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The Stanley Hotel
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"Stanley Hotel" redirects here. For the hotel in Nairobi, Kenya, see Stanley Hotel, Nairobi.
The Stanley Hotel
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Location
333 Wonderview Avenue, Estes Park, Colorado
Coordinates
40°23′0″N 105°31′6″W / 40.38333°N 105.51833°W / 40.38333; -105.51833Coordinates: 40°23′0″N 105°31′6″W / 40.38333°N 105.51833°W / 40.38333; -105.51833
Architect
Freelan Oscar Stanley, T. Robert Weiger, Henry Rogers
Architectural style
Colonial Revival
NRHP reference #
85001256[1]
Added to NRHP
May 26, 1977 (Expanded June 20, 1985 & April 16, 1998)
The Stanley Hotel is a 142-room Colonial Revival hotel in Estes Park, Colorado. Approximately five miles from the entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park, the Stanley offers panoramic views of Lake Estes, the Rockies and especially Long's Peak. It was built by Freelan Oscar Stanley of Stanley Steamer fame and opened on July 4, 1909, catering to the American upper class at the turn of the century.[2] The hotel and its surrounding structures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[1]
The Stanley Hotel hosted the horror novelist Stephen King, serving as inspiration for the Overlook Hotel in his 1977 bestseller The Shining and its 1980 film adaption of the same name, as well as the location for the 1997 miniseries. Today, it includes a restaurant, spa, and bed-and-breakfast and provides guided tours which feature the history and alleged paranormal activity of the site.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Gallery
3 Architecture
3.1 Main Building
3.2 Concert Hall
3.3 The Lodge
3.4 The Hedge Maze
4 The Shining
5 Film location and arts venue
6 Haunted reputation
7 Famous Guests
8 Ownership History
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
In 1903, the Yankee steam-powered car inventor Freelan Oscar Stanley (1849-1940) was stricken with a life-threatening resurgence of tuberculosis.[3] The most highly recommended treatment of the day was fresh, dry air with lots of sunlight and a hearty diet. Therefore, like many "lungers" of his day, Stanley resolved to take the curative air of Rocky Mountain Colorado. He and Flora arrived in Denver in March and, in June, decided to spend the rest of the summer in the mountains, in Estes Park. Over the course of the season, Stanley's health improved dramatically.[2] Impressed by the beauty of the valley and grateful for his recovery, he decided to return every year. He lived to the ripe age of 91, dying of a heart attack in Newton, Massachusetts, one year after his wife, in 1940.
By 1907, Stanley had recovered completely. However, not content with the rustic accommodations, lazy pastimes and relaxed social scene of their new summer home, Stanley resolved to turn Estes Park into a resort town. In 1907, construction began on the Hotel Stanley, a 48-room grand hotel that catered to the class of wealthy urbanites who composed the Stanleys' social circle back east.[3]
The 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl
The land was officially purchased in 1908 through the representatives of Lord Dunraven, the Anglo-Irish peer who had originally acquired it by stretching the provisions of the Homestead Act and pre-emption rights. Between 1872 and 1884, Dunraven claimed 15,000 acres (61 km2) of the Estes Valley in an unsuccessful attempt to create a private hunting preserve, making him one of the largest foreign holders of American lands. Unpopular with the local ranchers and farmers, Dunraven left the area for the last time in 1884 relegating the ranch to the management of an overseer.[2][3] Dunraven's presence in Colorado had become so well known in the United States that his situation was parodied in Charles King's novel Dunraven Ranch (1892) as well as James A. Michener's Centennial (1974). His reputation was such that, when Stanley suggested "The Dunraven" as a name for his new hotel, 180 people signed a buckskin petition requesting that he name it for himself instead.
The structure was completed in 1909 and featured a hydraulic elevator, dual electric and gas lighting, running water, a telephone in every guest room and a fleet of specially-designed Stanley "Model Z" Mountain Wagons to bring guests from the train depot twenty miles away; all of this at a time when Estes Park was little more than a locale for hunters and naturalists. Originally, Stanley chose an ocher color for the hotel's exterior with white accents and trim. The hotel was not equipped with heat until 1983 and closed for the winter every year. The presence of the hotel and Stanley's own involvement greatly contributed to the growth of Estes Park (incorporated in 1917) and the creation of the Rocky Mountain National Park (established in 1915).
Stanley operated the hotel almost as a pastime remarking once that he spent more money than he made each summer. In 1926, he sold the Stanley to a private company incorporated for the sole purpose of running it. The venture failed and, in 1929, Stanley purchased his property out of foreclosure selling it again, in 1930, to fellow auto and hotel magnate Roe Emery of Denver. During Emery's tenure as owner, the structures were painted white inside and out and most of the original electro-gas fixtures were replaced.
Gallery[edit]
June 2008
February 2011
South elevation
Lobby looking east
Music Room looking south
Architecture[edit]
The Stanley Hotel National Register Historic District contains eleven contributing buildings including the main hotel, a concert hall, carriage house and The Lodge, a smaller bed-and-breakfast originally called Stanley Manor. The buildings were designed by F.O. Stanley with the professional assistance of Denver architect T. Robert Wieger, Henry "Lord Cornwallis" Rogers, and contractor Frank Kirchoff. The site was chosen for its vantage overlooking the Estes valley and Long's Peak within the National Park. The main building is a steel-frame structure with wood cladding resting upon a granite masonry foundation. Wood for flooring, clapboarding and finishing was brought from Kirchoff's Denver Lumberyard and the Bluff City Lumber Company of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The Griffith sawmill near Bierstadt Lake and Stanley's own Hidden Valley lumber operation, located in the future national park, supplied framing material. The materials were brought to Lyons, Colorado by rail and thence to Estes Park by mule-drawn wagon. Simultaneously, Stanley oversaw the construction of a hydroelectric power plant which brought electricity to Estes Park for the first time in 1909. Stanley claimed that his hotel was the first to be powered entirely by electricity from the lighting to the kitchens. Water was supplied by the Black Canyon Creek which was dammed in 1906.
The style of the campus is so-called Colonial Revival. Although rare in the western United States, F.O. Stanley chose the Colonial Revival for its fashionable popularity in New England where he had already designed his own home and a social club in the style. The hotel's clientele would presumably, like the Stanleys, have identified the style with New England respectability and sophistication in contrast to the rusticity of the surrounding town. At one time, Stanley planned to build another, more economical hotel in Estes Park as well as a headquarters and residence for the superintendent of the Rocky Mountain National Park in the same style, to harmonize with his grand hotel. While the forms and layouts of the buildings are suited to their modern uses, their ornamentation exhibits the stylistic hallmarks of Georgian or Federal architecture from the staunch symmetry of the south elevation to the cupola, dormers, Palladian windows, side- and fan-lights, scroll brackets and "swan's neck" pediments that articulate the exterior.
Main Building[edit]
The floor plan of the main hotel building was laid out to accommodate the various activities popular with the American upper class at the turn of the twentieth century and the spaces are decorated accordingly. The music room, for instance, with its cream-colored walls (originally green and white), large windows and fine, classical plaster-work was designed for letter-writing during the day and chamber music at night - cultured pursuits perceived as feminine. On the other hand, the smoking lounge (today the Piñon Room) and adjoining billiard room, with their dark stained-wood elements and granite fireplace were designated for enjoyment by male guests. Stanley himself, having been raised in a Protestant household in the tee-totaling State of Maine and having recovered from a serious lung disease, did not smoke cigars or drink alcohol, but these were essential after-dinner activities for most men at the time. Billiards, however, was among Stanley's most cherished pastimes.
The layout was also determined by air circulation. The window at the top of the grand stair provides a pleasant breeze across the lobby, French doors in the state rooms open onto shaded verandas and the two curving staircases connecting the guest corridors prevent stagnant air in the upper floors. Although the hotel was finally updated with central heating in 1983, guests still depend on Rocky Mountain breezes for cooling in the summer. Also completed in 1983, the hotel's service tunnel connects the basement level to the staff entrance. It is cut directly through the granite on which the hotel sits.
Concert Hall[edit]
The concert hall, east of the hotel, was built by Stanley in 1909 with the assistance of Henry "Lord Cornwallis" Rogers, the same architect who designed his summer cottage. According to popular legend, it was built as a gift for Flora Stanley who was an avid pianist despite her failing eyesight. The interior is decorated in the same manner as the smaller music room and somewhat resembles that of the Boston Symphony Hall (McKim, Mead & White, 1900) with which the Stanleys may have been familiar. The stage features a trap door, used for theatrical entrances and exits. The lower level once housed a bowling alley. This feature has long since disappeared but it possibly resembled the one at the Stanley's Hunnewell Club in Newton, pictures of which are archived in the Newton Free Library. The hall underwent extensive repair and renovation in the 2000s.
The Lodge[edit]
Once called Stanley Manor, this smaller hotel between the main structure and the concert hall is a 2:3 scaled-down version of the main hotel. Unlike its model, the manor was fully heated from completion in 1910 which may indicate that Stanley planned to use it as a winter resort when the main building was closed for the season. However, unlike many other Colorado mountain towns now famous for their winter sports, Estes Park never attracted off-season visitors in Stanley's day and the manor remained empty for much of the year. Today it is called The Lodge and serves as a bed-and-breakfast off-limits to the public.
The Hedge Maze[edit]
In 2015, the open area in front of the hotel, originally a driveway for Stanley Steamers and a promenade for guests to enjoy mountain views, was replaced with a hedge maze. This non-historic feature was added to evoke the hotel's connection to The Shining. Although a hedge maze features prominently in Stanley Kubrick's version of The Shining, no such feature can be found in Stephen King's novel. The lawn of the Overlook Hotel, as King imagined it, was adorned with topiary animals and it was set that way for the shooting of the miniseries in 1996. Historically, neither feature existed at the Stanley. The design was the result of a competition, chosen from amongst 300 entrants from across the globe. The winning submission was designed by New York architect Mairim Dallaryan Standing.[4] In 2016, John Cullen, owner of the Stanley Hotel, announced a competition for a sculpture to be the centerpiece of the terrace in front of the hotel. Sculptors Sutton Betti and Daniel Glanz won the competition with a sculpture of F.O. Stanley holding one of his violins. The sculpture was installed and dedicated on September 29, 2016. They used another hotel to film the outside shots and the Stanley for inside shots.
The Shining[edit]
Cover of The Shining, first edition, 1977
On October 30, 1974, horror writer Stephen King and his wife Tabitha spent one night at the Stanley Hotel during their one year of residency in Boulder, Colorado.[5] They were driving through Estes Park as night approached when they happened upon the Stanley Hotel. They decided to book a room and, upon checking in, discovered that they were the only overnight guests. "They were just getting ready to close for the season, and we found ourselves the only guests in the place — with all those long, empty corridors."[6][7] He and his wife were served dinner in an empty dining room accompanied by canned orchestral music. "Except for our table all the chairs were up on the tables. So the music is echoing down the hall, and, I mean, it was like God had put me there to hear that and see those things."[8] That night, according to King, "I dreamed of my three-year-old son running through the corridors, looking back over his shoulder, eyes wide, screaming. He was being chased by a fire-hose. I woke up with a tremendous jerk, sweating all over, within an inch of falling out of bed. I got up, lit a cigarette, sat in a chair looking out the window at the Rockies, and by the time the cigarette was done, I had the bones of The Shining firmly set in my mind."[9]
The Shining was published in 1977 and became the third great success of King's career after Carrie and 'Salem's Lot. The Overlook Hotel - the fictional hotel in King's book inspired by the Stanley - is an evil entity haunted by its many victims. Room 217 of the Overlook features prominently in the novel, having been the room where King spent the night at the Stanley. This is the room on the second floor in the center of the west wing with a balcony overlooking the south terrace. Room 217 remains the hotel's most requested accommodation.
Film location and arts venue[edit]
In 1980, The Shining became the basis for a film adaptation directed by Stanley Kubrick. Kubrick's vision for the movie differed from King's significantly in many ways, including the portrayal of the Overlook Hotel. The exteriors of Kubrick's Overlook were supplied by the Timberline Lodge on the slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon. Inspiration for the interior sets (erected at Elstree Studios in England) came from the 1927 Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. The management of the Timberline Lodge, fearful that guests would refuse to stay in their Room 217 if it were featured in a horror movie, insisted that Kubrick change the haunted room in the film to Room 237.
In 1997 The Shining TV series was produced, with the Stanley Hotel as the primary shooting location. A playhouse version of the main building which adorned the lawn of the Overlook Hotel in the series can be viewed in the basement of the Stanley.
The Hotel has also been used as a filming location for other movies and TV shows; most notably, as the fictional "Hotel Danbury" of Aspen, CO, in the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber.[10]
From 2013 to 2015, the hotel property hosted the Stanley Film Festival, an independent horror film festival operated by the Denver Film Society, held in early May. The festival featured screenings, panels, student competitions, audience awards and receptions.[11] The Stanley Film Festival was put on hiatus in 2016, and canceled for 2017.[12]
The historic Stanley Concert Hall serves as venue for various musical groups such as country-punk band Murder By Death which has performed a Shining-themed series of concerts in the space.
Haunted reputation[edit]
Despite a peaceful early history, in the years following the publication of The Shining, The Stanley Hotel has gained a reputation among paranormal investigators for frequent activity.[13][14][15] The hotel offers guided "Ghost Tours" to guests and visitors which feature spaces reputed to be exceptionally active.[16][17] The hotel has also served as a location for numerous paranormal investigation shows such as Ghost Hunters[18][19] and Ghost Adventures.[20]
Famous Guests[edit]
The Stanley Hotel has hosted the following persons of note:
1934 - Erich Fromm, the German psychoanalyst[21]
1936 - Gov. Alf Landon (R, Kansas): opponent to Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s re-election[22][23]
1974 - Stephen King, author who was inspired to write The Shining from his stay in room 217[5]
1976 - Bob Dylan & Joan Baez, classic rock icons during the Rolling Thunder Revue tour[24]
1994 - HM Emperor Akihito of Japan with consort and crown prince, on a state visit to the US[25]
Ownership History[edit]
1908-26 - Freelan Oscar Stanley
1926-29 - The Stanley Corporation
1929-30 - Freelan Oscar Stanley
1930-? - Roe Emery
Maurice L. Albertson, Civil Engineer at CSU
Maxwell Abbell, Chicago real estate investor
1995–present - Grand Heritage Hotel Group
See also[edit]
Freelan Oscar Stanley
The Shining (novel)
The Shining (film)
The Shining (miniseries)
Colonial Revival Architecture
Estes Park, CO
National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rocky Mountain Legends". LegendsOfAmerica.com. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rocky Mountain National Park - Culture". US-Parks.com. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ Turkewitz, Julie (3 September 2015). "Hotel That Inspired 'The Shining' Builds on Its Eerie Appeal". New York Times. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Beahm, George (September 1998). Stephen King from A to Z: An Encyclopedia of His Life and Work. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 9780836269147.
Jump up ^ "The Stephen King Companion" Beahm, George Andrews McMeel press 1989
Jump up ^ "Stephen King Country" Beahm, George Running Press 1999
Jump up ^ Vvdailypress.com Archived October 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Stephen King: America's Best Loved Boogeyman" Beahm, George Andrews McMeel Press 1998
Jump up ^ "Stanley Hotel Ghost Story". Allstays.com. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
Jump up ^ McHargue, Brad. "Inaugural Stanley Film Festival to Showcase Independent Horror Cinema May 2–5 at the Stanley Hotel". Mile High Cinema. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Walker, Chris (15 November 2016). "Stanley Hotel Cancels 2017 Horror Film Fest; Film Center Director Resigns". Westword. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Haunted Hotel History". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Ghost Stories Shine with Authenticity". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Sky (14 April 2016). "Stanley Hotel guest captures creepy figure in lobby". Fox News.
Jump up ^ "Hotel Tours | Estes Park Colorado Tours | The Stanley Hotel". www.stanleyhotel.com.
Jump up ^ "UPDATED: Haunted Stanley Hotel Suspends Ghost Hunts".
Jump up ^ "The Stanley Hotel: Season 2, Episode 22". Syfy.
Jump up ^ "Best of the Stanley Hotel: Season 3, Episode 5". Syfy.
Jump up ^ "Stanley Hotel - Ghost Adventures - TravelChannel.com". Travel Channel.
Jump up ^ Funk, Rainer (2000). Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas, an Illustrated Biography. A&C Black. p. 82. ISBN 9780826415196. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Steve (2016). Legendary Locals of Estes Park. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781439655955. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Headquarters at Estes Park for Alf Landon". Newspapers.com. Greeley Daily Tribune from Greeley, Colorado. June 24, 1936. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Tracy (2000). Encounters with Bob Dylan: If You See Him, Say Hello. humble Press. ISBN 9780964700925. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "(album.rmnp100.com)". album.rmnp100.com. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Stanley Hotel National Register Nomination
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Relics of the Apostles . Photo taken while they were in Utah USA 2017 during the Relic Tour.[1]
In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles (Greek: ἀπόστολος, translit. apóstolos, lit. 'one who is sent away'), particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus. The word disciple is sometimes used interchangeably with apostle; for instance, the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms[citation needed]. In modern usage, prominent missionaries are often called apostles, a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle, i.e. missio, the source of the English word missionary. For example, Saint Patrick (AD 373–463) was the "Apostle of Ireland", Saint Boniface (680–755) was the "Apostle to the Germans", [1] Saint José de Anchieta (1534-1597) was the "Apostle of Brazil" and Saint Peter of Betancur (1626-1667) was the "Apostle of Guatemala".
While Christian tradition often refers to the apostles as being twelve in number, different gospel writers give different names for the same individual, and apostles mentioned in one gospel are not mentioned in others. The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels. After his resurrection, Jesus sent eleven of them (minus Judas Iscariot, who by then had died) by the Great Commission to spread his teachings to all nations. This event is commonly called the Dispersion of the Apostles. There is also an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of there having been as many as 70 apostles during the time of Jesus' ministry. Prominent figures in early Christianity, notably Paul, were often called apostles, even though their ministry or mission came after the life of Jesus.
The period of early Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostles is called the Apostolic Age.[1] During the 1st century AD, the apostles established churches throughout the territories of the Roman Empire and, according to tradition, through the Middle East, Africa, and India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Background
3 History of the Twelve Apostles
3.1 Calling by Jesus
3.2 Replacement of Judas
3.3 Paul, Apostle of the Gentiles
3.4 Deaths
3.4.1 Tombs of the Apostles
4 List of the Twelve Apostles
4.1 List of the Twelve Apostles as identified by the Bible
5 Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament
5.1 Men who followed Jesus
5.2 Women who followed Jesus
5.3 The Seventy Disciples
5.4 The authors of the Gospels
5.4.1 Authors attributed to be of the Twelve Apostles
5.4.2 Authors that were not of the Twelve Apostles
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
The Synaxis of the Twelve Apostles. Russian, 14th century, Moscow Museum.
The word "apostle" comes from the Greek word ἀπόστολος (apóstolos), formed from the prefix ἀπό- (apó-, "from") and root στέλλω (stéllō, "I send", "I depart") and originally meaning "messenger, envoy". It has, however, a stronger sense than the word messenger, and is closer to a "delegate".[2] The Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament argues that its Christian use translated a Jewish position known in Hebrew as the sheliach (שליח). This ecclesiastical meaning of the word was later translated into Latin as missio, the source of the English "missionary".
Background[edit]
In the New Testament, the names of the majority of the apostles are Hebrew names, although some had Greek names.[3] Even Paul, the "apostle of the Gentiles", who said that Jesus revealed himself to him only after his ascension and appointed him to his mission,[4] was a Jew by birth and proud of it, although after his conversion he adopted the Roman cognomen Paulus, rendered in English as Paul, as his name.[Acts 13:9] Paul claimed with much insistency this title and its rights,[2] and made the case to the Corinthian Church that he was an apostle by the evidence of the fruits of his ministry, of which they themselves were.[1Cor 9:1–2]
Mark 6:7–13 states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs (cf. Mt 10:5–42, Lk 9:1–6) to towns in Galilee. The text states that their initial instructions were to heal the sick and drive out demons.[2] They are also instructed to "take nothing for their journey, except a staff only: no bread, no wallet, no money in their purse, but to wear sandals, and not put on two tunics", and that if any town rejects them they ought to shake the dust off their feet as they leave, a gesture which some scholars think was meant as a contemptuous threat (Miller 26). Their carrying of just a staff (Matthew and Luke say not even a staff) is sometimes given as the reason for the use by Christian bishops of a staff of office in those denominations that believe they maintain an apostolic succession.
Later in the Gospel narratives the twelve apostles are described as having been commissioned to preach the Gospel to "all the nations",[5] regardless of whether Jew or Gentile.[6] Paul emphasized the important role of the apostles in the church of God when he said that the household of God is "built upon the foundation of apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone".[Ephesians 2:19–20]
Although not one of the apostles commissioned during the life of Jesus, Paul, a Jew named Saul of Tarsus, claimed a special commission from the risen Jesus and is considered "the apostle of the Gentiles",[Romans 11:13] for his missions to spread the gospel message after his conversion. In his writings, the epistles to Christian churches throughout the Levant, Paul did not restrict the term "apostle" to the Twelve, and often refers to his mentor Barnabas as an apostle.[1] The restricted usage appears in the Revelation to John.[7]
By the 2nd century AD, association with the apostles was esteemed as an evidence of authority. Churches which are believed to have been founded by one of the apostles are known as apostolic sees. Paul's epistles were accepted as scripture, and two of the four canonical gospels were associated with apostles, as were other New Testament works. Various Christian texts, such as the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions, were attributed to the apostles. Bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles, who were said to have dispersed from Jerusalem and established churches across great territories. Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving, by apostolic succession, from the Twelve.[1] Early Church Fathers who came to be associated with apostles, such as Pope Clement I with St. Peter, are referred to as the Apostolic Fathers. The Apostles' Creed, popular in the West, was said to have been composed by the apostles themselves.
History of the Twelve Apostles[edit]
Calling by Jesus[edit]
James Tissot, The Exhortation to the Apostles.
Main article: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles
The three Synoptic Gospels record the circumstances in which some of the disciples were recruited, Matthew only describing the recruitment of Simon, Andrew, James, and John. All three Synoptic Gospels state that these four were recruited fairly soon after Jesus returned from being tempted by the devil.
Despite Jesus only briefly requesting that they join him, they are all described as immediately consenting, and abandoning their nets to do so. Traditionally the immediacy of their consent was viewed as an example of divine power, although this statement is not made in the text itself. The alternative and much more ordinary solution is that Jesus was simply friends with the individuals beforehand, as implied by the Gospel of John, which states that Peter (Simon) and Andrew are the disciples of John the Baptist, and started following Jesus as soon as Jesus had been baptized. The Bible identifies Jesus as a tekton,[Mk 6:3] a Greek word meaning builder or artisan,[8] traditionally translated as carpenter. Considering this profession, it is plausible that Jesus had been employed to build and repair fishing vessels, thus having many opportunities to interact with and befriend such fishermen.
Albright and Mann extrapolate from Simon's and Andrew's abandonment of their nets that Matthew is emphasizing the importance of renunciation by converting to Christianity, since fishing was profitable, although required large start-up costs, and abandoning everything would have been an important sacrifice. Regardless, Simon and Andrew's abandonment of what were effectively their most important worldly possessions was taken as a model by later Christian ascetics.
Adriaen van de Venne's Fishers of Men. Oil on panel, 1614
Matthew describes Jesus meeting James and John, also fishermen and brothers, very shortly after recruiting Simon and Andrew. Matthew and Mark identify James and John as sons of Zebedee. Luke adds to Matthew and Mark that James and John worked as a team with Simon and Andrew. Matthew states that at the time of the encounter, James and John were repairing their nets, but readily joined Jesus without hesitation.
This parallels the accounts of Mark and Luke, but Matthew implies that the men have also abandoned their father (since he is present in the ship they abandon behind them), and Carter feels this should be interpreted to mean that Matthew's view of Jesus is one of a figure rejecting the traditional patriarchal structure of society, where the father had command over his children; most scholars, however, just interpret it to mean that Matthew intended these two to be seen as even more devoted than the other pair.
The Synoptic Gospels go on to describe that much later, after Jesus had later begun his ministry, he noticed, while teaching, a tax collector in his booth. The tax collector, 'Levi' according to some Gospels, 'Matthew' according to others, is asked by Jesus to become one of his disciples. Matthew/Levi is stated to have accepted and then invited Jesus for a meal with his friends. Tax collectors were seen as villains in Jewish society, and the Pharisees are described as asking Jesus why he is having a meal with such disreputable people. The reply Jesus gives to this is now well known: "it is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners".
Replacement of Judas[edit]
Main article: Saint Matthias
After Judas Iscariot betrayed Christ and then in guilt committed suicide before Christ's resurrection (in one Gospel account), the apostles numbered eleven. When Jesus had been taken up from them, in preparation for the coming of the Holy Spirit that he had promised them, Peter advised the brethren:
Judas, who was guide to those who took Jesus... For he was numbered with us, and received his portion in this ministry... For it is written in the book of Psalms, "Let his habitation be made desolate, Let no one dwell therein", and, "Let another take his office"... So one of the men who have accompanied us during all the time that the Lord Jesus went in and out among us, beginning from the baptism of John until the day he was taken up from us, must become with us a witness to his resurrection
—  Acts 1:15–26
So, between the ascension of Christ and the day of Pentecost, the remaining apostles elected a twelfth apostle by casting lots, a traditional Israelite way to determine the will of God (see Proverbs 16:33). The lot fell upon Matthias.[9]
Paul the Apostle in his First Epistle to the Corinthians, appears to give the first historical reference to the twelve apostles:
For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me.
—  1 Corinthians 15:3–8
Paul, Apostle of the Gentiles[edit]
Part of a series of articles on
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Main article: Paul the Apostle
In his writings, Paul the Apostle, although not one of the original twelve, described himself as an apostle, one "born out of due time" (e.g., Romans 1:1, 1 Corinthians 15:8 and other letters). He was called by the resurrected Jesus himself during his Road to Damascus vision and given the name "Paul".[Acts 9:1–9] With Barnabas, he was allotted the role of apostle in the church.[Acts 13:2] He referred to himself as the apostle of the Gentiles.[Rom 11:13]
As the Catholic Encyclopedia states, "It is at once evident that in a Christian sense, everyone who had received a mission from God, or Christ, to man could be called 'Apostle'"; thus extending the original sense beyond the twelve.[citation needed]
Since Paul claimed to have received the gospel through a revelation of Jesus Christ[10] after the latter's death and resurrection (rather than before like the twelve), he was often obliged to defend his apostolic authority (1 Cor. 9:1 "Am I not an apostle?") and proclaim that he had seen and was anointed by Jesus while on the road to Damascus.
James, Peter and John in Jerusalem accepted his calling to the apostleship from the Lord to the Gentiles (specifically those not circumcised) as of equal authority as Peter's to the Jews (specifically those circumcised) according to Paul.[Gal 2:7–9] "James, Peter and John, those reputed to be pillars ... agreed that we [Paul and Barnabas] should go to the Gentiles, and they to the Jews."[Gal 2:9]
Paul, despite his divine calling as an apostle, considered himself perhaps inferior to the other apostles because he had originally persecuted Christ's followers.[1 Cor. 15:9] In addition, despite the Little Commission of Matthew 10, the twelve did not limit their mission to solely Jews as Cornelius the Centurion is widely considered the first Gentile convert and he was converted by Peter, and the Great Commission of the Resurrected Jesus is specifically to "all nations".
Deaths[edit]
Of the twelve Apostles to hold the title after Matthias' selection, Christian tradition has generally passed down that all but one were martyred, with John surviving into old age. Only the death of James, son of Zebedee is described in the New Testament.[11]
Matthew 27:5 says that Judas Iscariot threw the silver he received for betraying Jesus down in the Temple, then went and hanged himself. Acts 1:18 says that he purchased a field, then "falling headlong he burst open in the middle and all his bowels gushed out".
According to Edward Gibbon, early Christians (second half of the second century and first half of the third century) believed that only Peter, Paul, and James, son of Zebedee, were martyred.[12] The remainder of the claims of martyred apostles do not rely upon historical or biblical evidence.[13][14]
Tombs of the Apostles[edit]
Basilica of St John Lateran (Rome)[15]
The relics of the Apostles are claimed by various Churches, many in Italy.[16]
Peter: buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome, Italy
Andrew: buried in St Andrew's Cathedral, Patras, Greece
James, son of Zebedee: buried in Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia (Spain)
John: buried in the Basilica of St. John in Ephesus Turkey
Philip: buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome or possibly Hierapolis, near Denizli, Turkey[17]
Bartholomew: buried in the Basilica of Benevento, Italy, or Basilica of St. Bartholomew on the Island, Rome, Italy
Matthew: buried in the Salerno Cathedral, Salerno, Italy
James, son of Alpheus: buried in the Cathedral of St. James in Jerusalem or the Church of the Holy Apostles in Rome
Thomas: buried in the Basilica of St. Thomas the Apostle in Ortona, Abruzzo, Italy or in the San Thome Basilica in Madras, India
Simon: buried in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome under the St. Joseph altar with St. Jude
Jude Thaddeus: buried in St. Peter's Basilica under the St. Joseph altar with St. Simon; two bones (relics) located at National Shrine of St Jude in Chicago, Illinois
Matthias: buried in the Saint Matthias Benedictine Abbey in Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Paul: relics located in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome
Judas Iscariot: remains located in Akeldama, near the Valley of Hinnom, in Jerusalem, Israel
List of the Twelve Apostles[edit]
Jesus and the 12 apostles in Domus Galilaeae, Israel.
The following is a list of the Twelve Apostles, named as they are most commonly referred to:
Peter (born Simon)
Andrew, brother of Peter
James, son of Zebedee
John, brother of James, son of Zebedee
Philip
Bartholomew
Thomas
Matthew
James, son of Alphaeus
Judas Thaddeus, also known as Jude
Simon the Zealot, also known as Simon the Canaanite
Judas Iscariot
Matthias is not an original apostle and is a replacement for Judas Iscariot after the betrayal of Jesus.
Paul is also not one of the original apostles, but is referred to and treated like one. He played a large role in composing the Bible and listing the lives of Jesus Christ and the Twelve Apostles.
List of the Twelve Apostles as identified by the Bible[edit]
Each of the four listings of apostles in the New Testament (Mark 3:13–19, Matthew 10:1–4, Luke 6:12–16, and Acts 1:13) indicate that all the apostles were men. The canonical gospels and the book of Acts give varying names of the twelve apostles. The list in the Gospel of Luke differs from Matthew and Mark at two points. It lists "Judas the son of James" instead of "Thaddeus". (For more information, see Jude the Apostle.) Unlike the Synoptic Gospels, the Gospel of John does not offer a formal list of apostles. Although it refers to "the Twelve" (John 6:67–71), the gospel does not present any elaboration of who these twelve actually were, and the author of the Gospel of John does not mention them all by name. There is also no separation of the terms "apostles" and "disciples" in John.
Gospel of Matthew[18]
Gospel of Mark[19]
Gospel of Luke[20]
Gospel of John
Acts of the Apostles[21]
Simon ("who is called Peter") Simon Simon Simon Peter[22] Peter
Andrew ("his [Peter's] brother") Andrew Andrew Andrew Andrew
James ("son of Zebedee") James James one of the "sons of Zebedee" James
John ("his [James's] brother") John / one of the "Boanerges" John one of the "sons of Zebedee" John
Philip Philip Philip Philip Philip
Bartholomew Bartholomew Bartholomew Nathanael Bartholomew
Thomas Thomas Thomas Thomas ("also called Didymus")[23] Thomas
Matthew ("the publican") Matthew Matthew not mentioned Matthew
James ("son of Alphaeus") James James not mentioned James
Thaddaeus (or "Lebbaeus") Thaddaeus Judas ("son of James") Jude ("not Iscariot")[24] Judas son of James
Simon ("the Canaanite") Simon ("the Cananaean") Simon ("who was called the Zealot") not mentioned Simon the Zealot
Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot Judas Iscariot Judas ("son of Simon Iscariot")[25] (Judas replaced by Matthias)
Other apostles mentioned in the New Testament[edit]
Men who followed Jesus[edit]
Person called apostle
Where in Scripture
Notes
Barnabas Acts 14:14 —
Andronicus and Junia Rom 16:7 Paul states that Andronicus and Junia were "of note among the apostles." This has been traditionally interpreted in one of two ways:
That Andronicus and Junia were "of note among the apostles," that is, distinguished apostles.[26]
That Andronicus and Junia were "well known among the apostles" meaning "well known to the apostles"
If the first view is correct then Paul may be referring to a female apostle[27][28] - the Greek name (Iounian) is in the accusative and could be either Junia (a woman) or Junias (a man)[29]. Later manuscripts add accents to make it unambiguously Junias, however while "Junia" was a common name, "Junias" was not[28], and both options are favoured by different Bible translations.
In the second view, it is believed that Paul is simply making mention of the outstanding character of these two people which was acknowledged by the apostles.
Historically it has been virtually impossible to tell which of the two views were correct. The second view, in recent years, has been defended from a scholarly perspective by Daniel Wallace and Michael Burer.[30]
Silas 1 Thes. 1:1, 2:6 Referred to as one along with Timothy and Paul, he also performs the functioning of an apostle as Paul's companion in Paul's second missionary journey in Acts 15:40ff.
Timothy 1 Thes. 1:1, 2:6 Timothy is referred to as an apostle along with Silas and Paul. However, in 2 Cor. 1:1 he is only called a "brother" when Paul refers to himself as "an apostle of Christ". Timothy performs many of the functions of an apostle in the commissioning of Paul in 1st and 2nd Timothy, though in those epistles Paul refers to him as his "son" in the faith.
Apollos 1 Cor. 4:9 Included among "us apostles" along with Paul and Cephas (Peter). (see also: 4:6, 3:22, and 3:4–6)
Women who followed Jesus[edit]
In Luke (10:38–42), Mary, sister of Lazarus, is contrasted with her sister Martha, who was "cumbered about many things" while Jesus was their guest, while Mary had chosen "the better part," that of listening to the master's discourse. John names her as the "one who had anointed the Lord with perfumed oil and dried his feet with her hair" (11:2). In Luke, an unidentified "sinner" in the house of a Pharisee anoints Jesus' feet. In Medieval Catholic folklore, Mary, the sister of Lazarus, was seen as the same as Mary Magdalene.
Luke refers to a number of people accompanying Jesus and the twelve. From among them he names three women: "Mary, called Magdalene, ... and Joanna the wife of Herod's steward Chuza, and Susanna, and many others, who provided for them out of their resources" (Luke 8:2-3). Mary Magdalene and Joanna are among the women who went to prepare Jesus' body in Luke's account of the resurrection, and who later told the apostles and other disciples about the empty tomb and words of the "two men in dazzling clothes". Mary Magdalene is the most well-known of the disciples outside of the Twelve. More is written in the gospels about her than the other female followers. There is also a large body of lore and literature covering her.
Other gospel writers differ as to which women witness the crucifixion and witness to the resurrection. Mark includes Mary, the mother of James and Salome (not to be confused with Salomé the daughter of Herodias) at the crucifixion and Salome at the tomb. John includes Mary the wife of Clopas at the crucifixion.
The Seventy Disciples[edit]
Main article: Seventy Disciples
The "seventy disciples" or "seventy-two disciples" (known in the Eastern Christian traditions as the "Seventy Apostles") were early emissaries of Jesus mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10:1–24. According to Luke, the only gospel in which they appear, Jesus appointed them and sent them out in pairs on a specific mission which is detailed in the text.
In Western Christianity, they are usually referred to as disciples,[31] whereas in Eastern Christianity they are usually referred to as Apostles.[32] Using the original Greek words, both titles are descriptive, as an apostle is one sent on a mission (the Greek uses the verb form: apesteilen) whereas a disciple is a student, but the two traditions differ on the scope of the words apostle and disciple.
The authors of the Gospels[edit]
Main article: Gospel
Main article: Synoptic Gospels
Authors attributed to be of the Twelve Apostles[edit]
The Gospel of Matthew is anonymous: the author is not named within the text, and the superscription "according to Matthew" was added some time in the 2nd century.[33][34] The tradition that the author was Matthew the Apostle begins with Papias of Hierapolis (c. AD 100–140), an early bishop and Apostolic Father, who is cited by the Church historian Eusebius (AD 260–340), as follows: "Matthew collected the oracles [logia: sayings of or about Jesus] in the Hebrew language [Hebraïdi dialektōi], and each one interpreted [hērmēneusen—perhaps 'translated'] them as best he could."[35][Notes 1]
Although the Gospel of John is anonymous,[36] Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle, son of Zebedee and one of Jesus' Twelve Apostles. The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books,[37] along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not necessarily written by the same author.[Notes 2]
Authors that were not of the Twelve Apostles[edit]
The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously.[38] Early Christian tradition, first attested by Papias of Hierapolis, ascribes it to John Mark, a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter.[39] Hence its author is often called Mark, even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown.[40] It was probably written c. AD 66–70, during Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt, as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution.[41] The author used a variety of pre-existing sources, such as conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), apocalyptic discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings (although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source).[42]
According to Church tradition, Luke the Evangelist, the companion of Paul, is believed to have authored the Gospel of Luke, though anonymously written and lacking an author's name; but while this view is still occasionally put forward the scholarly consensus emphasises the many contradictions between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters.[43][44] The most probable date for its composition is around 80–110 AD, and there is evidence that it was still being revised well into the 2nd century.[45]
See also[edit]
Book: Apostle (Christian)
Apostles' Fast
Council of Jerusalem
Disciples of Jesus in Islam
Female disciples of Jesus
Great Commission
New Apostolic Church
Old Apostolic Church
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
Seventy disciples
The Twelve Imams
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Eusebius, "History of the Church" 3.39.14–17, c. 325 CE, Greek text 16: "ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἱστόρηται τῷ Παπίᾳ περὶ τοῦ Μάρκου· περὶ δὲ τοῦ Ματθαῖου ταῦτ’ εἴρηται· Ματθαῖος μὲν οὖν Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο, ἡρμήνευσεν δ’ αὐτὰ ὡς ἧν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος. Various English translations published, standard reference translation by Philip Schaff at CCEL: "[C]oncerning Matthew he [Papias] writes as follows: 'So then(963) Matthew wrote the oracles in the Hebrew language, and every one interpreted them as he was able.'(964)" Online version includes footnotes 963 and 964 by Schaff.
Irenaeus (died c. 202 CE) makes a similar comment, possibly also drawing on Papias, in his Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 1: "Matthew also issued a written Gospel among the Hebrews in their own dialect". See Bingham, Dwight Jeffrey (1998). Irenaeus' Use of Matthew's Gospel in Adversus Haereses. Traditio exegetica Graeca. 7. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. pp. 64ff. ISBN 9789068319644.
Jump up ^ Harris 2006, p. 479: "Most scholars believe that the same person wrote all three documents but that he is not to be identified with either the apostle John or the author of the Gospel."
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Apostle." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-280290-9
^ Jump up to: a b c "Catholic Encyclopedia: Apostles".
Jump up ^ As was not uncommon for Jews at the time, some of them had two names, one Hebrew/Aramaic and the other Greek. Hence the lists of Jesus' twelve apostles contains 14 names not 12; the 4 Greek names are Andrew, Philip, Thaddaeus and Lebbaeus. Reference: John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew.
Jump up ^ Acts 9:1–19 Gal 1:11–12
Jump up ^ Mt 28:19, Mk 13:10, and 16:15
Jump up ^ Cf. also Acts 15:1–31, Galatians 2:7–9, Acts 1:4–8, and Acts 10:1–11:18.
Jump up ^ Revelation 21:14.
Jump up ^ An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. The Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Clarendon Press: Oxford, p. 797.
Jump up ^ "Who were the 12 disciples?". Retrieved 2017-09-19.
Jump up ^ cf. Gal 1:12; Acts 9:3–19, 9:26–27, 22:6–21, 26:12–23
Jump up ^ "Who were the 12 disciples?".
Jump up ^ Gibbon, Edward (1826). "Chapter XVI. The Conduct of the Roman Government toward the Christians, from the Reign of Nero to that of Constantine". The history of the decline and fall of the Roman empire. II. New York: J. & J. Harper for Collins & Hanney. p. 20. 27. In the time of Tertullian and Clemens of Alexandria the glory of martyrdom was confined to St. Peter, St. Paul and St. James. It was gradually bestowed on the rest of the apostles by the more recent Greeks, who prudently selected for the theatre of their preaching and sufferings some remote country beyond the limits of the Roman empire. See Mosheim, p. 81. and Tillemont, Memoires Ecclesiastiques, tom. i. part 3.
Jump up ^ Were the Disciples Martyred for Believing the Resurrection? A Blast From the Past, ehrmanblog.org (behind paywall).
Jump up ^ Wills, Garry (10 March 2015). The Future of the Catholic Church with Pope Francis. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-698-15765-1. (Candida Moss marshals the historical evidence to prove that "we simply don't know how any of the apostles died, much less whether they were martyred.")6 Citing Moss, Candida (5 March 2013). The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom. HarperCollins. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-06-210454-0.
Jump up ^ Many of the alternate locations of relics are sourced from this page http://www.saintsinrome.com/?m=0
Jump up ^ "Welcome".
Jump up ^ As stated in St. Philips wiki article
Jump up ^ Matt 10:1–4
Jump up ^ Mark 3:13–19
Jump up ^ Luke 6:12–16
Jump up ^ Acts 1:13
Jump up ^ John 6:67-71
Jump up ^ John 11:16John 20:24John 21:2
Jump up ^ John 14:22
Jump up ^ John 6:67-71
Jump up ^ May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.
Jump up ^ Crossan, J. D. and Reed, J. L., In Search of Paul, Harper San Francisco (2004), pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-06-051457-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Ehrman, Bart. Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press, US. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-530013-0.
Jump up ^ CBMW "A Female Apostle?", June 26, 2007
Jump up ^ See Daniel B. Wallace and Michael H. Burer, "Was Junia Really an Apostle?" NTS 47 (2001): 76–91.
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Disciple: "The disciples, in this disciples, in this context, are not the crowds of believers who flocked around Christ, but a smaller body of His followers. They are commonly identified with the seventy-two (seventy, according to the received Greek text, although several Greek manuscripts mention seventy-two, as does the Vulgate) referred to (Luke 10:1) as having been chosen by Jesus. The names of these disciples are given in several lists (Chronicon Paschale, and Pseudo-Dorotheus in Migne, P.G., XCII, 521-524; 543-545; 1061–1065); but these lists are unfortunately worthless."
Jump up ^ "Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles". oca.org.
Jump up ^ Harrington 1991, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Nolland 2005, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Turner 2008, pp. 15–16.
Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, p. 215.
Jump up ^ Lindars 1990, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Sanders 1995, pp. 63–64.
Jump up ^ Burkett 2002, pp. 155–56.
Jump up ^ Reddish 2011, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Perkins 1998, p. 241.
Jump up ^ Boring 2006, pp. 13–14.
Jump up ^ Theissen & Merz 1998, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005, pp. 172, 235.
Jump up ^ Perkins 2009, pp. 250–53.
Further reading[edit]
The Navarre Bible. (RSV, Catholic Edition), Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999.
Albright, W.F. and C.S. Mann. "Matthew." The Anchor Bible Series. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.
Pope Benedict XVI, The Apostles. Full title is The Origins of the Church – The Apostles and Their Co-Workers. published 2007, in the US: ISBN 978-1-59276-405-1; different edition published in the UK under the title: Christ and His Church – Seeing the face of Jesus in the Church of the Apostles, ISBN 978-1-86082-441-8.
Carson, D.A. "The Limits of Functional Equivalence in Bible Translation – and other Limits Too." in The Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God's Word to the World. edited by Glen G Scorgie, Mark L. Strauss, Steven M. Voth.
Carter, Warren. "Matthew 4:18–22 and Matthean Discipleship: An Audience-Oriented Perspective." Catholic Bible Quarterly. Vol. 59. No. 1. 1997.
Clarke, Howard W. The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.
"Fishers of Men." A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. David Lyle Jeffrey, general editor. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.
France, R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
Karrer, Martin. "Apostle, Apostolate." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 107–08. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0-8028-2413-7
Mack, Burton L., The Lost Gospel – The Book of Q & Christian Origins. HarperCollins 1994.
Manek, Jindrich. "Fishers of Men." Novum Testamentum. 1958 p. 138
Schweizer, Eduard. The Good News According to Matthew. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975.
Wuellner, Wilhelm H. The Meaning of "Fishers of Men". Westminster Press, 1967.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apostles.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Apostles
Apostle article from Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
Texts on Wikisource:
"Apostle". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 196–199.
"Apostles". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
Coppieters, Honoré-Joseph (1913). "Apostles". Catholic Encyclopedia.
"Apostle". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Apostle". Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897.
Liddell & Scott
Strong's G652[permanent dead link]
Apostle and Apostleship article from Jewish Encyclopedia
The Twelve Apostles The Biographies of The Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, the son of God.
Apostles.com Biographies of Christ's Apostles
Cast Your Nets: Fishing at the Time of Jesus
The Fishing Economy in Galilee
The Twelve Apostles an Eastern Orthodox perspective by Rev. George Mastrantonis
Apostle article from OrthodoxWiki
Christian History: The Twelve Apostles
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
"The Twelve Apostles" at the Christian Iconography website
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value:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

value:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Alemannisch
als
als
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

value: تلاميذ المسيح – Arabic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

value: ܬܪܥܣܪ ܫܠܝܚܐ – Aramaic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
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https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abostol
Abostol – Breton
br
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interlanguage-link interwiki-br
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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value: Апостолсем – Chuvash

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostulu
Apostulu – Corsican
co
co
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interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-da
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – German
de
de
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interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Estonian
et
et
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interlanguage-link interwiki-et
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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolo
Apostolo – Esperanto
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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolu
Apostolu – Basque
eu
eu
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interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
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interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
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https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

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https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuestul
Apuestul – Friulian
fur
fur
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interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
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value: Առաքյալներ – Armenian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
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https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol
Apostol – Croatian
hr
hr
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interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

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https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolo
Apostolo – Interlingua
ia
ia
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

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https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postuli
Postuli – Icelandic
is
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interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolo
Apostolo – Italian
it
it
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interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: მოციქულები – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value: Апостол – Kazakh

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

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https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%B2t
Apòt – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

value: Апостолдор – Kyrgyz

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

value:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostoli
Apostoli – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

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https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apustulis
Apustulis – Latvian
lv
lv
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interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
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https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Limburgish
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interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

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https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol
Apostol – Hungarian
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value: അപ്പോസ്തല – Malayalam

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https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawari
Hawari – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Dutch
nl
nl
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interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Norwegian
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interlanguage-link interwiki-no
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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel
Apostel – Norwegian Nynorsk
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value: ਬਾਰਾਂ ਰਸੂਲ – Punjabi

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interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
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interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol
Apostol – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Апостолы – Russian

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https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles
Apostles – Scots
sco
sco
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https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostulli
Apostulli – Albanian
sq
sq
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

value: අපෝස්තුළුවරයා – Sinhala

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interlanguage-link interwiki-si
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value: حواري – Sindhi

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol
Apostol – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value: Апостоли – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostoli
Apostoli – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostoli
Apostoli – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol
Apostol – Tagalog
tl
tl
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: திருத்தூதர் (கிறித்தவம்) – Tamil

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: อัครทูต – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: Апостолҳо – Tajik

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havari
Havari – Turkish
tr
tr
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interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: رسول (مسیحیت) – Urdu

value:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol
Apostol – Waray
war
war
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interlanguage-link interwiki-war
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value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Apostles rootpage-Apostles skin-vector action-view