text:
Game of Thrones (season 8)
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Game of Thrones (season 8)
Promotional poster
Starring
See List of Game of Thrones cast
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
HBO
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 7
List of Game of Thrones episodes
The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016.[1][2] Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[3]
The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017. The season is scheduled to premiere in 2019.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Supporting cast
3 Production
3.1 Crew
3.2 Writing
3.3 Filming
3.4 Episodes
3.5 Music
4 References
5 External links
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Game of Thrones episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by [4][5]
Written by [6]
Original air date [7]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
68
1 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 (2019) TBD
69
2 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 (2019) TBD
70
3 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
71
4 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
72
5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
73
6 TBA David Benioff & D. B. Weiss David Benioff & D. B. Weiss 2019 (2019) TBD
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Game of Thrones characters
Peter Dinklage (Tyrion Lannister)
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
(Jaime Lannister)
Lena Headey (Cersei Lannister)
Emilia Clarke (Daenerys Targaryen)
Main cast[edit]
Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister[8]
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jaime Lannister[8]
Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister[8]
Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen[8]
Kit Harington as Jon Snow[8]
Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth[9]
Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark[10]
Maisie Williams as Arya Stark[11]
Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei[12]
Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth[12]
John Bradley as Samwell Tarly[13]
Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark[14]
Rory McCann as Sandor "The Hound" Clegane[15]
Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont[16]
Conleth Hill as Varys[17]
Carice van Houten as Melisandre[18]
Jerome Flynn as Bronn[19]
Joe Dempsie as Gendry[20]
Supporting cast[edit]
Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett[21]
Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane[22]
Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm[12]
Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce[12]
Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland[23]
Production[edit]
Crew[edit]
Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season. The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017. Miguel Sapochnik, who previously directed "The Gift" and "Hardhome" on season 5, as well as "Battle of the Bastards" and "The Winds of Winter" on season 6 will return as director. He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter, who had directed two episodes on seasons two, three and five. The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss, who have previously directed one episode each.[4]
At the show's South by Southwest panel on March 12, 2017, Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill (episode 1) and Bryan Cogman (episode 2). The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves.[24]
Writing[edit]
Writing for the eighth season started with a 140-page outline. Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult, being that "this would be the last time that we would be doing this."[25]
Filming[edit]
In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be "six one-hour movies" on television. He continued, "The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental."[26] Filming officially began on October 23, 2017.[27]
Episodes[edit]
Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were "down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap."[28][29] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said, "It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule."[28] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[30] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[31]
Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, "From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to."[31] The season is set to air in 2019.[7]
Music[edit]
Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season.[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 30, 2016). "Game of Thrones: HBO confirms season 8 will be last". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (July 30, 2016). "HBO Confirms 'Game of Thrones' Will End With Eighth Season". Variety. Archived from the original on September 2, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (May 24, 2016). "George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hooton, Christopher (September 27, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8: Directors revealed for all episodes". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (December 15, 2017). "'Justice League' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder's Cut, Superman's Black Suit & 'Game of Thrones'". Collider. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Carson, Biz (March 12, 2017). "The final season of 'Game of Thrones' will only be six episodes". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019". HBO. Archived from the original on January 4, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goldberg, Lesley (June 21, 2016). "'Game of Thrones' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Liam Cunningham (Davos) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8". Winteriscoming.net. January 10, 2017. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Avery (February 15, 2017). "Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark's Fate In Season 8". Hollywood Life. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morton, Ashley (August 28, 2017). "Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season". Making Off Game of Thrones. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shepherd, Jack (October 24, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, John (August 29, 2017). "There's a new tag team in town. 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7. Thanks for watching and we'll be back. The wait starts now. 😊 #gameofthrones #GOT". Instagram. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 30, 2017). "'Game Of Thrones' Actor Says Cut Scene Would've Explained Confusing Finale Moment". HuffPost. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 28, 2017). "'Game Of Thrones' Actor Rory McCann Says He's Already Training For Cleganebowl". HuffPost. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A". Youtube. October 5, 2017. Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kinkaid, Ben (January 5, 2018). "What News From Westeros? Everything we know about Game Of Thrones Season 8". GQ. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (January 17, 2018). "Game of Thrones season 8: Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline". The Independent. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nolan, Emma (January 21, 2018). "Game of Thrones season 8 cast: Who will be in the final series?". Daily Express. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Deen, Sarah (March 24, 2018). "Game Of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets". Metro. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (November 6, 2017). "The Night's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8, confirms Lord Commander actor". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Medeiros, Madison (August 30, 2017). "Attention Cleganebowl Fans: The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL". Refinery29. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (October 18, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory". The Independent. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon (August 28, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' Season 8: Everything We Know About the Final Season". Indiewire. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morton, Ashley (March 13, 2017). "Everything You Missed From Game of Thrones at SXSW 2017". Making Game of Thrones. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ James Hibberd, James Hibberd (June 2, 2017). "Game of Thrones: HBO clarifies prequels, final seasons plan". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jack (October 23, 2017). "Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast". The Independent. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Birnbaum, Debra (April 14, 2016). "'Game of Thrones' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (April 14, 2016). "'Game of Thrones' Considering Shorter Final Seasons". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 18, 2016). "Game of Thrones: HBO announces summer return, 7 episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (March 12, 2017). "Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (January 26, 2017). "'Game Of Thrones' Composer Says You're Not Hearing What You Think You Are". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Game of Thrones – official US site
Game of Thrones – official UK site
Game of Thrones – The Viewers Guide on HBO.com
Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com
List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb
List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com
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Superfecundation
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Superfecundation is the fertilization of two or more ova from the same cycle by sperm from separate acts of sexual intercourse, which can lead to twin babies from two separate biological fathers.[1][2] The term superfecundation is derived from fecund, meaning the ability to produce offspring. Heteropaternal superfecundation refers to the fertilization of two separate ova by two different fathers. Homopaternal superfecundation refers to the fertilization of two separate ova from the same father, leading to fraternal twins.[3] While heteropaternal superfecundation is referred to as a form of atypical twinning, genetically, the twins are half siblings. Superfecundation, while rare, can occur through either separate occurrences of sexual intercourse or through artificial insemination.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Conception
2 Heteropaternal superfecundation in mammals
3 Cases involving superfecundation
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Conception[edit]
Superfecundation most commonly happens within hours or days of the first instance of fertilization with ova released during the same cycle. The time window when eggs are able to be fertilized is small. Sperm cells can live inside a female's body for four to five days. Once ovulation occurs, the egg remains viable for 12–48 hours before it begins to disintegrate. Thus, the fertile period can span five to seven days.
Ovulation is usually suspended during pregnancy to prevent further ova becoming fertilized and to help increase the chances of a full-term pregnancy. However, if an ovum is released after the female was already impregnated when previously ovulating, a chance of a second pregnancy occurs, albeit at a different stage of development. This is known as superfetation.
Heteropaternal superfecundation in mammals[edit]
Heteropaternal superfecundation is common in animals such as cats and dogs. Stray dogs can produce litters in which every puppy has a different sire. Though rare in humans, cases have been documented. In one study on humans, the frequency was 2.4% among dizygotic twins whose parents had been involved in paternity suits.[5]
Cases involving superfecundation[edit]
Koen and Teun Stuart, Dutch boys who were the result of in vitro fertilization (IVF). In a mixup at the laboratory, equipment had been used twice, causing another man’s sperm to be mixed with the intended father's.[6]
In 1995, a young woman gave birth to diamniotic monochorionic twins, who were originally assumed to be monozygotic twins until a paternity suit led to a DNA test. This led to the discovery that the twins had different fathers.[3]
In 1982, twins who were born with two different skin colors were discovered to be conceived as a result of heteropaternal superfecundation.[7][4]
In 2001, a case of spontaneous monopaternal superfecundation was reported after a woman undergoing IVF treatments gave birth to quintuplets after only two embryos were implanted. Genetic testing supported that the twinning was not a result of the embryos splitting, and that all five boys shared the same father.[4][8]
In 2016, an IVF-implanted surrogate mother gave birth to two children: one genetically unrelated child from an implanted embryo, and a biological child from her own egg and her husband's sperm.[9]
See also[edit]
Castor and Pollux, said to be twins having different fathers
Chimera (genetics)
Mixed twins
Polyspermy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Worland, Justin (May 8, 2015). "The Science of How Women Can Have Twins With 2 Different Fathers". Time. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Public Education Pamphlets". sogc.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Ambach, E; Parson, W; Brezinka, C (2000). "Superfecundation and dual paternity in a twin pregnancy ending with placental abruption". Journal of forensic sciences. 45 (1): 181–3. PMID 10641935.
^ Jump up to: a b c McNamara, Helen C.; Kane, Stefan C.; Craig, Jeffrey M.; Short, Roger V.; Umstad, Mark P. (2016). "A review of the mechanisms and evidence for typical and atypical twinning". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 214 (2): 172–91. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.10.930. PMID 26548710.
Jump up ^ Wenk, R. E.; Houtz, T; Brooks, M; Chiafari, F. A. (1992). "How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation?". Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae. 41 (1): 43–7. PMID 1488855.
Jump up ^ Fierro, Pamela Prindle (January 5, 2016), "Heteropaternal Superfecundation - Twins with Different Fathers", About.com, archived from the original on April 4, 2016
Jump up ^ https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0020008620&origin=inward&txGid=F6227767DB3CDB724EA92EFC60A5A985.wsnAw8kcdt7IPYLO0V48gA%3a2[full citation needed][dead link]
Jump up ^ Amsalem, Hagai; Tsvieli, Rimona; Zentner, Bat Sheva; Yagel, Simcha; Mitrani-Rosenbaum, Stella; Hurwitz, Arye (2001). "Monopaternal superfecundation of quintuplets after transfer of two embryos in an in vitro fertilization cycle". Fertility and Sterility. 76 (3): 621–3. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(01)01976-8. PMID 11532493.
Jump up ^ Susan Scutti (November 3, 2017). "Surrogate mom delivers two babies, one her own". CNN.
Further reading[edit]
"Doctors Discover Dallas Twins Have Two Different Dads", Fox News, Sky News, 2009
Lu, H. L.; Wang, C. X.; Wu, F. Q.; Li, J. J. (1994). "Paternity identification in twins with different fathers". Journal of forensic sciences. 39 (4): 1100–2. PMID 8064269.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superfecundation&oldid=818981440"
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text:
List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Top left: Walpole became the first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1721.
Top right: Pitt the Younger became the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
Bottom left: Lloyd George was the last Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922.
Bottom right: Baldwin was Prime Minister when the country was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the Government of the United Kingdom, and chairs Cabinet meetings. There is no specific date when the office of Prime Minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over a period of time.[1] The term was used in the House of Commons in 1805[2] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s,[3][4] and in 1905 the post of Prime Minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence.[5] Modern historians generally consider Sir Robert Walpole, who led the government of Great Britain from 1721 to 1742,[6][7] as the first Prime Minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving Prime Minister by this definition.[8] However, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was the first Prime Minister and Margaret Thatcher the longest-serving Prime Minister to have been officially referred to as such.[5][9]
Strictly, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Ireland) was William Pitt the Younger.[10] The first Prime Minister of the current United Kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) was David Lloyd George,[11] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927 when Stanley Baldwin was serving as Prime Minister.[12]
Due to the gradual evolution of the post of Prime Minister, the title is applied to early Prime Ministers only retrospectively;[13] this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. Lord Bath and Lord Waldegrave are both sometimes listed as prime ministers.[14] Bath was invited to form a ministry by King George II when Henry Pelham resigned in 1746,[15] as was Waldegrave in 1757 after the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder,[16] who dominated the government during the Seven Years' War. Neither was able to command sufficient parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days,[14] and Waldegrave after three.[16] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as Prime Minister,[17] and they are not listed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Before 1721
2 Since 1721
3 Addenda
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Citations
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Before 1721[edit]
Further information: List of chief ministers of England and Great Britain
Before the Georgian era, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[18] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State[18] and tended to be the dominant figure in government: the Duke of Somerset, Lord High Treasurer (1547–1549),[19] served as Lord Protector to his nephew King Edward VI;[19] Lord Burghley, Lord High Treasurer (1572–1598),[20] was the dominant minister among Queen Elizabeth I's ministers;[20] Burghley's son Lord Salisbury succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and later served King James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612).[21]
By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual such as a Lord High Treasurer but by a committee of Lords of the Treasury,[22] led by the First Lord of the Treasury. The last Lords High Treasurer, Lord Godolphin (1702–1710)[23] and Lord Oxford (1711–1714),[24] ran the government of Queen Anne.
After the succession of King George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of Lords of the Treasury as opposed to a single Lord High Treasurer became permanent.[25] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[26] Subsequently, Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland ran the government jointly,[27][28] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland managing domestic affairs.[27][28] Stanhope died in February 1721[27] and Sunderland resigned two months later;[28] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[29][26] From that point, the holder of the office of First Lord also unofficially held the status of Prime Minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title Prime Minister was constitutionally recognised.[13] With only few exceptions, the Prime Minister still holds the office of First Lord by constitutional convention.[30]
Since 1721[edit]
By century and monarch
18th to 19th century
George I
George II
George III[a]
George IV
William IV
Victoria
20th to 21st century
Edward VII
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II
Whig (17) Tory (11) Conservative (17) Peelite (1) Liberal (7) Labour (6) National Labour (1)
Portrait
Name[b]
(Birth–Death)
Term of office[c]
Mandate
Ministerial portfolios
held as Prime Minister
Party[d]
Ministry
Monarch
(Reign)
Ref.
Duration
The Right Honourable
Robert Walpole
1st Earl of Orford
KGKBPC
MP for King's Lynn[e]
(1676–1745) 4 April
1721 11 February
1742 1722
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons[f]
Whig Walpole–Townshend
George I
(1714–1727)
[32]
1727
George II
(1727–1760)
1734 Walpole
1741
7003761900000000000♠20 years and 314 days
The Right Honourable
Spencer Compton
1st Earl of Wilmington
KGKBPC
(1673–1743) 16 February
1742 2 July
1743 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Whig Carteret [33]
7002502000000000000♠1 year and 137 days[†]
 The Right Honourable
Henry Pelham
FRS
MP for Sussex
(1694–1754) 27 August
1743 6 March
1754 1747
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Whig [34]
Broad Bottom I
Broad Bottom II
7003384500000000000♠10 years and 192 days[†]
His Grace
Thomas Pelham-Holles
1st Duke of Newcastle
KGPCFRS
(1693–1768) 16 March
1754 16 November
1756 1754
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig Newcastle I [35]
7002977000000000000♠2 years and 246 days
His Grace
William Cavendish
4th Duke of Devonshire
KGPC
(1720–1764) 16 November
1756 25 June
1757 —
First Lord of the Treasury[g]
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig Pitt–Devonshire [36]
 1757 Caretaker
7002222000000000000♠222 days
His Grace
Thomas Pelham-Holles
1st Duke of Newcastle
KGPCFRS
(1693–1768) 2 July
1757 26 May
1762 1761
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig Pitt–Newcastle [35]
George III
(1760–1820)
7003179000000000000♠4 years and 329 days
The Right Honourable
John Stuart
3rd Earl of Bute
KGPC
(1713–1792) 26 May
1762 8 April
1763 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Tory Bute
(Tory–Whig) [37]
7002318000000000000♠318 days
The Right Honourable
George Grenville
MP for Buckingham
(1712–1770) 16 April
1763 13 July
1765 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Whig
(Grenvillite) Grenville
(Whig–Tory) [38]
7002820000000000000♠2 years and 89 days
The Most Honourable
Charles Watson-Wentworth
2nd Marquess of Rockingham
KGPCFRS
(1730–1782) 13 July
1765 30 July
1766 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig
(Rockinghamite) Rockingham I [39]
7002383000000000000♠1 year and 18 days
The Right Honourable
William Pitt
1st Earl of Chatham
PCFRS
MP for Bath[h]
(1708–1778) 30 July
1766 14 October
1768 1768
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Whig
(Chathamite) Chatham
(Whig–Tory) [40]
7002808000000000000♠2 years and 77 days
His Grace
Augustus FitzRoy
3rd Duke of Grafton
KGPC
(1735–1811) 14 October
1768 28 January
1770 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig
(Chathamite) Grafton [41]
7002472000000000000♠1 year and 107 days
The Right Honourable
Frederick North
Lord North
KG
MP for Banbury
(1732–1792) 28 January
1770 22 March
1782 [ad 1]
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Tory
(Northite) North [42]
1774
1780
7003443700000000000♠12 years and 54 days
The Most Honourable
Charles Watson-Wentworth
2nd Marquess of Rockingham
KGPCFRS
(1730–1782) 27 March
1782 1 July
1782 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig
(Rockinghamite) Rockingham II [39]
7001970000000000000♠97 days[†]
The Right Honourable
William Petty
2nd Earl of Shelburne
KGPC
(1737–1805) 4 July
1782 2 April
1783 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig
(Chathamite) Shelburne
(Whig–Tory) [43]
7002273000000000000♠273 days
His Grace
William Cavendish-Bentinck
3rd Duke of Portland
PCFRS
(1738–1809) 2 April
1783 19 December
1783 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig Fox–North [44]
7002262000000000000♠262 days
The Right Honourable
William Pitt the Younger
MP for Appleby – Cambridge University[i]
(1759–1806) 19 December
1783 14 March
1801 [ad 2]
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Tory
(Pittite) Pitt I [45]
1784
1790
1796
7003629500000000000♠17 years and 86 days
The Right Honourable
Henry Addington
MP for Devizes
(1757–1844) 17 March
1801 10 May
1804 1801
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Tory
(Pittite) Addington [46]
1802
7003115100000000000♠3 years and 55 days
The Right Honourable
William Pitt the Younger
MP for Cambridge University
(1759–1806) 10 May
1804 23 January
1806 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Tory
(Pittite) Pitt II [45]
7002624000000000000♠1 year and 259 days[†]
The Right Honourable
William Grenville
1st Baron Grenville
PCPC (Ire)
(1759–1834) 11 February
1806 31 March
1807 [ad 3]
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig All the Talents
(Whig–Tory) [47]
1806
7002414000000000000♠1 year and 49 days
His Grace
William Cavendish-Bentinck
3rd Duke of Portland
KGPCFRS
(1738–1809) 31 March
1807 4 October
1809 [ad 2]
First Lord of the Treasury
Tory
(Pittite) Portland II [44]
1807
7002919000000000000♠2 years and 188 days
The Right Honourable
Spencer Perceval
KC
MP for Northampton
(1762–1812) 4 October
1809 11 May
1812 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Leader of the House of Commons
Tory
(Pittite) Perceval [48]
7002951000000000000♠2 years and 221 days[‡]
The Right Honourable
Robert Jenkinson
2nd Earl of Liverpool
KGPCFRS
(1770–1828) 8 June
1812 9 April
1827 1812
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Tory
(Pittite) Liverpool [49]
1818
1820
George IV
(1820–1830)
1826
7003541900000000000♠14 years and 306 days
The Right Honourable
George Canning
FRS
MP for Seaford
(1770–1827) 10 April
1827 8 August
1827 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Tory
(Canningite) Canning
(Canningite–Whig) [50]
7002121000000000000♠121 days[†]
The Right Honourable
Frederick John Robinson
1st Viscount Goderich
PC
(1782–1859) 31 August
1827 21 January
1828 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Tory
(Canningite) Goderich [51]
7002144000000000000♠144 days
Field MarshalHis Grace
Arthur Wellesley
1st Duke of Wellington
KGGCBGCHPC
(1769–1852) 22 January
1828 16 November
1830 [ad 4]
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Tory Wellington–Peel [52]
1830
William IV
(1830–1837)
7003103000000000000♠2 years and 299 days
The Right Honourable
Charles Grey
2nd Earl Grey
KGPC
(1764–1845) 22 November
1830 9 July
1834 [ad 2]
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig Grey [53]
1831
1832
7003132600000000000♠3 years and 230 days
The Right Honourable
William Lamb
2nd Viscount Melbourne
PC
(1779–1848) 16 July
1834 14 November
1834 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig Melbourne I [54]
7002122000000000000♠122 days
Field MarshalHis Grace
Arthur Wellesley
1st Duke of Wellington
KGGCBGCHPC
(1769–1852) 14 November
1834 10 December
1834 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Sec. of State for the Home Department
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs
Sec. of State for War and the Colonies
Leader of the House of Lords
Tory Wellington Caretaker [52]
7001270000000000000♠27 days
The Right Honourable
Sir Robert Peel
BtFRS
MP for Tamworth
(1788–1850) 10 December
1834 8 April
1835 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative Peel I [55]
7002120000000000000♠120 days
The Right Honourable
William Lamb
2nd Viscount Melbourne
PCFRS
(1779–1848) 18 April
1835 30 August
1841 1835
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Whig Melbourne II [54]
1837
Victoria
(1837–1901)
7003232700000000000♠6 years and 135 days
The Right Honourable
Sir Robert Peel
BtFRS
MP for Tamworth
(1788–1850) 30 August
1841 29 June
1846 1841
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative Peel II [55]
7003176500000000000♠4 years and 304 days
The Right Honourable
Lord John Russell
FRS
MP for the City of London
(1792–1878) 30 June
1846 21 February
1852 1847
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Whig Russell I [56]
7003206300000000000♠5 years and 237 days
The Right Honourable
Edward Smith-Stanley
14th Earl of Derby
PC
(1799–1869) 23 February
1852 17 December
1852 [ad 2]
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Conservative Who? Who? [57]
1852
7002299000000000000♠299 days
The Right Honourable
George Hamilton-Gordon
4th Earl of Aberdeen
KTFRSEFRSPCFSA Scot
(1784–1860) 19 December
1852 30 January
1855 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Peelite Aberdeen
(Peelite–Whig) [58]
7002773000000000000♠2 years and 43 days
The Right Honourable
Henry John Temple
3rd Viscount Palmerston
KGGCBPCFRS
MP for Tiverton
(1784–1865) 6 February
1855 19 February
1858 [ad 2]
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Whig Palmerston I [59]
1857
7003111000000000000♠3 years and 14 days
The Right Honourable
Edward Smith-Stanley
14th Earl of Derby
PC
(1799–1869) 20 February
1858 11 June
1859 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Conservative Derby–Disraeli II [57]
7002477000000000000♠1 year and 112 days
The Right Honourable
Henry John Temple
3rd Viscount Palmerston
KGGCBPCFRS
MP for Tiverton
(1784–1865) 12 June
1859 18 October
1865 1859
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Liberal Palmerston II [59]
1865
7003232100000000000♠6 years and 129 days[†]
The Right Honourable
John Russell
1st Earl Russell
KGPCFRS
(1792–1878) 29 October
1865 26 June
1866 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Liberal Russell II [56]
7002241000000000000♠241 days
The Right Honourable
Edward Smith-Stanley
14th Earl of Derby
KGPC
(1799–1869) 28 June
1866 25 February
1868 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Lords
Conservative Derby–Disraeli III [57]
7002608000000000000♠1 year and 243 days
The Right Honourable
Benjamin Disraeli
MP for Buckinghamshire
(1804–1881) See also § Premierships:1
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative [60]
27 February
1868 1 December
1868 —
7002279000000000000♠279 days
The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FSS
MP for Greenwich
(1809–1898) See also § Premierships:2
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Chancellor of the Exchequer[j]
Liberal Gladstone I [61]
3 December
1868 17 February
1874 1868
7003190300000000000♠5 years and 77 days
The Right Honourable
Benjamin Disraeli
1st Earl of Beaconsfield
KGPCFRS
MP for Buckinghamshire[k]
(1804–1881) See also § Premierships:1
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons[l]
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal[m]
Leader of the House of Lords[n]
Conservative Disraeli II [60]
20 February
1874 21 April
1880 1874
7003225300000000000♠6 years and 62 days
The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FRSFSS
MP for Midlothian
(1809–1898) See also § Premierships:2
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Chancellor of the Exchequer[o]
Liberal Gladstone II [61]
23 April
1880 9 June
1885 1880
7003187400000000000♠5 years and 48 days
The Most Honourable
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
3rd Marquess of Salisbury
KGPCFRSDL
(1830–1903) 23 June
1885 28 January
1886 —
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs
Leader of the House of Lords
Conservative Salisbury I [62]
7002220000000000000♠220 days
The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FRSFSS
MP for Midlothian
(1809–1898) See also § Premierships:2
First Lord of the Treasury
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Leader of the House of Commons
Liberal Gladstone III [61]
1 February
1886 20 July
1886 1885
7002170000000000000♠170 days
The Most Honourable
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
3rd Marquess of Salisbury
KGPCFRSDL
(1830–1903) 25 July
1886 11 August
1892 1886
Leader of the House of Lords
First Lord of the Treasury[p]
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs[q]
Conservative Salisbury II [62]
7003221000000000000♠6 years and 18 days
The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
FRSFSS
MP for Midlothian
(1809–1898) See also § Premierships:2
First Lord of the Treasury
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
Leader of the House of Commons
Liberal Gladstone IV [61]
15 August
1892 2 March
1894 1892
7002565000000000000♠1 year and 200 days
The Right Honourable
Archibald Primrose
5th Earl of Rosebery
KGPCFRS
(1847–1929) 5 March
1894 22 June
1895 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Lord President of the Council
Leader of the House of Lords
Liberal Rosebery [63]
7002475000000000000♠1 year and 110 days
The Most Honourable
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
3rd Marquess of Salisbury
KGPCFRSDL
(1830–1903) 25 June
1895 11 July
1902 [ad 2]
Leader of the House of Lords
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs[r]
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal[s]
Conservative Salisbury III
(Con.–Lib.U.) [62]
1895
1900
7003257300000000000♠7 years and 17 days
Edward VII
(1901–1910)
The Right Honourable
Arthur Balfour
FRSDL
MP for Manchester East
(1848–1930) 11 July
1902 5 December
1905 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative Balfour [64]
7003124400000000000♠3 years and 148 days
The Right Honourable
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
GCB
MP for Stirling Burghs
(1836–1908) 5 December
1905 7 April
1908 [ad 2]
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Liberal Campbell-Bannerman [65]
1906
7002855000000000000♠2 years and 125 days
The Right Honourable
Herbert Henry Asquith
KCFRS
MP for East Fife
(1852–1928) 7 April
1908 5 December
1916 [ad 5]
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Sec. of State for War[t]
Liberal Asquith I [66]
Jan.1910
 Dec.1910
George V
(1910–1936)
 Asquith II
(Lib.–Con.–et al.)
7003316500000000000♠8 years and 243 days
The Right Honourable
David Lloyd George
OM
MP for Caernarvon Boroughs
(1863–1945) 6 December
1916 19 October
1922 [ad 6]
First Lord of the Treasury
Liberal Lloyd George War [67]
1918 Lloyd George II
(Lib.–Con.)
7003214400000000000♠5 years and 318 days
The Right Honourable
Bonar Law
MP for Glasgow Central
(1858–1923) 23 October
1922 20 May
1923 1922
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative
(Scot.U.) Law [68]
7002210000000000000♠210 days
The Right Honourable
Stanley Baldwin
JP
MP for Bewdley
(1867–1947) 23 May
1923 16 January
1924 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Chancellor of the Exchequer[u]
Conservative Baldwin I [69]
7002239000000000000♠239 days
The Right Honourable
Ramsay MacDonald
MP for Aberavon
(1866–1937) 22 January
1924 4 November
1924 1923
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Sec. of State for Foreign Affairs
Labour MacDonald I [70]
7002288000000000000♠288 days
The Right Honourable
Stanley Baldwin
JPFRS
MP for Bewdley
(1867–1947) 4 November
1924 5 June
1929 1924
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative Baldwin II [69]
7003167500000000000♠4 years and 214 days
The Right Honourable
Ramsay MacDonald
FRS
MP for Seaham
(1866–1937) 5 June
1929 7 June
1935 1929
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Labour MacDonald II [70]
National Labour National I
(N.Lab.–Con.–et al.)
1931 National II
7003219400000000000♠6 years and 3 days
 The Right Honourable
Stanley Baldwin
JPFRS
MP for Bewdley
(1867–1947) 7 June
1935 28 May
1937 1935
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative National III
(Con.–N.Lab.–et al.) [69]
Edward VIII
(1936)
George VI
(1936–1952)
7002722000000000000♠1 year and 356 days
The Right Honourable
Neville Chamberlain
FRS
MP for Birmingham Edgbaston
(1869–1940) 28 May
1937 10 May
1940 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Leader of the House of Commons
Conservative National IV [71]
 Chamberlain War
7003107900000000000♠2 years and 349 days
The Right Honourable
Winston Churchill
CHTDPCcFRS
MP for Epping
(1874–1965) 10 May
1940 26 July
1945 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister of Defence
Leader of the House of Commons[v]
Conservative Churchill War
(All parties) [72]
 Churchill Caretaker
(Con.–Lib.N.)
7003190400000000000♠5 years and 78 days
The Right Honourable
Clement Attlee
CHFRS
MP for Limehouse – Walthamstow West[w]
(1883–1967) 26 July
1945 26 October
1951 1945
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister of Defence[x]
Labour Attlee I [73]
1950 Attlee II
7003228400000000000♠6 years and 93 days
The Right Honourable
Sir Winston Churchill
KGOMCHTDPCcDLFRSRA
MP for Woodford
(1874–1965) 26 October
1951 6 April
1955 1951
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister of Defence[y]
Conservative Churchill III [72]
7003125900000000000♠3 years and 163 days
Elizabeth II
(1952–present)
The Right Honourable
Sir Anthony Eden
KGMC
MP for Warwick & Leamington
(1897–1977) 6 April
1955 10 January
1957 1955
First Lord of the Treasury
Conservative Eden [74]
7002646000000000000♠1 year and 280 days
The Right Honourable
Harold Macmillan
FRS
MP for Bromley
(1894–1986) 10 January
1957 19 October
1963 1959
First Lord of the Treasury
Conservative Macmillan I [75]
 Macmillan II
7003247400000000000♠6 years and 283 days
The Right Honourable
Sir Alec Douglas-Home
KT
MP for Kinross & Western Perthshire[z]
(1903–1995) 19 October
1963 16 October
1964 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Conservative
(Scot.U.) Douglas-Home [76]
7002364000000000000♠364 days
The Right Honourable
Harold Wilson
OBEFRS
MP for Huyton
(1916–1995) 16 October
1964 19 June
1970 1964
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service[aa]
Labour Wilson I [77]
1966 Wilson II
7003207300000000000♠5 years and 247 days
The Right Honourable
Edward Heath
MBE
MP for Bexley – Sidcup[ab]
(1916–2005) 19 June
1970 4 March
1974 1970
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Conservative Heath [78]
7003135500000000000♠3 years and 259 days
The Right Honourable
Harold Wilson
OBEFRS
MP for Huyton
(1916–1995) 4 March
1974 5 April
1976 Feb.1974
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Labour Wilson III [77]
Oct.1974 Wilson IV
7002764000000000000♠2 years and 33 days
The Right Honourable
James Callaghan
MP for Cardiff South East
(1912–2005) 5 April
1976 4 May
1979 —
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Labour Callaghan [79]
7003112500000000000♠3 years and 30 days
The Right Honourable
Margaret Thatcher
FRSFRIC
MP for Finchley
(1925–2013) See also § Premierships:3
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Conservative Thatcher I [80]
4 May
1979 28 November
1990 1979
1983 Thatcher II
1987 Thatcher III
7003422700000000000♠11 years and 209 days
The Right Honourable
John Major
MP for Huntingdon
(born 1943) 28 November
1990 2 May
1997 1992
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Conservative Major I [81]
 Major II
7003234800000000000♠6 years and 156 days
The Right Honourable
Tony Blair
MP for Sedgefield
(born 1953) See also § Premierships:4
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Labour Blair I [82]
2 May
1997 27 June
2007 1997
2001 Blair II
2005 Blair III
7003370900000000000♠10 years and 57 days
The Right Honourable
Gordon Brown
MP for Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath
(born 1951) See also § Premierships:5
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Labour Brown [83]
27 June
2007 11 May
2010 —
7003105000000000000♠2 years and 319 days
The Right Honourable
David Cameron
MP for Witney
(born 1966) See also § Premierships:6
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Conservative Cameron–Clegg
(Con.–L.D.) [84]
11 May
2010 13 July
2016 2010
2015 Cameron II
7003225600000000000♠6 years and 64 days
The Right Honourable
Theresa May
MP for Maidenhead
(born 1956) See also § Premierships:7
First Lord of the Treasury
Minister for the Civil Service
Conservative May I [85]
13 July
2016 Incumbent [ad 7]
2017 May II
7002558000000000000♠1 year and 193 days
Addenda[edit]
^1 Whig majority in the Commons before the dissolution of Parliament.
^2 Minority government before dissolution.
^3 Tory majority in the Commons before dissolution.
^4 Majority Tory government before dissolution.
^5 Majority Liberal government before dissolution.
^6 Coalition government during the course of an undissolved hung parliament.
^7 Majority Conservative government before dissolution.
See also[edit]
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Premierships
^1 Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli
^2 Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone
^3 Premiership of Margaret Thatcher
^4 Premiership of Tony Blair
^5 Premiership of Gordon Brown
^6 Premiership of David Cameron
^7 Premiership of Theresa May
Notes[edit]
Coalition government / hung parliament.
^† Died in office / ^‡ assassinated.
Jump up ^ The Prince of Wales served as Prince Regent from 8 February 1811.[31] Restrictions on his power were lifted on 1 February 1812.[31]
Jump up ^ Including honorifics and constituencies for elected MPs.
Jump up ^ Consecutive terms are listed as part of a single term of office.
Jump up ^ Including political factions and electoral alliances where applicable.
Jump up ^ Elevated to the Peerage of Great Britain on 6 February 1742.
Jump up ^ Served as Commons Leader until 6 February 1742.
Jump up ^ Served as First Lord until 8 June 1757 and from 12 June.
Jump up ^ Elevated to the Peerage of Great Britain on 4 August 1766.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1784 general election.
Jump up ^ Served as Chancellor from 11 August 1873.
Jump up ^ Elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 12 August 1876.
Jump up ^ Served as Commons Leader until 21 August 1876.
Jump up ^ Served as Lord Keeper from 12 August 1876 to 4 February 1878.
Jump up ^ Served as Lords Leader from 21 August 1876.
Jump up ^ Served as Chancellor from 16 December 1882.
Jump up ^ Served as First Lord from 14 January 1887.
Jump up ^ Served as Foreign Secretary from 14 January 1887.
Jump up ^ Served as Foreign Secretary until 12 November 1900.
Jump up ^ Served as Lord Privy Seal from 12 November 1900.
Jump up ^ Served as Secretary of State from 30 March to 5 August 1914.
Jump up ^ Served as Chancellor until 27 August 1923.
Jump up ^ Served as Commons Leader until 19 February 1942.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1950 general election.
Jump up ^ Served as Minister until 20 December 1946.
Jump up ^ Served as Minister until 1 March 1952.
Jump up ^ Earl of Home until 23 October 1963. Elected MP on 7 November.
Jump up ^ Served as Minister from 1 November 1968.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the February 1974 general election.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Hennessy (2001), pp. 39–40.
Jump up ^ Viscount Castlereagh, President of the Board of Control (29 April 1805). "Military Commissioners' Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 4. House of Commons. col. 496.
Jump up ^ Sir John Eardley-Wilmot (20 March 1885). "Boroughs to Lose One Member". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 296. House of Commons. col. 156–157.
Jump up ^ Sir Donald Horne Macfarlane (14 April 1885). "Central Asia – Russia and Afghanistan – the Russo–Afghan Frontier – Russian Advances". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 296. House of Commons. col. 1634–1635.
^ Jump up to: a b Marriott (1923), p. 83.
Jump up ^ Clarke (1999), p. 266.
Jump up ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 39.
Jump up ^ "Parties and Prime Ministers". BBC News. 19 May 1998. Archived from the original on 18 March 2004. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Mackay, Robert (28 December 1987). "Thatcher longest serving British prime minister". United Press International. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Burt (1874), p. 106.
Jump up ^ Seaman (2003).
Jump up ^ chpt. 4, Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, 12 April 1927. Retrieved on 3 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Leonard (2010), p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter (1992), p. 37.
Jump up ^ Leonard (2010), p. 47.
^ Jump up to: a b Leonard (2010), p. 65.
Jump up ^ "Prime ministers of the United Kingdom (1730–2011)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Treasury". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollard, Albert (1904). " Chapter XIV". The Cambridge Modern History. 2. Wikisource.
^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Burghley, William Cecil, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Chapman (2002).
Jump up ^ Stephen, Leslie (1890). "Godolphin, Sidney". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Jump up ^ Fisher Russell Barker, George (1890). "Harley, Robert". In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Jump up ^ Chapman (2002), p. 15.
^ Jump up to: a b McMullen Rigg, James (1899). "Townshend, Charles". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Stanhope, Earls". Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orford, Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ "First Lord of the Treasury". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Memoir of His Late Most Gracious Majesty George IV". The Lady's Magazine. 31 January 1830. p. 384.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 1.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 14.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 17.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 28.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 34.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 36.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 42.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 46.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 54.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 61.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 64.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 73.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 77.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 85.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 94.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 98.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 101.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 106.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 116.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 120.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 123.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 128.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 136.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 142.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 151.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 161.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 167.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 174.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 183.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 196.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 213.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 222.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 231.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 239.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 244.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 252.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 262.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 273.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 281.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 289.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 295.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 305.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 315.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 320.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 329.
^ Jump up to: a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 333.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 343.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 350.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 358.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 384.
Jump up ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 392.
Jump up ^ "Brown is UK's new prime minister". BBC News. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2018. Lay summary (27 June 2007).
Jump up ^ "David Cameron is UK's new prime minister". BBC News. 12 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016. Lay summary (13 July 2016).
Bibliography[edit]
Burt, Llewellyn C. (1874). A synoptical history of England (2nd ed.). London: Lockwood.
Carpenter, Clive, ed. (1992). The Guinness UK Data Book. Guinness. ISBN 978-0-85112-522-0.
Chapman, Richard A. (31 January 2002). "History: from earliest times to the present day". The Treasury in Public Policy-Making. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-86426-3.
Clarke, John (1999). "House of Hanover". In Fraser, Antonia. The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England. University of California Press (published February 2000). ISBN 978-0-520-22460-5.
Eccleshall, Robert; Walker, Graham, eds. (1 June 2002). Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-66230-2.
Hennessy, Peter (5 October 2001). "The Platonic Idea and the Constitutional Deal". The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29313-0.
Leonard, Dick (15 December 2010). Eighteenth-Century British Premiers: Walpole to the Younger Pitt. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-30463-5.
Marriott, John (1923). English Political Institutions: An Introductory Study (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. OL 17361473W  .
Seaman, L.C.B. (2 September 2003). "The Downfall of Lloyd George, 1922". Post-Victorian Britain 1902–1951. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-95491-9.
Further reading[edit]
Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. (2010). From New Jerusalem to New Labour: British Prime Ministers from Attlee to Blair. Palgrave Macmillan UK (published 20 October 2016). ISBN 978-0-230-29700-5.
Browne, J. Houston (1858). Lives of the Prime Ministers of England: From the Restoration to the Present Time. 1. London: Thomas Cautley Newby.
Davidson, Jonathan (30 November 2010). Downing Street Blues: A History of Depression and Other Mental Afflictions in British Prime Ministers. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5793-9.
Grube, Dennis (11 October 2013). Prime Ministers and Rhetorical Governance. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-31836-7.
King, Anthony Stephen, ed. (1985). The British Prime Minister (2nd ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-0635-2.
Leonard, Dick (10 July 2008). Nineteenth Century Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-22725-5.
Parker, Robert J. (15 March 2011). British Prime Ministers. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1242-3.
Quinault, Roland (17 March 2011). British Prime Ministers and Democracy: From Disraeli to Blair. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-1105-0.
External links[edit]
"Past Prime Ministers". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 25 August 2008.
"Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline". BBC History. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.
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