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Health professional
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A health professional, health practitioner or healthcare provider (sometimes simply "provider") is an individual who provides preventive, curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services in a systematic way to people, families or communities.
A health professional may operate within all branches of health care, including medicine, surgery, dentistry, midwifery, pharmacy, psychology, nursing or allied health professions. A health professional may also be a public/community health expert working for the common good of the society.
Contents
[hide]
1 Practitioners and professionals
1.1 Mental health practitioners
1.2 Maternal and newborn health practitioners
1.3 Geriatric care practitioners
1.4 Surgical practitioners
1.5 Rehabilitation care practitioners
1.6 Eye care practitioners
1.7 Medical diagnosis providers
1.8 Oral care practitioners
1.9 Foot care practitioners
1.10 Public health practitioners
1.11 Alternative medicine practitioners
2 Practice conditions and regulations
2.1 Shortages of health professionals
2.2 Occupational hazards
2.3 Regulation and registration of professionals
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Practitioners and professionals[edit]
Health practitioners
and professionals
Athletic trainer
Audiologist
Chiropractor
Clinical coder
Clinical nurse specialist
Clinical officer
Community health worker
Dentist
Dietitian and nutritionist
Emergency medical technician
Feldsher
Health administrator
Medical assistant
Medical laboratory scientist
Medical transcriptionist
Nurse anesthetist
Nurse practitioner
Nurse midwives
Nurse
Occupational Therapist
Optometrist
Paramedic
Pharmacist
Pharmaconomist
Pharmacy technician
Phlebotomist
Physician
Physician assistant
Podiatrist
Psychologist
Psychotherapist
Physical therapist
Radiographer
Radiotherapist
Respiratory therapist
Speech-language pathologist
Surgeon
Surgeon's assistant
Surgical technologist
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Healthcare practitioners include physicians, dentists, dental hygienists,pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, physician assistants, nurses, advanced practice registered nurses, surgeons, surgeon's assistant, athletic trainers, surgical technologist, midwives, dietitians, therapists, psychologists, chiropractors, clinical officers, social workers, phlebotomists, occupational therapists, optometrists, physical therapists, radiographers, radiotherapists, respiratory therapists, audiologists, speech pathologists, operating department practitioners, emergency medical technicians, paramedics, medical laboratory scientists, medical prosthetic technicians and a wide variety of other human resources trained to provide some type of health care service. They often work in hospitals, healthcare centres, and other service delivery points, but also in academic training, research, and administration. Some provide care and treatment services for patients in private homes. Many countries have a large number of community health workers who work outside formal healthcare institutions. Managers of healthcare services, health information technicians, and other assistive personnel and support workers are also considered a vital part of health care teams.[1]
Healthcare practitioners are commonly grouped into health professions. Within each field of expertise, practitioners are often classified according to skill level and skill specialization. “Health professionals” are highly skilled workers, in professions that usually require extensive knowledge including university-level study leading to the award of a first degree or higher qualification.[2] This category includes physicians, physician assistants, dentists, midwives, radiographers, registered nurses, pharmacists, physiotherapists, optometrists, operating department practitioners and others. Allied health professionals, also referred to as "health associate professionals" in the International Standard Classification of Occupations, support implementation of health care, treatment and referral plans usually established by medical, nursing, and other health professionals, and usually require formal qualifications to practice their profession. In addition, unlicensed assistive personnel assist with providing health care services as permitted.
Another way to categorize healthcare practitioners is according to the sub-field in which they practice, such as mental health care, pregnancy and childbirth care, surgical care, rehabilitation care, or public health.
Mental health practitioners[edit]
Main article: Mental health professional
A mental health practitioner is a health worker who offers services for the purpose of improving the mental health of individuals or treating mental illness. These include psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners, marriage and family therapists, mental health counselors, as well as other health professionals and allied health professions. These health care providers often deal with the same illnesses, disorders, conditions, and issues; however their scope of practice often differs. The most significant difference across categories of mental health practitioners is education and training.[3]
Maternal and newborn health practitioners[edit]
Main articles: Obstetrics, Midwifery, and Birth attendant
A maternal and newborn health practitioner is a health worker who deals with the care of women and their children before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth. Such health practitioners include obstetricians, midwives, obstetrical nurses and many others. One of the main differences between these professions is in the training and authority to provide surgical services and other life-saving interventions.[4] In some developing countries, traditional birth attendants, or traditional midwives, are the primary source of pregnancy and childbirth care for many women and families, although they are not certified or licensed.
Geriatric care practitioners[edit]
Main articles: Geriatrics and Geriatric care management
A geriatric care practitioner plans and coordinates the care of the elderly and/or disabled to promote their health, improve their quality of life, and maintain their independence for as long as possible. They include geriatricians, adult-gerontology nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, geriatric clinical pharmacists, geriatric nurses, geriatric care managers, geriatric aides, Nursing aides, Caregivers and others who focus on the health and psychological care needs of older adults.
Surgical practitioners[edit]
A surgical practitioner is a healthcare professional who specializes in the planning and delivery of a patient's perioperative care, including during the anaesthetic, surgical and recovery stages. They may include general and specialist surgeons, surgeon's assistant, assistant surgeon, surgical assistant, anesthesiologists, anesthesiologist assistant, nurse anesthetists, surgical nurses, clinical officers, operating department practitioners, anaesthetic technicians, perioperative nursing, surgical technologists, and others.
Rehabilitation care practitioners[edit]
A rehabilitation care practitioner is a health worker who provides care and treatment which aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. These include physiatrists, rehabilitation nurses, clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, physiotherapists, orthotists, prosthetists, occupational therapists, recreational therapists, audiologists, speech and language pathologists, respiratory therapists, rehabilitation counsellors, physical rehabilitation therapists, athletic trainers, physiotherapy technicians, orthotic technicians, prosthetic technicians, personal care assistants, and others.[5]
Eye care practitioners[edit]
Main articles: Ophthalmology and Optometry
Care and treatment for the eye and the adnexa may be delivered by ophthalmologists specializing in surgical/medical care, or optometrists specializing in refractive management and medical/therapeutic care.
Medical diagnosis providers[edit]
Main article: Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis providers are health workers responsible for the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the medical context being implicit. This usually involves a team of healthcare providers in various diagnostic units. These include radiographers, radiologists, medical laboratory scientists, pathologists, and related professionals.
Oral care practitioners[edit]
Main article: Dentistry
A dental care practitioner is a health worker who provides care and treatment to promote and restore oral health. These include dentists and dental surgeons, dental assistants, dental auxiliaries, dental hygienists, dental nurses, dental technicians, dental therapists, and related professionals.
Foot care practitioners[edit]
Care and treatment for the foot, ankle, and lower leg may be delivered by podiatrists, pedorthists, foot health practitioners, podiatric medical assistants, podiatric nurse and others.
Public health practitioners[edit]
A public health practitioner focuses on improving health among individuals, families and communities through the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries, surveillance of cases, and promotion of healthy behaviors. This category includes community and preventive medicine specialists, public health nurses, clinical nurse specialists, dietitians, environmental health officers, paramedics, epidemiologists, health inspectors, and others.
Alternative medicine practitioners[edit]
In many societies, practitioners of alternative medicine have contact with a significant number of people, either as integrated within or remaining outside the formal health care system. These include practitioners in acupuncture, Ayurveda, herbalism, homeopathy, naturopathy, Siddha medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Korean medicine, and Unani. In some countries such as Canada, chiropractors and osteopaths (not to be confused with doctors of osteopathic medicine in the United States) are considered alternative medicine practitioners.
Practice conditions and regulations[edit]
Shortages of health professionals[edit]
See also: Health workforce, Doctor shortage, and Nursing shortage
Many jurisdictions report shortfalls in the number of trained health human resources to meet population health needs and/or service delivery targets, especially in medically underserved areas. For example, in the United States, the 2010 federal budget invested $330 million to increase the number of doctors, nurses, and dentists practicing in areas of the country experiencing shortages of trained health professionals. The Budget expands loan repayment programs for physicians, nurses, and dentists who agree to practice in medically underserved areas. This funding will enhance the capacity of nursing schools to increase the number of nurses. It will also allow states to increase access to oral health care through dental workforce development grants. The Budget’s new resources will sustain the expansion of the health care workforce funded in the Recovery Act.[6] There were 15.7 million health care professionals in the US as of 2011.[7]
In Canada, the 2011 federal budget announced a Canada Student Loan forgiveness program to encourage and support new family physicians, nurse practitioners and nurses to practice in underserved rural or remote communities of the country, including communities that provide health services to First Nations and Inuit populations.[8]
In Uganda, the Ministry of Health reports that as many as 50% of staffing positions for health workers in rural and underserved areas remain vacant. As of early 2011, the Ministry was conducting research and costing analyses to determine the most appropriate attraction and retention packages for medical officers, nursing officers, pharmacists, and laboratory technicians in the country’s rural areas.[9]
At the international level, the World Health Organization estimates a shortage of almost 4.3 million doctors, midwives, nurses, and support workers worldwide to meet target coverage levels of essential primary health care interventions.[10] The shortage is reported most severe in 57 of the poorest countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
Occupational hazards[edit]
A healthcare professional wears an air sampling device to investigate exposure to airborne influenza
Play media
A video describing the Occupational Health and Safety Network, a tool for monitoring occupational hazards to health care workers
Occupational stress and occupational burnout are highly prevalent among health professionals.[11] Some studies suggest that workplace stress is pervasive in the health care industry because of inadequate staffing levels, long work hours, exposure to infectious diseases and hazardous substances leading to illness or death, and in some countries threat of malpractice litigation. Other stressors include the emotional labor of caring for ill people and high patient loads. The consequences of this stress can include substance abuse, suicide, major depressive disorder, and anxiety, all of which occur at higher rates in health professionals than the general working population. Elevated levels of stress are also linked to high rates of burnout, absenteeism and diagnostic errors, and to reduced rates of patient satisfaction.[12] In Canada, a national report (Canada's Health Care Providers) also indicated higher rates of absenteeism due to illness or disability among health care workers compared to the rest of the working population, although those working in health care reported similar levels of good health and fewer reports of being injured at work.[13] There is some evidence that cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation training and therapy (including meditation and massage), and modifying schedules can reduce stress and burnout among multiple sectors of health care providers. Research is ongoing in this area, especially with regards to physicians, whose occupational stress and burnout is less researched compared to other health professions.[14]
Exposure to respiratory infectious diseases like tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and influenza can be reduced with the use of respirators; this exposure is a significant occupational hazard for health care professionals.[15] Exposure to dangerous chemicals, including chemotherapy drugs, is another potential occupational risk. These drugs can cause cancer and other health conditions.[16] Healthcare workers are also at risk for diseases that are contracted through extended contact with a patient, including scabies.[17] Health professionals are also at risk for contracting blood-borne diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS through needlestick injuries or through contact with bodily fluids.[18][19] This risk can be mitigated with vaccination when there is a vaccine available, like with hepatitis B.[19] In epidemic situations, such as the 2014-2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic or the 2003 SARS outbreak, healthcare workers are at even greater risk, and were disproportionately affected in both the Ebola and SARS outbreaks. In general, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is the first-line mode of protection for healthcare workers from infectious diseases. For it to be effective against highly contagious diseases, personal protective equipment must be watertight and prevent the skin and mucous membranes from contacting infectious material. Different levels of personal protective equipment created to unique standards are used in situations where the risk of infection is different. Practices such as triple gloving and multiple respirators do not provide a higher level of protection and present a burden to the worker, who is additionally at increased risk of exposure when removing the PPE. Compliance with appropriate personal protective equipment rules may be difficult in certain situations, such as tropical environment or low-resource settings. A 2016 Cochrane systematic review found low quality evidence that using more breathable fabric in PPE, double gloving, and active training reduce the risk of contamination.[20]
Female health care workers may face specific types of workplace-related health conditions and stress. According to the World Health Organization, women predominate in the formal health workforce in many countries, and are prone to musculoskeletal injury (caused by physically demanding job tasks such as lifting and moving patients) and burnout. Female health workers are exposed to hazardous drugs and chemicals in the workplace which may cause adverse reproductive outcomes such as spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations. In some contexts, female health workers are also subject to gender-based violence including from coworkers and patients.[21][22]
Healthcare workers are at higher risk of on-the-job injury due to violence. Drunk, confused, and hostile patients and visitors are a continual threat to providers attempting to treat patients. Frequently, assault and violence in a healthcare setting goes unreported and is wrongly assumed to be part of the job.[23] Violent incidents typically occur during one-on-one care; being alone with patients increases healthcare workers' risk of assault.[24] In the United States, healthcare workers suffer ⅔ of nonfatal workplace violence incidents.[23] Psychiatric units represent the highest proportion of violent incidents, at 40%; they are followed by geriatric units (20%) and the emergency department (10%). Workplace violence can also cause psychological trauma.[24]
The Occupational Health Safety Network is a system developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to address health and safety risks among health care providers. Hospitals and other healthcare facilities can upload the occupational injury data they already collect to the secure database for analysis and benchmarking with other de-identified facilities from throughout the U.S. NIOSH works with OHSN participants in identifying and implementing timely and targeted interventions. OHSN modules currently focus on three high risk and preventable events that can lead to injuries or musculoskeletal disorders among healthcare providers: musculoskeletal injuries from patient handling activities; slips, trips, and falls; and workplace violence.[23] Slips, trips, and falls are the second-most common cause of worker's compensation claims in the US, and cause 21% of work absences due to injury. These injuries most commonly result in strains and sprains; women, those older than 45, and those who have been working less than a year in a healthcare setting are at the highest risk.[7]
Health care professionals are also likely to experience sleep deprivation due to their jobs. Many health care professionals are on a shift work schedule, and therefore experience misalignment of their work schedule and their circadian rhythm. In 2007, 32% of healthcare workers were found to get fewer than 6 hours of sleep a night. Sleep deprivation also predisposes healthcare professionals to make mistakes that may potentially endanger a patient.[25]
Regulation and registration of professionals[edit]
Main article: Health professional requisites
Practicing without a license that is valid and current is typically illegal. In most jurisdictions, the provision of health care services is regulated by the government. Individuals found to be providing medical, nursing or other professional services without the appropriate certification or license may face sanctions and criminal charges leading to a prison term. The number of professions subject to regulation, requisites for individuals to receive professional licensure, and nature of sanctions that can be imposed for failure to comply vary across jurisdictions.
In the United States, under Michigan state laws, an individual is guilty of felony if identified as practicing in the health profession without a valid personal license or registration. Health professionals can also be imprisoned if found guilty of practicing beyond the limits allowed by their licences and registration. The state laws define the scope of practice for medicine, nursing, and a number of allied health professions.[26][unreliable source?] In Florida, practicing medicine without the appropriate license is a crime classified as a third degree felony,[27] which may give imprisonment up to five years. Practicing a health care profession without a license which results in serious bodily injury classifies as a second degree felony,[27] providing up to 15 years' imprisonment.
In the United Kingdom, healthcare professionals are regulated by the state; the UK Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) protects the 'title' of each profession it regulates. For example, it is illegal for someone to call himself an Occupational Therapist or Radiographer if they are not on the register held by the HCPC.
See also[edit]
List of healthcare occupations
Community health center
Chronic care management
Electronic superbill
Geriatric care management
Health care
Health human resources
References[edit]
Jump up ^ World Health Organization, 2006. World Health Report 2006: working together for health. Geneva: WHO.
Jump up ^ World Health Organization, 2010. Classifying health workers. Geneva "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-08-16. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists". Psychology.about.com. 2007. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Gupta N et al. "Human resources for maternal, newborn and child health: from measurement and planning to performance for improved health outcomes. Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Human Resources for Health, 2011, 9(16). Retrieved 20 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Gupta N et al. "Health-related rehabilitation services: assessing the global supply of and need for human resources." Archived 2012-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. BMC Health Services Research, 2011, 11:276. Published 17 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Collins, James W.; Bell, Jennifer L. (June 11, 2012). "Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Government of Canada. 2011. Canada's Economic Action Plan: Forgiving Loans for New Doctors and Nurses in Under-Served Rural and Remote Areas. Ottawa, 22 March 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Rockers P et al. Determining Priority Retention Packages to Attract and Retain Health Workers in Rural and Remote Areas in Uganda. Archived 2011-05-23 at the Wayback Machine. CapacityPlus Project. February 2011.
Jump up ^ "The World Health Report 2006 - Working together for health". Geneva: WHO: World Health Organization. 2006. Archived from the original on 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ Ruotsalainen, Jani H.; Verbeek, Jos H.; Mariné, Albert; Serra, Consol (2015-04-07). "Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD002892. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 25847433. Archived from the original on 2016-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Exposure to Stress: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals". NIOSH Publication No. 2008–136. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Canadian Institute for Health Information. Canada's Health Care Providers, 2007 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Ottawa, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ruotsalainen, JH; Verbeek, JH; Mariné, A; Serra, C (7 April 2015). "Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD002892. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5. PMID 25847433.
Jump up ^ Bergman, Michael; Zhuang, Ziqing; Shaffer, Ronald E. (25 July 2013). "Advanced Headforms for Evaluating Respirator Fit". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Connor, Thomas H. (March 7, 2011). "Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ FitzGerald, Deirdre; Grainger, Rachel J.; Reid, Alex (2014). "Interventions for preventing the spread of infestation in close contacts of people with scabies". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (2): CD009943. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009943.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24566946.
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Thomas; Burnett, Garrett (17 May 2013). "Does your workplace culture help protect you from hepatitis?". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lavoie, Marie-Claude; Verbeek, Jos H.; Pahwa, Manisha (2014). "Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD009740. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009740.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24610008.
Jump up ^ Verbeek JH, Ijaz S, Mischke C, Ruotsalainen JH, Mäkelä E, Neuvonen K, Edmond MB, Sauni R, Kilinc Balci FS, Mihalache RC. "Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff". Reviews. 4: CD011621. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011621.pub2. ISSN 1465-1858. PMID 27093058. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ World Health Organization. Women and health: today's evidence, tomorrow's agenda. Archived 2012-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva, 2009. Retrieved on March 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Swanson, Naomi; Tisdale-Pardi, Julie; MacDonald, Leslie; Tiesman, Hope M. (13 May 2013). "Women's Health at Work". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hartley, Dan; Ridenour, Marilyn (12 August 2013). "Free On-line Violence Prevention Training for Nurses". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hartley, Dan; Ridenour, Marilyn (September 13, 2011). "Workplace Violence in the Healthcare Setting". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on February 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Caruso, Claire C. (August 2, 2012). "Running on Empty: Fatigue and Healthcare Professionals". NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ wiki.bmezine.com --> Practicing Medicine. In turn citing Michigan laws
^ Jump up to: a b CHAPTER 2004-256 Committee Substitute for Senate Bill No. 1118 Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine. State of Florida, Department of State.
External links[edit]
World Health Organization: Health workers
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Crash My Party
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Crash My Party
Studio album by Luke Bryan
Released
August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)
Recorded
2013
Genre
Country
Length
44:33
Label
Capitol Nashville
Producer
Jeff Stevens
Luke Bryan chronology
Tailgates & Tanlines
(2011) Crash My Party
(2013) Kill the Lights
(2015)
Singles from Crash My Party
"Crash My Party"
Released: April 7, 2013
"That's My Kind of Night"
Released: August 5, 2013
"Drink a Beer"
Released: November 11, 2013
"Play It Again"
Released: March 24, 2014
"Roller Coaster"
Released: July 14, 2014
"I See You"
Released: November 3, 2014
Crash My Party is the fourth studio album by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It was released on August 13, 2013 by Capitol Nashville.[1][2] Its first single, the title track, reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart.[3] The album was produced by Jeff Stevens.[4][5] A deluxe edition with four bonus tracks is available exclusively at Target and Walmart.[3][5]
Even though the reception towards the album by music critics was mixed, the album has seen remarkably high commercial success.[6] On its first week, the album sold 528,000 copies and debuted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums charts.[7] It was certified Platinum by the RIAA on September 30, 2013, and became the third best-selling album of 2013.[8] By July 2014, the album had reached over 2 million in sales in the United States.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Commercial performance
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
5.3 Singles
6 Certifications
7 References
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 56/100[6]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [10]
American Songwriter [11]
Country Weekly B–[12]
HitFix B–[13]
Music Is My Oxygen [14]
Newsday B[15]
The Oakland Press [16]
Rolling Stone [17]
Roughstock [18]
Taste of Country [19]
USA Today [20]
Crash My Party garnered mixed reception from music critics. At Metacritic, they assign a weighted average score to ratings and reviews from selected mainstream critics, which based upon six reviews, the album has a Metascore of 56.[6]
At Rolling Stone, Chuck Eddy felt that "Given the drinking songs he's best at, he'd be better off pretending spring break lasts all year long" because he cannot seem to match up to "Kenny Chesney's knack for lonely contemplation."[17] Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic told that some of the tracks "seem slightly cookie-cutter", yet at the same time "he does seem savvy," and "somebody who embraces what real redneck living is about in 2013."[10] At The Boston Globe, Sarah Rodman gave the album a mixed review, and wrote that the album sounds somewhat generic "But the majority of the record is given over to 'Party' games we've heard Bryan [...] and many others in contemporary country [...] play before."[21] Eric Allen of American Songwriter noted how "Crash My Party is melodiously rewarding despite its sporadic lyrical missteps."[11] At Music Is My Oxygen, Rob Burkhardt felt that Bryan "chose to coast on that momentum" from his previous album.[14]
At USA Today, Jerry Shriver highlighted that in comparison to his last album this has a "slightly more generic-sounding" tone, and he wrote that Bryan "comes across as just another backwoods party animal with an amped-up sound and indiscriminate taste in women."[20] At The Oakland Press, Gary Graff felt that the release was yet "another mostly upbeat and good-humored set, which, more than anything else, demonstrates Bryan’s and producer Jeff Stevens’ knack for picking out exactly the right songs for the singer to record."[16] Melinda Newman of HitFix alluded to how the release "will be a nice new chapter in a pleasingly familiar book, if not a particularly high-octane one."[13] At Country Weekly, Joseph Hudak told that "All the imagery his fans have come to demand is there", however "In the future, it’d be nice to see Luke, the reigning ACM Entertainer of the Year, grow out of the fields he’s so clearly comfortable in."[12]
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country felt that "there is little to differentiate the two projects", which this may lead some people to "line up to pigeonhole him", and noted that "There are hits to be found on his fourth studio album, but a lack of powerful album cuts makes the project much less exciting than one would like."[19] At Newsday, Glenn Gamboa called Bryan "a singles hitter [...] in more ways than one", which means that he felt "Bryan never hits a home run, but he sure does connect a lot." They also continue on to say that "every time he tries to swing for the fences, he strikes out."[15] Matt Bjorke of Roughstock evoked that "Crash My Party clearly features melodies and ideas that come from outside of Country's traditions, nobody would mistake the album for anything but a Country Music album, a strong, well-made modern one which makes times to nod to tradition while still looking forward."[18]
Commercial performance[edit]
Crash My Party sold 528,000 copies in the first week of album sales for the release.[7] In 2013, this marks the fourth best-selling album in its debut week, with the only albums to achieve better first week sales being Justin Timberlake's The 20/20 Experience, Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP 2, Jay Z's Magna Carta... Holy Grail and Drake's Nothing Was the Same.[7] An album by a male country music artist has not sold this well in nine years.[7] For the Billboard magazine charting week of August 31, 2013, the album charted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and Top Country Albums charts.[7] This became his second number one album that year.[22] The title track, "Crash My Party", climbed up the charts and reached its peak at number 2 on the Hot Country Songs chart.[23] It became the third best-selling album of 2013 in the United States with 1,521,000 copies sold for the year.[8] In 2014, the album sold a further 754,000 copies,[24] and reached its two million sales mark in July 2014.[9] In May 2015, the album surpassed the total in sales of Bryan's previous album (2011's Tailgates & Tanlines) to become his best-selling album.[25] As of July 2017, the album has sold 2.7 million copies in the US.[26]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "That's My Kind of Night"
Dallas Davidson
Chris DeStefano
Ashley Gorley
3:10
2. "Beer in the Headlights"
Michael Carter
Brandon Kinney
Cole Swindell
2:52
3. "Crash My Party"
Rodney Clawson
Gorley
3:54
4. "Roller Coaster"
Carter
Swindell
4:19
5. "We Run This Town"
Gorley
Davidson
Kelley Lovelace
3:14
6. "Drink a Beer"
Jim Beavers
Chris Stapleton
3:23
7. "I See You"
Luke Bryan
Gorley
Luke Laird
3:06
8. "Goodbye Girl"
Shane McAnally
Josh Osborne
Matthew Ramsey
2:39
9. "Play It Again"
Davidson
Gorley
3:47
10. "Blood Brothers"
Brett James
Bobby Pinson
4:03
11. "Out Like That"
Aaron Goodvin
Adam Sanders
Swindell
3:18
12. "Shut It Down"
Tony Martin
Wendell Mobley
Neil Thrasher
3:16
13. "Dirt Road Diary"
Rhett Akins
Bryan
Davidson
Ben Hayslip
3:31
Total length: 44:33
[show]Deluxe edition bonus tracks
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
14. "What Is It with You"
Bryan
Shane Minor
Jeff Stevens[27]
4:00
15. "Sunburnt Lips"
Thomas Rhett Akins
Lee Brice
Rob Hatch
Lance Miller[28]
3:25
16. "Better Than My Heart"
Bryan
Stevens
Lonnie Wilson[29]
3:44
17. "Your Mama Should've Named You Whiskey"
Laird
Jeremy Spillman
T. R. Akins
3:42
Personnel[edit]
Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
Luke Bryan – lead vocals
Tom Bukovac – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Perry Coleman – background vocals
J. T. Corenflos – e-bow, electric guitar
Eric Darken – percussion
Shannon Forrest – drums
Kenny Greenberg – e-bow, electric guitar
Tania Hancheroff – background vocals
Mike Johnson – pedal steel guitar
Charlie Judge – synthesizer
Greg Morrow – drums
Russ Pahl – pedal steel guitar
Mike Rojas – Fender Rhodes, Hammond B-3 organ, piano, synthesizer
Jimmie Lee Sloas – bass guitar
Joe Spivey – bouzouki, fiddle
Chris Stapleton – background vocals
Jody Stevens – programming
Ilya Toshinsky – acoustic guitar
Jennifer Wrinkle – background vocals
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013–15)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[30] 19
Australian Country Albums (ARIA)[31] 4
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[32] 1
US Billboard 200[33] 1
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)[34] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
Australian Country Albums (ARIA)[35] 21
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[36] 22
US Billboard 200[37] 9
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)[38] 3
Chart (2014)
Position
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[39] 17
US Billboard 200[40] 7
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)[41] 1
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
US Hot Country
US Country Airplay
US
CAN Country
[42]
CAN
2013 "Crash My Party" 2 1 18 1 18
"That's My Kind of Night" 1 2 15 2 19
"Drink a Beer" 1 1 31 1 34
2014 "Play It Again" 1 1 14 1 20
"Roller Coaster" 5 1 43 1 56
"I See You" 1 1 41 1 51
Preceded by
Here's to the Good Times by Florida Georgia Line
Off the Beaten Path by Justin Moore
See You Tonight by Scotty McCreery
Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences by Garth Brooks
Everlasting by Martina McBride
Just as I Am by Brantley Gilbert Top Country Albums number-one album
August 31–September 21, 2013
October 12–19, 2013
November 9, 2013
January 18, 2014
May 3–17, 2014
August 23–30, 2014 Succeeded by
Fuse by Keith Urban
Frame by Frame by Cassadee Pope
Duck the Halls: A Robertson Family Christmas by The Robertsons
Here's to the Good Times by Florida Georgia Line
Storyline by Hunter Hayes
Ignite the Night by Chase Rice
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[43]
2× Platinum 160,000^
United States (RIAA)[44]
4× Platinum 4,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitaker, Sterling (July 12, 2013). "Luke Bryan Reveals Track Listing for Upcoming Album 'Crash My Party'". The Boot. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pacella, Megan (June 27, 2013). "Luke Bryan Reveals Name, Cover Art for 2013 New Album". Taste of Country. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Luke Bryan Offering Deluxe Edition of New Album, Crash My Party". Country Music Television. July 9, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Watts, Cindy (June 26, 2013). "Luke Bryan reveals details for new album, 'Crash My Party'". The Tennessean. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Conaway, Alanna (July 11, 2013). "Luke Bryan "Crash My Party" Tracklist & Cover Art". Roughstock. Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Metacritic (August 15, 2013). "Critic Reviews from Crash My Party". CBS Interactive. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Caulfield, Keith (August 20, 2013). "Luke Bryan's 'Crash My Party' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Grein (January 2, 2014). "The Top 10 Albums and Songs of 2013". Chart Watch. Yahoo.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Grein (July 16, 2014). "Chart Watch: Sia Is Up From Down Under". Yahoo! Music.
^ Jump up to: a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (August 12, 2013). "Crash My Party - Luke Bryan". Allmusic. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Eric (August 15, 2013). "Luke Bryan: Crash My Party". American Songwriter. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Hudak, Joseph (August 14, 2013). "Crash My Party by Luke Bryan". Country Weekly. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Newman, Melinda (August 13, 2013). "Luke Bryan's 'Crash My Party': Track-by-Track Album Review". HitFix. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Burkhardt, Rob (August 13, 2013). "Luke Bryan "Crash My Party" Album Review". Music Is My Oxygen. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Gamboa, Glenn (August 9, 2013). "Luke Bryan's 'Crash My Party' review: Singles hitter". Newday. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Graff, Gary (August 12, 2013). "Listening Room: Luke Bryan picks the right songs to "Crash My Party"". USA Today. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Eddy, Chuck (August 13, 2013). "Luke Bryan, Crash My Party". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bjorke, Matt (August 12, 2013). "Album Review: Luke Bryan - Crash My Party". Roughstock. Archived from the original on March 21, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Dukes, Billy (August 13, 2013). "Luke Bryan, 'Crash My Party' – Album Review". Taste of Country. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Mansfield, Brian (August 11, 2013). "Luke Bryan serves up the same old 'Party'". USA Today. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rodman, Sarah (August 12, 2013). "Few surprises in Luke Bryan's 'Crash My Party'". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/1473703671/
Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/1473703650
Jump up ^ Paul Grein (December 19, 2014). "Taylor Swift, 'Frozen,' and the Battle for the Year's #1 Album". Yahoo! Music. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (May 1, 2015). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Luke Bryan's 'Party' Now His Biggest-Selling Album Ever". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (July 14, 2017). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Chris Stapleton's 'Traveller' Surpasses 2 Million in U.S. Sales". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Bryan Luke. "What Is It With You". Broadcast Music, Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bryan Luke. "Sunburnt Lips". Broadcast Music, Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bryan Luke. "Better Than My Heart". Broadcast Music, Inc. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – Luke Bryan – Crash My Party". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Report" (PDF). ARIA. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan Chart History (Top Country Albums)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 50 Country Albums 2013". ARIA. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Albums: 2013 Year-End Charts". Billboard. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard 200 Albums: Year-End top-selling albums across all genres". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Country Albums". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Top Canadian Albums: 2014 Year-End Charts". Billboard. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums: 2014 Year-End Charts". Billboard. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Top Country Albums: 2014 Year-End Charts". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan Album & Song Chart History - Canada Country". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Luke Bryan – Crash My Party". Music Canada. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Luke Bryan – Crash My Party". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
[show]
v
t
e
Luke Bryan
Discography
Studio albums
I'll Stay Me
Doin' My Thing
Tailgates & Tanlines
Crash My Party
Kill the Lights
What Makes You Country
Compilations
Spring Break...Here to Party
Extended plays
Spring Break 3...It's a Shore Thing
Spring Break 4...Suntan City
Spring Break 6...Like We Ain't Ever
Spring Break...Checkin' Out
Farm Tour... Here's to the Farmer
Singles
"All My Friends Say"
"We Rode in Trucks"
"Country Man"
"Do I"
"Rain Is a Good Thing"
"Someone Else Calling You Baby"
"Country Girl (Shake It for Me)"
"I Don't Want This Night to End"
"Drunk on You"
"Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye"
"Crash My Party"
"That's My Kind of Night"
"Drink a Beer"
"Play It Again"
"Roller Coaster"
"I See You"
"Kick the Dust Up"
"Strip It Down"
"Home Alone Tonight" (w/ Karen Fairchild)
"Huntin', Fishin' and Lovin' Every Day"
"Move"
"Fast"
"Light It Up"
"Most People Are Good"
Guest singles
"The Only Way I Know" (w/ Jason Aldean and Eric Church)
"This Is How We Roll" (w/ Florida Georgia Line)
Other songs
"Buzzkill"
"Suntan City"
"Games"
Concert tours
Dirt Road Diaries Tour (2013)
That's My Kind of Night Tour (2014–15)
Kick the Dust Up Tour (2015)
Kill the Lights Tour (2016–17)
Huntin', Fishin' and Lovin' Every Day Tour (2017)
Related articles
Michael Carter
Jeff Stevens
Cole Swindell
"Good Directions"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crash_My_Party&oldid=837880799"
Categories:
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Luke Bryan albums
Capitol Records albums
Canadian Country Music Association Top Selling Album albums
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text:
Tigris
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Tigris (disambiguation).
Tigris
Sumerian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna or Idigina, Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idiqlat, Arabic: دجلة Dijlah, Syriac: Deqlaṯ ܕܹܩܠܵܬ, Armenian: Տիգրիս Tigris, Դգլաթ Dglatʿ, Hebrew: Ḥîddeqel חידקל, biblical Hiddekel, Turkish: Dicle, Kurdish: Dîcle, Dîjla دیجلە
River
About 100 km from its source, the Tigris enables rich agriculture outside Diyarbakır, Turkey.
Countries
Turkey, Syria, Iraq
Tributaries
- left Batman, Garzan, Botan, Khabur, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, 'Adhaim, Cizre, Diyala
- right Wadi Tharthar
Cities
Diyarbakır, Mosul, Baghdad
Source
Lake Hazar
- elevation 1,150 m (3,773 ft)
- coordinates 38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E / 38.48333°N 39.41667°E / 38.48333; 39.41667
Mouth
Shatt al-Arab
- location Al-Qurnah, Basra Governorate, Iraq
Length
1,850 km (1,150 mi)
Basin
375,000 km2 (144,788 sq mi)
Discharge
for Baghdad
- average 1,014 m3/s (35,809 cu ft/s)
- max 2,779 m3/s (98,139 cu ft/s)
- min 337 m3/s (11,901 cu ft/s)
Map of the Tigris-Euphrates basin area
[1] [2]
Batman River
The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/; Sumerian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna or Idigina; Akkadian: 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idiqlat; Arabic: دجلة Dijlah [didʒlah]; Syriac: Deqlaṯ ܕܹܩܠܵܬ; Armenian: Տիգրիս Tigris, Դգլաթ Dglatʿ; Hebrew: Ḥîddeqel חידקל, biblical Hiddekel; Turkish: Dicle; Kurdish: Dîcle, Dîjla دیجلە) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq and empties itself into the Persian Gulf.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Navigation
3 Etymology
4 Management and water quality
5 Religion and mythology
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Geography[edit]
The Tigris is 1,750 km long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km through Turkish territory before becoming the border between Syria and Turkey. This stretch of 44 km is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.[1]
Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial Shatt al-Hayy branches off, to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and Majar al-Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes. Further downstream, two other distributary channels branch off (the Al-Musharrah and Al-Kahla), which feed the Hawizeh Marshes. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al-Kassarah, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al-Qurnah to form the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.[3]
Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.
Navigation[edit]
The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts are needed for transport upstream to Mosul.
General Francis Rawdon Chesney hauled two steamers overland through Syria in 1836 to explore the possibility of an overland and river route to India. One steamer, the Tigris, was wrecked in a storm which sank and killed twenty. Chesney proved the river navigable to powered craft. Later, the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company was established in 1861 by the Lynch Brothers trading company. They had 2 steamers in service. By 1908 ten steamers were on the river. Tourists boarded steam yachts to venture inland as this was the first age of archaeological tourism, and the sites of Ur and Ctesiphon became popular to European travellers.
In the First World War, during the British conquest of Ottoman Mesopotamia, Indian and Thames River paddlers were used to supply General Townsend's Army. See Siege of Kut and the Fall of Baghdad (1917).[4] The Tigris Flotilla included vessels Clio, Espiegle, Lawrence, Odin, armed tug Comet, armed launches Lewis Pelly, Miner, Shaitan, Sumana, and stern wheelers Muzaffari/Mozaffir. These were joined by Royal Navy Fly-class gunboats Butterfly, Cranefly, Dragonfly, Mayfly, Sawfly, Snakefly, and Mantis, Moth, and Tarantula.
After the war, river trade declined in importance during the 20th century as the Basra-Baghdad-Mosul railway, an unfinished portion of the Baghdad Railway, was completed and roads took over much of the freight traffic.
Etymology[edit]
Bedouin crossing the river Tigris with plunder (c.1860)
The Ancient Greek form Tigris (Τίγρις) was borrowed from Old Persian Tigrā, itself from Elamite Tigra, itself from Sumerian Idigna.
The original Sumerian Idigna or Idigina was probably from *id (i)gina "running water",[5] which can be interpreted as "the swift river", contrasted to its neighbour, the Euphrates, whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more silt and build up a higher bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into Akkadian as Idiqlat, and from there into the other Semitic languages (cf. Hebrew Ḥîddeqel, Syriac Deqlaṯ, Arabic Dijlah).
Another name for the Tigris used in Middle Persian was Arvand Rud, literally "swift river". Today, however, Arvand Rud (New Persian: اروند رود) refers to the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers (known in Arabic as the Shatt al-Arab). In Kurdish, it is also known as Ava Mezin, "the Great Water".
The name of the Tigris in languages that have been important in the region:
Outside of Mosul, Iraq
Language
Name for Tigris
Akkadian 𒁇𒄘𒃼, Idiqlat
Arabic دجلة, Dijlah; حداقل, Ḥudaqil
Aramaic ܕܝܓܠܐܬ, Diglath
Armenian Տիգրիս, Tigris, Դգլաթ, Dglatʿ
Greek ἡ Τίγρης, -ητος, hē Tígrēs, -ētos;
ἡ, ὁ Τίγρις, -ιδος, hē, ho Tígris, -idos
Hebrew חידקל , Ḥîddeqel biblical Hiddekel[6]
Hurrian Aranzah[7]
Kurdish Dîcle, Dîjla دیجلە
Persian Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 Tigrā; Middle Persian: Tigr; Modern Persian:دجله Dejle
Sumerian 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna/Idigina
Syriac ܕܹܩܠܵܬ Deqlaṯ
Turkish Dicle
Baghdad
Management and water quality[edit]
Mosul, Iraq
The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains.
Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream. Mosul Dam is the largest dam in Iraq.
Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.[8]
In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus which is referred to as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River" was reached at a meeting organized in Geneva by the think tank Strategic Foresight Group.[9]
In February 2016, the United States Embassy in Iraq as well as the Prime Minister of Iraq Haider al-Abadi issued warnings that Mosul Dam could collapse.[10] The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to flash flood if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad were at risk.[11]
Religion and mythology[edit]
In Sumerian mythology, the Tigris was created by the god Enki, who filled the river with flowing water.[12]
In Hittite and Hurrian mythology, Aranzah (or Aranzahas in the Hittite nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was divinized. He was the son of Kumarbi and the brother of Teshub and Tašmišu, one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto Mount Kanzuras. Later he colluded with Anu and the Teshub to destroy Kumarbi (The Kumarbi Cycle).
The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament. First, in the Book of Genesis, it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden.[6] The second mention is in the Book of Daniel, wherein the prophet states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".[13]
The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam. The tomb of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal and Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors.
Tigris River in Baghdad (2016)
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq 1932-1959 depicting the two rivers, the confluence Shatt al-Arab and the date palm forest, which used to be the largest in the world
The river featured on the coat of arms of Iraq from 1932-1959.
See also[edit]
Assyria
Cradle of civilization
Ilisu Dam Campaign campaign against a planned dam on Tigris in Turkey
List of places in Iraq
Wildlife of Iraq
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River". Water Resources. 36 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022.
Jump up ^ Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-8093-1572-6.
Jump up ^ Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131
Jump up ^ "Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals". naval-history.net. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ F. Delitzsch, Sumerisches Glossar, Leipzig (1914), IV, 6, 21.
^ Jump up to: a b Genesis 2:14
Jump up ^ E. Laroche, Glossaire de la langue Hourrite, Paris (1980), p. 55.
Jump up ^ Vidal, John. "Water supply key to outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn" The Guardian, 2 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Analysis & Water Agenda". ORSAM. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
Jump up ^ Borger, Julian (29 February 2016). "Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq". BBC News. BBC. BBC. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Jeremy A. Black, The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press 2004, ISBN 0-19-926311-6 p. 220-221
Jump up ^ Daniel 10:4
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (9th ed.) article Tigris.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tigris.
Livius.org: Tigris
Hausleiter, A., M. Roaf, St J. Simpson, R. Wenke, P. Flensted Jensen, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 912964 (Tigris/Diglitus fl.)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 9, 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River
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Coordinates: 38°26′0″N 39°46′22″E / 38.43333°N 39.77278°E / 38.43333; 39.77278
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris&oldid=806416898"
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Tigris River
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Tigris (disambiguation)

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Location name (local name)

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Classical Sumerian cuneiform
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Akkadian language

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Arabic language

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Kurdish language

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value: Major tributaries observed as the river flows

value: Major left tributaries observed as the river flows

value: Major right tributaries observed as the river flows

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Major settlements which lie in the site

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Source elevation above sea level (ASL)

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Drainage basin/catchment area/watershed

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Shatt al-Hayy

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/wiki/Seleucia_on_the_Tigris
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Seleucia on the Tigris

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First World War

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Baghdad Railway

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Modern Persian

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IDIGNA (Borger 2003 nr. 124) 𒈦𒄘𒃼

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United States Embassy in Iraq

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Sumerian mythology

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Song of Kumarbi

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Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal

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Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani

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Ilisu Dam Campaign

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Encyclopaedia Britannica

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external text
http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912964

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Map indicating the Tigris

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Cities of the ancient Near East

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Mamluk dynasty of Iraq

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History of Iraq (2003–11)

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Iraqi refugees

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Iraqi Turkmen

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Yeşilırmak River

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Limonlu Çayı

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external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/236538332

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external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4372014-6

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Language settings
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value:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

value: Тыгр (рака) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value: दज़ला नदी – Bhojpuri

value:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value: Тигр (юханшыв) – Chuvash

value:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value: Τίγρης ποταμός – Greek

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigriso
Tigriso – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

value: 티그리스 강 – Korean

value: दजला नदी – Hindi

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri
Tigri – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value: חידקל – Hebrew

value:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidekeli
Hidekeli – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigra
Tigra – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre
Tigre – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri
Tigri – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

value: दजला नदी – Maithili

value: ടൈഗ്രിസ് – Malayalam

value: तैग्रिस नदी – Marathi

value: Тигр мөрөн – Mongolian

value: တိုင်းဂရစ်မြစ် – Burmese

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value: तिग्रिस खुसि – Newari

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajla
Dajla – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

value: ਦਜਲਾ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tigre
Rio Tigre – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value: Тіґріс – Rusyn

value: Тигр (река) – Russian

value: Тигрис – Sakha

value:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

value: Тигар (река) – Serbian

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

value: டைகிரிசு ஆறு – Tamil

value: แม่น้ำไทกริส – Thai

value: Тигрис (дарё) – Tajik

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicle
Dicle – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value: دریائے دجلہ – Urdu

value:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris
Tigris – West Flemish
vls
vls
interlanguage-link-target

value:
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Tigris – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

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suggestions
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