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Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree
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"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
Single by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando
from the album Tuneweaving
B-side
"I Can't Believe How Much I Love You"
Released
19 February 1973
Format
7", 12"
Recorded
1973
Genre
Pop
Length
3:20
Label
Bell
Songwriter(s)
Irwin Levine, L. Russell Brown
Producer(s)
Hank Medress, Dave Appell
Dawn featuring Tony Orlando singles chronology
"You're a Lady"
(1972) "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
(1973) "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
(1973)
"You're a Lady"
(1972) "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
(1973) "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
(1973)
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" is a song by Tony Orlando and Dawn. It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell, with Motown/Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals.[1] It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973.
The single reached the top 10 in ten countries, in eight of which it topped the charts. It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973, number one on the Australian charts for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand charts for ten weeks from June to August 1973. It was the top-selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK.
In 2008, Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Origins of the song
3 Chart and sales performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Cover versions
5 In popular culture
6 Association with the People Power Revolution
7 Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests
8 See also
9 References
Synopsis[edit]
The song is told from the point of view of someone who has "done his time" but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home.
He writes to his love, asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the "ole oak tree" in front of the house (which the bus will pass by) if she wants him to return to her life; if he does not see such a ribbon, he will remain on the bus (taking that to mean he is unwelcome) and understand her reasons ("put the blame on me"). He asks the bus driver to check, fearful of not seeing anything.
To his amazement, the entire bus cheers the response – there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree, a sign he is very much welcome.
Origins of the song[edit]
This is NOT the story of a convict who had told his love to tie a ribbon book to a tree outside of town. I know because I wrote the song one morning in 15 minutes with the late lyrical genius Irwin Levine. The genesis of this idea came from the age old folk tale about a Union prisoner of war--who sent a letter to his girl that he was coming home from a confederate POW camp in Georgia.... Anything about a criminal is pure fantasy....
—  L. Russell Brown[2]
The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th-century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry. The song "'Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon", which later inspired the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, is a reference to this. The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one, either in the military or in jail, would be welcomed home on their return.
In October 1971, newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called "Going Home". In it, he told a variant of the story, in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick, Georgia. Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition. In June 1972, nine months later, Reader's Digest reprinted "Going Home". Also in June 1972, ABC-TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con. According to L. Russell Brown, he read Hamill's story in the Reader's Digest, and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it.[3] Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called "Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'Round the Ole Oak Tree". At the time, the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military. Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement. Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before "Going Home" had been written.[2]
Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr, but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as "ridiculous".[3]
Chart and sales performance[edit]
In April 1973, the recording by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 (chart date 21 April 1973) in the US, and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks.[1] "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks. It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973.[4] It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia, and has sold 1 million copies in the UK.[5] In New Zealand, the song spent 10 weeks at number one.[6]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[9] 1
Canada RPM 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[10] 9
Ireland (IRMA) 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[12] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[13] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[15] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia [7] 1
Canada 1
New Zealand 1
UK [16] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [17] 1
U.S. Cash Box [18] 1
Cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song enjoyed duplicate success on country radio, as a cover version by Johnny Carver. Carver's rendition - simply titled "Yellow Ribbon" - was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1973. Carver's version also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[19] Musically similar, the only difference in the song is the substitution of the minor expletive "damn" (in the lyric, "Now the whole damn bus is cheering") with "darn".
Bing Crosby recorded the song on 8 June 1973 with an orchestra conducted by Billy Byers for Daybreak Records.[20]
Also in 1973, Jim Nabors covered the song on his album The Twelfth of Never (Columbia KC 32377).[21]
Also in 1973, Italian singer Domenico Modugno had a minor hit in Italy with a cover in his language: "Appendi un nastro giallo". The lyrics are a very faithful translation of the original, the only difference is that instead of watching the tree from a bus, the Italian singer watches it from a tram.
Perry Como - included in his album And I Love You So (1973).
Dean Martin - included in his album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me (1973).
In Chile, Roberto Inglez achieved great success with his version, which was number one on the national radio for the 11 September 1973.
Lou Sino covered the song which appeared on his Now album (1973).[22] It was also the B side of his single, "She's Got to Be a Saint" released on Bengal 112873.
Kay Starr did a version of this song on the country pop charts in 1974 hitting number 12.
Frank Sinatra included the song in his album Some Nice Things I've Missed (1974)
Max Bygraves included in his album Singalong with Max (1975).[23]
The song was covered by Lawrence Welk, whose orchestra performed it many times on his television program during the late 1970s; a studio version was released in 1975 on his album Lawrence Welk's Most Requested TV Favorites (Champagne Style).[24]
The song was covered by Bobby Goldsboro on a multi-artist compilation album entitled Storytellers released in 1976.
Harry Connick Jr. - for his album 30 (2001).
In 2003 Dolly Parton recorded a cover on her patriotic album For God and Country.
In popular culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song had renewed popularity in 1981, in the wake of the Iranian hostage crisis.[2]
Later in 1973, Connie Francis had a minor hit in Australia with an answer song, "The Answer (Should I Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?)". Her version remained in the top 40 for three weeks, peaking at number 31.
In 1977, the song was sung by Andy Kaufman playing his character Tony Clifton on HBO.
The song appeared in the 1982 movie An Officer and a Gentleman, played by a band at the Navy Ball.
The song was performed by David Alan Grier over the closing credits of Amazon Women on the Moon (1987).
In 1999 S Club 7 performed the song for their hit TV series Miami 7. It was featured in the second episode.
Association with the People Power Revolution[edit]
In the Philippines, the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. to the country in 1983, during which Aquino supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival. However, Aquino was assassinated upon arrival, sparking the rise of People Power three years later that led to the demise of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency and subsequent inauguration of Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as president. Yellow was also the campaign symbol of Aquino's son who eventually became President Benigno Aquino III in 2010.[25]
Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests[edit]
During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site (tied to street railings) and on social media.[26] Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song.[27]
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 1973 (Ireland)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1973 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1973 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK)
Preceded by
"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia" by Vicki Lawrence Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Tony Orlando and Dawn version)
21 April 1973 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life" by Stevie Wonder
Preceded by
"Dirty Old Man" by George Hamilton IV[28] RPM Country Tracks number one single (Johnny Carver version)
16 June 1973 (one week)[19] Succeeded by
"You Always Come Back (To Hurting Me)" by Johnny Rodriguez[29]
Preceded by
"Get Down" by Gilbert O'Sullivan UK Singles Chart number one single
21 April 1973 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"See My Baby Jive" by Wizzard
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerald E. Parson, "How the Yellow Ribbon Became a National Folk Symbol", available at Library of Congress, originally printed in the Folklife Center News (Volume XIII, #3, 1991, pp. 9-11).
^ Jump up to: a b "The L. Russell Brown Interview". Classicbands.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973
Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi (4 November 2012). "UK's million-selling singles: the full list". Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Dawn – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1973 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1973/Top 100 Songs of 1973". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973". Tropicalglen.com. 29 December 1973. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "RPM Country Tracks for June 16, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jim Nabors - The Twelfth Of Never (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Discogs Lou Sino – Now
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lawrence Welk - Lawrence Welk's Most Requested TV Favorites (Champagne Style)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Iconic yellow ribbon–why it keeps waving". Asian Journal. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Jasmine (3 October 2014). "Hong Kong Protests: The Symbols and Songs Explained". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dearden, Lizie (5 October 2015). "Hong Kong Protests: A Guide to Yellow Ribbons, Blue Ribbons and All the Other Colours". The Independent. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for June 9, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for June 23, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Orlando and Dawn
Tony Orlando
Telma Hopkins
Joyce Vincent Wilson
Albums
Candida
Dawn's New Ragtime Follies
Singles
"Candida"
"Knock Three Times"
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
"Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
"He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)"
Book:Tony Orlando and Dawn
[show]
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979)
1960: "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith
1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis
1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk
1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs
1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles
1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
1966: "Ballad of the Green Berets" – S/Sgt. Barry Sadler
1967: "To Sir, with Love" – Lulu
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel
1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand
1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille
1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings
1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart
1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb
1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
[show]
v
t
e
Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom
1952–1969
1952: "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" – Vera Lynn (UK)
1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine
1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day
1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman
1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone
1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka
1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley
1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley
1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)
1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)
1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)
1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)
1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)
1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970–1989
1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley
1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)
1972: "Amazing Grace" – The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK)
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)
1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)
1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)
1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)
1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.
1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel
1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)
1981: "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)
1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)
1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)
1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)
1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush
1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)
1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box
1990–2009
1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)
1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)
1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees
1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)
1998: "Believe" – Cher
1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)
2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)
2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)
2003: "Where Is the Love?" – The Black Eyed Peas
2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)
2005: "Is This the Way to Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)
2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley
2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)
2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)
2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga
2010–present
2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna
2011: "Someone Like You" – Adele (UK)
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)
2017: "Shape of You" - Ed Sheeran (UK)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree&oldid=836553725"
Categories:
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Border
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Border (disambiguation).
"County line" redirects here. For other uses, see County Line (disambiguation).
Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Borders are established through agreements between political or social entities that control those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation.
Some borders—such as a state's internal administrative border, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are often open and completely unguarded. Other borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled.
Borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones. A difference has also been established in academic scholarship between border and frontier, the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Borders
2 Classification of borders
2.1 Borders that are natural
2.2 Geometric borders
2.3 Fiat borders
2.4 Relict borders
3 Maritime borders
4 Border economics
5 Politics
6 Cross-border regions
7 Border studies
8 Images gallery
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Borders[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The purpose of the Great Wall of China was to stop people and militaries from crossing the northern border of China.
In the past, many borders were not clearly defined lines; instead there were often intervening areas often claimed and fought over by both sides, sometimes called marchlands. A special case in recent times was the neutral zones that were set up along parts of Saudi Arabia's borders with Kuwait and Iraq. (However, these zones no longer exist.)[citation needed]. In modern times, marchlands have been replaced by clearly defined and demarcated borders. For the purposes of border control, airports and seaports are also classed as borders. Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. Under international law, each country is generally permitted to legislate the conditions that have to be met in order to cross its borders, and to prevent people from crossing its borders in violation of those laws.
Some borders require presentation of legal paperwork like passports and visas, or other identity documents, for persons to cross borders. To stay or work within a country's borders aliens (foreign persons) may need special immigration documents or permits; but possession of such documents does not guarantee that the person should be allowed to cross the border.
Moving goods across a border often requires the payment of excise tax, often collected by customs officials. Animals (and occasionally humans) moving across borders may need to go into quarantine to prevent the spread of exotic infectious diseases. Most countries prohibit carrying illegal drugs or endangered animals across their borders. Moving goods, animals, or people illegally across a border, without declaring them or seeking permission, or deliberately evading official inspection, constitutes smuggling. Controls on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place.
In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers, and institute formal border control procedures. But some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada–United States border. Borders may even be completely unmarked, typically in remote or forested regions; such borders are often described as "porous". Migration within territorial borders, and outside of them, represented an old and established pattern of movement in African countries, in seeking work and food, and to maintain ties with kin who had moved across the previously porous borders of their homelands. When the colonial frontiers were drawn, Western countries attempted to obtain a monopoly on the recruitment of labor in many African countries, which altered the practical and institutional context in which the old migration patterns had been followed, and some might argue, are still followed today. The frontiers were particularly porous for the physical movement of migrants, and people living in borderlands easily maintained transnational cultural and social networks.
A border may have been:
Agreed by the countries on both sides
Imposed by the country on one side
Imposed by third parties, e.g. an international conference
Inherited from a former state, colonial power or aristocratic territory
Inherited from a former internal border, such as within the former Soviet Union
Never formally defined.
In addition, a border may be a de facto military ceasefire line.
Classification of borders[edit]
Political borders are imposed on the world through human agency.[2] This means that, although a political border may follow a river or mountain range, such a feature does not automatically define the political border, even though it may be a major physical barrier to crossing. Political borders are often classified by whether or not they follow conspicuous physical features on the earth.
Borders that are natural[edit]
A photograph of the France–Italy border at night. The southwestern end of the Alps separates the two countries.
Natural borders are geographical features that present natural obstacles to communication and transport. Existing political borders are often a formalization of these historical, natural obstacles.
Some geographical features that often constitute natural borders are:
Oceans: oceans create very costly natural borders. Very few nation-states span more than one continent. Only very large and resource-rich states are able to sustain the costs of governance across oceans for longer periods of time.
Rivers: some political borders have been formalized along natural borders formed by rivers. Some examples are: the Niagara River (Canada–USA), the Rio Grande (Mexico–USA), the Rhine (France–Germany), and the Mekong (Thailand–Laos). Where a precise line is desired, it is often drawn along the thalweg, the deepest line along the river. In the Hebrew Bible, Moses defined the middle of the river Arnon as the border between Moab and the Israelite tribes settling east of the river Jordan (Deuteronomy 3:16). The United States Supreme Court ruled in 1910 that the boundary between the American states of Maryland and West Virginia is the south bank of the Potomac River.
Lakes: larger lakes create natural borders. One example is the natural border created by Lake Tanganyika, with DR Congo and Zambia on its west shore and Tanzania and Burundi on the east.
Forests: denser jungles or forests can create strong natural borders. One example of a natural forest border is the Amazon rainforest, separating Brazil and Bolivia from Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
Mountain ranges: research on borders suggests that mountains have especially strong effects as natural borders. Many nations in Europe and Asia have had their political borders defined along mountain ranges, often along a drainage divide.
Throughout history, technological advances have reduced the costs of transport and communication across these natural borders. This has reduced the significance of natural borders over time. As a result, political borders that have been formalized more recently — such as those in Africa or Americas — typically conform less to natural borders[citation needed] than very old borders — such as those in Europe or Asia — do.
Geometric borders[edit]
Geometric boundaries are formed by straight lines (such as lines of latitude or longitude), or occasionally arcs (Pennsylvania/Delaware) regardless of the physical and cultural features of the area. Political boundaries of this kind can often be found around the states that developed out of colonial holdings, such as in Africa and the Middle East.
Fiat borders[edit]
A generalization of the idea of geometric borders is the idea of fiat boundaries, by which is meant any sort of boundary which does not track an underlying bona fide physical discontinuity. Fiat boundaries are typically the product of human demarcation—for example in demarcating electoral districts or postal districts.[3]
Relict borders[edit]
A relict border is a former boundary, which may no longer be a legal boundary at all. However, the former presence of the boundary can still be seen in the landscape. For instance, the boundary between East and West Germany is no longer an international boundary, but can still be seen because of historical markers on the landscape and continues to be a cultural and economic division in Germany today.
Maritime borders[edit]
Main article: Maritime boundary
The Strait of Dover viewed from France, looking towards the United Kingdom.
A maritime border is a division enclosing an area in the ocean where a nation has exclusive rights over the mineral and biological resources,[4] encompassing maritime features, limits and zones.[5] Maritime borders represent the jurisdictional borders of a maritime nation[6] and are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Maritime borders exist in the context of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones; however, the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries, which are considered within the context of land boundaries.
Some maritime borders have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which illustrate regional problems.[7]
Border economics[edit]
The United States–Mexico border: San Diego–Tijuana.
A border wall on a beach separating United States - Mexico
The presence of borders often fosters certain economic features or anomalies. Wherever two jurisdictions come into contact, special economic opportunities arise for border trade. Smuggling provides a classic case; contrariwise, a border region may flourish on the provision of excise or of import–export services — legal or quasi-legal, corrupt or legitimate. Different regulations on either side of a border may encourage services to position themselves at or near that border: thus the provision of pornography, of prostitution, of alcohol and/or of narcotics may cluster around borders, city limits, county lines, ports and airports. In a more planned and official context, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) often tend to cluster near borders or ports.
Even if the goods are not perceived to be undesirable, states will still seek to document and regulate the cross-border trade in order to collect tariffs and benefit from foreign currency exchange revenues.[8] Thus, there is the concept unofficial trade in goods otherwise legal; for example, the cross-border trade in livestock by pastoralists in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia sells an estimated $250 to $300 million of livestock to Somalia, Kenya and Djibouti every year unofficially, over 100 times the official estimate.[8]
Human economic traffic across borders (apart from kidnapping) may involve mass commuting between workplaces and residential settlements. The removal of internal barriers to commerce, as in France after the French Revolution or in Europe since the 1940s, de-emphasises border-based economic activity and fosters free trade. Euroregions are similar official structures built around commuting across boundary.
Politics[edit]
Borders between Israel, Syria and Lebanon in Mount Hermon region. The Blue Line between Israel and Lebanon – marked by black asterisk. Disengagement Israeli front line with Syria (1974) - marked by blue asterisk. Disengagement Syrian front line with Israel (1974) - marked by red asterisk.
Political borders have a variety of meanings for those whom they affect. Many borders in the world have checkpoints where border control agents inspect persons and/or goods crossing the boundary.
In much of Europe, controls on persons were abolished by the 1985 Schengen Agreement and subsequent European Union legislation. Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external borders within the European Union and the associated Schengen Area states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt out (United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintain the Common Travel Area amongst themselves).
The United States has notably increased measures taken in border control on the Canada–United States border and the United States–Mexico border during its War on Terrorism (See Shantz 2010). One American writer has said that the 3,600 km (2,200 mi) US-Mexico border is probably "the world's longest boundary between a First World and Third World country".[9]
The Swiss–Italian border
Historic borders such as the Great Wall of China, the Maginot Line, and Hadrian's Wall have played a great many roles and been marked in different ways. While the stone walls, the Great Wall of China and the Roman Hadrian's Wall in Britain had military functions, the entirety of the Roman borders were very porous, which encouraged Roman economic activity with neighbors.[10] On the other hand, a border like the Maginot Line was entirely military and was meant to prevent any access in what was to be World War II to France by its neighbor, Germany; Germany ended up going around the Maginot Line through Belgium just as it had done in World War I.
Cross-border regions[edit]
Macro-regional integration initiatives, such as the European Union and NAFTA, have spurred the establishment of cross-border regions. These are initiatives driven by local or regional authorities, aimed at dealing with local border-transcending problems such as transport and environmental degradation.[11] Many cross-border regions are also active in encouraging intercultural communication and dialogue as well as cross-border economic development strategies.
In Europe, the European Union provides financial support to cross-border regions via its Interreg programme. The Council of Europe has issued the Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation, providing a legal framework for cross-border co-operation even though it is in practice rarely used by Euroregions.
Border studies[edit]
There has been a renaissance in the study of borders during the past two decades, partially from creation of a counter narrative to notions of a borderless world that have been advanced as part of globalization theory.[12] Examples of recent initiatives are the Border Regions in Transition network of scholars,[13] the International Boundaries Research Unit at the University of Durham,[14] the Association of Borderlands Studies based in North America,[15] the African Borderlands Research Network (ABORNE) and the founding of smaller border research centres at Nijmegen[16] and Queen's University Belfast.[17]
Images gallery[edit]
The following pictures show in how many different ways international and regional borders can be closed off, monitored, at least marked as such, or simply unremarkable.
Borders of the World
The Wagah border crossing between India and Pakistan along the Radcliffe Line.
Border at Tijuana, Mexico and San Ysidro, California, United States. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated.
A sign showing the limits of the Frontier Closed Area, a 28-km² area along the Hong Kong-side of the 30-km-long border between Hong Kong and mainland China.
The bridge over the Anarjohka in Karigasniemi, on the border of Finland with Norway
The border between Argentina (Puerto Iguazú) and Brazil (Foz do Iguazú) on the Iguazú River.
The Peace Arch at the Canada–United States border, the longest common border in the world.
A sign at the Polish-Czech border near Králický Sněžník, indicating that only citizens of the European Union and of five more states may cross. When the Schengen rules became applicable in 2007, the sign became obsolete.
A typical Schengen internal border (near Kufstein between Germany and Austria): the traffic island marks the spot where a control post once stood; it was removed in 2000.
Self-illuminating Border flower pot between Burghausen, Salzach in Germany and Ach in Austria.
A border within a closely built-up area – near Aachen between Germany and the Netherlands: Germany starts at the red line drawn in the photo.
Border between the Netherlands and Belgium next to a street café in Baarle Nassau and Baarle Hertog. Some European borders originate from former land ownership boundaries.
The metal strip within the building of the Eurode Business Centre marks the border between the Netherlands and Germany, in Kerkrade and Herzogenrath.
The border between the Netherlands (right) and Germany (left) is located in the center of this residential road, and, nowadays, completely unmarked.
Italy/Switzerland border stone at Passo San Giacomo. Some borders were broadly defined by treaty, and surveyors would then choose a suitable line on the ground.
Guadiana International Bridge at the Portugal-Spain border, whose limits were established by the Treaty of Alcañices in 1297. It is one of the oldest borders in the world.
The Treriksröset cairn located at the point where Sweden, Norway and Finland meet.
The gate that borders East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia and East Timor.
The marker between the United States and Canada in Waterton-Glacier National Park.
A road crossing the Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border from the British side. This border is entirely open: the only indication that one is crossing into the Republic of Ireland is a speed limit sign in kilometres per hour (signs in the United Kingdom are in miles per hour).
A train crossing the China–Russia border, travelling from Zabaykalsk in Russia to Manzhouli in China.
The winding border between Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night.
See also[edit]
Border control
Boundary (real estate)
Geopolitics
List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders
List of countries that border only one other country
List of international border rivers
List of countries and territories by land borders
List of bordering countries with greatest relative differences in GDP (PPP) per capita
List of land borders with dates of establishment
List of national border changes since World War I
Political geography
Political science
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mura, Andrea (2016). "National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One". Contemporary Political Theory. 15: 58–79. doi:10.1057/cpt.2015.23.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Edward Heath. Reexamining Fiat, Bona Fide and Force Dynamic Boundaries for Geopolitical Entities and their Placement in DOLCE Applied Ontology 2012 7: pp. 93–108
Jump up ^ Smith, Barry, 1995, "On Drawing Lines on a Map" in A. U. Frank, W. Kuhn and D. M. Mark (eds.), Spatial Information Theory. Proceedings of COSIT 1995, Berlin/Heidelberg/Vienna/New York/London/Tokyo: Springer Verlag, 475–484.
Jump up ^ VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, General info; retrieved 19 November 2010
Jump up ^ Geoscience Australia, Maritime definitions[permanent dead link]; retrieved 19 November 2010
Jump up ^ United States Department of State, Maritime boundaries; retrieved 19 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Valencia, Mark J. (2001). Maritime Regime Building: Lessons Learned and Their Relevance for Northeast Asia, pp. 149–166., p. 149, at Google Books
^ Jump up to: a b Pavanello, Sara 2010. Working across borders – Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands Archived 2010-11-12 at the Wayback Machine.. London: Overseas Development Institute
Jump up ^ Murphy, Cullen. Roman Empire: gold standard of immigration. Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1907 (accessed here June 20, 2007)
Jump up ^ Murphy 2007
Jump up ^ Perkmann, M, Building governance institutions across European borders, Regional Studies, 1999, Vol: 33, pages: 657–667, hdl.handle.net
Jump up ^ D. Newman & A. Paasi, `Fences and neighbours in the post-modern world: boundary narratives in political geography', Progress in Human Geography, 22 (2), 186–207, 1998; D. Newman, "The lines that continue to separate us: Borders in our borderless world", Progress in Human Geography, Vol 30 (2), 1–19, 2006.
Jump up ^ Border Regions in Transition IX Conference, North American and European Border Regions in Comparative Perspective: Markets, States and Border Communities, (January 12–15, 2008) Victoria, BC Canada and Bellingham, WA United States.
Jump up ^ International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham.
Jump up ^ Association for Borderland Studies.
Jump up ^ Nijmegen Centre for Border Research.
Jump up ^ Centre for International Borders Research (CIBR) Queen's University Belfast
Further reading[edit]
Border Stories – A website devoted to stories from both sides of the U.S. Mexico Border
Talking Borders online audio archive at Queen's University Belfast
The World in 2015: National borders undermined? 11-min video interview with Bernard Guetta, a columnist for Libération newspaper and France Inter radio. "For [Guetta], one of the main lessons from international relations in 2014 is that national borders are becoming increasingly irrelevant. These borders, drawn by the colonial powers, were and still are entirely artificial. Now, people want borders along national, religious or ethnic lines. Bernard Guetta calls this a "comeback of real history"."
Mura, Andrea (2016). "National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One". Contemporary Political Theory. 15: 58–79. doi:10.1057/cpt.2015.23.
External links[edit]
Media related to Border at Wikimedia Commons
Look up border in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Collection of pictures of European borders, mainly intra-Schengen borders
Institut Européen des Itinéraires Culturels homepage
Border Ireland – database of activities and publications on cross-border co-operation on the island of Ireland since 1980's
Gallery of 1100 borderpoints in the world
Authority control
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text:
Patience is a virtue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Patience is a virtue.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Patience
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Summa Theologiae by Thomas Aquinas — Question 136: Of Patience
Patience is a virtue is a proverbial phrase referring to one of the seven heavenly virtues typically said to date back to "Psychomachia," an epic poem written in the fifth century.
In popular culture, "Patience is a Virtue" can refer to:
a 1991 single by Lois Reeves, part of the Motorcity Records singles discography
a bonus track on some versions of the 2007 album Release the Stars by Rufus Wainwright
a 2010 mixtape from Romeo Miller's discography
Rachel Weisz's character Evelyn "Evie" Carnahan O'Connell said the phrase in The Mummy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patience_is_a_virtue&oldid=796853892"
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text:
Sedition Act of 1918
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sedition Act of 1918
Enacted by
the 65th United States Congress
Effective
May 16, 1918
Codification
Acts repealed
December 13, 1920
Legislative history
Passed the House of Representatives on 1918 (293 to 1)
Passed the Senate on 1918 (48 to 26)
Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 16, 1918
United States Supreme Court cases
Abrams v. United States
Brandenburg v. Ohio
The Sedition Act of 1918 (Pub.L. 65–150, 40 Stat. 553, enacted May 16, 1918) was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.[1]
It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. Those convicted under the act generally received sentences of imprisonment for five to 20 years.[2] The act also allowed the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail that met those same standards for punishable speech or opinion. It applied only to times "when the United States is in war." The U.S. was in a declared state of war at the time of passage, the First World War.[3] The law was repealed on December 13, 1920.[4]
Though the legislation enacted in 1918 is commonly called the Sedition Act, it was actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act.[5] Therefore, many studies of the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act find it difficult to report on the two "acts" separately. For example, one historian reports that "some fifteen hundred prosecutions were carried out under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, resulting in more than a thousand convictions."[6] Court decisions do not use the shorthand term Sedition Act, but the correct legal term for the law, the Espionage Act, whether as originally enacted or as amended in 1918.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earlier legislation
2 Enactment
3 Enforcement
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 Further reading
8 External links
Earlier legislation[edit]
The Espionage Act of 1917 made it a crime to interfere with the war effort or with military recruitment or to attempt to aid a nation at war with the U.S. Wartime violence on the part of local groups of citizens, sometimes mobs or vigilantes, persuaded some lawmakers that the law was inadequate. In their view the country was witnessing instances of public disorder that represented the public's own attempt to punish unpopular speech in light of the government's inability to do so. Amendments to enhance the government's authority under the Espionage Act would prevent mobs from doing what the government could not.[7]
Enactment[edit]
While much of the debate focused on the law's precise language, there was considerable opposition in the Senate, almost entirely from Republicans like Henry Cabot Lodge and Hiram Johnson, the former speaking in defense of free speech and the latter assailing the administration for failing to use the laws already in place.[8][9][10] Former President Theodore Roosevelt voiced opposition as well.[11] President Wilson and his Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory viewed the bill as a political compromise. They hoped to avoid hearings that would embarrass the administration for its failure to prosecute offensive speech. They also feared other proposals that would have withdrawn prosecutorial authority from the Justice Department and placed it in the War Department, creating a sort of civilian court-martial process of questionable constitutionality.[12][13] The final vote for passage was 48 to 26 in the Senate[8] and 293 to 1 in the House of Representatives,[14] with the sole dissenting vote in the House cast by Meyer London of New York.[15]
Officials in the Justice Department who had little enthusiasm for the law nevertheless hoped that even without generating many prosecutions it would help quiet public calls for more government action against those thought to be insufficiently patriotic.[16]
Enforcement[edit]
Most U.S. newspapers "showed no antipathy toward the act" and "far from opposing the measure, the leading papers seemed actually to lead the movement in behalf of its speedy enactment."[17]
The legislation came so late in the war, just a few months before Armistice Day, that prosecutions under the provisions of the Sedition Act were few.[16] One notable case was that of Mollie Steimer, convicted under the Espionage Act as amended by the Sedition Act.[18] U.S. Attorneys at first had considerable discretion in using these laws, until Gregory, a few weeks before the end of the war, instructed them not to act without his approval. Enforcement varied greatly from one jurisdiction to the next, with most activity in the Western states where the Industrial Workers of the World labor union was prevalent.[19] For example, Marie Equi was arrested for giving a speech at the IWW hall in Portland, Oregon, and was convicted after the war was over.[20]
In April 1918, the government arrested industrialist William Edenborn, a naturalized citizen from Germany, at his railroad business in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was accused of speaking "disloyally" when he allegedly belittled the threat of Germany to the security of the United States.[21]
In June 1918, the Socialist Party figure Eugene V. Debs of Indiana was arrested for violating the Sedition Act by undermining the government's conscription efforts. He was sentenced to ten years in prison. He served his sentence in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary from April 13, 1919, until December 1921, when President Harding commuted Debs' sentence to time served, effective on December 25, Christmas Day.[22] In March 1919, President Wilson, at the suggestion of Attorney General Thomas Watt Gregory, released or reduced the sentences of some two hundred prisoners convicted under the Espionage Act or the Sedition Act.[23]
With the act rendered inoperative by the end of hostilities, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer waged a public campaign, not unrelated to his own campaign for the Democratic nomination for president, in favor of a peacetime version of the Sedition Act.[24] He sent a circular outlining his rationale to newspaper editors in January 1919, citing the dangerous foreign-language press and radical attempts to create unrest in African American communities.[25] He testified in favor of such a law in early June 1920. At one point Congress had more than 70 versions of proposed language and amendments for such a bill,[26] but it took no action on the controversial proposal during the campaign year of 1920.[27] After a court decision later in June cited Palmer's anti-radical campaign for its abuse of power, the conservative Christian Science Monitor found itself unable to support him any more, writing on June 25, 1920: "What appeared to be an excess of radicalism...was certainly met with...an excess of suppression."[28] The Alien Registration Act of 1940 was the first American peacetime sedition act.[29]
The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Sedition Act in Abrams v. United States (1919),[30] although Oliver Wendell Holmes used his dissenting opinion to make a commentary on what has come to be known as "the marketplace of ideas". Subsequent Supreme Court decisions, such as Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), make it unlikely that similar legislation would be considered constitutional today.
As part of a sweeping repeal of War Time Laws, Congress repealed the Sedition Act on December 13, 1920.[4][31][32]
See also[edit]
Sedition Act of 1798, outlawing false criticism of the American government, which expired in 1800.
Smith Act of 1940, passed in anticipation of World War II and later used against alleged Communist agents.
Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007, a failed bill which would have taken measures against domestic terrorism.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stone, 541; Kennedy, 80
Jump up ^ Stone, 12
Jump up ^ Stone, 186; Chafee, 44-5
^ Jump up to: a b Stone, 230
Jump up ^ Chafee, 44
Jump up ^ Avrich, 94
Jump up ^ Stone, 187-8; Chafee, 46.
^ Jump up to: a b "Senate Accepts Sedition Bill". The New York Times. May 5, 1918. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Senators Assail the Sedition Bill". The New York Times. May 4, 1918. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Fears Speech Curb in Sedition Bill". The New York Times. April 25, 1918. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Stone, 189-90.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 80.
Jump up ^ "Spies and their Congeners". The New York Times. April 22, 1918. Retrieved February 11, 2010. ("Congeners" means "others of the same sort.")
Jump up ^ Stone, 190
Jump up ^ "Sedition Bill Sent to Wilson by House". The New York Times. May 8, 1918. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Stone, 191n.
Jump up ^ Mock,
Jump up ^ Stone, 139.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 83
Jump up ^ Hodges, Michael (Fall 2007), "At War Over the Espionage Act in Portland", Oregon Historical Quarterly, 108 (3), archived from the original on 2008-10-15
Jump up ^ "Railway President Held as Seditionist; William Edenborn, Naturalized German, Accused of Disloyal Speech in Louisiana, April 28, 1918". The New York Times, April 28, 1918. April 29, 1918. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Harding Frees Debs and 23 Others Held for War Violations," December 24, 1921, accessed January 4, 2011
Jump up ^ Stone, 231-2
Jump up ^ Stone, 225. President Wilson endorsed a peacetime Sedition Act in December 1919. Kennedy, 87
Jump up ^ Chafee, 195-6
Jump up ^ Chafee, 197
Jump up ^ Nelles, 2
Jump up ^ Stone, 226; Chafee, 198
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 87
Jump up ^ Kennedy, 86
Jump up ^ According to Kennedy, 87n, the Sedition Act amendments were set to expire in 1921.
Jump up ^ According to Hagedorn, 433, the Sedition Act amendments were repealed in March 1921.
Sources[edit]
Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991)
Hagedorn, Ann, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007)
Kennedy, David M., Over Here: The First World War and American Society (NY: Oxford University Press, 2004)
Mock, James R., Censorship 1917 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941)
Nelles, Walter, Seeing Red: Civil Liberty and the Law in the Period Following the War (American Civil Liberties Union, 1920)
Stone, Geoffrey R., Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004)
Further reading[edit]
Kohn, Stephen M., American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition Acts (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994)
Murphy, Paul L., World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States (NY: W. W. Norton, 1979)
Peterson, H.C., and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War, 1917–1918 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1957)
Preston, William, Jr. Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994)
Rabban, David M., Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
Scheiber, Harry N., The Wilson Administration and Civil Liberties 1917–1921 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1960)
Thomas, William H., Jr. Unsafe for Democracy: World War I and the U.S. Justice Department's Covert Campaign to Suppress Dissent. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2008)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Sedition Act of 1918
The Montana Sedition Project
A prosecution, Nashville, August 1918
Text of the Sedition Act of 1918
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