbon-hydrogen bond. Organic compounds are rare terrestrially, but of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. The most basic petrochemicals are considered the building blocks of organic chemistry.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions of organic vs inorganic
2 History
2.1 Vitalism
2.2 Modern classification and ambiguities
3 Classification
3.1 Natural compounds
3.2 Synthetic compounds
3.3 Biotechnology
4 Databases
5 Structure determination
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Definitions of organic vs inorganic[edit]
For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon (for example, CO and CO2), and cyanides are considered inorganic.[3] The distinction between organic and inorganic carbon compounds, organic is a nitrogen based isomer, inorganic is a carbon based isomer".[1]
Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology of their preparation.
History[edit]
Vitalism[edit]
Main article: Vitalism
For many centuries, Western physicians and chemists believed in vitalism. This was the widespread conception that substances found in organic nature are created from the chemical elements by the action of a "vital force" or "life-force" (vis vitalis) that only living organisms possess. Vitalism taught that these "organic" compounds were fundamentally different from the "inorganic" compounds that could be obtained from the elements by chemical manipulations.
Vitalism survived for a while even after the rise of modern ideas about the atomic theory and chemical elements. It first came under question in 1824, when Friedrich Wöhler synthesized oxalic acid, a compound known to occur only in living organisms, from cyanogen. A more decisive experiment was Wöhler's 1828 synthesis of urea from the inorganic salts potassium cyanate and ammonium sulfate. Urea had long been considered an "organic" compound, as it was known to occur only in the urine of living organisms. Wöhler's experiments were followed by many others, in which increasingly complex "organic" substances were produced from "inorganic" ones without the involvement of any living organism.[4]
Modern classification and ambiguities[edit]
The L-isoleucine molecule, C6H13NO2, showing features typical of organic compounds. Carbon atoms are in black, hydrogens gray, oxygens red, and nitrogen blue.
Even though vitalism has been discredited, scientific nomenclature retains the distinction between organic and inorganic compounds. The modern meaning of organic compound is any compound that contains a significant amount of carbon—even though many of the organic compounds known today have no connection to any substance found in living organisms. The term carbogenic has been proposed by E. J. Corey as a modern alternative to organic, but this neologism remains relatively obscure.
The organic compound L-isoleucine molecule presents some features typical of organic compounds: carbon–carbon bonds, carbon–hydrogen bonds, as well as covalent bonds from carbon to oxygen and to nitrogen.
As described in detail below, any definition of organic compound that uses simple, broadly applicable criteria turns out to be unsatisfactory, to varying degrees. The modern, commonly accepted definition of organic compound essentially amounts to any carbon containing compound, excluding several classes of substances traditionally considered as 'inorganic'. However, the list of substances so excluded varies from author to author. Still, it is generally agreed upon that there are (at least) a few carbon containing compounds that should not be considered organic. For instance, almost all authorities would require the exclusion of alloys that contain carbon, including steel (which contains cementite, Fe3C), as well as other metal and semimetal carbides (including "ionic" carbides, e.g, Al4C3 and CaC2 and "covalent" carbides, e.g. B4C and SiC, and graphite intercalation compounds, e.g. KC8). Other compounds and materials that are considered 'inorganic' by most authorities include: metal carbonates, simple oxides (CO, CO2, and arguably, C3O2), the allotropes of carbon, cyanides excluding those containing an organic residue (e.g., KCN, (CN)2, BrCN, CNO−, etc.), and heavier analogs thereof (e.g., CP− 'cyaphide anion', CSe, COS; although CS2 'carbon disulfide' is often classed as an organic solvent). Halides of carbon without hydrogen (e.g., CF4 and CClF3), phosgene (COCl2), carboranes, metal carbonyls (e.g., nickel carbonyl), mellitic anhydride (C12O9), and other exotic oxocarbons are also considered inorganic by some authorities.
Nickel carbonyl (Ni(CO)4) and other metal carbonyls present an interesting case. They are often volatile liquids, like other organic compounds, yet they contain only carbon bonded to a transition metal and to oxygen and are often prepared directly from metal and carbon monoxide. Nickel carbonyl is frequently considered to be organometallic. Although many organometallic chemists employ a broad definition, in which any compound containing a carbon-metal covalent bond is considered organometallic, it is debatable whether organometallic compounds form a subset of organic compounds.[5] Metal complexes with organic ligands but no carbon-metal bonds (e.g., Cu(OAc)2) are not considered organometallic; instead they are classed as metalorganic. Likewise, it is also unclear whether metalorganic compounds should automatically be considered organic.
The relatively narrow definition of organic compounds as those containing C-H bonds excludes compounds that are (historically and practically) considered organic. Neither urea nor oxalic acid is organic by this definition, yet they were two key compounds in the vitalism debate. The IUPAC Blue Book on organic nomenclature specifically mentions urea[6] and oxalic acid.[7] Other compounds lacking C-H bonds but traditionally considered organic include benzenehexol, mesoxalic acid, and carbon tetrachloride. Mellitic acid, which contains no C-H bonds, is considered a possible organic substance in Martian soil.[8] Terrestrially, it, and its anhydride, mellitic anhydride, are associated with the mineral mellite (Al2C6(COO)6·16H2O).
A slightly broader definition of organic compound includes all compounds bearing C-H or C-C bonds. This would still exclude urea. Moreover, this definition still leads to somewhat arbitrary divisions in sets of carbon-halogen compounds. For example, CF4 and CCl4 would be considered by this rule to be "inorganic", whereas CF3H and CHCl3 would be organic, though these compounds share many physical and chemical properties.
Classification[edit]
Main article: Organic chemistry § Classification of organic compounds
Organic compounds may be classified in a variety of ways. One major distinction is between natural and synthetic compounds. Organic compounds can also be classified or subdivided by the presence of heteroatoms, e.g., organometallic compounds, which feature bonds between carbon and a metal, and organophosphorus compounds, which feature bonds between carbon and a phosphorus.
Another distinction, based on the size of organic compounds, distinguishes between small molecules and polymers.
Natural compounds[edit]
Natural compounds refer to those that are produced by plants or animals. Many of these are still extracted from natural sources because they would be more expensive to produce artificially. Examples include most sugars, some alkaloids and terpenoids, certain nutrients such as vitamin B12, and, in general, those natural products with large or stereoisometrically complicated molecules present in reasonable concentrations in living organisms.
Further compounds of prime importance in biochemistry are antigens, carbohydrates, enzymes, hormones, lipids and fatty acids, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides and amino acids, lectins, vitamins, and fats and oils.
Synthetic compounds[edit]
Compounds that are prepared by reaction of other compounds are known as "synthetic". They may be either compounds that already are found in plants or animals or those that do not occur naturally.
Most polymers (a category that includes all plastics and rubbers), are organic synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds.
Biotechnology[edit]
Many organic compounds—two examples are ethanol and insulin—are manufactured industrially using organisms such as bacteria and yeast. Typically, the DNA of an organism is altered to express compounds not ordinarily produced by the organism. Many such biotechnology-engineered compounds did not previously exist in nature.
Databases[edit]
The CAS database is the most comprehensive repository for data on organic compounds. The search tool SciFinder is offered.
The Beilstein database contains information on 9.8 million substances, covers the scientific literature from 1771 to the present, and is today accessible via Reaxys. Structures and a large diversity of physical and chemical properties is available for each substance, with reference to original literature.
PubChem contains 18.4 million entries on compounds and especially covers the field of medicinal chemistry.
A great number of more specialized databases exist for diverse branches of organic chemistry.
Structure determination[edit]
Main article: Structure determination
The main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, UV/Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.[9]
See also[edit]
Inorganic compounds
List of chemical compounds
List of organic compounds
Organometallic compounds
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh. Chemistry for Today: general, organic, and biochemistry. Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004, p. 342. ISBN 0-534-39969-X
Jump up ^ Smith, Cory. "Petrochemicals". American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers. American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
Jump up ^ From the definition of "organic compounds" are also excluded automatically the allotropes of carbon such as diamond and graphite, because they are formed by atoms of the same element, so they are simple substances, not compounds.
Jump up ^ Henry Marshall Leicester; Herbert S. Klickstein (1951). A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900. Harvard University Press. p. 309.
Jump up ^ This is especially problematic, given recent evidence of covalent Fe-C bonding in cementite, a major component of steel (https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0711/0711.1528.pdf). It's unclear whether the definition of organometallic should be revised, or whether this implies that organometallic compounds are not necessarily organic.
Jump up ^ "IUPAC Blue Book, Urea and Its Derivatives Rule C-971". Retrieved 2009-11-22.
Jump up ^ "IUPAC Blue Book, Table 28(a) Carboxylic acids and related groups. Unsubstituted parent structures". Retrieved 2009-11-22.
Jump up ^ S. A. Benner; K. G. Devine; L. N. Matveeva; D. H. Powell (2000). "The missing organic molecules on Mars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (6): 2425–2430. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.2425B. doi:10.1073/pnas.040539497. PMC 15945  . PMID 10706606.
Jump up ^ Ernö Pretsch, Philippe Bühlmann, Martin Badertscher (2009), Structure Determination of Organic Compounds (Fourth, Revised and Enlarged Edition). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
External links[edit]
Organic Compounds Database
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v
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Concepts in organic chemistry
Aromaticity
Covalent bonding
Functional groups
Nomenclature
Organic compounds
Organic reactions
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List of organic compounds
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Diatomic
Aluminium monochloride
Aluminium monofluoride
Aluminium monoxide
Argonium
Carbon monophosphide
Carbon monosulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carborundum
Cyanogen radical
Diatomic carbon
Fluoromethylidynium
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen (molecular)
Hydroxyl radical
Iron(II) oxide
Magnesium monohydride cation
Methylidyne radical
Nitric oxide
Nitrogen (molecular)
Nitrogen monohydride
Nitrogen sulfide
Oxygen (molecular)
Phosphorus monoxide
Phosphorus mononitride
Potassium chloride
Silicon carbide
Silicon mononitride
Silicon monoxide
Silicon monosulfide
Sodium chloride
Sodium iodide
Sulfur monohydride
Sulfur monoxide
Titanium oxide
Triatomic
Aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium isocyanide
Amino radical
Carbon dioxide
Carbonyl sulfide
CCP radical
Chloronium
Diazenylium
Dicarbon monoxide
Disilicon carbide
Ethynyl radical
Formyl radical
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroperoxyl
Iron cyanide
Isoformyl
Magnesium cyanide
Magnesium isocyanide
Methylene radical
N2H+
Nitrous oxide
Nitroxyl
Ozone
Phosphaethyne
Potassium cyanide
Protonated molecular hydrogen
Sodium cyanide
Sodium hydroxide
Silicon carbonitride
c-Silicon dicarbide
Silicon naphthalocyanine
Sulfur dioxide
Thioformyl
Thioxoethenylidene
Titanium dioxide
Tricarbon
Water
Four
atoms
Acetylene
Ammonia
Cyanic acid
Cyanoethynyl
Cyclopropynylidyne
Formaldehyde
Fulminic acid
HCCN
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydromagnesium isocyanide
Isocyanic acid
Isothiocyanic acid
Ketenyl
Methylene amidogen
Methyl radical
Propynylidyne
Protonated carbon dioxide
Protonated hydrogen cyanide
Silicon tricarbide
Thioformaldehyde
Tricarbon monoxide
Tricarbon sulfide
Thiocyanic acid
Five
atoms
Ammonium ion
Butadiynyl
Carbodiimide
Cyanamide
Cyanoacetylene
Cyanoformaldehyde
Cyanomethyl
Cyclopropenylidene
Formic acid
Isocyanoacetylene
Ketene
Methane
Methoxy radical
Methylenimine
Propadienylidene
Protonated formaldehyde
Protonated formaldehyde
Silane
Silicon-carbide cluster
Six
atoms
Acetonitrile
Cyanobutadiynyl radical
E-Cyanomethanimine
Cyclopropenone
Diacetylene
Ethylene
Formamide
HC4N
Ketenimine
Methanethiol
Methanol
Methyl isocyanide
Pentynylidyne
Propynal
Protonated cyanoacetylene
Seven
atoms
Acetaldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Vinyl cyanide
Cyanodiacetylene
Ethylene oxide
Hexatriynyl radical
Methylacetylene
Methylamine
Methyl isocyanate
Vinyl alcohol
Eight
atoms
Acetic acid
Aminoacetonitrile
Cyanoallene
Ethanimine
Glycolaldehyde
Heptatrienyl radical
Hexapentaenylidene
Methylcyanoacetylene
Methyl formate
Propenal
Nine
atoms
Acetamide
Cyanohexatriyne
Cyanotriacetylene
Dimethyl ether
Ethanol
Niacin
Methyldiacetylene
Octatetraynyl radical
Propene
Propionitrile
Ten
atoms
or more
Acetone
Benzene
Benzonitrile
Buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene, buckyball)
C70 fullerene
Cyanodecapentayne
Cyanopentaacetylene
Cyanotetra-acetylene
Ethylene glycol
Ethyl formate
Methyl acetate
Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
Methyltriacetylene
Propanal
n-Propyl cyanide
Pyrimidine
Deuterated
molecules
Ammonia
Ammonium ion
Formaldehyde
Formyl radical
Heavy water
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen deuteride
Hydrogen isocyanide
Methylacetylene
N2D+
Trihydrogen cation
Unconfirmed
Anthracene
Dihydroxyacetone
Ethyl methyl ether
Glycine
Graphene
H2NCO+
Linear C5
Naphthalene cation
Phosphine
Pyrene
Silylidine
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War Machine (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
War Machine
Film poster
Directed by
David Michôd
Produced by
Brad Pitt
Dede Gardner
Jeremy Kleiner
Ted Sarandos
Ian Bryce
Written by
David Michôd
Based on
The Operators
by Michael Hastings
Starring
Brad Pitt
Emory Cohen
RJ Cyler
Topher Grace
Anthony Michael Hall
Anthony Hayes
John Magaro
Scoot McNairy
Will Poulter
Alan Ruck
Lakeith Stanfield
Josh Stewart
Meg Tilly
Tilda Swinton
Ben Kingsley
Tim Downie
Music by
Nick Cave
Warren Ellis
Cinematography
Dariusz Wolski
Edited by
Peter Sciberras
Production
company
Plan B Entertainment
New Regency
RatPac Entertainment
Blue-Tongue Films
Distributed by
Netflix
Release date
May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24) (High Street Phoenix)
May 26, 2017 (2017-05-26) (United States)
Running time
122 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$60 million[1]
War Machine is a 2017 American satirical war film directed and written by David Michôd, based on the nonfiction book The Operators by Michael Hastings. It is a fictionalized version of the events in the book based on United States Army General Stanley McChrystal.[2]
The film stars Brad Pitt, Anthony Michael Hall, Anthony Hayes, Topher Grace, Will Poulter, Tilda Swinton and Ben Kingsley. It was released on Netflix on May 26, 2017.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
In the summer of 2009, four-star General Glen McMahon (Brad Pitt), having won renown for his effective leadership in Iraq, is sent to Afghanistan to prepare an assessment so that the government can end the ongoing war.[4][5] He is given wide latitudes to write it, on the sole condition that he not request more troops. McMahon and his staff, particularly his right hand man Major General Greg Pulver (Anthony Michael Hall), are united in their belief that the war can be won, and decide to recommend that President Obama authorize a surge of 40,000 additional troops to secure Helmand province in order to stabilize the country. However, the Secretary of State (Sian Thomas) informs McMahon that his report will not be reviewed until after the upcoming presidential election.
Captain Badi Basim (Aymen Hamdouchi), a member of the Afghan National Army, joins McMahon's staff as a "representative" of the Afghan people. He arrives, however, in civilian clothes as he would rather not wear his uniform, which he has in a bag, outside the compound near his home as he walked. Meanwhile, McMahon is informed that, due to alleged irregularities in the counting of votes, a runoff election will have to be held, delaying the review of the assessment further. Fed up, McMahon secretly leaks the assessment to the Washington Post and organizes an interview with 60 Minutes, during which he reveals that, in the last seventy days, he has only been granted one meeting with the President. In response, the government announces that they will send 30,000 troops to Afghanistan, and that all U.S. and coalition forces in the country will leave in 18 months. To gather the remaining 10,000 troops needed for his strategy to work, McMahon and his men head to Paris to negotiate with the other coalition nations.
In Paris, McMahon learns that the President is passing through, and wishes to meet with him. The ambassador to Afghanistan (Alan Ruck) warns McMahon that he needs to understand his position: if he continues to anger the President, he will be fired for insubordination. The President, however, merely shakes his hand as he climbs aboard Air Force One due to time constraints, and McMahon and his staff attend a dinner in McMahon's honor, accompanied by Rolling Stone writer Sean Cullen (Scoot McNairy), who intends to write a feature story about his performance for an upcoming issue. The next day, during their anniversary dinner, McMahon's wife Jeanie confronts him about how much time he's spending fighting abroad instead of being with his family back home.
While on route to Berlin with McMahon's staff to continue negotiations, Cullen observes their behavior and concludes that they are arrogant and seem to care little about the growing public perception that the war is costly and wasteful. At a conference to discuss his strategy, McMahon is confronted by a German official (Tilda Swinton) who is skeptical of his approach and suggests that McMahon's plans would only lead to more losses. Nevertheless, both the Germans and the French agree to furnish the troops needed for his planned offensive, codenamed "Operation Moshtarak", to begin, with Afghan President Hamid Karzai's (Ben Kingsley) approval.
The operation launches, but soon runs into trouble when several civilians are accidentally killed against McMahon's instructions. When he holds a public meeting to explain the incident, the crowd grows hostile and demands that he and his troops leave. Worse, McMahon learns that Cullen's article has been published, and paints a negative picture of him and his staff as openly speaking against the President and mishandling the war effort. Knowing that he will be fired for his actions, McMahon returns to Washington and later takes a job as a civilian consultant.
In the aftermath, Cullen ponders the consequences of his article, noting that he wished the fall of McMahon would finally convince the government to stop invading foreign countries and end the war in Afghanistan. Instead, however, the government simply assigns a new general to replace McMahon: General Bob White (Russell Crowe).
Cast[edit]
McMahon's Entourage
Brad Pitt as General Glen McMahon,[6] a character based on General Stanley McChrystal.[7] He is portrayed as an accomplished general with degrees from West Point and Yale[8] brought in to bring a resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan.
Anthony Hayes[9] as Lieutenant Commander Pete Duckman, a Navy SEAL and member of McMahon's staff, possibly based on Navy SEAL David Silverman.
Emory Cohen[10] as Sgt. Willy Dunne, General McMahon's body man.
RJ Cyler as USAF Tech Sgt. Andy Moon, information technology support assistant.[11]
Daniel Betts as USN Rear Admiral Simon Ball, McMahon's Senior Public Affairs Officer.
Topher Grace as Matt Little, a former lobbyist turned McMahon's civilian media adviser.[12]
Anthony Michael Hall as Major General Greg Pulver, ISAF Director of Intelligence,[13] loosely based on Lt. General Michael Flynn.
John Magaro as Colonel Cory Staggart, an Army Ranger and General McMahon's executive officer.[14]
Aymen Hamdouchi as Captain Badi Basim, a scholarly Afghan National Army officer who becomes General McMahon's aide-de-camp.
Scoot McNairy[15] as Sean Cullen, a cynical journalist for Rolling Stone who accompanies McMahon and his staff and acts as narrator throughout the film, loosely based on author Michael Hastings.
Meg Tilly as Jeanie McMahon,[16] McMahon's wife.
U.S. Diplomats
Sian Thomas as United States Secretary of State Edith May, based on Hillary Rodham Clinton
Alan Ruck as Pat McKinnon, United States Ambassador to Afghanistan, loosely based on Karl Eikenberry.
Nicholas Jones as Dick Waddle, loosely based on Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan Richard Holbrooke.
Griffin Dunne as Ray Canucci, a United States Department of State senior official.
Politicians
Ben Kingsley as President Hamid Karzai[17]
Reggie Brown as President Barack Obama
Tilda Swinton as a German politician
Combat Marines
Will Poulter as Sgt. Ricky Ortega, a Marine Corps infantry squad leader.[18]
Lakeith Stanfield as Cpl. Billy Cole, a disillusioned Marine and member of Ortega's squad.[19]
Josh Stewart as Captain Dick North, a Marine Corps officer.
Other
Rufus Wright as British Army Lt. Col. Frank Groom
Georgina Rylance as Lydia Cunningham, 60 Minutes journalist.
Russell Crowe[20] as General Bob White (uncredited), General Glen McMahon's replacement similar to David Petraeus.
Production[edit]
On April 27, 2012, it was announced that New Regency and Plan B Entertainment had acquired the film adaptation rights to the 2011 best seller non-fiction book The Operators by Michael Hastings.[21] On April 14, 2014, David Michôd was hired to write and direct the film based on the war in Afghanistan.[7] Brad Pitt was attached to star as General Stanley McChrystal and produce the film along with his Plan B partners Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner, while the film would be financed by New Regency and RatPac Entertainment.[7]
On June 8, 2015, Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film which was re-titled War Machine, while Ian Bryce also came on board to produce the film along with others.[22] On June 17, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that there had been a budget issue between New Regency and RatPac with producers of Plan B, and thus Netflix had stepped in to buy the distribution rights for $60 million.[1]
On August 4, 2015, Emory Cohen was cast in the film to play a member of Gen. McChrystal's staff.[10] On August 10, 2015, Topher Grace joined the film to play Gen. Stanley McChrystal's civilian press adviser.[12] On August 11, 2015, John Magaro signed on to play Cory Burger, a special ops soldier and close advisor to General McMahon.[14] On August 14, 2015, Scoot McNairy joined the cast of the film.[15] On August 19, 2015, Anthony Michael Hall was added to the cast to play General Hank Pulver, loosely based on General Mike Flynn.[13] On August 20, 2015, Keith Stanfield signed on to the film.[19] The same day, Will Poulter also joined the cast for an unspecified role.[18] On August 25, Anthony Hayes joined the film.[9] On October 23, 2015, TheWrap revealed that RJ Cyler had also joined the film.[11] Alan Ruck was spotted filming.[23] Meg Tilly was also spotted but her casting was not then officially confirmed.[16] It was later reported Ben Kingsley and Tilda Swinton had been cast.[24]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began in mid-October 2015 in London.[25][26][27] Later on October 19, filming began in Abu Dhabi, the city was transformed into Kabul, streets into a military fortress, an old building as an American Embassy in Kabul, and a street as a Palestinian border crossing.[28][29] Filming also took place at the Abu Dhabi International Airport in November.[29] Some scenes were also filmed at the Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey, England.[23] In mid-November 2015, while final scenes were being shot, actors were spotted filming in Ras al-Khaimah and the city's old neighborhood was transformed into Pakistani villages and a military base-camp.[30]
Release[edit]
The film was released on Netflix on May 26, 2017.[31]
Marketing[edit]
Brad Pitt visited Mumbai to promote the film and attended a special screening at PVR High Street Phoenix on May 24, 2017.[32] He also met Indian superstar Shah Rukh Khan to promote War Machine.
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 54% based on 73 reviews, and an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "War Machine's uneven execution keeps its fact-based story from cleanly hitting its targets, but those flaws are frequently offset by sharp wit and solid acting."[33] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a 56 out of 100 score, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b McClintock, Pamela (June 17, 2015). "Whoa: Netflix Actually Paid $60M for Brad Pitt's Politically Charged Military Satire". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ McGinley, Michael (May 3, 2017). "Brad Pitt Talks Divorce, Quitting Drinking, and Becoming a Better Man". GQ. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brad Pitt prepares for battle in shahid's.com 'War Machine' trailer". CNET.
Jump up ^ Grow, Kory (March 30, 2017). "See Brad Pitt Play Runaway General in 'War Machine' Trailer". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crothers, Jennifer (31 March 2017). "The trailer for Brad Pitt's Netflix film War Machine is here". The Mirror. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Brad Pitt Looks Like a Ken Doll on the Set of Upcoming Netflix Drama 'War Machine' -- See the Pics!". etonline.com. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fleming Jr, Mike (April 14, 2014). "New Regency Taps Brad Pitt, David Michod To Tell Gen. Stanley McChrystal Afghan Story 'The Operators'". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mancini, Vince. "Brad Pitt And David Michôd's 'War Machine' Is An Absurd, Tragicomic Home Run".
^ Jump up to: a b Kroll, Justin (August 25, 2015). "'Animal Kingdom' Actor Anthony Hayes Joins 'War Machine' With Brad Pitt (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b A. Lincoln, Ross (August 4, 2015). "Joey King Will Be 'Going In Style'; Emory Cohen Enlists In Netflix's 'War Machine'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff (October 23, 2015). "'Power Rangers' Movie Adds 'Me and Earl and the Dying Girl' Star RJ Cyler as Blue Ranger". thewrap.com. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b McNary, Dave (August 10, 2015). "Topher Grace Joins Brad Pitt In Netflix Black Comedy 'War Machine'". Variety. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Busch, Anita (August 19, 2015). "Anthony Michael Hall Joins Brad Pitt In Netflix's 'War Machine'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b A. Lincoln, Ross (August 11, 2015). "John Magaro Joins 'War Machine'; Jason Fuchs Moves To 'La La Land'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (August 14, 2015). "Scoot McNairy Joins Brad Pitt In Netflix's 'War Machine'". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Evry, Max (November 20, 2015). "Brad Pitt in Set Photos from Netflix's War Machine". comingsoon.net. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ben Kingsley teaches Patricia Clarkson how to drive in new dramedy". Toronto Sun. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b McNary, Dave (August 20, 2015). "Will Poulter Joins Brad Pitt in Netflix's 'War Machine'". Variety. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Sneider, Jeff (August 20, 2015). "'Straight Outta Compton's Keith Stanfield Joins Brad Pitt's Netflix Movie 'War Machine' (Exclusive)". thewrap.com. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Drew (26 May 2017). "Director David Michôd on Why Netflix's 'War Machine' Could Never Be Made at a Studio". Movie Fone. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Rachel (April 27, 2012). "New Regency, Plan B dial 'Operators'". Variety. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (June 8, 2015). "Game Changer! Netflix Lands 'War Machine', Brad Pitt's Next Star Vehicle". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Brad Pitt pictured in full military gear as he heads to work to film scenes for movie War Machine at Dunsfold Aerodrome". The Daily Mail. November 13, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Acquires Charlie McDowell's 'The Discovery' Starring Rooney Mara, Robert Redford and Jason Segel". Netflix. June 13, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ FOX-Leonard, Boudicca (October 17, 2015). "Brad Pitt looks GREY-t as silver fox on London set of new film War Machine". Daily Mirror. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Silver fox Brad Pitt debuts dyed grey hairdo as he brings twins Knox and Vivienne along to the set of satirical comedy War Machine in London". The Daily Mail. October 18, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brad Pitt Is the Ultimate Silver Fox on the Set of War Machine (Move Over, Clooney!)". usmagazine.com. October 19, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Wade (October 15, 2015). "Brad Pitt's Netflix original movie 'War Machine' to start production in Abu Dhabi". upi.com. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Quiet Abu Dhabi street transforms into War Machine film set". thenational.ae. October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "RAK becomes celebrity zone as Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie fly down to the emirate". thenational.ae. November 14, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brad Pitt prepares for battle in Netflix's 'War Machine' trailer". CNET.
Jump up ^ "Brad Pitt is in Mumbai to attend War Machine screening, to meet Shah Rukh Khan". The Indian Express. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "War Machine (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "War Machine reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
War Machine on Netflix
War Machine on IMDb
War Machine at Rotten Tomatoes
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Major depressive episode
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Major depressive episode
Classification and external resources
Specialty
psychiatry
ICD-10
F32.2-F32.3
ICD-9-CM
296.2
[edit on Wikidata]
A major depressive episode is a period characterized by the symptoms of major depressive disorder: primarily depressed mood for two weeks or more, and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities, accompanied by other symptoms such as feelings of emptiness, hopelessness, anxiety, worthlessness, guilt and/or irritability, changes in appetite, problems concentrating, remembering details or making decisions, and thoughts of or attempts at suicide. Insomnia or hypersomnia, aches, pains, or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment may also be present. The description has been formalised in psychiatric diagnostic criteria such as the DSM-5 and ICD-10.[1][full citation needed]
Significant emotional pain and economic costs are associated with depression. In the United States and Canada, the costs associated with major depression are comparable to those related to heart disease, diabetes, and back problems and are greater than the costs of hypertension.[2] According to the Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, there is a direct correlation between major depressive episode and unemployment.[3]
Treatments for a major depressive episode include exercise, psychotherapy and antidepressants, although in more serious cases, hospitalization or intensive outpatient treatment may be required.[4] There are many theories as to how depression occurs. One interpretation is that neurotransmitters in the brain are out of balance, and this results in feelings of worthlessness and despair. Magnetic resonance imaging shows that brains of people who have depression look different than the brains of people not exhibiting signs of depression.[5] A family history of depression increases the chance of being diagnosed.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Symptoms
1.1 Mood, anhedonia and loss of interest
1.2 Change in eating, appetite, or weight
1.3 Sleep
1.4 Motor activity
1.5 Fatigue and concentration
1.6 Thoughts of death and suicide
2 Diagnosis
3 Treatment
4 Demographics
5 Comorbid disorders
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Symptoms[edit]
A woman who looks sad
The criteria below are based on the formal DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode. A diagnosis of major depressive episode requires that the patient has—over a two-week period—experienced five or more of the symptoms below, and these must be outside the patient's normal behaviour. Either depressed mood or decreased interest or pleasure must be one of the five (although both are frequently present).
Mood, anhedonia and loss of interest[edit]
A person experiencing a major depressive episode may report depressed mood or may appear depressed to others.[7] Often, interest or pleasure in everyday activities is decreased; this is referred to as anhedonia. These feelings must be present on an everyday basis for two weeks or longer to meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode. [7] In addition, the person may experience one or more of the following emotions: sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, guilt, indifference, anxiety, tearfulness, pessimism, or irritability.[1] Children and adolescents in particular may feel irritable.[1] There may be a loss of interest in or desire for sex. Friends and family of the depressed person may notice that he/she has withdrawn from friends, or has neglected or quit doing activities that were once a source of enjoyment.[8]
Depressed people may have feelings of guilt that go beyond a normal level or are delusional.[7] Depressed people may think of themselves in very negative, unrealistic ways, such as manifesting a preoccupation with past failures, personalisation of trivial events, or believing that minor mistakes prove their inadequacy. They also may have an unrealistic sense of personal responsibility and see things beyond their control as being their fault. Additionally, self-loathing is common in clinical depression, and can lead to a downward spiral when combined with other symptoms.[8]
Change in eating, appetite, or weight[edit]
A person experiencing a depressive episode may have a marked loss or gain of weight (such as 5% of their body weight in one month) or a change in appetite.[7] Changes in appetite take on two manifestations: under- or over-eating. In the first instance, some people never feel hungry, can go long periods without wanting to eat, or may forget to eat; if they do eat, a small amount of food may be sufficient. In children, failure to make expected weight gains may be counted towards this criteria.[1] Under-eating is often associated with a melancholic type of depression. In the second instance, some people tend toward an increase in appetite and may gain significant amounts of weight. They may crave certain types of food, such as sweets or carbohydrates. People with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) often crave foods high in carbohydrates. Over-eating is often associated with a type of depression called atypical depression.[8]
Sleep[edit]
Nearly every day, the person may sleep excessively, known as hypersomnia, or not enough, known as insomnia.[7] Insomnia is the most common type of sleep disturbance for people who are clinically depressed and is often associated with a melancholic type of depression. Symptoms of insomnia include trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, and/or waking up too early in the morning. Hypersomnia is a less common type of sleep disturbance. It may include sleeping for prolonged periods at night or increased sleeping during the daytime. The sleep may not be restful, and the person may feel sluggish despite many hours of sleep. This impacts their everyday activities and ability to focus at home or work. According to the United States National Library of Medicine, people with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may sleep longer during the winter months. Hypersomnia is often associated with an atypical depression.[8] Hypersomnia is not as common as insomnia and up to 40% of people exhibit hypersomnia from time to time.[9]
Motor activity[edit]
Nearly every day, others may see that the person's activity level is not normal.[7] People suffering from depression may be overly active (psychomotor agitation) or be very lethargic (psychomotor retardation). If a person is agitated, they may find it difficult to sit still, may pace the room, wring their hands, or fidget with clothes or objects. Someone with psychomotor retardation tends to move sluggishly, may move across a room very slowly, avert their eyes, sit slumped in a chair and speak slowly, saying little. They might say that their arms and legs feel heavy. To meet diagnostic criteria, changes in motor activity must be so abnormal that it can be observed by others.[8] Personal reports of feeling restless or feeling slow do not count towards the diagnostic criteria.[1]
Fatigue and concentration[edit]
Nearly every day, the person will experience extreme fatigue, tiredness, or loss of energy.[1][7] A person may feel tired without having engaged in any physical activity, and day-to-day tasks become increasingly difficult. Job tasks or housework become very tiring, and the patient finds that their work begins to suffer.[8] The person may be indecisive or have trouble thinking or concentrating.[7] Problems with memory and distraction are common. These issues cause significant difficulty in functioning for those involved in intellectually demanding activities, such as school and work, especially in difficult fields.[8]
Thoughts of death and suicide[edit]
The person may have repeated thoughts about death (other than the fear of dying) or suicide (with or without a plan), or may have made a suicide attempt.[7] The frequency and intensity of thoughts about suicide can range from believing that friends and family would be better off if one were dead, to frequent thoughts about committing suicide (generally related to wishing to stop the emotional pain), to detailed plans about how the suicide would be carried out. Those who are more severely suicidal may have made specific plans and decided upon a day and location for the suicide attempt.[8]
Diagnosis[edit]
Healthcare providers may screen patients for depression using a screening tool, such as the Patient Healthcare Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2).[10]
To diagnose a major depressive episode, a trained healthcare provider must make sure that:
The symptoms do not meet the criteria for a mixed episode.[1]
The symptoms must cause considerable distress or impair functioning at work, in social settings or in other important areas in order to qualify as an episode.[1]
The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., abuse of a drug or medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism).[1]
Other than in the case of severe symptoms (severely impaired functioning, severe preoccupation with worthlessness, ideas of suicide, delusions or hallucinations or psychomotor retardation).
Treatment[edit]
Depression is a treatable illness. Treatments for a major depressive episode may be obtained in one or more of the following settings: mental health specialists (i.e. psychologist, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, etc.), mental health centers or organizations, hospitals, outpatient clinics, social service agencies, private clinics, peer support groups, clergy, and employee assistance programs.[11] The treatment plan could include psychotherapy alone, antidepressant medications alone, or a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
For major depressive episodes of severe intensity (multiple symptoms, minimal mood reactivity, severe functional impairment), combined psychotherapy and antidepressant medications are more effective than psychotherapy alone.[1] Patients with severe symptoms may require outpatient treatment or hospitalization.[4]
Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, counseling, or psychosocial therapy, is characterized by a patient talking about their condition and mental health issues with a trained therapist. Different types of psychotherapy can be effective for depression. These include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness techniques.[4]
Medications used to treat depression include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and atypical antidepressants such as mirtazapine, which do not fit neatly into any of the other categories.[4] Different antidepressants work better for different individuals. It is often necessary to try several before finding one that works best for a specific patient. Some people may find it necessary to combine medications, which could mean two antidepressants or an antipsychotic medication in addition to an antidepressant.[12] If a person's close relative has responded well to a certain medication, that treatment will likely work well for him or her.[4]
Sometimes, people stop taking antidepressant medications due to side effects, although side effects often become less severe over time.[12] Suddenly stopping treatment or missing several doses may cause withdrawal-like symptoms.[4] Some studies have shown that antidepressants may increase short-term suicidal thoughts or actions, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults. However, antidepressants are more likely to reduce a person's risk of suicide in the long run.[4]
If left untreated, a typical major depressive episode may last for about six months. About 20% of these episodes can last two years or more. About half of depressive episodes end spontaneously. However, even after the major depressive episode is over, 20% to 30% of patients have residual symptoms, which can be distressing and associated with disability.[2]
Demographics[edit]
Estimates of the numbers of people suffering from major depressive episodes and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) vary significantly. In their lifetime, 10% to 25% of women, and 5% to 12% of men will suffer a major depressive episode. Fewer people, between 5% and 9% of women and between 2% and 3% of men, will have MDD, or full-blown depression. The greatest differences in numbers of men and women diagnosed are found in the United States and Europe.[1] The peak period of development is between the ages of 25 and 44 years. Onset of major depressive episodes or MDD often occurs to people in their mid-20s, and less often to those over 65. Prepubescent girls and boys are affected equally. The symptoms of depression are the same in both children and adolescents though there is evidence that their expression within an individual may change as he or she ages.[1]
In a National Institute of Mental Health study, researchers found that more than 40 percent of people with post-traumatic stress disorder suffered from depression 4 months after the traumatic event they experienced.[13]
Cultural factors can influence the symptoms displayed by a person experiencing a major depressive episode. The values of a specific culture may also influence which symptoms are more concerning to the person or and their friends and family. It is essential that a trained professional knows not to dismiss specific symptoms as merely being the "norm" of a culture.[1]
Women who have recently given birth may be at increased risk for having a major depressive episode. This is referred to as postpartum depression and is a different health condition than the baby blues, a low mood that resolves within 10 days after delivery.[14]
Comorbid disorders[edit]
Major depressive episodes may show comorbidity (association) with other physical and mental health problems. About 20-25% of individuals with a chronic general medical condition will develop major depression.[2] Common comorbid disorders include: eating disorders, substance-related disorders, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Up to 25% of people who experience a major depressive episode have a pre-existing dysthymic disorder.[2]
Some persons who have a fatal illness or are at the end of their life may experience depression, although this is not universal.[14]
See also[edit]
Depressive personality disorder
Depression (differential diagnoses)
Major depressive disorder
Mental breakdown
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition
^ Jump up to: a b c d Valdivia, Ivan; Rossy, Nadine (2004). "Brief Treatment Strategies for Major Depressive Disorder: Advice for the Primary Care Clinician". Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal. 4 (1) – via Medscape. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Hämäläinen, Juha; Poikolainen, Kari; Isometsa, Erkki; Kaprio, Jaakko; Heikkinen, Martti; Lindeman, Sari; Aro, Hillevi (2005). "Major depressive episode related to long unemployment and frequent alcohol intoxication". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 59 (6): 486–491. PMID 16316902. doi:10.1080/08039480500360872.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Depression (major depression)". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Katon, Wayne; Ciechanowski, Paul (October 2002). "Impact of major depression on chronic medical illness". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 53 (4): 859–863. PMID 12377294. doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00313-6.
Jump up ^ Tsuang, Ming T.; Bar, Jessica L.; Stone, William S.; Faraone, Stephen V. (June 2004). "Gene-environment interactions in mental disorders". World Psychiatry. 3 (2): 72–83. PMC 1414673  . PMID 16633461.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Criteria for Major Depressive Episode". Winthrop University. faculty.winthrop.edu. Archived from the original on 23 November 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "All About Depression: Diagnosis". All About Depression.com. www.allaboutdepression.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Shalev, A (1998). "Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma.". American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (5): 630–637. PMID 9585714. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.5.630.
Jump up ^ Maurer, DM (15 January 2012). "Screening for depression". American Family Physician. 85 (2): 139–144. PMID 22335214.
Jump up ^ Cassano, P (2002). "Depression and public health, an overview.". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 53: 849–857. PMID 12377293. doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00304-5.
^ Jump up to: a b "Depression Medicines". WebMD. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Shalev, A; Freedman, S; Peri, T; Brandes, D; Sahar, T; Orr, SP; Pitman, RK (May 1998). "Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma". American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (5): 630–637. PMID 9585714. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.5.630.
^ Jump up to: a b Hirst, KP; Moutier, CY (15 October 2010). "Postpartum major depression". American Family Physician. 82 (8): 926–933. PMID 20949886.
External links[edit]
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) website from the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance
Depression information from the National Institutes of Health
The Truth About Depression
[hide]
v
t
e
Mood disorder (F30–F39, 296)
History
Emil Kraepelin
Karl Leonhard
John Cade
Mogens Schou
Frederick K. Goodwin
Kay Redfield Jamison
Symptoms
Hallucination
Delusion
Emotional dysregulation
Anhedonia
Dysphoria
Suicidal ideation
Mood swing
sleep disorder
Hypersomnia
Insomnia
Psychosis
Racing thoughts
Reduced affect display
Depression (differential diagnoses)
Spectrum
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymia
Bipolar NOS
Depression
(Major depressive disorder
Dysthymia
Seasonal affective disorder
Atypical depression
Melancholic depression)
Schizoaffective disorder
Mania
Mixed affective state
Hypomania
Major depressive episode
Rapid cycling
Treatment
Anticonvulsants
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
Oxcarbazepine
Valproate
Sodium valproate
Valproate semisodium
Sympathomimetics,
SSRIs & similar
Dextroamphetamine
Methylphenidate
Bupropion
Sertraline
Fluoxetine
Escitalopram
Other mood stabilizers
Antipsychotics
Lithium
Lithium carbonate
Lithium citrate
Lithium sulfate
Atypical antipsychotics
Non-pharmaceutical
Clinical psychology
Electroconvulsive therapy
Involuntary commitment
Light therapy
Psychotherapy
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Dialectical behavior therapy
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Wayne Allwine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wayne Allwine
Born
Wayne Anthony Allwine
(1947-02-07)February 7, 1947
Glendale, California, U.S.
Died
May 18, 2009(2009-05-18) (aged 62)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting place
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
Nationality
American
Occupation
Voice actor, sound effects editor, foley artist
Years active
1966–2009
Known for
Voice of Mickey Mouse
Spouse(s)
Alyson Page (m. 1968; div. 1973)
Karla Carlsen (m. 1975; div. 1986)
Kim Knowlton (m. 1986; div. 1990)
Russi Taylor (m. 1991; d. 2009)
Children
4
Awards
Emmy Award (1986)
Disney Legend Award (2008)
Wayne Anthony Allwine (February 7, 1947 – May 18, 2009)[1] was an American voice actor, sound effects editor and foley artist for The Walt Disney Company. He was best remembered as the voice of Mickey Mouse for 32 years, narrowly the longest to date, and was married to voice actress Russi Taylor, who has voiced Minnie Mouse since 1986. He died on May 18, 2009 of complications caused by diabetes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life and death
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Theme park attractions
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Allwine was born in Glendale, California on February 7, 1947. In 1966, Allwine started work in the mailing room at the Disney studios, before working in the sound effects department under Jimmy MacDonald.[2]
Career[edit]
After auditioning for the role, Allwine became the voice of Mickey Mouse from 1977 until his death in 2009. He succeeded MacDonald, who in 1947 had taken over from Walt Disney himself, who had performed the role since 1928 as well as supplying Mickey's voice for animated portions of the original The Mickey Mouse Club television show (ABC-TV, 1955–59).
Allwine's first appearance as Mickey was voicing the animated lead-ins for The New Mickey Mouse Club in 1977. His first appearance as Mickey for a theatrical release was in the 1983 featurette Mickey's Christmas Carol. In the same film, he voiced a Santa Claus on the street appealing for charity donations at the start of the movie, Moley (who appears with Ratty) "collecting for the poor", and one of the two weasel undertakers in the Christmas future scene.
He also starred in films such as The Great Mouse Detective (1986), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Prince and the Pauper (1990) and Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004), and the TV series Mickey Mouse Works (1999-2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001-2003), and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006-2009). He has provided Mickey's voice in the popular Kingdom Hearts series of video games prior to Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, which was done in collaboration with Japanese video game company Square Enix. Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, which was the last game that used his voice (mainly with Mickey as a playable character in Mission Mode) would leave a message in his memory as the game was released in North America several months after his death.
In addition to his voice work, Allwine had also been a sound effects editor on Disney films and TV shows including Splash (1984) and Three Men and a Baby (1987); as well as Innerspace (1987), Alien Nation (1988) and Star Trek V: The Final Frontier for other studios.
He played rhythm guitar for the band Davie Allan & the Arrows, including on the 1967 single "Cycle-Delic."
Personal life and death[edit]
In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, who has voiced Minnie Mouse since 1986, and they were named Disney Legends in 2008. He also has three children from previous marriages.[3][4][5][6] His final performance was in the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episode "Goofy Baby Sitter" and the English-language version of Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, which are dedicated to his memory.
Allwine died of acute diabetes at age 62 on May 18, 2009, and Bret Iwan became the current voice of Mickey Mouse.[7] In 2013, his voice was used in the English-language version of Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix, and in 2014, his voice was again used in the English-language version of Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix, due to the archive footage from his previous work in Kingdom Hearts, Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories, and Kingdom Hearts II.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1983 Mickey's Christmas Carol Mickey Mouse/Weasel Gravedigger/Beggar Dog Short film
1985 The Black Cauldron Henchman Movie
1986 The Great Mouse Detective Thug Guard #2 Movie
1988 Who Framed Roger Rabbit Mickey Mouse Movie
1990 The Prince and the Pauper Mickey Mouse/Prince Short film
1995 A Goofy Movie Mickey Mouse Movie
Runaway Brain Mickey Mouse Short film
1999 Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas Mickey Mouse Direct-to-video film
Fantasia 2000 Mickey Mouse Segment: "Pomp and Circumstance"
2001 Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse Mickey Mouse Direct-to-video film
2002 Mickey's House of Villains Mickey Mouse Direct-to-video film
2004 The Lion King 1½ Mickey Mouse Direct-to-video film
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers Mickey Mouse Direct-to-video film
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas Mickey Mouse Direct-to-video film
2007 Mickey's Great Clubhouse Hunt Mickey Mouse Movie
2009 Mickey's Adventures in Wonderland Mickey Mouse Movie
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Choo-Choo Express Mickey Mouse Movie
2010 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Road Rally Mickey Mouse Final film
2011 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Space Adventure Mickey Mouse Final film
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1977–1979 The New Mickey Mouse Club Mickey Mouse
1987 D-TV Doggone Valentine
D-TV Monster Hits
1988 Totally Minnie
Mickey's 60th Birthday
Here's to you, Mickey Mouse
1989 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color
1990 The Muppets at Walt Disney World
Disney Sing-Along Songs: Disneyland Fun
1993 Bonkers
1994–1995 Mickey's Fun Songs series
1998 The Spirit of Mickey
1999–2000 Mickey Mouse Works
2001–2003 Disney's House of Mouse
2006–2009 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1998 My Disney Kitchen Mickey Mouse
2000 Mickey's Speedway USA
2002–2009 Kingdom Hearts series
2002 Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse
Disney Golf
Disney Sports Soccer
Disney Sports Skateboarding
Disney Sports Football
Disney Sports Basketball
2003 Disney's Party
Disney's Hide and Sneak
Toontown Online
2008 Disney Think Fast
Theme park attractions[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1991 Muppet*Vision 3D Waldo C. Graphic posing as Mickey Mouse
2003 Mickey's PhilharMagic Mickey Mouse
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Disney Legends - D23". Legends.disney.go.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (May 21, 2009). "Wayne Allwine, voice of Mickey Mouse, dies at 62". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Man who was the voice of Mickey Mouse dies - with his wife, the voice of Minnie Mouse, at his side". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ McLellan, By Dennis. "Wayne Allwine, voice of Mickey Mouse, dies at 62 – LA Times". Latimes.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Remembering Wayne Allwine, the Official Voice of Mickey Mouse". Mouseplanet.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Remembering Wayne Allwine - Slice of SciFi". Sliceofscifi.com. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Voice of Mickey Mouse dies". Abc.net.au. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
External links[edit]
Wayne Allwine on IMDb
Wayne Allwine at Find a Grave
Preceded by
Jimmy MacDonald Voice of Mickey Mouse
1977–2009 Succeeded by
Bret Iwan
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 71117237
ISNI: 0000 0000 5959 9370
SUDOC: 077445147
BNF: cb14445733b (data)
MusicBrainz: 5d074e70-bec2-4767-b636-de58c16c0edd
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Allwine&oldid=836164029"
Categories:
1947 births
2009 deaths
Male actors from Glendale, California
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Deaths from diabetes
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
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