text:
Rocky Road (Once Upon a Time)
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"Rocky Road"
Once Upon a Time episode
Episode no.
Season 4
Episode 3
Directed by
Morgan Beggs
Written by
David H. Goodman & Jerome Schwartz[1]
Production code
403
Original air date
October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12)
Guest appearance(s)
Scott Michael Foster as Kristoff Bjorgman
Georgina Haig as Elsa
Elizabeth Mitchell as The Snow Queen
Tyler Jacob Moore as Hans
Beverly Elliott as Granny
Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket/Archie Hopper
Sean Maguire as Robin Hood
Lee Arenberg as Grumpy/Leroy
Raphael Alejandro as Roland
Christie Laing as Marian
Nil Hognestad as Franz
Charles Raaul Singh as General
Marcus Rosner as Jurgen
Mark Goldman as Sven (voice)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"White Out" Next →
"The Apprentice"
Once Upon a Time (season 4)
List of Once Upon a Time episodes
"Rocky Road" is the third episode of the fourth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on October 12, 2014.
In this episode Elsa is framed, while flashbacks show Elsa meeting her aunt, The Snow Queen.
This episode marks the introduction of Michael Socha as Will Scarlet to the main cast, who recently featured in the spin-off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Opening sequence
1.2 Event chronology
1.3 In the Characters' Past
1.4 In Storybrooke
2 Production
3 Cultural references
4 Reception
4.1 Ratings
4.2 Reviews
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Opening sequence[edit]
The Snow Queen's ice cream shop, "Any Given Sundae", is shown in the forest.
Event chronology[edit]
The Arendelle events take place after "A Tale of Two Sisters". The Storybrooke events take place after "White Out".
In the Characters' Past[edit]
In the wake of her sister Anna heading off towards Misthaven, a concerned Elsa (Georgina Haig) is now panicking over her sister’s mission, even as Kristoff (Scott Michael Foster) tells her that her kingdom needs her more than Anna does right now. Elsa then receives news that Prince Hans (Tyler Jacob Moore) is leading an army straight to Arendelle, so she has to stay and prevent him from attempting to take control of the kingdom once again. While spying on the former regent and his 12 brothers, Kristoff discovers that Hans has brought with him a sketch of an urn that once it is in use, will be able to trap people. Kristoff, fearing that he will use the urn on Elsa so he can take over Arendelle, returns to warn Elsa, who decides to follow Kristoff along after he volunteers to go after Hans before he carries out his plot.
Hours later, and after making a trek towards a cave, Elsa and Kristoff discover the urn that was kept hidden. When Elsa discovers an unfamiliar language encrypted on the item, it leads to confusion between her and Kristoff over whether to destroy it or not, only to be caught off guard by Hans and his brothers, who then takes a sword to Kristoff and demand that Elsa drop the urn or he'll kill him. After Elsa gives in, she hands over the urn to Hans, thens warns Kristoff to search for Anna. Hans then opens the urn to trap Elsa, only to discover that a person is already inside: The Snow Queen. After she is unleashed, The Snow Queen, upset over Hans calling Elsa a monster, freezes him and his brothers flee the cave. The Snow Queen then returns to the palace to get to know Elsa, and reveals to her that she is her aunt after she looks at a portrait of Elsa's parents. She also tells Elsa about finding others like them who may have met the same fate as her.
In Storybrooke[edit]
Elsa has literally frozen Storybrooke, and hopes to find her sister, Anna (Elizabeth Lail). She accompanies Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) to try to break down the wall of ice she created around Storybrooke, but her powers aren't strong enough to melt the barrier. The two, along with Hook, pay Gold a visit and to find out if he has known Anna based on the necklace Elsa found in his pawn shop. Belle uses the fake dagger to “command” Gold to tell the truth but it fails, as he knows nothing about Elsa or Anna, and wishes them the best of luck finding her. At the same time, Robin Hood (Sean Maguire), Marian, and Roland visit "Any Given Sundae," where the Snow Queen (Elizabeth Mitchell) serves them ice cream, but unknown to them she casts a spell on the ice cream cone that she gave Marian. Afterwards, the family joins the other residents at the Mayor's office, as Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin), who is still trying to balance both maternal and mayoral duties, is holding the first annual “Mayor’s Fireside Chat,” where she assures the citizens that they are no longer afraid of Regina's influence, but it appears that they want Mary Margaret to do something about the town’s snowy fiasco. Mary Margaret then tells the residents about Elsa's presence in Storybrooke and is trying to reassure everyone that she is not dangerous, only to have Marian beginning to start feeling as if something was glossing over her and she passes out. Elsa's presence has also resulted in her becoming a prime suspect, and with her heart slowly freezing, a cure must be found before Marian's heart completely freezes and kills her. The Storybrooke residents blame Elsa, who is being framed by the Snow Queen for the icy cold mayhem. With the entire town ready to go after their newest addition, Emma (who starts to question her abilities as "The Savior") and Hook decide to hide Elsa at the sheriff's office while she and David search for the real suspect.
Later on, Emma and David (Josh Dallas) arrive to Robin Hood's campsite in the forest, and as Emma draws her gun and orders whoever is inside the tent to come out, she encounters former Merry Man Will Scarlet (Michael Socha) and she demands to know who he is, but as he about to escape David catches him. Will tells the two that he doesn’t know anything about the ice wall around Storybrooke, but reveals that he went into the ice cream parlor while the electricity was out, and saw that despite the blackout, the products in the back were still frozen. When they arrive at the shop, however, they find the kitchen area in deep freezing temperatures, but Will sneaks off and take the money from the register. Meanwhile, Hook decides to take Elsa to Gold's Pawn Shop instead, where he tells his former archenemy that he knows about the Dagger of Kris that Gold still has in his possession, and promises to keep it a secret, but only on the condition that they find out where they can locate the real suspect, and hopefully, find Anna. Using a piece of Marian's hair strands, Gold casts a spell to serve as a tracer to origin of the freezing spell cast on it. Elsa and Hook are able to trace it back to the Snow Queen in the forest, but as Hook tries to contact Emma with a cellphone, and later by person, the Snow Queen traps Hook's legs in ice, and when she tries to kill Hook with sharp icicles, she tells Elsa that she neutralized her powers, to keep her from interfering. Then, she discovers that Elsa has lost her memories. She tells Elsa that the Rock Trolls wiped her memory, while trying to convince her that it was Anna who had placed her in the urn. As the Snow Queen prepares to use an ice attack on Hook, Emma arrives just in time to use her powers, allowing the Snow Queen to get away upon getting distracted by helping David free Hook before the large icicles could fall on him. Emma was surprised that the Snow Queen knew Emma's name, but Elsa suspects that the Snow Queen might be lying about her remembering their past experience and about her past with Emma, although Emma assures Elsa they'll find out together. Later that night, the Snow Queen is approached by Gold, who asks if Emma remembers her. As it turns out, Gold tells her that Emma will remember her eventually, but when he asked if she needs his help, the Snow Queen declined, and stated that when she's ready to make a deal, she'll come to him. Gold says that he eagerly awaits that moment and walks away. As Emma tries to remember her past encounter with the Snow Queen, Hook confronts her, and explains that after losing Neal, Graham and Walsh, she did not want to lose Hook either. They then share a kiss together.
While all this is going on, Regina and Henry team up to attempt to find out the identity of who the fairytale book author is. Before they can do that, Robin arrives to tell Regina about Marian's frozen state. As Regina is quick to suspect Elsa, as she believes that darker magic is behind this but Elsa denies it to Regina. They believe a true love kiss will wake Marian up, but after Robin kisses her, nothing happens. David and Henry surmise that the cold is creating a barrier, preventing the kiss from working, like when Frederick was turned into gold. Later on that evening, Robin confesses that he knows why the kiss did not work, although he kissed Marian, he's still in love with Regina. Regina then tells Henry to bring her a box and pulls her heart out before her body freezes, indicating it is alive and promises Robin that she will find a cure for his wife.
Production[edit]
This episode is named after the ice cream flavor that the Snow Queen gives to Marian that puts her under a frozen spell.
This episode marks the introduction of Michael Socha as Will Scarlet/the Knave of Hearts to the main cast, who previously starred in the spin-off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. On April 1, 2014, it was reported that Michael Socha was in talks to reprise his role as Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts as a series regular in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time.[2] On April 20, 2014, it was confirmed that Michael Socha will become a regular for Season 4 of the parent series.[3]
Cultural references[edit]
The episode title is a reference to the Rocky Road ice cream.
Elsa talks about making a living snow man with the Snow Queen, which is a reference to Olaf from Frozen.*
When Mary Margaret is trying to get Neal loaded into her car & worried about spending so much time with him. Dr. Hopper tells her to "let it go" referring to her concern about making up for the time she lost with Emma.
Emma calls the Snow Queen "Dairy Queen", a reference to the ice cream franchise of the same name.
Operation Mongoose is the name of a United States Government mission to overthrow Fidel Castro and return Democracy to Cuba.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
This outing posted a 2.7/7 among 18-49s with 7.92 million viewers tuning in, a 18% drop from the previous episode.[4]
In Canada, it delivered 1.963 million viewers, making it the night's second most-watched program.[5]
Reviews[edit]
The episode was met with good reviews, most of it directed towards the performances from Elizebeth Mitchell and Jennifer Morrison.
In a review from Entertainment Weekly, Hilary Busis mentioned several good points about this episode, including this one: "And so Once continues to play its favorite game: Families Are Complicated, Y'all! A new baddie who's secretly related to one of our heroes is hardly uncharted territory, but at least Mitchell's presence is livening up the Frozen arc. And while I'm still not sure that Once has done enough to justify devoting this much time to characters from a movie that was released less than a year ago, season 4's third episode did at least have a little more time to spare for the folks who have been around since the pre-"Let It Go" days. (Though we still don't know what the deal is with that damn Fantasia hat.)"[6]
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated the episode 7.5 out of 10, saying "Tonight's Once had entertaining points and featured an intriguing entrance for the Snow Queen. She's a quieter sort of villain, and that's a nice change. We inched closer to finding out how Elsa got trapped in the urn and where Anna is, but the episode fell flat in a few places because characters didn't act like themselves."[7]
TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.6 out of 5 stars.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "AdamHorowitzLA Twitter announcement". Twitter. July 31, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Once Upon a Time': Michael Socha to Join Season 4 – Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Nikki De Graeve. "Once Upon a Time – WonderCon 2014 Season 3 Spoilers , Videos & Pics – Entertainment Outlook". Entertainment Outlook. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 14, 2014). "Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time', 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' & 'Resurrection' Adjusted Up; 'Madam Secretary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Programs – Total English Canada (October 6–12, 2014)" (PDF). Numeris. October 21, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time recap: 'Rocky Road'" from Entertainment Weekly (October 12, 2014)
Jump up ^ Ratcliffe, Amy (October 12, 2014). "Once Upon a Time: "Rocky Road" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time Season 4 Episode 3 Review: Rocky Road from TV Fanatic (October 12, 2014)
External links[edit]
"Rocky Road" on IMDb
"Rocky Road" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Once Upon a Time episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Thing You Love Most"
"Snow Falls"
"The Price of Gold"
"That Still Small Voice"
"The Shepherd"
"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter"
"Desperate Souls"
"True North"
"7:15 A.M."
"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree"
"Skin Deep"
"What Happened to Frederick"
"Dreamy"
"Red-Handed"
"Heart of Darkness"
"Hat Trick"
"The Stable Boy"
"The Return"
"The Stranger"
"An Apple Red as Blood"
"A Land Without Magic"
Season 2
"Broken"
"We Are Both"
"Lady of the Lake"
"The Crocodile"
"The Doctor"
"Tallahassee"
"Child of the Moon"
"Into the Deep"
"Queen of Hearts"
"The Cricket Game"
"The Outsider"
"In the Name of the Brother"
"Tiny"
"Manhattan"
"The Queen Is Dead"
"The Miller's Daughter"
"Welcome to Storybrooke"
"Selfless, Brave and True"
"Lacey"
"The Evil Queen"
"Second Star to the Right"
"And Straight On 'til Morning"
Season 3
"The Heart of the Truest Believer"
"Lost Girl"
"Quite a Common Fairy"
"Nasty Habits"
"Good Form"
"Ariel"
"Dark Hollow"
"Think Lovely Thoughts"
"Save Henry"
"The New Neverland"
"Going Home"
"New York City Serenade"
"Witch Hunt"
"The Tower"
"Quiet Minds"
"It's Not Easy Being Green"
"The Jolly Roger"
"Bleeding Through"
"A Curious Thing"
"Kansas"
"Snow Drifts"
"There's No Place Like Home"
Season 4
"A Tale of Two Sisters"
"White Out"
"Rocky Road"
"The Apprentice"
"Breaking Glass"
"Family Business"
"The Snow Queen"
"Smash the Mirror"
"Fall"
"Shattered Sight"
"Heroes and Villains"
"Darkness on the Edge of Town"
"Unforgiven"
"Enter the Dragon"
"Poor Unfortunate Soul"
"Best Laid Plans"
"Heart of Gold"
"Sympathy for the De Vil"
"Lily"
"Mother"
"Operation Mongoose"
Season 5
"The Dark Swan"
"The Price"
"Siege Perilous"
"The Broken Kingdom"
"Dreamcatcher"
"The Bear and the Bow"
"Nimue"
"Birth"
"The Bear King"
"Broken Heart"
"Swan Song"
"Souls of the Departed"
"Labor of Love"
"Devil's Due"
"The Brothers Jones"
"Our Decay"
"Her Handsome Hero"
"Ruby Slippers"
"Sisters"
"Firebird"
"Last Rites"
"Only You"
"An Untold Story"
Season 6
"The Savior"
"A Bitter Draught"
"The Other Shoe"
"Strange Case"
"Street Rats"
"Dark Waters"
"Heartless"
"I'll Be Your Mirror"
"Changelings"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Tougher Than the Rest"
"Murder Most Foul"
"Ill-Boding Patterns"
"Page 23"
"A Wondrous Place"
"Mother's Little Helper"
"Awake"
"Where Bluebirds Fly"
"The Black Fairy"
"The Song in Your Heart"
"The Final Battle"
Season 7
"Hyperion Heights"
"A Pirate's Life"
"The Garden of Forking Paths"
"Beauty"
"Greenbacks"
"Wake Up Call"
"Eloise Gardener"
"Pretty in Blue"
"One Little Tear"
"The Eighth Witch"
"Secret Garden"
"A Taste of the Heights"
"Knightfall"
"The Girl in the Tower"
"Sisterhood"
“Breadcrumbs”
“Chosen”
“The Guardian”
Wonderland
"Down the Rabbit Hole"
"Trust Me"
"Forget Me Not"
"The Serpent"
"Heart of Stone"
"Who's Alice"
"Bad Blood"
"Home"
"Nothing to Fear"
"Dirty Little Secrets"
"Heart of the Matter"
"To Catch a Thief"
"And They Lived..."
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All-India Muslim League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
All-India Muslim League
Presiding Leader(s)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Aga Khan III
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Sir Feroz Khan Noon
Khwaja Nazimuddin
Liaquat Ali Khan
Khaliq-uz-Zaman
Mohammad Ali Bogra
Founder
Nawab Viqar ul Malik
Founded
30 December 1906 (1906-12-30) at Dacca, British raj (now in Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Dissolved
15 August 1947
Succeeded by
Muslim League in Pakistan, Awami League in Bangladesh and Indian Union Muslim League in India
Headquarters
Lucknow
Newspaper
Dawn
Student wing
AIMSF
Paramilitary wing
Khaki
Ideology
Pan-Islamism
conservatism
Two-nation theory
Civil rights for Muslims in India
Religion
Islam
International affiliation
All–India Muslim League (London Chapter)
Election symbol
Crescent and Star
Politics of India
Political parties
Elections
The All-India Muslim League (popularised as Muslim League) was a political party established during the early years of the 20th century in the British Indian Empire. Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of British India in 1947 by the British Empire.[1] The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed Ahmad Khan was a central figure.[2][page needed] Sir Syed had founded, in 1886, the Muhammadan Educational Conference, but a self-imposed ban prevented it from discussing politics. In December 1906 conference in Dhaka, attended by 3,000 delegates, the conference removed the ban and adopted a resolution to form an All Indian Muslim League political party.[citation needed] Its original political goal was to define and advance the Indian Muslim's civil rights and to provide protection to the upper and gentry class of Indian Muslims. It remained an elitist organisation until 1937, when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the League then became a popular organisation.[3][4]
Following in the 1930s, the idea of a separate nation-state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal's vision of uniting the four provinces in North-West British India further supported the rationale of two-nation theory. Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers, the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947.[5][6][page needed] The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts, and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of "Islam in Danger".[7]
After the partition and subsequent establishment of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued as a minor party in India where it was often part of the government. In Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena. In India Indian Union Muslim League and in Pakistan, the Pakisthan Muslim League became the original successors of the All-India Muslim League. Under the leadership Of Qaede millath Muhammad Ismail Sahib Muslim league is reconstituted in India.The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah (and after Jinnah's death by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan), but suffered with ill-fate following the military intervention in 1958. One of its faction remained to supportive of President Ayub Khan until 1962 when the all factions decided to reform into the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin supporting Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections in 1965. Furthermore, it was the only party to have received votes from both East and West Pakistan during the elections held in 1970. During the successive periods of Pakistan, the Muslim League continued to be a ruling party in the different periods of Pakistan.
Since 1985, the Pakistan Muslim League split into various factions; all factions which had little ideological connection with the original Muslim League. However, the PML-N remains to be influential faction than others,[8][9] and has been in power during the elections held in 1990 and in the 1997. As of current of 2013 elections, the PML-N remains to be a ruling party of Pakistan.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Foundation
2 Early years
3 Communalism grows
4 Conception of Pakistan
5 Campaign for Pakistan
6 Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent
6.1 Pakistan
6.2 India
6.3 Bangladesh
6.4 United Kingdom
7 Historical versions
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Foundation[edit]
The AIME Conference in 1906, held at the Ahsan Manzil palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family, laid the foundation of the Muslim League.
The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan. His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML. Originally hosting the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed's Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Movement. In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML.[11]
The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[12] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name "All-India Muslim League" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[13] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[14]
Early years[edit]
Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarters were established at Lucknow. There were also six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three-years term, proportionately from different provinces.[15] The principles of the League were espoused in the "Green Book," which included the organisation's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence.
Aga Khan III (1877–1957) played a leading role in founding AIML; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India. He shared Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics. Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas.[16] in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league.
Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University. Hasan reports that in the early 20th century, this Muslim institution, designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj, exploded into political activity. Until 1939, the faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. After 1939, however, sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement, as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League.[17]
Communalism grows[edit]
Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I, as typified by the Khilafat Movement. Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922. Communalism grew rapidly, forcing the two groups apart. Major riots broke out in numerous cities, including 91 in U.P. alone.[18][19] At the leadership level, the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply, from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1924.[20]
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The "Two-Nation Theory", the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country, gained popularity among Muslims. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united India based on composite national identity. Congress at all times rejected "communalism"—that is, basing politics on religious identity.[21] Iqbal's policy of uniting the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League's political platform.[22]
The League rejected the Committee report (the Nehru Report), arguing that it gave too little representation (only one quarter) to Muslims, established Devanagari as the official language of the colony, and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state, with residuary powers resting at the centre – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces. Jinnah reported a "parting of the ways" after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour.[23]
Conception of Pakistan[edit]
Main articles: Pakistan Movement and Allahabad Address
On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session. He said:[24]
I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.
Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word "Pakistan" in his address. According to some scholars, Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-Western province within India.[25] They argued that "Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India..., and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation".[26]
Another Indian historian, Tara Chand, also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India, but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India.[27] Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation.[28]
On 28 January 1933, Choudhary Rahmat Ali, founder of the Pakistan National Movement, voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never;[29] Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" The word 'P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.[30] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".
The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word "Pakistan" to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write:[31]
Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially.
Campaign for Pakistan[edit]
Main article: Pakistan Movement
Muslim League Working Committee at the Lahore session
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.
Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution.[3][32] Under Jinnah's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook.[33][34]
The Muslim League's earliest base was the United Provinces.[35] The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s. Jinnah worked closely with local politicians. However, there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938–1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow.[36] From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes.[37]
At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said:
Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.[38]
In response to Jinnah's speech, the All-India Jamhur Muslim League (AIJML) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed's two-nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan. The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary. Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground.[39] This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition.
At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.[40]
First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League
In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (lit. Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly of India's elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India.[citation needed]
However, 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India. Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa. The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed.[41]
The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."[42]
Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent[edit]
Pakistan[edit]
Main articles: Politics in Pakistan, Pakistan Muslim League, and Pakistan Muslim League (N)
The conservative convention held by PML in the 1990s in Sindh.
After the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country.[43]
From 1947–51, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister. After Jinnah and Ali Khan, Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party, primarily due to lack of its social programmes. During this time, the Republican Party, led by Iskander Mirza, had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country. In 1958, the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan, army chief at that time, imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon, a leader of Muslim League.[citation needed]
The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965. However, one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan.[44]
Other factions were also involved in supporting the presidential regimes of Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, and the recent regime of Pervez Musharraf in the 2000s.[44] Every time, the establishment has put the political leaders were put together, who splintered apart when the general's blessings faded away.[45] Hence, Pakistan Muslim League refers to several political parties in Pakistan.[44] However, the most dominating and influential faction of the Muslim League is the PML(N) that is led by its President Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, who has won the largest number of seats in two of the last five general elections, including the 2013 election.[46]
India[edit]
Main article: Indian Union Muslim League
With the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population. In 1948, the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan. During its successive periods, the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government; nonetheless, the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980. Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan. The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state.
Bangladesh[edit]
Main article: Awami League
The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal, with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister.
Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution. Furthermore, the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal. Muslim League's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan. In an interview given to print media, Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstration, and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement.[47]
All over the country, the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League.[48] In 1954, the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament.[48] Unlike in West, not all of the Hindu population migrated to India, instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state.[48] The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections. The United Front, Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League.[48] Out of 309, the Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26 seats. The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections.[48]
In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.[48] The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970. It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan. After the independence of Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena.
United Kingdom[edit]
During the 1940s, the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics. After the establishment of Pakistan, the Pakistani community's leaders took over the UK branch, making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom.[49] As of current, the Muslim League's UK branch is taken over by the PML-N, with Zubair Gull its president, and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron-in-chief.[49]
Historical versions[edit]
Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:[50]
Muslim League, the original successor of All-India Muslim League, which was disbanded on first martial law.
Convention Muslim League, a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president.
Council Muslim League, a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan.
Muslim League, a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections.
See also[edit]
Indian Independence Movement
Indian Muslim nationalism
Indian Nationalism
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Establishment of All India Muslim League". Story of Pakistan. p. 1. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Sequeira, Dolly. Total History and Civics ICSE 10.New Delhi:MSB publushers,2016.Print.
^ Jump up to: a b H. Rizvi (15 May 2000). Military, State and Society in Pakistan. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-0-230-59904-8. The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation. It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7-8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939, more so, after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March 1940.
Jump up ^ John Keay (2001). India: A History. Grove Press. p. 468. ISBN 9780802137975.
Jump up ^ "Muslim League and the impact of World War II". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal (1994). The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45850-4.
Jump up ^ Pan-Islam in British Indian politics, pgs 57,245 by M.Naeem Qureshi
Jump up ^ "PML-N's popularity up by four percent: survey". The News International. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Iqbal, Anwar (30 September 2012). "PTI losing ground amid PML-N surge: IRI survey". Dawn. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan Election 2013: Live Election Results". Geo News. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Rashid Kahn, Abdul (2007). "All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All-India Muslim League". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 55 (1/2): 65–83.
Jump up ^ Pakistan movement. Commencement and evolution, p. 167, 168, by Dr. Sikandar Hayat Khan and Shandana Zahid, published by Urdu Science Board, Lahore. ISBN 969-477-122-6
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2013). Jinnah of Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: 2013. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-577389-7.
Jump up ^ The Muslim Heritage of Bengal-by Muhammad Mojlum Khan-Kube Publishing Ltd., UK- ISBN 978-1-84774-059-5
Jump up ^ "Establishment of All India Muslim League". Story of Pakistan. p. 2. Retrieved 11 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Amin Valliani, "Aga Khan's Role in the Founding and Consolidation of the All-India Muslim League", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society (2007) 55# 1/2, pp 85–95.
Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan, "Nationalist and Separatist Trends in Aligarh, 1915–47," Indian Economic and Social History Review, (Jan 1985) 22#1 pp 1–33
Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar (1983). Modern India: 1885–1947. Macmillan. p. 233.
Jump up ^ Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. London: Anthem Press. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4. Remarkable unity shown between Hindus and Muslims [during the Khilafat movement] ... tension between the religious communities worsened ... the reforms of 1919 had encouraged Muslim separatism by maintaining constituencies reserved for Muslims: having to get only the votes of their coreligionists, Hindu and Muslim politicians tended to emphasise what divided rather than what united the two communities.
Jump up ^ Judith Margaret Brown (1994). Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy. Oxford U. Press. p. 228. ISBN 9780198731122.
Jump up ^ David E. Ludden (1996). Contesting the nation: religion, community, and the politics of democracy in India. U. of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. ISBN 0812215850.
Jump up ^ Peter Lyon (2008). Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 9781576077122.
Jump up ^ P. M. Holt; Peter Malcolm Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 103ff. ISBN 9780521291378.
Jump up ^ A.R. Tariq (ed.), Speeches and Statements of Iqbal (Lahore: 1973),
Jump up ^ K.K. Aziz, Making of Pakistan (London: 1970), p.81.
Jump up ^ Verinder Grover (ed.), Muhammad Iqbal: Poet Thinker of Modern Muslim India Vol. 25 (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1995), pp.666–67.
Jump up ^ Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India Vol. III (New Delhi: 1972), p.253.
Jump up ^ lang, 23, 24 & 25 March 2003; Also see, Safdar Mahmood, Iqbal, Jinnah aur Pakistan (Lahore: Khazina Ilm-wa-Adab, 2004), pp.52–69.
Jump up ^ Full text of the pamphlet "Now or Never", published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html
Jump up ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali, 1947, Pakistan: the fatherland of the Pak nation, Cambridge, OCLC: 12241695
Jump up ^ J.L. Nehru, Discovery of India (New York: 1946), p.353.
Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala (9 February 2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-1-316-25838-5. During this growth spurt, the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass-based party that gave itself a new constitution, a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational structure.
Jump up ^ Victor Sebestyen (1 October 2014). 1946: The Making of the Modern World. Pan Macmillan UK. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-1-74353-456-4. That, too, had begun life as a cosy club of upper-class Indians, seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims. However, under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and separatist in tone.
Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan (4 July 2017). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, New Edition. Yale University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-300-23364-3. Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s, an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties.
Jump up ^ Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937–1946". Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 20 (1): 5–24. Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period, or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest.
Jump up ^ Venkat Dhulipala (2010). "Rallying the Qaum: The Muslim League in the United Provinces, 1937–1939". Modern Asian Studies. 44 (3): 603–640. doi:10.1017/s0026749x09004016. JSTOR 40664926.
Jump up ^ Talbot, Ian (1993). "The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggle for Pakistan". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 21 (2): 307–333. Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards. They also joined in processions, strikes, and riots.
Jump up ^ Cited in Ainslie T. Embree
Jump up ^ South Asian History and Culture vol.2 no.1 pp 16–36, Taylor and Francis Group
Jump up ^ Peter Lyon, Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia (2008) p 108
Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (2008)
Jump up ^ Akbar S. Ahmed (1997). Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-415-14966-2.
Jump up ^ M S, Amogh (20 May 2011). "A history project on the impact of the AIMD on the future courses of India and Pakistan". Online Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b c Masood, Alauddin (25 January 2008). "PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues". The Weekly.
Jump up ^ Masood, Alauddin (25 January 2008). "PML Perpetually Multiplying Leagues". Weekly Pulse. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Jocelyne Cesari (2014). The Awakening of Muslim Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-107-66482-1.
Jump up ^ Nair, M. Bhaskaran (1990). Politics in Bangladesh: A Study of Awami League, 1949-58. New Delhi, India: Northern Book Centre. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-81-85119-79-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ali, Tariq (2002). The Clash of Fundamentalism. United Kingdom: New Left Book plc. p. 181. ISBN 1-85984-457-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Muslim League in UK". PMLN Muslim League in UK. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Ashraf Mumtaz. Dawn Newspaper, 14 May 2006
Further reading[edit]
Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0.
Graham, George Farquhar Irving (1974). The Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-636069-0.
Malik, Iftikar H. (2008). The History of Pakistan. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34137-3.
Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 17 (4): 529–561. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00011069. JSTOR 312235.
al Mujahid, Shairf (2007). "Reconstructing the Saga of the All India Muslim League (1906–47)". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 55 (1/2): 15–26.
Wolpert, Stanley (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503412-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to All-India Muslim League.
Government of Pakistan website
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Chronicles Of Pakistan
Jinnah at a Meeting of the Muslim League 16-second QuickTime film clip
Colloquium on the One Hundred Years of Muslim League at the University of Chicago, 4 Nov 2006
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