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Army–Navy Game
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"Army Navy" redirects here. For the band, see Army Navy (band). For the annual match in British rugby, see Army Navy Match. For the M*A*S*H episode, see The Army-Navy Game (M*A*S*H).
For the college soccer rivalry between the same programs, see Army–Navy Cup.
Army–Navy Game
Army Black Knights
Navy Midshipmen
Sport
College football
First meeting
November 29, 1890
Latest meeting
December 9, 2017
Next meeting
December 8, 2018
Statistics
Meetings total
118
All-time record
Navy leads 60–51–7
Longest win streak
Navy, 14 (2002–2015)
Current win streak
Army, 2 (2016–present)
The Army–Navy Game is an American college rivalry game in college football between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, Maryland. The Black Knights (alternatively, the "Cadets") and Midshipmen each represent their service's oldest officer commissioning sources. As such, the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces. The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season's Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, which also includes the Air Force Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) near Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The Army–Navy game is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football. It has been frequently attended by sitting U.S. presidents.[1] The game has been nationally televised each year since 1945 on either ABC, CBS or NBC. CBS has televised the game since 1996 and has the rights to the broadcast through 2028.[2] Instant replay made its American debut in the 1963 Army–Navy game.[3] Since 2009, the game has been held the Saturday following FBS conference championship weekend.[4]
The game has been held in multiple locations, but outside the 1926 game in Chicago and 1983 game in Pasadena, California, it has been played in the Northeast megalopolis, most frequently in Philadelphia, followed by the New York City area and the Baltimore–Washington area. The series has been marked by several periods of domination by one team or the other, with Navy's 14-game winning streak from 2002 through 2015 being the longest for either side. Through the 2017 meeting, Navy leads the series 60–51–7.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series history
2 Venues
2.1 Future venues
2.2 Total games by venue and geography
3 Game results
4 Notable games
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Series history[edit]
Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29, 1890. They played 30 times between that date and November 26, 1927. The series has been renewed annually since 1930. The game has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I FBS football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.[5]
1908 Army–Navy college football game at Franklin Field
This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996, 2010, 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since 1930, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.
A game ball from the 1974 Army–Navy Game, with the game's final score (Navy 19, Army 0) adhered on with a label.
Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and, by the time this ends, many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time.
2002 Army–Navy Game at Giants Stadium. Navy is in dark and Army is in white.
The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate. Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day.
At the end of the game, both teams' almae matres are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy's students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students.[6] This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity. Since the winning team's alma mater is always played last, the phrase "to sing second" has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game.
The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. The cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy!" while for midshipmen the opposite phrase, "Beat Army!" is ingrained. They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.[7]
In 2011, the 112th Army–Navy Game saw Navy's 10th consecutive win.
The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force since 1972. In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army–Navy Game (1972, 1977, 1978, 1996, 2005, 2012 and 2017) the Army-Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy. In years when Air Force has split its two games, the Army-Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game.
The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army–Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA, established in 1954, and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools. The Army–Air Force and Navy–Air Force games are usually played at the academies' regular home fields, although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field.
Navy won 14 Army-Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.[8] On December 10, 2016, Army snapped its 14-game losing streak against Navy with a 21–17 victory.
Venues[edit]
Though the game has been played 118 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.
Pennsylvania Railroad trains lined up at a temporary station outside the Municipal Stadium after the 1955 game.
Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II) – more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game-day service to all Army–Navy games (except several during World War II) at John F. Kennedy Stadium, using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad's nearby Greenwich freight yard. The service, with 40-odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees, was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country.[9][10]
Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.
1926 game at Chicago's Soldier Field
The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army–Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies – 9,437 in all.[11] A substitute, however, for Bill XXII – the Navy mascot – and four rented Army mules were brought in.[11] The attendance was 81,000.[12][13] The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast.[11] The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game. In October 1984, the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a "Golden Fleece Award" from United States Senator William Proxmire, a Democrat from Wisconsin.[14]
Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since the 1980s, the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia. In addition to the Rose Bowl, these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021), M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover, Maryland. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other.
Future venues[edit]
All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey will host the 2021 game. The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022. Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded.[15]
Total games by venue and geography[edit]
Venue
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia) 41 16 22 3 1936 1979
Franklin Field 18 11 7 0 1899 1935
Veterans Stadium 17 11 5 1 1980 2001
Lincoln Financial Field 11 1 10 0 2003 2017
Polo Grounds 9 5 3 1 1913 1927
Giants Stadium 4 1 3 0 1989 2002
M&T Bank Stadium 4 1 3 0 2000 2016
The Plain 2 0 2 0 1890 1892
Worden Field 2 1 1 0 1891 1893
Municipal Stadium (Baltimore) 2 2 0 0 1924 1944
Yankee Stadium 2 2 0 0 1930 1931
Osborne Field 1 0 0 1 1905 1905
Soldier Field 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
Thompson Stadium 1 0 1 0 1942 1942
Michie Stadium 1 0 1 0 1943 1943
Rose Bowl 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
FedExField 1 0 1 0 2011 2011
City
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
Philadelphia 87 39 44 4 1899 2017
New York City 11 7 3 1 1913 1931
Baltimore 6 3 3 0 1924 2016
East Rutherford, New Jersey 4 1 3 0 1989 2002
West Point, New York 3 0 3 0 1890 1943
Annapolis, Maryland 3 1 2 0 1891 1942
Princeton, New Jersey 1 0 0 1 1905 1905
Chicago 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
Pasadena, California 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
Landover, Maryland 1 0 1 0 2011 2011
State
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
Pennsylvania 87 39 44 4 1899 2017
New York 14 7 6 1 1890 1943
Maryland 10 4 6 0 1891 2016
New Jersey 5 1 3 1 1905 2002
Illinois 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
California 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
CSA
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game
Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD 87 39 44 4 1899 2017
New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA 19 8 9 2 1890 2002
Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA 10 4 6 0 1891 2016
Chicago–Naperville, IL–IN–WI 1 0 0 1 1926 1926
Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA 1 0 1 0 1983 1983
Game results[edit]
Army victories Navy victories Ties
Year
Winner
Score
Location
City
Series
1890 Navy 24–0 "The Plain" USMA West Point, New York Navy 1–0
1891 Army 32–16 Worden Field USNA Annapolis, Maryland Tied 1–1
1892 Navy 12–4 "The Plain" West Point, New York Navy 2–1
1893 Navy 6–4 Worden Field Annapolis, Maryland Navy 3–1
1899 Army 17–5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 3–2
1900 Navy 11–7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4–2
1901 Army 11–5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4–3
1902 Army 22–8 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 4–4
1903 Army 40–5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 5–4
1904 Army 11–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6–4
1905 Tie 6–6 Osborne Field Princeton, New Jersey Army 6–4–1
1906 Navy 10–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6–5–1
1907 Navy 6–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 6–6–1
1908 Army 6–4 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 7–6–1
1910 Navy 3–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 7–7–1
1911 Navy 3–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 8–7–1
1912 Navy 6–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 9–7–1
1913 Army 22–9 Polo Grounds New York Navy 9–8–1
1914 Army 20–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 9–9–1
1915 Army 14–0 Polo Grounds New York Army 10–9–1
1916 Army 15–7 Polo Grounds New York Army 11–9–1
1919 Navy 6–0 Polo Grounds New York Army 11–10–1
1920 Navy 7–0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 11–11–1
1921 Navy 7–0 Polo Grounds New York Navy 12–11–1
1922 Army 17–14 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 12–12–1
1923 Tie 0–0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 12–12–2
1924 Army 12–0 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 13–12–2
1925 Army 10–3 Polo Grounds New York Army 14–12–2
1926 Tie 21–21 Soldier Field Chicago Army 14–12–3
1927 Army 14–9 Polo Grounds New York Army 15–12–3
1930 Army 6–0 Yankee Stadium Bronx, New York Army 16–12–3
1931 Army 17–7 Yankee Stadium Bronx, New York Army 17–12–3
1932 Army 20–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 18–12–3
1933 Army 12–7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19–12–3
1934 Navy 3–0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19–13–3
1935 Army 28–6 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 20–13–3
1936 Navy 7–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 20–14–3
1937 Army 6–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 21–14–3
1938 Army 14–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–14–3
1939 Navy 10–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–15–3
1940 Navy 14–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–16–3
1941 #11 Navy 14–6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22–17–3
1942 Navy 14–0 Thompson Stadium Annapolis, Maryland Army 22–18–3
1943 #6 Navy 13–0 Michie Stadium West Point, New York Army 22–19–3
1944 #1 Army 23–7 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 23–19–3
1945 #1 Army 32–13 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 24–19–3
1946 #1 Army 21–18 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 25–19–3
1947 #12 Army 21–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26–19–3
1948 Tie 21–21 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26–19–4
1949 #4 Army 38–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–19–4
1950 Navy 14–2 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–20–4
1951 Navy 42–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–21–4
1952 Navy 7–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27–22–4
1953 #18 Army 20–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28–22–4
1954 #6 Navy 27–20 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28–23–4
1955 Army 14–6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29–23–4
1956 Tie 7–7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29–23–5
1957 #8 Navy 14–0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29–24–5
1958 #5 Army 22–6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–24–5
1959 Navy 43–12 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–25–5
1960 #7 Navy 17–12 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–26–5
1961 Navy 13–7 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–27–5
1962 Navy 34–14 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–28–5
1963 #2 Navy 21–15 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30–29–5
1964 Army 11–8 John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia Army 31–29–5
1965 Tie 7–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31–29–6
1966 Army 20–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32–29–6
1967 Navy 19–14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32–30–6
1968 Army 21–14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 33–30–6
1969 Army 27–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34–30–6
1970 Navy 11–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34–31–6
1971 Army 24–23 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 35–31–6
1972 Army 23–15 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–31–6
1973 Navy 51–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–32–6
1974 Navy 19–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–33–6
1975 Navy 30–6 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–34–6
1976 Navy 38–10 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36–35–6
1977 Army 17–14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37–35–6
1978 Navy 28–0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37–36–6
1979 Navy 31–7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Tied 37–37–6
1980 Navy 33–6 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38–37–6
1981 Tie 3–3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38–37–7
1982 Navy 24–7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 39–37–7
1983 Navy 42–13 Rose Bowl Pasadena, California Navy 40–37–7
1984 Army 28–11 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 40–38–7
1985 Navy 17–7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41–38–7
1986 Army 27–7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41–39–7
1987 Army 17–3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41–40–7
1988 Army 20–15 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 41–41–7
1989 Navy 19–17 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Navy 42–41–7
1990 Army 30–20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 42–42–7
1991 Navy 24–3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 43–42–7
1992 Army 25–24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 43–43–7
1993 Army 16–14 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Army 44–43–7
1994 Army 22–20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 45–43–7
1995 Army 14–13 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 46–43–7
1996 #23 Army 28–24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 47–43–7
1997 Navy 39–7 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Army 47–44–7
1998 Army 34–30 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48–44–7
1999 Navy 19–9 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48–45–7
2000 Navy 30–28 PSINet Stadium Baltimore Army 48–46–7
2001 Army 26–17 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 49–46–7
2002 Navy 58–12 Giants Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey Army 49–47–7
2003 Navy 34–6 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Army 49–48–7
2004 Navy 42–13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Tied 49–49–7
2005 Navy 42–23 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 50–49–7
2006 Navy 26–14 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 51–49–7
2007 Navy 38–3 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 52–49–7
2008 Navy 34–0 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 53–49–7
2009 Navy 17–3 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 54–49–7
2010 Navy 31–17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 55–49–7
2011 Navy 27–21 FedExField Landover, Maryland Navy 56–49–7
2012 Navy 17–13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 57–49–7
2013 Navy 34–7 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 58–49–7
2014 Navy 17–10 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 59–49–7
2015 #21 Navy 21–17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60–49–7
2016 Army 21–17 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 60–50–7
2017 Army 14–13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60–51–7
2018 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
2019 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
2020 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
2021 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey
2022 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia
Notable games[edit]
Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[16]
On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.[17]
In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively.[18] The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.[19]
In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day.[20] In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.[21][22]
On December 10, 2016, Army beat Navy 21–17, snapping Navy's 14-year winning streak. This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson, a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11, 2016.[23] Army players wore Jackson's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate.[24]
See also[edit]
Army Mules
Bill the Goat
Commander-in-Chief's Trophy
List of Army–Navy Game broadcasters
Most-played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS
Other neutral site rivalries:
Florida–Georgia football rivalry
Red River Showdown, Texas/Oklahoma
References[edit]
Bibliography
Feinstein, John (1996). A Civil War: Army Vs. Navy – A Year Inside College Football's Purest Rivalry. Diane Books Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-5777-6
Notes
Jump up ^ Staff writer (November 18, 2008). "President Bush Will Attend Army-Navy Game for First Time since 2004"". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (May 18, 2017). "CBS SPORTS TO REMAIN HOME OF ANNUAL ARMY-NAVY FOOTBALL CLASSIC THROUGH 2028". Navy Sports Webpage. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gelston, Dan (December 5, 2008). "Army–Navy, Instant Replay, Tony Verna, 45 Years Later .." Los Angeles Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Army, Navy have no plans to move game for College Football Playoff schedule". USA Today. May 22, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Army–Navy Will Move to Second Saturday in December". Associated Press (via ESPN). October 23, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Blansett, Sarah (December 12, 2014). "Tradition and History Wrapped into 115th Army–Navy Game". Military.com. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Eastwood, Kathy. "West Point, Naval exchange students gear up for big game". United States Military Academy. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Army Looks To Sink Navy's Winning Streak « CBS New York". Retrieved 12 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Cupper, Dan (1992). Crossroads of Commerce: The Pennsylvania Railroad Calendar Art of Grif Teller. Stackpole Books. p. 138. ISBN 9780811729031 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Froio, Michael (December 11, 2015). "To The Game: A Pennsylvania Railroad Tradition". Retrieved August 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clark, N. Brooks (December 5, 1983). "The Week" Archived October 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Sports Illustrated. Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ [verification needed]Staff writer (undated). "No. 1 Rivalry – Army–Navy". Athlon Sports. Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1983 – Score: Navy 42 – Army 13 | Game played at the Rose Bowl". United States Naval Academy exhibits. Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Golden Fleece Awards, 1975-1987". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (August 22, 2017) "MetLife Stadium to Host 2021 Army-Navy Game". "armynavygame.com" Accessed August 22, 2017
Jump up ^ "History of the Football Helmet" from Past Time Sports. Accessed Jan 1,2010
Jump up ^ Nimitz Library | U. S. Naval Academy Archival Images: Army Navy Football: 1926. Accessed Dec 31, 2009 Archived January 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [verification needed]Unknown writer (undated). "Games Where #1 Faced #2" Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine. kiko13.com (fansite). Accessed December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Middies All Hepped Up to Knock Over Cadets". Los Angeles Times, November 27, 1945. "Navy, far from conceding next Saturday's football 'game of the century' to Army, will field a spirited, offense-minded team determined to win and 'not merely hold down the score,' Public Relations Chief Lt. William Sullivan said today."
Jump up ^ Norlander, Matt. "Film on '63 Army-Navy game shows impact of rivalry, JFK tragedy". CBS Sports. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Carl Roland Stichweh HOF profile". CBS Interactive. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Army Sports Hall of Fame Members – By Induction Class". CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Rittenberg, Adam (Sep 12, 2016). "Brandon Jackson killed in single-car crash". ESPN. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Interdonato, Sal (December 11, 2016). "Army-Navy Game: Army comes up big for the late Brandon Jackson". Times Herald-Record. National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army–Navy Game.
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The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night
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This article is about the famous translation by Burton. For the "Arabian Nights" stories generally, see One Thousand and One Nights.
The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night
Cover of a volume of the original Karmashastra Society first edition.
Translator
Richard Francis Burton
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Subject
Arab folktales and stories
Genre
Arabic literature
Fantasy fiction
Publisher
Privately printed by the "Kama Shastra Society"
Publication date
1885
ISBN
978-0517001523
Followed by
The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night
(1886–88)
The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1885), subtitled A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights Entertainments, is an English language translation of One Thousand and One Nights (the “Arabian Nights”) – a collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age (8th−13th centuries) – by the British explorer and Arabist Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890). It stood as the only complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition (Egyptian recension) of the "Arabian Nights" until the Malcolm C. and Ursula Lyons translation in 2008.
Burton's translation was one of two unabridged and unexpurgated English translations done in the 1880s; the first was by John Payne, under the title The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night (1882–84, nine volumes). Burton's ten volume version was published almost immediately afterward with a slightly different title. This, along with the fact that Burton closely advised Payne and partially based his books on Payne's, led later to charges of plagiarism.[1][2] Owing to the sexual imagery in the source texts (which Burton made a special study of, adding extensive footnotes and appendices on "Oriental" sexual mores)[2] and to the strict Victorian laws on obscene material, both translations were printed as private editions for subscribers only, rather than being published in the usual manner. Burton's original ten volumes were followed by a further six entitled The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night (1886–88). Burton's 16 volumes, while boasting many prominent admirers, have been criticised for their "archaic language and extravagant idiom" and "obsessive focus on sexuality"; they have even been called an "eccentric ego-trip" and a "highly personal reworking of the text".[2] His voluminous and obscurely detailed notes and appendices have been characterised as “obtrusive, kinky and highly personal”.[3]
In 1982, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) began naming features on Saturn's moon Enceladus after characters and places in Burton's translation[4] because “its surface is so strange and mysterious that it was given the Arabian Nights as a name bank, linking fantasy landscape with a literary fantasy”.[5] (See List of geological features on Enceladus.)
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Publication history
3 Contents
3.1 The stories
3.2 Sexology
4 Plagiarism controversy
5 Style
6 Reception
7 Editions
7.1 Original publication
7.2 Lady Burton's edition
7.3 Nichols/Smithers reprints
7.4 American editions
7.5 Later reprint editions
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Burton – an accomplished geographer, explorer, orientalist, ethnologist, diplomat, polylinguist and author – was best known in his lifetime for travelling in disguise to Mecca (1853) and for journeying (with John Hanning Speke) as the first European to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile (1857–58). One of the great Arabists of his day, he had long wanted to publish an unexpurgated version of the "Arabian Nights" stories. The first translations into English, notably that by Edward Lane (1840, 1859), were highly abridged and heavily bowdlerised, which irritated Burton.
In 1863 Burton co-founded the Anthropological Society of London with Dr. James Hunt. In Burton's own words, the main aim of the society (through the publication of the periodical Anthropologia) was "to supply travelers with an organ that would rescue their observations from the outer darkness of manuscript and print their curious information on social and sexual matters". Burton had written numerous travel books which invariably included sexual curiosa in extensive footnotes and appendices. His best-known contributions to literature were those considered risqué or even pornographic at the time and which were published under the auspices of the "Kama Shastra Society", a fictitious organisation created by Burton and Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot as a legal device to avoid the consequences of current obscenity laws. (Burton and Arbuthnot were the only members of the "Society".) These works included The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana (1883), published just before his Nights, and The Perfumed Garden of the Shaykh Nefzawi (1886), published just after it.
Publication history[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
The frontispiece to Volume I of Burton's Nights (Adolphe Lalauze (1838–1905), French illustrator)
The volumes were printed by the Kama Shastra Society in a subscribers-only edition of one thousand with a guarantee that there would never be a larger printing of the books in this form. To confound possible litigation, the title pages claimed the printing had been done in "Benares", but this was a subterfuge. In reality, it was done by Miller & Richard (a Scottish firm) at Stoke Newington.[6]
Contents[edit]
The stories[edit]
Main article: List of stories within One Thousand and One Nights
Sexology[edit]
The stories collected in the Nights are often sexual in content and were considered pornography at the time of Burton's publication. The Terminal Essay in volume 10 of Burton's Nights contains a 14,000-word section entitled "Pederasty" (Volume 10, section IV, D). Here Burton postulated that male homosexuality was prevalent in an area of the southern latitudes named by him the "Sotadic zone".[7] (Rumors about Burton's own sexuality and experiences were already circulating and were further incited by this work.)
Plagiarism controversy[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
John Payne and Burton collaborated on their respective translations of the Nights for more than half a decade, and each respected the other's scholarship, but Payne believed that Burton had plagiarised his manuscripts when he sent them to Trieste to be checked.[8] In 1906, a biographer of Burton, Thomas Wright,[9] made the claim that Burton had plagiarised most of his translation from Payne. Burton's most recent biographer summarises the situation as follows.
He [Wright] made a comparison of the respective versions of the Nights by Burton and Payne. We know, not only from Richard's and Isabel's writings but from the statements of people who met him through the years, that Burton had been collecting manuscripts of the Nights stories and translating them, on and off, for over twenty-five years before he met Payne. So Wright's claim that Burton had not done his own translation, but had "taken from Payne at least three-quarters of his entire work", is extraordinary.[10]
Norman Mosley Penzer, in his 1923 Annotated Bibliography of Burton's works, takes great umbrage at "Wright's futile efforts to glorify Payne and scoff at Burton",[11] contradicting several of his examples point by point. In Burton's defence, Penzer asserts that it is usual for translators to study and follow in the footsteps of earlier translators and cites examples of similarities in the stories Payne translated after Burton had published his version.
The "plagiarism" allegation is also examined in detail in an appendix to Fawn Brodie’s 1967 biography of Burton, The Devil Drives.
Style[edit]
In translating the Nights, Burton attempted to invent an English equivalent of medieval Arabic. In doing so, he drew upon Chaucerian English, Elizabethan English, and the 1653 English translation by Sir Thomas Urquhart of the first three books of Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-46).[12]
According to British historian and Arabist Robert Irwin:
Burton shared [John] Payne's enthusiasm for archaic and forgotten words. The style Burton achieved can be described as a sort of composite mock-Gothic, combining elements from Middle English, the Authorized Version of the Bible and Jacobean drama. Most modern readers will also find Burton's Victorian vulgarisms jarring, for example 'regular Joe Millers’, ‘Charlie Charleys’, and 'red cent'. Burton's translation of the Nights can certainly be recommended to anyone wishing to increase their word-power: ‘chevisance’, ‘fortalice’, ‘kemperly’, ‘car cark’, ‘foison’, ‘soothfast’, ‘perlection’, ‘wittol’, ‘parergon’, ‘brewis’, ‘wikt:bles’, ‘fadaise’, ‘coelebs’, ‘vivisepulture’, and so on. ‘Whilome’ and ‘anent’ are standard in Burton's vocabulary. The range of vocabulary is wider and stranger than Payne's, lurching between the erudite and the plain earthy, so that Harun al-Rashid and Sinbad walk and talk in a linguistic Never Never Land.[13]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
Many early commentators on Burton's Nights criticised his eccentric "mixture of obsolete words, mediaeval phrases, modern slang, Americanisms, and foreign words and expressions".[14] Jorge Luis Borges, however, wrote a celebrated essay on “The Translators of The Thousand and One Nights”[15] in which – while he chastises Burton for his distortions and "indulgent loitering" — he allows that “the problems that Burton resolved are innumerable”[16] and delights in his careful use of an extravagantly exotic vocabulary in which each word "is indubitably the mot juste." In summarising his use of language, Borges concluded that “In some way, the almost inexhaustible process of English is adumbrated in Burton – John Donne’s hard obscenity, the gigantic vocabularies of Shakespeare and Cyril Tourneur, Swinburne’s affinity for the archaic, the crass erudition of the authors of 17th century chapbooks, the energy and imprecision, the love of tempests and magic.”[17]
Editions[edit]
Original publication[edit]
Title page of Volume I of the original edition.
A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, Now Entituled [sic] The Book of The Thousand Nights and a Night; With Introduction Explanatory Notes on the Manners and Customs of Moslem Men and a Terminal Essay upon the History of the Nights by Richard F. Burton; Benares:[18] MDCCCLXXXV: Printed by the Kamashastra Society for Private Subscribers Only.
First series of 1885 in ten volumes. No illustrations.
Supplemental series of 1886–88 in six volumes. No illustrations.
An identical 'Burton Club' London edition of 1000 individually numbered sets of 17 volumes dated 1885-8 was also published, dedicated by Burton to the great Shakespearean actor Henry Irving.[citation needed]
Lady Burton's edition[edit]
Title page of Volume I of Lady Burton's Edition of Her Husband's Arabian Nights.
Lady Burton's Edition of Her Husband's Arabian Nights Translated Literally from the Arabic (1886-1887); Prepared for Household Reading by Justin Huntly McCarthy, M.P.; 6 vols.; London: Waterlow & Sons, Limited, London Wall.
This edition is ostensibly the “family” version of Burton's translation. (In her "Preface", Lady Burton guarantees that "no mother shall regret her girl's reading this Arabian Nights".) It is a much bowdlerized version of the original edition and was not a commercial success. It excises 215 of the original 3,215 pages, including Burton's defense of turpiquilum in his "Foreword", all sexually explicit commentary, and the two final essays on "Pornography" and "Pederasty."[19] Lady Burton merely lent her name to this expurgated edition. As she stated before his death, "I have never read, nor do I intend to read, at his own request, and to be true to my promise to him, my husband's 'Arabian Nights' ".
Nichols/Smithers reprints[edit]
1894 H.S. Nichols & Co, London, edition by Leonard C. Smithers, 12 Volumes; this reprint "omits given passages in dreadful taste, whose elimination will be mourned by no one".
1897 H.S. Nichols & Co, London, "Illustrated Library Edition", 12 Volumes (142 original illustrations, including a portrait of Burton, reproduced from the original pictures in oils specially painted by Albert Letchford with one set of the original 71 illustrations presented as included by the publisher and another set individually hand-coloured.)
Nichols' second printing is a scarce and handsome edition, the first to include the illustrations by Letchford. In 1896, two years after their first edition of Burton's Nights, the Nichols-Smithers duo commissioned Burton's close friend, Albert Letchford, to paint 65 illustrations for another edition as well as a portrait of Burton, and soon after commissioned for five more. Burton and Letchford had met several years before when the latter was 18 and in Florence beginning his art education. They discussed the possibility of illustrating the Nights. Burton's suggestion of illustrating the Nights had appealed greatly to Letchford on account of the unlimited scope such a subject would give to an artist who loved the East and had a boundless imagination. Letchford commenced study of Eastern images for his paintings, though only one of the illustrations was painted in Burton's lifetime.
American editions[edit]
“Burton Society” edition:
Alf Laylah Wa Laylah, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, by Richard F. Burton; Press of the Carson-Harper Company, Denver, Colo., 1900–01. “For private subscribers only.” Includes 100 illustrations by Stanley L. Wood. (This was the first reprint of the original unexpurgated edition and the best reprint for many decades. This edition is the one used by the IAU for naming features on Enceladus.[20] Only the last three volumes (4, 5, and 6 of the Supplemental Nights) are dated 1901. The edition was a commercial failure.)
“Burton Club” editions:
The electros from the "Burton Society" edition were acquired by the "Burton Club" — “the nom de plume of a certain Boston publisher”, according to N.C. Penzer.[21] This very successful series of editions probably began in 1903 (none of the volumes bear dates) and continued for many decades. There are 114 illustrations by various (at least 13) English and French artists. Many of these are uncredited and many are from other (some pre-Burton) editions of the Nights, some even having nothing to do with the Nights or even the Middle East. (All of Letchford's works from the Nichols/Smithers edition are there, except the portrait of Burton.).[22] Penzer's bibliography lists nine different Burton Club editions; after about 1905 each was named after a city (Benares, Mecca, Medinah, Aden, Baghdad, Samara, Bassorah, Shammar, and Luristan), a new one appearing about every two years. Penzer called these the "Catch Word" editions and there are known to be at least 6 others (Teheran, Baroda, etc). These editions were made semi-surreptitiously up through the 1920s and many may have been printed in the US, but bound in the UK. There exists no definitive list of all "Burton Club" editions or their sequence. According to Penzer, the "Illustrated Benares" edition was the first.
Later reprint editions[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
In 1932, a Modern Library version edited by Bennett Cerf reprinted selected portions of Smithers' bowdlerised version (claiming it to be an "unabridged" and "unexpurgated" edition). "Illustrations and decorations" by Steele Savage. Versions of this reprint with and without Savage's artwork have had a long and varied life:
The ’'Arabian Nights’' Entertainments, Or The Book of a Thousand Nights and a Night: A Selection of the Most Famous and Representative of These Tales from the Plain and Literal Translations by Richard F. Burton (1932), Modern Library #201; "The Stories Have Been Chosen and Arranged by Bennett A. Cerf and are Printed Complete and Unabridged with Many of Burton's Notes"; Introductory Essay by Ben Ray Redman.
Selections From The Arabian Nights, Sir Richard Burton's famous translation of The Thousand Nights and a Night, with modernised… (1938), With new illustrations and decorations by Steele Savage; Garden City, NY: De Luxe Editions Club, 400 pages.
The Arabian Nights: Unexpurgated Edition, A Complete and Unabridged Selection from the Literal Translation of...Burton; Blue Ribbon Books (1941).
Unexpurgated Selections from The Arabian Nights; Sir Richard Burton's Famous Translation ...; Halcyon House (1948); Illustrations and decorations by Steele Savage
Selections from the Arabian Nights Sir Richard Burton's Translation (1992); Univ Pub House; 390 pages
The Arabian Nights, Tales from a Thousand and One Nights (2001), Translated, with a Preface and Notes, by Sir Richard F. Burton; Introduction by A.S. Byatt; New York: The Modern Library; 872 pp. (Paperback only; no illustrations; includes commentary by Burton, Lady Burton, John Addington Symonds, Algernon Charles Swinburne, and an anonymous reviewer for The Nation.) A 2004 reprint had 1049 pp.
The Arabian Nights, Barnes & Noble (2009); 744 pages.
Other reprints of the Cerf/Savage edition by The Book League of America, Communication & Studies Inc. Georgia, etc
1934 Limited Editions Club edition: The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night: The Complete Burton Translation with the Complete Burton Notes, the Terminal Index, and 1001 Decorations by Valenti Angelo, 3 Volumes in slipcase (reprinted by The Heritage Press, 1962)
1962: Arabian Miniatures: The Most Beautiful Nights, Astra-Club; 12 mounted color plates (reprinted in France by Editions Du Sud, 1968)
1954: Arabian Nights Entertainments, 4 Volumes in 2 slipcases; 65 stories; 60 illustrations by Arthur Szyk; England: Limited Editions Club; Limited to 1,500 copies edition
1991 A Signet Classic edition: Zipes, Jack, Arabian Nights, the Marvels and Wonders of the Thousand and One Nights, Adapted from Richard F. Burton's Unexpurgated Translation, Penguin Books; paperback, 595 pages.
1994 The Easton Press edition (Norwalk, Conn): The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night: With Introduction Explanatory Notes on the Manners and Customs of Moslem Men and a Terminal Essay Upon The History of the Nights; 17 Volumes (Morocco leather binding, with elaborate gilt gold and silver tooling on the spine and on the front and back covers; Moiré silk used for the front and end pieces and satin for the sewn-in place-marker.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sallis, Eva (1999), Scheherazade Through the Looking-Glass: The Metamorphosis of the Thousand and One Nights (Routledge), pg 4 and passim.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marzolph, Ulrich and Richard van Leeuwen. 2004. The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia, Volume 1, pp 506–508.
Jump up ^ Irwin, Robert (1994), "The Arabian Nights: A Companion", Allen Lane: The Penguin Press, pg 34.
Jump up ^ Blue, J.; (2006) Categories for Naming Planetary Features. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
Jump up ^ http://www.iau.org/static/publications/IB104.pdf
Jump up ^ Penzer, Op. cit., pg 135.
Jump up ^ Pagan Press (1982–2012). "Sir Richard Francis Burton Explorer of the Sotadic Zone". Pagan Press. Pagan Press. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Lovell, Mary S. (1998), A Rage to Live: A Biography of Richard and Isabel Burton, New York/London: W.W. Norton, pg 795.
Jump up ^ Wright, Thomas (1906). The Life of Sir Richard Burton. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 1-4264-1455-2.
Jump up ^ Lovell, Op. cit, pp 795–796.
Jump up ^ Penzer, Norman Mosley (1923), An Annotated Bibliography of Sir Richard Francis Burton, London: A.M. Philpot, pg 319.
Jump up ^ Byatt, A.S. (1999), "Narrate or Die: Why Scheherazade Keeps on Talking", The New York Times Magazine (18 April issue).
Jump up ^ Irwin, Op. cit. pg 31.
Jump up ^ Penzer, Op. cit., pg 319.
Jump up ^ See, for example: Borges, Jorge Luis (1999), Selected Non-Fictions, Editor: Eliot Weinberger; Translators: Esther Allen, Suzanne Jill Levine, and Eliot Weinberger; New York: Viking, pp 92–109. (This essay was originally published in 1936 as "Los traductores de las 1001 Noches" in Eternidad.)
Jump up ^ Borges, Op. cit., pg 99
Jump up ^ Borges, Op. cit., pg 108.
Jump up ^ Of course claiming the printing had been done in "Benares" was a subterfuge. In reality, it was done by Miller & Richard (a Scottish firm) at Stoke Newington. See Penzer, Op. cit., pg 135.
Jump up ^ Colligan, Collette (2002), “Esoteric Pornography”: Sir Richard Burton’s Arabian Nights and the Origins of Pornography”; Victorian Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp 31-64. Published by Victorian Studies Association of Western Canada.
Jump up ^ “Sources of Planetary Names” @ the IAU website; the webpage has "Larsen" for "Carson", but this is an error.
Jump up ^ Penzer, Op. cit., pg 126.
Jump up ^ Penzer, Op. cit., pg 127–130.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night
Media related to A plain and literal translation of the Arabian nights' entertainments now entituled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1900) at Wikimedia Commons
The Thousand Nights and a Night in several classic translations, including unexpurgated version by Sir Richard Francis Burton, and John Payne translation, with additional material.
The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (ten volumes 1885)
The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night (six volumes 1886 – 1888)
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1001 Arabian Nights (1959)
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A Thousand and One Nights (1969)
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(Also numerous Sinbad, Aladdin, and Ali Baba films)
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Doctrine of lapse
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For the legal doctrine, see Lapse and anti-lapse.
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The 'doctrine of lapse' was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India before 1858. According to the doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountacy) of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir".[1] The latter supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor.[citation needed] In addition, the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate.
The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. However, it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General. Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively, though, so it is generally associated with him.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie
3 Princely states annexed under the doctrine
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
At the time of its adoption, the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur and Jhansi (1854), Tanjore and Arcot (1855) and Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse. Oudh (1856) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis-governance. Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine.[2] Udaipur State, however, would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860.[3]
With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company, renounced the doctrine.[4]
The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a 'doctrine of lapse'. So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, though he arguably made it official by documenting it. Dalhousie's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India.
Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie[edit]
Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states, but the policy was not solely of his invention. The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834.[5] As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842.
Princely states annexed under the doctrine[edit]
Angul (1848)
Arcot (1855)
Banda (1858)
Guler (1813)
Jaintia (1835)
Jaitpur (1849)
Jalaun (1840)
Jaswan (1849)
Jhansi (1854)
Kachari (1830)
Kangra (1846)
Kannanur (1819)
Kittur (1824)
Kodagu (1834)
Kolaba (1840)
Kozhikode (1806)
Kullu (1846)
Kurnool (1839)
Kutlehar (1825)
Makrai (1890); local rule reinstated by the British in 1893
Nagpur (1854)
Nargund (1858)
Oudh (1854)
Punjab (1849)
Ramgarh (1858)
Sambalpur (1849)
Satara (1848)
Surat (1842)
Siba (1849)
Tanjore (1855)
Tulsipur (1854)
Udaipur, Chhattisgarh (1854); local rule reinstated by the British in 1860
See also[edit]
Colonialism
Escheat
List of princely states of India
Presidencies and provinces of British India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Keay, John. India: A History. Grove Press Books, distributed by Publishers Group West. United States: 2000 ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, p. 433.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India; 3rd ed., pp. 226-28. Oxford University Press, 1989.
Jump up ^ Rajput Provinces of India - Udaipur (Princely State)
Jump up ^ Wolpert (1989), p. 240.
Jump up ^ S.N.Sen, ed. (2006). History of Modern India. New Age International (P) Ltd. p. 50. ISBN 978-8122-41774-6.
[hide]
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Princely states annexed by the British Raj
Angul (1848)
Arcot (Carnatic, as political pensioner) (1855)
Banda (1858)
Banki (1840)
Ballabhgarh (1867)
Carnatic (as state, 1801)
Datarpur (1848)
Guler (1813)
Jaintia (1835)
Jaitpur (1849)
Jalaun (1840)
Jaswan (1849)
Jhansi (1854)
Jubbal (1832 - 1840)
Kachari (1830)
Kangra (1846)
Kanika (1805)
Kannanur (1819)
Kittur (1824)
Kodagu (1834)
Kolaba (Colaba) (1840)
Kozhikode (1806)
Kullu (1846)
Kulpahar (1858)
Kurnool (1839)
Kutlehar (1825)
Makrai (1890 - 1893)
Nagpur (1854)
Nargund (1858)
Nurpur (1849)
Oudh (Awadh) (1854)
Punjab (1849)
Ramgarh (1858)
Sambalpur (1849)
Satara (1848)
Surat (1842)
Siba (1849)
Tanjore (1855)
Tulsipur (1859)
Udaipur, Chhattisgarh (1854 - 1860)
List of princely states of British India (by region)
Princely states alphabetical
Doctrine of lapse
Annexation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_of_lapse&oldid=818611002"
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Category:Local Government Areas in Rivers State
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Subcategories
This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.
► Buildings and structures in Rivers State by local government area (1 C)
► People by local government area in Rivers State (21 C)
O
► Obio-Akpor (2 C, 11 P)
P
► Port Harcourt (local government area) (3 C, 3 P)
Pages in category "Local Government Areas in Rivers State"
The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
A
Abua–Odual
Ahoada East
Ahoada West
Akuku-Toru
Andoni
Asari-Toru
B
Bonny, Rivers
D
Degema, Rivers
E
Eleme, Rivers
Emohua
Etche
G
Gokana, Rivers
I
Ikwerre, Rivers
K
Khana, Rivers
O
Obio-Akpor
Ogba–Egbema–Ndoni
Ogu–Bolo
Okrika
Omuma
Opobo–Nkoro
Oyigbo
P
Port Harcourt (local government area)
T
Tai, Rivers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Local_Government_Areas_in_Rivers_State&oldid=734951148"
Categories:
Geography of Rivers State
Local Government Areas of Nigeria
Local government in Rivers State
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This page was last edited on 17 August 2016, at 18:51.
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