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Nerve conduction velocity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nerve conduction velocity is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies. It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway. Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors, including age, sex, and various medical conditions. Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies, especially demyelinating conditions as these conditions result in reduced or non-existent conduction velocities.
Saltatory Conduction
Contents
[hide]
1 Normal conduction velocities
2 Testing methods
2.1 Nerve conduction studies
2.1.1 Micromachined 3D electrode arrays
3 Causes of conduction velocity deviations
3.1 Anthropometric and other individualized factors
3.1.1 Age
3.1.2 Sex
3.1.3 Temperature
3.1.4 Height
3.1.5 Hand factors
3.2 Medical conditions
3.2.1 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
3.2.2 Carpal tunnel syndrome
3.2.3 Guillain–Barré syndrome
3.2.4 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
3.2.5 Peripheral diabetic neuropathy
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Normal conduction velocities[edit]
Ultimately, conduction velocities are specific to each individual and depend largely on an axon's diameter and the degree to which that axon is myelinated, but the majority of 'normal' individuals fall within defined ranges.[1]
Nerve impulses are extremely slow compared to the speed of electricity, where electric current can flow on the order of 50–99% of the speed of light; however, it is very fast compared to the speed of blood flow, with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s (432 km/h or 275 mph).
Motor fiber types
Type
Erlanger-Gasser
Classification
Diameter
Myelin
Conduction velocity
Associated muscle fibers
α
Aα 13–20 µm Yes 80–120 m/s Extrafusal muscle fibers
γ
Aγ 5–8 µm Yes 4–24 m/s [2][3] Intrafusal muscle fibers
Different sensory receptors are innervated by different types of nerve fibers. Proprioceptors are innervated by type Ia, Ib and II sensory fibers, mechanoreceptors by type II and III sensory fibers, and nociceptors and thermoreceptors by type III and IV sensory fibers.
Sensory fiber types
Type
Erlanger-Gasser
Classification
Diameter
Myelin
Conduction velocity
Associated sensory receptors
Ia
Aα 13–20 µm Yes 80–120 m/s[4] Responsible for proprioception
Ib
Aα 13–20 µm Yes 80–120 m/s Golgi tendon organ
II
Aβ 6–12 µm Yes 33–75 m/s Secondary receptors of muscle spindle
All cutaneous mechanoreceptors
III
Aδ 1–5 µm Thin 3–30 m/s Free nerve endings of touch and pressure
Nociceptors of neospinothalamic tract
Cold thermoreceptors
IV
C 0.2–1.5 µm No 0.5–2.0 m/s Nociceptors of paleospinothalamic tract
Warmth receptors
Autonomic efferent fibre types
Type
Erlanger-Gasser
Classification
Diameter
Myelin
Conduction velocity
preganglionic fibers
B 1–5 µm Yes 3–15 m/s
postganglionic fibers
C 0.2–1.5 µm No 0.5–2.0 m/s
Peripheral Nerves
Nerve
Conduction velocity[5][6]
Median Sensory
45–70 m/s
Median Motor
49–64 m/s
Ulnar Sensory
48–74 m/s
Ulnar Motor
49+ m/s
Peroneal Motor
44+ m/s
Tibial Motor
41+ m/s
Sural Sensory
46–64 m/s
Normal impulses in peripheral nerves of the legs travel at 40–45 m/s, and 50–65 m/s in peripheral nerves of the arms.[7] Largely generalized, normal conduction velocities for any given nerve will be in the range of 50–60 m/s.[8]
Testing methods[edit]
Nerve conduction studies[edit]
Nerve Conduction Velocity is just one of many measurements commonly made during a nerve conduction study (NCS). The purpose of these studies is to determine whether nerve damage is present and how severe that damage may be.
Nerve conduction studies are performed as follows:[8]
Two electrodes are attached to the subject's skin over the nerve being tested.
Electrical impulses are sent through one electrode to stimulate the nerve.
The second electrode records the impulse sent through the nerve as a result of stimulation.
The time difference between stimulation from the first electrode and pick-up by the downstream electrode is known as the latency. Nerve conduction latencies are typically on the order of milliseconds.
Although conduction velocity itself is not directly measured, calculating conduction velocities from NCS measurements is trivial. The distance between the stimulating and receiving electrodes is divided by the impulse latency, resulting in conduction velocity.
Many times, Needle EMG is also performed on subjects at the same time as other NCS procedures because they aid in detecting whether muscles are functioning properly in response to stimuli sent via their connecting nerves.[8] EMG is the most important component of electrodiagnosis of motor neuron diseases as it often leads to the identification of motor neuron involvement before clinical evidence can be seen.[9]
Micromachined 3D electrode arrays[edit]
Typically, the electrodes used in an EMG are stuck to the skin over a thin layer of gel/paste.[8] This allows for better conduction between electrode and skin. However, as these electrodes do not pierce the skin, there are impedances that result in erroneous readings, high noise levels, and low spatial resolution in readings.[10]
To address these problems, new devices are being developed, such as 3-dimensional electrode arrays. These are MEMS devices that consist of arrays of metal micro-towers capable of penetrating the outer layers of skin, thus reducing impedance.[10]
Compared with traditional wet electrodes, multi-electrode arrays offer the following:[10]
Electrodes are about 1/10 the size of standard wet surface electrodes
Arrays of electrodes can be created and scaled to cover areas of almost any size
Reduced impedance
Improved signal power
Higher amplitude signals
Allow better real-time nerve impulse tracking
Causes of conduction velocity deviations[edit]
Anthropometric and other individualized factors[edit]
Baseline nerve conduction measurements are different for everyone, as they are dependent upon the individual's age, sex, local temperatures, and other anthropometric factors such as hand size and height.[5][11] It is important to understand the effect of these various factors on the normal values for nerve conduction measurements to aid in identifying abnormal nerve conduction study results. The ability to predict normal values in the context of an individual's anthropometric characteristics increases the sensitivities and specificities of electrodiagnostic procedures.[5]
Age[edit]
Normal 'adult' values for conduction velocities are typically reached by age 4. Conduction velocities in newborns and toddlers tend to be about half the adult values.[1]
Nerve conduction studies performed on healthy adults revealed that age is negatively associated with the sensory amplitude measures of the Median, Ulnar, and Sural nerves. Negative associations were also found between age and the conduction velocities and latencies in the Median sensory, Median motor, and Ulnar sensory nerves. However, conduction velocity of the Sural nerve is not associated with age. In general, conduction velocities in the upper extremities decrease by about 1 m/s for every 10 years of age.[5]
Sex[edit]
Sural nerve conduction amplitude is significantly smaller in females than males, and the latency of impulses is longer in females, thus a slower conduction velocity.[5]
Other nerves have not been shown to exhibit any gender biases.
Temperature[edit]
In general, the conduction velocities of most motor and sensory nerves are positively and linearly associated with body temperature (low temperatures slow nerve conduction velocity and higher temperatures increase conduction velocity).[1]
Conduction velocities in the Sural nerve seem to exhibit an especially strong correlation with the local temperature of the nerve.[5]
Height[edit]
Conduction velocities in both the Median sensory and Ulnar sensory nerves are negatively related to an individual's height, which likely accounts for the fact that, among most of the adult population, conduction velocities between the wrist and digits of an individual's hand decrease by 0.5 m/s for each inch increase in height.[5] As a direct consequence, impulse latencies within the Median, Ulnar, and Sural nerves increases with height.[5]
The correlation between height and the amplitude of impulses in the sensory nerves is negative.[5]
Hand factors[edit]
Circumference of the index finger appears to be negatively associated with conduction amplitudes in the Median and Ulnar nerves. In addition, people with larger wrist ratios (anterior-posterior diameter : medial-lateral diameter) have lower Median nerve latencies and faster conduction velocities.[5]
Medical conditions[edit]
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)[edit]
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) aka 'Lou Gehrig's disease' is a progressive and inevitably fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor neurons.[9] Because ALS shares many symptoms with other neurodegenerative diseases, it can be difficult to diagnose properly. The best method of establishing a confident diagnosis is via electrodiagnostic evaluation. To be specific, motor nerve conduction studies of the Median, Ulnar, and peroneal muscles should be performed, as well as sensory nerve conduction studies of the Ulnar and Sural nerves.[9]
In patients with ALS, it has been shown that distal motor latencies and slowing of conduction velocity worsened as the severity of their muscle weakness increased. Both symptoms are consistent with the axonal degeneration occurring in ALS patients.[9]
Carpal tunnel syndrome[edit]
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a form of nerve compression syndrome caused by the compression of the median nerve at the wrist. Typical symptoms include numbness, tingling, burning pains, or weakness in the hand.[12][13] CTS is another condition for which electrodiagnostic testing is valuable.[12][14] However, before subjecting a patient to nerve conduction studies, both Tinel's test and Phalen's test should be performed. If both results are negative, it is very unlikely that the patient has CTS, and further testing is unnecessary.[13]
Carpal tunnel syndrome presents in each individual to different extents. Measurements of nerve conduction velocity are critical to determining the degree of severity.[14][15] These levels of severity are categorized as:[12][13]
Mild CTS: Prolonged sensory latencies, very slight decrease in conduction velocity. No suspected axonal degeneration.
Moderate CTS: Abnormal sensory conduction velocities and reduced motor conduction velocities. No suspected axonal degeneration.
Severe CTS: Absence of sensory responses and prolonged motor latencies (reduced motor conduction velocities).
Extreme CTS: Absence of both sensory and motor responses.
One common electrodiagnostic measurement includes the difference between sensory nerve conduction velocities in the pinkie finger and index finger. In most instances of CTS, symptoms will not present until this difference is greater than 8 m/s.[12][13]
Guillain–Barré syndrome[edit]
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a peripheral neuropathy involving the degeneration of myelin sheathing and/or nerves that innervate the head, body, and limbs.[7] This degeneration is due to an autoimmune response typically initiated by various infections.
Two primary classifications exist: demyelinating (Schwann cell damage) and axonal (direct nerve fiber damage).[7][16] Each of these then branches into additional sub-classifications depending on the exact manifestation. In all cases, however, the condition results in weakness or paralysis of limbs, the potentially fatal paralysis of respiratory muscles, or a combination of these effects.[7]
The disease can progress very rapidly once symptoms present (severe damage can occur within as little as a day).[7] Because electrodiagnosis is one of the fastest and most direct methods of determining the presence of the illness and its proper classification, nerve conduction studies are extremely important.[16] Without proper electrodiagnostic assessment, GBS is commonly misdiagnosed as Polio, West Nile virus, Tick paralysis, various Toxic neuropathies, CIDP, Transverse myelitis, or Hysterical paralysis.[7] Two sets of nerve conduction studies should allow for proper diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome. It is recommended that these be performed within the first 2 weeks of symptom presentation and again sometime between 3 and 8 weeks.[16]
Electrodiagnostic findings that may implicate GBS include:[6][7][16]
Complete conduction blocks
Abnormal or absent F waves
Attenuated compound muscle action potential amplitudes
Prolonged motor neuron latencies
Severely slowed conduction velocities (sometimes below 20 m/s)
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome[edit]
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease in which auto-antibodies are directed against voltage-gated calcium channels at presynaptic nerve terminals. Here, the antibodies inhibit the release of neurotransmitters, resulting in muscle weakness and autonomic dysfunctions.[17]
Nerve conduction studies performed on the Ulnar motor and sensory, Median motor and sensory, Tibial motor, and Peroneal motor nerves in patients with LEMS have shown that the conduction velocity across these nerves is actually normal. However, the amplitudes of the compound motor action potentials may be reduced by up to 55%, and the duration of these action potentials decreased by up to 47%.[17]
Peripheral diabetic neuropathy[edit]
At least half the population with diabetes mellitus is also affected with diabetic neuropathy, causing numbness and weakness in the peripheral limbs.[18] Studies have shown that the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway is more active in individuals with diabetes and that this signaling activity occurs mainly in the nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures.[18] Therefore, over-activity of the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway may inhibit nerve conduction.
Motor nerve conduction velocity studies revealed that conductance in diabetic rats was about 30% lower than that of the non-diabetic control group. In addition, activity along the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures was non-continuous and non-linear in the diabetic group, but linear and continuous in the control. These deficiencies were eliminated after the administration of Fasudil to the diabetic group, implying that it may be a potential treatment.[18]
See also[edit]
Nerve conduction study
Electrodiagnosis
Electromyography
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nerve conduction velocity". National Institutes of Health. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Andrew BL, Part NJ (1972) Properties of fast and slow motor units in hind limb and tail muscles of the rat. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 57:213-225.
Jump up ^ Russell NJ (1980). "Axonal conduction velocity changes following muscle tenotomy or deafferentation during development in the rat". J Physiol. 298: 347–360.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Allan; Sapru, Hreday (2005). Essential Neuroscience. p. 257. ISBN 978-0781750776.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Stetson, PhD, Diana S.; James W. Albers; Barbara A. Silverstein; Robert A. Wolfe (October 1992). "Effects of Age, Sex, and Anthropometric Factors on Nerve Conduction Measures". Muscle & Nerve. 15: 1095–1104. doi:10.1002/mus.880151007.
^ Jump up to: a b Sedano, Maria J.; Canga, Ana; Pablos, Carmen; Polo, Jose M.; Berciano, Jose (31 January 2013). "Muscle MRI in severe Guillain–Barré syndrome with motor nerve inexcitability". Journal of Neurology. 260 (6): 1624–1630. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-6845-y.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Parry, Gareth J. (2007). Guillain–Barré Syndrome. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-932603-56-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Nerve Conduction Study (NCS)". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Joyce, Nanette C.; Carter, Gregory T. (May 2013). "Electrodiagnosis in Persons With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis". PM&R. 5 (5, Supplement): S89–S95. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.03.020.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rajaraman, Swaminathan; Bragg, Julian A.; Ross, James D.; Allen, Mark G. (30 June 2011). "Micromachined three-dimensional electrode arrays for transcutaneous nerve tracking". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 21 (8). doi:10.1088/0960-1317/21/8/085014.
Jump up ^ Thanakiatpinyo, MD, Thanitta; Gulapar Srisawasdi (2013). "Effect of Hand Size on the Stimulation Intensities Required for Median and Ulnar Sensory Nerve Conduction Studies". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 94: 925–929. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.029.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Werner, Robert A.; Andary, Michael (October 2011). "Electrodiagnostic evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome". Muscle & Nerve. 44 (4): 597–607. doi:10.1002/mus.22208.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ntani, Georgia; Palmer, Keith T.; Linaker, Cathy; Harris, E Clare; Van der Star, Richard; Cooper, Cyrus; Coggon, David (15 August 2013). "Symptoms, signs and nerve conduction velocities in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 14 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-242.
^ Jump up to: a b Inukai, Tomoo; Uchida, Kenzo; Kubota, Chikara; Takamura, Takaharu; Nakajima, Hideaki; Baba, Hisatoshi (24 October 2013). "Second lumbrical-interossei nerve test predicts clinical severity and surgical outcome of carpal tunnel syndrome". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 20 (9): 1224–1227. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.04.007.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Lawrence, R.; Strakowski, Jeffrey; Kennedy, David J. (May 2013). "Is the Combined Sensory (Robinson) Index Routinely Indicated for All Cases of Suspected Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Undergoing Electrodiagnostic Evaluation?". PM&R. 5 (5): 433–437. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.04.007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shahrizaila, Nortina; Goh, Khean Jin; Abdullah, Suhailah; Kuppusamy, Rishikesan; Yuki, Nobuhiro (8 February 2013). "Two sets of nerve conduction studies may suffice in reaching a reliable electrodiagnosis in Guillain–Barré syndrome". Clinical Neurophysiology. 124 (7): 1456–1459. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.12.047.
^ Jump up to: a b Crone, Clarissa; Christiansen, Ingelise; Vissing, John (3 May 2013). "Myopathic EMG findings and type II muscle fiber atrophy in patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome". Clinical Neurophysiology. 124 (9): 1889–1892. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.115.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kanazawa, Yasushi; Junko Takahashi-Fujigasaki; Sho Ishizawa; Naoko Takabayashi; Kumiko Ishibashi; Keiichiro Matoba; Daiji Kawanami; Tamotsu Yokota; Naoko Tajima; Kazunori Utsunomiya (September 2013). "The Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil restores normal motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats by assuring the proper localization of adhesion-related molecules in myelinating Schwann cells". Experimental Neurology. 247: 438–446. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.012.
External links[edit]
Virtual NCS training and other educational tools
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Visa policy of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Entry and exit passport stamps issued to a German citizen at Delhi airport
Indian tourist visa issued in Australia with Indian entry and exit stamps
Visitors to India must obtain a visa from an Indian diplomatic mission unless they come from one of the visa-exempt countries or a country whose citizens may obtain a visa on arrival, or an e-Visa online.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Visa policy map
2 Freedom of movement
3 Overseas Citizens of India/Persons of Indian Origin
4 Visa-free entry
5 Visa on arrival
6 e-Visa
7 Reform
7.1 2013
7.2 2014
7.3 2015
7.4 2016
7.5 2017
8 Costs for visa applications
9 Restricted and Protected Area Permits
10 Pakistani Passport Holders and Persons of Pakistani Origin
10.1 Visa on arrival for persons over 65 years of age
11 Diplomatic or official passports
12 Visitor statistics
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Visa policy map[edit]
Visa policy of India
Freedom of movement[edit]
Further information: 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and Bhutan–India relations § 1949 Treaty
Citizens of the following countries do not require visas or passports to enter India (unless arriving from mainland China), and may remain in the country without any limit of stay. Citizens of these countries may also live and work freely in India:[1]
Bhutan
Nepal
Overseas Citizens of India/Persons of Indian Origin[edit]
Foreign citizens possessing an Overseas Citizen of India registration certificate or holders of a Persons of Indian Origin Card are exempt from visa requirements, have the right of domicile in India and are allowed unlimited entries into India. Citizens of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, mainland China, Nepal or Pakistan are generally not entitled to hold Overseas Indian Citizenship.
Visa-free entry[edit]
Citizens of the following countries do not require visas to enter India (unless arriving from mainland China):[1]
Maldives (90 days)
[show]Date of visa abolition
March 1979: Maldives[2]
Visa on arrival[edit]
Citizens of the following countries can apply for a visa on arrival (VOA) in Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata or Mumbai. The visa is issued for business, tourist, medical and conference categories, and has a validity of 30 days.[3] The cost is ₹2,000. The VOA facility can only be used for no more than two times in one calendar year.[4][1] Alternatively, foreign citizens eligible for a VOA can apply for an e-Visa instead if they intend to visit India for a period longer than 30 days, or if they intend to enter the country through an airport or seaport not covered by the VOA scheme.
Japan (30 days)
e-Visa[edit]
This clickable map shows a list of airports that accept the e-Visa.
On 27 November 2014, the Electronic Travel Authorisation (ETA) facility became operational for citizens of over 40 eligible countries, including those who are eligible for visa on arrival. The list was further expanded to 113 countries in August 2015 (see chart below).[5] ETA is issued for tourism, visiting friends and family, short duration medical treatment and business visits. The scheme was renamed to e-Tourist Visa (eTV) on 15 April 2015.[6] On 1 April 2017 the scheme was renamed e-Visa with three subcategories: e-Tourist Visa, e-Business Visa and e-Medical Visa.
An application for e-Visa must be made at least four calendar days in advance of the date of arrival and can be made as early as 120 days in advance. The visa is valid for 60 calendar days from the date of arrival, and can be obtained twice in a calendar year. Double entry is permitted on e-Tourist Visa and e-Business Visa. Triple entry is permitted on e-Medical Visa. The duration of stay cannot be extended.[7] The e-Visa fees are divided into four slabs of zero, US$25, US$50 and US$75, depending on nationality (based on reciprocity; see table below and notes), plus a bank fee of 2.5% of the visa fee.[8]
e-Visa allows arrival at the following 25 airports and 3 seaports:[9]
Ahmedabad
Amritsar
Bagdogra
Bengaluru
Chandigarh
Chennai
Coimbatore
Delhi
Gaya
Goa
Guwahati
Hyderabad
Jaipur
Kochi
Kolkata
Kozhikode
Lucknow
Mangaluru
Mumbai
Nagpur
Pune
Thiruvananthapuram
Tiruchirappalli
Varanasi
Visakhapatnam
Cochin
Goa
Mangalore
Exit is possible via any authorized immigration check post.
Citizens of the following countries and territories who hold ordinary passports are eligible to obtain the e-Visa (unless the citizen is of Pakistani origin):[10][11][12]
All European Union citizens[13]
Albania
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina3
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Costa Rica
Cote D'Ivoire
Cuba
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Eritrea
Fiji3
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Ghana
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Iceland
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Jamaica3
Japan2
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati3
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Marshall Islands3
Mauritius3
Mexico
Micronesia3
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Mozambique1
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru3
New Zealand
Cook Islands3
Niue3
Nicaragua
Niger
Norway
Oman
Palau3
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea3
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Russia1
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa3
San Marino
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles3
Sierra Leone
Singapore2
Solomon Islands3
South Africa3
South Korea
Sri Lanka2
Suriname
Swaziland
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tonga3
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu3
Uganda
Ukraine1
United Arab Emirates
United States1
Uruguay3
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu3
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Note: Since 3 November 2015, the visa fee for citizens of
countries with mark "1" are US $75
countries with mark "2" are US $25
countries with mark "3" are free of charge
countries without mark are US $50
[show]Date of e-visa eligibility
27 November 2014: Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Djibouti, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand (including Cook Islands and Niue), Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Korea, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States, Vanuatu, Vietnam[14]
January 2015: Guyana[15]
14 April 2015: Sri Lanka[16]
1 May 2015: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Georgia, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Vatican City, and British Overseas Territories citizens of Anguilla, Cayman Islands and Montserrat[17]
30 July 2015: China, Hong Kong, Macau[18]
15 August 2015: Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, East Timor, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Jamaica, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Netherlands (including Aruba), Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Taiwan, Tanzania, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, and British Overseas Territories citizens of Turks and Caicos Islands[19]
26 February 2016: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Comoros, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Moldova, Namibia, Romania, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Zambia, Zimbabwe[20]
1 April 2017: Angola, Azerbaijan, Burundi, Cameroon, Cyprus, Italy, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uzbekistan
July 2017: Uganda[21][22]
5 March 2018: Kazakhstan[23]
26 April 2018: Kyrgyzstan[24]
Reform[edit]
2013[edit]
In October 2013, India decided to initiate the process of extending visa-on-arrival access to 40 more nations.[25] In January 2014, plans were confirmed by Planning Minister of India.[26] The sixteen different types of visa would also be reduced to three: work, business and tourism.[27] The proposal initially met resistance from intelligence agencies and the possible problem of queues emerged.[28][29]
2014[edit]
In February 2014 it was announced that Indian intelligence agencies had given their approval to visa-on-arrival for up to 180 countries, largely due to the new possibilities provided by the Immigration, Visa and Foreigners' Registration and Tracking (IVFRT) system. The system would not be a typical visa on arrival in order to avoid clutter at the airports, but a system based on a prior online applications modelled after Australian Electronic Travel Authority system.[30][31][32]
On 5 February 2014 it was decided to introduce visa-on-arrival to tourists from 180 countries. Technical implementation, such as setting up the website for applications, was expected to take about 6 months and the authorities hoped to have it in place for the tourist season beginning in October 2014. Prospective visitors would have to pay a fee and the electronic version of the visa should be granted within three days. The program was expected to apply to all international airports. However, nationals of Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan were to be excluded from this program.[33]
In July 2014 it was announced that India hoped to implement the program for citizens of 40 countries in the first phase by December 2014 and later on for 109 additional countries if the first phase were implemented successfully.[34]
In August 2014 it was revealed that ministries of Tourism, Home Affairs and External Affairs could not agree on the list of countries for the ETA. The Ministry of Tourism proposed to allow the new system for the citizens of the 15 countries with the most visitors to India, the Ministry of External Affairs proposed to create a balanced list with some Asian and African countries, while the Ministry of Home Affairs proposed to exclude all countries with high security concerns.[35]
In September 2014 Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the United States would be added to the list of countries whose citizens may obtain a visa on arrival.[36] However, in October 2014 the planned introduction of the new e-Visa system was pushed from 2 October 2014 to June 2015.[37] It was also revealed that the list of visa on arrival countries was unlikely to be expanded in 2014.[38]
In November 2014 it was announced that the e-visa system might be rolled out for about 25 countries including the 13 countries which were already eligible for visa on arrival.[39] Later that month it was announced that 28 countries would become eligible for an electronic visa on 27 November 2014 and that the list would include visa on arrival eligible countries as well as Brazil, Germany, Israel, Jordan, Mauritius, Norway, Palestine, Russia, Thailand, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States.[40][41]
In November 2014, the Indian Prime Minister announced visa on arrival facility for nationals of all Pacific countries and Australia.[42][43]
2015[edit]
The manual processing of the visa on arrival was discontinued in January 2015.[44] Until 26 January 2015, citizens of the following countries holding ordinary passports were granted visa on arrival without obtaining an ETA (unless they were of Bangladeshi or Pakistani origin), for a single stay up to 30 days in India when traveling as a tourist or for visiting family or friends:[1][45][44]
Cambodia
Finland
Indonesia
Japan
Laos
Luxembourg
Myanmar
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
South Korea
Vietnam
In February 2015, the Ministry of Tourism proposed extending the facility to citizens of China, United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy and Malaysia.[46] Subsequently, the Minister of Finance announced that the facility would be extended, in stages, to citizens of 150 countries.[47] In March 2015 it was announced that 53 nations were shortlisted for the second round of expansion of the system based on the number of tourist arrivals in the previous years.[48]
After the Government was criticised for naming the new policy "Visa on arrival" it decided to rename it to "e-Tourist Visa (eTV)" in April 2015.[49][50]
The e-Tourist Visa facility was extended to 31 new countries on 1 May 2015.[51]
In May 2015, Indian Foreign Ministry announced that Chinese citizens will be able to apply for e-Tourist Visa facility in order to coordinate Prime Minister Narendra Modi visiting China between 14 and 16 May. Disputes about the Sino-Indian border and national security would be postponed.[52]
On 29 July 2015 Indian Ministry of Home Affairs announced the extension of e-Tourist Visa facility to China, Hong Kong and Macau with effect from 30 July 2015.[53]
The list of eligible nationalities was extended with 36 new countries on 15 August 2015. On the same day the list of eTV airports was expanded with 7 new airports.[11] The extension to 150 nationalities was scheduled to be finished by 31 March 2016.[54]
In September 2015 it was announced that the list would be expanded by another 37 countries.[55]
2016[edit]
In January 2016 it was announced that the extension would take place by March 2016.[56] In November 2015 it was announced that the visa validity will be extended to 180 days.[57]
In January 2016 it was announced that the multiple entries would become available and that e-Tourist Visa holders would receive a gift pack on arrival.[58]
The eTV list was extended for tourists from 37 more countries on 26 February 2016.[59]
In September 2016 it was announced that the electronic visa scheme would be reformed to include 27 visa codes denoting various visit purposes such as tourism, business or medical visits.[60] It was also announced that the list of visa on arrival eligible countries would be expanded.[61]
On 30 November 2016 the Government of India approved further liberalization, simplification and rationalization of visa regime in India. It also announced that more countries would be added to the e-visa list.[62] The e-visa would have a validity of 60 days and could be applied for by foreign nationals up to four months ahead of the visit.[63] Five seaports - Mumbai, Kochi, Chennai, Goa and Mangalore - would receive tourists coming with e-visa.[64]
2017[edit]
From 1 April 2017 e-visas are granted under three categories of tourist, business and medical. The window for application under e-visa scheme was increased from 30 days to 120 days, and duration of stay on e-visa was increased from 30 days to 60 days, with double entry on e-tourist and e-business visa, and triple entry on e-medical visa.[65] The list of eligible nationalities was also further expanded with 11 new countries,[62] and the list of arrival ports was increased from 16 to 24 airports and 3 seaports.[10]
In July 2017 Uganda was added to the list of e-Visa eligible countries.[66]
Costs for visa applications[edit]
Visa applications can be submitted in person or sent by post to an Indian consulate. It can also be submitted to designated Visa service provider in certain countries.[67] Costs differ per consulate and region. Some visa-handling services charge a small fee in addition, to check that completed application form meets all requirements and submit the documents on the applicant's behalf.[68]
Citizens of the following countries do not pay a visa fee – Argentina, Cook Islands, Fiji, Jamaica, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, Niue Island, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Seychelles, Solomon Island, South Africa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uruguay and Vanuatu.[69][70]
Restricted and Protected Area Permits[edit]
A Protected Area Permit (PAP) is required to enter the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim and some parts of the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand. A Restricted Area Permit (RAP) is required to enter the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year at a time. Permits are not required for nationals of Bhutan travelling by air to/from Thimphu via Bagdogra and for nationals of Nepal travelling by air to/from Kathmandu (if travelling by land a pass issued by either the Foreigners Regional Registration Office, Superintendent of police or the diplomatic representation of India in Bhutan or Nepal is required).[1] Special permits are needed to enter Lakshadweep Islands. Maldivian citizens are allowed to visit Minicoy island for fifteen days if allowed by the High Commissioner of India to the Maldives.[citation needed]
Pakistani Passport Holders and Persons of Pakistani Origin[edit]
Persons who ever held Pakistani citizenship, or who have a parent or spouse that held Pakistani citizenship are ineligible for India's new E-Visa scheme, and so must apply to their local Indian mission for visas. Applicants who once held Pakistani citizenship require lengthy processing times, while foreign spouses and those of Pakistani origin who never held Pakistani citizenship typically experience shorter processing times.[71] India also forbids Pakistani applicants with dual-nationality from applying on their non-Pakistani passport.[71]
Visa on arrival for persons over 65 years of age[edit]
As of 31 March 2013, Pakistani citizens over the age of 65 with the sole objective of meetings friends or family are granted a 45-day visa upon arrival at the Attari-Wagah Checkpoint, so long as the applicant provides a sponsorship certificate from their contacts in India attesting that they will be responsible for the visit of their Pakistani friend or relative, and which must also be countersigned by a: DM, SP, SDM, Tehsildar, BDO, SHO, Groups A officer of State and Central Government, or principal/headmaster of a government college or government school who attest that they personally know the sponsor.[71] This scheme does not apply for those who wish to visit Punjab, Kerala and Restricted Areas, nor does it apply to those who have ever been denied an Indian visa before.[71]
Diplomatic or official passports[edit]
Visa policy for diplomatic or official passport holders
India
Visa-free for diplomatic and official passport holders
Visa-free for diplomatic passports
Visa required for diplomatic or official passports holders
Holders of diplomatic or official passports of the following countries do not require a visa for India – Albania, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belarus, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Venezuela and Vietnam and diplomatic passports only of the following countries – Afghanistan, Armenia, Cuba, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malta, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Ukraine.[1][72]
India signed a visa waiver agreement for holders of diplomatic, special and official passports with Palestine,[73] Belize in September 2017,[74] Oman in February 2018,[75] Saint Kitts and Nevis in February 2018,[76] Azerbaijan,[77] Swaziland,[78] and Zambia[79] in April 2018 and they are yet to come into force.
Visitor statistics[edit]
Most visitors arriving in India were from the following countries of nationality:[80]
Country
2016
2015
2014
2013
Bangladesh 01 1,380,409 02 1,133,879 02 942,562 03 524,923
United States 02 1,296,939 01 1,213,624 01 1,118,983 01 1,085,309
United Kingdom 03 941,883 03 867,601 03 838,860 02 809,444
Canada 04 317,239 05 281,306 06 268,485 06 255,222
Malaysia 05 301,961 06 272,941 07 262,026 09 242,649
Sri Lanka 06 297,418 04 299,513 04 301,601 04 262,345
Australia 07 293,625 07 263,101 09 239,762 11 218,967
Germany 08 265,928 08 248,314 10 239,106 07 252,003
China 09 251,313 11 206,322 12 181,020 12 174,712
France 10 238,707 09 230,854 08 246,101 08 248,379
Russia 11 227,749 12 172,419 05 269,832 05 259,120
Japan 12 208,847 10 207,415 11 219,106 10 220,283
Total 13 8,804,411 13 8,027,133 13 7,679,099 13 6,967,601
See also[edit]
India portal
Visa requirements for Indian citizens
Tourism in India
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "South Asian Observer - Top Story India to Offer Electronic Visa for Canadians From December". www.southasianobserver.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "E-visa scheme hits inter-departmental roadblock - Times of India". Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Modi US visit: Visa on Arrival facility on anvil for US tourists". 21 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "E-visas may make visa-on-arrival redundant, says Tourism Minister Naik". 3 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Modi announces visa on arrival for 14 Pacific Island countries". India Today. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Bureau of Immigration (India): Tourist Visa on Arrival". Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Srivastava, Moulishree (20 February 2015). "India may extend e-visa facility to six more countries". Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Anirban; Sathyanarayanan, Divya (28 February 2015). "Budget 2015: Government to increase visa on arrival facilities to 150 countries, says FM Jaitley". Retrieved 17 September 2017 – via The Economic Times.
Jump up ^ Paladhi, Arijit (10 March 2015). "53 nations to get nod for e-visa soon". Retrieved 17 September 2017 – via Business Standard.
Jump up ^ "It's Not Visa-on-Arrival, Cedes Government, Scheme to be Renamed". Retrieved 17 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Govt decides to rename its e-visa scheme to 'Visa Online'". 9 April 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2017 – via The Economic Times.
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Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ Market research and statistics
External links[edit]
Indian Visa Online, Government of India
Bureau of Immigration
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Abkhazia510
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Svalbard12
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Portugal
Romania
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Sweden
Switzerland
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Overseas
Other Europe
Abkhazia5 10
Akrotiri and Dhekelia1 7
Albania
Andorra
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Artsakh7 10
Azerbaijan5
Belarus
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Georgia5
Kazakhstan6
Kosovo10
Macedonia
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Monaco 2
Montenegro
Northern Cyprus7 10
Russia3
San Marino 2
Serbia
South Ossetia5 10
Transnistria10
Turkey4
Ukraine
Vatican City 2
Oceania
American Samoa11
Australia
Cook Islands9
Fiji
Guam11
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
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Niue9
Northern Mariana Islands11
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands1
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tokelau9
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
1 British Overseas Territories. 2 Open border with Schengen Area. 3 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here. 4 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. Has part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace. 5 Azerbaijan (Artsakh) and Georgia (Abkhazia; South Ossetia) are transcontinental countries. Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus. 6 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe. 7 Armenia and Cyprus (Northern Cyprus; Akrotiri and Dhekelia) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe. 8 Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East. Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula. 9 Part of the Realm of New Zealand. 10 Partially recognized. 11 Unincorporated territory of the United States. 12 Part of Norway, not part of the Schengen Area, special open-border status under Svalbard Treaty
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_India&oldid=838429437"
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