text:
Rigor mortis
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This article is about the sign of death. For other uses, see Rigor mortis (disambiguation).
Stages of death
Pallor mortis
Algor mortis
Rigor mortis
Livor mortis
Putrefaction
Decomposition
Skeletonization
Fossilization
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Rigor mortis (Latin: rigor "stiffness", mortis "of death") or postmortem rigidity, the third stage of death, is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem, which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen.[1] In humans, rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Physiology
2 Physical changes
3 Applications in meat industry
4 Application in forensic pathology
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
Physiology[edit]
After death, respiration in an organism ceases, depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is required to cause separation of the actin-myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle.[2] When oxygen is no longer present, the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis. When the body's glycogen is depleted, the ATP concentration diminishes, and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges.[3]
Additionally, calcium enters the cytosol after death. Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Also, the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol. The calcium activates the formation of actin-myosin cross-bridging. Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol, it binds to the troponin of thin filaments, which causes the troponin-tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins.[1] In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex.[2]
Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP, which would destabilize the myosin-actin bond and break the cross-bridge.[1] However, as ATP is absent, there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes (endogenous or bacterial) during decomposition. As part of the process of decomposition, the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes, allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax.[4][5] Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis, which occurs approximately 13 hours after death.[1]
Physical changes[edit]
At the time of death, a condition called "primary flaccidity" occurs. Following this, the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis. All muscles in the body are affected. Starting between two and six hours following death, rigor mortis begins with the eyelids, neck, and jaw. The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles, which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers.
Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles, including the internal organs, within the next four to six hours. The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual's age, sex, physical condition, and muscular build. Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass.[6]
Applications in meat industry[edit]
Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology. The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat. If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 °C (59 °F), a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs, whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length.
Cold shortening is caused by the release of stored calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers, in response to the cold stimulus. The calcium ions trigger powerful muscle contraction aided by ATP molecules. To prevent cold shortening, a process known as electrical stimulation is carried out, especially in beef carcasses, immediately after slaughter and skinning. In this process, the carcass is stimulated with alternating current, causing it to contract and relax, which depletes the ATP reserve from the carcass and prevents cold shortening.[7]
Application in forensic pathology[edit]
The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology, to determine the approximate time of death. A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in. If the body is moved after death, but before rigor mortis begins, forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied. If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found (for example, if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up), that could mean someone moved it.
Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis, and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death. One such factor is the ambient temperature. When conditions are warm, the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay. Low temperatures, however, slow them down. Therefore, for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal, so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death.[8][9]
See also[edit]
Cadaveric spasm
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Saladin, K.S. 2010. Anatomy & Physiology: 6th edition. McGraw-Hill.
^ Jump up to: a b Hall, John E., and Arthur C. Guyton. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier, 2011. MD Consult. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Jump up ^ Fremery, Donald (3 February 1959). "Biochemistry of Chicken Muscle as Related to Rigor Mortis and Tenderization". Journal of Food Sciences. 25 (1): 73–87. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1960.tb17938.x. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ About.com[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Classroom Resources - Argonne National Laboratory".
Jump up ^ "Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial, Body, Life, Cause, Time, Person, Human, Putrefaction." Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011. Web. 4 December 2011. <http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html>.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research".
Jump up ^ Peress, Robin. "Discovery Health "Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene"" Discovery Health "Health Guides" Discovery Fit & Health, 2011. Web. 4 December 2011. <http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm>
Jump up ^ Estimating The Time of Death, ExploreForensics <http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/estimating-the-time-of-death.html
Bibliography[edit]
Bear, Mark F; Connors, Barry W.; Paradiso, Michael A., Neuroscience, Exploring the Brain, Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Third Edition (1 February 2006). ISBN 0-7817-6003-8
Robert G. Mayer, "Embalming: history, theory, and practice", McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005, ISBN 0-07-143950-1
"Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial, Body, Life, Cause, Time, Person, Human, Putrefaction." Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011. Web. 4 December 2011. <http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html>.
Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 6th ed. McGraw-Hill. New York, 2012.
Peress, Robin. "Discovery Health "Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene"" Discovery Health "Health Guides" Discovery Fit & Health, 2011. Web. 4 December 2011. <http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm>.
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The Joker (Steve Miller Band song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Joker (song)" redirects here. For other songs with the same title, see Joker (disambiguation).
"The Joker"
Cover of the 1973 single
Single by Steve Miller Band
from the album The Joker
B-side
"'see track listings'"
Released
October 1973
Format
7" Single, 12" single, Cassette single (Original Releases), CD single and Digital download (Post Releases).
Genre
Rock, blues rock, southern rock
Length
4:26 (Album version); 3:35 (7" version/Radio edit) and 6:20 (Extended version)
Label
Capitol Records; EMI-Odeon; London Records, Parlophone Records, EMI Bovema, Odeon Records.
Songwriter(s)
Eddie Curtis, Ahmet Ertegün, Steve Miller
Producer(s)
Steve Miller
Steve Miller Band singles chronology
"Fandango"
(1972) "The Joker"
(1973) "Your Cash Ain't Nothin' But Trash"
(1974)
"Fandango"
(1972) "The Joker"
(1973) "Your Cash Ain't Nothin' But Trash"
(1974)
"Take the Money and Run"/"The Joker"
(1983, double A-side, live)
Cover of the 1983 live single
Steve Miller Band singles chronology
"Living in the U.S.A." (live)
(1983) String Module Error: Match not found1983 "Take the Money and Run" (live)/"The Joker" (live)
(1983) String Module Error: Match not found1983 "Shangri-La"
(1984) Shangri-La1984
"The Joker"
(1990, reissue)
Cover of the 1990 reissue
Steve Miller Band singles chronology
"Ya Ya"
(1988) Ya Ya1988 "The Joker"
(1990) The Joker1990 "Wide River"
(1993) Wide River1993
"The Joker" is a song by the Steve Miller Band from their 1973 album The Joker. It is one of two Steve Miller Band songs that feature the nonce word "pompatus". The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 in early 1974.[1]
More than 16 years later, in September 1990, it reached number one in the UK Singles Chart for two weeks[2] after being used in "Great Deal", a Hugh Johnson-directed television advertisement for Levi's, thus holding the record for the longest gap between transatlantic chart-toppers. This reissue of "The Joker" also topped the Irish Singles Chart,[3] the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart,[4] the Dutch Nationale Top 100[5] and the Dutch Top 40.[6]
The first line of the lyrics is a reference to the song "Space Cowboy" from Miller's Brave New World album. Following lines refer to two other songs: "Gangster of Love" from Sailor and "Enter Maurice" from Recall the Beginning...A Journey from Eden.
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration and writing
2 Formats and track listings
3 Personnel
4 Certifications
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Cover versions
6.1 Covers
6.2 Album tracks
6.3 Live cover performances
6.4 Sampling
7 In popular culture
8 References and footnotes
9 External links
Inspiration and writing[edit]
During the song, Steve Miller references The Clovers' 1954 song "Lovey Dovey" when he sings "You're the cutest thing that I ever did see / Really love your peaches, wanna shake your tree / Lovey dovey, lovey dovey, lovey dovey all the time".
The song is noted for its wolf whistle played on a slide guitar after the "lovey dovey" parts and the "some people call me Maurice" part.
The line "some people call me Maurice / 'Cause I speak of the pompatus of love" was written after Miller heard the song "The Letter" by The Medallions. In "The Letter", writer Vernon Green made up the word puppetutes, meaning a paper-doll erotic fantasy figure;[7] however, Miller misheard the word and wrote pompatus instead.[8]
Formats and track listings[edit]
7" single (1973)
"The Joker" – 3:36
"Something to Believe In" – 4:40
7" single (1983 - live version)
"The Joker" (live) – 2:55
"Take the Money and Run" (live) – 3:49
7" single (1990)
"The Joker" (single version) – 3:34
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
12" maxi (1990)
"The Joker" (LP version) – 4:22
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma" – 5:39
CD maxi (1990)
"The Joker" (single version) – 3:34
"Don't Let Nobody Turn You Around" – 2:27
"Shu Ba Da Du Ma Ma Ma Ma" – 3:33
"Living in the U.S.A." – 3:59
Personnel[edit]
Steve Miller – guitar, lead vocals
Gerald Johnson – bass, backing vocals
Dick Thompson – organ
John King – drums
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales certified
Sweden[9] Gold February 6, 1991 25,000
United Kingdom[10] Silver October 1, 1990 200,000
United States[11] Gold January 11, 1974 1,000,000
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973/1974)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[1] 1
Canadian RPM Top Singles[12] 2
Dutch Daverende 30[5] 18
Dutch Top 40[13] 18
Australia Kent Music Report[14] 8
Chart (1990/1991)
Peak
position
Austrian Singles Chart[15] 5
Dutch Nationale Top 100[5] 1
Dutch Top 40[6] 1
French SNEP Singles Chart[16] 33
Irish Singles Chart[17] 1
New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart[4] 1
Norwegian Singles Chart[18] 2
Swedish Singles Chart[19] 4
Swiss Singles Chart[20] 5
UK Singles Chart[2] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21] 20
Preceded by
"Time in a Bottle" by Jim Croce Billboard Hot 100 number one single
January 12, 1974 (one week) Succeeded by
"Show and Tell" by Al Wilson
Preceded by
"Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" by Bombalurina Irish IRMA number-one single
September 6, 1990 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"I Useta Lover" by The Saw Doctors
Preceded by
"Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" by Bombalurina UK Singles Chart number-one single
September 9, 1990 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee
Preceded by
"Verdammt, ich lieb' dich" by Matthias Reim Dutch Top 40 number-one single
November 3, 1990 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee
Preceded by
"Verdammt, ich lieb' dich" by Matthias Reim Dutch Nationale Top 100 number-one single
November 10, 1990 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Show Me Heaven" by Maria McKee
Preceded by
"Trippin'" by Push Push New Zealand RIANZ number-one single
May 10, 1991 (one week) Succeeded by
"Trippin'" by Push Push
Cover versions[edit]
"The Joker"
Single by k.d. lang
from the album Drag
Released
1997
Length
4:44
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Eddie Curtis, Ahmet Ertegün, Steve Miller
Producer(s)
k.d. lang, Craig Street
k.d. lang singles chronology
"Sexuality"
(1996) "The Joker"
(1997) "Theme from the Valley of the Dolls"
(1997)
"Sexuality"
(1996) "The Joker"
(1997) "Theme from the Valley of the Dolls"
(1997)
"The Joker"
Single by Fatboy Slim
from the album Palookaville
Released
February 28, 2005 (2005-02-28)
Recorded
2004
Genre
Big beat
Label
Astralwerks, Skint
Songwriter(s)
Eddie Curtis, Ahmet Ertegün, Steve Miller
Producer(s)
Fatboy Slim, Simon Thornton
Fatboy Slim singles chronology
"Wonderful Night"
(2004) "The Joker"
(2005) "Don't Let the Man Get You Down"
(2005)
"Wonderful Night"
(2004) "The Joker"
(2005) "Don't Let the Man Get You Down"
(2005)
Alternative cover
Remix single
Covers[edit]
k.d. lang covered it on her album Drag (1997) on which all the songs have the theme of smoking or cigarettes. The song was released as a single.
Black Train Jack covered it on their album You're not alone (1994).
Fettes Brot did a German rendition of the song in 2001, retitled as "The Großer" (English translation "The big guy").
Fatboy Slim reworked the song on his 2004 album Palookaville, featuring Bootsy Collins on lead vocals. This cover version reached No. 32 on the UK Singles Chart in 2005.[22]
Mike Myers did a cover to the song, playing a sitar, in The Love Guru.
Post-grunge band Puddle of Mudd covered it on their covers album Re:(disc)overed.
Album tracks[edit]
In 1998, Todd Snider covered the song on his Viva Satellite album.
Spearhead recorded a cover for the compilation CD Hempilation 2 (1998).
Darkbuster covered the song as "Space Cowboy" on their album 22 Songs You'll Never Want to Hear Again! (1999).
Twiztid recorded a cover of the song, which appeared on their 2004 compilation Cryptic Collection Vol. 3.
In 2006, Jason Mraz covered the song for the soundtrack to the film Happy Feet. This recording was produced by Josh Deutsch and John Powell. On the soundtrack album Happy Feet: Music from the Motion Picture, the song is mashed up with "Everything I Own", recorded by Chrissie Hynde.
In 2013, The Voice Australia finalist, Danny Ross covered the song on his debut album, As The Crows Flies.
In 2014, Ace Frehley covered the song on his album Space Invader
Live cover performances[edit]
The song was covered live by The Smashing Pumpkins in 1992,[23] and the recording can be found on the Mashed Potatoes box set.
Kurt Elling performed live during a concert in the Czech Republic in 2006.
Tim McGraw performed it during the "Soul2Soul" 2007 tour with his wife Faith Hill.
They Might Be Giants have played it live on occasion, and included a cover of it on their podcast.
The String Cheese Incident covered it at a show in Melkweg, Amsterdam on March 27, 2004, and added "Don't wanna see Billy run" (Bill Nershi of SCI)
Keith Urban performed the song during his "Love, Pain, and the Whole Crazy Thing" 2007 tour with The Wreckers on August 18, 2007 and with Amanda Wilkinson and Tyler Wilkinson on December 15, 2007.
311 performed it live in New Orleans on 311 Day (March 11, 2008).
Puddle of Mudd performed the song at DC101 Chili Cook-Off on May 16, 2009
Jack Johnson often performs the song live during his 2010 To the Sea world tour and did so in Vancouver on October 1, 2010.
Luke Bryan often performs the song near the end of his concerts.
Sampling[edit]
"The Joker" was sampled in the song "Summer and Lightning" by Electric Light Orchestra from their 1977 album, Out of the Blue.
"The Joker" serves as the outline of the song "So Cal Loco (Party Like a Rockstar)" by Sprung Monkey which appeared in the film Dude, Where's My Car?.
It was also sampled on the original Def American Records release of the Geto Boys' song "Gangster of Love" from their 1989 album, Grip It! On That Other Level. The sample, presumably unauthorized, was replaced with Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama" on later pressings of the album.
The song "Hudson Dragonfly" by Jackie-O Motherfucker, from the album, America Mystica (2006), contains a sample of "The Joker".
The song "Angel" by Shaggy, from the album Hot Shot (2000), samples the bass line of "The Joker".
Steve Miller recorded an unreleased demo of this song's music with the lyrics of his other song, Take the Money and Run.[24]
The 2012 song Diese Tage with German and English lyrics by KRIS feat Dante Thomas uses the chorus of "The Joker".
Country rapper Colt Ford sampled this song for his song "Gangsta of Love".
"Wow Wow" by Neil Cicierega from the album "Mouth Moods" mixes "The Joker" with Will Smith's "Wild Wild West", "All Star" by Smash Mouth and "Cowboy" by Kid Rock.
In popular culture[edit]
In 1996, "The Joker" inspired a comedy film, The Pompatus of Love.
References and footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Steve Miller Band > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". allmusic. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chart Stats - The Steve Miller Band - The Joker". Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "irishcharts.ie search results". Retrieved October 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "charts.org.nz - Steve Miller Band - The Joker". Retrieved October 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "dutchcharts.nl - Steve Miller Band - The Joker" (in Dutch). Retrieved October 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nederlandse Top 40 - Week 44, 1990" (in Dutch). Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ 'In Steve Miller's "The Joker," what is "the pompatus of love"?'
Jump up ^ "S03E06". Never Mind the Buzzcocks. BBC2.
Jump up ^ Swedish certifications Ifpi.se Archived 2012-05-21 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved March 24, 2016)
Jump up ^ UK certifications bpi.co.uk (Retrieved March 24, 2016)
Jump up ^ US certifications riaa.com Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved March 24, 2016)
Jump up ^ "RPM Volume 20 No. 24, January 26, 1974 - RPM". Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 - Week 47, 1973" (in Dutch). Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ {{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&id=35798 |title=Top Singles of 1974|accessdate=January 2, 2018
Jump up ^ "Steve Miller Band - The Joker - austriancharts.at" (in German). Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "lescharts.com - Steve Miller Band - The Joker" (in French). Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - search result". Retrieved May 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "norwegiancharts.com - Steve Miller Band - The Joker". Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "swedishcharts.com - Steve Miller Band - The Joker". Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Steve Miller Band - The Joker - hitparade.ch" (in German). Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1991". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats - Fatboy Slim - The Joker". Retrieved October 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Smashing Pumpkins dot com". Retrieved September 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Howard Stern Radio Show". New York. 17 Apr 2013. Sirius XM Satellite Radio. Howard 100. Missing or empty |series= (help)
External links[edit]
The Straight Dope: In Steve Miller's "The Joker," what is "the pompatus of love"?
Language Log: Dismortality and puppetutes—post on the etymology of "pompatus".
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Life of Pi
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This article is about the novel by Yann Martel. For the film based on the novel and directed by Ang Lee, see Life of Pi (film).
Life of Pi
Life of Pi cover
Author
Yann Martel
Original title
Life of Pi
Country
Canada
Language
English
Genre
Fiction
Publisher
Knopf Canada
Publication date
September 11, 2001 (Canada)
ISBN
0-676-97376-0 (first edition, hardcover)
OCLC
46624335
Preceded by
Self
Followed by
Beatrice and Virgil
Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker.
The novel has sold more than ten million copies worldwide.[1] It was rejected by at least five London publishing houses[2] before being accepted by Knopf Canada, which published it in September 2001. The UK edition won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction the following year.[3][4][5] It was also chosen for CBC Radio's Canada Reads 2003, where it was championed by author Nancy Lee.[6]
The French translation L'Histoire de Pi was chosen in the French CBC version of the contest Le combat des livres, where it was championed by Louise Forestier.[7] The novel won the 2003 Boeke Prize, a South African novel award. In 2004, it won the Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature in Best Adult Fiction for years 2001–2003.[8] In 2012 it was adapted into a feature film directed by Ang Lee with a screenplay by David Magee.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Part one
1.2 Part two
1.3 Part three
2 Major themes
2.1 Life is a story
2.2 Growth through adversity
3 Inspiration
3.1 Richard Parker and shipwreck narratives
3.2 Moacyr Scliar
4 Narrative structure
5 Setting
6 Characters
6.1 Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel
6.2 Richard Parker
7 Reception
8 Adaptations
8.1 Illustrated edition
8.2 Film adaptation
8.3 Theatrical adaptations
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Plot[edit]
The novel begins with a note from the author, which is an integral part of it. Unusually, the note describes entirely fictional events. It serves to establish and enforce one of the book's main themes: the relativity of truth.
Life of Pi is subdivided into three sections:
Part one[edit]
In the first section, the main character, by the name of Piscine Patel, an adult Canadian, reminisces about his childhood in India. His father owns a zoo in Pondicherry. The livelihood provides the family with a relatively affluent lifestyle and some understanding of animal psychology.
The narrator describes how he acquired his full name, Piscine Molitor Patel, as a tribute to the swimming pool in France. After hearing schoolmates tease him by transforming the first name into "Pissing", he establishes the short form of his name as "Pi" when he starts secondary school. The name, he says, pays tribute to the irrational number which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
In recounting his experiences, Pi describes several other unusual situations involving proper names: two visitors to the zoo, one a devout Muslim, and the other a committed atheist, bear identical names; and a 450-pound tiger at the zoo bears the name Richard Parker as the result of a clerical error, in which human and animal names were reversed.[9]
Pi is raised as a Hindu who practices vegetarianism. At the age of fourteen, he investigates Christianity and Islam, and decides to become an adherent of all three religions, much to his parents' dismay, saying he "just wants to love God."[10][11] He tries to understand God through the lens of each religion, and comes to recognize benefits in each one.
A few years later in 1977, during the period when Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares "The Emergency", Pi's father decides to sell the zoo and immigrate with his wife and sons to Canada.
Part two[edit]
The second part of the novel begins with Pi's family aboard the Tsimtsum, a Japanese freighter that is transporting animals from their zoo to North America. A few days out of port from Manila, the ship encounters a storm and sinks. Pi manages to escape in a small lifeboat, only to learn that the boat also holds a spotted hyena, an injured Grant's zebra, and an orangutan named Orange Juice. Much to the boy's distress, the hyena kills the zebra and then Orange Juice. A tiger has been hiding under the boat's tarpaulin: it's Richard Parker, who had boarded the lifeboat with ambivalent assistance from Pi himself some time before the hyena attack. Suddenly emerging from his hideaway, Richard Parker kills and eats the hyena.
Frightened, Pi constructs a small raft out of rescue flotation devices, tethers it to the bow of the boat and makes it his place of retirement. He begins conditioning Richard Parker to take a submissive role by using food as a positive reinforcer, and seasickness as a punishment mechanism, while using a whistle for signals. Soon, Pi asserts himself as the alpha animal, and is eventually able to share the boat with his feline companion, admitting in the end that Richard Parker is the one who helped him survive his ordeal.
Pi recounts various events while adrift in the Pacific Ocean. At his lowest point, exposure renders him blind and unable to catch fish. In a state of delirium, he talks with a marine "echo", which he initially identifies as Richard Parker having gained the ability to speak, but it turns out to be another blind castaway, a Frenchman, who boards the lifeboat with the intention of killing and eating Pi, but is eventually killed by Richard Parker.
Some time later, Pi's boat comes ashore on a floating island network of algae and inhabited by hundreds of thousands of meerkats. Soon, Pi and Richard Parker regain strength, but the boy's discovery of the carnivorous nature of the island's plant life forces him to return to the ocean.
Two hundred and twenty-seven days after the ship's sinking, the lifeboat washes onto a beach in Mexico, after which Richard Parker disappears into the nearby jungle without looking back, leaving Pi heartbroken at the abrupt farewell.
Part three[edit]
The third part of the novel describes a conversation between Pi and two officials from the Japanese Ministry of Transport, who are conducting an inquiry into the shipwreck. They meet him at the hospital in Mexico where he is recovering. Pi tells them his tale, but the officials reject it as unbelievable. Pi then offers them a second story in which he is adrift on a lifeboat not with zoo animals, but with the ship's cook, a Taiwanese sailor with a broken leg, and his own mother. The cook amputates the sailor's leg for use as fishing bait, then kills the sailor himself as well as Pi's mother for food, and soon he is killed by Pi, who dines on him.
The investigators note parallels between the two stories. They soon conclude that the hyena symbolizes the cook, the zebra the sailor, the orangutan Pi's mother, and the tiger represents Pi. Pi points out that neither story can be proven and neither explains the cause of the shipwreck, so he asks the officials which story they prefer: the one without animals or the one with animals. They eventually choose the story with the animals. Pi thanks them and says: "And so it goes with God." The investigators then leave and file a report.
Major themes[edit]
Life is a story[edit]
Life of Pi, according to Yann Martel, can be summarized in three statements: "Life is a story... You can choose your story... A story with God is the better story."[12] A recurring theme throughout the novel seems to be believability. Pi at the end of the book asks the two investigators "If you stumble at mere believability, what are you living for?"[13] According to Gordon Houser there are two main themes of the book: "that all life is interdependent, and that we live and breathe via belief."[14]
Growth through adversity[edit]
PBS has described Martel's story as one of "personal growth through adversity."[15] The main character learns that "tigers are dangerous" at a young age when his father forces him to watch the zoo's Royal Bengal tiger patriarch, Mahisha, devour a live goat. Later, after he has been reduced to eking out a desperate existence on the lifeboat with the company of a fully grown tiger, Pi develops "alpha" qualities as he musters the strength, will and skills he needs to survive.[15]
Inspiration[edit]
In a 2002 interview with PBS, Martel said "I was sort of looking for a story, not only with a small 's' but sort of with a capital 'S' – something that would direct my life."[16] He spoke of being lonely and needing direction in his life, and found that writing the novel met this need.[17]
Richard Parker and shipwreck narratives[edit]
The name of Martel's tiger, Richard Parker, was inspired by a character in Edgar Allan Poe's nautical adventure novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838). In this book, Richard Parker is a mutineer who is stranded and eventually cannibalized on the hull of an overturned ship (and there is a dog aboard who is named Tiger). The author also had in mind another occurrence of the name, in the famous legal case R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) where a shipwreck again results in the cannibalism of a cabin boy named Richard Parker, this time in a lifeboat.[18] A third Richard Parker drowned in the sinking of the Francis Spaight in 1846, described by author Jack London, and later the cabin boy (not Richard Parker) was cannibalized.
Having read about these events, Yann Martel thought, "So many victimized Richard Parkers had to mean something."[19][20]
Moacyr Scliar[edit]
Martel has mentioned that a book review he read of Brazilian author Moacyr Scliar's 1981 novella Max and the Cats accounts in part for his novel's premise. Scliar's story describes a Jewish-German refugee crossing the Atlantic Ocean with a jaguar in his boat.[21][22] Scliar said that he was perplexed that Martel "used the idea without consulting or even informing me," and indicated that he was reviewing the situation before deciding whether to take any action in response.[23][24] After talking with Martel, Scliar elected not to pursue the matter.[25] A dedication to Scliar "for the spark of life" appears in the author's note of Life of Pi. Literary reviews have described the similarities between Life of Pi and Max and the Cats as superficial. Reviewer Peter Yan wrote: "Reading the two books side-by-side, one realizes how inadequate bald plot summaries are in conveying the unique imaginative impact of each book,"[26] and noted that Martel's distinctive narrative structure is not found in Scliar's novella. The themes of the books are also dissimilar, with Max and the Cats being an allegory for Nazism.[27] In Life of Pi, 211 of 354 pages are devoted to Pi's experience in the lifeboat, compared to Max and the Cats, in which 17 of its 99 pages depict time spent in a lifeboat.[27]
Narrative structure[edit]
According to the reviewer Peter Yan,
'Life of Pi' is told from two alternating points of view, the main character Pi in a flashback and Yann Martel himself, who is the "visiting writer" (Martel 101) interviewing Pi many years after the tiger in the boat story. This technique of the intrusive narrator adds the documentary realism to the book, setting up, like a musical counter-point, the myth-making, unreliable narrator, Pi. The reader is left to ponder at the end whether Pi's story is an allegory of another set of parallel events.[26]
Setting[edit]
The novel is a work of fiction set in the summer of 1977 that draws on places and historical events in India. The Patel Family's discussions of the political situation refer to the Emergency period of the mid-1970s, when Indira Gandhi's administration ruled by decree, curtailed press freedoms, and imprisoned political opponents. Pondicherry is a former French colony in India. It does have an Indian Coffee House and Botanical Gardens. The Botanical Garden had a zoo in 1977 but did not have any animals bigger than a deer. Munnar, the destination for the Patel family's vacation, is a small but popular hill station in Kerala. Madurai, also referenced in the novel, is a popular tourist and pilgrimage site in Tamil Nadu.
Characters[edit]
Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel[edit]
He acquires layer after layer of diverse spirituality and brilliantly synthesizes it into a personal belief system and devotional life that is breathtaking in its depth and scope. His youthful exploration into comparative religion culminates in a magnificent epiphany of sorts.
“
”
—Phoebe Kate Foster of PopMatters[28]
Piscine Molitor Patel, known to all as just "Pi", is the narrator and protagonist of the novel. He was named after a swimming pool in Paris, despite the fact that neither his mother nor his father particularly liked swimming. The story is told as a narrative from the perspective of a middle-aged Pi, now married with his own family, and living in Canada. At the time of main events of the story, he is sixteen years old. He recounts the story of his life and his 227-day journey on a lifeboat when his ship sinks in the middle of the Pacific Ocean during a voyage to North America.
Richard Parker[edit]
A Bengal tiger
Richard Parker is a royal Bengal tiger who is stranded on the lifeboat with Pi when the ship sinks. Richard Parker lives on the lifeboat with Pi and is kept alive with the food and water Pi delivers. Richard Parker develops a relationship with Pi that allows them to coexist in their struggle.
In the novel, a hunter named Richard Parker is hired to kill a panther thought to have killed seven people within two months. Instead, he accidentally immobilizes a female Bengal tiger with tranquilizer darts while her cub escapes hiding in a bush. Parker names the cub Thirsty after his enthusiasm when drinking from a nearby river. The paperwork that accompanies the shipment of the two tigers to Pi's family's zoo in Pondicherry states that the cub's name is "Richard Parker" and the hunter's given name is "Thirsty" and his surname is "None Given", due to a mix-up with the names. Pi's father finds the story so amusing that they continue to call the tiger "Richard Parker".
Reception[edit]
Brian Bethune of Maclean's describes Life of Pi as a "head-scratching combination of dense religious allegory, zoological lore and enthralling adventure tale, written with warmth and grace".[29] Master Plots suggested that the "central themes of Life of Pi concern religion and human faith in God".[30] Reutter said, "So believable is Pi's story telling that readers will be amazed."[31] Gregory Stephens added that it "achieves something more quietly spectacular."[32] Smith stated that there was "no bamboozlement here."[33] Gary Krist of The New York Times praised the book, but added that at times Martel "pushes the didactic agenda of his story too hard."[34]
In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama wrote a letter directly to Martel, describing Life of Pi as "an elegant proof of God, and the power of storytelling."[35]
Adaptations[edit]
Illustrated edition[edit]
In October 2005, a worldwide competition was launched to find an artist to illustrate Life of Pi. The competition was run by Scottish publisher Canongate Books and UK newspaper The Times, as well as Australian newspaper The Age and Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail. Croatian artist Tomislav Torjanac was chosen as the illustrator for the new edition, which was published in September 2007.[36][37][38]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Life of Pi (film)
A 2012 adaptation directed by Ang Lee and based on an adapted screenplay by David Magee was given a wide release in the United States on 21 November 2012. At the 85th Academy Awards it won four awards from eleven nominations, including Best Director.
Theatrical adaptations[edit]
This novel has also been adapted as a play by Keith Robinson, artistic director of the youth-oriented Twisting Yarn Theatre Company. Andy Rashleigh wrote the adaptation, which was directed by Keith Robinson. The premier/original cast contained only six actors—Tony Hasnath (Pi), Taresh Solanki (Richard Parker), Melody Brown (Mother), Conor Alexander (Father), Sanjay Shalat (Brother) and Mark Pearce (Uncle).[39] The play was produced at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford, England, in 2003.[40] The company toured England and Ireland with the play in 2004 and 2007.
Keith Robinson also directed a second version of the play. He brought some of his company to work with students of the BA (Hons) Drama, Applied Theatre and Education Course at the Central School of Speech and Drama. The joint production was performed at the Minack Theatre, in Cornwall, England, in late June 2008.[41] It was well received by the press and community.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 'Life of Pi' a surprise success story around the world
Jump up ^ Gibbons, Fiachra (24 October 2002). "Top publishers rejected Booker winner". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Life of Pi". Man Booker Prize. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Kipen, David (23 October 2002). "Canadian wins Booker Prize / 'Life of Pi' is tale of a boy who floats across the ocean from India". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Nigel (30 September 2002). "Life of Pi wins Booker". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Canada Reads 2003". Canada Reads. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Martel seeks quiet of Saskatoon". CBC News. Retrieved 1 September 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Asian Pacific American Award for Literature (APAAL) 2001–2003". APAAL. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Martel, p. 14
Jump up ^ Martel, p. 69
Jump up ^ "Life of Pi (review)". Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Renton, Jennie. "Yann Martel Interview". Textualities. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Martel, Yann (2001). Life of Pi. New York: Knopf Canada.
Jump up ^ Houser, Gordon (2003). "The Life of Pi". The Christian Century. 120 (3): 34+. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Life of Pi' Author Reveals to PBS..org That The Inspiration For His Best-Selling Book And Now Hit Film Came From A Little Known Book About A Shipwrecked German Boy". Retrieved 15 May 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Martel, Yann (11 November 2002). "Conversation: Life of PI". PBS NewsHour (Interview). Interview with Ray Suarez. PBS. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Martel, Yann (27 October 2002). "Triumph of a castaway adrift in the sea of his imagination". The Sunday Times. UK. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Oldsaltblog.com
Jump up ^ "Yann Martel on tigers, cannibals and Edgar Alan Poe". Canongate Books. 14 May 2002. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Martel, Yann. "How Richard Parker Came to Get His Name". Amazon.com. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "From the Author — Yann Martel — Powell's Books". Powells.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Mitgang, Herbert (11 July 1990). "Books of The Times; Fleeing the Nazis With a Jaguar That May Be Real". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Rohter, Larry (11 July 1990). "Tiger in a Lifeboat, Panther in a Lifeboat: A Furor Over a Novel". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Veja.abril.com
Jump up ^ Scliar, Moacyr (16 July 2006). "Writers & Company" (Interview). Interview with Eleanor Wachtel. CBC Radio 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Review". Books in Canada. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Hollow at the core": Deconstructing Yann Martel's Life of Pi | Stratton | Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littérature canadienne". Journals.hil.unb.ca. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Foster, Phoebe Kate (4 September 2002). "Life of Pi: A Novel by Yann Martel". PopMatters. London. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Bethune, Brian (13 April 2010). "The missing half of Yann Martel's new novel: His plan for his long-awaited follow-up to 'Life of Pi' didn't quite work out". Maclean's. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Cockeram, Paul (November 2010). "Life of Pi". Master Plots 4 edition: 1–3.
Jump up ^ Reutter, Vicki (2004). "Martel, Yann. Life of Pi". School Library Journal. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Stephens, Gregory (14 May 2013). "Feeding tiger, finding God: science, religion, and 'the better story' in Life of Pi". 1. 14.
Jump up ^ Smith, Jean (2003). "Yann Martel. Lif eof Pi". The Review of Contemporary Fiction. 23 (1). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Krist, Gary (2002-07-07). "Taming the Tiger". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Life of Pi author Martel hears from Obama". Saskatoon StarPhoenix. Winnipeg Free Press. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Life of Pi: The Illustrated Edition by Yann Martel and Tomislav Torjanac". The Sunday Times. UK. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Martel, Yann (15 April 2006). "A brush with the art of Pi". The Sunday Times. UK. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Illustrated Life of Pi". The Guardian. UK. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Neil (15 March 2007). "Life Of Pi, Citizens' Theatre, Glasgow". The Herald. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "A remarkable journey from novel to stage". Yorkshire Post. 6 December 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Production which goes for the jugular". This is Cornwall. Northcliffe Media. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Busby, Brian (2003). Character Parts: Who's Really Who in CanLit. Toronto: Knopf. ISBN 0-676-97579-8.
Davies, Hugh (September 2002). "£50,000 Booker winner 'stole idea from Brazilian author'". London: Telegraph Group.
Dwyer, June (2005). "Yann Martel's Life of Pi and the Evolution of the Shipwreck Narrative". Modern Language Studies. 35 (2): 9–21. JSTOR 30039823.
"'May Richard Parker be always at your side'". The Guardian. UK. November 2002.
Fialkoff, Francine (December 2002). "Too Sensitized to Plagiarism?". Library Journal.
McMurtrie, John (October 2005). "French director swept away by 'Life of Pi'". San Francisco Chronicle.
Varughese, Samson (February 2013). "Does "The Life of Pi" Prove the existence of God?". TheMinistryRookie.com.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Life of Pi
Jennie Renton Interview textualities.net "Life is a story. You can choose your story. A story with God is the better story."
Guardian Q&A
Interview on Radio Praha
The story behind the Illustrated Life of Pi
Life of Pi reading group questions and global read-along
Reviews
The Guardian review by Justine Jordan
Salon.com review by Suzy Hansen
London Review of Books
BBC News Entertainment
Movie Review of Life Of Pi at Funbench.com
Dan Schneider at Hack Writers
Awards
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Harland Williams
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Harland Williams
Williams at the 34th Annie Awards, 2007. Photo by John B. Mueller[1]
Born
Harland Reesor Williams
(1962-11-14) November 14, 1962 (age 55)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Occupation
Actor, comedian, author, artist, musician, radio personality
Years active
1992–present
Website
harlandwilliams.com
Harland Reesor Williams (born November 14, 1962) is a Canadian actor, comedian, author, artist, musician and radio personality.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Personal life[edit]
Harland Reesor Williams was born on November 14, 1962, in Toronto, Ontario, to Lorraine Mary (née O'Donnell), a social worker, and John Reesor Williams, a lawyer who served as a member of the Ontario legislature from 1975 to 1985.[2] He is the middle child of five with two older and two younger sisters.
Harland holds dual citizenship with Canada and the United States.
He is the author and illustrator of his own series of children's books involving a little brontosaurus named Jimbo. Williams' love of art drove him to create the series, in which the curious, young dinosaur embarks on a series of amazing adventures and learns important life lessons in the process. The artistically inclined Williams had refined his passion for drawing and painting at Canada's Sheridan College in Oakville, Ontario. Finding a creative outlet in poetry and painting while working as a forest ranger for five years after dropping out of Sheridan College, Williams set his goals to leave the forest as a stand-up comic and actor, soon moving to Los Angeles to pursue his newfound calling.
Williams is cousin to Barenaked Ladies keyboardist Kevin Hearn, and together they have a hobby band called The Cousins.
Career[edit]
Williams is known for his movie roles, which include Dumb and Dumber, Freddy Got Fingered, There's Something About Mary, Half Baked, RocketMan, Sorority Boys, Down Periscope, and Employee of The Month. Williams starred as the security guard in the music video for the 2001 Barenaked Ladies song "Falling for the First Time". He has performed his stand-up comedy routines on Late Night with David Letterman, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, HBO, Comedy Central and at comedy clubs throughout the country.
His improvisational skills led to him winning the award for 'Best Improviser' on an episode of NBC's prime time series Thank God You're Here in 2007.
Williams's ventures include voicing 'Monster' on Nickelodeon's animated series Robot and Monster and starring as Warwick the Warlock in Disney's direct-to-DVD movie Spooky Buddies.
He has a free, bi-weekly podcast called The Harland Highway. The Harland Highway can be downloaded on iTunes or streamed live from your mobile device on Stitcher Radio. His podcast is unique in that instead of focusing on interviews and similar content, it is made up of unique pop culture commentary, as well as improvisation by Williams, featuring a diverse lineup of recurring characters.
Rocker Parry Gripp of the rock band Nerf Herder wrote a song in homage to Williams, entitled "I Wanna Be Your Harland Williams".[3]
He has appeared on Tom Green's House Tonight and on the Adam Carolla Podcast numerous times.[4] He is known for his performance of bird sounds on Carolla's show.
In August 2012 he began filming in Vancouver a 13-part CityTV comedy series called Package Deal, in which he stars.[5]
Williams created the Disney Junior series Puppy Dog Pals that debuted in 2017.[6]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1994 Dumb and Dumber State Trooper
1996 Down Periscope E.T. "Sonar" Lovacelli
1997 RocketMan Fred Z. Randall
Wag the Dog Pet Wrangler
Space Ghost Coast to Coast Himself 1 episode
1998 Half Baked Kenny Davis
There's Something About Mary Hitchhiker (uncredited)
Dog Park Callum
Ned's Newt Newton (voice)
Mr. Headmistress Tucker
1999 Superstar Slater
2000 The Whole Nine Yards Special Agent Steve Hanson
Big Money Hustlas Officer Harry Cox
Becoming Dick Richard Breggs
2001 Freddy Got Fingered Darren
Gary & Mike Mike Bonner (voice)
2002 Back by Midnight Sheriff Hubbard
Sorority Boys Doofer/Roberta
2003 Family Tree Jake
Kart Racer Zee
2005 Lucky 13 Bleckman
Because of Winn-Dixie Policeman
Robots Lugnut (voice)
2006 Employee of the Month Russell Porpis-Gunders
Surf School Rip
Ergo Proxy Head Dog Cop (voice) 1 episode
2007 Meet the Robinsons Carl (voice)
The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
2008 Bachelor Party 2: The Last Temptation Derek
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa Giraffe (voice)
2009 Fudgy Wudgy Fudge Face Elmore P. Fudge
My Life in Ruins Big Al Sawchuck
2009 The Haunted World of El Superbeasto Gerard the Exterminator (voice)
2011 Spooky Buddies Warwick the Warlock
Lloyd the Conqueror Vulcan
Dahmer Vs. Gacy God
Dan Vs. Hiram Episode: Technology
Robot Chicken Professor Cornelius Q. Quibblefingers (voice) 1 episode; also writes 4 episodes
2012 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Apple (voice)
Robot and Monster Monster (voice) Main Role
2014 Back in the Day Skunk
2015 Jake and the Never Land Pirates Captain Frost (voice)
Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero Helper Hue (voice)
2016 Sausage Party Ketchup Bottle/Drug Dealer/Baba Ganoush (voice)
Skylanders Academy Hugo (voice)
2017-present Puppy Dog Pals Bob (voice) Also show creator
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John B. Mueller Photography".
Jump up ^ "globeandmail.com: WILLIAMS".
Jump up ^ "Parry Gripp Song of the Week". Parrygripp.com. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
Jump up ^ "The Channel". TomGreen.com. April 13, 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
Jump up ^ Hall, Shannon. "Casting Announced for Citytv Original Comedy Series, Package Deal". Thunderbird Films (Press Release). CityTV. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ Milligan, Mercedes. "Harland Williams' 'Puppy Dog Pals' to Sit, Stay on Disney TV". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harland Williams.
Official website
Harland Williams on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 71010121
LCCN: no98078688
ISNI: 0000 0001 1447 503X
MusicBrainz: 3f2a8b74-5f10-4f2e-95c8-cfd976e047cf
SNAC: w64r873x
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harland_Williams&oldid=838048454"
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