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2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team
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2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball
ACC Tournament champions
ACC Regular Season champions
NIT Season Tip-Off champions
NCAA Tournament, First Round
Conference
Atlantic Coast Conference
Ranking
Coaches
No. 5
AP
No. 1
2017–18 record
31–3 (17–1 ACC)
Head coach
Tony Bennett (9th season)
Associate head coach
Ron Sanchez (9th season)
Assistant coach
Jason Williford (9th season)
Assistant coach
Brad Soderberg (3rd season)
Offensive scheme
Princeton, Motion
Base defense
Pack-Line
Captain
Devon Hall
Captain
Isaiah Wilkins
Captain
Jack Salt
Home arena
John Paul Jones Arena
Seasons
← 2016–17
2018–19 →
2017–18 ACC men's basketball standings
v
t
e
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
No. 1 Virginia † 17 – 1 .944 31 – 3 .912
No. 9 Duke 13 – 5 .722 29 – 8 .784
No. 22 Miami (FL) 11 – 7 .611 22 – 10 .688
No. 20 Clemson 11 – 7 .611 25 – 10 .714
NC State 11 – 7 .611 21 – 12 .636
No. 10 North Carolina 11 – 7 .611 26 – 11 .703
Virginia Tech 10 – 8 .556 21 – 12 .636
Florida State 9 – 9 .500 23 – 12 .657
Louisville 9 – 9 .500 22 – 14 .611
Notre Dame 8 – 10 .444 21 – 15 .583
Syracuse 8 – 10 .444 23 – 14 .622
Boston College 7 – 11 .389 19 – 16 .543
Georgia Tech 6 – 12 .333 13 – 19 .406
Wake Forest 4 – 14 .222 11 – 20 .355
Pittsburgh 0 – 18 .000 8 – 24 .250
† 2018 ACC Tournament winner
Rankings from AP Poll
The 2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team represented the University of Virginia during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by head coach Tony Bennett in his ninth year, and played their home games at John Paul Jones Arena in Charlottesville, Virginia as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference.
In a rebuilding year with low expectations, the Cavaliers began unranked but ascended all the way to the No. 1 ranking in the AP Poll for the first time since December 1982.[1][a] The team then held on to that ranking through the end of the regular season and became the first ACC team to win 17 conference games. The Cavaliers won the ACC Tournament by handily defeating Louisville 75–58, Clemson 64–58, and North Carolina 71–63 in the championship game. In the process the team broke the school's single-season win record, which had twice been tied by Bennett-led teams in the past five years.
ACC Sixth Man of the Year De'Andre Hunter broke his wrist in the ACC Tournament victory, and was announced to be out for the NCAA Tournament two days before it began.[2] The injury led the New York Daily News to change their pick from Virginia winning the national championship to not advancing out of the Sweet Sixteen.[3] UVA entered as the No. 1 overall seed, placed in the South regional, but suffered a historic upset in the first round to UMBC and became the first No. 1 seed to lose to a No. 16 seed since the field expanded to 64 teams in 1985.[4][5] The first round losses by No. 1 seed Virginia and No. 4 seed Arizona, and second round losses by No. 2 seed Cincinnati and No. 3 seed Tennessee, led to the South Region becoming the first ever to not advance any of its top four seeds to the Sweet Sixteen.[6]
Nevertheless, for taking an unranked team to finish four games above pre-season AP No. 1 ranked Duke and winning the ACC Tournament over North Carolina, Bennett was awarded his third Henry Iba Award for the nation's top coach of the season.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Previous season
2 Offseason
2.1 Departures
2.2 Incoming transfers
2.3 2017 recruiting class
2.4 2018 recruiting class
3 Roster
3.1 Depth chart
4 Schedule and results
5 Rankings
6 References
7 Notes
Previous season[edit]
The Cavaliers finished the 2016–17 season 23–11, and 11–7 in ACC play to tie Duke for fifth place. They defeated Pittsburgh in the second round of the ACC Tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Notre Dame. The Wahoos received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as the No. 5 seed in the East region. There they defeated No. 12 UNC Wilmington in the First Round before losing in the Second Round to No. 4 Florida.
Offseason[edit]
Departures[edit]
Name
Number
Pos.
Height
Weight
Year
Hometown
Reason for departure
Marial Shayok 4 G 6'5" 196 Junior Ottawa, ON Transferred to Iowa State
Jeff Jones 24 F 6'6" 213 Senior Charlottesville, VA Walk-on; graduated
Jarred Reuter 31 F 6'7" 243 Sophomore Marion, MA Transferred to George Mason
London Perrantes 32 G 6'2" 197 Senior Los Angeles, CA Graduated
Darius Thompson 51 G 6'4" 196 RS Junior Murfreesboro, TN Graduate transferred to Western Kentucky
Incoming transfers[edit]
Name
Number
Pos.
Height
Weight
Year
Hometown
Previous School
Nigel Johnson 23 G 6'1" 190 RS Senior Ashburn, VA Transferred from Rutgers. Will be eligible to play immediately since Johnson graduated from Rutgers.
2017 recruiting class[edit]
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date
Marco Anthony
#44 SG San Antonio, TX Holmes High School 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Jul 18, 2016
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: ESPN grade: 79
Francesco Badocchi
SF Milan, Italy Bishop Miege (KS) 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 185 lb (84 kg) Apr 30, 2017
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: N/A ESPN grade: NR
Overall recruiting rankings:
Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.
Sources:
"Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2017 Virginia Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2016 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2017 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Virginia 2017 Basketball Commitments". 247sports.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
2018 recruiting class[edit]
[show]US college sports recruiting information for 2018 recruits
Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date
Kody Stattmann
SG Cairns, Queensland, Austalia St. Augustine's College 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) N/A Aug 28, 2017
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: N/A ESPN grade: NR
Kihei Clark
PG Woodland Hills, CA Taft High School 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) N/A Oct 2, 2017
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: Rivals: N/A 247Sports: ESPN: N/A ESPN grade: NR
Overall recruiting rankings:
Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.
Sources:
"Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2018 Virginia Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2016 Player Commits". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"2018 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
"Virginia 2018 Basketball Commitments". 247sports.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Roster[edit]
2017–18 Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball team
Players
Coaches
Pos.
#
Name
Height
Weight
Year
Previous school
Hometown
1.5 !G 0 Hall, DevonDevon Hall (C) 77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 211 lb (96 kg) 4.5 !RS Sr Cape Henry Collegiate School Virginia Beach, Virginia
3.5 !F 1 Badocchi, FrancescoFrancesco Badocchi 79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 185 lb (84 kg) 1.0 !Fr Bishop Miege HS Milan, Italy
1.5 !G 2 Bartley, JusticeJustice Bartley 77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 212 lb (96 kg) 3.0 !Jr Montrose Christian School Lilburn, Georgia
1.5 !G 5 Guy, KyleKyle Guy 74 !6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 175 lb (79 kg) 2.0 !So Lawrence Central HS Indianapolis, Indiana
1.5 !G 10 Gross Jr., TrevonTrevon Gross Jr. 75 !6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 202 lb (92 kg) 3.0 !Jr St. Benedict's Prep School Jackson, New Jersey
1.5 !G 11 Jerome, TyTy Jerome 77 !6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 200 lb (91 kg) 2.0 !So Iona Preparatory School New Rochelle, New York
3.5 !F 12 Hunter, DeAndreDeAndre Hunter 79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 222 lb (101 kg) 1.5 !RS Fr Friends' Central School Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3.5 !F 21 Wilkins, IsaiahIsaiah Wilkins (C) 79 !6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 227 lb (103 kg) 4.0 !Sr Greater Atlanta Christian Atlanta, Georgia
1.5 !G 23 Johnson, NigelNigel Johnson 73 !6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 182 lb (83 kg) 4.5 !RS Sr Riverdale Baptist School
Rutgers Ashburn, Virginia
1.5 !G 24 Anthony, MarcoMarco Anthony 76 !6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 228 lb (103 kg) 1.0 !Fr Holmes HS San Antonio, Texas
3.5 !F 25 Diakite, MamadiMamadi Diakite 81 !6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 228 lb (103 kg) 2.5 !RS So Blue Ridge School Conakry, Guinea
3.5 !F 30 Huff, JayJay Huff 85 !7 ft 1 in (2.16 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1.5 !RS Fr Voyager Academy Durham, North Carolina
5.0 !C 33 Salt, JackJack Salt (C) 82 !6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 250 lb (113 kg) 3.5 !RS Jr Westlake Boys HS Auckland, New Zealand
3.5 !F 45 Katstra, AustinAustin Katstra (W) 78 !6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 214 lb (97 kg) 1.0 !Fr Albemarle HS Charlottesville, Virginia
Head coach
Tony Bennett (Green Bay)
Assistant coach(es)
Ron Sanchez (SUNY-Oneonta)
Jason Williford (Virginia)
Brad Soderberg (UW–Stevens Point)
Strength and conditioning coach(es)
Mike Curtis (Virginia)
Athletic trainer(s)
Ethan Saliba (Kansas)
Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
(W) Walk-on
Injured
Current redshirt
Roster
Depth chart[edit]
Pos.
Starting 5
Bench 1
Bench 2
F/C
Jack Salt Mamadi Diakite
F
Isaiah Wilkins Jay Huff
G/F
Devon Hall DeAndre Hunter Austin Katstra
G
Kyle Guy Marco Anthony Justice Bartley
PG
Ty Jerome Nigel Johnson Trevon Gross, Jr.
[8]
Schedule and results[edit]
Date
time, TV
Rank#
Opponent#
Result
Record
High points
High rebounds
High assists
Site (attendance)
city, state
Non-Conference Regular Season
Nov 10, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra UNC Greensboro W 60–48 1–0
16 – Guy 8 – Wilkins 3 – Guy John Paul Jones Arena (13,855)
Charlottesville, VA
Nov 13, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra Austin Peay
NIT Season Tip-Off Campus-Site Game W 93–49 2–0
19 – Hall 8 – Wilkins 4 – Anthony John Paul Jones Arena (12,995)
Charlottesville, VA
Nov 17, 2017*
4:00 pm, CBSSN at VCU W 76–67 3–0
29 – Guy 8 – Wilkins 7 – Jerome Siegel Center (7,637)
Richmond, VA
Nov 19, 2017*
1:00 pm, RSN Monmouth
NIT Season Tip-Off Campus-Site Game W 73–53 4–0
23 – Hunter 8 – Hunter 3 – Tied John Paul Jones Arena (13,472)
Charlottesville, VA
Nov 23, 2017*
4:00 pm, ESPNU vs. Vanderbilt
NIT Season Tip-Off Semifinals W 68–42 5–0
18 – Guy 5 – Diakite 4 – 3 Tied Barclays Center
Brooklyn, NY
Nov 24, 2017*
7:30 pm, ESPNU vs. Rhode Island
NIT Season Tip-Off Championship W 70–55 6–0
19 – Wilkins 8 – Salt 3 – Tied Barclays Center
Brooklyn, NY
Nov 27, 2017*
9:00 pm, ESPN2 No. 18 Wisconsin
ACC–Big Ten Challenge W 49–37 7–0
17 – Guy 10 – Wilkins 2 – Tied John Paul Jones Arena (13,911)
Charlottesville, VA
Dec 2, 2017*
12:00 pm, ACCN Extra No. 18 Lehigh W 75–54 8–0
21 – Guy 6 – Wilkins 8 – Johnson John Paul Jones Arena (13,594)
Charlottesville, VA
Dec 5, 2017*
7:00 pm, ESPNU No. 15 at No. 18 West Virginia L 61–68 8–1
19 – Hall 5 – Wilkins 6 – Hall WVU Coliseum (12,816)
Morgantown, WV
Dec 16, 2017*
2:00 pm, ACCN Extra No. 16 Davidson W 80–60 9–1
22 – Johnson 8 – Wilkins 5 – Hall John Paul Jones Arena (13,910)
Charlottesville, VA
Dec 19, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra No. 13 Savannah State W 78–47 10–1
17 – Jerome 7 – Wilkins 5 – Johnson John Paul Jones Arena (13,597)
Charlottesville, VA
Dec 22, 2017*
7:00 pm, ACCN Extra No. 13 Hampton W 82–48 11–1
15 – Guy 9 – Wilkins 4 – Johnson John Paul Jones Arena (13,328)
Charlottesville, VA
ACC Regular Season
Dec 30, 2017
2:00 pm, RSN No. 9 Boston College W 59–58 12–1
(1–0) 31 – Jerome 14 – Wilkins 3 – Hall John Paul Jones Arena (14,538)
Charlottesville, VA
Jan 3, 2018
9:00 pm, ACCN No. 8 at Virginia Tech
Commonwealth Clash W 78–52 13–1
(2–0) 14 – Hunter 7 – Tied 5 – Jerome Cassell Coliseum (5,945)
Blacksburg, VA
Jan 6, 2018
1:00 pm, ESPN No. 8 No. 12 North Carolina W 61–49 14–1
(3–0) 16 – Hall 7 – Hunter 7 – Hall John Paul Jones Arena (14,401)
Charlottesville, VA
Jan 9, 2018
8:00 pm, ACCN No. 3 Syracuse W 68–61 15–1
(4–0) 22 – Guy 9 – Wilkins 8 – Hall John Paul Jones Arena (13,625)
Charlottesville, VA
Jan 14, 2018
6:00 pm, ESPNU No. 3 NC State W 68–51 16–1
(5–0) 25 – Hall 6 – Wilkins 6 – Jerome John Paul Jones Arena (14,317)
Charlottesville, VA
Jan 18, 2018
8:00 pm, ACCN No. 2 at Georgia Tech W 64–48 17–1
(6–0) 17 – Hunter 7 – Hunter 5 – Jerome McCamish Pavilion (8,600)
Atlanta, GA
Jan 21, 2018
6:00 pm, ESPNU No. 2 at Wake Forest W 59–49 18–1
(7–0) 17 – Guy 7 – Hall 4 – Guy LJVM Coliseum (10,014)
Winston-Salem, NC
Jan 23, 2018
7:00 pm, RSN No. 2 No. 18 Clemson W 61–36 19–1
(8–0) 14 – Hall 5 – Tied 3 – Jerome John Paul Jones Arena (14,149)
Charlottesville, VA
Jan 27, 2018
2:00 pm, CBS No. 2 at No. 4 Duke W 65–63 20–1
(9–0) 17 – Guy 8 – Hall 7 – Jerome Cameron Indoor Stadium (9,314)
Durham, NC
Jan 31, 2018
7:00 pm, ESPN2 No. 2 Louisville W 74–64 21–1
(10–0) 22 – Guy 10 – Wilkins 9 – Jerome John Paul Jones Arena (14,310)
Charlottesville, VA
Feb 3, 2018
4:00 pm, ACCN No. 2 at Syracuse W 59–44 22–1
(11–0) 15 – Hunter 6 – Wilkins 6 – Jerome Carrier Dome (27,083)
Syracuse, NY
Feb 7, 2018
7:00 pm, RSN No. 2 at Florida State W 59–55 23–1
(12–0) 17 – Hall 6 – Diakite 3 – Hall Donald L. Tucker Civic Center (10,657)
Tallahassee, FL
Feb 10, 2018
6:15 pm, ESPN No. 2 Virginia Tech
Commonwealth Clash/College Gameday L 60–61 OT 23–2
(12–1) 16 – Hall 8 – Jerome 4 – Jerome John Paul Jones Arena (14,593)
Charlottesville, VA
Feb 13, 2018
9:00 pm, ESPN No. 1 at Miami (FL) W 59–50 24–2
(13–1) 22 – Hunter 7 – Salt 7 – Jerome Watsco Center (7,333)
Coral Gables, FL
Feb 21, 2018
7:00 pm, ESPN2 No. 1 Georgia Tech W 65–54 25–2
(14–1) 18 – Jerome 6 – Salt 5 – Jerome John Paul Jones Arena (13,873)
Charlottesville, VA
Feb 24, 2018
4:00 pm, ESPNU No. 1 at Pittsburgh W 66–37 26–2
(15–1) 14 – Hunter 10 – Hunter 4 – Hall Peterson Events Center (6,534)
Pittsburgh, PA
Mar 1, 2018
8:00 pm, ACCN No. 1 at Louisville W 67–66 27–2
(16–1) 21 – Jerome 9 – Hall 4 – Hall KFC Yum! Center (19,413)
Louisville, KY
Mar 3, 2018
4:00 pm, ACCN No. 1 Notre Dame W 62–57 28–2
(17–1) 17 – Hall 6 – Tied 6 – Hall John Paul Jones Arena (14,205)
Charlottesville, VA
ACC Tournament
Mar 8, 2018
12:00 pm, ESPN/ACCN (1) No. 1 vs. (9) Louisville
Quarterfinals W 75–58 29–2
19 – Guy 7 – Guy 5 – Hall Barclays Center (17,732)
Brooklyn, NY
Mar 9, 2018
7:00 pm, ESPN/ACCN (1) No. 1 vs. (4) No. 19 Clemson
Semifinals W 64–58 30–2
15 – Guy 8 – Salt 10 – Jerome Barclays Center (18,157)
Brooklyn, NY
Mar 10, 2018
8:30 pm, ESPN/ACCN (1) No. 1 vs. (6) No. 12 North Carolina
Championship game W 71–63 31–2
16 – Guy 6 – Jerome 6 – Jerome Barclays Center (18,157)
Brooklyn, NY
NCAA Tournament
Mar 16, 2018*
9:20 pm, TNT (1 S) No. 1 vs. (16 S) UMBC
First Round L 54–74 31–3
15 – Tied 5 – Wilkins 2 – Jerome Spectrum Center (17,943)
Charlotte, NC
*Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. S=South region.
All times are in Eastern Time.
Rankings[edit]
Main article: 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings
Ranking movements
Legend: ██ Increase in ranking. ██ Decrease in ranking.
NR = Not ranked. RV = Received votes. ( ) = First place votes.
Week
Poll
Pre
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Final
AP
RV RV RV 18 15 16 13 9 8 3 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 (17) 2 (16) 1 (42) 1 (48) 1 (65) 1 (65) Not released
Coaches
RV RV^ 25 15 12 16 14 9 8 3 2 2 2 (8) 2 (8) 3 (5) 2 (3) 1 (17) 1 (32) 1 (32) 5
*AP does not release post-NCAA tournament rankings.
Coaches did not release a Week 2 poll at the same time the AP did.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Casadonte, Lane; Robertson, Sean (February 12, 2018). "Virginia ranked #1 in new AP college basketball poll". Richmond, VA: WTVR-TV. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rollins, Khadrice (March 13, 2018). "Virginia's De'Andre Hunter Will Miss NCAA Tournament Due to Broken Wrist". www.si.com. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Powers, Ian (March 13, 2018). "De'Andre Hunter, Virginia sixth man, out of NCAA Tournament with broken wrist". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hale, David M. (March 16, 2018). "UMBC does the unthinkable, becoming the first 16 seed to beat a No. 1 seed". www.espn.com. ESPN. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tracy, Marc (March 17, 2018). "Virginia Loses in a Way No One Will Ever Forget". www.nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Leonard Hamilton: Upsets Almost Like a Revolution, accessed March 19, 2018
Jump up ^ Forgrave, Reid (March 17, 2018). "UMBC loss will define Virginia's Tony Bennett, but no one's better equipped to handle it". www.cbssports.com. CBS Sports. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Game 4 v. Monmouth, Charlottesville, Va. (John Paul Jones Arena)" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Cavaliers also became the first team in the AP Poll era, dating to the 1948–49 season, to rise to #1 despite losing a game in the prior week (at home in overtime to Virginia Tech). Virginia's rise was aided by the previous #1 and #3 teams, respectively Villanova and Purdue, also losing at home.
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Community health
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Community health is a major field of study within the medical and clinical sciences which focuses on the maintenance, protection, and improvement of the health status of population groups and communities. It is a distinct field of study that may be taught within a separate school of public health or environmental health. The WHO defines community health as:
environmental, social, and economic resources to sustain emotional and physical well being among people in ways that advance their aspirations and satisfy their needs in their unique environment.[1]
Community health, unlike public health, tends to focus more on a defined geographical community. The health characteristics of a community are often examined using geographic information system (GIS) software and public health datasets. Some projects, such as InfoShare or GEOPROJ combine GIS with existing datasets, allowing the general public to examine the characteristics of any given community in participating countries.
Medical interventions that occur in communities can be classified as three categories: primary healthcare, secondary healthcare, and tertiary healthcare. Each category focuses on a different level and approach towards the community or population group. In the United States, community health is rooted within primary healthcare achievements.[2] Primary healthcare programs aim to reduce risk factors and increase health promotion and prevention. Secondary healthcare is related to "hospital care" where acute care is administered in a hospital department setting. Tertiary healthcare refers to highly specialized care usually involving disease or disability management.
The success of community health programmes relies upon the transfer of information from health professionals to the general public using one-to-one or one to many communication (mass communication). The latest shift is towards health marketing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Measuring community health
2 Categories of community health
2.1 Primary healthcare and primary prevention
2.2 Secondary healthcare and secondary prevention
2.2.1 Chronic Disease Self Management Programs
2.3 Tertiary healthcare
3 Challenges and difficulties with community health
4 Academic resources
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Measuring community health[edit]
Community health is generally measured by geographical information systems and demographic data. Geographic information systems can be used to define sub-communities when neighborhood location data is not enough.[3] Traditionally community health has been measured using sampling data which was then compared to well-known data sets, like the National Health Interview Survey or National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.[4] With technological development, information systems could store more data for small scale communities, cities, and towns; as opposed to census data that only generalizes information about small populations based on the overall population. Geographical information systems (GIS) can give more precise information of community resources, even at neighborhood levels.[5] The ease of use of geographic information systems (GIS), advances in multilevel statistics, and spatial analysis methods makes it easier for researchers to procure and generate data related to the built environment.[6]
Social media can also play a big role in health information analytics.[7] Studies have found social media being capable of influencing people to change their unhealthy behaviors and encourage interventions capable of improving health status.[7] Social media statistics combined with geographical information systems (GIS) may provide researchers with a more complete image of community standards for health and well being.[8][9]
Categories of community health[edit]
Primary healthcare and primary prevention[edit]
Community based health promotion emphasizes primary prevention and population based perspective.[10] It is the goal of community health to have individuals in a certain community improve their lifestyle or seek medical attention. Primary healthcare is provided by health professionals, specifically the ones a patient sees first that may refer them to secondary or tertiary care.
Primary prevention refers to the early avoidance and identification of risk factors that may lead to certain diseases and disabilities. Community focused efforts including immunizations, classroom teaching, and awareness campaigns are all good examples of how primary prevention techniques are utilized by communities to change certain health behaviors. Prevention programs, if carefully designed and drafted, can effectively prevent problems that children and adolescents face as they grow up.[11] This finding also applies to all groups and classes of people. Prevention programs are one of the most effective tools health professionals can use to greatly impact individual, population, and community health.[11]
Secondary healthcare and secondary prevention[edit]
Community health can also be improved with improvements in individuals' environments. Community health status is determined by the environmental characteristics, behavioral characteristics, social cohesion in the environment of that community.[12] Appropriate modifications in the environment can help to prevent unhealthy behaviors and negative health outcomes.
Secondary prevention refers to improvements made in a patient's lifestyle or environment after the onset of disease or disability. This sort of prevention works to make life easier for the patient, since it's too late to prevent them from their current disease or disability. An example of secondary prevention is when those with occupational low back pain are provided with strategies to stop their health status from worsening; the prospects of secondary prevention may even hold more promise than primary prevention in this case.[13]
Chronic Disease Self Management Programs[edit]
Chronic diseases has been a growing phenomena within recent decades, affecting nearly 50% of adults within the US in 2012.[14] Such diseases include asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. While they are not directly life-threatening, they place a significant burden on daily lives, affecting quality of life for the individual, their families, and the communities they live in, both socially and financially. Chronic diseases are responsible for an estimated 70% of healthcare expenditures within the US, spending nearly $650 billion dollars per year.
With steadily growing numbers, many community healthcare providers have developed self-management programs to assist patients in properly managing their own behavior as well as making adequate decisions about their lifestyle.[15] Separate from clinical patient care, these programs are facilitated to further educate patients about their health conditions as a means to adopt health-promoting behaviors into their own lifestyle.[16] Characteristics of these programs include:
grouping patients with similar chronic diseases to discuss disease-related tasks and behaviors to improve overall health
improving patient responsibility through daily disease-monitoring
inexpensive and widely-known
Chronic Disease self-management programs are structured to help improve overall patient health and quality of life as well as utilize less healthcare resources, such as physician visits and emergency care.[17] Furthermore, better self-monitoring skills can help patients effectively and efficiently make better use of healthcare professionals' time, which can result in better care.[18] Many self-management programs either are conducted through a health professional or a peer diagnosed with a certain chronic disease trained by health professionals to conduct the program. No significant differences have been reported comparing the effectiveness of both peer-led versus professional led self-management programs.[17]
The distribution of rural CDSME program participantsvaried across the US. Analysis across rurality indicated that approximately 22.1% (using county-level rurality) to24.4% (using ZCTA/ZIP Code-level rurality) of CDSME programparticipants resided in rural areas.
There has been a lot of debate regarding the effectiveness of these programs and how well they influence patient behavior and understanding their own health conditions. Some studies argue that self-management programs are effective in improving patient quality of life and decreasing healthcare expenditures and hospital visits. A 2001 study assessed health statuses through healthcare resource utilizations and self-management outcomes after 1 and 2 years to determine the effectiveness of chronic disease self-management programs. After analyzing 800 patients diagnosed with various types of chronic conditions, including heart disease, stroke, and arthritis, the study found that after the 2 years, there was a significant improvement in health status and fewer emergency room and physician visits (also significant after 1 year). They concluded that these low-cost self-management programs allowed for less healthcare utilization as well as an improvement in overall patient health.[19] Another study in 2003 by the National Institute for Health Research analyzed a 7-week chronic disease self-management program in its cost-effectiveness and health efficacy within a population over 18 years of age experiencing one or more chronic diseases. They observed similar patterns, such as an improvement in health status, reduced number of visits to the emergency room and to physicians, shorter hospital visits. They also noticed that after measuring unit costs for both hospital stays ($1000) and emergency department visits ($100), the study found the overall savings after the self-management program resulted in nearly $489 per person.[20] Lastly, a meta-analysis study in 2005 analyzed multiple chronic disease self-management programs focusing specifically on hypertension, osteoarthritis, and diabetes mellitus, comparing and contrasting different intervention groups. They concluded that self-management programs for both diabetes and hypertension produced clinically significant benefits to overall health.[15]
On the other hand, there are a few studies measuring little significance of the effectiveness of chronic disease self-management programs. In the previous 2005 study in Australia, there was no clinical significance in the health benefits of osteoarthritis self-management programs and cost-effectiveness of all of these programs.[15] Furthermore, in a 2004 literature review analyzing the variability of chronic disease self-management education programs by disease and their overlapping similarities, researchers found "small to moderate effects for selected chronic diseases," recommending further research being conducted.[16]
Some programs are looking to integrate self-management programs into the traditional healthcare system, specifically primary care, as a way to incorporate behavioral improvements and decrease the increased patient visits with chronic diseases.[21] However, they have argued that severe limitations hinder these programs from acting its full potential. Possible limitations of chronic disease self-management education programs include the following:
underrepresentation of minority cultures within programs
lack of medical/health professional (particularly primary care) involvement in self-management programs
low profile of programs within community
lack of adequate funding from federal/state government
low participation of patients with chronic diseases in programs
uncertainty of effectiveness/reliability of programs[18]
Tertiary healthcare[edit]
In tertiary healthcare, community health can only be affected with professional medical care involving the entire population. Patients need to be referred to specialists and undergo advanced medical treatment. In some countries, there are more sub-specialties of medical professions than there are primary care specialists.[12] Health inequalities are directly related to social advantage and social resources.[12]
Aspects of care that distinguish conventional health care from people-centred primary care[22]
Conventional ambulatory medical care in clinics or outpatient departments
Disease control programmes
People-centred primary care
Focus on illness and cure Focus on priority diseases Focus on health needs
Relationship limited to the moment of consultation Relationship limited to programme implementation Enduring personal relationship
Episodic curative care Programme-defined disease control interventions Comprehensive, continuous and personcentred care
Responsibility limited to effective and safe advice to the patient at the moment of consultation Responsibility for disease-control targets among the target population Responsibility for the health of all in the community along the life cycle; responsibility for tackling determinants of ill-health
Users are consumers of the care they purchase Population groups are targets of disease-control interventions People are partners in managing their own health and that of their community
Challenges and difficulties with community health[edit]
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE ISSUES, STRATEGIES, AND NEW/LINGERING PROBLEMS[23]
The complexity of community health and its various problems can make it difficult for researchers to assess and identify solutions. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a unique alternative that combines community participation, inquiry, and action.[24] Community-based participatory research (CBPR) helps researchers address community issues with a broader lens and also works with the people in the community to find culturally sensitive, valid, and reliable methods and approaches.[24]
Other issues involve access and cost of medical care. A great majority of the world does not have adequate health insurance.[25] In low-income countries, less than 40% of total health expenditures are paid for by the public/government.[25] Community health, even population health, is not encouraged as health sectors in developing countries are not able to link the national authorities with the local government and community action.[25]
In the United States, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) changed the way community health centers operate and the policies that were in place, greatly influencing community health.[26] The ACA directly affected community health centers by increasing funding, expanding insurance coverage for Medicaid, reforming the Medicaid payment system, appropriating $1.5 billion to increase the workforce and promote training.[26] The impact, importance, and success of the Affordable Care Act is still being studied and will have a large impact on how ensuring health can affect community standards on health and also individual health.
Academic resources[edit]
Journal of Urban Health, Springer. ISSN 1468-2869 (electronic) ISSN 1099-3460 (paper).
International Quarterly of Community Health Education, Sage Publications. ISSN 1541-3519 (electronic) ISSN 0272-684X (paper).
Global Public Health, Informa Healthcare. ISSN 1744-1706 (electronic) ISSN 1744-1692 (paper).
Journal of Community Health, Springer. ISSN 1573-3610 (electronic) ISSN 0094-5145 (paper).
Family and Community Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISSN 0160-6379 (electronic).
Health Promotion Practice, Sage Publications. ISSN 1552-6372 (electronic) ISSN 1524-8399 (paper).
Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, Sage Publications. ISSN 1758-1060 (electronic) ISSN 1355-8196 (paper).
BMC Health Sciences Research, Biomed Central. ISSN 1472-6963 (electronic).
Health Services Research, Wiley-Blackwell. ISSN 1475-6773 (electronic).
Health Communication and Literacy: An Annotated Bibliography, Centre for Literacy of Quebec. ISBN 0968103456 (paper).
See also[edit]
Population health
Community mental health service
Online health communities
Prison reform
University of Community Health, Magway
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "A discussion document on the concept and principles of health promotion". Health Promotion. 1 (1): 73–6. May 1986. PMID 10286854.
Jump up ^ Goodman RA, Bunnell R, Posner SF (October 2014). "What is "community health"? Examining the meaning of an evolving field in public health". Preventive Medicine. 67 Suppl 1: S58–61. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.028. PMID 25069043.
Jump up ^ Community-oriented health services : practices across disciplines. Mpofu, Elias,. New York, NY. ISBN 9780826198181. OCLC 897378689.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 36. Introduction to Evaluation | Community Tool Box". ctb.ku.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
Jump up ^ Pearce J, Witten K, Bartie P (May 2006). "Neighbourhoods and health: a GIS approach to measuring community resource accessibility". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 60 (5): 389–95. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043281. PMID 16614327.
Jump up ^ Thornton LE, Pearce JR, Kavanagh AM (July 2011). "Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity: a glossary". The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 8: 71. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-71. PMID 21722367.
^ Jump up to: a b Korda H, Itani Z (January 2013). "Harnessing social media for health promotion and behavior change". Health Promotion Practice. 14 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1177/1524839911405850. PMID 21558472.
Jump up ^ Stefanidis A, Crooks A, Radzikowski J (2013-04-01). "Harvesting ambient geospatial information from social media feeds". GeoJournal. 78 (2): 319–338. doi:10.1007/s10708-011-9438-2. ISSN 0343-2521.
Jump up ^ Ghosh DD, Guha R (2013). "What are we 'tweeting' about obesity? Mapping tweets with Topic Modeling and Geographic Information System". Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 40 (2): 90–102. doi:10.1080/15230406.2013.776210. PMC 4128420  . PMID 25126022.
Jump up ^ Merzel C, D'Afflitti J (April 2003). "Reconsidering community-based health promotion: promise, performance, and potential". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (4): 557–74. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.4.557. PMC 1447790  . PMID 12660197.
^ Jump up to: a b Nation M, Crusto C, Wandersman A, Kumpfer KL, Seybolt D, Morrissey-Kane E, Davino K (2003). "What works in prevention. Principles of effective prevention programs". The American Psychologist. 58 (6-7): 449–56. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.6-7.449. PMID 12971191.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barbara S (1998). Primary care : balancing health needs, services, and technology (Rev. ed ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195125436. OCLC 38216563. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ Frank JW, Brooker AS, DeMaio SE, Kerr MS, Maetzel A, Shannon HS, Sullivan TJ, Norman RW, Wells RP (December 1996). "Disability resulting from occupational low back pain. Part II: What do we know about secondary prevention? A review of the scientific evidence on prevention after disability begins". Spine. 21 (24): 2918–29. PMID 9112717.
Jump up ^ "Chronic Disease Overview | Publications | Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chodosh, Joshua; Morton, Sally C.; Mojica, Walter; Maglione, Margaret; Suttorp, Marika J.; Hilton, Lara; Rhodes, Shannon; Shekelle, Paul (2005-09-20). "Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for Older Adults". Annals of Internal Medicine. 143 (6). doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-6-200509200-00007. ISSN 0003-4819.
^ Jump up to: a b Warsi, Asra; Wang, Philip S.; LaValley, Michael P.; Avorn, Jerry; Solomon, Daniel H. (2004-08-09). "Self-management Education Programs in Chronic Disease". Archives of Internal Medicine. 164 (15). doi:10.1001/archinte.164.15.1641. ISSN 0003-9926.
^ Jump up to: a b Lorig, Kate R.; Sobel, David S.; Stewart, Anita L.; Brown, Byron William; Bandura, Albert; Ritter, Philip; Gonzalez, Virginia M.; Laurent, Diana D.; Holman, Halsted R. (1999). "Evidence Suggesting That a Chronic Disease Self-Management Program Can Improve Health Status While Reducing Hospitalization: A Randomized Trial". Medical Care. 37 (1): 5–14.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan, Joanne (November 15 2006). "Chronic disease self-management education programs: challenges ahead" (PDF). Medical Journal of Australia. 186: 84–87. line feed character in |title= at position 52 (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Lorig, Kate R.; Ritter, Philip; Stewart, Anita L.; Sobel, David S.; Brown, Byron William; Bandura, Albert; Gonzalez, Virginia M.; Laurent, Diana D.; Holman, Halsted R. (2001). "Chronic Disease Self-Management Program: 2-Year Health Status and Health Care Utilization Outcomes". Medical Care. 39 (11): 1217–1223.
Jump up ^ Lorig, K. R.; Sobel, D. S.; Ritter, P. L.; Laurent, D.; Hobbs, M. (November 2001). "Effect of a self-management program on patients with chronic disease". Effective clinical practice: ECP. 4 (6): 256–262. ISSN 1099-8128. PMID 11769298.
Jump up ^ Leppin, Aaron (2018). "Integrating community-based health promotion programs and primary care: a mixed methods analysis of feasibility". BMC Health Services Research. 18. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-2866-7. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 3: Primary care: putting people first". www.who.int. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
Jump up ^ Weiner, B. J.; Alexander, J. A. (1998). "The challenges of governing public-private community health partnerships". Health Care Management Review. 23 (2): 39–55. ISSN 0361-6274. PMID 9595309.
^ Jump up to: a b Minkler, Meredith (2005-06-01). "Community-based research partnerships: Challenges and opportunities". Journal of Urban Health. 82 (2): ii3–ii12. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti034. ISSN 1099-3460.
^ Jump up to: a b c World health statistics. 2016, Monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. World Health Organization,. Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 9241565268. OCLC 968482612.
^ Jump up to: a b J., Rosenbaum, Sara; Peter, Shin,; Emily, Jones,; Jennifer, Tolbert, (2010). "Community Health Centers: Opportunities and Challenges of Health Reform". Health Sciences Research Commons.
John Sanbourne Bockoven. Moral Treatment in American Psychiatry, New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1963
External links[edit]
Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action
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Letter and spirit of the law
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For other uses, see Letter of the law (disambiguation) and The Spirit of the Laws.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The letter of the law versus the spirit of the law is an idiomatic antithesis. When one obeys the letter of the law but not the spirit, one is obeying the literal interpretation of the words (the "letter") of the law, but not necessarily the intent of those who wrote the law. Conversely, when one obeys the spirit of the law but not the letter, one is doing what the authors of the law intended, though not necessarily adhering to the literal wording.
"Law" originally referred to legislative statute, but in the idiom may refer to any kind of rule. Intentionally following the letter of the law but not the spirit may be accomplished through exploiting technicalities, loopholes, and ambiguous language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Shakespeare
2 U.S. Constitutional law
3 The Bible
4 Gaming the system
5 See also
6 References
Shakespeare[edit]
Shylock and Portia (1835) by Thomas Sully
William Shakespeare wrote numerous plays dealing with the letter versus spirit antithesis, almost always coming down on the side of "spirit", often forcing villains (who always sided with the letter) to make concessions and remedy. In one of the best known examples, The Merchant of Venice, he introduces the quibble as a plot device to save both the spirit and the letter of the law. The moneylender Shylock has made an agreement with Antonio that if he cannot repay a loan, he will have a pound of flesh from him. When the debt is not repaid in time Portia at first pleads for mercy in a famous speech: "The quality of mercy is not strain'd, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes." (IV,i,185). When Shylock refuses, she finally saves Antonio by pointing out that Shylock's agreement with him mentioned no blood, and therefore Shylock can have his pound of flesh only if he sheds no blood.
U.S. Constitutional law[edit]
Interpretations of the U.S. Constitution have historically divided on the "Letter versus Spirit" debate. For example, at the founding, the Federalist Party argued for a looser interpretation of the Constitution, granting Congress broad powers in keeping with the spirit of the broader purpose of some founders (notably including the Federalist founders' purposes). The Federalists would have represented the "spirit" aspect. In contrast, the Democratic-Republicans, who favored a limited federal government, argued for the strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the federal government was granted only those powers enumerated in the Constitution, and nothing not explicitly stated; they represented the "letter" interpretation.
Modern Constitutional interpretation also divides on these lines. Currently, Living Constitution scholars advocate a "spirit"-esque interpretative strategy, although one grounded in a spirit that reflects broad powers. Originalist or Textualist scholars advocate a more "letter"-based approach, arguing that the Amendment process of the Constitution necessarily forecloses broader interpretations that can be accomplished simply by passing an amendment.
The Bible[edit]
See also: Law and Gospel
The Christian Bible references the letter and the spirit of the law in 2 Cor 3:6 NASB. Though it is not quoted directly, the principle is applied using the words "spirit" and "letter" in context with the legalistic view of the Hebrew Bible. This is the first recorded use of the phrase.
In the New Testament, Pharisees are seen as people who place the letter of the law above the spirit (Mark 2:3–28, 3:1–6). Thus, "Pharisee" has entered the language as a pejorative for one who does so; the Oxford English Dictionary defines Pharisee with one of the meanings as A person of the spirit or character commonly attributed to the Pharisees in the New Testament; a legalist or formalist. Pharisees are also depicted as being lawless or corrupt (Matthew 23:38); the Greek word used in the verse means lawlessness, and the corresponding Hebrew word means fraud or injustice. However, the Hebrew word "Perushim" from which "Pharisee" is derived, actually means "separatists", referencing their focus on spiritual needs versus worldly pleasures.
In the Gospels Jesus is often shown as being critical of Pharisees. He is more like the Essenes than the other Jewish groups of the time (Sadducees, Pharisees, Zealots)[citation needed]; however, the Pharisees, like Jesus, believed in the resurrection of the dead, and in divine judgment. They advocated prayer, almsgiving and fasting as spiritual practices. The Pharisees were those who were trying to be faithful to the law given to them by God. Not all Pharisees, nor all Jews of that time, were legalistic. Though modern language has used the word Pharisee in the pejorative to describe someone who is legalistic and rigid, it is not an accurate description of all Pharisees. The argument over the "Spirit of the Law" vs. the "Letter of the Law" was part of early Jewish dialogue as well .[1]
The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) is one of the New Testament texts to address this theme. The passage concerns a dialogue between Jesus and an "expert in the law" or "lawyer". As described in verse 25 ("a certain lawyer stood up and tested Him saying, Teacher what must I do to inherit eternal life?," NKJV), the intent of the dialogue was to trap Jesus into making statements contrary to the law. Jesus responds by posing the question back to the lawyer, as already having knowledge of the law, ("What is written in the law?" verse 26) The lawyer quotes Deuteronomy 6:5 "You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself.", NKJV) and Leviticus 19:18. The question "Who is my neighbor?", that follows in verse 29, is described as being asked with the goal of self-justification.
It is then that Jesus responds with the story of a man beaten by robbers who is ignored by a Priest and a Levite, but then rescued and compassionately cared for by a Samaritan. Priests and Levites were Israelites whose qualifications and duties were very meticulously set forth in Mosaic law, (Leviticus 10, and Numbers 5-8) while Samaritans were descended from Israelites who had intermarried with their Babylonian captives and had been forced to establish a sect with an alternative interpretation of the Law. In the story, both the Priest and Levite follow their prescribed regulations dutifully, yet do not help the injured traveller, even crossing to the other side of the road to avoid possible rule violations. The Samaritan, whose very existence is based on a refutation of Jewish law, (specifically Deuteronomy 12 which speaks to the proper place of worship which Samaritans had replaced the Temple in Jerusalem with Mount Mariah) goes above and beyond simply tending to the injured man. He takes him to an inn and gives money for the man's care, promises and then actually does return to inquire about the man, and pay any overage incurred. Jesus concludes by asking the lawyer which of the men was a "neighbor" to the beaten traveller, to which the reply was "the one who showed compassion".[2] Then Jesus says to him "go and do likewise".
According to Jeremiah, "the qualities of the new covenant expounded upon the old are : a) It will not be broken; b) Its law will be written in the heart, not merely on tablets of stone; c) The knowledge of God will deem it no longer necessary to put it into written words of instruction."[3] According to Luke (Lk 22, 20), and Paul, in the first epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor 11, 25), this prophecy was fulfilled only through the work of Jesus Christ,[3] who said "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which will be shed for you." Christ did not come to abolish the law but to fulfill it. His purpose was to encourage people to look beyond the "letter of the law" to the "spirit of the law"...the principles behind the commandments and the law's intention. Jesus quotes the book of Deuteronomy and Leviticus: "All the Law can be summed up in this: to love God with all your heart, all your mind and all your soul, and to love your neighbor as yourself" (paraphrased).
Gaming the system[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Gaming the system, also called "rules lawyering", is the following of the letter (sometimes referred to as RaW or Rules as Written) over, or contrary to, the spirit (sometimes referred to as RaI or Rules as Intended) of the law. It is used negatively to describe the act of manipulating the rules to achieve a personal advantage. It may also mean acting in an antisocial, irritating manner while technically staying within the bounds of the rules.
See also[edit]
Law
Judicial activism § Debate
Expounding of the Law
Golden rule (law) • Literal rule • Mischief rule • Purposive approach
Legal abuse
Legal fiction
Legal opportunism
Legal technicality
Original intent • Original meaning • Textualism
Statutory interpretation § Meaning
The Spirit of the Laws, the 1748 political theory treatise by Montesquieu
Language
Sense and reference
Others
Gaming the system
Loophole
Malicious compliance • Work-to-rule
Positive law • Natural law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Babalonian Talmud Tractate Baba Metzia 115a, Sanhedrin 21a.
Jump up ^ The Holy Bible, New King James Version, 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.
^ Jump up to: a b "The New American Bible" Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37202, 1976 (1970) p.949 (Jeremiah 31: 31-34). Note: This bible has interpretations and references as footnotes.
[hide]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
Characters
Shylock
Antonio
Portia
Jessica
Sources
The Jew of Malta
On screen
1914
1916
1923
Shylock (1941)
1961
1969
1980 (TV)
2004
One Man Band (unfinished)
Adaptations
Le marchand de Venise (1935, opera)
Shylock (1987, musical)
The Merchant of Venice (1982, opera)
Derivative works
Serenade to Music (1938)
Shylock (1996)
Yasser (2001)
The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002)
Related
"All that glitters is not gold"
"All the world's a stage"
"Between you and I"
Quibble
Letter and spirit of the law
"Ding Dong Bell"
"The quality of mercy"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letter_and_spirit_of_the_law&oldid=795439256"
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