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Kaiser Permanente
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Kaiser Permanente
Type
Consortium of for-profit and not-for-profit entities.
Industry
Healthcare
Founded
July 21, 1945; 72 years ago (1945-07-21)
Founder
Henry J. Kaiser
Sidney R. Garfield
Headquarters
Ordway Building
Oakland, California, U.S.
Key people
Bernard J Tyson,
Health Plan and Hospitals CEO
Geoffrey Sewell, M.D.,
Federation Executive Director
see section below
Revenue
$64.6 billion USD (2016)[1]
Net income
$1.9 billion USD (2016)[1]
Number of employees
208,975 employees (2017)
21,275 physicians (2017)[2]
Website
kp.org
Kaiser Permanente (/ˈkaɪzər pɜːrməˈnɛnteɪ/; KP) is an integrated managed care consortium, based in Oakland, California, United States, founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser and physician Sidney Garfield. Kaiser Permanente is made up of three distinct but interdependent groups of entities: the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (KFHP) and its regional operating subsidiaries; Kaiser Foundation Hospitals; and the regional Permanente Medical Groups. As of 2017, Kaiser Permanente operates in eight states (Hawaii, Washington, Oregon, California, Colorado, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia) and the District of Columbia, and is the largest managed care organization in the United States.
As of October 2017, Kaiser Permanente had 11.7 million health plan members, 208,975 employees, 21,275 physicians, 54,072 nurses, 39 medical centers, and 720 medical facilities.[2] As of December 31, 2016, the non-profit Kaiser Foundation Health Plan and Kaiser Foundation Hospitals entities reported a combined $1.9 billion in net income on $64.6 billion in operating revenues.[1] Each Permanente Medical Group operates as a separate for-profit partnership or professional corporation in its individual territory, and while none publicly reports its financial results, each is primarily funded by reimbursements from its respective regional Kaiser Foundation Health Plan entity. KFHP is one of the largest not-for-profit organizations in the United States.
KP's quality of care has been highly rated and attributed to a strong emphasis on preventive care, its doctors being salaried rather than paid on a fee-for-service basis, and an attempt to minimize the time patients spend in high-cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay. However, Kaiser has had disputes with its employees' unions, repeatedly faced civil and criminal charges for falsification of records and patient dumping, faced action by regulators over the quality of care it provided, especially to patients with mental health issues, and has faced criticism from activists and action from regulators over the size of its cash reserves.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure and governance
1.1 Governance
1.2 National structure
1.3 Regional entities
2 History
2.1 Early years
2.2 World War II
2.3 Postwar growth
2.4 Managed care era
2.5 Regional evolution
2.6 KP HealthConnect
2.7 International reputation
3 Quality of care
3.1 Historical issues
4 Research and publishing
5 Controversies
5.1 Mandatory arbitration
5.2 Labor unions
5.3 Cash reserves
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure and governance[edit]
Kaiser Permanente provides care throughout eight regions in the United States. Two or three (four, in the case of California) distinct but interdependent legal entities form the Kaiser system within each region. This structure was adopted by Kaiser Permanente physicians and leaders in 1955.
Governance[edit]
Each entity of Kaiser Permanente has its own management and governance structure, although all of the structures are interdependent and cooperative to a great extent. There are multiple affiliated non-profits registered with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. According to Form 990 governance questions, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan do not have members with the power to appoint or elect board members, meaning that the board itself nominates and appoints new members.[3]
Chairman and CEO George Halvorson retired in December 2013, after serving since 2002.[4]
On November 5, 2012, the board of directors announced that Bernard J. Tyson, Kaiser's president and chief operating officer for the last two years, would replace Halvorson[5] — the first time an African American was appointed to that position.[6]
National structure[edit]
The two types of organizations which make up each regional entity are:
Kaiser Foundation Health Plans (KFHP) work with employers, employees, and individual members to offer prepaid health plans and insurance. The health plans are not-for-profit and provide infrastructure for and invest in Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and provide a tax-exempt shelter for the for-profit medical groups.
Permanente Medical Groups are physician-owned organizations, which provide and arrange for medical care for Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members in each respective region. The medical groups are for-profit partnerships or professional corporations and receive nearly all of their funding from Kaiser Foundation Health Plans. The first medical group, The Permanente Medical Group, formed in 1948 in Northern California. Kaiser doctors become Permanente stockholders after three years at the company.[7]
In addition, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals operates medical centers in California, Oregon, Washington and Hawaii, and outpatient facilities in the remaining Kaiser Permanente regions. The hospital foundations are not-for-profit and rely on the Kaiser Foundation Health Plans for funding. They also provide infrastructure and facilities that benefit the for-profit medical groups.
Regional entities[edit]
Kaiser Permanente is administered through eight regions, including one parent and six subordinate health plan entities, one hospital entity, and nine separate, affiliated medical groups:
[show]Various legal entities serve the areas of the US where Kaiser operates: California (the largest two), Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, mid-Atlantic, Pacific Northwest, and Washington.
Northern California, 3,351,449 members[8]
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (KFHP)
Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (KFH)
The Permanente Medical Group, Inc. (TPMG)
Southern California, 3,499,035 members
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (KFHP)
Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (KFH)
Southern California Permanente Medical Group (SCPMG)
Colorado, 531,908 members
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Colorado (KFHPCO)
Colorado Permanente Medical Group, P.C. (CPMG)
Georgia, 222,074 members
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Georgia, Inc. (KFHPGA)
The Southeast Permanente Medical Group, Inc. (TSPMG)
Hawaii, 226,900 members
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (KFHP)
Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (KFH)
Hawaii Permanente Medical Group, Inc. (HPMG)
Mid-Atlantic (vicinity of Washington, D.C., including Maryland and Virginia), 581,000 members
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Mid-Atlantic States Inc. (KFHPMA)
Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group, P.C. (MAPMG)
Northwest (Northwest Oregon and Southwest Washington), 480,386 members
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Northwest (KFHPNW)
Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (KFH)
Northwest Permanente, P.C. Physicians and Surgeons (NWP)
Washington (except Southwest Washington), 681,386 members
Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Washington
Washington Permanente Medical Group
In addition to the regional entities, in 1996, the then-twelve Permanente Medical Groups created The Permanente Federation, a separate entity, which focuses on standardizing patient care and performance under one name and system of policies. Around the same time, The Permanente Company was also chartered as a vehicle to provide investment opportunities for the for-profit Permanente Medical Groups.[9] One of the ventures of the Permanente Company is Kaiser Permanente Ventures, a venture capital firm that invests in emerging medical technologies.[10]
Kaiser Permanente's headquarters (the Ordway Building in downtown Oakland)
One of Kaiser's six other office buildings in Oakland
History[edit]
Kaiser Sunset Hospital complex in Los Angeles, California
Early years[edit]
The history of Kaiser Permanente dates to 1933 and a tiny hospital in the town of Desert Center, California. At that time, Henry J. Kaiser and several other large construction contractors had formed an insurance consortium called Industrial Indemnity to meet their workers' compensation obligations. Dr. Sidney Garfield had just finished his residency at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center at a time when jobs were scarce; fortunately, he was able to secure a contract with Industrial Indemnity to care for 5,000 construction workers building the Colorado River Aqueduct in the Mojave Desert. Soon enough, Garfield's new hospital was in a precarious financial state (with mounting debt and the staff of three going unpaid), due in part to Garfield's desire to treat all patients regardless of ability to pay, as well as his insistence on equipping the hospital adequately so that critically injured patients could be stabilized for the long journey to full-service hospitals in Los Angeles.[11]:19–26
However, Garfield won over two Industrial Indemnity executives, Harold Hatch and Alonzo B. Ordway. It was Hatch who proposed to Garfield the specific solution that would lead to the creation of Kaiser Permanente: Industrial Indemnity would prepay 17.5% of premiums, or $1.50 per worker per month, to cover work-related injuries, while the workers would each contribute five cents per day to cover non-work-related injuries. Later, Garfield also credited Ordway with coming up with the general idea of prepayment for industrial healthcare. Garfield also later explained that he did not know much at the time about other similar health plans except for the Ross-Loos Medical Group.[12]
Hatch's solution enabled Garfield to bring his budget back into the positive, and to experiment with providing a broader range of services to the workers besides pure emergency care. By the time work on the aqueduct concluded and the project was wrapped up, Garfield had paid off all his debts, was supervising ten physicians at three hospitals, and controlled a financial reserve of $150,000.[13]
Garfield returned to Los Angeles for further study at County-USC with the intent of entering private practice. However, in March 1938, Consolidated Industries (a consortium led by the Kaiser Company) initiated work on a contract for the upper half of the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state, and took over responsibility for the thousands of workers who had worked for a different construction consortium on the first half of the dam. Edgar Kaiser, Henry's son, was in charge of the project. To smooth over relations with the workers (who had been treated poorly by their earlier employer), Hatch and Ordway persuaded Edgar to meet with Garfield, and in turn Edgar persuaded Garfield to tour the Grand Coulee site. Garfield subsequently agreed to reproduce at Grand Coulee Dam what he had done on the Colorado River Aqueduct project. He immediately spent $100,000 on renovating the decrepit Mason City Hospital and hired seven physicians.[14]
Unlike the workers on Garfield's first project, many workers at Grand Coulee Dam had brought dependents with them. The unions soon forced the Kaiser Company to expand its plan to cover dependents, which resulted in a dramatic shift from industrial medicine into family practice and enabled Garfield to formulate some of the basic principles of Kaiser Permanente. It was also during this time that Henry Kaiser personally became acquainted with Garfield and forged a friendship which lasted until Kaiser's death.[15]
World War II[edit]
Kaiser Field Hospital in Richmond, California. Defunct since 1995
In 1939, the Kaiser Company began work on several huge shipbuilding contracts in Oakland, and by the end of 1941 would control four major shipyards on the West Coast. During 1940, the expansion of the American defense-industrial complex in preparation for entrance into World War II resulted in a massive increase in the number of employees at the Richmond shipyard.[16] In January 1941, Henry Kaiser asked Garfield to set up an insurance plan for the Richmond workers (this was merely contract negotiation with insurance companies), and a year later Kaiser asked Garfield to duplicate at Richmond what he had done at Desert Center and Mason City.[17] Unlike the two other projects, the resulting entity lived on after the construction project that gave birth to it, and it is the direct ancestor of today's Kaiser Permanente.[18]
On March 1, 1942, Sidney R. Garfield & Associates opened its offices in Oakland to provide care to 20,000 workers, followed by the opening of the Permanente Health Plan on June 1.[19] From the beginning, Kaiser Permanente strongly supported preventive medicine and attempted to educate its members about maintaining their own health.[20]
In July, the Permanente Foundation formed to operate Northern California hospitals that would be linked to the outpatient health plans, followed shortly thereafter by the creation of Northern Permanente Foundation for Oregon and Washington and Southern Permanente Foundation for California. The name Permanente came from Permanente Creek, which flowed past Henry Kaiser's first cement plant on Black Mountain in Cupertino, California. Kaiser's first wife, Bess Fosburgh, liked the name. An abandoned Oakland facility was modernized as the 170-bed Permanente Hospital opened on August 1, 1942. Three weeks later, the 71-bed Richmond Field Hospital opened. Six first aid stations were set up in the shipyards to treat industrial accidents and minor illness. Each first aid station had an ambulance ready to rush patients to the surgical field hospital if required. Stabilized patients could be moved to the larger hospital for recuperative care.[21] The Northern Permanente Hospital opened two weeks later to serve workers at the Kaiser shipyard in Vancouver, Washington.[22] Shipyard workers paid seven cents per day for comprehensive health care coverage; and within a year the shipyard health plan employed sixty physicians with salaries between $450 and $1,000 per month. These physicians established California Physicians Service to offer similar health coverage to the families of shipyard workers.[21] In 1944, Kaiser decided to continue the program after the war and to open it up to the general public.[18]
Meanwhile, during the war years, the American Medical Association (AMA) (which opposed managed care organizations from their very beginning) tried to defuse demand for managed care by promoting the rapid expansion of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield preferred provider organization networks.[23]
Courage to Heal, a novel by KP Historical Society President, Paul Bernstein, MD, is based on the story of Garfield's life, his struggles with the AMA, and the origins of Kaiser Permanente.
Postwar growth[edit]
In 1948, Kaiser established the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, (also known as Kaiser Family Foundation), a U.S.-based, non-profit, private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the nation.[24] The Foundation, not associated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries, is an independent voice and source of facts and analysis for policymakers, the media, the health care community, and the general public.[24]
The end of World War II brought about a huge plunge in Kaiser Permanente membership; for example, 50,000 workers had left the Northern California yards by July 1945. Membership bottomed out at 17,000 for the entire system but then surged back to 26,000 within six months as Garfield aggressively marketed his plan to the public.[25] Sidney Garfield & Associates had been a sole proprietorship, but in 1948, it was reorganized into a partnership, Permanente Medical Group.[26]
During this period, a substantial amount of growth came from union members; the unions saw Kaiser Permanente care as more affordable and comprehensive than what was available at the time from private physicians under the fee-for-service system. For example, Fortune magazine had reported in 1944 that 90% of the U.S. population could not afford fee-for-service healthcare. Kaiser Permanente membership soared to 154,000 in 1950, 283,000 in 1952, 470,000 in 1954, 556,000 in 1956, and 618,000 in 1958.[27]
From 1944 onward, both Kaiser Permanente and Garfield fought numerous attacks from the AMA and various state and local medical societies. Henry Kaiser came to the defense of both Garfield and the health plans he had created.[28]
In 1951, the organization acquired its current name when Henry Kaiser unilaterally directed the trustees of the health plans, hospital foundations, and medical groups to add his name before Permanente.[29] However, the physicians in the Permanente Medical Group deeply resented the implication that they were directly controlled by Kaiser, and successfully forced him to back off with respect to their part of the organization. That same year, Kaiser Permanente also began experiments with large-scale multiphasic screening to identify unknown conditions and to facilitate treatment of known ones.[30] Simultaneously, although no one questioned his medical competence, Garfield's deficiencies as an executive were becoming apparent as the organization expanded far beyond his ability to manage it properly.[31]
Henry Kaiser became fascinated with the healthcare system created for him by Garfield and began to directly manage Kaiser Permanente and Garfield. This resulted in a financial disaster when Kaiser splurged on the new Walnut Creek hospital; his constant intermeddling led to significant friction at every level of the organization. The situation was not helped by Kaiser's marriage to Garfield's head administrative nurse (who had helped care for Kaiser's first wife on her deathbed), convincing Garfield to marry the sister of that nurse, and then having Garfield move in next door to him. Clifford Keene (who would eventually serve as president of Kaiser Permanente) later recalled that this arrangement resulted in a rather dysfunctional and combative family in charge of Kaiser Permanente.[32]
Keene was an experienced Permanente physician whom Garfield had personally hired in 1946. During 1953 he had been trying to get a job at U.S. Steel, but on the morning of December 5, 1953, with internal tensions worsening day by day, Garfield met with Keene at the Mark Hopkins Hotel in San Francisco and asked him to turn around the organization. It took Keene 15 years to realize that Kaiser had forced Garfield to ask Keene to become his replacement. Due to the chaos on the board, Keene at first took control with the vague title of Executive Associate, but it soon became clear to everyone that he was actually in charge and Garfield was to become a lobbyist and "ambassador" for the HMO concept.[33]
However, even with Garfield relieved of day-to-day management duties, the underlying problem of Henry Kaiser's authoritarian management style continued to persist. After several tense confrontations between Kaiser and Permanente Medical Group physicians, the doctors met with Kaiser's top adviser, Eugene Trefethen, at Kaiser's personal estate near Lake Tahoe on July 12, 1955. Trefethen came up with the idea of a contract between the medical groups and the health plans and hospital foundations which would set out roles, responsibilities, and financial distribution.[34] Trefethen, already a successful attorney, went on to a successful career with Kaiser Permanente and in retirement became a famous vintner.
While Keene and Trefethen struggled to fix the damage from Kaiser's micromanagement and Garfield's ineffectual management, Henry Kaiser moved to Oahu in 1956 and insisted on expanding Kaiser Permanente into Hawaii in 1958. He quickly ruined what should have been a simple project, and only a last-minute intervention by Keene and Trefethen in August 1960 prevented the total disintegration of the Hawaii organization.[35] By that year, Kaiser membership had grown to 808,000.[36]
Managed care era[edit]
Having overseen Kaiser Permanente's successful transformation from Henry Kaiser's healthcare experiment into a large-scale self-sustaining enterprise, Keene retired in 1975.[37] By 1976, membership reached three million. In 1977, all six of Kaiser Permanente's regions had become federally qualified health maintenance organizations. Historians now believe then-President Richard Nixon specifically had Kaiser Permanente in mind when he signed the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, as the organization was mentioned in an Oval Office discussion of the Act, where John Ehrlichman characterized Kaiser's philosophy thus: "All the incentives are toward less medical care, because the less care they give them, the more money they make."[38] In 1980, Kaiser acquired a non-profit group practice to create its Mid-Atlantic region, encompassing the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. In 1985, Kaiser Permanente expanded to Georgia.
Regional evolution[edit]
By 1990, Kaiser Permanente provided coverage for about a third of the population of the cities of San Francisco and Oakland; total Northern California membership was over 2.4 million.[39]
Elsewhere, Kaiser Permanente did not do as well, and its geographic footprint changed significantly in the 1990s. The organization spun off or closed outposts in Texas, North Carolina, and the Northeast. In 1998, Kaiser Permanente sold its Texas operations, where reported problems had become so severe that the organization directed its lawyers to attempt to block the release of a Texas Department of Insurance report. This prompted the state attorney general to threaten to revoke the organization's license.[40] Kaiser Permanente closed health plans in Charlotte and Raleigh-Durham[41] in North Carolina four years later. The organization also sold its unprofitable Northeast division in 2000. The Ohio division was sold to Catholic Health Partners in 2013.[42]
In 1995, Kaiser Permanente celebrated its fiftieth anniversary as a public health plan. Two years later, national membership reached nine million. In 1997, the organization established an agreement with the AFL-CIO to explore a new approach to the relationship between management and labor, known as the Labor Management Partnership. Going into the new millennium, competition in the managed care market increased dramatically, raising new concerns. The Southern California Permanente Medical Group saw declining rates of new members as other managed care groups, notably DaVita HealthCare Partners, flourished.
KP HealthConnect[edit]
In 2002, Kaiser Permanente abandoned its attempt to build its own clinical information system with IBM, writing-off some $452 million in software assets. This information technology failure led to major changes in the organization's approach to digital records. Under George Halvorson's direction, Kaiser looked closely at two medical software vendors, Cerner and Epic Systems, ultimately selecting Epic as the primary vendor for a new system, branded KP HealthConnect. Although Kaiser's approach shifted to "buy, not build," the project was unprecedented for a civilian system in size and scope. Deployed across all eight regions over six years and at a cost of more than $6 billion,[43] by 2010, it was the largest civilian electronic medical record system, serving more than 8.6 million Kaiser Permanente members, implemented at a cost exceeding a half million dollars per physician.[44]
International reputation[edit]
Early in the 21st century the NHS and UK Department of Health became impressed with some aspects of the Kaiser operation, and initiated a series of studies involving several healthcare organizations in England.[45][46] Visits occurred and suggestions of adopting some KP policies are currently active. The management of hospital bed-occupancy by KP, by means of integrated management in and out of hospital and monitoring progress against care pathways has given rise to trials of similar techniques in eight areas of the UK.
In 2002, a controversial study by California-based academics published in the British Medical Journal compared Kaiser to the British National Health Service, finding Kaiser to be superior in several respects.[45] Subsequently, a group of health policy academics who were experts on the NHS published a competing analysis claiming that Kaiser's costs were actually substantially higher than the NHS and for a younger and healthier population.[47]
Quality of care[edit]
In the California Healthcare Quality Report Card 2013 Edition, Kaiser Permanente's Northern California and Southern California regions, Kaiser received four out of four possible stars in Meeting National Standards of Care. Kaiser North and South also received three out of four stars in Members Rate Their HMO.[48] KP's performance has been attributed to three practices: First, KP places a strong emphasis on preventive care, reducing costs later on. Second, its doctors are salaried rather than paid per service, which removes the main incentive for doctors to perform unnecessary procedures. Thirdly, KP attempts to minimize the time patients spend in high-cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay and by shifting care to outpatient clinics. This practice results in lower costs per member, cost savings for KP and greater doctor attention to patients. A comparison to the UK's National Health Service found that patients spend 2–5 times as much time in NHS hospitals as compared to KP hospitals.[49][50]
In June 2013, the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC) levied a $4 million fine, the second largest in the agency's history, against Kaiser for not providing adequate mental health care to its patients. Alleged violations of California's timely access laws included failures to accurately track wait times and track doctor availability amid evidence of inconsistent electronic and paper records. It was also found by the DMHC that patients received written materials circulated by Kaiser dissuading them from seeking care, a violation of state and federal laws. DMHC also issued a cease and desist order for Kaiser to end the practices.[51][52] DMHC conducted a follow up investigation which published in April 2015. The report found Kaiser had put systems in place to better track how patients were being cared for, but still had not addressed problems with actually providing mental health care that complied with state and federal laws.[52] Kaiser's challenges on this front were exacerbated by a long, unresolved labor dispute with the union representing therapists.[52]
Kaiser appealed the findings, the order, and the fine, and sought to keep the proceedings closed, but in September 2014, in the face of the administrative judge's order to keep the proceedings open, and facing the beginning of public testimony, Kaiser withdrew the appeal and paid the $4 million. It also issued a statement which denied much of the wrongdoing. Kaiser faces ongoing inspections by DMHC and three class-action lawsuits related to the issues identified by the DMHC.[53]
Historical issues[edit]
In 2006 Kaiser settled five cases for alleged patient dumping—the delivery of homeless hospitalized patients to other agencies or organizations in order to avoid expensive medical care—between 2002 and 2005. Los Angeles city officials had filed civil and criminal legal action against Kaiser Permanente for patient dumping, which was the first action of its kind that the city had taken.[54] The city's decision to charge Kaiser Permanente reportedly was influenced by security camera footage, allegedly showing a 63-year-old patient, dressed in hospital gown and slippers, wandering toward a mission on Skid Row (this footage was prominently featured in the Michael Moore 2007 documentary Sicko). At the time that the complaint was filed, city officials said that 10 other hospitals were under investigation for similar issues.[54] Kaiser settled the case, paying $5,000 in civil penalties and agreeing to spend $500,000 on services for the homeless.[55] During that same period, the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of the Inspector General settled 102 cases against U.S. hospitals which resulted in a monetary payment to the agency.[56][57]
In 2004, Northern California Kaiser Permanente initiated an in-house program for kidney transplantation. Prior to opening the transplant center, Northern California Kaiser patients would generally receive transplants at medical centers associated with the University of California (UC San Francisco and UC Davis). Upon opening the transplant center, Kaiser required that members who are transplant candidates in Northern California obtain services exclusively through its internal KP-owned transplant center.
While it was in operation, the Kaiser program had a 100% survival rate, which is better than other transplant centers. However, patients who needed a kidney were less likely to be offered one.[58] Northern California Kaiser performed 56 transplants in 2005, and twice that many patients died while waiting for a kidney. At other California transplant centers, more than twice as many people received kidneys than died during the same period. Unlike other centers, the Kaiser program did not perform riskier transplants or use donated organs from elderly or other higher-risk people, which have worse outcomes. Northern California Kaiser closed the kidney transplant program in May 2006. As before, Northern California Kaiser now pays for pre-transplant care and transplants at other hospitals. This change affected approximately 2,000 patients.[59][60]
Research and publishing[edit]
Kaiser operates a Division of Research, which annually conducts between 200 and 300 studies, and the Center for Health Research which in 2009 had more than 300 active studies. Kaiser's bias toward prevention is reflected in the areas of interest—vaccine and genetic studies are prominent. The work is funded primarily by federal, state, and other outside (non-Kaiser) institutions.[61]
Controversies[edit]
Mandatory arbitration[edit]
In order to contain costs, Kaiser requires an agreement by planholders to submit patient malpractice claims to arbitration rather than litigating through the court system. This has triggered some opposition.[62]
Wilfredo Engalla is a notable case. In 1991, Engalla died of lung cancer nearly five months after submitting a written demand for arbitration. The California Supreme Court found[63] that Kaiser had a financial incentive to wait until after Engalla died; his spouse could recover $500,000 from Kaiser if the case was arbitrated while he was alive, but only $250,000 after he died. The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights contends that Kaiser continues to oppose HMO arbitration reform.[64]
Watchdogs have accused Kaiser of abusing the power imbalance inherent in the arbitration system. Kaiser engages in many cases whereas a customer will usually engage in just one and Kaiser can reject any arbitrator unilaterally, thus they can select company-friendly arbitrators over those that rule in favor of customers. As a large organization, Kaiser can also afford to spend much more on lawyers and orators than the customer, giving them more advantages. In response to criticisms, Kaiser established an Office of Independent Administrators (OIA) in 1999 to oversee the arbitration process. The degree to which this office is actually independent has been questioned.[65]
Patients and consumer interest groups sporadically attempt to bring lawsuits against Kaiser Permanente. Recent lawsuits include Gary Rushford's 1999 attempt to use proof of a physician lie to overturn an arbitration decision.[66]
In one case, Kaiser attempted to significantly expand the scope of its arbitration agreements by arguing it should be able to force nonsignatories to its member contracts into arbitration, merely because those third parties had allegedly caused an injury to a Kaiser member which Kaiser had then allegedly exacerbated through its medical malpractice. The California Court of Appeal for the First District did not accept that argument: "Absent a written agreement—or a preexisting relationship or authority to contract for another that might substitute for an arbitration agreement—courts sitting in equity may not compel third party nonsignatories to arbitrate their disputes."[67]
Labor unions[edit]
While Doctors of Medicine (M.D.) and Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) are partners within the for-profit physician groups, many employees are members of various unions and guilds, depending on their role and service area.
KP's California operations were the target of four labor strikes in 2011 and 2012 — two (September 2011, January 2012) involved more than 20,000 nurses, mental health providers, and other professionals.[68] The National Union of Healthcare Workers (NUHW) has accused Kaiser of deliberately stalling negotiations while profiting $2.1 billion in 2011 and paying its CEO George Halvorson $9 million annually. The workers were dissatisfied with proposed changes to pensions and other benefits.[69]
On November 11, 2014, up to 18,000 nurses went on strike at KP hospitals in Northern California over Ebola safeguards and patient-care standards during union contract talks. 21 hospitals and 35 clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area were affected.[70]
Cash reserves[edit]
Jamie Court, president of the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights has said that Kaiser's retained profits are evidence that Kaiser policies are overpriced and that health insurance regulation is needed.[71]
State insurance regulations require that insurers maintain certain minimum amounts of cash reserves to ensure that they are able to meet their obligations; the amount varies by insurer, based on its risk factors, such as its investments, how many people it insures, and other factors; a few states also have caps on how large the reserves can be.[72]
Kaiser has been criticized by activists and state regulators for the size of its cash reserves. As of 2015, it had $21.7 billion in cash reserves, which was about 1,600% the amount required by California state regulations.[73] Its reserves had been a target of advertising by Consumer Watchdog supporting Proposition 45 in California's 2014 elections.[73] At the end of 2010 Kaiser held $666 million in reserves, which was about 1,300% of the minimum required under Colorado state law.[72] Those funds were in Kaiser's risk-based capital account, held to pay for disasters or major projects.[72] In 2008, the Colorado regulator required Kaiser to spend down its reserves; after negotiations Kaiser agreed to spend $155 million of its reserves giving credits to its clients and building clinics in underserved parts of the state.[72]
See also[edit]
Health portal
Medicine portal
Heather O'Rourke (1975–1988) – child actress who became ill in 1987 and was misdiagnosed by doctors of Kaiser Permanente Hospital. She died on February 1, 1988 and a lawsuit followed shortly.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Hendricks, 185
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 66-75
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 96-101, 142-150
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 111
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 123-124
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 133
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 165-167
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 174-180
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 189-190
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 199-203
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 209
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 205
Jump up ^ Transcript of taped conversation between President Richard Nixon and John D. Ehrlichman
Jump up ^ Hendricks, 209, 215
Jump up ^ Olmos, David (April 3, 1997). "Kaiser Is Facing Threat of a Shutdown in Texas". Los Angeles Times. LAtimes.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Freudenheim, David (June 19, 1999). "Kaiser Permanente Is Shutting Down Its H.M.O. In The Northeast". The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Magaw, Timothy (September 4, 2013). "Kaiser Permanente's Ohio operations to be renamed HealthSpan". Crain's Cleveland Business. crainscleveland.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rauber, Chris (August 12, 2009). "More details on Kaiser Permanente job cuts, 650 to come in SoCal". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Monegain, Bernie (March 29, 2010). "Kaiser KP HealthConnect rollout done". Healthcare IT News. healthcareitnews.com. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Feachem, Richard G.A.; Sekhri, Neelam K.; White, Karen L. (January 19, 2002). "Getting more for their dollar: a comparison of the NHS with California's Kaiser Permanente". British Medical Journal. 324 (330): 135–143. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7330.135. PMC 64512  . PMID 11799029.
Jump up ^ "NHS 'worse value than US provider'". BBC News. BBC.co.uk. January 17, 2002. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Talbot-Smith, Alison; Gnani, Shamini; Pollock, Allyson M; Pereira Gray, Denis (2004). "Questioning the claims from Kaiser". The British Journal of General Practice. 54 (503): 415–21; discussion 422. ISSN 0960-1643. PMC 1266198  . PMID 15186560.
Jump up ^ "HMO Quality Ratings Summary 2013 Edition". California Office of the Patient Advocate. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Feachem RG, Sekhri NK, White KL (January 2002). "Getting more for their dollar: a comparison of the NHS with California's Kaiser Permanente". 324: 135–41. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7330.135. PMC 64512  . PMID 11799029.
Jump up ^ "The health of nations". The Economist. Economist.com. July 15, 2004. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nicol, Jake. "A Flawed Model for Care". www.eastbayexpress.com. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jenny Gold for the Kaiser Health News. February 25, 2015 [http://kaiserhealthnews.org/news/kaiser-permanente-faulted-again-for-mental-health-care-in-california/ Kaiser Permanente Faulted Again For Mental Health Care Lapses In California
Jump up ^ Cynthia H. Craft for the Sacramento Bee. September 9, 2014 Kaiser to pay $4 million fine over access to mental health services
^ Jump up to: a b Jaffe, Melissa; Block (November 16, 2006). "Kaiser Faces Charges for Dumping Homeless Patient". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bob Herman for Modern Healthcare. August 28, 2014 Los Angeles goes after patient-dumping for a third time
Jump up ^ "Archives — Patient Dumping 2002-2007". HHS Office of Inspector General. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marquez, Miguel (March 24, 2006). "Trend: 'Dumping' Homeless on L.A.'s Skid Row". ABC News. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ornstein, Charles; Weber, Tracy (May 3, 2006). "Kaiser Put Kidney Patients at Risk". Los Angeles Times. LATimes.com. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Colliver, Victoria (August 10, 2006). "Record Kaiser fine expected". San Francisco Chronicle. SFgate.com. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Agency ignored organ transplant problems". NBC News. Associated Press. October 22, 2006. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "About the Division of Research". Kaiser Permanente. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rauber, Chris (February 20, 1998). "Kaiser fires back in arbitration suit". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, Inc. , 15 Cal 451 (Cal 4th June 30, 1997).
Jump up ^ "Placebo Kaiser Arbitration Bill Killed In Senate Committee" (Press release). The Foundation for Taxpayer & Consumer Rights. April 26, 2000. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ ""Independent" Administrator Of Kaiser Arbitration System Is Rep For Corporate Lobby" (Press release). The Foundation for Taxpayer & Consumer Rights. January 8, 2003. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gary Rushford v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals , A104598 (Cal Appeal May 31, 2005).
Jump up ^ County of Contra Costa v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. , 47 (Cal. Appeal 4th).
Jump up ^ Hay, Jeremy (January 31, 2012). "Two Kaiser unions strike in Santa Rosa, Northern California". The Press Democrat. pressdemocrat.com. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kaiser workers on strike". Roseville Press-Tribune. thepresstribune.com. January 31, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kaiser Nurses Holding 2-Day Strike Over Staffing Levels, Ebola Protections". NBC Bay Area.
Jump up ^ http://www.insidebayarea.com/sanmateocountytimes/ci_6544372
^ Jump up to: a b c d Michael Booth for The Denver Post. March 13, 2011. Insurers' enormous cash surpluses prompt calls for rebates or community spending
^ Jump up to: a b Tracy Seipel for Mercury News. March 19, 2015 California drops hammer on Blue Shield tax-exempt status
External links[edit]
Official website
The Permanente Federation, which represents the Permanente Medical Groups
Search all Kaiser hospitals in the CA Healthcare Atlas A project by OSHPD
Nightly News with Brian Williams Report on successful Kaiser Permanente initiatives including declaration by Louise Liang falsely attributing Vioxx discovery to KP HealthConnect even though it was not yet in production use in Northern California
Health Administration Responsibility Project Home page of a group scrutinizing managed care and its failures, contains links to several pages about issues involving Kaiser Permanente
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaiser Permanente.
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VIAF: 147877401
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text:
Knockin' on Heaven's Door
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Knockin' on Heaven's Door (disambiguation).
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Single by Bob Dylan
from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid
B-side
"Turkey Chase"
Released
July 13, 1973
Recorded
February 1973
Genre
Folk rock, gospel
Length
2:32
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Gordon Carroll
Bob Dylan singles chronology
"George Jackson"
(1971) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1973) "A Fool Such as I"
(1973)
"George Jackson"
(1971) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1973) "A Fool Such as I"
(1973)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan, for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. Released as a single, it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as "an exercise in splendid simplicity",[1] the song, in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it, is one of Dylan's most popular post-1960s compositions.
Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Cover versions
2.1 Eric Clapton version
2.2 Guns N' Roses versions
2.2.1 Charts
2.2.2 Certifications
2.3 Dunblane tribute
2.4 Other cover versions
3 Sampled version
4 Soundtrack inclusions
5 In popular culture
6 References
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973-74)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[3] 10
Canada RPM Top Singles[4] 10
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[5] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[6] 9
Netherlands 51
UK (OCC) 14
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 12
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[8] 5
US Cash Box Top 100[9] 10
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia[10] 92
Canada[11] 93
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[12] 104
Cover versions[edit]
Eric Clapton version[edit]
In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis' recording of "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" arranged in a reggae style. Subsequently, Clapton recorded his own reggae-style version of the song which was released in August 1975, two weeks after Louis's version was released as a single in July 1975.[13] Clapton's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart. The single was less successful in the US, only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box. Clapton's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2: Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977. The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car, One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003. Additionally, the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums, such as Time Pieces: The Best of Eric Clapton, Backtrackin', The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton.[14]
Guns N' Roses versions[edit]
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
Song by Guns N' Roses
from the album Days of Thunder (soundtrack)
Released
June 26, 1990
Genre
Hard rock, blues rock
Length
5:36
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Mike Clink
Guns N' Roses
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
1992 UK picture sleeve
Single by Guns N' Roses
from the album Use Your Illusion II
Released
1992
Genre
Hard rock, blues rock
Length
5:30
Label
Geffen
Songwriter(s)
Bob Dylan
Producer(s)
Mike Clink
Guns N' Roses
Guns N' Roses singles chronology
"Live and Let Die"
(1991) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1992) "November Rain"
(1992)
"Live and Let Die"
(1991) "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
(1992) "November Rain"
(1992)
In 1987, Guns N' Roses started including the song in their live sets. A live version of the song was released on the maxi-single of "Welcome to the Jungle" the same year. They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990. This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II (basically discarding the responses in the second verse). Released as the fourth single from the album, it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland. Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B-side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era: '87–'93 album, released in 1999.[15] The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan.[16]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (1992)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[17]
12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[18]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19]
1
Finland (The Official Finnish Charts)[20]
7
France (SNEP)[21]
7
Germany (Official German Charts)[22]
5
Ireland (IRMA)[23]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[24]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[25]
2
Norway (VG-lista)[26]
6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[27]
10
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28]
5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[29]
2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[30]
18
Year-end charts
Chart (1992)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 20
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Australia (ARIA)[32]
Gold
Italy (FIMI)[33]
Platinum
Dunblane tribute[edit]
In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan, Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre. This has been, according to some sources, one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs.[34][35] This version of the song, including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan's album Infidels (1983), Mark Knopfler, was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart.[36] The proceeds went to charities for children.[37] The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97, where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities.
Other cover versions[edit]
Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released. One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985, and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004.[38]
A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift.[39]
A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow-Up.
Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend.
Heaven released a version of the song on the group's 1985 album, Knockin' On Heaven's Door.[40]
Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989, featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn.
Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996. It was performed by Beltinška banda.
S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997.[41]
The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan's song called "Batendo na Porta do Céu" in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica (Acoustic Anthology).
Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind, shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year.
Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003, as one of the B-Sides from her single "Nobody's Home" and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby.
Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions. With the exception of the chorus line, the song has completely original lyrics.[42]
Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame: The Solo Years Volume 1.
Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song, which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil.
Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist.
A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I'm Not There, which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name.
Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets, one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Don't Let Go
Meir Ariel, an Israeli singer, covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album, Doors Are Opened By Themselves. The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English.
Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque.
Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá
Sampled version[edit]
Gabrielle's single "Rise" (2000) sampled from this song.
Soundtrack inclusions[edit]
Film/TV show
Year
Performer
Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan
Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn
Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford, Eric Clapton & David Sanborn
Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N' Roses
Shake Rattle & Roll 2 (segment "Aswang") 1990 Guns N' Roses
Rush 1991 Bob Dylan
Total Balalaika Show 1994 Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble
Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan
The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters
Knockin' on Heaven's Door 1997 Selig
Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan
Windstruck 2004 Youme
Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan
Las Vegas (episode 45, "Letters, Lawyers and Loose Women") 2005 Bob Dylan
Six Feet Under (episode 61, "All Alone") 2005 Bob Dylan
ER (episode 260, "Darfur") 2006 Scoob Serious
Salvador (Puig Antich) 2006 Bob Dylan
I'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons
Supernatural (episode 35, "Houses of the Holy") 2007 Bob Dylan
Cold Case (episode 84, "Blood on the Tracks") 2007 Bob Dylan
Big Love (episode 2-08, "Kingdom Come") 2007 Bob Dylan
My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan
Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons
Heaven's Door 2009 Angela Aki
Supernatural (episode 98, "Dark Side of the Moon") 2010 Bob Dylan
Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton
Blue Bloods (Season 4, Episode 7, "Drawing Dead") 2013 Rick Devin[43]
The 100 2015 RAIGN
Sense8 (episode 9, "Death Doesn't Let You Say Goodbye") 2015 Antony & the Johnsons
Containment, episode 5, "Like a Sheep Among Wolves" 2016 RAIGN
Misty[44] 2018 KLANG
In popular culture[edit]
Nick Talevski used the title for his book, Knocking On Heaven's Door: Rock Obituaries.[45] A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show "The 100"
An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is "Knockin' on Heaven's Door".
The title is used as a name of a Stand, "Heaven's Door", in the fourth part of the manga "Jojo's Bizarre Adventure", Diamond is Unbreakable.
The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata
Covered by The Jenerators, the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS: Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 "New Tricks", broadcast on March 5, 2017. Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators.[46]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Heylin, Clinton (2009). Revolution in the Air: The Songs of Bob Dylan, 1957-1973. Chicago Review Press. p. 434.
Jump up ^ Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973-12-01. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Knockin' on Heaven's Door". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, November 10, 1973
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ Canada, Library and Archives (July 8, 2017). "Image : RPM Weekly".
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X.
Jump up ^ Schumacher, Michael. Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton. Hyperion Press. p. 373.
Jump up ^ "Eric Clapton discography". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Gun N' Roses discography". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Alex S. "mvdbase.com - Guns 'n' Roses - "Knockin' on Heaven's door [live]"". Music Video DataBase. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo. Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd, 2003. ISBN 951-1-21053-X
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Guns N' Roses". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". VG-lista. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Singles Top 100. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1992". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Guns N' Roses – Knockin' On Heaven's Door" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dunblane Knockin' on Heaven's Door". bannockburnband.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Dunblane against Guns". 1997-01-01. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 601. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Knockin' On Heaven's Door CD". BBC. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Fairport Convention: Knockin' on Heaven's Door". Mainly Norfolk: English Folk and Other Good Music. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp. "Swingshift - Cold Chisel". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Heaven". Australian Music History. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Janjatović, Petar (2007). Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960-2006. Belgrade: self-released. p. 218.
Jump up ^ "DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop". Solid Rock. Archived from the original on 2013-09-08. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
Jump up ^ "Blue Bloods Music - S4E7: "Drawing Dead"". TuneFind. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
Jump up ^ "미스티 Special OST (Misty Special OST)". Melon. kakao M Corporation.
Jump up ^ Televski, Nick, Knocking On Heaven’s Door: Rock Obituaries, Omnibus Press, London 2006
Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/
[show]
v
t
e
Bob Dylan singles discography
1962
"Mixed-Up Confusion" / "Corrina, Corrina"
1963
"Blowin' in the Wind" / "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right"
1965
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" / "Honey, Just Allow Me One More Chance"
"Maggie's Farm" / "On the Road Again"
"Subterranean Homesick Blues" / "She Belongs to Me"
"Like a Rolling Stone" / "Gates of Eden
"Positively 4th Street" / "From a Buick 6"
"Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" / "Highway 61 Revisited"
1966
"One of Us Must Know (Sooner or Later)" / "Queen Jane Approximately"
"Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35" / "Pledging My Time"
"I Want You" / "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" (live with The Hawks)
"Just Like a Woman" / "Obviously 5 Believers"
1967
"Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" / "Most Likely You Go Your Way And I'll Go Mine"
"If You Gotta Go, Go Now" / "To Ramona" (only in Europe)
1968
"Drifter's Escape" / "John Wesley Harding"
"All Along the Watchtower" / "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight"
1969
"I Threw It All Away" / "Drifter's Escape"
"Lay Lady Lay" / "Peggy Day"
"Tonight I'll Be Staying Here with You" / "Country Pie"
1970
"If Not for You" / "New Morning"
"Wigwam" / "Copper Kettle"
1971
"Watching the River Flow" / "Spanish is the Loving Tongue"
"George Jackson" (band version) / "George Jackson" (acoustic version)
1973
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "Turkey Chase" (instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid)
"A Fool Such as I" / "Lily of the West"
1974
"On a Night Like This" / "You Angel You"
"Something There Is About You" / "Tough Mama"
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (live with The Band)
"All Along the Watchtower" / "It Ain't Me Babe"
1975
"Tangled Up in Blue" / "If You See Her, Say Hello"
"Million Dollar Bash" / "Tears of Rage"
"Hurricane" (Part 1) / "Hurricane" (Part 2)
1976
"Mozambique" / "Oh Sister"
"Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again" (live) / "Rita May"
1978
"Baby, Stop Crying" / "We Better Talk This Over"
"Changing of the Guards" / "Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)"
"Is Your Love In Vain?" / "We Better Talk This Over"
1979
"Maggie's Farm (live) / "All Along the Watchtower"
"Forever Young" (live) / "All Along the Watchtower" / "I Want You"
"Man Gave Names to All the Animals" / "When You Gonna Wake Up?"
"Gotta Serve Somebody" / "Trouble in Mind"
"Precious Angel" / "Trouble in Mind"
1980
"Slow Train" / "Do Right to Me Baby"
"Solid Rock" / "Covenant Woman"
"Saved" / "Are You Ready?"
1981
"Heart of Mine" / "Let It Be Me"
"Dead Man, Dead Man" / "Lenny Bruce"
1983
"Union Sundown" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"I and I" / "Angel Flying too Close to the Ground"
"Sweetheart Like You" / "Union Sundown"
1984
"Jokerman" / "Isis"
1985
"Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" / "We Better Talk this Over"
"When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky" / "Emotionally Yours"
1986
"Band of the Hand" / "Joe's Death" (Michael Rubini)
"Got My Mind Made Up" / "The Usual"
1988
"Silvio" / "Driftin' too Far from the Shore"
1989
"Everything Is Broken" / "Death is Not the End"
"Slow Train" (live with The Grateful Dead)
1990
"Political World" / "Ring Them Bells" (only in the UK and Australia)
"Most of the Time" / "Most of the Time (edit piece)
"Unbelievable" / "10,000 Men"
1991
"Series of Dreams" / "Seven Curses"
"Blind Willie McTell" / "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1-3)
"Step it Up and Go" — (no b-side)
1993
"My Back Pages" (with Roger McGuinn, Tom Petty, Neil Young, Eric Clapton, George Harrison) — (no b-side)
1995
"Dignity" (live on MTV Unplugged) / "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" (live version)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" / "John Brown" (both live on MTV Unplugged)
1998
"Not Dark Yet" / "Tombstone Blues" (live) / "Ballad of a Thin Man" (live) / "Boots of Spanish Leather" (live)
"Love Sick" / "Tombstone Blues" (live)
2000
"Things Have Changed" / "Make You Feel My Love" (live) / "Hurricane" / "Song to Woody" (live)
2006
"Someday Baby" / "Someday Baby" (edit piece)
"Rollin' and Tumblin'" / "Not Dark Yet" / "High Water (for Charley Patton)"
2007
"Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (Mark Ronson remix version) / "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)" (album version)
2008
"Dreamin' of You" (edit piece) / "Dreamin' of You" (album version)
2009
"Beyond Here Lies Nothin'" / "Down Along the Cove" (live)
"I Feel a Change Comin' On" / "I Feel a Change Comin' On" (edit piece)
"Must Be Santa" / "'Twas the Night Before Christmas"
2010
"The Times They Are a-Changin'" (demo version) / "Like a Rolling Stone"
2012
"Duquesne Whistle"
2013
"Wigwam" (demo version) / "Thirsty Boots"
[show]
v
t
e
Guns N' Roses
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Slash
Duff McKagan
Dizzy Reed
Richard Fortus
Frank Ferrer
Melissa Reese
Tracii Guns
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Ole Beich
Rob Gardner
Steven Adler
Matt Sorum
Gilby Clarke
Paul Tobias
Robin Finck
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Chris Pitman
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"Since I Don't Have You"
"Sympathy for the Devil"
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Promo singles
"Mr. Brownstone"
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"Dead Horse"
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Other songs
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Videos and DVDs
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Preceded by
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21 December 1996 (1 week) Succeeded by
"2 Become 1" by Spice Girls
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