text:
James Russell Lowell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
James Russell Lowell
James Russell Lowell, c. 1855
Born
(1819-02-22)February 22, 1819
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Died
August 12, 1891(1891-08-12) (aged 72)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Alma mater
Harvard University
Literary movement
Romanticism
Spouse
Maria White (m.1844–53; her death)
Frances Dunlap (m.1857–85; her death)
Children
4
Signature
James Russell Lowell (/ˈloʊəl/; February 22, 1819 – August 12, 1891) was an American Romantic poet, critic, editor, and diplomat. He is associated with the Fireside Poets, a group of New England writers who were among the first American poets that rivaled the popularity of British poets. These writers usually used conventional forms and meters in their poetry, making them suitable for families entertaining at their fireside.
Lowell graduated from Harvard College in 1838, despite his reputation as a troublemaker, and went on to earn a law degree from Harvard Law School. He published his first collection of poetry in 1841 and married Maria White in 1844. The couple had several children, though only one survived past childhood. They soon became involved in the movement to abolish slavery, with Lowell using poetry to express his anti-slavery views and taking a job in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as the editor of an abolitionist newspaper. After moving back to Cambridge, Lowell was one of the founders of a journal called The Pioneer, which lasted only three issues. He gained notoriety in 1848 with the publication of A Fable for Critics, a book-length poem satirizing contemporary critics and poets. The same year, he published The Biglow Papers, which increased his fame. He went on to publish several other poetry collections and essay collections throughout his literary career.
Maria died in 1853, and Lowell accepted a professorship of languages at Harvard in 1854; he continued to teach there for twenty years. He traveled to Europe before officially assuming his teaching duties in 1856, and married Frances Dunlap shortly thereafter in 1857. That year, Lowell also became editor of The Atlantic Monthly. It was not until 20 years later that he received his first political appointment, the ambassadorship to the Kingdom of Spain. He was later appointed ambassador to the Court of St. James's. He spent his last years in Cambridge in the same estate where he was born, and died there in 1891.
Lowell believed that the poet played an important role as a prophet and critic of society. He used poetry for reform, particularly in abolitionism. However, his commitment to the anti-slavery cause wavered over the years, as did his opinion on African-Americans. He attempted to emulate the true Yankee accent in the dialogue of his characters, particularly in The Biglow Papers. This depiction of the dialect, as well as his many satires, was an inspiration to writers such as Mark Twain and H. L. Mencken.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Marriage and family
1.3 Literary career
1.4 First trip to Europe
1.5 Professorship and second marriage
1.6 War years and beyond
1.7 Political appointments
1.8 Later years and death
1.9 Writing style and literary theory
2 Beliefs
3 Criticism and legacy
4 List of selected works
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Elmwood, birthplace and longtime home of James Russell Lowell in Cambridge, Massachusetts
James Russell Lowell was born February 22, 1819.[1] He was a member of the eighth generation of the Lowell family,[2] the descendants of Percival Lowle who settled in Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1639.[3] His parents were the Reverend Charles Russell Lowell Sr. (1782–1861), a minister at a Unitarian church in Boston who had previously studied theology at Edinburgh, and Harriett Brackett Spence Lowell.[4] By the time that James Russell Lowell was born, the family owned a large estate in Cambridge called Elmwood.[5] He was the youngest of six children; his siblings were Charles, Rebecca, Mary, William, and Robert.[6] Lowell's mother built in him an appreciation for literature at an early age, especially in poetry, ballads, and tales from her native Orkney.[4] He attended school under Sophia Dana, who later married George Ripley; he later studied at a school run by a particularly harsh disciplinarian, where one of his classmates was Richard Henry Dana Jr.[7]
Lowell attended Harvard College beginning at age 15 in 1834, though he was not a good student and often got into trouble.[8] In his sophomore year, he was absent from required chapel attendance 14 times and from classes 56 times.[9] In his last year there, he wrote, "During Freshman year, I did nothing, during Sophomore year I did nothing, during Junior year I did nothing, and during Senior year I have thus far done nothing in the way of college studies."[8] In his senior year, he became one of the editors of Harvardiana literary magazine, to which he contributed prose and poetry that he admitted was of low quality. As he said later, "I was as great an ass as ever brayed & thought it singing."[10] During his undergraduate years, Lowell was a member of Hasty Pudding and served both as Secretary and Poet.
Lowell was elected the poet of the class of 1838[11] and, as was tradition, was asked to recite an original poem on Class Day, the day before Commencement on July 17, 1838.[9] He was suspended, however, and not allowed to participate. Instead, his poem was printed and made available thanks to subscriptions paid by his classmates.[11] He had composed the poem in Concord,[12] where he had been exiled by the Harvard faculty to the care of the Rev. Barzallai Frost because of his neglect of his studies.[13] During his stay in Concord, he became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and got to know the other Transcendentalists. His Class Day poem satirized the social movements of the day; abolitionists, Thomas Carlyle, Emerson, and the Transcendentalists were treated.[12]
Lowell did not know what vocation to choose after graduating, and he vacillated among business, the ministry, medicine, and law. He ultimately enrolled at Harvard Law School in 1840 and was admitted to the bar two years later.[14] While studying law, however, he contributed poems and prose articles to various magazines. During this time, he was admittedly depressed and often had suicidal thoughts. He once confided to a friend that he held a cocked pistol to his forehead and considered killing himself at the age of 20.[15]
Marriage and family[edit]
In late 1839, Lowell met Maria White through her brother William, a classmate at Harvard,[16] and the two became engaged in the autumn of 1840. Maria's father Abijah White, a wealthy merchant from Watertown, insisted that their wedding be postponed until Lowell had gainful employment.[17] They were finally married on December 26, 1844,[18] shortly after the groom published Conversations on the Old Poets, a collection of his previously published essays.[19] A friend described their relationship as "the very picture of a True Marriage".[20] Lowell himself believed that she was made up "half of earth and more than half of Heaven".[17] She, too, wrote poetry, and the next twelve years of Lowell's life were deeply affected by her influence. He said that his first book of poetry A Year's Life (1841) "owes all its beauty to her", though it only sold 300 copies.[17]
Maria's character and beliefs led her to become involved in the movements directed against intemperance and slavery. She was a member of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society and persuaded her husband to become an abolitionist.[21] James had previously expressed antislavery sentiments, but Maria urged him towards more active expression and involvement.[22] His second volume of poems Miscellaneous Poems expressed these antislavery thoughts, and its 1,500 copies sold well.[23]
Maria was in poor health, and the couple moved to Philadelphia shortly after their marriage, thinking that her lungs could heal there.[24] In Philadelphia, he became a contributing editor for the Pennsylvania Freeman, an abolitionist newspaper.[25] In the spring of 1845, the Lowells returned to Cambridge to make their home at Elmwood. They had four children, though only one (Mabel, born 1847) survived past infancy. Blanche was born December 31, 1845, but lived only fifteen months; Rose, born in 1849, survived only a few months as well; their only son Walter was born in 1850 but died in 1852.[26] Lowell was very affected by the loss of almost all of his children. His grief over the death of his first daughter in particular was expressed in his poem "The First Snowfall" (1847).[27] He again considered suicide, writing to a friend that he thought "of my razors and my throat and that I am a fool and a coward not to end it all at once".[26]
Literary career[edit]
Lowell's earliest poems were published without remuneration in the Southern Literary Messenger in 1840.[28] He was inspired to new efforts towards self-support and joined with his friend Robert Carter in founding the literary journal The Pioneer.[20] The periodical was distinguished by the fact that most of its content was new rather than material that had been previously published elsewhere, and by the inclusion of very serious criticism, which covered not only literature but also art and music.[29] Lowell wrote that it would "furnish the intelligent and reflecting portion of the Reading Public with a rational substitute for the enormous quantity of thrice-diluted trash, in the shape of namby-pamby love tales and sketches, which is monthly poured out to them by many of our popular Magazines."[20] William Wetmore Story noted the journal's higher taste, writing that "it took some stand & appealled to a higher intellectual Standard than our puerile milk or watery namby-pamby Mags with which we are overrun".[30] The first issue of the journal included the first appearance of "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe.[31] Lowell was treated for an eye disease in New York shortly after the first issue, and in his absence Carter did a poor job of managing the journal.[23] The magazine ceased publication after three monthly numbers beginning in January 1843, leaving Lowell $1,800 in debt.[31] Poe mourned the journal's demise, calling it "a most severe blow to the cause—the cause of a Pure Taste".[30]
Despite the failure of The Pioneer, Lowell continued his interest in the literary world. He wrote a series on "Anti-Slavery in the United States" for the Daily News, though his series was discontinued by the editors after four articles in May 1846.[32] He had published these articles anonymously, believing that they would have more impact if they were not known to be the work of a committed abolitionist.[33] In the spring of 1848, he formed a connection with the National Anti-Slavery Standard of New York, agreeing to contribute weekly either a poem or a prose article. After only one year, he was asked to contribute half as often to the Standard to make room for contributions from Edmund Quincy, another writer and reformer.[34]
Daguerreotype of James Russell Lowell, taken in Philadelphia, 1844
A Fable for Critics was one of Lowell's most popular works, published anonymously in 1848. It proved a popular satire, and the first 3,000 copies sold out quickly.[35] In it, he took good-natured jabs at his contemporary poets and critics—but not all the subjects were pleased. Edgar Allan Poe was referred to as part genius and "two-fifths sheer fudge"; he reviewed the work in the Southern Literary Messenger and called it "'loose'—ill-conceived and feebly executed, as well in detail as in general… we confess some surprise at his putting forth so unpolished a performance."[36] Lowell offered his New York friend Charles Frederick Briggs all the profits from the book's success (which proved relatively small), despite his own financial needs.[35]
In 1848, Lowell also published The Biglow Papers, later named by the Grolier Club as the most influential book of 1848.[37] The first 1,500 copies sold out within a week and a second edition was soon issued—though Lowell made no profit, as he had to absorb the cost of stereotyping the book himself.[38] The book presented three main characters, each representing different aspects of American life and using authentic American dialects in their dialogue.[39] Under the surface, The Biglow Papers was also a denunciation of the Mexican–American War and war in general.[24]
First trip to Europe[edit]
In 1850, Lowell's mother died unexpectedly, as did his third daughter, Rose. Her death left Lowell depressed and reclusive for six months, despite the birth of his son Walter by the end of the year. He wrote to a friend that death "is a private tutor. We have no fellow-scholars, and must lay our lessons to heart alone."[40] These personal troubles as well as the Compromise of 1850 inspired Lowell to accept an offer from William Wetmore Story to spend a winter in Italy.[41] To pay for the trip, Lowell sold land around Elmwood, intending to sell off further acres of the estate over time to supplement his income, ultimately selling off 25 of the original 30 acres (120,000 m2).[42] Walter died suddenly in Rome of cholera, and Lowell and his wife, with their daughter Mabel, returned to the United States in October 1852.[43] Lowell published recollections of his journey in several magazines, many of which would be collected years later as Fireside Travels (1867). He also edited volumes with biographical sketches for a series on British Poets.[44]
His wife Maria, who had been suffering from poor health for many years, became very ill in the spring of 1853 and died on October 27[45] of tuberculosis.[26] Just before her burial, her coffin was opened so that her daughter Mabel could see her face while Lowell "leaned for a long while against a tree weeping", according to Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and his wife, who were in attendance.[46] In 1855, Lowell oversaw the publication of a memorial volume of his wife's poetry, with only fifty copies for private circulation.[44] Despite his self-described "naturally joyous" nature,[47] life for Lowell at Elmwood was further complicated by his father becoming deaf in his old age, and the deteriorating mental state of his sister Rebecca, who sometimes went a week without speaking.[48] He again cut himself off from others, becoming reclusive at Elmwood, and his private diaries from this time period are riddled with the initials of his wife.[49] On March 10, 1854, for example, he wrote: "Dark without & within. M.L. M.L. M.L."[50] Longfellow, a friend and neighbor, referred to Lowell as "lonely and desolate".[51]
Professorship and second marriage[edit]
At the invitation of his cousin John Amory Lowell, James Russell Lowell was asked to deliver a lecture at the prestigious Lowell Institute.[52] Some speculated the opportunity was because of the family connection, offered as an attempt to bring him out of his depression.[53] Lowell chose to speak on "The English Poets", telling his friend Briggs that he would take revenge on dead poets "for the injuries received by one whom the public won't allow among the living".[52] The first of the twelve-part lecture series was to be on January 9, 1855, though by December, Lowell had only completed writing five of them, hoping for last-minute inspiration.[54] His first lecture was on John Milton and the auditorium was oversold; Lowell had to give a repeat performance the next afternoon.[55] Lowell, who had never spoken in public before, was praised for these lectures. Francis James Child said that Lowell, whom he deemed was typically "perverse", was able to "persist in being serious contrary to his impulses and his talents".[54] While his series was still in progress, Lowell was offered the Smith Professorship of Modern Languages at Harvard, a post vacated by Longfellow, at an annual salary of $1,200, though he never applied for it.[56] The job description was changing after Longfellow; instead of teaching languages directly, Lowell would supervise the department and deliver two lecture courses per year on topics of his own choosing.[57] Lowell accepted the appointment, with the proviso that he should have a year of study abroad. He set sail on June 4 of that year,[58] leaving his daughter Mabel in the care of a governess named Frances Dunlap.[56] Abroad, he visited Le Havre, Paris, and London, spending time with friends including Story, Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Leigh Hunt. Primarily, however, Lowell spent his time abroad studying languages, particularly German, which he found difficult. He complained: "The confounding genders! If I die I shall have engraved on my tombstone that I died of der, die, das, not because I caught them but because I couldn't."[58]
He returned to the United States in the summer of 1856 and began his college duties.[59] Towards the end of his professorship, then-president of Harvard Charles William Eliot noted that Lowell seemed to have "no natural inclination" to teach; Lowell agreed, but retained his position for twenty years.[60] He focused on teaching literature, rather than etymology, hoping that his students would learn to enjoy the sound, rhythm, and flow of poetry rather than the technique of words.[61] He summed up his method: "True scholarship consists in knowing not what things exists, but what they mean; it is not memory but judgment."[62] Still grieving the loss of his wife, during this time Lowell avoided Elmwood and instead lived on Kirkland Street in Cambridge, an area known as Professors' Row. He stayed there, along with his daughter Mabel and her governess Frances Dunlap, until January 1861.[63]
Lowell had intended never to remarry after the death of his wife Maria White. However, in 1857, surprising his friends, he became engaged to Frances Dunlap, who many described as simple and unattractive.[64] Dunlap, niece of the former governor of Maine Robert P. Dunlap,[65] was a friend of Lowell's first wife and formerly wealthy, though she and her family had fallen into reduced circumstances.[56] Lowell and Dunlap married on September 16, 1857, in a ceremony performed by his brother.[66] Lowell wrote, "My second marriage was the wisest act of my life, & as long as I am sure of it, I can afford to wait till my friends agree with me."[59]
War years and beyond[edit]
The Atlantic Monthly, 1857
In the autumn of 1857, The Atlantic Monthly was established, and Lowell was its first editor. With its first issue in November of that year, he at once gave the magazine the stamp of high literature and of bold speech on public affairs.[67] In January 1861, Lowell's father died of a heart attack, inspiring Lowell to move his family back to Elmwood. As he wrote to his friend Briggs, "I am back again to the place I love best. I am sitting in my old garret, at my old desk, smoking my old pipe ... I begin to feel more like my old self than I have these ten years."[68] Shortly thereafter, in May, he left The Atlantic Monthly when James Thomas Fields took over as editor; the magazine had been purchased by Ticknor and Fields for $10,000 two years before.[69] Lowell returned to Elmwood by January 1861 but maintained an amicable relationship with the new owners of the journal, continuing to submit his poetry and prose for the rest of his life.[68] His prose, however, was more abundantly presented in the pages of the North American Review during the years 1862–1872. For the Review, he served as a coeditor along with Charles Eliot Norton.[70] Lowell's reviews for the journal covered a wide variety of literary releases of the day, though he was writing fewer poems.[71]
As early as 1845, Lowell had predicted the debate over slavery would lead to war[72] and, as the Civil War broke out in the 1860s, Lowell used his role at the Review to praise Abraham Lincoln and his attempts to maintain the Union.[70] Lowell lost three nephews during the war, including Charles Russell Lowell Jr., who became a Brigadier General and fell at the Battle of Cedar Creek. Lowell himself was generally a pacifist. Even so, he wrote, "If the destruction of slavery is to be a consequence of the war, shall we regret it? If it be needful to the successful prosecution of the war, shall anyone oppose it?"[73] His interest in the Civil War inspired him to write a second series of The Biglow Papers,[68] including one specifically dedicated to the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation called "Sunthin' in the Pastoral Line" in 1862.[74]
Shortly after Lincoln's assassination, Lowell was asked to present a poem at Harvard in memory of graduates killed in the war. His poem, "Commemoration Ode", cost him sleep and his appetite, but was delivered on July 21, 1865,[75] after a 48-hour writing binge.[76] Lowell had high hopes for his performance but was overshadowed by the other notables presenting works that day, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes. "I did not make the hit I expected", he wrote, "and am ashamed at having been tempted again to think I could write poetry, a delusion from which I have been tolerably free these dozen years."[77] Despite his personal assessment, friends and other poets sent many letters to Lowell congratulating him. Emerson referred to his poem's "high thought & sentiment" and James Freeman Clarke noted its "grandeur of tone".[78] Lowell later expanded it with a strophe to Lincoln.[76]
In the 1860s, Lowell's friend Longfellow spent several years translating Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and regularly invited others to help him on Wednesday evenings.[79] Lowell was one of the main members of the so-called "Dante Club", along with William Dean Howells, Charles Eliot Norton and other occasional guests.[80] Shortly after serving as a pallbearer at the funeral of friend and publisher Nathaniel Parker Willis on January 24, 1867,[81] Lowell decided to produce another collection of his poetry. Under the Willows and Other Poems was released in 1869,[71] though Lowell originally wanted to title it The Voyage to the Vinland and Other Poems. The book, dedicated to Norton, collected poems Lowell had written within the previous twenty years and was his first poetry collection since 1848.[82]
Lowell intended to take another trip to Europe. To finance it, he sold off more of Elmwood's acres and rented the house to Thomas Bailey Aldrich; Lowell's daughter Mabel, by this time, had moved into a new home with her husband Edward Burnett, the son of a successful businessman-farmer from Southborough, Massachusetts.[83] Lowell and his wife set sail on July 8, 1872,[84] after he took a leave of absence from Harvard. They visited England, Paris, Switzerland, and Italy. While overseas, he received an honorary Doctorate of Law from the University of Oxford and another from Cambridge University. They returned to the United States in the summer of 1874.[83]
Political appointments[edit]
James Russell Lowell in his later years
Lowell resigned from his Harvard professorship in 1874, though he was persuaded to continue teaching through 1877.[60] It was in 1876 that Lowell first stepped into the field of politics. That year, he served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, speaking on behalf of presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.[85] Hayes won the nomination and, eventually, the presidency. In May 1877, President Hayes, an admirer of The Biglow Papers, sent William Dean Howells to Lowell with a handwritten note proffering an ambassadorship to either Austria or Russia; Lowell declined, but noted his interest in Spanish literature.[86] Lowell was then offered and accepted the role of Minister to the court of Spain at an annual salary of $12,000.[86] Lowell sailed from Boston on July 14, 1877, and, though he expected he would be away for a year or two, did not return to the United States until 1885, with the violinist Ole Bull renting Elmwood for a portion of that time.[87] The Spanish media referred to him as "José Bighlow".[88] Lowell was well-prepared for his political role, having been trained in law, as well as being able to read in multiple languages. He had trouble socializing while in Spain, however, and amused himself by sending humorous dispatches to his political bosses in the United States, many of which were later collected and published posthumously in 1899 as Impressions of Spain.[89] Lowell's social life improved when the Spanish Academy elected him a corresponding member in late 1878, allowing him contribute to the preparation of a new dictionary.[90]
In January 1880, Lowell was informed of his appointment as Minister to England, his nomination made without his knowledge as far back as June 1879. He was granted a salary of $17,500 with about $3,500 for expenses.[91] While serving in this capacity, he addressed an importation of allegedly diseased cattle and made recommendations that predated the Pure Food and Drug Act.[92] Queen Victoria commented that she had never seen an ambassador who "created so much interest and won so much regard as Mr. Lowell".[93] Lowell held this role until the close of Chester A. Arthur's presidency in the spring of 1885, despite his wife's failing health. Lowell was already well known in England for his writing and, during his time there, befriended fellow author Henry James, who referred to him as "conspicuously American".[93] Lowell also befriended Leslie Stephen many years earlier and became the godfather to his daughter, future writer Virginia Woolf.[94] Lowell was popular enough that he was offered a professorship at Oxford after his recall by President Grover Cleveland, though the offer was declined.[95]
His second wife, Frances, died on February 19, 1885, while still in England.[96]
Later years and death[edit]
Grave of James Russell Lowell at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts
He returned to the United States by June 1885, living with his daughter and her husband in Southboro, Massachusetts.[97] He then spent time in Boston with his sister before returning to Elmwood in November 1889.[98] By this time, most of his friends were dead, including Quincy, Longfellow, Dana, and Emerson, leaving him depressed and contemplating suicide again.[99] Lowell spent part of the 1880s delivering various speeches,[100] and his last published works were mostly collections of essays, including Political Essays, and a collection of his poems Heartsease and Rue in 1888.[98] His last few years he traveled back to England periodically[101] and when he returned to the United States in the fall of 1889, he moved back to Elmwood[102] with Mabel, while her husband worked for clients in New York and New Jersey.[103] That year, Lowell gave an address at the centenary of George Washington's inauguration. Also that year, the Boston Critic dedicated a special issue to Lowell on his seventieth birthday to recollections and reminiscences by his friends, including former presidents Hayes and Benjamin Harrison and British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone as well as Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Francis Parkman.[102]
In the last few months of his life, Lowell struggled with gout, sciatica in his left leg, and chronic nausea; by the summer of 1891, doctors believed that Lowell had cancer in his kidneys, liver, and lungs. His last few months, he was administered opium for the pain and was rarely fully conscious.[104] He died on August 12, 1891, at Elmwood.[105] After services in the Appleton Chapel, he was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery.[106] After his death, Norton served as his literary executor and published several collections of Lowell's works and his letters.[107]
Writing style and literary theory[edit]
Portrait of Lowell by Théobald Chartran, 1880
Early in his career, James Russell Lowell's writing was influenced by Swedenborgianism, a Spiritualism-infused form of Christianity founded by Emanuel Swedenborg, causing Frances Longfellow (wife of the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) to mention that "he has been long in the habit of seeing spirits".[108] He composed his poetry rapidly when inspired by an "inner light" but could not write to order.[109] He subscribed to the common nineteenth-century belief that the poet was a prophet but went further, linking religion, nature, and poetry, as well as social reform.[108] Evert Augustus Duyckinck and others welcomed Lowell as part of Young America, a New York-based movement. Though not officially affiliated with them, he shared some of their ideals, including the belief that writers have an inherent insight into the moral nature of humanity and have an obligation for literary action along with their aesthetic function.[110] Unlike many of his contemporaries, including members of Young America, Lowell did not advocate for the creation of a new national literature. Instead, he called for a natural literature, regardless of country, caste, or race, and warned against provincialism which might "put farther off the hope of one great brotherhood".[29] He agreed with his neighbor Longfellow that "whoever is most universal, is also most national".[110] As Lowell said:
I believe that no poet in this age can write much that is good unless he gives himself up to [the radical] tendency ... The proof of poetry is, in my mind, that it reduces to the essence of a single line the vague philosophy which is floating in all men's minds, and so render it portable and useful, and ready to the hand ... At least, no poem ever makes me respect its author which does not in some way convey a truth of philosophy.[111]
A scholar of linguistics, Lowell was one of the founders of the American Dialect Society.[112] He used this interest in his writing, particularly in The Biglow Papers, presenting a heavily ungrammatical phonetic spelling of the Yankee dialect,[26] a method called eye dialect. In using this vernacular, Lowell intended to get closer to the common man's experience and was rebelling against more formal and, as he thought, unnatural representations of Americans in literature. As he wrote in his introduction to The Biglow Papers, "few American writers or speakers wield their native language with the directness, precision, and force that are common as the day in the mother country".[113] Though intentionally humorous, this accurate presentation of the dialect was pioneering work in American literature.[114] For example, Lowell's character Hosea Biglow says in verse:
Ef you take a sword an' dror it,
An go stick a feller thru,
Guv'ment aint to answer to it,
God'll send the bill to you.[115]
Lowell is considered one of the Fireside Poets, a group of writers from New England in the 1840s who all had a substantial national following and whose work was often read aloud by the family fireplace. Besides Lowell, the main figures from this group were Longfellow, Holmes, John Greenleaf Whittier, and William Cullen Bryant.[116]
Beliefs[edit]
Lowell was an abolitionist, but his opinions wavered concerning African-Americans. He advocated suffrage for blacks, yet he noted that their ability to vote could be troublesome. Even so, he wrote, "We believe the white race, by their intellectual and traditional superiority, will retain sufficient ascendancy to prevent any serious mischief from the new order of things."[117] Freed slaves, he wrote, were "dirty, lazy & lying".[118] Even before his marriage to abolitionist Maria White, Lowell wrote: "The abolitionists are the only ones with whom I sympathize of the present extant parties."[119] After his marriage, Lowell at first did not share his wife's enthusiasm for the cause, but he was eventually pulled in.[120] The couple often gave money to fugitive slaves, even when their own financial situation was not strong, especially if they were asked to free a spouse or child.[121] Even so, he did not always fully agree with the followers of the movement. The majority of these people, he said, "treat ideas as ignorant persons do cherries. They think them unwholesome unless they are swallowed, stones and all."[27] Lowell depicted Southerners very unfavorably in his second collection of The Biglow Papers but, by 1865, admitted that Southerners were "guilty only of weakness" and, by 1868, said that he sympathized with Southerners and their viewpoint on slavery.[122] Enemies and friends of Lowell alike questioned his vacillating interest in the question of slavery. Abolitionist Samuel Joseph May accused him of trying to quit the movement because of his association with Harvard and the Boston Brahmin culture: "Having got into the smooth, dignified, self-complacent, and change-hating society of the college and its Boston circles, Lowell has gone over to the world, and to 'respectability'."[123]
Lowell was also involved in other reform movements. He urged better conditions for factory workings, opposed capital punishment, and supported the temperance movement. His friend Longfellow was especially concerned about his fanaticism for temperance, worrying that Lowell would ask him to destroy his wine cellar.[23] There are many references to Lowell's drinking during his college years, and part of his reputation in school was based on it. His friend Edward Everett Hale denied these allegations. Lowell considered joining the "Anti-Wine" club at Harvard, and he became a teetotaler during the early years of his first marriage.[124] However, as he gained notoriety, he became popular in social circles and clubs and he drank rather heavily when away from his wife. When he drank, he had wild mood swings, ranging from euphoria to frenzy.[125]
Criticism and legacy[edit]
Lowell in the Famous American Poets series, 1940
In 1849, Lowell said of himself, "I am the first poet who has endeavored to express the American Idea, and I shall be popular by and by."[126] Poet Walt Whitman said: "Lowell was not a grower—he was a builder. He built poems: he didn't put in the seed, and water the seed, and send down his sun—letting the rest take care of itself: he measured his poems—kept them within formula."[127] Fellow Fireside Poet John Greenleaf Whittier praised Lowell by writing two poems in his honor and calling him "our new Theocritus" and "one of the strongest and manliest of our writers–a republican poet who dares to speak brave words of unpopular truth".[128] British author Thomas Hughes referred to Lowell as one of the most important writers in the United States: "Greece had her Aristophanes; Rome her Juvenal; Spain has had her Cervantes; France her Rabelais, her Molière, her Voltaire; Germany her Jean Paul, her Heine; England her Swift, her Thackeray; and America has her Lowell."[116] Lowell's satires and use of dialect were an inspiration for writers like Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, H. L. Mencken, and Ring Lardner.[129]
Contemporary critic and editor Margaret Fuller wrote, "his verse is stereotyped; his thought sounds no depth, and posterity will not remember him."[130] Duyckinck thought Lowell was too similar to other poets like William Shakespeare and John Milton.[131] Ralph Waldo Emerson noted that, though Lowell had significant technical skill, his poetry "rather expresses his wish, his ambition, than the uncontrollable interior impulse which is the authentic mark of a new poem ... and which is felt in the pervading tone, rather than in brilliant parts or lines."[132] Even his friend Richard Henry Dana Jr. questioned Lowell's abilities, calling him "very clever, entertaining & good humored ... but he is rather a trifler, after all."[133] In the twentieth century, poet Richard Armour dismissed Lowell, writing: "As a Harvard graduate and an editor for the Atlantic Monthly, it must have been difficult for Lowell to write like an illiterate oaf, but he succeeded."[134] The poet Amy Lowell featured her relative James Russell Lowell in her poem A Critical Fable (1922), the title mocking A Fable for Critics. Here, a fictional version of Lowell says he does not believe that women will ever be equal to men in the arts and "the two sexes cannot be ranked counterparts".[135] Modern literary critic Van Wyck Brooks wrote that Lowell's poetry was forgettable: "one read them five times over and still forgot them, as if this excellent verse had been written in water."[132] Nonetheless, in 1969 the Modern Language Association established a prize named after Lowell, awarded annually for "an outstanding literary or linguistic study, a critical edition of an important work, or a critical biography."[136]
Lowell's poem "The Present Crisis", an early work that addressed the national crisis over slavery leading up to the Civil War, has had an impact in the modern civil rights movement. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People named its newsletter The Crisis after the poem, and Martin Luther King Jr. frequently quoted the poem in his speeches and sermons.[137] The poem was also the source of the hymn Once to Every Man and Nation.[138]
List of selected works[edit]
My Study Windows (1871)
Poetry collections
A Year's Life (1841)[17]
Miscellaneous Poems (1843)[23]
The Biglow Papers (1848)[24]
A Fable for Critics (1848)[24]
Poems (1848)[24]
The Vision of Sir Launfal (1848)[24]
Under the Willows (1869)[71]
The Cathedral (1870)[139]
Heartsease and Rue (1888)[98]
Essay collections
Conversations on the Old Poets (1844)[19]
Fireside Travels (1864)[139]
Among My Books (1870)[139]
My Study Windows (1871)[139]
Among My Books (second collection, 1876)[139]
Democracy and Other Addresses (1886)[98]
Political Essays (1888)[98]
See also[edit]
Poetry portal
Il pesceballo
James Russell Lowell School (Philadelphia)
Lowell High School (San Francisco)
The Knickerbocker
Robert Lowell
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Nelson, 39
Jump up ^ Lowell, Delmar R. The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899. Rutland, VT: The Tuttle Company, 1899: 121—122.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, 204
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, 205
Jump up ^ Heymann, 55
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 11
Jump up ^ Duberman, 14–15
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 17
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, 208
Jump up ^ Duberman, 20
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 26
^ Jump up to: a b Warner, Charles Dudley (1900). "Lowell, James Russell". In Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
Jump up ^ M. A. De Wolfe Howe (1933). "Lowell, James Russell". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, 209
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 50
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 135
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sullivan, 210
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 136
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, 73
^ Jump up to: a b c Sullivan, 211
Jump up ^ Yellin, Jean Fagan. "Hawthorne and the Slavery Question", A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Larry J. Reynolds, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001: 45. ISBN 0-19-512414-6
Jump up ^ Duberman, 71
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sullivan, 212
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wagenknecht, 16
Jump up ^ Heymann, 72
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sullivan, 213
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, 77
Jump up ^ Hubbell, Jay B. The South in American Literature: 1607–1900. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954: 373–374.
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 47
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 53
^ Jump up to: a b Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991: 201. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
Jump up ^ Duberman, 410
Jump up ^ Heymann, 76
Jump up ^ Duberman, 113
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 101
Jump up ^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 141–142. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X.
Jump up ^ Nelson, 19
Jump up ^ Duberman, 112
Jump up ^ Heymann, 85
Jump up ^ Duberman, 116
Jump up ^ Duberman, 117
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 36
Jump up ^ Heymann, 98
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 139
Jump up ^ Duberman, 134
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 139
Jump up ^ Heymann, 101
Jump up ^ Duberman, 136
Jump up ^ Heymann, 101–102
Jump up ^ Duberman, 138
Jump up ^ Heymann, 102
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 133
Jump up ^ Heymann, 103
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 140
Jump up ^ Heymann, 104–105
^ Jump up to: a b c Sullivan, 215
Jump up ^ Duberman, 141
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, 105
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, 216
^ Jump up to: a b Wagenknecht, 74
Jump up ^ Heymann, 107
Jump up ^ Duberman, 161
Jump up ^ Heymann, 106
Jump up ^ Duberman, 155
Jump up ^ Duberman, 154
Jump up ^ Duberman, 154–155
Jump up ^ Heymann, 108
^ Jump up to: a b c Heymann, 119
Jump up ^ Duberman, 180
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, 218
^ Jump up to: a b c Heymann, 132
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 183
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 186
Jump up ^ Heymann, 121
Jump up ^ Duberman, 224
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, 123
Jump up ^ Sullivan, 201
Jump up ^ Duberman, 224–225
Jump up ^ Arvin, Newton. Longfellow: His Life and Work. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963: 140.
Jump up ^ Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004: 236. ISBN 0-8070-7026-2
Jump up ^ Baker, Thomas N. Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Trials of Literary Fame. New York, Oxford University Press, 2001: 187. ISBN 0-19-512073-6
Jump up ^ Duberman, 243
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, 134
Jump up ^ Duberman, 258
Jump up ^ Heymann, 136
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 282
Jump up ^ Duberman, 282–283
Jump up ^ Heymann, 137
Jump up ^ Heymann, 136–138
Jump up ^ Duberman, 294
Jump up ^ Duberman, 298–299
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 168
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, 219
Jump up ^ Duberman, 447
Jump up ^ Sullivan, 218–219
Jump up ^ Heymann, 143
Jump up ^ Heymann, 145
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wagenknecht, 18
Jump up ^ Duberman, 339
Jump up ^ Duberman, 352
Jump up ^ Duberman, 351
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, 150
Jump up ^ Duberman, 364–365
Jump up ^ Duberman, 370
Jump up ^ Duberman, 371
Jump up ^ "The Last Tribute Paid. James Russell Lowell Laid At Rest. Buried Under Hornbeam Trees In The Spot He Had Himself Selected And Near The Grave Of Longfellow At Mount Auburn". The New York Times. August 15, 1891. Retrieved 2010-03-23. Simple but impressive funeral services over the body of the late James Russell Lowell were held in Appleton Chapel, Cambridge, at noon to-day. ...
Jump up ^ Heymann, 152
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 62
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 105–106
^ Jump up to: a b Duberman, 50
Jump up ^ Duberman, 50–51
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 70
Jump up ^ Heymann, 86
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 71
Jump up ^ Heymann, 87
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, 91
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 175
Jump up ^ Duberman, 229
Jump up ^ Heymann, 63
Jump up ^ Heymann, 64
Jump up ^ Duberman, 112–113
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 187
Jump up ^ Heymann, 122
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, 29
Jump up ^ Heymann, 117
Jump up ^ Sullivan, 203
Jump up ^ Nelson, 171
Jump up ^ Wagenknecht, Edward. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Portrait in Paradox. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967: 113.
Jump up ^ Heymann, 90
Jump up ^ Blanchard, Paula. Margaret Fuller: From Transcendentalism to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1987: 294. ISBN 0-201-10458-X
Jump up ^ Duberman, 55
^ Jump up to: a b Sullivan, 220
Jump up ^ Sullivan, 219–220
Jump up ^ Nelson, 146
Jump up ^ Watts, Emily Stipes. The Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945. Austin, Texas: University of Austin Press, 1978: 159–160. ISBN 978-0-292-76450-7
Jump up ^ ""James Russell Lowell Prize". Modern Language Association. Retrieved on October 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., by Martin Luther King, Clayborne Carson, Peter Holloran, Ralph Luker, Penny A. Russell, vol. 1 at 417 n.2
Jump up ^ Peterson, William J. and Ardythe Peterson. The Complete Book of Hymns. Carol Stream, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2006: 185. ISBN 978-1-4143-0933-0
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wagenknecht, 17
Sources[edit]
Duberman, Martin. James Russell Lowell. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966.
Heymann, C. David. American Aristocracy: The Lives and Times of James Russell, Amy, and Robert Lowell. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1980. ISBN 0-396-07608-4
Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981. ISBN 0-86576-008-X
Sullivan, Wilson. New England Men of Letters. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972. ISBN 0-02-788680-8
Wagenknecht, Edward. James Russell Lowell: Portrait of a Many-Sided Man. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Further reading[edit]
Greenslet, Ferris. James Russell Lowell, His Life and Work. Boston: 1905.
Hale, Edward Everett. James Russell Lowell and His Friends. Boston: 1899.
Scudder, Horace Elisha. James Russell Lowell: A Biography. Volume 1, Volume 2. Published 1901.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Russell Lowell.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: James Russell Lowell
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
James Russell Lowell
Works by James Russell Lowell at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about James Russell Lowell at Internet Archive
Works by James Russell Lowell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Full View Books with PDF downloads at Google Books
The Complete Writings of James Russell Lowell, edited by Charles Eliot Norton
The Oliver Wendell Holmes Library at the Library of Congress has noteworthy representation volumes inscribed by James Russell Lowell.
Papers of James Russell Lowell at Harvard University Archives
James Russell Lowell Miscellaneous Correspondence (MS Am 1191) at Houghton Library, Harvard University
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Caleb Cushing U.S. Minister to Spain
1877–1880 Succeeded by
Lucius Fairchild
Preceded by
John Welsh U.S. Minister to Great Britain
1880–1885 Succeeded by
Edward J. Phelps
[show]
v
t
e
Ambassadors of the United States of America to Spain
Ministers Plenipotentiary
to Spain
1779–1825
Jay (1779–82)
Carmichael (chargé d'affaires) (1783–94)
Short (1794–95)
Humphreys (1797–01)
Pinckney (1802–04)
Erving (chargé d'affaires) (1805–10)
Erving (1816–19)
Forsyth (1819–23)
Nelson (1823–25)
Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary
to Spain
1825–1913
Everett (1825–29)
Van Ness (1829–36)
Eaton (1836–40)
Vail (chargé d'affaires) (1840–42)
Irving (1842–46)
Saunders (1846–49)
Barringer (1849–53)
Soulé (1853–55)
Dodge (1855–59)
Preston (1859–61)
Schurz (1861)
Koerner (1862–64)
Hale (1865–69)
Sickles (1869–74)
Cushing (1874–77)
Lowell (1877–80)
Fairchild (1880–81)
Hamlin (1881–82)
Foster (1883–85)
Curry (1885–88)
Belmont (1889)
Palmer (1889–90)
Grubb (1890–92)
Snowden (1892–93)
Taylor (1893–97)
Woodford (1897–98)
Storer (1899–02)
Hardy (1903–05)
Collier (1905–09)
Ide (1909–13)
Ambassador Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary
to Spain
1913–present
Willard (1913–21)
Woods (1921–23)
Moore (1923–25)
Hammond (1926–29)
Laughlin (1929–33)
Bowers (1933–39)
Matthews (chargé d'affaires) (1839)
Weddell (1939–42)
Hayes (1942–45)
Armour (1945)
Bonsal (chargé d'affaires) (1946–47)
Culbertson (chargé d'affaires) (1947–50)
Griffis (1951–52)
MacVeagh (1952–53)
Dunn (1953–55)
Lodge (1955–61)
Biddle (1961)
Woodward (1962–65)
Duke (1965–68)
Wagner (1968–69)
Hill (1969–72)
Rivero (1972–74)
Penn (1975–78)
Todman (1978–83)
Enders (1983–86)
Bartholomew (1986–89)
Zappala (1989–92)
Capen (1992–93)
Gardner (1993–97)
Romero (1997–01)
Argyros (2001–2004)
Aguirre (2005–09)
Solomont (2010–13)
Costos (2013–2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's
Ministers Plenipotentiary to
the Court of St. James's
1785–1811
John Adams (1785–1788)
Thomas Pinckney (1792–1796)
Rufus King (1796–1803)
James Monroe (1803–1807)
William Pinkney (1808–1811)
Jonathan Russell (chargé d'affaires) (1811–1812)
Envoys Extraordinary and
Ministers Plenipotentiary to
the Court of St. James's
1815–1893
John Quincy Adams (1815–1817)
Richard Rush (1818–1825)
Rufus King (1825–1826)
Albert Gallatin (1826–1827)
James Barbour (1828–1829)
Louis McLane (1829–1831)
Martin Van Buren (1831–1832)
Aaron Vail (chargé d'affaires) (1832–1836)
Andrew Stevenson (1836–1841)
Edward Everett (1841–1845)
Louis McLane (1845–1846)
George Bancroft (1846–1849)
Abbott Lawrence (1849–1852)
Joseph R. Ingersoll (1852–1853)
James Buchanan (1853–1856)
George M. Dallas (1856–1861)
Charles Adams Sr. (1861–1868)
Reverdy Johnson (1868–1869)
John Lothrop Motley (1869–1870)
Robert C. Schenck (1871–1876)
Edwards Pierrepont (1876–1877)
John Welsh (1877–1879)
James Russell Lowell (1880–1885)
Edward J. Phelps (1885–1889)
Robert Todd Lincoln (1889–1893)
Ambassadors Extraordinary
and Plenipotentiary to
the Court of St. James's
1893–present
Thomas F. Bayard Sr. (1893–1897)
John Hay (1897–1898)
Joseph Choate (1899–1905)
Whitelaw Reid (1905–1912)
Walter Page (1913-1918)
John W. Davis (1918–1921)
George Harvey (1921–1923)
Frank B. Kellogg (1924–1925)
Alanson B. Houghton (1925–1929)
Charles G. Dawes (1929–1931)
Andrew W. Mellon (1932–1933)
Robert Bingham (1933–1937)
Joseph P. Kennedy (1938–1940)
John G. Winant (1941–1946)
W. Averell Harriman (1946)
Lewis W. Douglas (1947–1950)
Walter S. Gifford (1950–1953)
Winthrop W. Aldrich (1953–1957)
John Hay Whitney (1957–1961)
David K. E. Bruce (1961–1969)
Walter H. Annenberg (1969–1974)
Elliot L. Richardson (1975–1976)
Anne Armstrong (1976–1977)
Kingman Brewster Jr. (1977–1981)
John J. Louis Jr. (1981–1983)
Charles H. Price II (1983–1989)
Henry E. Catto Jr. (1989–1991)
Raymond G. H. Seitz (1991–1994)
William J. Crowe (1994–1997)
Philip Lader (1997–2001)
William Stamps Farish III (2001–2004)
Robert H. Tuttle (2005–2009)
Louis Susman (2009–2013)
Matthew Barzun (2013–2017)
Woody Johnson (2017– )
[show]
v
t
e
Romanticism
Countries
Denmark
England (literature)
France (literature)
Germany
Norway
Poland
Russia (literature)
Scotland
Movements
Bohemianism
Counter-Enlightenment
Dark romanticism
Düsseldorf School
Gesamtkunstwerk
Gothic fiction
Gothic Revival (architecture)
Hudson River School
Indianism
Nazarene movement
Ossian
Romantic hero
Romanticism in science
Romantic nationalism
Opium and Romanticism
Transcendentalism
Ultra-Romanticism
Wallenrodism
Writers
Abovian
Alencar
Alfieri
Andersen
A. v. Arnim
B. v. Arnim
Azevedo
Baratashvili
Baratynsky
Barbauld (Aikin)
Batyushkov
Baudelaire
Beer
Bertrand
Blake
Botev
Brentano
Bryant
Burns
Byron
Castelo Branco
Castilho
Cazotte
Chateaubriand
Chavchavadze
Clare
Coleridge
Cooper
De Quincey
Dias
Dumas
Eichendorff
Emerson
Eminescu
Espronceda
Fouqué
Foscolo
Garrett
Gautier
Goethe
Grimm Brothers
Gutzkow
Hauff
Hawthorne
Heine
Heliade
Herculano
Hoffmann
Hölderlin
Hugo
Ilić
Irving
Jakšić
Jean Paul
Karamzin
Keats
Kleist
Krasiński
Lamartine
Larra
Leopardi
Lermontov
Lowell
Macedonski
Mácha
Magalhães
Malczewski
Manzoni
Maturin
Mérimée
Mickiewicz
Musset
Nalbandian
Nerval
Nodier
Norwid
Novalis
Oehlenschläger
Orbeliani
Poe
Polidori
Potocki
Prešeren
Pushkin
Raffi
Schiller
Schwab
Scott
Seward
M. Shelley
P. B. Shelley
Shevchenko
Słowacki
De Staël
Stendhal
Tieck
Tyutchev
Uhland
Vörösmarty
Vyazemsky
Wordsworth
Zhukovsky
Zorrilla
Music
Adam
Alkan
Auber
Beethoven
Bellini
Bennett
Berlioz
Bertin
Berwald
Brahms
Bruckner
Cherubini
Chopin
Dargomyzhsky
Félicien David
Ferdinand David
Donizetti
Fauré
Field
Franck
Franz
Glinka
Gomis
Halévy
Kalkbrenner
Liszt
Loewe
Marschner
Masarnau
Méhul
Fanny Mendelssohn
Felix Mendelssohn
Méreaux
Meyerbeer
Moniuszko
Moscheles
Mussorgsky
Niedermeyer
Onslow
Paganini
Prudent
Reicha
Rimsky-Korsakov
Rossini
Rubinstein
Schubert
Clara Schumann
Robert Schumann
Smetana
Sor
Spohr
Spontini
Thalberg
Verdi
Voříšek
Wagner
Weber
Theologians and
philosophers
Chaadayev
Coleridge
Feuerbach
Fichte
Goethe
Hegel
Khomyakov
Müller
Ritschl
Rousseau
Schiller
A. Schlegel
F. Schlegel
Schopenhauer
Schleiermacher
Tieck
Wackenroder
Visual artists
Aivazovsky
Bierstadt
Blake
Bonington
Bryullov
Chassériau
Church
Constable
Cole
Corot
Dahl
David d'Angers
Delacroix
Friedrich
Fuseli
Géricault
Girodet
Głowacki
Goya
Gude
Hayez
Janmot
Jones
Kiprensky
Koch
Lampi
Leutze
Loutherbourg
Maison
Martin
Michałowski
Palmer
Porto-Alegre
Préault
Révoil
Richard
Rude
Runge
Saleh
Scheffer
Stattler
Stroj
Tidemand
Tropinin
Turner
Veit
Ward
Wiertz
« Age of Enlightenment
Realism »
[show]
v
t
e
Hall of Fame for Great Americans
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Jane Addams
Louis Agassiz
Susan B. Anthony
John James Audubon
George Bancroft
Clara Barton
Henry Ward Beecher
Alexander Graham Bell
Daniel Boone
Edwin Booth
Louis Brandeis
Phillips Brooks
William Cullen Bryant
Luther Burbank
Andrew Carnegie
George Washington Carver
William Ellery Channing
Rufus Choate
Henry Clay
Grover Cleveland
James Fenimore Cooper
Peter Cooper
Charlotte Cushman
James Buchanan Eads
Thomas Alva Edison
Jonathan Edwards
Ralph Waldo Emerson
David Farragut
Stephen Foster
Benjamin Franklin
Robert Fulton
Josiah W. Gibbs
William C. Gorgas
Ulysses S. Grant
Asa Gray
Alexander Hamilton
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Joseph Henry
Patrick Henry
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
Mark Hopkins
Elias Howe
Washington Irving
Andrew Jackson
Thomas J. Jackson
Thomas Jefferson
John Paul Jones
James Kent
Sidney Lanier
Robert E. Lee
Abraham Lincoln
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
James Russell Lowell
Mary Lyon
Edward MacDowell
James Madison
Horace Mann
John Marshall
Matthew Fontaine Maury
Albert A. Michelson
Maria Mitchell
James Monroe
Samuel F. B. Morse
William T. G. Morton
John Lothrop Motley
Simon Newcomb
Thomas Paine
Alice Freeman Palmer
Francis Parkman
George Peabody
William Penn
Edgar Allan Poe
Walter Reed
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
Augustus Saint-Gaudens
William Tecumseh Sherman
John Philip Sousa
Joseph Story
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Gilbert Stuart
Sylvanus Thayer
Henry David Thoreau
Mark Twain
Lillian Wald
Booker T. Washington
George Washington
Daniel Webster
George Westinghouse
James McNeill Whistler
Walt Whitman
Eli Whitney
John Greenleaf Whittier
Emma Willard
Frances E. Willard
Roger Williams
Woodrow Wilson
Orville Wright
Wilbur Wright
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 29549920
LCCN: n79076124
ISNI: 0000 0001 2277 8583
GND: 118780611
SELIBR: 350388
SUDOC: 027440796
BNF: cb12034362d (data)
NLA: 35314548
NKC: kup19950000059013
IATH: w6vh5qp9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Russell_Lowell&oldid=806718226"
Categories:
1819 births
1891 deaths
Romantic poets
19th-century American poets
American male poets
19th-century male writers
19th-century essayists
American male essayists
American essayists
American satirists
American abolitionists
19th-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to Spain
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
Harvard University faculty
Harvard Law School alumni
The Atlantic (magazine) people
Massachusetts Republicans
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
American Unitarians
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Dictionary of American Biography
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Articles with Internet Archive links
Articles with LibriVox links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Featured articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Български
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Svenska
Тоҷикӣ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 October 2017, at 18:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class

value:
/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

value:
/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly
mw-redirect
The Atlantic Monthly

value:
/wiki/Court_of_St._James%27s
mw-redirect
Court of St. James's

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Admission to the bar in the United States

value: Temperance movement in the United States

value: Edit section: Professorship and second marriage

value:
/wiki/James_Henry_Leigh_Hunt
mw-redirect
James Henry Leigh Hunt

value:
/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_assassination
mw-redirect
Abraham Lincoln assassination

value:
/wiki/Cambridge_University
mw-redirect
Cambridge University

value:
/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio
mw-redirect
Cincinnati, Ohio

value: United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom

value: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

value:
/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Victoria of the United Kingdom

value:
/wiki/Appleton_Chapel
mw-redirect
Appleton Chapel

value:
/wiki/Literary_executor
mw-redirect
Literary executor

value: Edit section: Writing style and literary theory

value: display: inline-block; margin-left: 1em;

value: African-American Civil Rights Movement (1865–1896)

value:
/wiki/Richard_Armour_(poet)
mw-redirect
Richard Armour (poet)

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: James Russell Lowell School (Philadelphia)

value: s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Lowell, James Russell

value: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mla.org/awardinfo_lowell

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
https://librivox.org/author/1204

value: United States Ambassador to Great Britain

value:
/wiki/Edward_J._Phelps
mw-redirect
Edward J. Phelps

value: Template talk:US Ambassadors to Spain (page does not exist)

value: Paul T. Culbertson (page does not exist)

value: Richard Goodwin Capen Jr. (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon
mw-redirect
Andrew W. Mellon

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: center;

value: Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia

value: Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: navigation navbox Romanticism padding:3px

value: Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans

value: Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/29549920

value:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000122778583

value:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/118780611

value:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/350388

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027440796

value:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35314548

value: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

value: Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Spain

value: Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom

value: Category:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees

value: Category:American people of English descent

value: Category:American people of Scottish descent

value: Category:Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts

value: Category:Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts

value: Category:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Dictionary of American Biography

value: Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links

value: Category:Articles with Internet Archive links

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: جيمس راسل لويل – Arabic

value: Джеймс Ръсел Лоуел – Bulgarian

value: جیمز راسل لوول – Persian

value: 제임스 러셀 로웰 – Korean

value: ジェイムズ・ラッセル・ローウェル – Japanese

value: Лоуэлл, Джеймс Расселл – Russian

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: Ҷеймс Рассел Лоуелл – Tajik

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-James_Russell_Lowell rootpage-James_Russell_Lowell vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view