text:
List of Oklahoma Sooners football championships
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This is a list of championships garnered by the Oklahoma Sooners college football program.
The team has captured 47 conference titles, including 14 in a row between 1946–59, eight divisional titles, and seven claimed national championships: 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974,1975, 1985, 2000. In addition to the seven claimed national titles the NCAA also recognizes 10 others: 1915, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986, and 2003.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 National championships (17)
2 Conference championships (47)
3 Division championships (8)
4 References
5 External links
National championships (17)[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The following list of national titles accounts for the seven that are officially claimed by the University of Oklahoma (in bold) and the 10 additional titles awarded by other sources that are recognized by the NCAA:
Season
Selector
Coach
Record
1915 Billingsley Report Bennie Owen 10–0
1949 Football Research Bud Wilkinson 11–0
1950 AP, Coaches, Berryman, Helms, Litkenhous, UPI, William-son Bud Wilkinson 10–1
1953 Berryman, Football Research Bud Wilkinson 9–1–1
1955 AP, Coaches, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, Foot-ball Research, FW, Helms, INS, Litkenhous, National Championship Foundation, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), UPI, Williamson Bud Wilkinson 11–0
1956 AP, Coaches, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, Foot-ball Research, FW, Helms, INS, Litkenhous, National Championship Foundation, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), UPI, Williamson Bud Wilkinson 10–0
1957 Berryman Bud Wilkinson 10–1
1967 Poling Chuck Fairbanks 10–1
1973 DeVold, Dunkel,
Football Research, Sagarin Barry Switzer 10–0–1
1974 AP, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, FACT, FB News, Football Research, Helms*, Litkenhous, National Championship Foundation*, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess) Barry Switzer 11–0
1975 AP, Coaches, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, FACT*, FB News, Football Research, FW, Helms*, National Championship Foundation*, NFF, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), UPI Barry Switzer 11–1
1978 DeVold, Dunkel,
FACT, Helms, Litkenhous,
Matthews, Poling, Sagarin Barry Switzer 11–1
1980 Dunkel, Matthews Barry Switzer 10–2
1985 AP, Coaches, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, FACT, FB News, Football Research, FW, National Championship Foundation, NFF, NY Times, Sagarin*, Sporting News, UPI, USA/CNN Barry Switzer 11–1
1986 Berryman, DeVold, Dunkel,
Football Research, NY Times, Sagarin Barry Switzer 11–1
2000 AP, Coaches, BCS, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, Eck, FACT, FB News, FW, Massey, Matthews, National Championship Foundation, NFF, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), Seattle Times, Sporting News, USA/ESPN Bob Stoops 13–0
2003 Berryman Bob Stoops 12–2
Conference championships (47)[edit]
Conference
Years
Championships won
(by number)
Independent 1895–1913 None
Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference 1914–1919 None
Southwest Conference 1915–1919 2
Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association 1920–1927 1
Big Six Conference* 1928–1995 5
Big Seven Conference* 10
Big Eight Conference* 18[2]
Big 12 Conference 1996–present 11
*Prior to 1964 when the Big Eight legally assumed the name Big Eight Conference the conference was informally known as the Big Six and Big Seven.
#
Season
Conference
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record
1 1915 Southwest Bennie Owen 10–0 3–0
2 1918† Southwest Bennie Owen 6–0 2–0
3 1920 MVIAA Bennie Owen 6–0–1 4–0–1
4 1938 Big 6 Tom Stidham 10–1 5–0
5 1943 Big 6 Dewey Luster 7–2 5–0
6 1944 Big 6 Dewey Luster 6–3–1 4–0–1
7 1946† Big 6 Jim Tatum 8–3 4–1
8 1947† Big 6 Bud Wilkinson 7–2–1 4–0–1
9 1948 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10–1 5–0
10 1949 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 11–0 5–0
11 1950 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10–1 6–0
12 1951 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 8–2 6–0
13 1952 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 8–1–1 5–0
14 1953 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 9–1–1 6–0
15 1954 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10–0 6–0
16 1955 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 11–0 6–0
17 1956 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10–0 6–0
18 1957 Big 7 Bud Wilkinson 10–1 6–0
19 1958 Big 8 Bud Wilkinson 10–1 6–0
20 1959 Big 8 Bud Wilkinson 7–3 5–1
21 1962 Big 8 Bud Wilkinson 8–3 7–0
22 1967 Big 8 Chuck Fairbanks 10–1 7–0
23 1968† Big 8 Chuck Fairbanks 7–4 6–1
24 1972 Big 8 Chuck Fairbanks 11-1 6-1
25 1973 Big 8 Barry Switzer 10–0–1 7–0
26 1974 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11–0 7–0
27 1975† Big 8 Barry Switzer 11–1 6–1
28 1976† Big 8 Barry Switzer 9–2–1 6–1
29 1977 Big 8 Barry Switzer 10–2 7–0
30 1978† Big 8 Barry Switzer 11–1 6–0
31 1979 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11–1 7–0
32 1980 Big 8 Barry Switzer 10–2 7–0
33 1984† Big 8 Barry Switzer 9–2–1 6–1
34 1985 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11–1 7–0
35 1986 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11–1 7–0
36 1987 Big 8 Barry Switzer 11–1 7–0
37 2000 Big 12 Bob Stoops 13–0 8–0
38 2002 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12–2 6–2
39 2004 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12–1 8–0
40 2006 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11–3 7–1
41 2007 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11–3 6–2
42 2008 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12–2 7–1
43 2010 Big 12 Bob Stoops 12–2 6–2
44 2012† Big 12 Bob Stoops 10–3 8–1
45 2015 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11–2 8–1
46 2016 Big 12 Bob Stoops 11–2 9–0
47 2017 Big 12 Lincoln Riley 12–1 9–1
† Denotes a shared title
Division championships (8)[edit]
The Sooners have been a member of only one division, the Big 12 South, in their entire history. They were members from 1996 until 2010, after which the Big 12 ceased divisional play.
Season
Conference Division
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record
2000 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 13–0 8–0
2002† Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12–2 6–2
2003 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12–2 8–0
2004 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12–1 8–0
2006 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 11–3 7–1
2007 Big 12 South Bob Stoops 11–3 6–2
2008† Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12–2 7–1
2010† Big 12 South Bob Stoops 12–2 6–2
† Denotes a shared title.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
Jump up ^ http://bigeightsports.com/Sports/Football/FootballChampionships.htm
"Oklahoma Composite Championship Listing". Archived from the original on 2009-02-08.
External links[edit]
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Barry Switzer. First person interview conducted on August 17, 2009 with Barry Switzer. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
[show]
v
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Oklahoma Sooners football
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National championship seasons in bold
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text:
It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"It's My Party"
Original US single cover
Single by Lesley Gore
from the album I'll Cry If I Want To
B-side
"Danny"
Released
April 1963
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
March 30, 1963
Genre
Pop
rock
blue-eyed soul
Length
2:19
Label
Mercury
Songwriter(s)
Walter Gold
John Gluck Jr.
Herb Weiner
Seymour Gottlieb
Producer(s)
Quincy Jones
Lesley Gore singles chronology
"It's My Party"
(1963) "Judy's Turn to Cry"
(1963)
"It's My Party"
(1963) "Judy's Turn to Cry"
(1963)
EP cover
"It's My Party" is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s. In 1963, American singer Lesley Gore's version hit #1 on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States.[1] It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones.
Contents
[hide]
1 Theme
2 Background
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version
5 Other cover versions, sampling, and references
6 The sequel: "Judy's Turn to Cry"
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Notes
9 References
Theme[edit]
The song lyrically portrays the discomfiture of a teenage girl at her birthday party when her boyfriend Johnny disappears, only to surface in the company of Judy, another girl, who is "wearing his ring," to indicate she's replaced the birthday girl as his love interest.[2]
The song's chorus, "It's my party, and I'll cry if I want to... You would cry too if it happened to you!" became a part of American pop cultural language as a phrase used to describe being utterly humiliated and miserable during an event that is supposed to be a happy occasion.
"It's My Party" is in the key of A major.[3] The song's effectiveness is enhanced by several musical touches producer Quincy Jones incorporated, including Latin-sounding rhythms, double tracked vocals and effective horn parts.[2] Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny wrote of the song, "'It's My Party' remains one of the most vivid evocations of adolescent heartbreak ever waxed — Quincy Jones produced the record, although you'd swear it was Aaron Spelling instead."[2]
Background[edit]
"It's My Party" was credited to John Gluck, Wally Gold and Herb Weiner, staff writers at the Aaron Schroeder Music firm in 1962. The lyrics were actually written by Seymour Gottlieb, a freelance songwriter. He gave the lyrics to Herb Weiner, with whom he partnered in writing songs, to peddle. It was based on actual events relating to Gottlieb's daughter Judy's ‘Sweet 16’ party, before which she cried over the prospect of her grandparents being invited.[4] The demo for the song was cut by Barbara Jean English, a girl group veteran (the Clickettes, the Fashions), who was then working as a receptionist at the firm. She also worked with Jimmy Radcliffe, serving as the firm's in-house demo singer. Radcliffe produced the demo, and, according to English, "tried to persuade Musicor [the label owned by Aaron Schroeder] to release it as a record, or to take me into a master studio and redo it, but they weren't interested."[5]
The first recording of the song was in 1962 by The Chiffons for their One Fine Day album. It was also recorded by Helen Shapiro for her Helen in Nashville album in February 1963 with Shapiro's regular producer, Norrie Paramor, and also Al Kasha. Shapiro would recall: "Right from the first time we heard the song on the rough demo back in London, we thought we were going to sock them between the eyes with that one";[5] however, Shapiro's version was not one of the cuts chosen as an advance single from the album and by the time of the album's release that October the "It's My Party" track was perceived as a cover of Lesley Gore's hit.
Lesley Gore recalls that "It's My Party" was among some two hundred demos producer Quincy Jones brought to review with her in the den of her family home in February 1963. On hearing "It's My Party," Gore told Jones: "That's not half bad. I like it. Good melody. Let's put it on the maybe pile." The song proved to be the only demo Gore and Jones found agreeable. With Jones producing and Claus Ogerman handling arranging and conducting duties, Gore recorded 'It's My Party' at Bell Sound Studios in Manhattan on 30 March 1963.[5][6]
In March 1963 Phil Spector heard the demo of "It's My Party" while visiting Aaron Schroeder's office. Wally Gold would recall: "He [Spector] said, 'Great, I love it. I’m gonna do it with the Crystals.' We [the song's writers] were really excited, because that would ensure that the record was #1!"[7] Schroeder apparently only learned of the Lesley Gore recording of "It's My Party" when Quincy Jones invited him to hear the completed track, which Schroeder found formulaic; believing that Spector would be able to cut a much stronger version of the song with the Crystals and not wanting to lose Spector's good will, Schroeder attempted to convince Jones to suppress the track. Schroeder didn't mention Spector's version to Jones but Jones and Spector both happened to attend a concert with Charles Aznavour at Carnegie Hall on the evening of 30 March 1963 and when they met outside it came up in conversation that Spector had recorded a version of "It's My Party" with the Crystals.[note 1] Jones skipped the concert instead spending that night—a Saturday—at Bell Sound Studios making a test pressing of the track comprising one hundred copies. Over the next two days Jones mailed these out to radio programmers in key markets across the US. Gore heard her record played on the radio for the first time that Friday; the official release of "It's My Party" came later in the month, with the disc ascending to #1 nationally in four weeks.[5][7] Jones was abroad at the time of "It's My Party"'s release. On his return he expressed dismay when Aaron Schroeder advised him that the rush release of "It's My Party" had precluded coining a more pleasant name for the singer than "Lesley Gore," to which Schroeder replied: "Didn't anybody tell you?...Quince, the record's number one. Do you really give a damn what her last name is?"[5][not in citation given]
In 1980, WCBN-FM, the University of Michigan freeform student radio station, played "It's My Party" for 18 hours straight the day after Ronald Reagan was elected.[8]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 1
UK (OCC) 9
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 1
US Billboard R&B[9] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[10] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 29
US Cash Box [12] 30
Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin version[edit]
"It's My Party"
Single by Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin
B-side
"Waiting in the Wings"
Released
August 1981[13]
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
1981
Genre
Synthpop
new wave
Art Pop
Label
Stiff
Songwriter(s)
Wally Gold
John Gluck Jr.
Herb Weiner
Producer(s)
Dave Stewart
Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin singles chronology
"It's My Party"
(1981) "Johnny Rocco"
(1982)
"It's My Party"
(1981) "Johnny Rocco"
(1982)
In 1981, a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria (#3), Germany (#3), the Netherlands (#20), New Zealand (#1), South Africa (#3) and Switzerland (#6). The track reached #72 in the US. This was the first version of the song to reach #1 in the UK.[6] The video for the Stewart/Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny, Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig.
Other cover versions, sampling, and references[edit]
The Paris Sisters recorded a version of "It's my Party" which was slower than Gore's version.
In 1963, a Swedish-language version of the song, "Leva livet", with lyrics by Stikkan Anderson, reached number five in the Swedish hit parade Svensktoppen and became a signature song for the singer, Lill-Babs.
Donna Reed sang a cover version of the song on the 1966 series finale of The Donna Reed Show.
Bryan Ferry covered the song for his 1973 album These Foolish Things.
In 1977, Carroll Baker had a number one country hit in Canada with her version of "It's My Party".[14]
The Chipettes covered the song for the 1983 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode "May the Best Chipmunk Win" and the soundtrack Songs from Our TV Shows.
In 2004, German pop group Preluders covered the song on their album Prelude to History.
Amy Winehouse covered the song on Quincy Jones' 2010 album Q Soul Bossa Nostra.
Icona Pop used the chorus for their version of "It's My Party" while also adding modern day themes.
An interpolation of the chorus of "It's My Party" was used in Robin Thicke's song "Sex Therapy".
The chorus of "It's My Party" is sampled in the 2015 single "Pity Party" by Melanie Martinez. Also, in "Pity Party"'s music video, it is seen that the character "Cry Baby" is inviting "Johnny" (from the original song) to her party.
The song "Necessary Evil" by Motionless In White contains some elements from "It's My Party" including the chorus except some words are changed to fit the theme of the song.
The 1975 references the song "It's My Party" in their song "You" with the lyrics "It's my party and I'll cry till the end."
The sequel: "Judy's Turn to Cry"[edit]
Because of the pop cultural obsession with the song and its tragic nature, Gore recorded a sequel titled "Judy's Turn to Cry". In this song, the teenage girl narrator gets her revenge on Judy. In the lyrics the narrator explicitly finds "foolish" how much she cried when she saw Johnny and Judy together, and seems determined to start anew. But after she kisses another boy at another party, Johnny gets jealous, punches the other boy and returns to her.[2] Following just two months on the heels of "It's My Party," the sequel reached number five on the charts.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1963)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 83
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ As with "He's a Rebel", the Crystals' hit for which it was intended as the follow-up, "It's My Party" was actually recorded not by the Crystals but the Blossoms, who cut the track at Gold Star Studios. Darlene Love says the Spector version was "kinda slow with me and my sister Edna [Wright] singing together on lead. Much more R&B than Lesley Gore's version."[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 803.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ankeny, J. "It's My Party". Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ McClary, S., Knapp, R., Baur, S. & Warwick, J.C. (2008). Musicological identities: essays in honor of Susan McClary. Ashgate. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7546-6302-7. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Tumposky, Ellen (February 18, 2015). "Brooklyn Woman recall origins of Gore's 'It's My Party'". Daily News. New York. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "It's My Party". Cha Cha Charming Magazine. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Bronson, F. (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits (5 ed.). Random House. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8230-7677-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Shannon, Bob. "Behind The Hits: Stories: It's My Party". Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "CBN History". Retrieved February 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, June 8, 1963
^ Jump up to: a b Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 28, 1963
Jump up ^ "45cat - Dave Stewart With Barbara Gaskin - It's My Party / Waiting In The Wings - Stiff - UK - BROKEN 2". 45cat.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for April 2, 1977". RPM. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Preceded by
"If You Wanna Be Happy" by Jimmy Soul Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Lesley Gore version)
June 1, 1963 – June 8, 1963 Succeeded by
"Sukiyaki" by Kyu Sakamoto
Preceded by
"Another Saturday Night" by Sam Cooke Billboard Hot R&B Singles number-one single
June 15, 1963 – June 29, 1963 Succeeded by
"Hello Stranger" by Barbara Lewis
Preceded by
"She's Just an Old Love Turned Memory" by Charley Pride RPM Country Tracks number-one single (Carroll Baker version)
April 2, 1977 Succeeded by
"Heart Healer" by Mel Tillis
Preceded by
"Prince Charming" by Adam and the Ants UK number-one single (Dave Stewart & Barbara Gaskin version)
October 17, 1981 - November 7, 1981 Succeeded by
"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" by The Police
[show]
v
t
e
Lesley Gore
Studio albums
I'll Cry If I Want To
Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed-Up Hearts
Boys, Boys, Boys
Girl Talk
My Town, My Guy, and Me
Lesley Gore Sings All About Love
California Nights
Someplace Else Now
Love Me by Name
The Canvas Can Do Miracles
Ever Since
Compilations
Lesley Gore: It's My Party
Singles
"It's My Party"
"Judy's Turn to Cry"
"She's a Fool"
"You Don't Own Me"
"That's the Way Boys Are"
"I Don't Wanna Be a Loser"
"Maybe I Know"
"Look of Love"
"Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows"
"California Nights"
Related articles
Discography
Michael Gore
[show]
v
t
e
Carroll Baker
Notable singles
"It's Late (And I Have to Go)"
"I've Never Been This Far Before"
"The Hungry Fire of Love"
"One Night of Cheatin'"
"Tonight with Love"
"Why I Had to Pass This Way"
"It's My Party"
"The Morning After Baby Let Me Down"
"I Might as Well Believe (I'll Live Forever)"
"Portrait in the Window"
"Hooked on a Feeling"
"I'm Getting High Remembering"
"Hollywood Love"
"Still Falling in Love"
"I'm So Excited"
"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"
"It's Only Make Believe"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Party_(Lesley_Gore_song)&oldid=813113879"
Categories:
1962 songs
1963 singles
1981 singles
Lesley Gore songs
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John Paul Jones
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For the Led Zeppelin musician, see John Paul Jones (musician). For other uses, see John Paul Jones (disambiguation).
John Paul Jones
A 1781 painting of John Paul Jones by Charles Willson Peale
Birth name
John Paul
Born
(1747-07-06)July 6, 1747
Arbigland, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland
Died
July 18, 1792(1792-07-18) (aged 45)
Paris, France
Buried
Naval Academy Chapel, Annapolis
Allegiance
Kingdom of Great Britain (1760–1776)
United States of America (1776–1787)
Russian Empire (1787–1788)
Service/branch
Merchant Navy
Continental Navy
Imperial Russian Navy
Years of service
1760–1788
Rank
Captain (British Merchant Navy)
Captain (Continental Navy)
Rear Admiral (Imperial Russian Navy)
Battles/wars
American Revolutionary War
Battle of Nassau
Battle of Block Island
USS Providence vs HMS Mellish
Irish/North Sea Campaign
Action of 24 April 1778
Battle of Flamborough Head
Awards
Institution du Mérite Militaire
Congressional Gold Medal
Order of St. Anne
Signature
John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792) was the United States' first well-known naval commander in the American Revolutionary War. He made many friends[1] and enemies—who accused him of piracy—among America's political elites, and his actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimes referred to as the "Father of the American Navy" (an epithet that he shares with John Barry and John Adams[2]). He later served in the Imperial Russian Navy, subsequently obtaining the rank of rear admiral.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and training
2 Naval career
2.1 The American colonies
2.2 Revolutionary War command
2.2.1 Early command
2.2.2 Command of Ranger
2.2.3 Ranger attacks the British
2.2.4 Return to Ireland
2.2.5 Bonhomme Richard
2.3 Russian service
3 Later life and death
4 Exhumation and reburial
5 Pardon by the town and port of Whitehaven in 1999
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
Early life and training[edit]
John Paul was born (he added "Jones" in later life to hide from law enforcement) on the estate of Arbigland near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on the southwest coast of Scotland. His father John Paul, Sr. was a gardener at Arbigland, and his mother was Jean McDuff (1708–1767). His parents married on November 29, 1733 in New Abbey, Kirkcudbright. Living at Arbigland at the time was Helen Craik (1751–1825), later a novelist.
John Paul started his maritime career at the age of 13, sailing out of Whitehaven in the northern English county of Cumberland as apprentice aboard Friendship under Captain Benson. Paul's older brother William Paul had married and settled in Fredericksburg, Virginia, the destination of many of the younger Jones' voyages.
For several years, John sailed aboard a number of British merchant and slave ships, including King George in 1764 as third mate and Two Friends as first mate in 1766.[3] In 1768, he abandoned his prestigious position on the profitable Two Friends while docked in Jamaica. He found his own passage back to Scotland, and eventually obtained another position.
John Paul's career was quickly and unexpectedly advanced during his next voyage aboard the brig John, which sailed from port in 1768, when both the captain and a ranking mate suddenly died of yellow fever. John managed to navigate the ship back to a safe port and, in reward for this impressive feat, the vessel's grateful Scottish owners made him master of the ship and its crew, giving him 10 percent of the cargo.[4] He then led two voyages to the West Indies before running into difficulty.
During his second voyage in 1770, John Paul viciously flogged one of his sailors, a carpenter, leading to accusations that his discipline was "unnecessarily cruel." These claims initially were dismissed, but his favorable reputation was destroyed when the sailor died a few weeks later. John Paul was arrested for his involvement in the man's death, and was imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tolbooth, but later released on bail.[5] The negative effect of this episode on his reputation is indisputable,[4] although the man's death has been linked to other causes. The man who died of his injuries was not a usual sailor but an adventurer from a very influential Scottish family.
Leaving Scotland, John Paul commanded a London-registered vessel named Betsy, a West Indiaman mounting 22 guns, engaging in commercial speculation in Tobago for about 18 months.[6] This came to an end, however, when John killed a mutineer crew member named Blackton with a sword in a dispute over wages.[7] He claimed that it was in self-defense, years later in a letter to Benjamin Franklin describing this incident, but he was not willing to be tried in an Admiral's Court, where the family of his first victim had been influential. He felt compelled to flee to Fredericksburg, Province of Virginia, leaving his fortune behind.
He went to Fredericksburg to arrange the affairs of his brother, who had died there without leaving any relatives; and about this time he assumed the surname of Jones, in addition to his original surname. There is a long-held tradition in the state of North Carolina that John Paul adopted the name "Jones" in honor of Willie Jones of Halifax, North Carolina.[8][9]
From that period, America became "the country of his fond election," as he afterwards expressed himself to Baron Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol.[10] It was not long afterward that John Paul "Jones" joined the American navy to fight against Britain.
Naval career[edit]
The American colonies[edit]
Sources struggle with this period of Jones' life, especially the specifics of his family situation, making it difficult to pinpoint historically Jones' exact motivations for emigrating to America. It is not known whether his plans were not developing as expected for the plantation, or if he was inspired by a revolutionary spirit.
What is clearly known is that Jones left for Philadelphia shortly after settling in North America to volunteer his services around 1775 to the newly founded Continental Navy, precursor to the United States Navy. During this time, the Navy and Marines were being formally established, and suitable ship's officers and captains were in great demand. Jones's potential would likely have gone unrecognized were it not for the endorsement of Richard Henry Lee, who knew of his abilities. With help from influential members of the Continental Congress, Jones was appointed as a 1st Lieutenant of the newly converted 24-gun frigate Alfred in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775.[11]
Revolutionary War command[edit]
Early command[edit]
Jones sailed from the Delaware River in February 1776 aboard Alfred on the Continental Navy's maiden cruise. It was aboard this vessel that Jones took the honor of hoisting the first U.S. ensign over a naval vessel. He actually raised the Grand Union Flag, not the later and more familiar Flag of the United States.[12]
The fleet had been expected to cruise along the coast but was ordered instead by Commodore Esek Hopkins to sail for The Bahamas, where Nassau was raided for its military supplies. The fleet had an unsuccessful encounter with a British packet ship on their return voyage. Jones was then assigned command of the sloop Providence. Congress had recently ordered the construction of thirteen frigates for the American Navy, one of which was to be commanded by Jones. In exchange for this prestigious command, Jones accepted his commission aboard the smaller Providence. During this six-week voyage, Jones captured sixteen prizes and inflicted significant damage along the coast of Nova Scotia.
Jones' next command came as a result of Commodore Hopkins's orders to liberate hundreds of American prisoners forced to labor in coal mines in Nova Scotia, and also to raid British shipping. On November 1, 1776, Jones set sail in command of Alfred to carry out this mission. Winter conditions prevented freeing the prisoners, but the mission did result in the capture of Mellish, a vessel carrying a vital supply of winter clothing intended for General John Burgoyne's troops in Canada.[13]
Command of Ranger[edit]
Self-proclaimed coat of arms[14] of John Paul Jones
Despite his successes at sea, Jones's disagreements with those in authority reached a new level upon arrival in Boston on December 16, 1776. While at the port, he began feuding with Commodore Hopkins, as Jones believed that Hopkins was hindering his advancement by talking down his campaign plans. As a result of this and other frustrations, Jones was assigned the smaller command of the newly constructed USS Ranger on June 14, 1777, the same day that the new Stars and Stripes flag was adopted.[15]
After making the necessary preparations, Jones sailed for France on November 1, 1777, with orders to assist the American cause however possible. The American commissioners in France were Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, and they listened to Jones's strategic recommendations. They promised him the command of Indien, a new vessel being constructed for America in Amsterdam. Britain, however, was able to divert L'Indien away from American hands by exerting pressure to ensure its sale to France instead (which had not yet allied with America). Jones was again left without a command, an unpleasant reminder of his stagnation in Boston from late 1776 until early 1777. It is thought that during this time Jones developed his close friendship with Benjamin Franklin, whom he greatly admired.
On February 6, 1778, France signed the Treaty of Alliance with America, formally recognizing the independence of the new American republic. Eight days later, Captain Jones's Ranger became the first American naval vessel to be formally saluted by the French, with a nine-gun salute fired from captain Lamotte-Piquet's flagship. Jones wrote of the event: "I accepted his offer all the more for after all it was a recognition of our independence and in the nation."[citation needed]
On April 10, 1778, Jones finally set sail from Brest, France, for the western coasts of Britain.[citation needed]
Ranger attacks the British[edit]
John Paul Jones by Moreau le Jeune, 1780
Jones had some early successes against British merchant shipping in the Irish Sea, then he persuaded his crew on April 17, 1778, to participate in an assault on Whitehaven, the town where his maritime career had begun.[16] Jones later wrote about the poor command qualities of his senior officers (having tactfully avoided such matters in his official report): "'Their object,' they said, 'was gain not honor.' They were poor: instead of encouraging the morale of the crew, they excited them to disobedience; they persuaded them that they had the right to judge whether a measure that was proposed to them was good or bad."[17] As it happened, contrary winds forced them to abandon the attempt and drove Ranger towards Ireland, causing more trouble for British shipping on the way.[citation needed]
On April 20, 1778, Jones learned from captured sailors that the Royal Navy sloop of war HMS Drake was anchored off Carrickfergus, Ireland. According to the diary of Ranger's surgeon[18] Jones's first intention was to attack the vessel in broad daylight, but his sailors were "unwilling to undertake it" (another incident omitted from the official report). Therefore, the attack took place just after midnight, but the mate responsible for dropping the anchor to halt Ranger right alongside Drake misjudged the timing in the dark (Jones claimed in his memoirs that the man was drunk), so Jones had to cut his anchor cable and run.[citation needed]
The wind shifted, and Ranger recrossed the Irish Sea to make another attempt at raiding Whitehaven. Jones led the assault with two boats of fifteen men just after midnight on April 23, 1778, hoping to set fire to and sink all Whitehaven's ships anchored in harbor, which numbered between 200 and 400 wooden vessels and consisted of a full merchant fleet and many coal transporters. They also hoped to terrorize the townspeople by lighting further fires. As it happened, the journey to shore was slowed by the still-shifting wind, as well as a strong ebb tide. They successfully spiked the town's big defensive guns to prevent them being fired, but lighting fires proved difficult, as the lanterns in both boats had run out of fuel. To remedy this, some of the party were sent to raid a public house on the quayside, but the temptation to stop for a quick drink led to a further delay. Dawn was breaking by the time they returned and began the arson attacks, so efforts were concentrated on the coal ship Thompson in the hope that the flames would spread to adjacent vessels, all grounded by the low tide.[citation needed] However, in the twilight, one of the crew slipped away and alerted residents on a harbourside street. A fire alert was sounded, and large numbers of people came running to the quay, forcing the Americans to retreat, and extinguishing the flames with the town's two fire-engines. However, their hopes of sinking Jones's boats with cannon fire were dashed because of the prudent spiking.[19]
Jones next crossed the Solway Firth from Whitehaven to Scotland, hoping to hold for ransom the Earl of Selkirk, who lived on St Mary's Isle near Kirkcudbright. The Earl, Jones reasoned, could be exchanged for American sailors impressed into the Royal Navy. The Earl was discovered to be absent from his estate, so his wife entertained the officers and conducted negotiations. Canadian historian Peter C. Newman gives credit to the governess for protecting the young heir and to the butler for filling a sack half with coal, and topping it up with the family silver, in order to fob off the Americans.[20] Jones claimed that he intended to return directly to his ship and continue seeking prizes elsewhere, but his crew wished to "pillage, burn, and plunder all they could".[citation needed] Ultimately, Jones allowed the crew to seize a silver plate set adorned with the family's emblem to placate their desires, but nothing else. Jones bought the plate himself when it was later sold off in France, and returned it to the Earl of Selkirk after the war.[citation needed]
The attacks on St. Mary's Isle and Whitehaven resulted in no prizes or profits which would be shared with the crew under normal circumstances, although their effect was significant on British morale and allocation of defense resources.[21] Throughout the mission, the crew acted as if they were aboard a privateer, not a warship, led by Lieutenant Thomas Simpson, Jones's second-in-command.
Return to Ireland[edit]
Nevertheless, Jones now led Ranger back across the Irish Sea, hoping to make another attempt at the Drake, still anchored off Carrickfergus. This time, late in the afternoon of April 24, 1778, the ships, roughly equal in firepower, engaged in combat. Earlier in the day, the Americans had captured the crew of a reconnaissance boat, and learned that Drake had taken on dozens of soldiers, with the intention of grappling and boarding Ranger, so Jones made sure that did not happen, capturing Drake after an hour-long gun battle which cost the British captain his life. Lieutenant Simpson was given command of Drake for the return journey to Brest. The ships separated during the return journey as Ranger chased another prize, leading to a conflict between Simpson and Jones. Both ships arrived at port safely, but Jones filed for a court-martial of Simpson, keeping him detained on the ship.
Partly through the influence of John Adams, who was still serving as a commissioner in France, Simpson was released from Jones's accusation. Adams implies in his memoirs that the overwhelming majority of the evidence supported Simpson's claims. Adams seemed to believe Jones was hoping to monopolize the mission's glory, especially by detaining Simpson on board while he celebrated the capture with numerous important European dignitaries.[22]
Even with the wealth of perspectives, including the commander's,[17] it is difficult if not impossible to tell exactly what occurred. It is clear, however, that the crew felt alienated by their commander, who might well have been motivated by his pride. Jones believed his intentions were honorable, and his actions were strategically essential to the Revolution. Regardless of any controversy surrounding the mission, Ranger's capture of Drake was one of the Continental Navy's few significant military victories during the Revolution, and was of immense symbolic importance, demonstrating as it did that the Royal Navy was far from invincible. By overcoming such odds, Ranger's victory became an important symbol of the American spirit and served as an inspiration for the permanent establishment of the United States Navy after the revolution.
Bonhomme Richard[edit]
Engraving based on the painting Action Between the Serapis and Bonhomme Richard by Richard Paton, published 1780
The "John Paul Jones flag" was entered into Dutch records to help Jones avoid charges of piracy when he captured the Serapis under an "unknown flag."
In 1779, Captain Jones took command of the 42-gun USS Bonhomme Richard (or as he preferred it, Bon Homme Richard),[23] a merchant ship rebuilt and given to America by the French shipping magnate, Jacques-Donatien Le Ray. On August 14, as a vast French and Spanish invasion fleet approached England, he provided a diversion by heading for Ireland at the head of a five ship squadron including the 36-gun USS Alliance, 32-gun USS Pallas, 12-gun USS Vengeance, and Le Cerf, also accompanied by two privateers, HMS Monsieur and Granville. When the squadron was only a few days out of Groix, Monsieur separated due to a disagreement between her captain and Jones. Several Royal Navy warships were sent towards Ireland in pursuit of Jones, but on this occasion, he continued right around the north of Scotland into the North Sea, creating near-panic all along Britain's east coast as far south as the Humber estuary. Jones's main problems, as on his previous voyage, resulted from insubordination, particularly by Pierre Landais, captain of Alliance.[citation needed] On September 23, 1779, the squadron met a large merchant convoy off the coast of Flamborough Head, East Yorkshire. The 50-gun British frigate HMS Serapis and the 22-gun hired ship Countess of Scarborough placed themselves between the convoy and Jones's squadron, allowing the merchants to escape.
Shortly after 7 p.m. the Battle of Flamborough Head began. Serapis engaged Bonhomme Richard, and soon afterwards, Alliance fired, from a considerable distance, at Countess. Quickly recognizing that he could not win a battle of big guns, and with the wind dying, Jones made every effort to lock Richard and Serapis together (his famous, albeit possibly apocryphal, quotation "I have not yet begun to fight!" was uttered in reply to a demand to surrender in this phase of the battle), finally succeeding after about an hour, following which his deck guns and his Marine marksmen in the rigging began clearing the British decks. Alliance sailed past and fired a broadside, doing at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis. Meanwhile, Countess of Scarborough had enticed Pallas downwind of the main battle, beginning a separate engagement. When Alliance approached this contest, about an hour after it had begun, the badly damaged Countess surrendered.
With Bonhomme Richard burning and sinking, it seems that her ensign was shot away; when one of the officers, apparently believing his captain to be dead, shouted a surrender,[citation needed] the British commander asked, seriously this time, if they had struck their colours. Jones later remembered saying something like "I am determined to make you strike," but the words allegedly heard by crew-members and reported in newspapers a few days later were more like: "I may sink, but I'll be damned if I strike."[citation needed] An attempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard was thwarted, and a grenade caused the explosion of a large quantity of gunpowder on Serapis's lower gun-deck.[citation needed]
"Paul Jones the Pirate", British caricature
Alliance then returned to the main battle, firing two broadsides. Again, these did at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis, but the tactic worked to the extent that, unable to move, and with Alliance keeping well out of the line of his own great guns, Captain Pearson of Serapis accepted that prolonging the battle could achieve nothing, so he surrendered. Most of Bonhomme Richard's crew immediately transferred to other vessels, and after a day and a half of frantic repair efforts, it was decided that the ship could not be saved, so it was allowed to sink, and Jones took command of Serapis for the trip to neutral (but American-sympathizing) Holland.[citation needed]
In the following year, the King of France Louis XVI, honored him with the title "Chevalier". Jones accepted the honor, and desired the title to be used thereafter: when the Continental Congress in 1787 resolved that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of his "valor and brilliant services" it was to be presented to "Chevalier John Paul Jones". He also received from Louis XVI a decoration of "l'Institution du Mérite Militaire" and a sword. By contrast, in Britain at this time, he was usually denigrated as a pirate.[citation needed]
Russian service[edit]
Further information: Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
In June 1782, Jones was appointed to command the 74-gun USS America, but his command fell through when Congress decided to give America to the French as replacement for the wrecked Le Magnifique. As a result, he was given assignment in Europe in 1783 to collect prize money due his former hands. At length, this too expired and Jones was left without prospects for active employment, leading him on April 23, 1787 to enter into the service of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, who placed great confidence in Jones, saying: "He will get to Constantinople." He was granted name as a French subject Павел де Жонес (Pavel de Zhones, Paul de Jones).[24]
Jones avowed his intention, however, to preserve the condition of an American citizen and officer. As a rear admiral aboard the 24-gun flagship Vladimir, he took part in the naval campaign in the Dnieper-Bug Liman (an arm of the Black Sea, into which flow the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers) against the Turks, in concert with the Dnieper Flotilla commanded by Prince Charles of Nassau-Siegen. Jones (and Nassau-Siegen) repulsed the Ottoman forces from the area, but the jealous intrigues of Nassau-Siegen (and perhaps Jones's own inaptitude for Imperial politics) turned the Russian commander Prince Grigory Potëmkin against Jones[25] and he was recalled to St. Petersburg for the pretended purpose of being transferred to a command in the North Sea. Another factor may have been the resentment of several ex-British naval officers also in Russian employment, who regarded Jones as a renegade and refused to speak to him. Whatever motivated the Prince, once recalled he was compelled to remain in idleness, while rival officers plotted against him and even maliciously assailed his private character through accusations of sexual misconduct. In April 1789 Jones was arrested and accused of raping a 12-year-old girl named Katerina Goltzwart.[26] But the Count de Segur, the French representative at the Russian court (and also Jones' last friend in the capital), conducted his own personal investigation into the matter and was able to convince Potëmkin that the girl had not been raped and that Jones had been accused by Prince de Nassau-Siegen for his own purposes;[27] Jones, however, admitted to prosecutors that he had "often frolicked" with the girl "for a small cash payment," only denying that he had deprived her of her virginity.[28] Even so, in that period he was able to author his Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman.
On June 8, 1788, Jones was awarded the Order of St. Anne, but he left the following month, an embittered man.
In 1789 Jones arrived in Warsaw, Poland, where he befriended another veteran of the American Revolutionary War, Tadeusz Kościuszko. Kościuszko advised him to leave the service of the autocratic Russia, and serve another power, suggesting Sweden. Despite Kościuszko's backing, the Swedes, while somewhat interested, in the end decided not to recruit Jones.[29]
Later life and death[edit]
John Paul Jones Memorial in Washington, D.C.
In May 1790 Jones arrived in Paris. He still possessed his position as Russian rear admiral with a corresponding pension, which allowed him to remain in retirement until his death two years later, although he made a number of attempts to re-enter the service in the Russian navy. At this time his memoirs have been published in Edinburgh. Inspired by them, James Fenimore Cooper and Alexandre Dumas later wrote their own adventure novels. John Paul Jones also appeared as a cameo in Herman Melville's book "Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile".
In June 1792, Jones was appointed U.S. Consul to treat with the Dey of Algiers for the release of American captives. Before Jones was able to fulfill his appointment, however, he was found dead (aged 45) lying face-down on his bed in his third-floor Paris apartment, No. 19 Rue de Tournon, on July 18, 1792. The cause of death was interstitial nephritis.[30] A small procession of servants, friends and loyal family walked his body the four miles (6.4 km) for burial. He was buried in Paris at the Saint Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the French royal family. Four years later, France's revolutionary government sold the property and the cemetery was forgotten. The area was later used as a garden, a place to dispose of dead animals and where gamblers bet on animal fights.[citation needed]
Exhumation and reburial[edit]
John Paul Jones and John Barry, honored on U.S. Postage, Navy Issue of 1937
John Paul Jones's marble and bronze sarcophagus at the United States Naval Academy
In 1905, Jones's remains were identified by U.S. Ambassador to France Gen. Horace Porter, who had searched for six years to track down the body using faulty copies of Jones's burial record. Thanks to the kind donation of a French admirer, Pierrot Francois Simmoneau, who had donated over 460 francs, Jones's body was preserved in alcohol and interred in a lead coffin "in the event that should the United States decide to claim his remains, they might more easily be identified." Porter knew what to look for in his search. With the aid of an old map of Paris, Porter's team, which included anthropologist Louis Capitan, identified the site of the former St. Louis Cemetery for Alien Protestants. Sounding probes were used to search for lead coffins and five coffins were ultimately exhumed. The third, unearthed on April 7, 1905, was later identified by a meticulous post-mortem examination by Doctors Capitan and Georges Papillault as being that of Jones. The autopsy confirmed the original listing of cause of death. The face was later compared to a bust by Jean-Antoine Houdon.
Jones's body was ceremonially removed from interment in a Parisian charnel house and brought to the United States aboard the USS Brooklyn (CA-3), escorted by three other cruisers. On approaching the American coastline, seven U.S. Navy battleships joined the procession escorting Jones's body back to America. On April 24, 1906, Jones's coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, following a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt who gave a lengthy tributary speech.[31] On January 26, 1913, the Captain's remains were finally re-interred in a magnificent bronze and marble sarcophagus at the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis.[32]
Pardon by the town and port of Whitehaven in 1999[edit]
John Paul Jones was given an honorary pardon in 1999 by the Port of Whitehaven for his raid on the town, in the presence of Lt. Steve Lyons representing the US Naval Attache to the UK, and Yuri Fokine the Russian Ambassador to the UK. The US Navy were also awarded the Freedom of the Port of Whitehaven, the only time the honour has been granted in its 400-year history.[33]
The Pardon and Freedom were arranged by Gerard Richardson MBE as part of the launch of the series of Maritime Festival. Richardson's of Whitehaven is now the honorary Consulate to the US Navy for the Town and Port of Whitehaven. The Consul is Rear Admiral (retired) US Navy, Steve Morgan and the Deputy Consul is Rob Romano.[34]
In popular culture[edit]
The 1824 novel The Pilot by James Fenimore Cooper contains fictionalized accounts of Jones's maritime activities.[35] Alexandre Dumas's Captain Paul, a follow-up novel to The Pilot, was published in 1846.[36]
In Herman Melville's Israel Potter (1855), the main character met John Paul Jones, who is negotiating with Benjamin Franklin. Later on Israel joins him in several of Jones' attacks and sea battles.
In 1923, Franklin Delano Roosevelt wrote a screenplay about John Paul Jones and sent it to Paramount Pictures founder Adolph Zukor, who politely rejected it. In 1983, the TV show Voyagers! used that fact as part of an alternate history where Roosevelt has become a successful movie director.[37]
The Cumbrian poet Norman Nicholson refers to Jones in his poem 'Whitehaven' (in the collection 'Five Rivers', 1944): 'Came John Paul Jones, The Yankee-Scot, Apprentice from Kirkcudbrightshire,'.
John Paul (Jones) appears as a largely true-to-history character in the Revolutionary-era novel Richard Carvel by American author Winston Churchill, (not the British Prime Minister of the same name), published in 1899.
Jones was portrayed by actor Robert Stack in the 1959 film John Paul Jones, directed by John Farrow.
Nicholas Nicastro wrote two historical novels about Jones and his times, The Eighteenth Captain (1999) and Between Two Fires (2002), published by McBooks Press.
Charles In Charge character Walter Powell was a former Navy man and belonged to the fictional John Paul Jones Society.
The John Paul Jones Junior High School in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[38]
The story of Jones's attack on Whitehaven Harbour features in Dan Chapman's 2012 novel Looking for Lucy.[39]
In David Weber's alternate history story "The Captain from Kirkbean", published in Alternate Generals volume one (1998), when John Paul was twelve his father had been able to secure for him a position as a Midshipman on a Royal Navy ship, leading to an illustrious naval career culminating with his becoming Captain Sir John Paul, using all his abilities in fighting for King George III of Britain and against the American rebels.
Country singer Johnny Horton included a song about John Paul Jones on his album Johnny Horton Makes History.
Jones appeared in the cartoon Liberty's Kids, voiced by Liam Neeson.
See also[edit]
Biography portal
United States Navy portal
Armada of 1779
Bibliography of early American naval history: John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, birthplace of Jones in Scotland
John Paul Jones House, residence in New Hampshire during construction of America
USS Paul Jones (DD-10), a Bainbridge-class destroyer, commissioned in 1902, decommissioned in 1919.
USS Paul Jones (DD-230), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1921, decommissioned in 1945.
USS John Paul Jones (DD-932), a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer of the US Navy. Commissioned 1956; decommissioned 1982.
USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53), an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer in active service in the US Navy as of 2015. Commissioned in 1991.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jones, John Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 499–500.
Jump up ^ Morison, 1959 pp. 91 (John Hancock), 120–121(Benjamin Franklin)
Jump up ^ "John Adams I (Frigate) 1799–1867". USA.gov. Retrieved August 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jones Jp Chron". www.history.navy.mil. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
^ Jump up to: a b John Paul Jones Timeline, SeacoastNH.com
Jump up ^ "1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul (Jones)", Virtual Vault - Court Records, Scottish Archive Network (SCAN), retrieved 22 October 2012
Jump up ^ Brady, 1906 pp.10, 164
Jump up ^ "Biography - Captain John Paul Jones". History.navy.mil. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Cotten, Elizabeth. The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tradition Charlotte: Heritage Printers, 1966
Jump up ^ Old Halifax, Ambistead C. Gordon
Jump up ^ Sherburne, John H. (1851). The Life and Character of John Paula Jones. New York: Adriance, Sherman & Co. Publishers. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Morison, S.E. (1999) John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography. Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-410-5, p. 52
Jump up ^ Balderston, Marion (1969). "The Flag John Paul Jones Really Fought under". Huntington Library Quarterly. 33 (1): 77–83. ISSN 0018-7895. JSTOR 3817016. doi:10.2307/3817016.
Jump up ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1959). John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biolgrarphy (1964 ed.). New York: Time. p. 78.
Jump up ^ "John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy - Evan Thomas - Google Books". Books.google.co.uk. 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1959). John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biolgrarphy (1964 ed.). New York: Time. p. 101.
Jump up ^ Paullin, 1906 p.293
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, John Paul (1785), Extracts from the Journals of my Campaigns, retrieved 2007-10-27
Jump up ^ Green, Ezra (1875), Diary of Ezra Green M.D., retrieved 2007-10-27
Jump up ^ "news report from Whitehaven", Cumberland Chronicle, April 25, 1778
Jump up ^ Newman, Peter C. (2000). The Empire of the Bay: The Company of Adventurers that Seized a Continent. Penguin. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-14029-987-8.
Jump up ^ Seitz, Don (1917), Paul Jones: His Exploits in English Seas during 1778–80, retrieved 2009-03-06
Jump up ^ Adams, John (1778), autobiography part 2, 'Travels, and Negotiations', Massachusetts Historical Society, retrieved 2007-10-27
Jump up ^ Log of the 'Bon Homme Richard', 1779 (PDF), John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, retrieved 2007-10-27
Jump up ^ Kravtsevych-Rozhnetsky, V. Сидір Білий і Чорний Корсар. Як козаки із засновником ВМФ США воювали (Sydir Bilyi and the Black Corsair. How Cossacks with the founder of USN battled). Ukrayinska Pravda. March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martelle, Scott (2014). The Admiral and the Ambassador: One Man's Obsessive Search for the Body of John Paul Jones. Chicago Review Press. pp. 102–106. ISBN 978-1613747308. Retrieved March 4, 2015. (in English)
Jump up ^ John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography - Samuel Eliot Morison. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Jaroslav Poleschuk, http://www.webpro.cimis.com.ua (2014-04-16). "J. Paul Jones". For.lib.kherson.ua. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Charles King, Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011; ISBN 0-393-07084-0), p. 47.
Jump up ^ Alex Storozynski (January 2011). Kosciuszko Ksiaze chlopow. W.A.B. pp. 189–191. ISBN 978-83-7414-930-3. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ John Paul Jones House at uswarmemorials.org
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore Dedication speech, Annapolis (24 April 1906)- via theodore-roosevelt.com
Jump up ^ USNA Traditions Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association
Jump up ^ "Evening News and Star".
Jump up ^ "Cn Media".
Jump up ^ "James Fenimore Cooper: Sea Tales". The Library of America. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Paul Jones, or, The son of the sea [electronic resource]". Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Recipe for Success, by Jane West Walton". The Coronet, February 1947. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Chapman, D. (2012), Looking for Lucy, UK: Concept ISBN 978-1-4701-2860-9
Bibliography[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jones, John Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Boudriot, Jean (1987), John Paul Jones and the Bonhomme Richard (technical study of the ship), Collection archeologie navale française, ISBN 2-903178-20-8 .
Bradford, James C, ed. (1986), The papers of John Paul Jones (10 microfilm reels), Cambridge, UK; Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey .
——— (1986), Guide to the microfilm edition of the papers of John Paul Jones, 1747–1792, Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey .
Brady, Cyrus Townsend (1906). Commodore Paul Jones. New York: D. Appleton & Co. , 482 pp; original from Univ. California.
Cotten, Elizabeth H (1966), The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tradition, Charlotte: Heritage Printers, ASIN B0007F8TO2 .
de Koven, Reginald (Mrs) (1913), The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, London: Werner Laurie , 2 vols.
Frost, John (1845), The Pictorial Book of The Commodores; Comprising Lives of Distinguished Commanders In The Navy of The United States, New York: Nafis & Cornish .
Gilkerson, William (1987), The Ships of John Paul Jones (technical study), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-619-8 .
Goodheart, Adam (April 2006), "Home is the sailor", Smithsonian Magazine, pp. 32–46 .
"John Paul Jones", Harper's Magazine, New York, NY: Harper & Bros, 11 (62), pp. 145–70, 1855 .
Morison, Samuel Eliot (September 1999) [1959]. John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography. US Naval Institute Press Bluejacket Books. Raisz, Erwin, charts and diagrams. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 1-55750-410-5. LCC E207.J7 M6.
Paullin, Charles Oscar (1906). The navy of the American Revolution: its administration, its policy and its achievements. Iowa: The Burrows Brothers/Republican Printing. , 549 pp.
Purcell, L Edward (1993), Who was Who in the American Revolution, New York: Facts on File, ISBN 0-8160-2107-4 .
Sherburne, John H. The Life and Character of John Paul Jones. Adriance, Sherman & Co. Publishing. New York, NY, pp. 10, 1851.
Thomas, Evan (2003), John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy (popular biography), Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, ISBN 0-7862-5875-6 .
Further reading[edit]
Brown, Charles Walter (1902), John Paul Jones of naval fame: a character of the revolution, MA: Donohue & co , 271 pp.
Callo, Joseph (2011), John Paul Jones: America's First Sea Warrior, Naval Institute Press , 289 pp.
Sherburne, John Henry (1825). The Life of Paul Jones: From Original Documents in the Possession of John Henry Sherburne. London: John Murray. 320 pp.
——— (1851). The life and character of John Paul Jones:a captain in the United States navy. During the revolutionary war. New York: Adriance, Sherman & co. , 408 pp.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Paul Jones.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones, US: Navy .
FAQ, US: Navy .
Excerpts form the Journals of my Campaign – John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones Museum
Official report by Jones from aboard Serapis in Holland (1779)
The Best Quote Jones Never Wrote
John Paul Jones and Asymmetric Warfare
Battle of Flamborough Head
John Paul Jones's attack upon Whitehaven, as reported in Lloyd's Evening Post, 1778
"John Paul Jones". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
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value: جون بول جونز – Arabic

value: Джон Пол Джонс (адмірал) – Belarusian

value: Τζον Πωλ Τζόουνς – Greek

value: جان پل جونز – Persian

value: ג'ון פול ג'ונס – Hebrew

value: ჯონ პოლ ჯონსი (მეზღვაური) – Georgian

value: ジョン・ポール・ジョーンズ (軍人) – Japanese

value: John Paul Jones (almirante) – Portuguese

value: Джонс, Джон Пол (адмирал) – Russian

value: Джон Поль Джонс – Ukrainian

value: 约翰·保罗·琼斯 – Chinese

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