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Coal power in the United States
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U.S. 2014 Electricity generation by type.[1]
Coal electrical generation (black line), compared to other sources, 1949-2016
See also: Coal mining in the United States
Electricity produced by coal consumption
Coal power in the United States accounted for 39% of the country's electricity production at utility-scale facilities in 2014, 33% in 2015, and 30.4% in 2016[2] Coal supplied 16.5 quadrillion BTUs[dubious – discuss] of primary energy to electric power plants in 2013, which made up nearly 92% of coal's contribution to energy supply.[3] Utilities buy more than 90 percent of the coal consumed in the United States.[4]
Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882.[5] The first alternating current power station was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania in 1902, servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company.[5] By the mid-twentieth century, coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the US. The long, steady rise of coal-fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007. The decline has been linked to the increased availability of natural gas, decreased consumption,[6] renewable power, and more stringent environmental regulations. The Environmental Protection Administration has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution, smog, and global warming.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recent trends, comparisons, and forecasts
1.1 Canceled and slowed proposals
2 Environmental impacts
2.1 Acid rain
2.1.1 Sulfur dioxide emissions
2.2 Carbon footprint: CO2 emissions
2.3 Mercury pollution
3 Public debate
3.1 Advocates
3.2 Opposition
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Recent trends, comparisons, and forecasts[edit]
Further information: Coal phase out
The average share of electricity generated from coal in the US has dropped from 52.8% in 1997 to 45.0% in 2009.[7] In 2009, there were 1436 coal-powered units at the electrical utilities across the US, with a total nominal capacity of 338.732 GW[8] (compared to 1024 units at nominal 278 GW in 2000).[9] The actual average generated power from coal in 2006 was 227.1 GW (1.991 trillion kilowatt-hours per year),[10] the highest in the world and still slightly ahead of China (1.95 trillion kilowatt-hours per year) at that time.[11][citation needed] In 2000, the US average production of electricity from coal was 224.3 GW (1.966 trillion kilowatt-hours for the year).[10] In 2006, US electrical generation consumed 1,026,636,000 short tons (931,349,000 metric tons) or 92.3% of the coal mined in the US.[12]
External image
Coal mining in U.S., natural gas prices
Due to emergence of shale gas, coal consumption declined from 2009.[13][6] In the first quarter of 2012, the use of coal for electricity generation declined substantially more, 21% from 2011 levels. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 27 gigawatts of capacity from coal-fired generators is to be retired from 175 coal-fired power plants between 2012 and 2016.[14] Natural gas showed a corresponding increase, increasing by a third over 2011.[15] Coal's share of electricity generation dropped to just over 36%.[15] Coal use continues to decline rapidly through November 2015 with its share around 33.6%.[16]
The coal plants are mostly base-load plants.
As of July 7 2011, utility companies will shut down and retire aging coal-fired power plants following the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) announcement of the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAP).[17] The extent of shutdowns and reduction in utilization will depend on factors such as future price of natural gas and cost of installation of pollution control equipment; however, as of 2013, the future of coal-fired power plants in the United States did not appear promising.[18][19] Recent estimates gauge that an additional 40 gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired capacity will retire by 2020 (in addition to the nearly 20GW that have retired as of 2014). This is driven most strongly by inexpensive natural gas competing with coal, and EPA’s Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), which require significant reductions in emissions of mercury, acid gases, and toxic metals, scheduled to take effect in April 2015.[20] Over 13 GW of coal power plants built between 1950-70 were retired in 2015, averaging 133 MW per plant.[21] In Texas, the price drop of natural gas has reduced the capacity factor in 7 of the state's coal plants (max. output 8 GW), and they contribute about a quarter of the state's electricity.[22]
The cost of transporting coal may be around $20 for trains, or $5-6 for barge and truck.[23][24] US Government subsidies for coal production are around $8/tonne for the Powder River Basin.[25]
Canceled and slowed proposals[edit]
On October 19 2007, the Kansas Department of Health and Environment was the first government agency to reject a permit for a new coal-fired plant planned by Sunflower Electric Power Corporation on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions.[26]
Southwestern Power Group's Bowie Power Station proposed an IGCC plant that was scrapped in favor of a natural gas plant. Regulatory uncertainty was cited as one of the reasons.
A proposed 1,960MW Florida Power & Light's Glades Power Plant was rejected by the Florida Public Service Commission. Uncertainty over possible future carbon taxes was cited as one of the reasons.
An air permit for a plant in Kentucky was rejected in August 2007 in a circuit court on the basis its air pollution control analysis was inadequate.
Cancellation of 8 (out of an intended 11) proposed coal plants of former TXU Corporation in Texas by the current owners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. and TPG, was finalized on October 15, 2007.[27]
Environmental impacts[edit]
In the United States, three coal-fired power plants reported the largest toxic air releases in 2001:[28]
CP&L Roxboro Steam Electric Plant in Semora, North Carolina. The four-unit, 2,462 megawatt facility is one of the largest power plants in the United States.
Reliant Energy's Keystone Power Plant in Shelocta, Pennsylvania.
Georgia Power Bowen Steam Electric Generating Plant in Cartersville, Georgia.
The Environmental Protection Agency classified the 44 sites as potential hazards to communities, which means the waste sites could cause death and significant property damage if an event such as a storm or a structural failure caused a spill. They estimate that about 300 dry landfills and wet storage ponds are used around the country to store ash from coal-fired power plants. The storage facilities hold the noncombustible ingredients of coal and the ash trapped by equipment designed to reduce air pollution.[29]
Acid rain[edit]
Further information: Acid rain
Byproducts of coal plants have been linked to acid rain.
Sulfur dioxide emissions[edit]
86 coal powered plants have a capacity of 107.1 GW, or 9.9% of total U.S. electric capacity, they emitted 5,389,592 tons of SO2 in 2006 – which represents 28.6% of U.S. SO2 emissions from all sources.[30]
Carbon footprint: CO2 emissions[edit]
Main article: Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
Emissions from electricity generation account for the largest share of U.S. greenhouse gases, 38.9% of U.S. production of carbon dioxide in 2006 (with transportation emissions close behind, at 31%). Although coal power only accounted for 49% of the U.S. electricity production in 2006, it was responsible for 83% of CO2 emissions caused by electricity generation that year, or 1,970 Tg of CO2 emissions. Further 130 Tg of CO2 were released by other industrial coal-burning applications.[31]
Click Here to see a graph displaying CO2 emissions from coal powered plants.
Mercury pollution[edit]
U.S. coal-fired electricity-generating power plants owned by utilities emitted an estimated 48 tons of mercury in 1999, the largest source of man-made mercury pollution in the U.S.[32] In 1995-96, this accounted for 32.6% of all mercury emitted into the air by human activity in the U.S. In addition, 13.1% was emitted by coal-fired industrial and mixed-use commercial boilers, and 0.3% by coal-fired residential boilers, bringing the total U.S. mercury pollution due to coal combustion to 46% of the U.S. man-made mercury sources.[33] In contrast, China's coal-fired power plants emitted an estimated 200 ± 90 tons of mercury in 1999, which was about 38% of Chinese human-generated mercury emissions (45% being emitted from non-ferrous metals smelting).[34] Mercury in emissions from power plants can be reduced by the use of activated carbon.
Public debate[edit]
Advocates[edit]
In 2007 an advertising campaign was launched to improve public opinion on coal power titled America's Power. This was done by the American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (then known as Americans for Balanced Energy Choices), a pro-coal organization started in 2000.
Opposition[edit]
In the face of increasing electricity demand through the 2000s, the US has seen a "Growing Trend Against Coal-Fired Power Plants". In 2005 the 790 MW Mohave Power Station closed rather than implement court ordered pollution controls. In 2006 through 2007 there was first a bullish market attitude towards coal with the expectation of a new wave of plants, but political barriers and pollution concerns escalated exponentially, which is likely to damage plans for new generation and put pressure on older plants.[35] In 2007, 59 proposed coal plants were cancelled, abandoned, or placed on hold by sponsors as a result of financing obstacles, regulatory decisions, judicial rulings, and new global warming legislation.[36][37]
The Stop Coal campaign has called for a moratorium on the construction of any new coal plants and for the phase out of all existing plants, citing concern for global warming.[38] Others have called for a carbon tax and a requirement of carbon sequestration for all coal power plants.[39]
The creation in January 2009 of a Presidential task force (to look at ways to alter the energy direction of the United States energy providers) favors the trend away from coal-fired power plants.
See also[edit]
Coal mining in the United States
Mountaintop removal mining
Superfund
List of largest power stations in the United States
List of the largest coal power stations in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01
Jump up ^ https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3
Jump up ^ https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/index.html https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2013/2013USEnergy.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_586978.html
^ Jump up to: a b Speight, James G. (2012-09-04). The Chemistry and Technology of Coal, Third Edition. CRC Press. p. 13. ISBN 9781439836460.
^ Jump up to: a b Trevor Houser, Jason Bordoff and Peter Marsters (April 25, 2017). "Can Coal Make a Comeback?". energypolicy.columbia.edu. Center on Global Energy Policy, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University. Retrieved 15 May 2017. Increased competition from cheap natural gas is responsible for 49 percent of the decline in domestic U.S. coal consumption. Lower-than-expected demand is responsible for 26 percent, and the growth in renewable energy is responsible for 18 percent.
Jump up ^ Electric Power Monthly - Energy Information Administration
Jump up ^ "Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States". Energy Information Administration. 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Inventory of Electric Utility Power Plants in the United States 2000". Energy Information Administration. March 2002. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Electric Power Annual with data for 2006". Energy Information Administration. October 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article on Chinese economy
Jump up ^ "U.S. Coal Consumption by End-Use Sector". Energy Information Administration. July 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
Jump up ^ Liam Denning. "Trump can’t make both coal and fracking great again" 2016-05-29. Quote: "The trend of gas taking market share from coal began in earnest in 2009 — which just happens to be when the cost of gas to produce electricity collapsed"
Jump up ^ Gerhardt, Tina (1 November 2012). "Record Number of Coal Power Plants Retire". E-Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Electric Power Monthly, March 2011 (released May 2012), U.S. Energy Information Administration
Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01
Jump up ^ EPA finalizes rules for cross-state air pollution - The Hill's E2-Wire
Jump up ^ Brad Plumer (April 8, 2013). "Study: The coal industry is in far more trouble than anyone realizes". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lincoln F. Pratson; Drew Haerer; Dalia Patiño-Echeverri (March 15, 2013). "Fuel Prices, Emission Standards, and Generation Costs for Coal vs Natural Gas Power Plants". Environmental Science & Technology. American Chemical Society. doi:10.1021/es4001642. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "AEO2014 projects more coal-fired power plant retirements by 2016 than have been scheduled". Today in Energy. U.S Energy Information Administration. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coal made up more than 80% of retired electricity generating capacity in 2015". EIA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "5 Charts That Show How Coal Is Getting Killed in Texas". Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/coal/transportationrates/pdf/table1.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/coal/transportationrates/
Jump up ^ http://www.carbontracker.org/report/coal-subsidies/
Jump up ^ Washington Post. Power Plant Rejected Over Carbon Dioxide For First Time.
Jump up ^ Talibre, Iriq (2007-10-15). "Plans for 8 Texas coal plants formally canceled". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
Jump up ^ Coal and Oil Power Plants Top North American Polluter List
Jump up ^ Associated Press - June 2009
Jump up ^ "Technology Transfer Network: State Emission Index". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Retrieved May 2008. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2006" (PDF). U.S. EPA. April 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Mercury emissions control R&D". U.S. Dept. of Energy. 2006-01-18. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Mercury study: Report to Congress (EPA-452/R-97-004)" (PDF). 2. United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 1997. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
Jump up ^ Streets D. G.; Hao J.; Wu Y.; et al. (2005). "Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China". Atmos. Environ. 39 (40): 7789–7806. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.029.
Jump up ^ Palang Thai: The Growing Trend Against Coal-Fired Power Plants (USA)
Jump up ^ "59 Coal Plants Cancelled, Abandoned, or Put on Hold in 2007," Lowbagger.org, 1/22/08
Jump up ^ "Victories 2007," CoalSwarm
Jump up ^ Want to stop global warming? STOP COAL!
Jump up ^ Cap-&-Trade and Carbon Tax Legislation
External links[edit]
Carbon-emissions culprit? Coal.
Clean Air Watch.
State Coal Profile Index Map
Coal production in the United States – an historical overview
Is America Ready to Quit Coal?
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I Know What You Did Last Summer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see I Know What You Did Last Summer (disambiguation).
I Know What You Did Last Summer
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jim Gillespie
Produced by
Neal H. Mortiz
Erik Feig
Stokely Chaffin
Screenplay by
Kevin Williamson
Based on
I Know What You Did Last Summer
by Lois Duncan
Starring
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Sarah Michelle Gellar
Ryan Phillippe
Freddie Prinze Jr.
Johnny Galecki
Bridgette Wilson
Music by
John Debney
Cinematography
Denis Crossan
Edited by
Steve Mirkovich
Production
company
Mandalay Entertainment[1]
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures[1]
Release date
October 17, 1997 (1997-10-17)
Running time
101 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$17 million[2]
Box office
$125.2 million[2]
I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher horror film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Jim Gillespie. The film is loosely based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan. The film also draws inspiration from the urban legend known as the Hook. The film stars Jennifer Love Hewitt, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe, and Freddie Prinze Jr., with Anne Heche, Bridgette Wilson, and Johnny Galecki appearing in supporting roles. I Know What You Did Last Summer centers on four friends who are being stalked by a killer, one year after covering up a car accident in which they were involved.
I Know What You Did Last Summer received mixed reviews from critics, but was commercially successful, grossing over $125 million at the box office.[3] It was also nominated for and won multiple awards.[4] As a result, the film has been parodied and referenced in popular culture.[5]
The film was followed by two sequels, I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998) and the straight-to-DVD release I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer (2006). Though the former film has a continuation of the plotline established in its predecessor, the latter film establishes a new plotline and does not star any cast members from the previous two installments.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Awards and nominations
5 Music
5.1 Soundtrack
6 Home media
7 Sequels and remake
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
On the Fourth of July 1996 in Southport, North Carolina, Julie James, her boyfriend Ray Bronson, Julie's best friend Helen Shivers, and Helen's boyfriend Barry Cox, are all driving home from a party. Along the road, they accidentally hit a pedestrian. Max, who has a crush on Julie, stops by. Julie reassures Max that everything is all right, and he leaves. After some arguing, the group decides to dispose of the body, dumping it in the water. The group agrees to never again discuss what had happened.
The following year, a disheartened Julie returns home from college for the summer. Since the incident, the group has gone their separate ways. Julie receives a letter with no return address, stating, "I know what you did last summer!" A disturbed Julie informs Helen, who works at her family store. The girls take the note to Barry, who immediately thinks Max is responsible. They confront Max on the docks, and Barry threatens him with a hook. Julie meets Ray, who is now working as a fisherman; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her. Later, Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying, "I know." He is then ambushed by the same assailant driving Barry's car.
Meanwhile, Julie believes that the man they had run over was David Egan. Helen and she head over to visit with David's sister Missy at her home. Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David's death; she also mentions that a friend of David's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects.
Later that night, the killer sneaks into Helen's house, cuts off her hair while she sleeps, and writes "Soon" on her mirror. Julie finds Max's corpse wearing Barry's stolen jacket in the trunk of her car. When she calls the others, the body is missing. Ray claims to have received a threatening letter, too. While Helen rides with Barry as the reigning Croaker Queen in the Fourth of July parade, they notice a man wearing a slicker. Barry chases him, but it turns out to be a red herring.
Julie goes back to Missy, who reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in a car accident. Missy shows David's suicide note to Julie. As the writing matches that of the note she received, Julie realizes it was not a suicide note, but a death threat. At the Croaker Pageant, Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony. She rushes up there with a police officer, but finds no sign of the killer or Barry.
While driving Helen home, the officer is stopped by a stalled truck, then killed by a dark figure with a hook. Helen rushes to her family's store, but the killer follows her inside and kills Helen's sister Elsa. Helen manages to flee, but the killer chases her into an alley and slashes her to death, her screams drowned out by the noise of the parade.
Julie finds an article mentioning Susie's father, Ben Willis, and realizes it is Ben they ran over, moments after he had killed David to avenge his daughter. She then goes to the docks to tell Ray, but he refuses to believe her. Julie notices Ray's boat is called Billy Blue and runs away before Ray can explain that he went to see Missy to relieve his conscience. Ben appears, knocks Ray out, and invites Julie to hide on his boat. Looking around, she finds photos and articles about her friends and her, and pictures of Susie. Ben's boat leaves the docks, as Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie, who is being chased all around Ben's boat. Ray ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben's hook-carrying hand and send him overboard. When the police question them, they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them, but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer, and reconcile.
A year later, Julie is in college in Boston. As she enters the shower, she notices the words "I still know" on the mirror. Moments later, a dark figure crashes through it.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of I Know What You Did Last Summer characters
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers
Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox
Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson
Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers
Anne Heche as Missy Egan
Muse Watson as Ben Willis
Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick
Production[edit]
The cliff and rock (at bottom, center) where David Eagan is sitting and drinking during the sunset scene at the beginning of the movie, filmed at Kolmer Gulch near Jenner, California
The blind curve on California State Route 1 at Kolmer Gulch where Barry's BMW hits pedestrian David Eagan early in the movie, filmed in Sonoma County near Jenner
Although the movie is set in coastal North Carolina, most of the opening scenes were filmed in Sonoma County, California. In the first scene, the movie opens with an aerial shot over the ocean at sunset that transitions to David Eagan, who is sitting on a coastal cliff at sunset. This scene was filmed at Kolmer Gulch, just north of the town of Jenner, on Highway 1.[6] The night-time beach scene was filmed just south of Jenne. The ensuing car scene where Julie, Helen, Barry, and Ray accidentally hit the pedestrian (David Eagan) was also filmed at Kolmer Gulch on Highway 1.[7] The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the vicinity of Southport, North Carolina.[8]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking number one. By the end of its run, I Know What You Did Last Summer grossed $72,586,134 domestically and $53 million internationally for a worldwide total of $126 million.
Critical reception[edit]
The film received mixed reviews upon release, inevitably drawing both positive and negative comparisons to Scream, also written by Williamson. Mick LaSalle thought it inferior to Scream,[9] but Richard Harrington compared it favorably, stating that it was "...a smart, sharply drawn genre film with a moral center and a solid cast of young actors to hold it."[10] Variety was also enthusiastic, calling it a "polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better than average theatrical levels."[11] On Rotten Tomatoes, 35% of reviews were positive.[12] Metacritic reported an aggregate score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 reviews.[13] Critic Roger Ebert gave the film one of four stars and wrote in his review, "The best shot in this film is the first one. Not a good sign."[14]
Jennifer Love Hewitt was praised for her performance as Julie James. An Entertainment Weekly columnist stated that Hewitt knows how to scream with soul.[15]
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1997 ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Debney Won
1998 Saturn Award Best Horror Film I Know What You Did Last Summer Nominated
Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Female Newcomer Jennifer Love Hewitt Won
Favorite Actress
Favorite Supporting Actress – Horror Sarah Michelle Gellar
Favorite Actor – Horror Freddie Prinze Jr. Nominated
Favorite Actress – Horror Jennifer Love Hewitt
Favorite Supporting Actor Ryan Phillippe
International Horror Guild Award Best Movie I Know What You Did Last Summer
MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Sarah Michelle Gellar
Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress Jennifer Love Hewitt
Music[edit]
The film produced two soundtracks. One of them featured the score composed by John Debney, while the other contained various rock songs found in the film.
I Know What You Did Last Summer (Original Motion Picture Score)
Film score (Digital download)/Audio CD by John Debney
Released
October 7, 1997
Genre
Film score
Length
50:44
Label
Super Tracks Music Group
Soundtrack[edit]
I Know What You Did Last Summer (The Album)
Soundtrack album (Digital download)/Audio CD by Various
Released
October 7, 1997
Genre
Alternative rock, alternative metal[17]
Length
51:14
Label
Columbia Records
"Hush" by Kula Shaker (2:55)
"Summer Breeze" by Type O Negative (4:57)
"D.U.I." by The Offspring (2:26)
"Kid" by Green Apple Quick Step (3:17)
"This Ain't the Summer of Love" by L7 (3:09)
"Losin' It" by Soul Asylum (3:01)
"Hey Bulldog" by Toad the Wet Sprocket (2:31)
"My Baby's Got the Strangest Ways" by Southern Culture on the Skids (3:59)
"Waterfall" by The Din Pedals (3:47)
"Clumsy" by Our Lady Peace (4:27)
"One Hundred Days" by Flick (3:40)
"Great Life" by Goatboy (3:50)
"2 Wicky" by Hooverphonic (4:44)
"Don't Mean Anything" by Adam Cohen (3:43)
"Proud" by Korn (3:17)
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the US on June 16, 1998. Special features included a theatrical trailer and filmmaker's commentary. It was released on DVD and VHS in the UK by Entertainment in Video with no special features. The film was released on Blu-ray for the first time on July 22, 2008, with more special features including the director's short film: "Joyride" with optional commentary, a featurette titled "Now I Know What You Did Last Summer", a music video of "Hush" by Kula Shaker and the theatrical trailer and filmmaker's commentary from the DVD. Though it was released in the US, it is available to be watched in regions A, B, and C. The Blu-ray was re-released by Mill Creek Entertainment on September 30, 2014, in the US. It contains no special features and is only available in Region A.
Sequels and remake[edit]
The film was followed by two sequels: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998) and I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer (2006), which went direct-to-video. Both were critically panned. In the first sequel, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze Jr., and Muse Watson reprise their roles. The second sequel has very little relation to the first two, other than the premise, the villain, and the producers. It featured new characters and a different setting.
On September 14, 2014, Sony reported that they have plans to remake the film; Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard are writing a script. In a June 1, 2016, Blumhouse.com "Shockwaves" podcast, writer Mike Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration and reimagination of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel (the antagonist being a central character) nor the 1997 feature (the fisherman Ben Willis and four primary protagonists Julie James, Helen Shivers, Barry Cox, and Ray Bronson). Further, the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15–20 million. Sony also states that the film is a high priority and is set for a release somewhere between 2017 and 2020.[18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "I Know What You Did Last Summer". American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "I Know What You Did Last Summer - Box Office Data". The Numbers. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Daily Box Office Calendar". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "I Know What You Did Last Summer - Awards". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ "Wayans Brothers' Comedy Style A Hit In 'Scary Movie'". Jet. 98: 58. 14 August 2000.
Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), retrieved 2017-09-24
Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), retrieved 2017-09-24
Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997), retrieved 2017-09-24
Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle (1997-10-17). "FILM REVIEW -- `Last Summer' Offers Thrills But No `Scream' / Story starts strong, but turns formulaic". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
Jump up ^ Richard Harrington (1997-10-17). "'Summer' Time: The Living is Deadly". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
Jump up ^ Derek Elley (1997-10-13). "Review:'I Know What You Did Last Summer'". Variety Magazine. Retrieved 2017-07-05.
Jump up ^ "I Know What You Did Last Summer Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
Jump up ^ "I Know What You Did Last Summer, Reviews, Ratings, Credits". Metacritic. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "I Know What You Did Last Summer". Chicago Sun-Times (review). Retrieved 2007-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: 'I Know What You Did Last Summer'". Entertainment Weekly. 24 October 1997. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "I Know What You Did Last Summer - Original Soundtrack - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic".
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (15 September 2014). "'I Know What You Did Last Summer' In Season Again At Sony".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: I Know What You Did Last Summer
I Know What You Did Last Summer on IMDb
I Know What You Did Last Summer at AllMovie
I Know What You Did Last Summer at Box Office Mojo
I Know What You Did Last Summer at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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value: أعرف ماذا فعلت الصيف الماضي – Arabic

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value: Я знаю, что вы сделали прошлым летом – Russian

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value: Знам шта сте радили прошлог лета – Serbian

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value: Jag vet vad du gjorde förra sommaren – Swedish

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text:
Genocide Convention
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Genocide Convention
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Signed
9 December 1948
Location
Paris
Effective
12 January 1951
Signatories
39
Parties
149 (Complete List)
Depositary
Secretary-General of the United Nations
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948 as General Assembly Resolution 260. The Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951.[1] It defines genocide in legal terms, and is the culmination of years of campaigning by lawyer Raphael Lemkin.[2] All participating countries are advised to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime. As of December 2017, 149 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently Benin on 2 November 2017.[3] One state, the Dominican Republic, has signed but not ratified the treaty.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition of genocide
2 Parties
2.1 Reservations
2.1.1 Immunity from prosecutions
2.1.2 Application to Non-Self-Governing Territories
3 Breaches
3.1 Rwanda
3.2 Serbia
4 Other accusations
4.1 United States
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Definition of genocide[edit]
Article 2 of the Convention defines genocide as
...any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2[4]
Article 3 defines the crimes that can be punished under the convention:
(a) Genocide;
(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
(d) Attempt to commit genocide;
(e) Complicity in genocide.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 3[4]
The convention was passed to outlaw actions similar to the Holocaust by Nazi Germany during World War II. The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but the USSR[5] along with some other nations would not accept that actions against groups identified as holding similar political opinions or social status would constitute genocide,[6] so these stipulations were subsequently removed in a political and diplomatic compromise.
Parties[edit]
Main article: List of parties to the Genocide Convention
Participation in the Genocide Convention
Signed and ratified
Acceded or succeeded
Provisos granting immunity from prosecution for genocide without its consent were made by Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and Yugoslavia.[7][8] Prior to the United States Senate's ratification of the convention, Senator William Proxmire spoke in favor of the treaty to the Senate every day it was in session between 1967 and 1986.
Reservations[edit]
Immunity from prosecutions[edit]
Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall be tried by a competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect to those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 6[4]
Any Contracting Party may call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 8[4]
Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to the dispute.
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 9[4]
Bahrain
Bangladesh
China
India
Malaysia (reservation opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom)
Morocco
Myanmar
Philippines (reservation opposed by Norway )
Rwanda (reservation opposed by United Kingdom )
Singapore (reservation opposed by Netherlands, United Kingdom)
United Arab Emirates
United States of America (reservation opposed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom )
Venezuela
Vietnam (reservation opposed by United Kingdom )
Yemen (reservation opposed by United Kingdom )
Application to Non-Self-Governing Territories[edit]
Any Contracting Party may at any time, by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, extend the application of the present Convention to all or any of the territories for the conduct of whose foreign relations that Contracting Party is responsible
—  Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 12[4]
Several countries opposed this article, considering that the convention should apply to Non-Self-Governing Territories:
Albania
Belarus
Bulgaria
Hungary
Mongolia
Myanmar
Poland
Romania
Russian Federation
Ukraine
The opposition of those countries were in turn opposed by:
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Ecuador
China
Netherlands
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Breaches[edit]
Rwanda[edit]
The first time that the 1948 law was enforced occurred on 2 September 1998 when the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda found Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide. The lead prosecutor in this case was Pierre-Richard Prosper. Two days later, Jean Kambanda became the first head of government to be convicted of genocide.
Serbia[edit]
The first state to be found in breach of the Genocide convention was Serbia. In the Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro case the International Court of Justice presented its judgment on 26 February 2007. It cleared Serbia of direct involvement in genocide during the Bosnian war,[9] but ruled that Belgrade did breach international law by failing to prevent the 1995 Srebrenica genocide, and for failing to try or transfer the persons accused of genocide to the ICTY, in order to comply with its obligations under Articles I and VI of the Genocide Convention, in particular in respect of General Ratko Mladić.[10][11]
Other accusations[edit]
United States[edit]
One of the first accusations of genocide submitted to the UN after the Convention entered into force concerned treatment of Black Americans. The Civil Rights Congress drafted a 237-page petition arguing that even after 1945, the United States had been responsible for hundreds of wrongful deaths, both legal and extra-legal, as well as numerous other genocidal abuses. Leaders from the Black community, including William Patterson, Paul Robeson, and W. E. B. DuBois presented this petition to the UN in December 1951.[12] However, this accusation was a domestic political act by the Civil Rights Congress, without any reservations that a formal charge would be levied against the U.S.
See also[edit]
Genocide portal
Risk factors for genocide#UN risk assessment “Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes"
Armenian Genocide
Command responsibility
Human rights abuse
International law
International human rights law
War crimes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Status of the Convention Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Auron, Yair, The Banality of Denial, (Transaction Publishers, 2004), 9.
Jump up ^ "United Nations Treaty Collection". Retrieved 2018-01-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Text of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, website of the UNHCHR.
Jump up ^ Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-521-52750-3.
Jump up ^ Staub, Ervin. The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-521-42214-0.
Jump up ^ Prevent Genocide International: Declarations and Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Jump up ^ United Nations Treaty Collection: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine., STATUS AS AT: 01-10-2011 07:22:22 EDT
Jump up ^ Hudson, Alexandra (26 February 2007). "Serbia cleared of genocide, failed to stop killing". Reuters.
Jump up ^ ICJ:Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 – Bosnia v. Serbia
Jump up ^ Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide The New York Times, 26 February 2007. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found here Archived 28 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ John Docker, "Raphaël Lemkin, creator of the concept of genocide: a world history perspective", Humanities Research 16(2), 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Henham, Ralph J.; Chalfont, Paul; Behrens, Paul (Editors 2007). The criminal law of genocide: international, comparative and contextual aspects, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0-7546-4898-2, ISBN 978-0-7546-4898-7 p. 98
Introductory note by William Schabas and procedural history note on the Genocide Convention in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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value: اتفاقية الإبادة الجماعية – Arabic

value: Úmluva o zabránění a trestání zločinu genocidia – Czech

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value: Konvention über die Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermordes – German

value: Convención para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio – Spanish

value: Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide – French

value: Convención para a Prevención e a Sanción do Delito de Xenocidio – Galician

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value: 집단살해죄의 방지와 처벌에 관한 협약 – Korean

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value: Ցեղասպանության հանցագործությունը կանխելու և դրա համար պատժի մասին կոնվենցիա – Armenian

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value: אמנה בדבר מניעתו וענישתו של הפשע השמדת עם – Hebrew

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value: Conventio de coercendo et puniendo genocidii scelere – Latin

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value: Konwencja ONZ w sprawie zapobiegania i karania zbrodni ludobójstwa – Polish

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value: Конвенция о предупреждении преступления геноцида и наказании за него – Russian

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value: Konvencija o sprečavanju i kažnjavanju zločina genocida iz 1948. godine – Serbo-Croatian

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value: இனப்படுகொலை குற்றத்தை தடுப்பது, தண்டிப்பது தொடர்பான உடன்படிக்கை – Tamil

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value: Soykırım Suçunun Önlenmesi ve Cezalandırılması Sözleşmesi – Turkish

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value: Конвенція про запобігання злочину геноциду та покарання за нього – Ukrainian

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value: 防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约 – Chinese

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value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Genocide_Convention rootpage-Genocide_Convention skin-vector action-view