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Data link layer
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OSI model
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NNTP
SIP
SSI
DNS
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more....
6. Presentation layer[show]
MIME
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5. Session layer[show]
Named pipe
NetBIOS
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RTP
SOCKS
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4. Transport layer[show]
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UDP
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DCCP
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3. Network layer[show]
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
IPsec
IGMP
IPX
AppleTalk
X.25 PLP
2. Data link layer[show]
ATM
ARP
IS-IS
SDLC
HDLC
CSLIP
SLIP
GFP
PLIP
IEEE 802.2
LLC
MAC
L2TP
IEEE 802.3
Frame Relay
ITU-T G.hn DLL
PPP
X.25 LAPB
Q.921 LAPD
Q.922 LAPF
1. Physical layer[show]
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
ITU-T V-Series
I.430
I.431
PDH
SONET/SDH
PON
OTN
DSL
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.15
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 1394
ITU-T G.hn PHY
USB
Bluetooth
RS-232
RS-449
v
t
e
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.[1] The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and might provide the means to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer.
The data link layer is concerned with local delivery of frames between devices on the same LAN. Data-link frames, as these protocol data units are called, do not cross the boundaries of a local network. Inter-network routing and global addressing are higher-layer functions, allowing data-link protocols to focus on local delivery, addressing, and media arbitration. This way, the data link layer is analogous to a neighborhood traffic cop; it endeavors to arbitrate between parties contending for access to a medium, without concern for their ultimate destination. When devices attempt to use a medium simultaneously, frame collisions occur. Data-link protocols specify how devices detect and recover from such collisions, and may provide mechanisms to reduce or prevent them.
Examples of data link protocols are Ethernet for local area networks (multi-node), the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), HDLC and ADCCP for point-to-point (dual-node) connections. In the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), the data link layer functionality is contained within the link layer, the lowest layer of the descriptive model.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Sublayers
2.1 Logical link control sublayer
2.2 Media access control sublayer
3 Services
4 Error detection and correction
5 Protocol examples
6 Relation to the TCP/IP model
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
A frame's header contains source and destination addresses that indicate which device originated the frame and which device is expected to receive and process it. In contrast to the hierarchical and routable addresses of the network layer, layer-2 addresses are flat, meaning that no part of the address can be used to identify the logical or physical group to which the address belongs.
The data link thus provides data transfer across the physical link. That transfer can be reliable or unreliable; many data-link protocols do not have acknowledgments of successful frame reception and acceptance, and some data-link protocols might not even have any form of checksum to check for transmission errors. In those cases, higher-level protocols must provide flow control, error checking, and acknowledgments and retransmission.
In some networks, such as IEEE 802 local area networks, the data link layer is described in more detail with media access control (MAC) and logical link control (LLC) sublayers; this means that the IEEE 802.2 LLC protocol can be used with all of the IEEE 802 MAC layers, such as Ethernet, token ring, IEEE 802.11, etc., as well as with some non-802 MAC layers such as FDDI. Other data-link-layer protocols, such as HDLC, are specified to include both sublayers, although some other protocols, such as Cisco HDLC, use HDLC's low-level framing as a MAC layer in combination with a different LLC layer. In the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), the data link layer is divided into three sub-layers (application protocol convergence, logical link control and media access control).
Within the semantics of the OSI network architecture, the data-link-layer protocols respond to service requests from the network layer and they perform their function by issuing service requests to the physical layer.
Sublayers[edit]
The data link layer has two sublayers: logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC).[2]
Logical link control sublayer[edit]
The uppermost sublayer, LLC, multiplexes protocols running at the top of data link layer, and optionally provides flow control, acknowledgment, and error notification. The LLC provides addressing and control of the data link. It specifies which mechanisms are to be used for addressing stations over the transmission medium and for controlling the data exchanged between the originator and recipient machines.
Media access control sublayer[edit]
MAC may refer to the sublayer that determines who is allowed to access the media at any one time (e.g. CSMA/CD). Other times it refers to a frame structure delivered based on MAC addresses inside.
There are generally two forms of media access control: distributed and centralized.[3] Both of these may be compared to communication between people. In a network made up of people speaking, i.e. a conversation, they will each pause a random amount of time and then attempt to speak again, effectively establishing a long and elaborate game of saying "no, you first".
The Media Access Control sublayer also determines where one frame of data ends and the next one starts – frame synchronization. There are four means of frame synchronization: time based, character counting, byte stuffing and bit stuffing.
The time based approach simply puts a specified amount of time between frames. The major drawback of this is that new gaps can be introduced or old gaps can be lost due to external influences.
Character counting simply notes the count of remaining characters in the frame's header. This method, however, is easily disturbed if this field gets faulty in some way, thus making it hard to keep up synchronization.
Byte stuffing precedes the frame with a special byte sequence such as DLE STX and succeeds it with DLE ETX. Appearances of DLE (byte value 0x10) have to be escaped with another DLE. The start and stop marks are detected at the receiver and removed as well as the inserted DLE characters.
Similarly, bit stuffing replaces these start and end marks with flag consisting of a special bit pattern (e.g. a 0, six 1 bits and a 0). Occurrences of this bit pattern in the data to be transmitted are avoided by inserting a bit. To use the example where the flag is 01111110, a 0 is inserted after 5 consecutive 1's in the data stream. The flags and the inserted 0's are removed at the receiving end. This makes for arbitrary long frames and easy synchronization for the recipient. Note that this stuffed bit is added even if the following data bit is 0, which could not be mistaken for a sync sequence, so that the receiver can unambiguously distinguish stuffed bits from normal bits.
Services[edit]
Encapsulation of network layer data packets into frames
Frame synchronization
Logical link control (LLC) sublayer:
Error control (automatic repeat request, ARQ), in addition to ARQ provided by some transport-layer protocols, to forward error correction (FEC) techniques provided on the physical layer, and to error-detection and packet canceling provided at all layers, including the network layer. Data-link-layer error control (i.e. retransmission of erroneous packets) is provided in wireless networks and V.42 telephone network modems, but not in LAN protocols such as Ethernet, since bit errors are so uncommon in short wires. In that case, only error detection and canceling of erroneous packets are provided.
Flow control, in addition to the one provided on the transport layer. Data-link-layer flow control is not used in LAN protocols such as Ethernet, but in modems and wireless networks.
Media access control (MAC) sublayer:
Multiple access protocols for channel-access control, for example CSMA/CD protocols for collision detection and re-transmission in Ethernet bus networks and hub networks, or the CSMA/CA protocol for collision avoidance in wireless networks.
Physical addressing (MAC addressing)
LAN switching (packet switching), including MAC filtering, Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Shortest Path Bridging (SPB)
Data packet queuing or scheduling
Store-and-forward switching or cut-through switching
Quality of Service (QoS) control
Virtual LANs (VLAN)
Error detection and correction[edit]
Beside framing, data link layers also include mechanisms to detect and even recover from transmission errors. For a receiver to detect transmission error, the sender must add redundant information (in the form of bits) as an error detection code to the frame sent. When the receiver obtains a frame with an error detection code it recomputes it and verifies whether the received error detection code matches the computed error detection code. If they match the frame is considered to be valid.
An error detection code can be defined as a function that computes the r (amount of redundant bits) corresponding to each string of N total number of bits. The simplest error detection code is the parity bit, which allows a receiver to detect transmission errors that have affected a single bit among the transmitted N + r bits. If there are two or more bits in error, the receiver may not be able to detect the transmission error.
H
E
L
L
O
8 5 12 12 15
A simple example of how this works using metadata is transmitting the word "HELLO", by encoding each letter as its position in the alphabet. Thus, the letter A is coded as 1, B as 2, and so on as shown in the table on the right. Adding up the resulting numbers yields 8 + 5 + 12 + 12 + 15 = 52, and 5 + 2 = 7 calculates the metadata. Finally, the "8 5 12 12 15 7" numbers sequence is transmitted, which the receiver will see on its end if there are no transmission errors. The receiver knows that the last number received is the error-detecting metadata and that all data before is the message, so the receiver can recalculate the above math and if the metadata matches it can be concluded that the data has been received error-free. Though, if the receiver sees something like a "7 5 12 12 15 7" sequence, it can run the check by calculating 7 + 5 + 12 + 12 + 15 = 51 and 5 + 1 = 6, and discard the received data as defective since 6 does not equal 7.
Protocol examples[edit]
ARCnet
ATM
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
Controller Area Network (CAN)
Econet
Ethernet
Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching (EAPS)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Frame Relay
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
IEEE 802.2 (provides LLC functions to IEEE 802 MAC layers)
IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN
I²C
LattisNet
Link Access Procedures, D channel (LAPD)
Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)
LocalTalk
MIL-STD-1553
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Nortel Discovery Protocol (NDP)
OpenFlow (SDN)
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Profibus
SpaceWire
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) (obsolete)
Split multi-link trunking (SMLT)
IEEE 802.1aq - Shortest Path Bridging
Spanning Tree Protocol
StarLan
Token ring
Unidirectional Link Detection (UDLD)
UNI/O
1-Wire
and most forms of serial communication.
See also: Bit-sequence independence
Relation to the TCP/IP model[edit]
In the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), OSI's data link layer functionality is contained within its lowest layer, the link layer. The TCP/IP link layer has the operating scope of the link a host is connected to, and only concerns itself with hardware issues to the point of obtaining hardware (MAC) addresses for locating hosts on the link and transmitting data frames onto the link. The link layer functionality was described in RFC 1122 and is defined differently than the Data Link Layer of OSI, and encompasses all methods that affect the local link.
The TCP/IP model is not a top-down comprehensive design reference for networks. It was formulated for the purpose of illustrating the logical groups and scopes of functions needed in the design of the suite of internetworking protocols of TCP/IP, as needed for the operation of the Internet. In general, direct or strict comparisons of the OSI and TCP/IP models should be avoided, because the layering in TCP/IP is not a principal design criterion and in general considered to be "harmful" (RFC 3439). In particular, TCP/IP does not dictate a strict hierarchical sequence of encapsulation requirements, as is attributed to OSI protocols.
See also[edit]
Computer networking portal
ALOHAnet#ALOHA protocol
ODI
NDIS
SANA-II – Standard Amiga Networking Architecture, version 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is layer 2, and Why Should You Care?". accel-networks.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-18. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
Jump up ^ Regis J. Bates and Donald W. Gregory (2007). Voice & data communications handbook (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-07-226335-0.
Jump up ^ Guowang Miao; Guocong Song (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1107039886.
S. Tanenbaum, Andrew (2005). Computer Networks (4th ed.). 482,F.I.E., Patparganj, Delhi 110 092: Dorling Kindersley(India)Pvt. Ltd.,licenses of Pearson Education in South Asia. ISBN 81-7758-165-1.
Odom, Wendel (2013). CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101, CCENT Official cert guide. Paul Boger, cisco press. ISBN 1-58714-385-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Data link layer.
DataLink layer simulation, written in C#
DataLink Layer, Part 2: Error Detection and Correction
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_link_layer&oldid=837667487"
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text:
The Fool on the Hill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Fool on the Hill (disambiguation).
"The Fool on the Hill"
The 1996 U.S. jukebox single release of the song, as the B-side to "Magical Mystery Tour"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Magical Mystery Tour
Released
27 November 1967 (US LP)
8 December 1967 (UK EP)
19 November 1976 (UK LP)
Recorded
25–27 September, and 20 October 1967
Genre
Baroque pop[1]
Length
3:00
Label
Parlophone, Capitol, EMI
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
"The Fool on the Hill" is a song by the Beatles. It was written and sung by Paul McCartney[2][3] (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and recorded in 1967. It was included on the Magical Mystery Tour EP and album, and presented in the Magical Mystery Tour film, with a promotional sequence filmed near Nice, in France from 30–31 October 1967. The song achieved perhaps its most widespread popular audience as a top ten hit single by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 in 1968.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Musical structure
3 Recording
4 Personnel
5 Critical reaction
6 Performance history
7 Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 version
8 Other versions
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Composition[edit]
The song's lyrics describe the titular "fool", a solitary figure who is not understood by others, but is actually wise. McCartney said the song relates to someone like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi:
'Fool on the Hill' was mine and I think I was writing about someone like Maharishi. His detractors called him a fool. Because of his giggle he wasn't taken too seriously ... I was sitting at the piano at my father's house in Liverpool hitting a D 6th chord, and I made up 'Fool on the Hill.'[2]
Alistair Taylor, in the book Yesterday, reports a mysterious incident involving a man who inexplicably appeared near him and McCartney during a walk on Primrose Hill and then disappeared again, soon after McCartney and Taylor had conversed about the existence of God; this allegedly prompted the writing of the song.[4]
McCartney played the song for John Lennon during a writing session for "With a Little Help from My Friends", and Lennon told him to write it down. McCartney did not; he was sure he would not forget it.[2] In his 1980 interview with Playboy magazine, Lennon said, "Now that's Paul. Another good lyric. Shows he's capable of writing complete songs."[3]
Musical structure[edit]
The song involves alternations of D major and D minor in a similar manner to Cole Porter's alternations of C minor and C major in "Night and Day".[5] Thus the D major tonality that begins with an Em7 chord on "Nobody wants to know him" moves through a ii7–V7–I6–vi7–ii7–V7 progression till the shift to the Dm tone and key on "but the fool". Other highlights are the inspired use in the Dm section of a minor sixth (B♭) melody note on the word "sun" (with a Dm♯5 chord) and a major ninth (E melody note) on the word "world" (with a Dm chord).[6]
Recording[edit]
McCartney recorded a solo demo version of the song on 6 September 1967.[7] This version was later released on the Anthology 2 compilation.[8] Recording began in earnest on 25 September, with significant overdubs by the Beatles on 26 September. Mark Lewisohn said that the 26 September version was "almost a re-make".[9] A take from 25 September – noticeably slower, somewhat heavier and with slightly different vocals – is also included on Anthology 2.[8] After another session on 27 September where McCartney added another vocal,[10] the song sat for a month before flutes were added on 20 October.[11]
Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues has said that he and bandmate Mike Pinder contributed harmonicas to the song alongside Lennon and George Harrison.[12]
Personnel[edit]
Paul McCartney – vocals, piano, acoustic guitar, recorder, bass, penny whistle[13]
John Lennon – harmonica, Jew's harp
George Harrison – acoustic guitar, harmonica
Ringo Starr – drums, maracas, zill
Christopher Taylor – flute
Richard Taylor – flute
Jack Ellory – flute
Personnel per Ian MacDonald.[14] Flautists also documented by Mark Lewisohn.[15]
Critical reaction[edit]
Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said that "The Fool on the Hill" was the best of the new songs on Magical Mystery Tour aside from "I Am the Walrus".[16] Tim Riley, a music critic who has contributed to NPR, was not impressed, and unfavourably compared the subject of this song to fools in Shakespeare. Riley wrote, "Possibilities in this song outweigh its substance—it's the most unworthy Beatles standard since 'Michelle.'"[17] In 2012, the song was ranked the 420th best classic rock song of all time by New York's Q104.3.[18]. Robert Christgau, of Esquire Magazine in May 1968, wrote it "shows signs of becoming a favorite of the Simon & Garfunkel crowd and the transcendental meditators, who deserve it. A callow rendering of the outcast-visionary theme, it may be the worst song the Beatles have ever recorded."[19]
Performance history[edit]
The Beatles were no longer performing regular concerts when they released "The Fool on the Hill" on record. McCartney performed it live with Wings on their 1979 tour of the UK.[20] He also included it on his 1989–1990 world tour.[21] The performances on this tour incorporated sound bites from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech.[22] A live version from this tour is found on the album Tripping the Live Fantastic.[23] The song surfaced again for McCartney's 2001–2002 tours, and another live version appeared on the Back in the US album.
Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 version[edit]
"The Fool on the Hill"
Single by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66
from the album Fool on the Hill
Released
1968 (1968)
Genre
Bossa nova
Length
3:15
Label
A&M Records
Songwriter(s)
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
Producer(s)
Sérgio Mendes
Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 recorded "Fool on the Hill", using their approach of marrying a simple bossa nova rhythm with a string accompaniment.[24] The lead vocal was by Lani Hall. Released as a single, it was a big hit, reaching No. 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.[25] It also spent six weeks at No. 1 on the easy listening chart.[26] It was included on Mendes' album Fool on the Hill.
Other versions[edit]
Music service Allmusic lists more than 100 cover versions of the song.[27]
Year
Artist
Release
Notes
1968 Eddie Fisher (single) Charted on the Record World magazine Non-Rock survey, the first version of the song to make the US singles charts and the last US chart single by Fisher
1968 Bobbie Gentry Local Gentry
1968 Corry Brokken Das war ein harter Tag: Beatles-Lieder auf deutsch In German: "Der Mann, den ich will". Recorded in 1968, but not released until 1995, on a German compilation album Das war ein harter Tag: Beatles-Lieder auf deutsch.[28] Interestingly, it uses an arrangement similar to Sergio Mendes' version.
1969 The Four Tops The Four Tops Now!
1969 Dorothy Ashby Dorothy's Harp
1969 Petula Clark Just Pet
1969 Roslyn Kind Give Me You
1969 Stone the Crows Stone the Crows
1969 Vera Lynn B-side of single Goodnight[29] Also on double album The Singles Collection (2007)
1970 Shirley Bassey (single) Reached number 48 on the UK Singles chart.[30]
1971 Ron Goodwin Ron Goodwin in Concert Orchestral version. Goodwin's orchestration gives the opening penny whistle solo to the violas of the orchestra.
1971 The Chopsticks All of a Sudden
1976 Helen Reddy All This and World War II
1977 Björk Guðmundsdóttir Björk[31] Sung in Icelandic.
1981 Sarah Vaughan Songs of the Beatles
1981 John Paul Young The Singer
1982 John Williams The Portrait of John Williams Classical guitar version
1984 Sky Fool on The Hill Also on 2015 reissue edition of Cadmium.
2007 Beatallica Masterful Mystery Tour Merged with Metallica's "Fuel" to create "Fuel on the Hill"
2007 Aretha Franklin Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul Recorded in 1969 during the sessions for This Girl's in Love with You.
2009 Mark Mallman Minnesota Beatle Project, Vol. 1
2014 Eurythmics The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles This performance was the first and only reunion of Eurythmics founding members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart after the duo's disbanding in 2005.
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1968 (U.S.)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miles 1997, pp. 365–366.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff 2000, p. 186.
Jump up ^ Turner 2005, pp. 143–144.
Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. pp183-184
Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. p184
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 123.
^ Jump up to: a b Apple Records 1994, pp. 41,42.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 126.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Kevin Ryan; Brian Kehew (2006). Recording the Beatles: The studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums. Curvebender. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-9785200-0-7. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Schnee, Stephen (15 January 2015). "An Exclusive interview with The Moody Blues' Ray Thomas!". Discussions Magazine. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
Jump up ^ George Martin interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 270.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2007.
Jump up ^ Riley 1988, p. 240.
Jump up ^ "The Top 1,043 Classic Rock Songs of All Time: Dirty Dozenth Edition". Q1043.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dylan-Beatles-Stones-Donovan-Who, Dionne Warwick and Dusty Springfield, John Fred, California". Esquire Magazine. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 254.
Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 317.
Jump up ^ Pereles 1989.
Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000, p. 334.
Jump up ^ Ginell, Richard S. "Fool on the Hill". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Songfacts.com 2009.
Jump up ^ Whitburn 1996.
Jump up ^ Allmusic 2007.
Jump up ^ Radio interview with the writer of the booklet accompanying Das war ein harter Tag (in German). Corry Brokken is called Conny Brokken and Corry Broken respectively
Jump up ^ "Vera Lynn 45 catalogue". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, pp. 44–45.
Jump up ^ Fritsch 2001.
References[edit]
Bogdanov, Vladimir. All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music. ISBN 0-87930-628-9.
"Alan Pollack review of "The Fool on the Hill"". Alan W. Pollack.
"Performers of "The Fool on the Hill". Allmusic. Archived from the original on 28 December 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
Anthology 2 (booklet). The Beatles. London: Apple Records. 1994. 31796.
Fritsch, Oliver (2001). "Official Bjork Discography". bjork.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
Madinger, Chip; Mark Easter (2000). Eight Arms To Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions, LP. ISBN 0-615-11724-4.
Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
Pereles, Jon (13 December 1989). "More Nostalgia Than Rock in Paul McCartney's Return". Reviews/Music. New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
Riley, Tim (1988). Tell Me Why. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-55061-7.
Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Polsson, Ken (1 November 2009). "Chronology of Personal Computers".
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
"The Fool on the Hill". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
Turner, Steve (2005). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-084409-4.
Unterberger, Richie (2007). "Review of "The Fool on the Hill"". Allmusic. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits (6th ed.). New York: Billboard Publications.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Magical Mystery Tour
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "The Fool on the Hill"
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Magical Mystery Tour
Songs
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