text:
Camp David Accords
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Camp David Accords
Framework for Peace in the Middle East and Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel
Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat
Type
Bilateral treaty
Signed
17 September 1978 (1978-09-17)
Location
Washington, DC, United States
Original
signatories
Egypt
Israel
Signatories
Menachem Begin
(Prime Minister of Israel)
Anwar Sadat
(President of Egypt)
Jimmy Carter
(President of the United States)
Ratifiers
Egypt
Israel
Language
English
French
The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.[1] The two framework agreements were signed at the White House, and were witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel) led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework (A Framework for Peace in the Middle East), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preceding diplomacy
1.1 Carter Initiative
1.2 Participating parties
1.3 Begin Initiative
1.4 Sadat Initiative
2 Egyptian–Israeli talks
3 Partial agreements
3.1 Framework for Peace in the Middle East
3.1.1 Key points of the West Bank and Gaza section
3.1.2 UN Rejection of the Middle East Framework
3.2 Framework Peace Treaty Egypt and Israel
4 Consequences
5 Public support
6 Criticism of the Accords
7 Assassination of Anwar Sadat
8 Arab–Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Preceding diplomacy
Carter Initiative
Carter's and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance's exploratory meetings gave a basic plan for reinvigorating the peace process based on a Geneva Peace Conference and had presented three main objectives for Arab–Israeli peace: Arab recognition of Israel's right to exist in peace, Israel's withdrawal from occupied territories gained in the Six-Day War through negotiating efforts with neighboring Arab nations to ensure that Israel's security would not be threatened and securing an undivided Jerusalem.[2]
The Camp David Accords were the result of 14 months of diplomatic efforts by Egypt, Israel, and the United States that began after Jimmy Carter became President.[3] The efforts initially focused on a comprehensive resolution of disputes between Israel and the Arab countries, gradually evolving into a search for a bilateral agreement between Israel and Egypt.[4]
Upon assuming office on January 20, 1977, President Carter moved to rejuvenate the Middle East peace process that had stalled throughout the 1976 presidential campaign in the United States. Following the advice of a Brookings Institution report, Carter opted to replace the incremental, bilateral peace talks which had characterized Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy following the 1973 Yom Kippur War with a comprehensive, multilateral approach. The Yom Kippur War further complicated efforts to achieve the objectives written in United Nations Security Council Resolution 242.
Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and his successor, Menachem Begin, were both skeptical of an international conference.[3] While Begin, who took office in May 1977, officially favored the reconvening of the conference, perhaps even more vocally than Rabin, and even accepted the Palestinian presence, in actuality the Israelis and the Egyptians were secretly formulating a framework for bilateral talks. Even earlier, Begin had not been opposed to returning the Sinai, but a major future obstacle was his firm refusal to consider relinquishing control over the West Bank.[5]
Participating parties
Territory held by Israel:
before the Six-Day War
after the war
Carter visited the heads of state on whom he would have to rely to make any peace agreement feasible. By the end of his first year in office, he had already met with Anwar El Sadat of Egypt, King Hussein of Jordan, Hafez al-Assad of Syria, and Yitzhak Rabin of Israel. Despite the fact that he supported Sadat's peace initiative, King Hussein refused to take part in the peace talks; Begin offered Jordan little to gain and Hussein also feared he would isolate Jordan from the Arab world and provoke Syria and the PLO if he engaged in the peace talks as well.[6] Hafez al-Assad, who had no particular interest in negotiating peace with Israel,[7] also refused to come to the United States and only agreed to meet with Carter in Geneva.
Begin Initiative
The key to an arrangement between Begin and Sadat took place on Sunday, 6 August 1978, as a result of a telephone call made that morning to the Israeli Prime Minister's office by a United States citizen who had an "idea for peace." The Prime Minister had not yet arrived at his office and the caller spoke to Mr. Yechiel Kadishai, a Begin staff head. Kadishai said that "no one was speaking with anyone and we expect a war in October." He also told the caller that if any high level talks were to occur the caller could be assured that they would be using his approach. Begin arrived, was informed of the plan, and contacted Sadat who agreed to the plan on that day. On the next day, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance traveled to the Middle East to obtain firsthand confirmation of the agreement between Israel and Egypt. The following day, Tuesday, 8 August, the Camp David meeting was scheduled to take place in exactly 4 weeks time; on 5 September 1978. The plan was that Israel agreed on 6 August to return the land to Egypt. Sadat’s then waning popularity would be greatly enhanced as a result of such an achievement. Israel's security was insured by the specific activities to take place during the "transition period." Those activities also were included in the "idea for peace" communicated to Begin's office on 6 August.
Sadat Initiative
Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter and Anwar Sadat at Camp David, 1978
President Anwar El Sadat came to feel that the Geneva track peace process was more show than substance, and was not progressing, partly due to disagreements with his Arab (mainly Syria, Libya, and Iraq) and his communist allies. He also lacked confidence in the Western powers to pressure Israel after a meeting with the Western leaders. His frustration boiled over, and after clandestine preparatory meetings between Egyptian and Israeli officials, unknown even to the NATO countries, in November 1977, Sadat became the first Arab leader to visit Israel.
On 9 November 1977, President Sadat startled the world by announcing to parliament his intention to go to Jerusalem and speak before the Knesset. Shortly afterward, the Israeli government cordially invited him to address the Knesset in a message passed to Sadat via the US ambassador to Egypt. Ten days after his speech, Sadat arrived for the groundbreaking three-day visit, which launched the first peace process between Israel and an Arab state. As would be the case with later Israeli–Arab peace initiatives, Washington was taken by surprise; the White House and State Department were particularly concerned that Sadat was merely reaching out to reacquire Sinai as quickly as possible, putting aside the Palestinian problem. Considered as a man with strong political convictions who kept his eye on the main objective, Sadat had no ideological base, which made him politically inconsistent.[8] The Sadat visit came about after he delivered a speech in Egypt stating that he would travel anywhere, "even Jerusalem," to discuss peace.[9] That speech led the Begin government to declare that, if Israel thought that Sadat would accept an invitation, Israel would invite him. In Sadat's Knesset speech he talked about his views on peace, the status of Israel's occupied territories, and the Palestinian refugee problem. This tactic went against the intentions of both the West and the East, which were to revive the Geneva Conference.
The gesture stemmed from an eagerness to enlist the help of the NATO countries in improving the ailing Egyptian economy, a belief that Egypt should begin to focus more on its own interests than on the interests of the Arab world, and a hope that an agreement with Israel would catalyze similar agreements between Israel and her other Arab neighbors and help solve the Palestinian problem. Prime Minister Begin's response to Sadat's initiative, though not what Sadat or Carter had hoped, demonstrated a willingness to engage the Egyptian leader. Like Sadat, Begin also saw many reasons why bilateral talks would be in his country's best interests. It would afford Israel the opportunity to negotiate only with Egypt instead of with a larger Arab delegation that might try to use its size to make unwelcome or unacceptable demands. Israel felt Egypt could help protect Israel from other Arabs and Eastern communists. In addition, the commencement of direct negotiations between leaders – summit diplomacy – would distinguish Egypt from her Arab neighbors. Carter's people apparently had no inkling of the secret talks in Morocco between Dayan and Sadat's representative, Hassan Tuhami, that paved the way for Sadat's initiative. Indeed, in a sense Egypt and Israel were ganging up to push Carter off his Geneva track. The basic message of Sadat's speech at the Knesset were the request for the implementation of Resolutions 242 and 338. Sadat's visit was the first step to negotiations such as the preliminary Cairo Conference in December 1977.
Egyptian–Israeli talks
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Begin and Brzezinski playing chess at Camp David
A meeting at Camp David with (l-r) Aharon Barak, Menachem Begin, Anwar Sadat, and Ezer Weizman, 1978
A mechanism had yet to be created for Israel and Egypt to pursue the talks begun by Sadat and Begin in Jerusalem.[10] The Egyptian president suggested to Begin that Israel place a secret representative in the American embassy in Cairo. With American "cover," the true identity of the Israeli, who would liaise between the Egyptian and Israeli leaders, would be known only to the American ambassador in Cairo.[10]
Sadat's liaison initiative spoke volumes about his reasons for wanting to make peace with Israel. He wanted an alliance with the American superpower and he wanted to kill Carter's Geneva initiative.[11] His trip to Jerusalem signaled a major reorientation of Cairo's place in the global scheme of things, from the Soviet to the American camp.[12] Carter's acceptance of the proposed liaison scheme would have signaled American backing for Sadat's unprecedented peace initiative. But Carter said no. However, Carter could not thwart the Israeli-Egyptian peace push. Within days Israeli journalists were allowed into Cairo, breaking a symbolic barrier, and from there the peace process quickly gained momentum. An Israeli-Egyptian working summit was scheduled for 25 December in Ismailiya, near the Suez Canal.[13]
Accompanied by their capable negotiating teams and with their respective interests in mind, both leaders converged on Camp David for 13 days of tense and dramatic negotiations from 5 to 17 September 1978. By all accounts, Carter's relentless drive to achieve peace and his reluctance to allow the two men to leave without reaching an agreement are what played the decisive role in the success of the talks.[citation needed]
Carter's advisers insisted on the establishment of an Egyptian-Israeli agreement which would lead to an eventual solution to the Palestine issue. They believed in a short, loose, and overt linkage between the two countries amplified by the establishment of a coherent basis for a settlement. However, Carter felt they were not "aiming high enough" and was interested in the establishment of a written "land for peace" agreement with Israel returning the Sinai Peninsula and West Bank.[14] Numerous times both the Egyptian and Israeli leaders wanted to scrap negotiations, only to be lured back into the process by personal appeals from Carter. Considered as an excellent mediator who arbitrated concessions with confidence, he played a tireless commitment to find formulas, definitions, and solutions to the many intricate variables, regardless of perceived or real political limitations, and was capable of soothing fears and anxieties, always with the goal of keeping the negotiations going.[citation needed] He gradually understood the importance historical events had upon determining personal ideology, but he would not allow it to constrain his political options, and he did not want them to limit the options of those with whom he was negotiating.[citation needed]
Begin and Sadat had such mutual antipathy toward one another that they only seldom had direct contact; thus Carter had to conduct his own microcosmic form of shuttle diplomacy by holding one-on-one meetings with either Sadat or Begin in one cabin, then returning to the cabin of the third party to relay the substance of his discussions. Begin and Sadat were "literally not on speaking terms," and "claustrophobia was setting in."
President Carter, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Secretary of State Cyrus Vance at Camp David
A particularly difficult situation arose on the tenth stalemated day of the talks. The issues of Israeli settlement withdrawal from the Sinai and the status of the West Bank created what seemed to be an impasse. In response, Carter had the choice of trying to salvage the agreement by conceding the issue of the West Bank to Begin, while advocating Sadat's less controversial position on the removal of all settlements from the Sinai Peninsula. Or he could have refused to continue the talks, reported the reasons for their failure, and allowed Begin to bear the brunt of the blame.
Carter chose to continue and for three more days negotiated. During this time, Carter even took the two leaders to the nearby Gettysburg National Military Park in the hopes of using the American Civil War as a simile to their own struggle.[citation needed]
Consequently, the 13 days marking the Camp David Accords were considered a success. Partly due to Carter's determination in obtaining an Israeli-Egyptian agreement, a full two-week pledge to a singular international problem. Additionally, Carter was beneficiary to a fully pledged American foreign team. Likewise, the Israeli delegation had a stable of excellent talent in Ministers Dayan and Weizman and legal experts Dr. Meir Rosenne and Aharon Barak. Furthermore, the absence of the media contributed to the Accord's successes: there were no possibilities provided to either leader to reassure his political body or be driven to conclusions by members of his opposition. An eventual scrap of negotiations by either leader would have proven disastrous, resulting in taking the blame for the summit's failure as well as a disassociation from the White House. Ultimately, neither Begin nor Sadat was willing to risk those eventualities. Both of them had invested enormous amounts of political capital and time to reach an agreement.[15]
Partial agreements
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin acknowledge applause during a joint session of Congress in Washington, D.C., during which President Jimmy Carter announced the results of the Camp David Accords, 18 September 1978.
"Remarks on the Signing of the Camp David Accords"
Play media
Jimmy Carter, seated with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, makes statements at a Joint session of the United States Congress following the Camp David Accords.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The Camp David Accords comprise two separate agreements: "A Framework for Peace in the Middle East" and "A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel", the second leading towards the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty signed in March 1979. The agreements and the peace treaty were both accompanied by "side-letters" of understanding between Egypt and the U.S. and Israel and the U.S.[16]
Framework for Peace in the Middle East
The preamble of the "Framework for Peace in the Middle East" starts with the basis of a peaceful settlement of the Arab–Israeli conflict:
The agreed basis for a peaceful settlement of the conflict between Israel and its neighbors is United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, in all its parts.[17]
The framework itself consists of 3 parts. The first part of the framework was to establish an autonomous self-governing authority in the West Bank and the Gaza strip and to fully implement Resolution 242. The Accords recognized the "legitimate rights of the Palestinian people", a process was to be implemented guaranteeing the full autonomy of the people within a period of five years. Begin insisted on the adjective "full" to confirm that it was the maximum political right attainable. This full autonomy was to be discussed with the participation of Israel, Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinians. The withdrawal of Israeli troops from the West Bank and Gaza was agreed to occur after an election of a self-governing authority to replace Israel's military government.[18] The Accords did not mention the Golan Heights, Syria, or Lebanon. This was not the comprehensive peace that Kissinger, Ford, Carter, or Sadat had in mind during the previous American presidential transition.[19] It was less clear than the agreements concerning the Sinai, and was later interpreted differently by Israel, Egypt, and the United States. The fate of Jerusalem was deliberately excluded from this agreement.[20]
The second part of the framework dealt with Egyptian–Israeli relations, the real content worked out in the second Egypt—Israel framework. The third part, "Associated Principles," declared principles that should apply to relations between Israel and all of its Arab neighbors.
Key points of the West Bank and Gaza section
Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the representatives of the Palestinian people should participate in negotiations on the resolution of the Palestinian problem in all its aspects.
(1.) Egypt and Israel agree that, in order to ensure a peaceful and orderly transfer of authority, and taking into account the security concerns of all the parties, there should be transitional arrangements for the West Bank and Gaza for a period not exceeding five years. In order to provide full autonomy to the inhabitants, under these arrangements the Israeli military government and its civilian administration will be withdrawn as soon as a self-governing authority has been freely elected by the inhabitants of these areas to replace the existing military government.
(2.) Egypt, Israel, and Jordan will agree on the modalities for establishing elected self-governing authority in the West Bank and Gaza. The delegations of Egypt and Jordan may include Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza or other Palestinians as mutually agreed. The parties will negotiate an agreement which will define the powers and responsibilities of the self-governing authority to be exercised in the West Bank and Gaza. A withdrawal of Israeli armed forces will take place and there will be a redeployment of the remaining Israeli forces into specified security locations. The agreement will also include arrangements for assuring internal and external security and public order. A strong local police force will be established, which may include Jordanian citizens. In addition, Israeli and Jordanian forces will participate in joint patrols and in the manning of control posts to assure the security of the borders.
(3.) When the self-governing authority (administrative council) in the West Bank and Gaza is established and inaugurated, the transitional period of five years will begin. As soon as possible, but not later than the third year after the beginning of the transitional period, negotiations will take place to determine the final status of the West Bank and Gaza and its relationship with its neighbors and to conclude a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan by the end of the transitional period. These negotiations will be conducted among Egypt, Israel, Jordan and the elected representatives of the inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza. ... The negotiations shall be based on all the provisions and principles of UN Security Council Resolution 242. The negotiations will resolve, among other matters, the location of the boundaries and the nature of the security arrangements. The solution from the negotiations must also recognize the legitimate right of the Palestinian peoples and their just requirements.
The framework merely concerned autonomy of the inhabitants of West Bank and Gaza. It neither mentions the status of Jerusalem, nor the Palestinian Right of Return.[17]
UN Rejection of the Middle East Framework
The UN General Assembly rejected the Framework for Peace in the Middle East, because the agreement was concluded without participation of UN and PLO and did not comply with the Palestinian right of return, of self-determination and to national independence and sovereignty. December 1978, it declared in Resolution 33/28 A, that agreements were only valid if they are within the framework of the United Nations and its Charter and its resolutions, include the Palestinian right of return and the right to national independence and sovereignty in Palestine, and concluded with the participation of the PLO. Also the passive attitude of the Security Council was criticised.[21] On 6 December 1979, the UN condemned in Resolution 34/70 all partial agreements and separate treaties that did not meet the Palestinian rights and comprehensive solutions to peace; it condemned Israel's continued occupation and demanded withdrawal from all occupied territories.[22] On 12 December, in Resolution 34/65 B, she rejected more specific parts of the Camp David Accords and similar agreements, which were not in accordance with mentioned requirements. All such partial agreements and separate treaties were strongly condemned. The part of the Camp David accords regarding the Palestinian future and all similar ones were declared invalid.[23]
Framework Peace Treaty Egypt and Israel
The second framework[24] outlined a basis for the peace treaty six months later, in particular deciding the future of the Sinai peninsula. Israel agreed to withdraw its armed forces from the Sinai, evacuate its 4,500 civilian inhabitants, and restore it to Egypt in return for normal diplomatic relations with Egypt, guarantees of freedom of passage through the Suez Canal and other nearby waterways (such as the Straits of Tiran), and a restriction on the forces Egypt could place on the Sinai peninsula, especially within 20–40 km from Israel. This process would take three years to complete. Israel also agreed to limit its forces a smaller distance (3 km) from the Egyptian border, and to guarantee free passage between Egypt and Jordan. With the withdrawal, Israel also returned Egypt's Abu-Rudeis oil fields in western Sinai, which contained long term, commercially productive wells.
The agreement also resulted in the United States committing to several billion dollars worth of annual subsidies to the governments of both Israel and Egypt, subsidies which continue to this day, and are given as a mixture of grants and aid packages committed to purchasing U.S. materiel. From 1979 (the year of the peace agreement) to 1997, Egypt received military aid of US$1.3 billion annually, which also helped modernize the Egyptian military.[25] (This is beyond economic, humanitarian, and other aid, which has totaled more than US$25 billion.) Eastern-supplied until 1979, Egypt now received American weaponry such as the M1A1 Abrams Tank, AH-64 Apache gunship and the F-16 fighter jet. In comparison, Israel has received $3 billion annually since 1985 in grants and military aid packages.[26]
Consequences
The time that has elapsed since the Camp David Accords has left no doubt as to their enormous ramifications on Middle Eastern politics. Most notably, the perception of Egypt within the Arab world changed. With the most powerful of the Arab militaries and a history of leadership in the Arab world under Nasser, Egypt had more leverage than any of the other Arab states to advance Arab interests. Egypt was subsequently suspended from the Arab League from 1979 until 1989.
When the Camp David accords were signed, Jordan's King Hussein saw it as a slap to the face when Sadat volunteered Jordan's participation in deciding how functional autonomy would work. More specifically, Sadat effectively said that Jordan would have a role in how the West Bank would be administered. Like the Rabat Summit Resolution, the Camp David Accords circumscribed Jordan's objective to reassert its control over the West Bank. Focusing as it did on Egypt, the Carter administration accepted Sadat's claim that he could deliver Hussein. However, with Arab world opposition building against Sadat, Jordan could not risk accepting the Accords without the support from powerful Arab neighbours, like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.[19] Hussein consequently felt diplomatically snubbed. One of Carter's regrets was allowing Sadat to claim that he could speak for Hussein if Jordan refused to join the talks, but by then the damage was done to the Jordanians.[19]
United States President Jimmy Carter greeting Egyptian President Anwar Sadat at the White House shortly after the Camp David Accords went into effect, 8 April 1980.
The Camp David Accords also prompted the disintegration of a united Arab front in opposition to Israel. Egypt's realignment created a power vacuum that Saddam Hussein of Iraq, at one time only a secondary power, hoped to fill. Because of the vague language concerning the implementation of Resolution 242, the Palestinian problem became the primary issue in the Arab–Israeli conflict immediately following the Camp David Accords (and, arguably, until today). Many of the Arab nations blamed Egypt for not putting enough pressure on Israel to deal with the Palestinian problem in a way that would be satisfactory to them. Syria also informed Egypt that it would not reconcile with the nation unless it abandoned the peace agreement with Israel.[7]
According to The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East:
The normalization of relations [between Israel and Egypt] went into effect in January 1980. Ambassadors were exchanged in February. The boycott laws were repealed by Egypt's National Assembly the same month, and some trade began to develop, albeit less than Israel had hoped for. In March 1980 regular airline flights were inaugurated. Egypt also began supplying Israel with crude oil".[27]
According to Kenneth Stein in Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for Arab–Israeli Peace:
The Accords were another interim agreement or step, but negotiations that flowed from the Accords slowed for several reasons. These included an inability to bring the Jordanians into the discussions; the controversy over settlements; the inconclusive nature of the subsequent autonomy talks; domestic opposition sustained by both Begin and Sadat and, in Sadat's case, ostracism and anger from the Arab world; the emergence of a what became a cold peace between Egypt and Israel; and changes in foreign policy priorities including discontinuity in personnel committed to sustaining the negotiating process[.][19]
Lastly, the biggest consequence of all may be in the psychology of the participants of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The success of Begin, Sadat, and Carter at Camp David demonstrated to other Arab states and entities that negotiations with Israel were possible—that progress results only from sustained efforts at communication and cooperation. Despite the disappointing conclusion of the 1993 Oslo Accords between the PLO and Israel, and even though the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty has not fully normalized relations with Israel, both of these significant developments had little chance of occurring without the precedent set by Camp David.
Public support
Although most Israelis supported the Accords, the Israeli settler movement opposed them because Sadat would not agree to a treaty in which Israel had any presence in the Sinai Peninsula at all, Israel had to withdraw from the entire Sinai Peninsula.[28] Israeli settlers tried to prevent the government from dismantling their settlements.[29]
In Israel, there is lasting support of the Camp David Peace Accords, which have become a national consensus, supported by 85% of Israelis according to a 2001 poll taken by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (Israel based).[30] Nevertheless, a minority of Israelis believe the price Israel paid for the peace agreement was too high for its present gains, i.e. having relinquished the entire Sinai Peninsula, with its oil, tourism and land resources (Israel has no other oil wells), and the trauma of evacuating thousands of its Israeli inhabitants (many resisted, as in the settlement of Yamit and had to be forcefully evacuated, a phenomenon encountered also in the subsequent Israeli withdrawal from Gaza in 2005, known as the disengagement).[citation needed]
For Israel, perhaps the most evident tangible benefit of the agreement with Egypt (other than the subsequent U.S. aid, which Egypt also received) was a peaceful mutual border, enabling the Israel Defense Forces to reduce their levels of alert on Israel's southwestern frontier.
Criticism of the Accords
Although Egypt and Israel generally abided by the agreement since 1978, in the following years a common belief emerged in Israel that the peace with Egypt is a "cold peace". Others feel that the peace agreement was between the Israeli people and Egypt's charismatic President Anwar El Sadat, rather than with the Egyptian people, who were not given the opportunity to accept or reject the agreement with a free vote or a representative majority.
Assassination of Anwar Sadat
Main article: Assassination of Anwar Sadat
President Sadat's signing of the Camp David Accords on 17 September 1978 and his shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Israeli Prime Minister Begin led to his assassination on 6 October 1981 by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal. The president's personal protection was infiltrated by four members of this organization, who were hiding in a truck passing through the military parade with other military vehicles. As the truck approached the president, the leader of the belligerents — Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli — came out of the truck and threw three grenades towards the president; only one of the three exploded. The rest of the team opened fire with automatic assault rifles and struck President Sadat with 37 rounds. He was airlifted to a military hospital where, despite the efforts of 11 doctors and surgeons, he died just two hours after arriving.
In total, 11 were killed from collateral gunfire and 28 were injured. Among the killed were the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, and a Coptic Orthodox bishop. Among the wounded were Egyptian Vice-President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four U.S. military liaison officers. One of the assassins was killed and the other three were wounded and taken into custody. The surviving assassins were tried and found guilty of assassinating the president and killing 10 others in the process; they were sentenced to capital punishment and were executed by firing squad on 15 April 1982.
Arab–Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties
Treaties and meetings
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Faisal–Weizmann Agreement (1919)
1949 Armistice Agreements
Geneva Conference (1973)
Camp David Accords (1978)
Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty (1979)
Madrid Conference of 1991
Oslo Accords (1993)
Israel–Jordan peace treaty (1994)
Camp David 2000 Summit
General articles
International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Israeli–Palestinian peace process
List of Middle East peace proposals
Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
See also
1948 Arab–Israeli War
1956 Suez War
1967 Six-Day War
1970 War of Attrition
1973 Yom Kippur War
Arab–Israeli conflict
Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Egypt–Israel relations
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Proposals for a Palestinian state
References
Jump up ^ Camp David Accords – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1482.html
^ Jump up to: a b Stein, Kenneth. Heroic Diplomacy: Sadat, Kissinger, Carter, Begin, and the Quest for Arab–Israeli Peace. Taylor & Francis, 1999, pp. 228–229
Jump up ^ "Stein, Kenneth 2000, pp. 229–228"
Jump up ^ George Lenczowski, American Presidents and the Middle East, Duke University Press, 1990 p.164. ISBN 0-8223-0972-6. From Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977–1981, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983), p.88.
[Carter] outlined to Begin his program, which consisted of five points: (1) achieve a comprehensive peace affecting all of Israel's neighbors: (2) peace to be based on UN Resolution 242: (3) peace would involve open borders and free trade; (4) peace would call for Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories to secure borders; (5) a Palestinian entity (but not an independent nation) should be created. Begin responded that he could accept all of these points except the Palestinian entity.
Jump up ^ http://countrystudies.us/jordan/19.htm
^ Jump up to: a b The Middle East: ten years after Camp David, William B. Quandt, pg. 9
Jump up ^ Stein 1999, p.7.
Jump up ^ Feron, James. "Menachem Begin, Guerrilla Leader Who Became Peacemaker." The New York Times. 9 March 1992. 15 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Forward.com
Jump up ^ Bitterlemons.org
Jump up ^ Foreignpolicyblogs.com[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Peacenow.org
Jump up ^ "Camp David Accords: Jimmy Carter Reflects 25 Years Later". Carter Center. 17 September 2003. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Stein 1999, p.252.
Jump up ^ "The Camp David Accords." Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. 21 July 2001. 28 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Jimmy Carter Library, The Framework for Peace in the Middle East Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine., 17 September 1978
Jump up ^ Camp David Accords – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Stein, 1999, p.254.
Jump up ^ Gold, 175
Jump up ^ UNGA, 7 December 1978, Resolution 33/28 A. Question of Palestine (doc.nr. A/RES/33/28)
Jump up ^ UNGA, 6 December 1979, Resolution 34/70. The situation in the Middle East (doc.nr. A/RES/34/70)
Jump up ^ UNGA, 12 December 1979, Resolution 34/65 B. Question of Palestine Archived 29 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. [doc.nr. A/RES/34/65 (A-D)]
Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Library, Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel Archived 16 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Egypt" Archived 26 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of State. March 2008. 28 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Benhorin, Yitzhak. "Israel still top recipient of US foreign aid." Ynetnews. 2 August 2007. 28 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Sela, "Arab–Israel Conflict", 100[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Sela, "Sinai Peninsula," 774
Jump up ^ Armstrong, 414
Jump up ^ Ronen, Joshua. "Poll: 58% of Israelis back Oslo process." Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Tel Aviv University. 7 June 2001. 28 April 2008.
Further reading
Medad, Yisrael, ed., Hurwitz, Zvi Harry, ed. Peace in the Making The Menachem Begin – Anwar Sadat Personal Correspondence, Gefen Publishing House, 2011. ISBN 978-965-229-456-2
Avner, Yehuda, The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership, The Toby Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6
Armstrong, Karen. Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Ballantine Books, 1996.
Bregman, Ahron Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America.
Eran, Oded. Arab–Israel Peacemaking. Sela.
Gold, Dore. The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2007.
Hinton, Clete A. Camp David Accords (2004)
Meital, Yoram. Egypt's Struggle for Peace: Continuity and Change, 1967–1977.
Quandt, William B. Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics (1986), by leading political scientist
"Arab-Israel Conflict." Sela.
Sela, Avraham, ed. The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. New York: Continuum, 2002.
Adam Curtis' 2004 documentary The Power of Nightmares, in its second and third part, studies the Camp David Accords from the point of view of fundamentalist Muslims.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camp David Accords.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Camp David Accords
Text of the Accords, Israeli government
Text of Accords and additional material, Carter Library
Israel's Self-Rule Plan. Knesset website, 28 December 1977
Interview with King Hussein from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
2006 Egyptian public poll on attitudes to Israel and other countries, 'The Sun (New York) article. Alternate link to poll results from a BBC News article
The Menachem Begin Heritage Foundation
Jaffe Center Poll on Israeli public Attitudes to the Peace Process
NY Times: Anti-Semitic 'Elders of Zion' Gets New Life on Egypt TV
"Camp David 25th Anniversary Forum" (led by President Carter)
[show]
v
t
e
Diplomacy and peace proposals in the Arab–Israeli conflict
To 1948
1914 Damascus Protocol
1915 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement
1917 Balfour Declaration
1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo-French Declaration
1919 Faisal–Weizmann Agreement
1920 San Remo conference
1922 Churchill White Paper
1937 Peel Commission
1939 White Paper
1939 London Conference
1946 Morrison-Grady Plan
1947 Bevin Plan
1946-47 London Conference
1947 UN Partition Plan
1948 American trusteeship proposal
1948–91
1948 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference
1950 Tripartite Declaration
1964 Palestinian National Covenant
1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339
1974 Israel–Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350
1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords
1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452
1980 UNSC Resolution 478
1981 UNSC Resolution 497
1983 Israel–Lebanon agreement
1991–present
1991 Madrid Conference
1993 Oslo Accords
1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement / Israel–Jordan peace treaty
1995 Beilin-Abu Mazen agreement
1998 Wye River Memorandum
1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum
2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters
2001 Taba Summit
2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map
2003 Geneva Initiative
2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566
2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm el-Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access
2006 UNSC Resolution 1701
2007 Annapolis Conference
2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
[show]
v
t
e
Jimmy Carter
39th President of the United States (1977–81)
76th Governor of Georgia (1971–75)
Presidency
Presidency
Inauguration
Camp David Accords
Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty
Torrijos–Carter Treaties
National Energy Policy
Iran hostage crisis
Operation Eagle Claw
Island of Stability speech
Moral Equivalent of War speech
1979 energy crisis
Carter Doctrine
Diplomatic Relations with China
1980 Summer Olympics boycott
SALT
Department of Energy
Department of Education
Department of Health and Human Services
State of the Union Addresses (1978
1979
1980)
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
controversies
Executive Order 12148
Executive Order 12170
Rabbit incident
Goldwater v. Carter
Life and
activities
Carter Center
Presidential Library and Museum
Habitat for Humanity
Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
The Elders
Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize
Jimmy Carter National Historic Site
Nairobi Agreement, 1999
UFO incident
Elections
Georgia gubernatorial election, 1966
1970
Democratic presidential primaries, 1976
1980
Democratic National Convention, 1972
1976
1980
United States presidential election, 1976
1980
Books
(Complete bibliography)
The Hornet's Nest (2003 novel)
Our Endangered Values (2006)
Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006)
(reaction and commentary)
Beyond the White House (2007)
We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land (2009)
White House Diary (2010)
A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power (2014)
A Full Life: Reflections at 90 (2015)
Honors
(Complete list)
Nobel Peace Prize
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Freedom of the City
Silver Buffalo Award
Philadelphia Liberty Medal
United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
Hoover Medal
Christopher Award
Grammy Award
Legacy
Man from Plains (2007 documentary)
USS Jimmy Carter
Related
Mary Prince (nanny)
Family
Rosalynn Carter (wife)
Jack Carter (son)
Amy Carter (daughter)
James Earl Carter, Sr. (father)
Lillian Gordy Carter (mother)
Gloria Carter Spann (sister)
Ruth Carter Stapleton (sister)
Billy Carter (brother)
Jason Carter (grandson)
Emily Dolvin (maternal aunt)
Hugh Carter (paternal first cousin)
← Gerald Ford
Ronald Reagan →
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_David_Accords&oldid=831791700"
Categories:
1978 in Egypt
1978 in Israel
Arab–Israeli peace process
Egypt–Israel relations
Egypt–United States relations
History of Israel
History of the foreign relations of the United States
Israel–United States relations
Republic of Egypt
September 1978 events
Treaties concluded in 1978
Treaties involving territorial changes
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of Israel
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles needing more detailed references
Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction
Use dmy dates from November 2012
Articles needing additional references from September 2017
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
28 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 March 2018, at 06:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href title

value: This article is extended-confirmed protected

attr: class id

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

tag: tr

value: Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978.jpg

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: colspan style

value:
/wiki/Washington,_DC
mw-redirect
Washington, DC

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 242

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ffffd0; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

value: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #f7d3aa; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

value:
/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat
mw-redirect
Anwar El Sadat

value:
/wiki/King_Hussein
mw-redirect
King Hussein

value:
/wiki/Israeli_occupied_territories
mw-redirect
Israeli occupied territories

value:
/wiki/U.N._Resolution_242
mw-redirect
U.N. Resolution 242

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 338

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

attr: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)

value: File:President Carter's Remarks on Joint Statement at Camp David Summit (September 17, 1978) Jimmy Carter.ogv

value: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv/640px--President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="485.01333333333" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="President_Carter's_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_(September_17,_1978)_Jimmy_Carter.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 480 (549 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="548539" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1093800" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="220560" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="323264" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv/President_Carter%27s_Remarks_on_Joint_Statement_at_Camp_David_Summit_%28September_17%2C_1978%29_Jimmy_Carter.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="577104" data-framerate="25"/></video>

value: Joint session of the United States Congress

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

value:
/wiki/Israel-Egypt_Peace_Treaty
mw-redirect
Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty

value:
/wiki/Positions_on_Jerusalem
mw-redirect
Positions on Jerusalem

value:
/wiki/Palestinian_Right_of_Return
mw-redirect
Palestinian Right of Return

value:
/wiki/UN_General_Assembly
mw-redirect
UN General Assembly

value:
/wiki/Security_Council
mw-redirect
Security Council

value:
/wiki/Sinai_peninsula
mw-redirect
Sinai peninsula

value:
/wiki/Military_of_Egypt
mw-redirect
Military of Egypt

value:
/wiki/M1A1_Abrams
mw-redirect
M1A1 Abrams

value:
/wiki/AH-64_Apache
mw-redirect
AH-64 Apache

value:
/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon
mw-redirect
F-16 Fighting Falcon

value:
/wiki/Palestinian_people
mw-redirect
Palestinian people

value:
/wiki/Israeli_settler
mw-redirect
Israeli settler

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)

value:
/wiki/Egyptian_people
mw-redirect
Egyptian people

value:
/wiki/Camp_David_2000_Summit
mw-redirect
Camp David 2000 Summit

value: International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict

value: Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs

value:
/wiki/1956_Suez_War
mw-redirect
1956 Suez War

value:
/wiki/1967_Six-Day_War
mw-redirect
1967 Six-Day War

value:
/wiki/1970_War_of_Attrition
mw-redirect
1970 War of Attrition

value:
/wiki/1973_Yom_Kippur_War
mw-redirect
1973 Yom Kippur War

value: Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict

value:
/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Palestinian_state
mw-redirect
Proposals for a Palestinian state

value:
nofollow
external free
http://countrystudies.us/jordan/19.htm

value:
nofollow
http://www.forward.com/articles/13212/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://peacenow.org/entries/archive3705

value:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of State

value: A more detailed citation is required. (February 2018)

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/Hjerus1.html

value: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nysun.com/article/43906

value:
nofollow
http://www.begincenter.org.il/
external text

value: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

value: American trusteeship proposal for Palestine

value: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 339

value: Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 350

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 425

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 446

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 452

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 478

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 497

value:
/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh_Memorandum
mw-redirect
Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583

value:
/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh_Summit_of_2005
mw-redirect
Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005

value: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia
mw-redirect
Governor of Georgia

value: Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

value: United States Department of Health and Human Services

value: List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter

value: Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies

value: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1976

value: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1980

value: United States presidential election, 1976

value: United States presidential election, 1980

value: The Hornet's Nest: A Novel of the Revolutionary War

value: Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid

value: A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power

value: List of honors and awards received by Jimmy Carter

value: United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights

value:
/wiki/USS_Jimmy_Carter_(SSN-23)
mw-redirect
USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23)

value:
/wiki/James_Earl_Carter,_Sr.
mw-redirect
James Earl Carter, Sr.

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States

value: Category:Treaties involving territorial changes

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:All articles with dead external links

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017

value: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

value: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

value: Category:Wikipedia pages under 30-500 editing restriction

value: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2012

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2017

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010

value: Category:Articles containing video clips

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Camp_David_Accords
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: اتفاقية كامب ديفيد – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value: ক্যাম্প ডেভিড চুক্তি – Bangla

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

value: Договор от Кемп Дейвид – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: پیمان کمپ دیوید – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: 캠프데이비드 협정 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Քեմփ Դեյվիդի համաձայնագրեր – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: कैम्प डेविड समझौता – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: Perjanjian Perdamaian Camp David – Indonesian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: הסכמי קמפ דייוויד – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: კემპ-დევიდის შეთანხმება – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value: اتفاقيات كامب ديفيد – Egyptian Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

value: キャンプ・デービッド合意 – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Кэмп-Дэвидские соглашения – Russian

value: Sporazum iz Camp Davida – Serbo-Croatian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: Кемп-девідські угоди – Ukrainian

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Camp_David_Accords rootpage-Camp_David_Accords skin-vector action-view


text:
Geography of Prince Edward Island
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Prince Edward Island
The coast of Prince Edward Island around Cavendish
Geography
Location
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Area
5,683.91 km2 (2,194.57 sq mi)
Highest elevation
152 m (499 ft)
Administration
Canada
Province
Prince Edward Island
Largest settlement
Charlottetown (pop. 32,174)
Demographics
Population
139,407 (2008)
Pop. density
24.53 /km2 (63.53 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups
Scottish (38.0%), English (28.7%), Irish (27.9%), French (21.3%), German (4.0%), and Dutch (3.1%)
Prince Edward Island's geography is mostly pastoral with red soil, white sand, and scattered communities. Known as the "Garden of the Gulf", the island is located in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence north of Nova Scotia and east of New Brunswick, with which it forms the Northumberland Strait.
PEI consists of the capital city Charlottetown, as well as urban towns Cornwall and Stratford and a developing urban fringe. A smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbor, situated on the southern shore 40 kilometers west of Charlottetown Harbor, and consists primarily of the city of Summerside. As with all natural harbors on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside harbors are created by rias. (See also a list of communities in Prince Edward Island.)
The island's landscape is pastoral: rolling hills, pristine forests, white sand beaches, ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as a province of outstanding natural beauty. A number of laws have been passed by the provincial government to attempt to preserve the landscape through regulation, although the lack of consistent enforcement and absence of province-wide zoning and land-use planning has resulted in some aesthetically displeasing development in recent years.
The island's lush landscape has had a strong bearing not only on its economy but also its culture. Author Lucy Maud Montgomery drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables. Today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the Island are enjoyed by tourists who visit during all seasons. They enjoy a variety of leisure activities, including beaches, various golf courses, eco-tourism adventures, and simply touring the countryside and enjoying cultural events in local communities around the island.
The highest point of land is located at Springton in Queens County (152 metres or 499 feet above sea level).
Contents
[hide]
1 Communities
2 Coastline
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Communities[edit]
The smaller rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province proudly retain a slower-paced, old world flavor, something that factors heavily into Prince Edward Island's popularity as a destination for relaxation. Most rural communities on Prince Edward Island are based on small-scale agriculture, given that the size of farm properties is quite small when compared with other areas in Canada. There is an increasing amount of industrial farming as older farm properties are consolidated and modernized.
Coastline[edit]
The coastline of the island consists of a combination of long beaches, dunes, red sandstone cliffs, salt water marshes and numerous bays and harbours. The beaches, dunes and sandstone cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration which oxidizes upon exposure to the air. The geological properties of a white silica sand found at Basin Head are unique in the province; the sand grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each other when walked on. Large dune fields on the north shore can be found on barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and harbours. The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich are of particular significance. The shifting, parabolic dune system is home to a variety of birds and rare plants and is also a site of significant archeological interest.
See also[edit]
Geography of Canada portal
List of parks in Prince Edward Island
List of islands of Prince Edward Island
References[edit]
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Geography of the provinces and territories of Canada
National
Geography of Canada
Centre of Canada
Provinces
British Columbia
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador
Territories
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
See also
Regions of Canada
Islands
Rivers
Lakes
Mountains
National Parks
Volcanoes
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Prince_Edward_Island&oldid=835998214"
Categories:
Geography of Prince Edward Island
Hidden categories:
Articles with peacock terms from August 2017
All articles with peacock terms
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 April 2018, at 01:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

tag: b

tag: span

tag: i

tag: small

tag: tbody

tag: table

attr: class role

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-peacock

value:
/wiki/German_people
mw-redirect
German people

value:
/wiki/Urban_fringe
mw-redirect
Urban fringe

value: List of communities in Prince Edward Island

value:
/wiki/Victorian_Era
mw-redirect
Victorian Era

value:
/wiki/Parabolic_dune
mw-redirect
Parabolic dune

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: col navbox-title 2 background-color:white;

value: background-color:white;;width:1%;-moz-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #CC0000, inset -1px -1px 0 #CC0000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #CC0000, inset -1px -1px 0 #CC0000; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #CC0000, inset -1px -1px 0 #CC0000;

value: text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:white;;-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #CC0000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #CC0000; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #CC0000;

value:
/wiki/Volcanism_in_Canada
mw-redirect
Volcanism in Canada

value: text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:white;;-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 0 #CC0000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 0 #CC0000; box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 0 #CC0000;

value: Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography of Canada

value: nowraplinks hlist hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Geography of Prince Edward Island

value: Category:Articles with peacock terms from August 2017

value: Category:All articles with peacock terms

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Geography_of_Prince_Edward_Island
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: Géographie de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard – French

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Geography_of_Prince_Edward_Island rootpage-Geography_of_Prince_Edward_Island skin-vector action-view


text:
Lion's mane jellyfish
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lion's mane jellyfish
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Scyphozoa
Order: Semaeostomeae
Family: Cyaneidae
Genus: Cyanea
Species: C. capillata
Binomial name
Cyanea capillata
(Linnaeus, 1758)
The lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata), also known as the giant jellyfish or the hair jelly,[1] is the largest known species of jellyfish. Its range is confined to cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, northern Atlantic, and northern Pacific Oceans. It is common in the English Channel, Irish Sea, North Sea and in western Scandinavian waters south to Kattegat and Øresund. It may also drift in to the south-western part of the Baltic Sea (where it cannot breed due to the low salinity). Similar jellyfish – which may be the same species – are known to inhabit seas near Australia and New Zealand. The largest recorded specimen found washed up on the shore of Massachusetts Bay in 1870, had a bell with a diameter of 2.3 metres (7 ft 6 in) and tentacles 37.0 m (121.4 ft) long.[2] Lion's mane jellyfish have been observed below 42°N latitude for some time in the larger bays of the east coast of the United States.
The lion's mane jellyfish uses its stinging tentacles to capture, pull in and eat prey such as fish, sea creatures and smaller jellyfish.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 Ecology
4 Behavior and reproduction
5 Sting and human contact
6 In popular culture
7 Gallery
8 References
8.1 Other sources
9 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
Cyanea sp.
The taxonomy of the Cyanea species is not fully agreed upon; some zoologists have suggested that all species within the genus should be treated as one. Two distinct taxa, however, occur together in at least the eastern North Atlantic, with the blue jellyfish (Cyanea lamarckii Péron & Lesueur, 1810) differing in color (blue, not red) and smaller size (10–20 cm diameter, rarely 35 cm). Populations in the western Pacific around Japan are sometimes distinguished as Cyanea nozakii, or as a subspecies, C. c. nozakii. In 2015, Russian researchers announced a possible sister species, Cyanea tzetlinii found in the White Sea, but this has not yet been recognized by other authoritative databases such as WoRMS or ITIS.[4]
Description[edit]
Lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) are named for their showy, trailing tentacles reminiscent of a lion's mane. They can vary greatly in size: although capable of attaining a bell diameter of over 2 metres (6 ft 7 in), those found in lower latitudes are much smaller than their far northern counterparts, with a bell about 50 centimetres (20 in) in diameter.
Size seems to dictate coloration: larger specimens are a vivid crimson to dark purple while smaller specimens grade to a lighter orange or tan, occasionally colorless.
The bell of the lion's mane jellyfish is scalloped into eight lobes (lappets), each lobe containing from 70 to 150 tentacles,[5][6] arranged in four fairly distinct rows. Along the bell margin is a balance organ at each of the eight indentations between the lobes – the rhopalium – which helps the jellyfish orient itself. From the central mouth extend broad frilly oral arms with many stinging cells.[7] Closer to its mouth, its total number of tentacles are around 1200.[8]
The long, thin tentacles which emanate from the bell's subumbrella have been characterised as “extremely sticky”; they also have stinging cells. The tentacles of larger specimens may trail as long as 30 m (100 ft) or more, with the tentacles of the longest known specimen measured at 37 m (120 ft) in length. This unusual length – longer than a blue whale – has earned it the status of one of the longest known animals in the world.[2]
Ecology[edit]
As coldwater species, these jellyfish cannot cope with warmer waters. The jellyfish are pelagic for most of their lives but tend to settle in shallow, sheltered bays towards the end of their one-year lifespan. In the open ocean, lion's mane jellyfish act as floating oases for certain species, such as shrimp, medusafish, butterfish, harvestfish, and juvenile prowfish, providing both a reliable source of food and protection from predators[citation needed].
Predators of the lion's mane jellyfish include seabirds, larger fish such as ocean sunfish, other jellyfish species, and sea turtles.[9] The leatherback sea turtle feeds almost exclusively on them in large quantities during the summer season around Eastern Canada.[10] The jellyfish themselves feed mostly on zooplankton, small fish, ctenophores, and moon jellies.[11]
Behavior and reproduction[edit]
Main article: Jellyfish § Life cycle
Lion's mane jellyfish swimming, side view
Lion's mane jellyfish remain mostly very near the surface, at no more than 20 m depth. Their slow pulsations drive them forwards weakly, so they depend on ocean currents to travel great distances. The jellyfish are most often spotted during the late summer and autumn, when they have grown to a large size and the currents begin to sweep them to shore.
Like other jellyfish, lion's manes are capable of both sexual reproduction in the medusa stage and asexual reproduction in the polyp stage.[9] Lion's mane jellyfish have four different stages in their year-long lifespan: a larval stage, a polyp stage, an ephyrae stage, and the medusa stage.[9] The female jellyfish carries its fertilized eggs in its tentacle, where the eggs grow into larva. When the larva are old enough, the female deposits them on a hard surface, where the larva soon grow into polyps. The polyps begin to reproduce asexually, creating stacks of small creatures called ephyrae.[12] The individual ephyrae break off the stacks, where they eventually grow into the medusa stage and become full grown jellyfish.[13]
Sting and human contact[edit]
Most encounters cause temporary pain and localized redness.[14] In normal circumstances, and in healthy individuals, their stings are not known to be fatal. Vinegar can be used to deactivate the nematocysts, but due to the large number of tentacles medical attention is recommended after exposure.
There may be a significant difference between touching a few tentacles with finger tips at a beach, compared to an accidental swimming into one. The initial sensation is more strange than painful, it feels like swimming in to a bit warmer and somewhat effervescent water. Some minor pains will though soon follow. It's not a pleasant feeling, and especially not for children. Normally there is no real danger to humans (with exception of people suffering from special allergy). But in cases when someone has been stung over large parts of his/her body, and not just by the longest tentacles, but by the whole jellyfish (including the inner tentacles, of which there are around 1200[15]), a visit to a health care centre or similar is recommendable. Although rare, at deep water severe stings can also cause panic followed by drowning.[16][15] To confuse a Lion's Mane sting with other Bell jellyfish is perhaps not of larger importance (although this field is poorly investigated), but to assume a sting from a Portuguese man o' war and usually even worse, from any Box jellyfish especially like the Sea Wasp, to be a Lion's Mane, can be lethal. Though any contact with the latter one is so extremely painful and very deadly that it immediately becomes obvious.[17]
On a July day in 2010, around 150 beachgoers were stung by the remains of a lion's mane jellyfish that had broken up into countless pieces in Wallis Sands State Beach, Rye, New Hampshire, in the United States. Considering the size of the species, it is possible that this mass incident was caused by a single specimen.[18]
In popular culture[edit]
The lion's mane jellyfish appears in the Sherlock Holmes short story "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" published in The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes. Holmes discovers at the end of the story that the true killer of a professor who died shortly after going swimming (shouting "the lion's mane" before he succumbed) was actually this jellyfish. Suspicion was originally laid upon the professor's rival in love, until the latter was similarly attacked (he survived, although badly stung). In the context of the story, it is only because the school professor has a weak heart that he succumbs, as is confirmed by the survival of the second victim.
A photograph widely distributed on the internet appears to show an anomalously large lion's mane dwarfing a nearby diver by several times. The photo was subsequently shown to be a hoax.[19]
On the popular television program QI the show claimed that the longest animal in the world was the lion's mane jellyfish. This was later corrected – in 1864, a bootlace worm (Lineus longissimus) was found washed up on a Scottish shore that was 55 m (180 ft) long. (That claim has its critics: because bootlace worms can easily stretch to several times their natural length, it is possible the worm did not actually grow to be that length.)[20]
Gallery[edit]
A lion's mane jelly capturing a sea gooseberry
Lion's mane jellyfish with full threads visible
Lion's mane jellyfish contracted
Lion's mane jellyfish in star formation
Lion's mane jellyfish open, showing underside
Life-sized model in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, US
Small, dead lion's mane jelly washing up on the beach
Blue lion's mane jellyfish in Askeröfjorden outside Stenungsund, Sweden.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hair Jelly (Cyanea capillata). Australian Venom Research Unit.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lion's Mane Jellyfish – Reference Library". redOrbit. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Lion's Mane Jellyfish : Discovery Channel". Dsc.discovery.com. 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
Jump up ^ Glafira D. Kolbasova; Arthur O. Zalevsky; Azamat R. Gafurov; Philipp O. Gusev; Margarita A. Ezhova; Anna A. Zheludkevich; Olga P. Konovalova; Ksenia N. Kosobokova; Nikita U. Kotlov; Natalia O. Lanina; Anna S. Lapashina; Dmitry O. Medvedev; Katerina S. Nosikova; Ekaterina O. Nuzhdina; Georgii A. Bazykin; Tatyana V. Neretina (2015). "A new species of Cyanea jellyfish sympatric to C. capillata in the White Sea". Polar Biol. doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1707-y.
Jump up ^ "Lion's Mane Jellyfish". Scubatravel.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110108024017/http://www.typesofjellyfish.net/lions_mane_jellyfish/lions_mane_jellyfish.html
Jump up ^ Kozloff, Eugene (2003). Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press. pp. 54, 56 (1983 edition). ISBN 0295960841.
Jump up ^ Point 6 at
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lions Mane Jellyfish". Types Of Jellyfish. Archived from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ Heaslip SG, Iverson SJ, Bowen WD, James MC (2012) Jellyfish Support High Energy Intake of Leatherback Sea Turtles (Dermochelys coriacea): Video Evidence from Animal-Borne Cameras. PLoS ONE 7(3): e33259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033259
Jump up ^ "Giant Jellyfish". Extremescience.com. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ "SCDNR – Jelly fish". Dnr.sc.gov. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Open ocean – Jellyfish life cycle – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Lion's Mane Jellyfish". Jellyfishfacts.net. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
^ Jump up to: a b http://mentalfloss.com/article/61609/15-facts-about-lions-mane-jellyfish
Jump up ^ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/jellyfish-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353284
Jump up ^ https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/jellyfish-sting-vinegar-lions-mane
Jump up ^ "150 Stung By Jellyfish At Rye Beach – New Hampshire News Story – WMUR Manchester". Wmur.com. 2010-07-21. Archived from the original on 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ http://www.hoaxorfact.com/pranks/picture-of-giant-lion-s-mane-jellyfish-facts.html
Jump up ^ Carwardine, M. 1995. The Guinness Book of Animal Records. Guinness Publishing. p. 232.
Other sources[edit]
British Marine Life Study Society – C. capillata and C. lamarcki
Marine Life Information (UK)
Marine Biological Laboratory (Massachusetts)
Pacific Coast jellies
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyanea capillata.
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q522939
ADW: Cyanea_capillata
ARKive: cyanea-capillata
BioLib: 126478
EoL: 1005690
EPPO: CYNECA
Fauna Europaea: 240643
GBIF: 2264478
iNaturalist: 69838
ITIS: 51671
NCBI: 27804
WoRMS: 135301
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion%27s_mane_jellyfish&oldid=834313563"
Categories:
Semaeostomeae
Animals described in 1758
Hidden categories:
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Magyar
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
26 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 01:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

attr: class style

value: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

value: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

value: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

value:
/wiki/Largest_organism
mw-redirect
Largest organism

value:
/wiki/East_coast_(US)
mw-redirect
East coast (US)

value:
/wiki/Biological_classification
mw-redirect
Biological classification

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Medusa_(biology)
mw-redirect
Medusa (biology)

value:
/wiki/Bootlace_worm
mw-redirect
Bootlace worm

value:
/wiki/Sea_gooseberry
mw-redirect
Sea gooseberry

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00300-015-1707-y

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.glaucus.org.uk/Jelly.htm

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id126478

value:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/1005690

value:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CYNECA

value: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/2264478

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/69838

value: National Center for Biotechnology Information

value: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Lion%27s_mane_jellyfish
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value: قنديل عرف الأسد – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value: عروس دریایی یال‌شیری – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

value: 키아네아 카필라타 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: מדוזת רעמת האריה – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Волосистая цианея – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lion_s_mane_jellyfish rootpage-Lion_s_mane_jellyfish skin-vector action-view