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Krysten Ritter
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Krysten Ritter
Ritter at Peabody Awards, May 2016
Born
Krysten Alyce Ritter
(1981-12-16) December 16, 1981 (age 36)
Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, US
Residence
Los Angeles, California, US
Occupation
Actress
musician
model
Years active
2001–present
Krysten Alyce Ritter (born December 16, 1981)[1] is an American actress. Ritter is known for her roles as lead superheroine Jessica Jones on the Marvel Cinematic Universe series Jessica Jones and the crossover miniseries The Defenders, Jane Margolis on the AMC drama series Breaking Bad, and Chloe on the ABC comedy series Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23. She has also had roles in the television series Gravity, 'Til Death, Veronica Mars, Gossip Girl, and The Blacklist, and has appeared in films such as What Happens in Vegas (2008), 27 Dresses (2008), Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009), She's Out of My League (2010), Veronica Mars (2014), and Big Eyes (2014).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Modeling
2.2 Acting
2.3 Other ventures
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Web
4.4 Music videos
5 Discography
6 Bibliography
7 Accolades
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Ritter was born in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania,[2] the daughter of Garry Ritter and Kathi Taylor.[3] She was raised on a farm outside Shickshinny, Pennsylvania, where her mother, stepfather and sister live; her father lives in nearby Benton.[4] Ritter graduated in 2000 from Northwest Area High School. Ritter is of German, Scottish, and English descent.[5]
Career[edit]
Modeling[edit]
Ritter was scouted by a modeling agent at her local shopping mall, the Wyoming Valley Mall, at the age of 15, at a modeling event. Ritter described herself at the time as "tall, gawky, awkward, and really, really skinny" to Philadelphia Style magazine. While in high school, she traveled to New York City on her days off and began modeling there and in Philadelphia. She signed with the Elite Model Management agency and then with Wilhelmina Models.[4] Ritter moved to New York City at the age of 18 and established an international-modeling career in print ads and on television. She did magazine, catalog, and runway work in Milan, New York, Paris, and Tokyo.[6]
Acting[edit]
Ritter's acting career began when Wilhelmina placed her for an audition for a Dr Pepper television commercial. Ritter told Philadelphia Style that she felt her "outgoing and bubbly and funny" personality as a performer helped her transition into acting naturally by letting her entertain the casting people.[4] She won several bit film roles starting in 2001, and then played a 1950s art history student in Julia Roberts' Mona Lisa Smile (2003). In 2006, she appeared in All This Intimacy, a two-act, Off-Broadway play by Rajiv Joseph, at the Second Stage Theatre.[7] Ritter signed on to star in the premiere of Zach Braff's play, All New People, at Second Stage Theatre. Anna Camp, David Wilson Barnes and Justin Bartha co-starred in the production under the direction of Peter DuBois.[8]
Ritter had a number of guest starring roles on television, and appeared on the second season of Veronica Mars, playing Gia Goodman, the daughter of mayor Woody Goodman (Steve Guttenberg). Ritter guest-starred on Gilmore Girls for eight episodes from 2006 to 2007 as Rory Gilmore's friend, Lucy. She also played the first iteration of Allison Stark on the Fox sitcom 'Til Death (which eventually had four actresses play that role through its run).
Ritter at the premiere of 27 Dresses in January 2008
Ritter continued working in film, often cast as the best friend of the lead character. In 2008, she had supporting roles in the romantic comedies What Happens in Vegas and 27 Dresses. She co-starred in the 2009 film Confessions of a Shopaholic as Suze, the best friend of Isla Fisher's character. Ritter spent three months shooting She's Out of My League in Pittsburgh in 2008. She played Patty, the cynical best friend of Alice Eve's character Molly.[6]
Ritter was cast as a young Carol Rhodes in an episode of The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl titled "Valley Girls", which aired May 11, 2009.[9] The episode was a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin-off series of the same title, set in 1980s Los Angeles, that would chronicle the teenage years of the character Lily van der Woodsen.[10] Ritter described her character Carol, Lily's sister, as "the outcast", and "an '80s Sunset Strip rocker" to Access Hollywood.[11] The series was not picked up by the network for the 2009–10 season.[12]
Ritter co-starred as Jane Margolis on the second season of AMC's drama series Breaking Bad,[10] and starred in the film How to Make Love to a Woman (2009), based on a best-selling book by adult film star Jenna Jameson. She also co-starred with Jason Behr in the independent film The Last International Playboy (2009), as Ozzy, a drug addict.[13] Ritter sold a television pilot that she wrote based on her experiences as a model, named Model Camp.[14] She appeared in the comedy web series Woke Up Dead in 2009, playing Cassie alongside Jon Heder as Drex.[15]
In 2010, Ritter starred in the television series Gravity alongside Ivan Sergei, Ving Rhames, and Rachel Hunter, playing the sharp and quirky Lily.[16] The Starz comedy-drama centers on a group of out-patient suicide survivors.[17] She starred opposite Ben Barnes in the 2011 comedy film Killing Bono as the manager of an Irish band.[16] Directed by Nick Hamm, the film is based on Killing Bono: I Was Bono's Doppleganger, a book about the early days of the Irish rock band U2.[18] Beginning in January 2010, the film's shoot lasted for six weeks and moved from Belfast to London before returning to Belfast.[19]
Ritter starred alongside Alicia Silverstone in the comedy horror film Vamps, written and directed by Amy Heckerling. She plays a New York City socialite turned into a vampire by a vampire queen (Sigourney Weaver). She also stars in the 2011 independent comedy film Life Happens, with Kate Bosworth and Rachel Bilson. Co-written by Ritter with director Kat Coiro, the film is about two best friends dealing with the pregnancy and subsequent motherhood of Ritter's character.
Ritter at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con
In early February 2011, Ritter joined the cast of the ABC sitcom Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23, playing the title role of Chloe, a New York City party girl and con artist who tries to rip off her new roommates after they move in, but who ends up befriending and "mentoring" one of the applicants.[20][21] The series was canceled on January 22, 2013 after two seasons.[22] On February 15, 2013, it was reported that Ritter would star as Nora in the NBC comedy pilot Assistance, based on Leslye Headland's play of the same name.[23] However, it was confirmed in January 2014 that the pilot would not be picked up to series.[24] On July 9, 2013, it was announced that Ritter would star in Jake Hoffman's directorial debut, Asthma, which centers on the indie rock scene in New York City.[25] It was announced on February 20, 2014 that Ritter would star on NBC's astronaut-themed comedy pilot Mission Control as aerospace engineer Dr. Mary Kendricks.[26][27] On October 15, 2014, NBC announced that it was no longer moving forward with the show.[28]
On December 5, 2014, Ritter was cast to star in the Marvel Television series Jessica Jones, playing the title role, a former superhero turned private investigator in New York City. On her casting, executive producer and showrunner Melissa Rosenberg stated that Ritter "brings both the hard edge and the vulnerability the role demands".[29] Ritter revealed that she had been reading through the comic book in preparation for the role while also expressing her delight on working with Rosenberg and women in general.[30] All 13 episodes of the first season premiered on Netflix on November 20, 2015.[31] Ritter reprised the role on The Defenders alongside Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Mike Colter as Luke Cage and Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist, and reprised her role again in a second season of Jessica Jones in 2018.[32]
Other ventures[edit]
Ritter is one half of indie rock duo Ex Vivian, with her childhood friend William Thomas Burnett. Their self-titled debut album was released in 2012 on Burnett's WT Records.[33] Ritter's debut novel, a psychological thriller titled Bonfire, was released on November 7, 2017, by Crown Archetype.[34]
Personal life[edit]
Ritter moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 2007.[35] She sings and plays guitar in a band called Ex Vivian.[36] She also promotes animal rights and has posed for PETA ad campaigns, including one warning pet owners of the dangers of leaving dogs in cars during the summer, and another against SeaWorld keeping orcas in captivity.[37][38][39] She has been in a relationship with musician Adam Granduciel since August 2014.[40] She is an avid knitter,[41] and has appeared on the cover of Vogue Knitting.[42]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Someone Like You Model Uncredited
2002 Freshening Up Girl on couch Short film
2002 Garmento Poncho model
2003 Look, TheThe Look Mara
2003 Mona Lisa Smile Art History student
2005 Slingshot Beth
2007 Heavy Petting Innocent bystander
2008 Last International Playboy, TheThe Last International Playboy Ozzy
2008 27 Dresses Gina the goth
2008 What Happens in Vegas Kelly
2009 Glock Beretta Short film
2009 Confessions of a Shopaholic Suze Cleath-Stuart
2010 She's Out of My League Patty
2010 How to Make Love to a Woman Lauren
2011 Killing Bono Gloria
2011 Life Happens Kim Also writer and co-producer
2011 Margaret Shopgirl
2012 BuzzKill Nicole
2012 Vamps Stacy Daimen
2012 Refuge Amy
2014 Listen Up Philip Melanie
2014 Veronica Mars Gia Goodman
2014 Asthma Ruby
2014 Search Party Christy
2014 Big Eyes DeAnn
2017 Hero, TheThe Hero Lucy
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2004 Whoopi Brynn Episode: "The Squatters"
2004 One Life to Live Kay 4 episodes
2004 Law & Order Tracy Warren Episode: "Everybody Loves Raimondo's"
2004 Tanner on Tanner Saleswoman 2 episodes
2005 Jonny Zero Quinn Episode: "Pilot"
2005–2006 Veronica Mars Gia Goodman Recurring role; 8 episodes
2006 Bedford Diaries, TheThe Bedford Diaries Erin Kavenaugh 2 episodes
2006–2007 Gilmore Girls Lucy Recurring role; 8 episodes
2006–2007 'Til Death Allison Stark 5 episodes
2006 Justice Eva Episode: "Christmas Party"
2007 Big Day Ellen Episode: "The Ceremony"
2009–2010 Breaking Bad Jane Margolis Recurring role; 9 episodes
2009 Gossip Girl Young Carol Rhodes Episode: "Valley Girls"
2010 Gravity Lily Champagne Main role; 10 episodes
2011 Love Bites Cassie Episode: "Firsts"
2012–2013 Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 Chloe Lead role; 26 episodes
2013 Robot Chicken Dana Polk (voice) Episode: "Immortal"
2013 Cleveland Show, TheThe Cleveland Show Gina (voice) Episode: "California Dreamin' (All the Cleves Are Brown)"
2013 Eric Andre Show, TheThe Eric Andre Show Herself Episode: "Krysten Ritter; Dominic Monaghan"
2014 Blacklist, TheThe Blacklist Rowan/Nora Mills Episode: "Lord Baltimore"
2015–present Jessica Jones Jessica Jones Lead role
2016 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: "Krysten Ritter Wears a Turtleneck and Black Boots"
2017 Defenders, TheThe Defenders Jessica Jones Main role
Web[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 Woke Up Dead Cassie Main role; 22 episodes
Music videos[edit]
Year
Title
Artist
Role
Notes
1999 "Waffle" Sevendust Extra N/A
2000 "Could I Have This Kiss Forever" Whitney Houston Extra N/A
2017 "Holding On" The War on Drugs Concept N/A
Discography[edit]
Ex-Vivian (2012)
Bibliography[edit]
Ritter, Krysten (2017). Bonfire (Hardcover ed.). Crown Archetype. ISBN 978-1-5247-5984-1.
Accolades[edit]
Year
Nominated work
Award
Category
Result
Ref.
2012 Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV: Villain Nominated [43]
2015 Jessica Jones
Episode: "AKA You're a Winner!" TVLine's Performer of the Week Won [44]
2016 Jessica Jones 6th Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Drama Series Nominated [45]
Dorian Awards TV Performance of the Year – Actress Nominated [46]
Webby Awards Special Achievement: Best Actress Won [47]
42nd Saturn Awards Best Actress on Television Nominated [48]
2018 Marvel's The Defenders 44th Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television Pending [49]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Naoreen, Nuzhat (December 7, 2012). "Monitor: Dec. 14, 2012". Entertainment Weekly. No. 1237. p. 26. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Feinberg, Scott (July 5, 2012). "Krysten Ritter, Star of Raunchy ABC Comedy, on Playing Everyone's Favorite 'B----' (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Trust us, this actress is different". Times Leader. April 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schaffer, Sarah (January–February 2009). "The Real Thing". Philadelphia Style. p. 66. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.entertainmentwise.com/bio/krysten-ritter/
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Bob (March 9, 2010). "Krysten Ritter explores her dark side". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stasio, Marilyn (July 27, 2006). "Review: 'All This Intimacy'". Variety. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Barnes, Bartha, Camp & Ritter Set for Zach Braff's All New People at Second Stage". Broadway.com. May 26, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett (February 13, 2009). ""Gossip Girl's" Newest Star Breaks Her Spin-Off Silence!". New York Post. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 6, 2009). "Krysten Ritter joins "Gossip Girl" spinoff". Reuters. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Gossip Girl' Spin-Off Star: 'I Feel Like A Million Bucks!'". Access Hollywood. February 6, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Spotted: 'Gossip Girl' Spin-Off Officially Dumped By The CW". Access Hollywood. May 21, 2009. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Catsoulis, Jeanette (June 12, 2009). "Parties and Pain". The New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ McCombs, Emily (February–March 2009). "Broadcast". Bust. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Amy (October 6, 2009). "'Woke Up Dead' looks for life on Crackle website". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenblum, Emma (April 18, 2010). "Force of Attraction". New York. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 14, 2009). "New series "Gravity" pulls in four actors". Reuters. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (December 13, 2009). "Ritter ready for 'Killing Bono'". Variety. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nick Hamm Starts 'Killing Bono'". Irish Film and Television Network. January 6, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (February 4, 2011). "Krysten Ritter lands 'Bitch' role in ABC comedy pilot – EXCLUSIVE". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Freshman Season Of 'Don't Trust The B In Apt.23' Wraps Tonight". Hollywood Outbreak. May 23, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ABC Evicts "Apartment 23" After Two Seasons". The Futon Critic. January 22, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (February 15, 2013). "'Apartment 23's' Krysten Ritter to Star in NBC's 'Assistance' Adaptation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (January 6, 2014). "Craig Robinson Comedy Gets Series Order at NBC". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (July 9, 2013). "Krysten Ritter To Star In Jake Hoffman Directorial Debut 'Asthma'". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (February 20, 2014). "Pilot Scoop: Krysten Ritter Orbiting NBC's Astronaut Comedy Mission Control". TVLine. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (May 11, 2014). "NBC reveals fall TV schedule: Thursday comedy shakeup". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (October 15, 2014). "NBC dumps Krysten Ritter sitcom before it premieres". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Strom, Marc (December 5, 2014). "Krysten Ritter to Star in Marvel's A.K.A. Jessica Jones". Marvel.com. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Erbland, Kate (December 12, 2014). "Krysten Ritter, Marvel's New Jessica Jones, Is Currently "Devouring" the Comics". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 10, 2015). "Marvel's 'Jessica Jones' Gets Premiere Date On Netflix, Releases Teaser". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Li, Shirley (March 7, 2018). "Everything you need to know before watching Marvel's Jessica Jones season 2". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Beta, Andy (July 18, 2012). "Krysten Ritter Gets Intimate on Her Debut Album". MTV News. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Serrao, Nivea (February 15, 2017). "Krysten Ritter to write psychological thriller". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kurutz, Steven (November 20, 2008). "Unfettered Actress's Well-Furnished Lair". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Koday, Dan (January 22, 2009). "Style Q&A: Krysten Ritter from Confessions of a Shopaholic". Seventeen. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Krysten Ritter: Do Whatever It Takes to Be an Angel for Animals". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Malec, Brett (August 27, 2013). "See Krysten Ritter's Hot New PETA Ad!". E! Online. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kelli Bender, "Exclusive: Krysten Ritter Stars in New Anti-SeaWorld PETA Campaign," People, 4 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Charlton, Lauretta (June 16, 2017). "Watch a Tribute to the "Loving" Decision by the War on Drugs". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.wmagazine.com/story/krysten-ritter-the-defenders-jessica-jones-knitting
Jump up ^ https://jezebel.com/vogue-knitting-cover-girl-krysten-ritter-teaches-stephe-1823457371
Jump up ^ "Teen Choice Awards 2012". Teen Choice Awards. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Performer of the Week: Krysten Ritter". TVLine. December 26, 2015. Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher (January 17, 2016). "Critics' Choice Awards 2016 winners: Spotlight, Mad Max, Leonardo DiCaprio, and more". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 12, 2016). "'Carol' Earns Multiple Mentions as Dorian Award Nominees Are Unveiled". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Webby Award Winner Krysten Ritter". Webby Awards. May 16, 2016. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mueller, Matthew (February 24, 2016). "Saturn Awards 2016 Nominees Announced". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 15, 2018). "'Black Panther,' 'Walking Dead' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations". Variety. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krysten Ritter.
Krysten Ritter on Twitter
Krysten Ritter on IMDb
Krysten Ritter at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Krysten Ritter at AllMovie
Krysten Ritter at the TCM Movie Database
Krysten Ritter at Rotten Tomatoes
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 227078636
LCCN: no2010103798
ISNI: 0000 0003 6474 6365
GND: 105477028X
SUDOC: 184464420
BNF: cb16249172g (data)
BIBSYS: 12066400
MusicBrainz: 798a2e70-e245-4d34-9179-16250f9e7c23
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krysten_Ritter&oldid=836587426"
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A Whiter Shade of Pale
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"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
A-side label of the UK vinyl single
Single by Procol Harum
from the album Procol Harum
B-side
"Lime Street Blues"
Released
12 May 1967
Format
7-inch record
Recorded
Olympic Sound Studios, London
Genre
Baroque pop[1][2]
Length
4:03
Label
Deram
Songwriter(s)
Gary Brooker, Keith Reid, Matthew Fisher
Producer(s)
Denny Cordell
Procol Harum singles chronology
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1967) "Homburg"
(1967)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1967) "Homburg"
(1967)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" is the debut single by the British rock band Procol Harum, released 12 May 1967. The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks.[3] Without much promotion, it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States.[4] One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love, it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[5]
With its Bach-derived instrumental melody, soulful vocals, and unusual lyrics – by the song's co-authors Gary Brooker, Keith Reid[6] and Matthew Fisher – "A Whiter Shade of Pale" reached No. 1 in several countries when released in 1967. In the years since, it has become an enduring classic. It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK (as of 2009),[7] and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most-played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years.[8] Also in 2004, Rolling Stone placed "A Whiter Shade of Pale" 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
In 1977, the song was named joint winner (along with Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody") of "The Best British Pop Single 1952–1977" at the Brit Awards.[9] In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[10] More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known.[11][12][13] The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films, including The Big Chill, Purple Haze, Breaking the Waves, The Boat That Rocked, Martin Scorsese's segment of New York Stories, Stonewall, Oblivion and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick's documentary series The Vietnam War. Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films, for example, by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net.
The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only. On 30 July 2009, Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording and personnel
2 Lyrics
3 Composition
4 Release and reception
5 Promotional films
6 Authorship lawsuit
7 Chart performance
7.1 Weekly singles charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Annie Lennox version
8.1 Charts
9 References
10 Sources
11 External links
Recording and personnel[edit]
The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London, England, with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano, Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M-102 organ, David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar. Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden. A few days later, the song was re-recorded with the band's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison, but that version was discarded, and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release.
Producer for the record was Denny Cordell, and Keith Grant was the sound engineer.[14] The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album, in September 1967, but not on the later UK version.[15]
Lyrics[edit]
Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party. He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman, "You've turned a whiter shade of pale", and the phrase stuck in his mind.[16][17] The original lyrics had four verses, of which only two are heard on the original recording. The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum, and more seldom also the fourth.[18] The author of Procol Harum: Beyond the Pale, Claes Johansen, suggests that the song "deals in metaphorical form with a male/female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act".[17] This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs, who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction, which is described through references to sex as a form of travel, usually nautical, using mythical and literary journeys.[19] Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship.[16]
Contrary to the above interpretations, Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying:
I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward, girl-leaves-boy story. With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder, I wanted to paint an image of a scene. I wasn’t trying to be mysterious with those images, I was trying to be evocative. I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I’m describing. But I was too young to have experienced any decadence, then. I might have been smoking when I conceived it, but not when I wrote. It was influenced by books, not drugs.
Structurally and thematically, the song is unusual in many respects. While the recorded version is 4:03 long, it is composed of only two verses, each with chorus. The piece is also more instrument-driven than most songs of the period, and with a much looser rhyme scheme. Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time (for example, the chorus focuses on Chaucer's "The Miller's Tale"). Thus, this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock.[citation needed]
The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language, noticed by several dictionaries.[20][21][22] As such, the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song.[23] It has also been heavily paraphrased, in forms like "an Xer shade of Y", to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone[24][25] – a type of cliché and phrasal template.
Composition[edit]
The song's distinctive, Bach-inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102.
The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout. In classical music this is known as a ground bass. The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody, the verse and the chorus, except that the chorus finishes with a cadence. The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse/chorus. But it is also heard throughout, playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line. As the chorus commences "And so it was, that later ...", the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo, with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard. The final instrumental fades out to silence – a common device in pop music of the time.
A BBC Radio 4 programme in the 2018 series “Soul Music” pointed out the resemblance between the Hammond Organ line of “A Whiter Shade of Pale” and J.S.Bach’s Air from his Orchestral Suite No. 3 BWV1068, (the “Air on the G string”) where the sustained opening note of the main melodic line flowers into a free-flowing melody against a descending bass line:
Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1-2
Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1-3
Allan Moore notes “a certain family resemblance” that “creates the sense of [Bach’s] music without actually quoting it.” [26] The similarity is also referred to humorously in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard [27] and in the 1991 film The Commitments [28]. Other writers have noted similar “family resemblances” to other works by Bach: the Sinfonia which opens the cantata Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe, BWV 156, the organ chorale Prelude "O Mensch, bewein' dein' Sünde groß" (O Man, Lament Your Sin So Great), BWV 622, from the Orgelbüchlein (Little Organ Book) and the Cantata Sleepers Wake, BWV140.
The music also borrows ideas from "When a Man Loves a Woman" by Percy Sledge.[29]
Release and reception[edit]
The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer's chart (later the UK Singles Chart) on 25 May. In two weeks it reached number 1, where it stayed for six weeks. Writing in 2005, Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967, on the same day that the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart, marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain.[30]
According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik, in the context of the Summer of Love, "A Whiter Shade of Pale" was the "one song [that] stood above all others, its Everest-like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment".[15] Kubernik also writes that, amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era, the song "galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation".[31] In his 1981 article on the musical and societal developments of 1967, for The History of Rock, sociomusicologist Simon Frith described "A Whiter Shade of Pale" as the year's "most distinctive single", through its combination of "white soul vocal and a Bach organ exercise" and enigmatic lyrics that "hinted at a vital secret open only to people in the right, drug-determined, state of mind".[32]
In the United States, the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies. It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there.[33] In the Netherlands, the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972. A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13.
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" has continued to receive critical acclaim. Along with Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody", "A Whiter Shade of Pale" was jointly recognised as "The Best British Pop Single 1952–1977" at the BRIT Awards, part of Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2004, it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of "The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles".[34] In 2018, the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a new category for singles.[35]
Promotional films[edit]
One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court, part of which was gutted by fire in 1937.
The first promotional clip for "A Whiter Shade of Pale" was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire, England.[36] It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single: Gary Brooker, Matthew Fisher, David Knights and Ray Royer, in performance and walking through the ruins. Only the drummer in the video isn't on the record: early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden's drumming. The film was directed by Peter Clifton, whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC's Top of the Pops TV show.[37]
Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip, using "Scopitone" technology. By this time, Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band, so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented. No performance footage appears in this film – only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields. The same lineup, with Fisher wearing a monk's cowl, mimed to the song on Top of the Pops, although Brooker sang live. Black-and-white footage of the performance has been shown online. The song represents 1967 on the 2004 DVD release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964–2004.
There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen's Deja-View music video series.[38] Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986, this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin, but featured no member of the band. It has also aired on VH1 Classic, and has recently surfaced online.[39][40]
Authorship lawsuit[edit]
In 2005, former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher, claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song.[41] Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40% of the composers' share of the music copyright, rather than the 50% he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005.[42]
Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal, and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007. The decision, on 4 April 2008, by Lord Justice Mummery, in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher's co-authorship[43] but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long (38 years) to bring his claim to litigation. Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker.[44]
On 5 November 2008, Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords.[45] Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song.[46] The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22–23 April 2009.[47]
On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher's favour. They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it. They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law. The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher.[48][49] Both the musicological basis of the judgment and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works have drawn some attention in the music world.[50]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Australia Go-Set 1
Austria 4
Belgium 1
Canada RPM Top Singles[51] 1
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[52] 1
France 1
Germany 1
Ireland 1
Italy 1
New Zealand (Listener)[53] 1
Norway 3
Poland 2
Spain 1
United Kingdom 1
United States 5
Chart (1972)
Peak
position
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[54] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Ranking
Australia [55] 14
Canada [56] 27
United States[57] 38
Chart (1972)
Ranking
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[58] 18
Annie Lennox version[edit]
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
Single by Annie Lennox
from the album Medusa
B-side
"Heaven"
"(I'm Always Touched By Your) Presence, Dear"
Released
May 1995
Format
CD single
Length
5:15
Label
Arista
Songwriter(s)
Gary Brooker, Matthew Fisher, Keith Reid
Producer(s)
Stephen Lipson
Annie Lennox singles chronology
"No More "I Love You's""
(1995) "A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1995) "Waiting in Vain"
(1995)
"No More "I Love You's""
(1995) "A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1995) "Waiting in Vain"
(1995)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa. It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top-forty hit in Europe and Canada.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[59]
56
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[60]
48
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[61]
16
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[62]
37
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[63]
2
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[64]
45
France (SNEP)[65]
17
Germany (Official German Charts)[66]
77
Ireland (IRMA)[67]
25
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[68]
39
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[69]
11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[70]
26
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[71]
16
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[72]
1
US Hot Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[73]
2
US Hot Singles Sales (Billboard)[74]
66
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Sources[edit]
Kubernik, Harvey (2017). 1967: A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love. New York, NY: Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4549-2052-6.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
A Whiter Shade of Pale: authorised lyrics of all four verses
"Procol Harum: The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale", article on the song's 40th anniversary, from Classic Rock magazine
Bill Eyden Obituary
Procol Harum – A Whiter Shade Of Pale, live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment's official channel on YouTube
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" Scopitone film on YouTube
Preceded by
"Silence is Golden" by The Tremeloes UK Singles Chart number one single
8 June 1967–18 July 1967 (six weeks) Succeeded by
"All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles
Preceded by
"Black Velvet Band" by Johnny McEvoy Ireland 1967 number one single
22 June 1967–19 July 1967 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Black Velvet Band" by Johnny McEvoy
Preceded by
"This is My Song" by Petula Clark Australia 1967 number one single
8 July 1967–28 July 1967 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"All You Need is Love / Baby, You're a Rich Man" by The Beatles
[show]
v
t
e
Procol Harum
Gary Brooker
Geoff Dunn
Matt Pegg
Josh Phillips
Geoff Whitehorn
Dave Ball
Graham Broad
Dave Bronze
Pete Brown
Mark Brzezicki
Alan Cartwright
Chris Copping
Matthew Fisher
Mick Grabham
Bobby Harrison
David Knights
Dee Murray
Keith Reid
Tim Renwick
Ray Royer
Don Snow
Peter Solley
Henry Spinetti
Jerry Stevenson
Robin Trower
Ian Wallace
B. J. Wilson
Studio albums
Procol Harum
Shine On Brightly
A Salty Dog
Home
Broken Barricades
Grand Hotel
Exotic Birds and Fruit
Procol's Ninth
Something Magic
The Prodigal Stranger
The Well's on Fire
Novum
Live albums
Procol Harum Live: In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra
One More Time – Live in Utrecht 1992
Live at the Union Chapel
One Eye to the Future – Live in Italy 2007
Procol Harum – In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir
The Spirit of Nøkken
MMX
Some Long Road
As Liquorice John Death
Ain't Nothin' to Get Excited About
Songs
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
"Homburg"
"A Salty Dog"
"Conquistador"
Related articles
Discography
Guy Stevens
The Paramounts
Book:Procol Harum
[show]
v
t
e
The Box Tops
Rick Levy
Gary Talley
Bill Cunningham
Ron Krasinski
Barry Walsh
Rick Allen
Thomas Boggs
Alex Chilton
Harold Cloud
John Evans
Bobby Guidotti
Gene Houston
Rick Pipkin
Joe Savage
Swain Schaefer
Danny Smythe
Larry Spillman
Studio albums
The Letter/Neon Rainbow
Cry Like a Baby
Non-Stop
Dimensions
Tear Off!
Compilation albums
Super Hits
The Greatest Hits
The Ultimate Box Tops
The Best of the Box Tops - Soul Deep
Songs
"The Letter"
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
"Neon Rainbow"
"Cry Like a Baby"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
Related articles
Big Star
Bell Records
Sundazed Records
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Categories:
Procol Harum songs
1967 singles
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Deram Records singles
Arista Records singles
Songs with lyrics by Keith Reid
Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell
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text:
Dark Rivers of the Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dark Rivers of the Heart
First edition
Author
Dean Koontz
Cover artist
Chip Kidd
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Suspense, Thriller, Romance
Publisher
Alfred A. Knopf
Publication date
1994
Media type
Print
Pages
487
ISBN
0-679-42524-1
OCLC
45117870
Dark Rivers of the Heart is a novel by Dean Koontz, published in 1994.
Plot[edit]
Spencer Grant is a man with a tainted, yet shadowy past with a lovable dog, Rocky, who together embark on a quest to find a life in a woman named Valerie Keene, whom he meets in a nightclub. Grant and his dog come back to the club later to find out that the woman is late for work.
When Grant attempts to find her at her home, a SWAT-like team bombards the place, sending Grant into confusion. Grant is now determined to find Valerie.
He searches for her in Las Vegas and is pursued by a secret government agency who are also looking for Valerie. He gets caught in a storm in the Nevada desert and is injured. He is rescued by Valerie and she helps Spencer's injuries.
Meanwhile, Roy Miro, a high-ranking official in the agency, is the main antagonist who has been looking for Valerie for months. He and the agency use a satellite to find Spencer and Valerie's location in the desert. Roy and some agents get into a helicopter and corner them into a shopping center.
Spencer and Valerie take hostage a helicopter and fly out of Nevada to Colorado to visit the house Spencer had his childhood in. When Spencer was 14 years old he heard a noise in the night and went out to the barn in the backyard to investigate. Inside the barn he found his father torturing a woman and Spencer found a gun but only wounds his father. His father was later sent to a mental hospital. Roy takes Spencer's father out of the hospital and flies to the Colorado house to confront Spencer and Valerie.
Spencer's father shoots Roy in the barn, which only paralyzes Roy. Spencer then fatally shoots his father while he and Valerie leave the barn. They use a satellite heat beam to disable the other agents while leaving the house and starting a new life together helping a resistance group against the government agency.
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Dean Koontz
Novels
Star Quest (1968)
The Flesh in the Furnace (1972)
Chase (1972)
Demon Seed (1973)
Shattered (1973)
Dragonfly (1975)
Invasion (1975)
Night Chills (1976)
The Face of Fear (1977)
The Vision (1977)
The Key to Midnight (1979)
The Voice of the Night (1980)
The Funhouse (1980)
Whispers (1980)
The Mask (1981)
The Eyes of Darkness (1981)
The House of Thunder (1981)
Phantoms (1983)
Darkfall (1984)
The Servants of Twilight (1984)
Twilight Eyes (1985)
The Door to December (1985)
Strangers (1986)
Watchers (1987)
Shadow Fires (1987)
Lightning (1988)
Midnight (1989)
The Bad Place (1990)
Cold Fire (1991)
Hideaway (1992)
Mr. Murder (1993)
Dragon Tears (1993)
Winter Moon (1994)
Dark Rivers of the Heart (1994)
Icebound (1995)
Strange Highways 1995)
Intensity (1996)
Ticktock (1996)
Sole Survivor (1997)
Fear Nothing (1998)
Seize the Night (1998)
False Memory (1999)
From the Corner of His Eye (2000)
One Door Away from Heaven (2001)
By the Light of the Moon (2002)
The Face (2003)
Odd Thomas (2003)
The Taking (2004)
Life Expectancy (2004)
Prodigal Son (2005)
Velocity (2005)
City of Night (2005)
Forever Odd (2005)
The Husband (2006)
Brother Odd (2006)
The Good Guy (2007)
The Darkest Evening of the Year (2007)
Odd Hours (2008)
Your Heart Belongs to Me (2008)
Relentless (2009)
Dead and Alive (2009)
Breathless (2009)
Lost Souls (2010)
What the Night Knows (2010)
The Dead Town (2011)
77 Shadow Street (2011)
Odd Apocalypse (2012)
Deeply Odd (2013)
Innocence (2013)
The City (2014)
Saint Odd (2015)
Film adaptations
Demon Seed (1977)
The Passengers (1977)
Watchers (1988)
Whispers (1990)
Watchers II (1990)
The Face of Fear (1990)
Servants of Twilight (1991)
Watchers 3 (1994)
Hideaway (1995)
Intensity (1997)
Mr. Murder (1998)
Phantoms (1998)
Watchers Reborn (1998)
Sole Survivor (2000)
Black River (2001)
Frankenstein (2004)
Odd Thomas (2013)
Children's books
Oddkins: A Fable for All Ages (1988)
Other
The Book of Counted Sorrows
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Rivers_of_the_Heart&oldid=817081556"
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Novels by Dean Koontz
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Alfred A. Knopf books
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text:
Burzahom archaeological site
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Burzahom archaeological site
برزۂہوم
A pot excavated from Burzahom
Shown within India
Location
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Coordinates
34°10′N 73°54′E / 34.167°N 73.900°E / 34.167; 73.900Coordinates: 34°10′N 73°54′E / 34.167°N 73.900°E / 34.167; 73.900
Type
Pre-historic Settlement
History
Periods
Neolithic, Megalithic and early Historic period.
Site notes
Excavation dates
1939 and from 1960 to 1971
Archaeologists
de Terra and Patersonof Yale-Cambridge Expedition in 1939 and T.N. Khazanchi and his team of ASI from 1960 and 1971
The Burzahom archaeological site is located in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.[1] Archaeological excavations have revealed four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BC and 1000 BC.[2] Periods I and II represent the Neolithic era; Period IlI the Megalithic era (of massive stone menhirs and wheel turned red pottery); and Period IV relates to the early Historical Period (Post-megalithic period). The findings, recorded in stratified cultural deposits representing prehistoric human activity in Kashmir, are based on detailed investigations that cover all aspects of the physical evidence of the site, including the ancient flora and fauna.
The Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground level housing features of the Neolithic people to the mudbrick structures of the Megalithic people. The large cache of tools and implements made of bone and stone found at the site shows that the inhabitants were hunting and farming.
The unearthed Antiquities (of art, architecture, customs and rituals) indicate that the prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with Central Asia and South West Asia and also had links to the Gangetic plains and peninsular India. The interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art, architecture, customs, rituals and language demonstrated by some engravings on pottery and other artifacts. Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir, but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the theory.
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
2 History
3 Discovery
3.1 Period I
3.2 Period II
3.3 Period III
3.4 Period IV
4 Preservation
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
Location[edit]
The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village of the same name in the Srinagar District. It is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the northeast of Srinagar on the Naseem-Shalimar road. The elevation of the site is 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea-level.[3][4] It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India. The site is on an ancient Pleistocene lake bed.[5] The location is in a high terrace which is part of the floodplain of the Jhelum river and has Karewa soil (clay) formation. The site has a commanding view of the Dal lake which is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away. In the Kashmiri language 'Burzahom' means "birch", a tree species (that generally grows in the elevation range of 3,000 to 4,200 metres (9,800 to 13,800 ft) in the Himalayas), which is found in the excavated housing area in the form of roofing material, and thus confirming the existence of the tree even in the pre-historic Neolithic times.[6]
History[edit]
The first excavation at the Burzahom site was a limited exercise in 1936, carried out by the Yale–Cambridge Expedition headed by Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomson Paterson. The Frontier Circle of the Archaeological Survey of India made detailed investigations of the site between 1960 and 1971; these were carried out by T.N. Khazanchi and his associates.[3][7]
The extensive excavations done at this site, unearthing stratified cultural deposits, were the first of their type in Kashmir. In 1944, Mortimer Wheeler, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India had conducted the first stratified archaeological excavations on the lines of geological model at other sites. Based on a similar model the Burzahom site has been named as the Northern Neolithic Culture in view of its distinctive structural features with profusion of tools made of bones and stones and tools representing the ritualistic practices.[8]
Gufkral represents another related site in the area, near the town of Tral. Also, Hariparigam, and Awantipura, in the same area, are related.
Skeletal remains of Neolithic people found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization. Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir, but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the "Aryans in Kashmir" theory[9]
The management and protection of the Burzahom site, including the buffer zones, are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology conforming to the Ancient Monuments and Sites Remains Act 1958 (Amended in 2010).[10]
This site was nominated on 15 April 2014 for inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is yet to be approved.[10]
Discovery[edit]
Pot, excavated from Burzahom with painting of a wild goat with long horns and hanging ears.[10][9]
The excavation at Burzahom was carried out in both vertical (depth wise) and horizontal directions; the depth provided the stratification features while the phasing of each stratification was provided by the horizontal excavations. Four periods of continuous occupational sequence at the site were documented over a period of 11 years of investigations from 1960 to 1971.[11] These are: Periods I and II of the Neolithic (Period I is called aceramic and Period II is called ceramic) origin, particularly characterized by dwelling pits (the largest measuring 2.74 metres (9 ft 0 in) at the top to 4.75 metres (15.6 ft) at the base at a depth of 3.95 metres (13.0 ft)); Period III of the Megalithic sequence noted by the free standing large stone Menhirs installed at the site by shifting boulders manually from the hills; and Period IV of the early Modern Period.[10][12] The skeletal remains of the Neolithic humans found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Burzahom's ceramic industry was mostly of hunting based culture and is different from the Chinese Neolithic pottery.[13] The economy of the people was found to be based on hunting and gathering with a nascent stage of cultivation practices.[14] Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in the Swat valley in Pakistan, particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery. The burial practices and type of tools recovered from the site were inferred as having close resemblance to those found in the North Chinese Neolithic culture.[15]
Period I[edit]
The remarkable find during this period was of pits which were inferred as dwelling units; these were in circular or oval shape dug in compact natural Karewa soil formation. Some of the deep pits had steps and ladder access to the bottom level. In some of the pits the stratification revealed ash and charcoal layers, which denoted human occupancy. Post holes on the sides of pits at the surface level denoted the presence of superstructures covered with thatch made of birch. Shallow pits of circular shape of 60–91 centimetres (24–36 in) diameter adjoining the housing pits were found to contain bones of animals and also tools made of bones (of antlers used for making tools) and stones (harpoons, needles with or without eyes, awls).[3][10]
Carbon dating established that the Neolithic culture of this site was traceable to the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest occupation at the site was dated to before 2,357 BC.[16]
The pottery found at the site were in an early stage of hand crafting, of the coarse variety, in steel-grey, dull red, brown, and buff colours with mat prints at the bottom; they were in the shape of bowl, vase and stem.[3] The antiquities did not reveal any signs of burials sites.[10]
Late Kot-Diji type pots were found belonging to Period Ib.
Period II[edit]
In the Period II, the finds excavated revealed that people had moved out from pit dwelling to structures built at the ground level. However, the pits and its associated chambers formed the base floor of the superstructure, which was made up by filling the pits and covering it with mud plaster, and occasionally painted in red ochre. Post-holes around the pits revealed that the superstructures were made of wood built over compacted Karewa soil floors.[3][10]
This period also brought out, for the first time, the burial customs of the Neolithic people. Both human and animal skeletons were found in deep oval shaped pits, located either below the floors of the dwelling units or in its precincts. These pits were filled with ash, stones and potsherds. Some of the human skulls found here had trepanning (bored hole) marks. In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals.[3][10]
Pottery finds showed better finish compared to the earlier Period I. The pots were of polished black ware, mostly handmade, in the form of a dish with stand, a high-necked jar, and so forth. Also found was a wheel turned red ware pot which contained 950 beads made from carnelian and agate (inferred as items for sale), which was thought to belong to the later part of this period.[3][10] A very impressive painted pottery ware recovered from this period was a globular red ware pot made on a turntable; the painting on the pot was of a wild goat of black colour with long horns and hanging ears.[10][17] Another pottery item which is of interest is a polished black ware in globular shape jar with a long neck and flaring mouth.[18]
An interesting find of this period is of two standalone finished flat stone slabs. The carving on one is not distinct. The other stone slab is 48–27 centimetres (19–11 in) which depicts, on one polished side, sketches of hunting scenes such as a hunter spearing (with a Ker) an antlered deer and another hunter in the process of releasing an arrow, and a sketch of the movement of the Sun, at two levels. The carved figures are distinctly visible.[3][10][18][7]
Agricultural practices were noted during the Periods I and II and crops grown were inferred as wheat, barley and lentil; finding lentils established a link of the Neolithic people with Central Asia, crossing over the Himalayas.[10]
The people who resided here were characterized as "long headed dolichocranic". Two female skulls, different from the male skulls, were also reported. The finds did not indicate of any external ethnic intrusions during the entire Neolithic period but showed more affinity to the Harappan people.[16]
Burzahom represents the southernmost extent of what is known as Northern Neolithic culture of Asia.
Period III[edit]
Some Megalithic Period Menhirs are next to Neolithic pits, suggesting a gradual transition between the two phases. The Menhirs, boulders formed due the varying temperatures, were brought down from the hills with great effort by the people and installed to mark notable events of the community. These are rough in shape, huge and of considerable weight and height, and are "free-standing". Craftsmanship was superior during this period with finds of wheel made durable hard red ware, copper objects, and tools made of bone and stone. Structures made of rubble were also found.[3][7][10] Finds of a few copper arrowheads indicated knowledge of metallurgy.[19][12]
Period IV[edit]
Period IV (dated to the 3rd–4th century AD), the last phase of human occupation at Burzahom, was related to the early Historical Period. The structures built were superior compared to the earlier period, and were made from mud-bricks. Pottery was also superior, of red ware type with slips and wheel turned. Some iron antiquaries were also found.[3]
Preservation[edit]
The site is maintained in the form that has been excavated, representing the natural setting of the Neolithic people. The exposed pits and the layout are well protected.[10]
See also[edit]
Chirand
Sothi (archaeology)
Siswal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kashmir Valley monuments cry for care".
Jump up ^ "ASI report says even Neolithic Kashmir had textile industry".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Excavations – Important – Jammu & Kashmir". Archaeological Survey of India.
Jump up ^ "Burzahom Archaeological site, India:Neolithic Period finds". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Kaw 2004, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Singh 2008, p. 111.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pande, B. M. (13 October 1969). "Neolithic Hunting Scene on a Stone Slab from Burzahom, Kashmir" (pdf). University of Hawaii.
Jump up ^ Kaw 2004, p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaw 2004, p. 42.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom". UNESCO Organization.
Jump up ^ Sopory 2004, p. 78.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaw 2004, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Sopory 2004, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Kaw 2004, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Kaw 2004, p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaw 2004, pp. 43–44.
Jump up ^ Kaw 2004, pp. 40–41.
^ Jump up to: a b Singh 2008, p. 113.
Jump up ^ Sopory 2004, p. 79.
Bibliography[edit]
Kaw, M. K. (1 January 2004). Kashmir and It's People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1.
Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
Sopory, S.K. (1 January 2004). Glimpses Of Kashmir. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648-547-0.
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