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Gregor Mendel
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Gregor Mendel
Born
Johann Mendel
(1822-07-20)20 July 1822
Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Silesia, Austrian Empire (now Hynčice, Czech Republic)
Died
6 January 1884(1884-01-06) (aged 61)
Brünn, Austria-Hungary (now Brno, Czech Republic)
Nationality
Austrian
Alma mater
University of Olomouc
University of Vienna
Known for
Creating the science of genetics
Scientific career
Fields
Genetics
Institutions
St Thomas's Abbey
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Gregor Johann Mendel (Czech: Řehoř Jan Mendel;[1] 20 July 1822[2] – 6 January 1884) (English: /ˈmɛndəl/) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family[3] in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire (today's Czech Republic) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.[4]
Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color. Taking seed color as an example, Mendel showed that when a true-breeding yellow pea and a true-breeding green pea were cross-bred their offspring always produced yellow seeds. However, in the next generation, the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1 green to 3 yellow. To explain this phenomenon, Mendel coined the terms “recessive” and “dominant” in reference to certain traits. (In the preceding example, the green trait, which seems to have vanished in the first filial generation, is recessive and the yellow is dominant.) He published his work in 1866, demonstrating the actions of invisible “factors”—now called genes—in predictably determining the traits of an organism.
The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century (more than three decades later) with the rediscovery of his laws.[5] Erich von Tschermak, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and William Jasper Spillman independently verified several of Mendel's experimental findings, ushering in the modern age of genetics.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Contributions
2.1 Experiments on plant hybridization
2.1.1 Initial reception of Mendel's work
2.2 Other experiments
3 Rediscovery of Mendel's work
4 The Mendelian Paradox
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Life and career
Mendel was born into a German-speaking family in Hynčice (Heinzendorf bei Odrau in German), at the Moravian-Silesian border, Austrian Empire (now a part of the Czech Republic).[3] He was the son of Anton and Rosine (Schwirtlich) Mendel and had one older sister, Veronika, and one younger, Theresia. They lived and worked on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for at least 130 years.[6] During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. As a young man, he attended gymnasium in Opava (called Troppau in German). He had to take four months off during his gymnasium studies due to illness. From 1840 to 1843, he studied practical and theoretical philosophy and physics at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olomouc, taking another year off because of illness. He also struggled financially to pay for his studies, and Theresia gave him her dowry. Later he helped support her three sons, two of whom became doctors.
He became a friar in part because it enabled him to obtain an education without having to pay for it himself.[7] As the son of a struggling farmer, the monastic life, in his words, spared him the "perpetual anxiety about a means of livelihood."[8] He was given the name Gregor (Řehoř in Czech)[1] when he joined the Augustinian friars.[9]
When Mendel entered the Faculty of Philosophy, the Department of Natural History and Agriculture was headed by Johann Karl Nestler who conducted extensive research of hereditary traits of plants and animals, especially sheep. Upon recommendation of his physics teacher Friedrich Franz,[10] Mendel entered the Augustinian St Thomas's Abbey in Brno (called Brünn in German) and began his training as a priest. Born Johann Mendel, he took the name Gregor upon entering religious life. Mendel worked as a substitute high school teacher. In 1850, he failed the oral part, the last of three parts, of his exams to become a certified high school teacher. In 1851, he was sent to the University of Vienna to study under the sponsorship of Abbot C. F. Napp so that he could get more formal education.[11] At Vienna, his professor of physics was Christian Doppler.[12] Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher, principally of physics. In 1856, he took the exam to become a certified teacher and again failed the oral part.[11] In 1867, he replaced Napp as abbot of the monastery.[13]
After he was elevated as abbot in 1868, his scientific work largely ended, as Mendel became overburdened with administrative responsibilities, especially a dispute with the civil government over its attempt to impose special taxes on religious institutions.[14] Mendel died on 6 January 1884, at the age of 61, in Brno, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic), from chronic nephritis. Czech composer Leoš Janáček played the organ at his funeral. After his death, the succeeding abbot burned all papers in Mendel's collection, to mark an end to the disputes over taxation.[15]
Contributions
Experiments on plant hybridization
Dominant and recessive phenotypes. (1) Parental generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2 generation.
Gregor Mendel, who is known as the "father of modern genetics", was inspired by both his professors at the Palacký University, Olomouc (Friedrich Franz and Johann Karl Nestler), and his colleagues at the monastery (such as Franz Diebl) to study variation in plants. In 1854, Napp authorized Mendel to carry out a study in the monastery's 2 hectares (4.9 acres) experimental garden,[16] which was originally planted by Napp in 1830.[13] Unlike Nestler, who studied hereditary traits in sheep, Mendel used the common edible pea and started his experiments in 1856.
After initial experiments with pea plants, Mendel settled on studying seven traits that seemed to be inherited independently of other traits: seed shape, flower color, seed coat tint, pod shape, unripe pod color, flower location, and plant height. He first focused on seed shape, which was either angular or round.[17] Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, the majority of which were pea plants (Pisum sativum).[18][19][20] This study showed that, when true-breeding different varieties were crossed to each other (e.g., tall plants fertilized by short plants), in the second generation, one in four pea plants had purebred recessive traits, two out of four were hybrids, and one out of four were purebred dominant. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment, which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.[21]
Initial reception of Mendel's work
Mendel presented his paper, "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brno in Moravia on 8 February and 8 March 1865.[22] It generated a few favorable reports in local newspapers,[23] but was ignored by the scientific community. When Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn,[24] it was seen as essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance, had little impact, and was only cited about three times over the next thirty-five years. His paper was criticized at the time, but is now considered a seminal work.[25] Notably, Charles Darwin was unaware of Mendel's paper, and it is envisaged that if he had, genetics as we know it now might have taken hold much earlier.[26][27] Mendel's scientific biography thus provides an example of the failure of obscure, highly original, innovators to receive the attention they deserve.[28]
Other experiments
Mendel began his studies on heredity using mice. He was at St. Thomas's Abbey but his bishop did not like one of his friars studying animal sex, so Mendel switched to plants.[29] Mendel also bred bees in a bee house that was built for him, using bee hives that he designed.[30] He also studied astronomy and meteorology,[13] founding the 'Austrian Meteorological Society' in 1865.[12] The majority of his published works was related to meteorology.[12]
Mendel also experimented with hawkweed (Hieracium)[31] and honeybees. He published a report on his work with hawkweed,[32] a group of plants of great interest to scientists at the time because of their diversity. However, the results of Mendel's inheritance study in hawkweeds was unlike his results for peas; the first generation was very variable and many of their offspring were identical to the maternal parent. In his correspondence with Carl Nägeli he discussed his results but was unable to explain them.[31] It was not appreciated until the end of the nineteen century that many hawkweed species were apomictic, producing most of their seeds through an asexual process.
None of his results on bees survived, except for a passing mention in the reports of Moravian Apiculture Society.[33] All that is known definitely is that he used Cyprian and Carniolan bees,[34] which were particularly aggressive to the annoyance of other monks and visitors of the monastery such that he was asked to get rid of them.[35] Mendel, on the other hand, was fond of his bees, and referred to them as "my dearest little animals".[36]
He also described novel plant species, and these are denoted with the botanical author abbreviation "Mendel".[37]
Rediscovery of Mendel's work
It would appear that the forty odd scientists who listened to Mendel's two path-breaking lectures failed to understand his work. Later, he also carried a correspondence with Carl Naegeli, one of the leading biologists of the time, but Naegli too failed to appreciate Mendel's discoveries. At times, Mendel must have entertained doubts about his work, but not always: "My time will come," he reportedly told a friend.[8]
During Mendel's lifetime, most biologists held the idea that all characteristics were passed to the next generation through blending inheritance, in which the traits from each parent are averaged. Instances of this phenomenon are now explained by the action of multiple genes with quantitative effects. Charles Darwin tried unsuccessfully to explain inheritance through a theory of pangenesis. It was not until the early twentieth century that the importance of Mendel's ideas was realized.
By 1900, research aimed at finding a successful theory of discontinuous inheritance rather than blending inheritance led to independent duplication of his work by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, and the rediscovery of Mendel's writings and laws. Both acknowledged Mendel's priority, and it is thought probable that de Vries did not understand the results he had found until after reading Mendel.[5] Though Erich von Tschermak was originally also credited with rediscovery, this is no longer accepted because he did not understand Mendel's laws.[38] Though de Vries later lost interest in Mendelism, other biologists started to establish modern genetics as a science.[5] All three of these researchers, each from a different country, published their rediscovery of Mendel's work within a two-month span in the Spring of 1900.[39]
Mendel's results were quickly replicated, and genetic linkage quickly worked out. Biologists flocked to the theory; even though it was not yet applicable to many phenomena, it sought to give a genotypic understanding of heredity which they felt was lacking in previous studies of heredity which focused on phenotypic approaches.[40] Most prominent of these previous approaches was the biometric school of Karl Pearson and W. F. R. Weldon, which was based heavily on statistical studies of phenotype variation. The strongest opposition to this school came from William Bateson, who perhaps did the most in the early days of publicising the benefits of Mendel's theory (the word "genetics", and much of the discipline's other terminology, originated with Bateson). This debate between the biometricians and the Mendelians was extremely vigorous in the first two decades of the twentieth century, with the biometricians claiming statistical and mathematical rigor,[41] whereas the Mendelians claimed a better understanding of biology.[42][43] (Modern genetics shows that Mendelian heredity is in fact an inherently biological process, though not all genes of Mendel's experiments are yet understood.)[44][45]
In the end, the two approaches were combined, especially by work conducted by R. A. Fisher as early as 1918. The combination, in the 1930s and 1940s, of Mendelian genetics with Darwin's theory of natural selection resulted in the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology.[46][47]
The Mendelian Paradox
In 1936, R.A. Fisher, a prominent statistician and population geneticist, reconstructed Mendel's experiments, analyzed results from the F2 (second filial) generation and found the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes (e.g. green versus yellow peas; round versus wrinkled peas) to be implausibly and consistently too close to the expected ratio of 3 to 1.[48][49][50] Fisher asserted that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations,"[48] Mendel's alleged observations, according to Fisher, were "abominable", "shocking",[51] and "cooked".[52]
Other scholars agree with Fisher that Mendel's various observations come uncomfortably close to Mendel's expectations. Dr. Edwards,[53] for instance, remarks: "One can applaud the lucky gambler; but when he is lucky again tomorrow, and the next day, and the following day, one is entitled to become a little suspicious". Three other lines of evidence likewise lend support to the assertion that Mendel’s results are indeed too good to be true.[54]
Fisher's analysis gave rise to the Mendelian Paradox, a paradox that remains unsolved to this very day. Thus, on the one hand, Mendel's reported data are, statistically speaking, too good to be true; on the other, "everything we know about Mendel suggests that he was unlikely to engage in either deliberate fraud or in unconscious adjustment of his observations."[54] A number of writers have attempted to resolve this paradox.
One attempted explanation invokes confirmation bias.[55] Fisher accused Mendel's experiments as "biased strongly in the direction of agreement with expectation... to give the theory the benefit of doubt".[48] This might arise if he detected an approximate 3 to 1 ratio early in his experiments with a small sample size, and, in cases where the ratio appeared to deviate slightly from this, continued collecting more data until the results conformed more nearly to an exact ratio.
In his 2004, J.W. Porteous concluded that Mendel's observations were indeed implausible.[56] However, reproduction of the experiments has demonstrated that there is no real bias towards Mendel's data.[57]
Another attempt[54] to resolve the Mendelian Paradox notes that a conflict may sometimes arise between the moral imperative of a bias-free recounting of one's factual observations and the even more important imperative of advancing scientific knowledge. Mendel might have felt compelled “to simplify his data in order to meet real, or feared, editorial objections.”[53] Such an action could be justified on moral grounds (and hence provide a resolution to the Mendelian Paradox), since the alternative—refusing to comply—might have retarded the growth of scientific knowledge. Similarly, like so many other obscure innovators of science,[53][28] Mendel, a little known innovator of working-class background, had to “break through the cognitive paradigms and social prejudices of his audience.[53] If such a breakthrough “could be best achieved by deliberately omitting some observations from his report and adjusting others to make them more palatable to his audience, such actions could be justified on moral grounds.”[54]
Daniel L. Hartl and Daniel J. Fairbanks reject outright Fisher's statistical argument, suggesting that Fisher incorrectly interpreted Mendel's experiments. They find it likely that Mendel scored more than 10 progeny, and that the results matched the expectation. They conclude: "Fisher's allegation of deliberate falsification can finally be put to rest, because on closer analysis it has proved to be unsupported by convincing evidence."[51][58] In 2008 Hartl and Fairbanks (with Allan Franklin and AWF Edwards) wrote a comprehensive book in which they concluded that there were no reasons to assert Mendel fabricated his results, nor that Fisher deliberately tried to diminish Mendel's legacy.[59] Reassessment of Fisher's statistical analysis, according to these authors, also disprove the notion of confirmation bias in Mendel's results.[60][61]
See also
Mendelian inheritance
List of Roman Catholic cleric–scientists
Mendel Museum of Genetics
Mendel Polar Station in Antarctica
Mendel University Brno
Mendelian error
References
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Bibliography
Smith, Jos A.; Cheryl Bardoe; Smith, Joseph A. (2006). Gregor Mendel: the friar who grew peas. Abrams Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-8109-5475-3.
William Bateson Mendel, Gregor; Bateson, William (2009). Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defence, with a Translation of Mendel's Original Papers on Hybridisation (Cambridge Library Collection – Life Sciences). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-108-00613-2. On-line Facsimile Edition: Electronic Scholarly Publishing, Prepared by Robert Robbins
Klein, Jan; Klein, Norman (2013). Solitude of a Humble Genius – Gregor Johann Mendel: Volume 1. Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-35253-9.
Henig, Robin Marantz (2000). The Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0395-97765-1.
Robert Lock, Recent Progress in the Study of Variation, Heredity and Evolution, London, 1906
Orel, Vítĕzslav (1996). Gregor Mendel: the first geneticist. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854774-9.
Reginald Punnett, Mendelism, Cambridge, 1905
Curt Stern and Sherwood ER (1966) The Origin of Genetics.
Tudge, Colin (2000). In Mendel's footnotes: an introduction to the science and technologies of genes and genetics from the nineteenth century to the twenty-second. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-928875-3.
Waerden, B. L. V. D. (1968). "Mendel's Experiments". Centaurus. 12 (4): 275–288. Bibcode:1968Cent...12..275V. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1968.tb00098.x. PMID 4880928. refutes allegations about "data smoothing"
James Walsh, Catholic Churchmen in Science, Philadelphia: Dolphin Press, 1906
Ronald A. Fisher, "Has Mendel's Work Been Rediscovered?" Annals of Science, Volume 1, (1936): 115–137. Discusses the possibility of fraud in his research.
Further reading
Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1922). "Mendelism". London: Macmillan. (1st Pub. 1905)
Taylor, Monica (July–September 1922). "Abbot Mendel". Dublin Review. London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne.
Windle, Bertram C. A. (1915). "Mendel and His Theory of Heredity". A Century of Scientific Thought and Other Essays. Burns & Oates.
Zumkeller, Adolar & Hartmann, Arnulf. 1971. Recently Discovered Sermon Sketches of Gregor Mendel. Folia Mendeliana 6:247–252
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gregor Mendel.
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Johann Gregor Mendel: Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 (72) years (in German)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 7455283
LCCN: n50036968
ISNI: 0000 0001 2119 4092
GND: 118580698
SUDOC: 028311876
BNF: cb12298563v (data)
NLA: 35346488
NDL: 00524395
NKC: jk01081221
Botanist: Mendel
BNE: XX975705
SNAC: w63t9mkh
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text:
Jimmy Flynn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jimmy Flynn
Born
James P. Flynn
(1934-02-05) February 5, 1934 (age 84)
Somerville, Massachusetts, United States
Occupation
Actor, teamster
Years active
????–present
James P. Flynn (born February 5, 1934) is an American teamster and film actor. He was a reputed member of the famous Winter Hill Gang.[citation needed] He has been in films including Good Will Hunting,[1] The Cider House Rules and What's the Worst That Could Happen?.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Filmography
3 References
4 External links
Biography[edit]
James P. Flynn was born in Somerville, Massachusetts.
In 1982, Flynn was wrongly identified as a shooter in the murder of Winter Hill Gang mob associate Brian “Balloonhead” Halloran and attempted murder of Michael Donahue.[3][4] He was tried and acquitted for the murder in 1986 after being framed by John Connolly and James J. Bulger.[5]
Flynn was a part of Boston's International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local 25 labor union where he later ran the organization's movie production crew. He has also been the Teamster Union's transportation coordinator and transportation captain in the transportation department on numerous films,[4][6] including The Departed, Fever Pitch and Jumanji.[7]
Flynn appeared in many films shot in the New England area. In show business he goes by the name 'James P. Flynn'. Flynn was cast as a judge in the Boston-based film Good Will Hunting in 1997.[8][9] Later, he acted in the 1999 film The Cider House Rules and What's the Worst That Could Happen? in 2001.[2] He was also a truck driver for movie production equipment during the filming of My Best Friend's Girl in 2008. Boston actor Tom Kemp remarked: "[The film The Departed] wouldn't be a Boston movie without me, a Wahlberg, and Jimmy Flynn from the teamsters."[10]
Filmography[edit]
Good Will Hunting (1997) as Judge George H. Malone
The Cider House Rules (1999) as Vernon
What's the Worst That Could Happen? (2001) as the Fire Captain
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Janelle Nanos (January 8, 2013). "Robin Williams on Good Will Hunting". Boston Magazine. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Steve Early (March 22, 2012). "The IBT on Reality TV: Boston Union Teams Up With Mark Wahlberg". In These Times. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cullen, Kevin; Murphy, Shelley (February 13, 2011). Whitey Bulger: America's Most Wanted Gangster and the Manhunt That Brought Him to Justice. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 229–230. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Howie Carr (June 4, 2013). Hitman: The Untold Story of Johnny Martorano---Whitey Bulger's Partner and the Most Feared Gangster in the Underworld. St. Martin's Press. pp. 198–199. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dan Barry (July 15, 2011). "A Voice for Those Silenced in a Mobster's Reign". The New York Times. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jack Sullivan (August 9, 2000). "Hear no evil: Sources: Gov ignored Teamsters threat complaints". Boston Herald. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jimmy Flynn". IMDB. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Howie Carr (July 31, 2007). The Brothers Bulger: How They Terrorized and Corrupted Boston for a Quarter Century. Grand Central Publishing. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Robert; Land, Jon (January 3, 2012). Betrayal: Whitey Bulger and the FBI Agent Who Fought to Bring Him Down. Macmillan. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ The Boston Globe, "'The Departed' Has Local Launch", Carol Beggy & Mark Shanahan, October 4, 2006, Living Section, page F.2
External links[edit]
Jimmy Flynn on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Flynn&oldid=798915914"
Categories:
American people of Irish descent
American mobsters of Irish descent
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Male actors from Boston
Winter Hill Gang
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text:
Daddy's Home 2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Daddy's Home 2
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Sean Anders
Produced by
Will Ferrell
Adam McKay
Chris Henchy
John Morris
Screenplay by
Sean Anders
John Morris
Based on
Characters
by Brian Burns
Starring
Will Ferrell
Mark Wahlberg
Linda Cardellini
John Cena
John Lithgow
Mel Gibson
Music by
Michael Andrews
Cinematography
Julio Macat
Edited by
Brad Wilhite
Production
companies
Gary Sanchez Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) (Regency Village Theater)
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10) (United States)
Running time
100 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$69 million[2]
Box office
$180.6 million[2]
Daddy's Home 2 is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris. A sequel to Daddy's Home (2015), it stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, John Cena, John Lithgow and Mel Gibson. The plot follows now reformed-fathers Brad and Dusty (Ferrell and Wahlberg), now co-parenting Dusty's kids, who have to deal with their own fathers (Lithgow and Gibson) visiting for the holidays.
Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 2017. Although the film received unfavorable reviews, it has grossed over $180 million worldwide on a $69 million budget.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
After finally becoming friends at the end of the first film, Brad Whittaker and Dusty Mayron have a co-dad system where their two children, Megan and Dylan, take turns at each father's house. Dusty has also remarried, this time to Karen, a writer, and is stepdad to Adrianna, Karen's daughter.
Brad and his wife, Sara, along with Dusty and Karen, attend a school play for Megan, where she announces to the whole audience that she doesn't like the fact that she has to go back and forth to different houses all the time. Back at the house, after the play, Brad and Dusty decide to do away with having two separate Christmases and instead do one "together Christmas". Dusty, however, finds out his tough fighter pilot/astronaut father Kurt (Mel Gibson) is coming for Christmas.
At the airport the next day, Dusty tells Brad that his father is going to make fun of them since he won't understand their co-dad arrangement. When Kurt arrives, he mistakes Brad for a chauffeur. When Dusty explains that Brad is the stepdad to his children, Kurt doesn't like it. Brad's overbearing and over-cheerful dad, Don, arrives next, unnerving Kurt. Don tells Brad that his mother didn't come along, because she is taking care of Brad's Uncle who isn't feeling well.
Back at the house, Megan and Dylan warmly embrace Don, since he is very present in their lives, while Kurt hasn't seen the children since they were toddlers. Kurt rents a large cabin through Airbnb, to house all of them through the holiday week. As Brad and Dusty pack the bags into the car, Dusty tells Brad that Kurt thinks the two men are harboring bad feelings for each other, but are just hiding it from everyone by pretending to be friends. When Kurt comes up, they change the subject.
Throughout the week, Brad and Dusty's co-dad relationship is put to the test by Kurt's meddling. Meanwhile, Dusty tries to get close to his stepdaughter, Adrianna, but she doesn't like him and repeatedly tells him that he isn't her father. Sara also tries to bond with Karen but is taken aback by some of Karen's actions, like shoplifting clothes from a store. Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door. He gets made fun of it by Megan and Adrianna.
The next day, the family goes out to take the kids to see Santa. While there, Kurt convinces Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun, which he does ask for. Brad and Sara tell Dylan that a shotgun for hunting means that a poor innocent animal will lose its life. This convinces Dylan to change his mind, but Megan instead decides she wants to go hunting. While out hunting the next day, Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder, sending him to the hospital.
At the hospital, Dusty and Kurt begin to bond after they almost begin fighting when Kurt tries to leave the hospital. That night, Brad, Dusty, Don & Kurt go to an improv comedy club where the four men are relaxing and having a good time watching the show. Kurt gets up to go get another drink at the bar. Dusty sees Kurt picking up a woman at the bar and leaves with her. Brad enters Don into the improv show, and Dusty chooses a topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of an improv skit. As the skit progresses, it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life. The audience believes that this is all part of the show, even when Brad tries to tell the audience that it is not.
The next day, Brad confronts Dusty. After Dusty reveals that he chose the infidelity subject for the improv game because he wanted to get back at Brad, because of how Brad has a good relationship with Don. Brad says he knows that is why Dusty chose that particular topic and to get back at Dusty; Brad has invited Adrianna's real dad, Roger, to the cabin for Christmas.
That evening, the entire family takes part in a Christmas manger representation. Brad gets into a fight with Dusty after Brad wants to play Joseph, which Dusty is currently playing. This breaks out in front of a crowd that is watching. Instead of Dusty fighting Brad, he almost comes to blows with Roger.
The next morning, Christmas Day, the families all pack up to leave. On their way out of town, the families are forced back to town on account of a blizzard. They are forced to take shelter at a movie theater. With every other movie being sold out, due to the huge influx of business from other families seeking shelter at the theater, both families go to see the last movie available: Missile Tow, a fictitious Liam Neeson holiday action film.
When the power cuts off during the movie, the families go to the lobby where each man confronts their father about the secrets, lies, and attitudes. Don confronts Brad about not telling him the truth about his divorce, while Dusty tries to talk to Kurt. When Dylan sees the girl he has a crush on, is also there at the theater, he is teased again by Megan and Adrianna. After remembering some advice given to him by Kurt, Dylan walks toward her to kiss her. All of a sudden, he doesn't kiss her, but instead kisses Adrianna, his stepsister. Roger gets freaked out and attempts to leave with Adrianna, but is confronted by Dusty. He deduces that the reason why Adrianna hasn't warmed up to him is that he has never told her that he loves her, which he does. He also tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well since he is also part of the family. Roger almost leaves without Adrianna, but has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of Do They Know It's Christmas? and decides to stay. Don and Brad also reconcile.
Sometime later, at the airport, Don and Kurt are preparing to leave to head back to their respective homes. Kurt heads with Don up the terminal escalators, where he reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they're going to spend New Years in Las Vegas.
As Brad's mom's flight arrives, Dusty and Brad discover that Brad's new stepdad is Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, the pilot of the "Miracle on the Hudson" flight. Brad and Dusty remember that they watched the film "Sully" together not too long ago and Brad appears to be welcoming towards him. Brad runs down the terminal and says that Sully will never replace his father, because Sully has only one great personal story, whereas his father has thousands of stories.
Cast[edit]
Will Ferrell as Brad Whitaker
Mark Wahlberg as Dusty Mayron
Mel Gibson as Kurt Mayron
John Lithgow as Don Whitaker
Linda Cardellini as Sara Whitaker
John Cena as Roger
Scarlett Estevez as Megan Mayron
Owen Vaccaro as Dylan Mayron
Alessandra Ambrosio as Karen Mayron
Didi Costine as Adrianna
Chesley Sullenberger as himself
Liam Neeson as himself
Bill Burr as Jerry
Production[edit]
In April 2016, the sequel was announced, with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles, Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script, and Anders directing.[3] In January 2017, it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters' fathers in the film.[4] The two were later confirmed to star, along with Linda Cardellini, John Cena, Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez, reprising their roles.[5][6]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on March 20, 2017.[7] Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
Release[edit]
The film was released in the United States on November 10, 2017.[8]
Home media[edit]
Daddy's Home 2 was released on Digital HD on February 6, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 20, 2018.[9][10]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Daddy's Home 2 grossed $103.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $76.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $180.4 million, against a production budget of $69 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, Daddy's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend.[11] The film made $10.7 million on its first day, including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, up from the $1.2 million made by the first film. It went on to debut to $29.7 million, finishing second at the box office, behind holdover Thor: Ragnarok ($57 million).[12] In its second weekend the film made $14.4 million (a drop of 51.3%), finishing 4th behind Justice League, Wonder and Thor: Ragnarok.[13]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 19% based on 111 reviews, and an average rating of 3.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic comedy that's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment, Daddy's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[12]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film's sloppiness and laziness, saying, "Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force. The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps, and almost none of them land, stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they’re straining to sell."[16] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, saying: "After enduring last week’s lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas, I would have bet it would be many a year before we’d see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny. I sit corrected."[17]
Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, "I found the sequel better than the original—the writing sharper, the jokes fresher and smarter, the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging. I mentioned this to my incredulous wife, who said, 'So you’re saying it's the Godfather, Part 2 of the Daddy’s Home series'."[18]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Subject
Result
2018 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor Mark Wahlberg Nominated
Worst Supporting Actor Mel Gibson Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2". AMC Theatres. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Daddy's Home 2 (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike, Jr. (April 22, 2016). "Will Ferrell & Mark Wahlberg Set 'Daddy's Home' Sequel At Paramount". Deadline. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike, Jr. (January 30, 2017). "Mel Gibson, John Lithgow Circling 'Daddy's Home' Sequel". Deadline. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (February 15, 2017). "Mel Gibson and John Lithgow Join 'Daddy's Home' Sequel". Variety. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (March 10, 2017). "John Cena Back For 'Daddy's Home 2'". Deadline. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2" (PDF). Directors Guild of America. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley (February 1, 2017). "Paramount Sets 'Daddy's Home 2' for November Release". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Daddys Home 2 Blu-ray, 4k & Digital Release Dates Announced". HD Report. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2 (2017)". DVDs Release Date. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (October 25, 2017). "'Thor' Rocks On With $10.8M Tuesday; Will Continue To Strike Lightning In Second Weekend With $60M".
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (November 11, 2017). "'Daddy's Home 2' Higher Than 'The Orient Express' In A 'Ragnarok'-Ruled Weekend – Early Sunday AM Update". Retrieved November 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 19, 2017). "'Justice League' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $96M Opening: Why The DC Movie Weakened – Sunday AM Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde (November 9, 2017). "'Daddy's Home 2' Film Review: Mark Wahlberg and Will Ferrell Listlessly Pack This Stocking With Coal". TheWrap. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (November 9, 2017). "In 'Daddy's Home 2' universe, no one acts human and no one is funny". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny (November 10, 2017). "'Daddy's Home 2'". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
External links[edit]
Daddy's Home 2 on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Sean Anders
Never Been Thawed (2005)
Sex Drive (2008)
That's My Boy (2012)
Horrible Bosses 2 (2014)
Daddy's Home (2015)
Daddy's Home 2 (2017)
Instant Family (TBA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daddy%27s_Home_2&oldid=836684140"
Categories:
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English-language films
2010s comedy films
2010s sequel films
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Films about dysfunctional families
Films directed by Sean Anders
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Tarun Ram Phukan
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This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Tarun Ram Phukan (Assamese: তৰুণ ৰাম ফুকন) (1877–1939) was a prominent leader of Assam. He was popularly known as Deshbhakta. He was educated in Cotton Collegiate School, Guwahati and Presidency College, Calcutta. Later, he moved to the Bar from Inner Temple in London. He educated as a lawyer but also served as lecturer in Earle Law College in Guwahati.
He was a prominent member of a political organization then named Assam Association till 1920. Phookan played an important part in forming the Assam Branch of the Indian National Congress in 1921. He was elected its first President. When the Non-Cooperation Movement was started, Phookan took a leading part in it and he toured various parts of Assam carrying the message of Mahatma Gandhi. In connection with the Non-Cooperation Movement, he was sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment in 1921.
Phookan became the Chairman of the Reception Committee, Pandu Session of the Indian National Congress in 1926. He also served as Chairman of the Municipal Board and Local Board of Guwahati and undertook several programmes for the upliftment of the under-privileged sections of society. He established a Leper Asylum in Guwahati. He was a great orator and also a prominent writer. He served as the President of the Asam Sahitya Sabha, a premier literary organisation in Assam at its Goalpara Session in 1927. He also served as President of the Assam Chhatra Sammelan in 1928. He also bought the first bicycle and the first motor car in Guwahati. [1]
In 1921, Assam Provincial Congress Committee was formed with its headquarters at Guwahati and Kuladhar Chaliha as its president. Phookan became the president. The reconstituted APCC elected Phookan, Gopinath Bordoloi, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Chandranath Sarmah, Krishna Nath Sarmah and Kanak Chandra Sarmah as the members of the AICC. This new committee initiated and invited Mahatma Gandhi to Assam in 1921 to propagate the message of non-co-operation amongst the masses. Mahatma Gandhi's visit gave tremendous impetus to the congress workers to carry out the non-cooperation movement and implement the principles of Swadeshi.
All India Congress Committee session was hosted by the APCC in 1926, at Pandu, Guwahati which was presided over by S. Srinivasa Iyengar and national leaders like Motilal Nehru, Sardar Ballav Bhai Patel, Dr.Rajendra Prasad, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Muhammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, Sarojini Naidu, S. Satyamurti, Abul Kalam Azad, etc. attended the session.
External links[edit]
Deshbhakta Tarun Ram Phukan Indoor Hall, Guwahati
References[edit]
Assam Pradesh Congress Committee
Freedom Fighters of Dhakuakhana Sub-Division
Among the luminaries in Assam
Krishna Nath Sarmah
Jump up ^ "Guwahati: A city shaped by time, and the Brahmaputra".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarun_Ram_Phukan&oldid=834001063"
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