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Childhood disintegrative disorder
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Childhood disintegrative disorder
Synonyms
Heller syndrome,
disintegrative psychosis
Specialty
Psychiatry
The childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), also known as Heller's syndrome and disintegrative psychosis, is a rare condition characterized by late onset of developmental delays—or severe and sudden reversals—in language, social function, and motor skills. Researchers have not been successful in finding a cause for the disorder. CDD has some similarity to autism, and is sometimes considered a low-functioning form of it.[1][2] In May 2013, the term CDD, along with other types of autism, was fused into a single diagnostic term called "autism spectrum disorder" under the new DSM-5 manual.[3] Therefore, CDD is now also called "regressive autism", being that this term can now refer to any type of autism spectrum disorder that involves regression, including CDD.[4]
CDD was originally described by Austrian educator Theodor Heller (1869–1938) in 1908, 35 years before Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger described autism. Heller had previously used the name dementia infantilis for the syndrome.[5]
An apparent period of fairly normal development is often noted before a regression in skills or a series of regressions in skills.[6] The age at which this regression can occur varies,[7] but typically after 3 years of normal development.[8] The regression can be so dramatic that the child may be aware of it, and may in its beginning even ask, vocally, what is happening to them. Some children describe or appear to be reacting to hallucinations, but the most obvious symptom is that skills apparently attained are lost.
Many children are already somewhat delayed when the disorder becomes apparent, but these delays are not always obvious in young children. This has been described by many writers as a devastating condition, affecting both the family and the individual's future. As is the case with all pervasive developmental disorder categories, there is considerable controversy about the right treatment for CDD.
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
4 Treatment
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
CDD is a rare condition, with only 1.7 cases per 100,000.[9][10][11]
A child affected with childhood disintegrative disorder shows normal development and he/she acquires "normal development of age-appropriate verbal and nonverbal communication, social relationships, motor, play and self-care skills"[citation needed] comparable to other children of the same age. However, between the ages of 2 and 10, skills acquired are lost almost completely in at least two of the following six functional areas:
Expressive language skills (being able to produce speech and communicate a message)
Receptive language skills (comprehension of language - listening and understanding what is communicated)
Social skills and self care skills
Control over bowel and bladder
Play skills
Motor skills
Lack of normal function or impairment also occurs in at least two of the following three areas:
Social interaction
Communication
Repetitive behavior and interest patterns
In her book, Thinking in Pictures, Temple Grandin argues that compared to "Kanner's classic autism" and to Asperger syndrome, CDD is characterized with more severe sensory processing disorder but less severe cognitive problems. She also argues that compared to most autistic people, persons with CDD have more severe speech pathology and they usually do not respond well to stimulants.
Causes[edit]
All of the causes of childhood disintegrative disorder are still unknown. Sometimes CDD surfaces abruptly within days or weeks, while in other cases it develops over a longer period of time. A Mayo Clinic report indicates: "Comprehensive medical and neurological examinations in children diagnosed with childhood disintegrative disorder seldom uncover an underlying medical or neurological cause. Although the occurrence of epilepsy is higher in children with childhood disintegrative disorder, experts don't know whether epilepsy plays a role in causing the disorder."[12]
CDD, especially in cases of later age of onset, has also been associated with certain other conditions, particularly the following:[8]
Lipid storage diseases: In this condition, a toxic buildup of excess fats (lipids) takes place in the brain and nervous system.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: Chronic infection of the brain by a form of the measles virus causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. This condition leads to brain inflammation and the death of nerve cells.
Tuberous sclerosis (TSC): TSC is a genetic disorder. In this disorder, tumors may grow in the brain and other vital organs like kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. In this condition, noncancerous (benign) tumors, hamartomas, grow in the brain.
Leukodystrophy: In this condition, the myelin sheath does not develop in a normal way causing white matter in the brain to disintegrate.
Diagnosis[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)
Treatment[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Loss of language and skills related to social interaction and self-care are serious. The affected children face ongoing disabilities in certain areas and require long term care. Treatment of CDD involves both behavior therapy, environmental therapy and medications.
Behavior therapy: The main aim of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is to systematically teach the child to relearn language, self-care and social skills. The treatment programs designed in this respect "use a system of rewards to reinforce desirable behaviors and discourage problem behavior." ABA programs may be designed by a board-certified specialist in behavior analysis called a "BCBA" (Board Certified Behavior Analyst), but ABA is also widely used by a number of other health care personnel from different fields like psychologists, speech therapists, physical therapists and occupational therapists with differing levels of expertise. Parents, teachers and caregivers are instructed to use these behavior therapy methods at all times.
Environmental Therapy: Sensory Enrichment Therapy uses enrichment of the sensory experience to improve symptoms in autism, many of which are common to CDD.
Medications: There are no medications available to directly treat CDD. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat severe behavior problems like aggressive stance and repetitive behavior patterns. Anticonvulsant medications are used to control seizures.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McPartland J, Volkmar FR (2012). "Autism and related disorders". Handb Clin Neurol. 106: 407–18. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52002-9.00023-1. PMC 3848246  . PMID 22608634.
Jump up ^ Venkat A, Jauch E, Russell WS, Crist CR, Farrell R (August 2012). "Care of the patient with an autism by the general physician". Postgrad Med J. 88 (1042): 472–81. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130727. PMID 22427366.
Jump up ^ "Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Heller's Syndrome)".
Jump up ^ "In defense of childhood disintegrative disorder".
Jump up ^ Mouridsen SE (June 2003). "Childhood disintegrative disorder". Brain Dev. 25 (4): 225–8. doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00228-0. PMID 12767450.
Jump up ^ Rogers SJ (2004). "Developmental regression in autism spectrum disorders". Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 10 (2): 139–43. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20027. PMID 15362172.
Jump up ^ Hendry CN (January 2000). "Childhood disintegrative disorder: should it be considered a distinct diagnosis?". Clin Psychol Rev. 20 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00094-4. PMID 10660829.
^ Jump up to: a b Malhotra S, Gupta N (December 1999). "Childhood disintegrative disorder". J Autism Dev Disord. 29 (6): 491–8. doi:10.1023/A:1022247903401. PMID 10638461.
Jump up ^ Fombone E (June 2002). "Prevalence of childhood disintegrative disorder". Autism. 6 (2): 149–57. doi:10.1177/1362361302006002002. PMID 12083281.
Jump up ^ Fombonne E (June 2009). "Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders". Pediatr. Res. 65 (6): 591–8. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e31819e7203. PMID 19218885.
Jump up ^ http://aut.sagepub.com/content/6/2/149.short
Jump up ^ Childhood Disintegrative Disorder - Causes Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Further reading[edit]
Maurice, Catherine (1993). Let me hear your voice: a family's triumph over autism. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40863-0. OCLC 26633221.
Westphal A, Schelinski S, Volkmar F, Pelphrey K (February 2013). "Revisiting regression in autism: Heller's dementia infantilis. Includes a translation of Über Dementia Infantilis". J Autism Dev Disord. 43 (2): 265–71. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1559-z. PMID 22677931.
Dobbs, David (2016). "The most terrifying childhood condition you've never heard of." Spectrum 6 July 2016, accessed 6 May 2017 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder?action=edit&oldid=778841596&wteswitched=1
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: F84.2–F84.3
ICD-9-CM: 299.10–299.11
DiseasesDB: 33210
External resources
MedlinePlus: 001535
eMedicine: article/916515
Patient UK: Childhood disintegrative disorder
Orphanet: 168782
NIH/Medline
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Little Red Riding Hood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the folk tale. For other uses, see Little Red Riding Hood (disambiguation).
"Little Red Cap" redirects here. For the poem by Carol Ann Duffy, see Little Red Cap (poem).
Little Red Riding Hood
Folk tale
Name
Little Red Riding Hood
Also known as
Little Red Ridinghood
Data
Aarne-Thompson grouping
333
Mythology
European
Origin Date
17th Century
Published in
Italian Folktales
Related
Peter and the Wolf
Little Red Riding Hood
The version found in The Book of Fables and Folk Stories by Horace E. Scudder.
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"Little Red Riding Hood" is a European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf.[1] Its origins can be traced back to the 10th century by several European folk tales, including one from Italy called The False Grandmother (Italian: La finta nonna), later written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection; the best known versions were written by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.[2]. The story has been changed considerably in various retellings and subjected to numerous modern adaptations and readings. Other names for the story are: "Little Red Ridinghood", "Little Red Cap" or simply "Red Riding Hood". It is number 333 in the Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktales.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Tale
1.1 Relationship to other tales
2 Tale's history
2.1 Earliest versions
2.2 Charles Perrault
2.3 Grimm Brothers
2.4 After the Grimms
3 Interpretations
3.1 Natural cycles
3.2 Rite
3.3 Rebirth
3.4 Norse myth
4 Modern uses and adaptations
4.1 Erotic, romantic, or rape connotations
4.1.1 Animations, films, and TV shows
4.1.2 Lipstick
4.1.3 Literature
4.1.4 Music
4.2 Other adaptations
4.2.1 Animations and films
4.2.2 Games
4.2.3 Literature
4.2.4 Music
4.2.5 Musicals
4.2.6 Television
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Tale[edit]
Little Red Riding Hood, illustrated in a 1927 story anthology
The story revolves around a girl called Little Red Riding Hood. In Grimms' and Perrault's versions of the tale, she is named after her magical red hooded cape/cloak that she wears. The girl walks through the woods to deliver food to her sickly grandmother (wine and cake depending on the translation). In the Grimms' version, her mother had ordered her to stay strictly on the path.
A Big Bad Wolf wants to eat the girl and the food in the basket. He secretly stalks her behind trees, bushes, shrubs, and patches of little and tall grass. He approaches Little Red Riding Hood, and she naively tells him where she is going. He suggests that the girl pick some flowers, which she does. In the meantime, he goes to the grandmother's house and gains entry by pretending to be the girl. He swallows the grandmother whole (in some stories, he locks her in the closet) and waits for the girl, disguised as the grandma.
Gustave Doré's engraving of the scene: "She was astonished to see how her grandmother looked"
When the girl arrives, she notices that her grandmother looks very strange. Little Red then says, "What a deep voice you have!" ("The better to greet you with", responds the wolf), "Goodness, what big eyes you have!" ("The better to see you with", responds the wolf), "And what big hands you have!" ("The better to hug/grab you with", responds the wolf), and lastly, "What a big mouth you have" ("The better to eat you with!", responds the wolf), at which point the wolf jumps out of bed and eats her up too. Then he falls asleep. In Charles Perrault's version of the story (the first version to be published), the tale ends here. However, in later versions the story continues generally as follows:
A woodcutter in the French version, but a hunter in the Brothers Grimm and traditional German versions, comes to the rescue and with his axe cuts open the sleeping wolf. Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother emerge unharmed. They then fill the wolf's body with heavy stones. The wolf awakens and tries to flee, but the stones cause him to collapse and die. Sanitized versions of the story have the grandmother locked in the closet instead of eaten and some have Little Red Riding Hood saved by the lumberjack as the wolf advances on her rather than after she is eaten where the woodcutter kills the wolf with his ax.[4]
"Little Red Riding Hood" illustration by Arthur Rackham.[5]
The tale makes the clearest contrast between the safe world of the village and the dangers of the forest, conventional antitheses that are essentially medieval, though no written versions are as old as that.[citation needed] It also warns about the dangers of not obeying one's mother (at least in the Grimms' version).[citation needed]
Relationship to other tales[edit]
A very similar story also belongs to the North African tradition, namely in Kabylia, where a number of versions are attested.[6] The theme of the little girl who visits her (grand-)dad in his cabin and is recognized by the sound of her bracelets constitutes the refrain of a well-known song by the modern singer Idir, A Vava Inouva:
‘I beseech you, open the door for me, father.
Jingle your bracelets, oh my daughter Ghriba.
I’m afraid of the monster in the forest, father.
I, too, am afraid, oh my daughter Ghriba.’[7]
The theme of the ravening wolf and of the creature released unharmed from its belly is also reflected in the Russian tale Peter and the Wolf[citation needed] and another Grimm tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids,[citation needed] but its general theme of restoration is at least as old as the biblical story, Jonah and the Whale.[citation needed] The theme also appears in the story of the life of Saint Margaret, wherein the saint emerges unharmed from the belly of a dragon,[citation needed] and in the epic "The Red Path" by Jim C. Hines.[citation needed]
The story displays many similarities to stories from classical Greece and Rome. Scholar Graham Anderson has compared the story to a local legend recounted by Pausanias in which, each year, a virgin girl was offered to a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf, who raped the girl. Then, one year, the boxer Euthymos came along, slew the spirit, and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice.[8] There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha (literally "Fire") and a man with some name meaning "wolf".[9] The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia, a female ogress in classical mythology.[10]
The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little Red Riding Hood has its analogies to the Norse Þrymskviða from the Elder Edda; the giant Þrymr had stolen Mjölner, Thor's hammer, and demanded Freyja as his bride for its return. Instead, the gods dressed Thor as a bride and sent him. When the giants note Thor's unladylike eyes, eating, and drinking, Loki explains them as Freyja's not having slept, or eaten, or drunk, out of longing for the wedding.[11]
Tale's history[edit]
"The better to see you with": woodcut by Walter Crane
Earliest versions[edit]
The origins of the Little Red Riding Hood story can be traced to versions from various European countries and more than likely preceding the 17th century, of which several exist, some significantly different from the currently known, Grimms-inspired version. It was told by French peasants in the 10th century[1] and recorded by the cathedral schoolmaster Egbert of Liege.[12] In Italy, the Little Red Riding Hood was told by peasants in the fourteenth century, where a number of versions exist, including La finta nonna (The False Grandmother), written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection.[13] It has also been called "The Story of Grandmother". It is also possible that this early tale has roots in very similar East Asian tales (e.g. "Grandaunt Tiger").[14]
These early variations of the tale, do differ from the currently known version in several ways. The antagonist is not always a wolf, but sometimes an ogre, vampire[15], or a 'bzou' (werewolf), making these tales relevant to the werewolf-trials (similar to witch trials) of the time (e.g. the trial of Peter Stumpp).[16] The wolf usually leaves the grandmother's blood and meat for the girl to eat, who then unwittingly cannibalizes her own grandmother. Furthermore, the wolf was also known to ask her to remove her clothing and toss it into the fire.[17] In some versions, the wolf eats the girl after she gets into bed with him, and the story ends there.[18] In others, she sees through his disguise and tries to escape, complaining to her "grandmother" that she needs to defecate and would not wish to do so in the bed. The wolf reluctantly lets her go, tied to a piece of string so she does not get away. However, the girl slips the string over something else and runs off. In these stories she escapes with no help from any male or older female figure, instead using her own cunning, or in some versions the help of a younger boy who she happens to run into.[19] Sometimes, though more rarely, the red hood is even non-existent.[18]
In other tellings of the story, the wolf chases after Little Red Riding Hood. She escapes with the help of some laundresses, who spread a sheet taut over a river so she may escape. When the wolf follows Red over the bridge of cloth, the sheet is released and the wolf drowns in the river.[20] And in another version the wolf is pushed into the fire, while he is preparing the meat of the grandmother to be eaten by the girl.[18]
Charles Perrault[edit]
The earliest known printed version[21] was known as Le Petit Chaperon Rouge and may have had its origins in 17th-century French folklore. It was included in the collection Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals. Tales of Mother Goose (Histoires et contes du temps passé, avec des moralités. Contes de ma mère l'Oye), in 1697, by Charles Perrault. As the title implies, this version[22] is both more sinister and more overtly moralized than the later ones. The redness of the hood, which has been given symbolic significance in many interpretations of the tale, was a detail introduced by Perrault.[23]
French images, like this 19th-century painting, show the much shorter red chaperon being worn
The story had as its subject an "attractive, well-bred young lady", a village girl of the country being deceived into giving a wolf she encountered the information he needed to find her grandmother's house successfully and eat the old woman while at the same time avoiding being noticed by woodcutters working in the nearby forest. Then he proceeded to lay a trap for the Red Riding Hood. Little Red Riding Hood ends up being asked to climb into the bed before being eaten by the wolf, where the story ends. The wolf emerges the victor of the encounter and there is no happy ending.
Charles Perrault explained the 'moral' at the end of the tale:[24] so that no doubt is left to his intended meaning:
From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers, And it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner. I say Wolf, for all wolves are not of the same sort; there is one kind with an amenable disposition – neither noisy, nor hateful, nor angry, but tame, obliging and gentle, following the young maids in the streets, even into their homes. Alas! Who does not know that these gentle wolves are of all such creatures the most dangerous!
This, the presumed original, version of the tale was written for late seventeenth-century French court of King Louis XIV. This audience, whom the King entertained with extravagant parties, presumably would take from the story the intended meaning.
Grimm Brothers[edit]
Wilhelm (left) and Jacob Grimm (right) from an 1855 painting by Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann.
In the 19th century two separate German versions were retold to Jacob Grimm and his younger brother Wilhelm Grimm, known as the Brothers Grimm, the first by Jeanette Hassenpflug (1791–1860) and the second by Marie Hassenpflug (1788–1856). The brothers turned the first version to the main body of the story and the second into a sequel of it. The story as Rotkäppchen was included in the first edition of their collection Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales (1812)).[25]
The earlier parts of the tale agree so closely with Perrault's variant that it is almost certainly the source of the tale.[26] However, they modified the ending; this version had the little girl and her grandmother saved by a huntsman who was after the wolf's skin; this ending is identical to that in the tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids, which appears to be the source.[27] The second part featured the girl and her grandmother trapping and killing another wolf, this time anticipating his moves based on their experience with the previous one. The girl did not leave the path when the wolf spoke to her, her grandmother locked the door to keep it out, and when the wolf lurked, the grandmother had Little Red Riding Hood put a trough under the chimney and fill it with water that sausages had been cooked in; the smell lured the wolf down, and it drowned.[28]
The Brothers further revised the story in later editions and it reached the above-mentioned final and better-known version in the 1857 edition of their work.[29] It is notably tamer than the older stories which contained darker themes.
After the Grimms[edit]
An engraving from the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor.
Numerous authors have rewritten or adapted this tale.
Andrew Lang included a variant called "The True History of Little Goldenhood"[30] in The Red Fairy Book (1890). He derived it from the works of Charles Marelles,[31] in Contes of Charles Marelles. This version explicitly states that the story had been mistold earlier. The girl is saved, but not by the huntsman; when the wolf tries to eat her, its mouth is burned by the golden hood she wears, which is enchanted.
James N. Barker wrote a variation of Little Red Riding Hood in 1827 as an approximately 1000-word story. It was later reprinted in 1858 in a book of collected stories edited by William E Burton, called the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor. The reprint also features a wood engraving of a clothed wolf on bended knee holding Little Red Riding Hood's hand.
In the 20th century, the popularity of the tale appeared to snowball, with many new versions being written and produced, especially in the wake of Freudian analysis, deconstruction and feminist critical theory. (See "Modern uses and adaptations" below.) This trend has also led to a number of academic texts being written that focus on Little Red Riding Hood, including works by Alan Dundes and Jack Zipes.
Interpretations[edit]
A depiction by Gustave Doré, 1883.
Besides the overt warning about talking to strangers, there are many interpretations of the classic fairy tale, many of them sexual.[32] Some are listed below.
Natural cycles[edit]
Folklorists and cultural anthropologists, such as P. Saintyves and Edward Burnett Tylor, saw "Little Red Riding Hood" in terms of solar myths and other naturally occurring cycles. Her red hood could represent the bright sun which is ultimately swallowed by the terrible night (the wolf), and the variations in which she is cut out of the wolf's belly represent the dawn.[33] In this interpretation, there is a connection between the wolf of this tale and Sköll, the wolf in Norse mythology that will swallow the personified Sun at Ragnarök, or Fenrir.[34] Alternatively, the tale could be about the season of spring or the month of May, escaping the winter.[35]
Red Riding Hood by George Frederic Watts
Rite[edit]
The tale has been interpreted as a puberty rite, stemming from a prehistoric origin (sometimes an origin stemming from a previous matriarchal era).[36] The girl, leaving home, enters a liminal state and by going through the acts of the tale, is transformed into an adult woman by the act of coming out of the wolf's stomach.[37]
Rebirth[edit]
Bruno Bettelheim, in The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (1976), recast the Little Red Riding Hood motif in terms of classic Freudian analysis, that shows how fairy tales educate, support, and liberate children's emotions. The motif of the huntsman cutting open the wolf he interpreted as a "rebirth"; the girl who foolishly listened to the wolf has been reborn as a new person.[38]
Norse myth[edit]
The poem "Þrymskviða" from the Poetic Edda mirrors some elements of Red Riding Hood. Loki's explanations for the strange behavior of "Freyja" (actually Thor disguised as Freyja) mirror the wolf's explanations for his strange appearance. The red hood has often been given great importance in many interpretations, with a significance from the dawn to blood.[39]
Modern uses and adaptations[edit]
Works Progress Administration poster by Kenneth Whitley, 1939.
Main article: Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood
Erotic, romantic, or rape connotations[edit]
A sexual analysis of the tale may also include negative connotations in terms of rape or abduction. In Against Our Will, Susan Brownmiller describes the fairy tale as a description of rape.[40] However, many revisionist retellings choose to focus on empowerment, and depict Little Red Riding Hood or the grandmother successfully defending herself against the wolf.[41]
Such tellings bear some similarity to the "animal bridegroom" tales, such as Beauty and the Beast or The Frog Prince, but where the heroines of those tales transform the hero into a prince, these tellings of Little Red Riding Hood reveal to the heroine that she has a wild nature like the hero's.[42] These interpretations refuse to characterize Little Red Riding Hood as a victim; these are tales of female empowerment.
Animations, films, and TV shows[edit]
In Tex Avery's short animated cartoon, Red Hot Riding Hood (1943), the story is recast in an adult-oriented urban setting, with the suave, sharp-dressed Wolf howling after the nightclub singer Red. Avery used the same cast and themes in a subsequent series of cartoons.[43]
Neil Jordan's film version of The Company of Wolves (1984) is about the journey of a young girl into womanhood, which can be interpreted as her menstruating for the first time (at the start of the tale, she is in bed with a stomachache, according to her sister), but also of sexual awakening (in it, she wears red lipstick in bed). The wolf in this version of the tale is in fact a werewolf, which comes to the newly menstruating Red Riding Hood in the forest, in the form of a charming hunter. He turns into a wolf and eats her grandmother, and is about to devour Red Riding Hood as well, but she is equally seductive and ends up lying with the wolf man.[44]
Lipstick[edit]
Allusions to the tale can be more or less overtly sexual, as when the color of a lipstick is advertised as "Riding Hood Red".[45]
Literature[edit]
Charles Perrault's "Le Petit Chaperon rouge" ("Little Red Riding Hood") is centered on an erotic metaphor.[46]
Little Red Riding Hood appears in Angela Carter's short story "The Company of Wolves", published in The Bloody Chamber (1979), her collection of "dark, feminist fables" filled with "bestial and ferocious" heroines.[47] In her revision of the classic, Carter examines female lust, which according to author Catherine Orenstein is "healthy, but also challenging and sometimes disturbing, unbridled and feral lust that delivers up contradictions."[48] As Orenstein points out, Carter does this by unravelling the original tale's "underlying sexual currents" and by impregnating the new Little Red Riding Hood (Rosaleen played by Sarah Patterson) with "animal instincts" that lead to her transformation.[48]
In Michelle Augello-Page's story "Wolf Moon",[49] Little Red is an adult who has been irrevocably changed by the events in her childhood, and it is the hunter who saves her "once upon a time, and again" in this tale of sexual awakening, bdsm, relationships, female rites and rebirth.
In the manga Tokyo Akazukin the protagonist is an 11-year-old girl nicknamed "Red Riding Hood" or "Red Hood". Akazukin means red hood in Japanese.
Music[edit]
A.P. Randolph's "How Could Red Riding Hood (Have Been So Very Good)?" (1925) was the first song known to be banned from radio because of its sexual suggestiveness.[citation needed]
Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs's hit song, "Li'l Red Riding Hood" (1966), takes the Wolf's point of view, implying that he wants love rather than blood. Here, the Wolf befriends Little Red Riding Hood disguised as a sheep and offers to protect her on her journey through the woods.
The Kelly Family's "The Wolf" (1994) is inspired by the tale, warning the children that there's a Wolf out there. During the instrumental bridge in live shows, the song's lead singer, Joey, does both the Little Red Riding Hood's and the Wolf's part, where the child asks her grandmother about the big eyes, ears and mouth.
Other adaptations[edit]
Animations and films[edit]
Soyuzmultfilm (1937) is a classic Soviet, black-and-white, animated film by the sisters Brumberg, "grandmothers of the Russian animation". Its plot differs slightly from the original fairy tale. It was issued on videotapes in various collections in the 1980s, via the SECAM system, and in the 1990s, via the PAL system, in collections of animated films of a videostudio "Soyuz" (since 1994). (And 1995).
The Big Bad Wolf is an animated short released on 13 April 1934 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burt Gillett as part of the Silly Symphony series. Acting as an adaptation of the fairy-tale Little Red Riding Hood, with the Big Bad Wolf from 1933's Three Little Pigs acting as the adversary to Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother.
In the USSR-based animated film Petya and Little Red Riding Hood (1958), directed by Boris Stepantsev and Evgeny Raykovsky, the main character (a boy named Petya Ivanov) see the Grey Wolf deceived a trusting girl and risks his life to rescue her and her grandmother. Now, the animated movie is considered a cult film, many phrases have become part of popular culture, and in 1959 and 1960, the film received awards[which?] at festivals in Kiev, Ukraine and Ansi, Estonia.[citation needed] In Russia, it is repeatedly republished on DVD in collections of animated films.[citation needed]
Hoodwinked! (2005) is a retelling of "Little Red Riding Hood" as a police investigation.
The film Red Riding Hood (2006) is a musical movie based upon this tale.
The film Red Riding Hood (2011) is loosely based upon this tale.[50]
The wolf appears in the Shrek franchise of films. He is wearing the grandmother's clothing as in the fairytale, though the films imply he merely prefers wearing the gown and is not dangerous.[51]
Red Riding Hood briefly appears in the film Shrek 2 (2004), wherein she is frightened by Shrek and Fiona and runs off.
Red Riding Hood is one of the main characters in the film adaptation of the musical "Into the Woods" (2014) portrayed by Lilla Crawford.
Little Red Riding Hood is parodied in the Warner Bros. cartoons Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944, Merrie Melodies) and The Windblown Hare (1949, Looney Tunes), with Bugs Bunny, and Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955, Looney Tunes) with Tweety and Sylvester
Games[edit]
In the Shrek 2 (2004) video game, she is playable and appears as a friend of Shrek's. She joins him, Fiona, and Donkey on their journey to Far Far Away, despite not knowing Shrek or his friends in the film.
In Dark Parables 4 (computer game) The Red Riding Hood Sisters (2013) computer game, the original red riding hood was orphaned when a wolf killed her grandma. A hunter killed the wolf before it could kill her. He took her in as his own out of pity. The red riding hood of this story convinced the hunter to teach her how to fight. They protected the forest together until the hunter was killed during a wolf attack. The red riding hood continued on protecting the forest and took in other orphaned girls and taught them to fight too. They take up wearing a red riding hood and cape to honor their teacher. Even after the death of the original red riding hood the girls continue doing what she did in life.
In the fighting game Darkstalkers 3 (1997), the character Baby Bonnie Hood is a parody of Little Red Riding Hood, complete with childish look, red hood and picnic basket. But instead of food, her basket is full of guns and grenades. Her personality is somewhat psychotic, guerrilla-crazy. During the fights, a small dog named Harry watches the action from the sidelines and reacts to her taking damage in battle. Two rifle-wielding huntsmen named John and Arthur briefly appear alongside her in a special power-up move titled "Beautiful Hunting" that inflicts extra damage on opponents.
Literature[edit]
Jerry Pinkney adapted the story for a children's picture book of the same name (2007)
Anne Sexton wrote an adaptation as a poem called "Red Riding Hood" in her collection Transformations (1971), a book in which she re-envisions 16 of the Grimm's Fairy tales.[52]
James Finn Garner wrote an adaptation in his book "Politically Correct Bedtime Stories: Modern Tales for Our Life and Times", a book in which thirteen fairy tales were rewritten. Garner's adaptation of "Little Red Riding Hood" brings up topics like feminism and gender norms.[53]
Michael Buckley wrote the children's series, The Sisters Grimm which included characters from the fairytale into the storyline.
Dark & Darker Faerie Tales by Two Sisters is a collection of dark fairy tales which features Little Red Riding Hood, revealing what happened to her after her encounter with the wolf.
Music[edit]
"Little Red Riding Hood" is a raw hardstyle song by Da Tweekaz[54]
Sunny's concept photo for Girls' Generation's third studio album The Boys was inspired by "Little Red Riding Hood".
Musicals[edit]
Little Red Riding Hood is one of the central characters in the Broadway musical Into the Woods (1987) by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. In the song, "I Know Things Now", she speaks of how the wolf made her feel "excited, well, excited and scared", in a reference to the sexual undertones of their relationship. Red Riding Hood's cape is also one of the musical's four quest items that are emblematic of fairy tales.[55]
Television[edit]
In the pilot episode "Wolf Moon" of the MTV hit series Teen Wolf the protagonist Scott McCall wears a red hoody, when he gets attacked by an alpha werewolf in the woods in the night of a fullmoon.
The pilot episode of NBC's TV series Grimm reveals that the Red Riding Hood stories were inspired by fabled blutbaden attacks, werewolf-like beings who have a deeply ingrained bloodlust and a weakness for victims wearing red.
Red Riding Hood is a character in ABC's Once Upon a Time (2011) TV series. In this version of the tale, Red (portrayed by Meghan Ory) is a werewolf, and her cape is the only thing that can prevent her from turning during a full moon. Her Storybrooke persona is Ruby.[56]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
France portal
Italy portal
Freeway (1996 film)
Hard Candy (film)
Ladle Rat Rotten Hut
"Little Red Cap" (poem)
The Path (video game), a psychological horror art game
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Jack Zipes, In Hungarian folklore, the story is known as "Piroska" (Little Red), is still told in mostly the original version described above. The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p 744, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
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External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Little Red Riding Hood
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Red Riding Hood.
Free printable "Little Red Riding-hood" eBook and worksheets for grades K-3.
Terri Windling's 'The Path of Needles or Pins: Little Red Riding Hood' – a thorough article on the history of Little Red Riding Hood.
The Little Red Riding Hood Collection at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia contains hundreds of editions of the story, as well as ephemera, artifacts, and original artworks
Read Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault (sad ending), or Little Red Cap by Brothers Grimm (happy ending)
A Translation of Grimm's Fairy Tale Little Red Cap
[show]
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t
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The Brothers Grimm
Key articles
Jacob Grimm
Wilhelm Grimm
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Deutsche Sagen
Deutsche Mythologie
Notable tales
"Bearskin"
"The Brave Little Tailor"
"Brother and Sister"
"Cat and Mouse in Partnership"
"Cinderella"
"The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs"
"The Dog and the Sparrow"
"The Elves and the Shoemaker"
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"The Golden Bird"
"The Golden Goose"
"The Goose Girl"
"The Goose-Girl at the Well"
"Hans My Hedgehog"
"Hansel and Gretel"
"The Hut in the Forest"
"Jorinde and Joringel"
"The Juniper Tree"
"The King of the Golden Mountain"
"King Thrushbeard"
"Little Red Riding Hood"
"Mary's Child"
"Mother Holle"
"Old Hildebrand"
"Old Sultan"
"The Queen Bee"
"Rapunzel"
"The Riddle"
Rumpelstiltskin
"The Seven Ravens"
"The Six Servants"
"The Six Swans"
"Sleeping Beauty"
"Snow White"
"Snow-White and Rose-Red"
"The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was"
"The Three Little Men in the Wood"
"The Three Spinners"
"Thumbling"
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"Trusty John"
"The Turnip"
"The Twelve Brothers"
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The White Snake
"The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats"
"The Wonderful Musician"
Other
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Fairy tale
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Grimm
Once Upon a Time
[show]
v
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"Little Red Riding Hood" by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm
Film
Red Riding Hood (1901)
Little Red Riding Hood (1920)
Little Red Riding Hood (1954)
Rotkäppchen (1962)
About the Little Red Riding Hood (1977)
Red Riding Hood (1989)
Little Red Riding Hood (1997)
Red Riding Hood (2003)
Red Riding Hood (2006)
Red Riding Hood (2011)
Animation
Little Red Riding Hood (1922 cartoon)
Dizzy Red Riding Hood (1931 film)
Little Red Walking Hood (1937 cartoon)
The Big Bad Wolf (1934 cartoon)
Red Hot Riding Hood (1943 cartoon)
Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944 cartoon)
Little Rural Riding Hood (1949 cartoon)
Little Red Rodent Hood (1952 cartoon)
Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955 cartoon)
Red Riding Hoodlum (1957 cartoon)
Little Red Riding Hood (1995 film)
Redux Riding Hood (1997 film)
Hoodwinked! (2005 film)
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011 film)
Video games
Little Red Riding Hood's Zombie BBQ (2008)
The Path (2009)
Overlord: Dark Legend (2009)
Dragon Fin Soup (2015)
Stage adaptations
Little Red Riding Hood (1911 opera)
Grimm (2014 musical)
Literary adaptations
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck (1908)
Anguish Languish (1956)
Flossie & the Fox (1986)
Lon Po Po: A Red-Riding Hood Story from China (1989)
Wolf (1990)
Little Red Cap (1999)
Scarlet (2013)
Other adaptations
Li'l Red Riding Hood (1966)
The Company of Wolves (1984)
The Red Spectacles (1987)
Freeway (1996)
Black XXX-Mas (1999)
Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade (1999)
Tokyo Red Hood (2003)
A Wicked Tale (2005)
"Red-Handed" (2012)
"Child of the Moon" (2012)
Related
Once Upon a Time (TV series)
Akazukin Chacha (1994 anime series)
Goldilocks and the Jivin' Bears
Now Hare This
Deadtime Stories
Baby Bear and the Big, Bad Wolf
Big Bad Wolf (character)
Red (character)
[show]
v
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Charles Perrault
Works
Histoires ou contes du temps passé (1697)
Griselidis (1695)
The Ridiculous Wishes (1695)
Donkeyskin (1695)
Cinderella (1697)
Little Red Riding Hood (1697)
Sleeping Beauty (1697)
Puss in Boots (1697)
Bluebeard (1697)
Diamonds and Toads (1697)
Riquet with the Tuft (1697)
Hop-o'-My-Thumb (1697)
Related
Marie-Jeanne L'Héritier
Brothers Grimm
Authority control
LCCN: sh88005840
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Red_Riding_Hood&oldid=837918510"
Categories:
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