text:
Scary Movie 2
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Scary Movie 2
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Keenen Ivory Wayans
Produced by
Eric L. Gold
Written by
Thomas Craig
Greg Grabianski
Dave Polsky
Michael Anthony Snowden
Craig Wayans
Marlon Wayans
Shawn Wayans
Starring
Shawn Wayans
Marlon Wayans
Anna Faris
Regina Hall
Chris Masterson
Kathleen Robertson
James Woods
Tim Curry
Tori Spelling
Chris Elliott
Cinematography
Steven Bernstein
Edited by
Tom Nordberg
Richard Pearson
Peter Teschner
Production
companies
Dimension Films
Brillstein-Grey Entertainment
Gold/Miller Productions
Wayans Bros. Entertainment
Brad Grey Pictures
Distributed by
Miramax Films
Release date
July 4, 2001 (2001-07-04)
Running time
82 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$45 million[2]
Box office
$141.2 million[2]
Scary Movie 2 is a 2001 American horror comedy film and the second film in the Scary Movie franchise. The film stars Anna Faris, Regina Hall, Shawn Wayans, and Marlon Wayans (all reprising their roles from the first film, despite their characters having been killed off), as well as Tim Curry, Tori Spelling, Chris Elliott, Chris Masterson, Kathleen Robertson, David Cross, and James Woods.
Where the original film was mainly based on the slasher films of the '90s, Scary Movie 2 parodies an array of supernatural and haunted house films from various decades, including The Haunting (1999), The Exorcist (1973), The Amityville Horror (1979), Poltergeist (1982), The Legend of Hell House (1973), House on Haunted Hill (both the 1959 and 1999 versions), and The Changeling (1980). It also spoofs some contemporary films, such as Hannibal (2001), and Hollow Man (2000).
The film is the last in the series to feature the involvement of stars Marlon and Shawn Wayans, and director Keenen Ivory Wayans. However, the Wayans would eventually go on to produce a similar horror-themed parody, A Haunted House, and its sequel, both starring Marlon Wayans.
Despite generally negative reviews from critics, Scary Movie 2 was a box office success, grossing $141.2 million worldwide from a $45 million budget.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Background
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Home media
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees (Natasha Lyonne) becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane (Richard Moll), the house's previous owner. During a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas, insults her mother and the guests, then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor. In response, Megan's mother (Veronica Cartwright) seeks help from two priests, Father McFeely (James Woods) and Father Harris (Andy Richter). After paying a trip to the bathroom, the men attempt to drive Hugh's ghost out, but the exorcism does not go as planned. After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia, Megan insults Father McFeely's mother. He responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan.
Meanwhile, Cindy Campbell (Anna Faris), Brenda Meeks (Regina Hall), Ray Wilkins (Shawn Wayans), and Shorty Meeks (Marlon Wayans) are at college, trying to live new lives since the events of the first film. Cindy and Brenda get tagged by a socially maladjusted girl, Alex (Tori Spelling). Shorty is still the same stoner he was before. Ray, still confused about his sexuality, has two new male friends, Tommy (James DeBello) and Buddy (Christopher Masterson). Buddy becomes romantically interested in Cindy, but she rebuffs him.
Professor Oldman (Tim Curry) and his charming paraplegic assistant, Dwight Hartman (David Cross), plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House. They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects. At the mansion, Cindy encounters a foul-mouthed parrot and Hanson (Chris Elliott), the caretaker with a badly malformed hand. Later, the group is joined by newcomer Theo (Kathleen Robertson). They sit down for dinner, but soon lose their appetite due to Hanson's repulsive antics.
Later that night, Cindy hears voices directing her to a secret room, where she and Buddy discover the diary of Hugh Kane's wife. Seeing her portrait, they note Cindy's resemblance to her. Meanwhile, other teens also experience bizarre encounters. Hugh Kane's ghost has sex with Alex in her bedroom, but retreats when Alex expresses her interest in becoming the new Mrs. Kane. Cindy gets involved in a fistfight with the house cat, Mr. Kittles. A toy clown (Suli McCullough) attempts to kill Ray, but in a strange turn of events, the clown doll gets raped by Ray instead. A weed-monster rolls Shorty into a joint. It tries to smoke him, but gets distracted by munchies and lets him escape.
Professor Oldman is seduced and killed by the ghost of Hugh's mistress. Shorty later encounters the same ghost, but seduces and has sex with her. After Dwight equips the teens with weapons that can injure their spectral enemy, they are pursued throughout the mansion. Buddy and Cindy get locked in the walk-in freezer. Cindy gives Buddy a handjob and "revives" him, resuting him to release semen blasting Cindy to the door. Cindy then uses a collection of random objects in the room to produce a Caterpillar tractor and escapes the freezer.
Hanson gets possessed by Kane and kidnaps Shorty, who is high on drugs. In the dining room, Hanson sets up a cooker and cuts off the top of Shorty's head. Instead of a brain, there is a small man rapping (Beetlejuice) inside. Cindy, Brenda, and Theo team up to fight Hanson, but wind up defeated. Dwight regroups with the teens. Cindy acts as bait to lure Kane into a device that will destroy him. The plan succeeds, freeing the group from the house's curse.
Two months later, Cindy and Buddy are in a relationship. They are out on a walk when Buddy disappears and Hanson shows up. As he closes in menacingly, he gets hit by a car. The car's driver is Shorty, who is receiving a blowjob from the ghost that he seduced earlier.
Cast[edit]
Anna Faris as Cindy Campbell
Regina Hall as Brenda Meeks
Shawn Wayans as Ray Wilkins
Marlon Wayans as Shorty Meeks
Chris Masterson as Buddy Sanderson
Kathleen Robertson as Theo
David Cross as Dwight Hartman
James Woods as Father McFeely
Tim Curry as Professor Oldman
Tori Spelling as Alex Monday
Chris Elliott as Hanson
Andy Richter as Father Harris
Richard Moll as Hugh Kane (Hell House Ghost)
Veronica Cartwright as Mrs. Voorhees
Natasha Lyonne as Megan Voorhees
James DeBello as Tommy
Beetlejuice as Shorty's brain
Matt Friedman (voice) as Polly the parrot
Vitamin C (voice) as herself
Suli McCullough (voice) as Clown
Background[edit]
The film is a sequel to Scary Movie. According to director Keenen Ivory Wayans, the makers of the film watched over 130 horror films for background research.[3] Marlon Brando was originally cast as Father McFeely and completed one day of filming before he had to leave the production due to illness.[4] He was replaced by James Woods who was paid $1 million for four days work.[5] Charlton Heston has also turned down the James Woods part. Because Miramax had not greenlit this sequel until the massive box office success of the original, the film faced a punishing production schedule that involved coming up with a script and tearing through production and post-production in a total of less than 9 months, roughly half the average time for all those steps to be completed on a standard Hollywood production in 2000-01.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In North America, the film grossed $71,308,997. Worldwide, it grossed $141,220,678. Although it was a hit, out of the first four Scary Movie films, this was the least successful to date – until the fifth film was released twelve years later.[2][6]
Critical response[edit]
Scary Movie 2 received generally mixed to negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 15% based on 109 reviews with an average rating of 3.4/10 The site's critical consensus reads, "Instead of being funny, this gross-out sequel plays like a sloppy, rushed-out product."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 29 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[9]
Home media[edit]
The film premiered on DVD on December 18, 2001.[10] It was later released on Blu-ray a decade later on September 20, 2011, after Lionsgate purchased Miramax and Dimension Films's catalogues.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Scary Movie 2 (18)". British Board of Film Classification. July 16, 2001. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Scary Movie 2 (2001)".
Jump up ^ Brook, Tom (6 July 2001). "Scary sequel 'out-grosses' first". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Silverman, Stephen M. (15 June 2001). "Brando's 'Scary' Scene". people.com. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hugh Grant up for Harry Potter role". theguardian.com. 29 June 2001. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for April 12-14, 2013". Box Office Mojo. April 16, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Scary Movie 2 (2001)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Scary Movie 2 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ Wallis, J. Doyle (December 26, 2001). "Scary Movie 2". DVD Talk. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Scary Movie 2 Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
External links[edit]
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text:
The Witch of Blackbird Pond
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Witch of Blackbird Pond
1958 first edition
Author
Elizabeth George Speare
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's novel, Historical novel, Realistic Fiction
Publisher
Houghton Mifflin
Publication date
December 1, 1958
Media type
Hardcover
Paperback
Audio
Pages
249 pages
ISBN
0-395-07114-3 (reissue)
Preceded by
Calico Captive
Followed by
The Bronze Bow
The Witch of Blackbird Pond[1] is a children's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare, published in 1958. The story takes place in late-17th century New England. It won the Newbery Medal in 1959.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters
3 Allusions to local geography
4 References
Plot summary[edit]
In April 1687, 16 year-old Katherine Tiler (known throughout the story as Kit Tyler) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50-year-old man tries to marry her. She goes to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel and Uncle Matthew in their Puritan community.
In Connecticut, there is a brief stop in Saybrook, a small town just downriver from Wethersfield, where four new passengers board the Dolphin, the ship on which Kit is traveling. As the small rowboat returns to the ship, a small girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her mother to get it back for her. Her mother, Goodwife Cruff, harshly strikes Prudence and tells her not to be foolish. Impulsively, Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll. She nearly freezes in the frigid water because she was used to the pleasantly warm water in Barbados, her old home. When she returns to the rowboat, she is met with astonished suspicion, as few people in Connecticut could swim so well. Goodwife Cruff is the most cynical of them all, believing Kit is a witch, saying, "No respectable woman could stay afloat like that." But Kit knew how to swim because she lived in the islands. On the slow trip upriver, Kit befriends John Holbrook, another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with Reverend Gershom Bulkeley. After the Dolphin reaches Wethersfield, Kit admits to the captain of the ship that neither her aunt nor uncle knows she is coming. She says that they would welcome her because she is family.
When she arrives in Wethersfield, Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados. In her previous home, she had servants, but here she is expected to work along with the rest of the family. There is none of the luxury to which she was accustomed, and even the weather is miserably cold. She has two cousins, Mercy (who is crippled) and Judith. She is required to attend church meeting services twice each Sunday, which she finds long and dull. She meets the rich, 25-year-old William Ashby, who begins courting her, though she does not care for him; originally, her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William, but soon sets her sights on John Holbrook, now a divinity student studying with local minister Gershom Bulkeley.
Kit's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching the dame school for the young children of Wethersfield who are preparing for traditional school. Everything goes well until one day, bored with the normal lessons, Kit decides the children will act out a part from the Bible, the tale of the Good Samaritan. Mr. Eleazer Kimberly, the head of the school, enters the house just as things get out of hand. He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school. Heartbroken, Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind, elderly Hannah Tupper, who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker, and does not attend Meeting. As fellow outcasts, Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond, and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship, Kit keeps visiting Hannah. During one of her visits, she again meets the handsome Nathaniel (Nat) Eaton, son of the captain of the Dolphin. Without realizing it, she falls in love with him, and though he doesn't say so, Nat loves her as well. Unfortunately, Nat is banished from Wethersfield after setting lit jack-o-lanterns in the windows of William Ashby's unfinished home with two of his shipmates out of jealousy; he will get 30 lashes if he returns to Wethersfield. Kit also begins secretly teaching Prudence to read and write; Goodwife Cruff claims the child is a halfwit and refuses to allow her to attend the dame school.
When a deadly illness sweeps through Wethersfield, a mob gathers to kill Hannah by burning her house, since everyone believes she is a witch who has cursed the town. Kit risks her life to warn Hannah, and the two women escape to the river just as the Dolphin appears from the early morning mist. Kit flags it down, and she explains to Nat the events of the night. Hannah refuses to leave without her cat, so Nat courageously dashes ashore, risking trouble with the town council for stepping foot in Wethersfield. After taking Hannah aboard, Nat then invites Kit to come with them. She refuses, explaining how Mercy is gravely ill, though Nat believes Kit fears risking her engagement to William Ashby.
After the Dolphin sails away, Kit returns home to find that Mercy's fever has broken. In the middle of the same night, the townspeople come for Kit; Goodwife Cruff's husband has accused Kit of being a witch. The next day, after a night in the sheriff's freezing shed, she is asked to explain the presence of her hornbook in Hannah's house and a copybook with Prudence's name written throughout, as the townspeople fear that she and Hannah had been casting a spell over the girl. Kit refuses to explain that it is Prudence herself who wrote her name in the book, as she does not wish Prudence to get in trouble with her parents. Then, just as the case seems to be decided, Nat appears with Prudence, who testifies that she herself wrote her name in the hornbook. To demonstrate her literacy, Prudence reads a Bible passage and writes her name, thus convincing her father both that she is intelligent and that no witchcraft could be involved, as the devil would be foolish to allow a child to be taught to use the Bible against himself. While Nat is initially in trouble for returning and evades capture, Matthew Wood intervenes on his behalf and gets the sentence remitted because Nat came back to see justice done, not to cause further mayhem.
Soon after, two engagements are announced: Mercy to John Holbrook and Judith to William Ashby. Kit decides to return to Barbados. However, she soon realizes that she is truly in love with Nat, and she waits for him to return. Nat returns to Wethersfield with his half bought ship, the Witch, named after for Kit. Kit asks to come on board the Witch but Nat says no, not until he owns the ship completely head to toe and they go off to visit Uncle Matthew.
Characters[edit]
Katherine Tyler: Better known as "Kit," she is the protagonist, an independent, rebellious, and kind girl from aristocratic family in Barbados who lived with her grandfather before he died and struggles to find a new identity in Wethersfield as she lives with her Puritan aunt, Rachel, in the colony.
Sir Francis Tyler: Kit's grandfather (deceased).
Hannah Tupper: A Quaker and outcast who is often rumored to be a witch.
Nathaniel Eaton: Called "Nat" by most. He is Captain Eaton's son, and also Kit Tyler's true love and eventual husband.
Rachel Wood: Kit's gentle aunt, the timid wife of Matthew Wood.
Matthew Wood: Kit's strict Anti-Royalist uncle, an independent man. Husband of Rachel Wood.
Mercy Wood: Kit's compassionate and patient cousin, sister of Judith, daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood, a cripple. Marries John Holbrook.
Judith Wood: Kit's haughty cousin, sister of Mercy, daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood. Marries William Ashby.
William Ashby: Kit's rich suitor, ends up marrying Judith.
John Holbrook: Student of Dr. Gershom Bulkeley, who teaches him about theology, religion, and medicine, who is absorbed in learning, considers his teacher the highest of them all, and often doesn't think for himself. Ends up marrying Mercy.
Dr. Gershom Bulkeley: Royalist minister (historical figure[2]), teacher of John Holbrook.
Goodwife Cruff: Narrow-minded local woman who accuses Kit of being a witch. Mother of Prudence Cruff.
Goodman Adam Cruff: Goodwife Cruff's meek husband and father of Prudence Cruff.
Prudence Cruff: Cruff's young, mistreated daughter who befriends Kit.
Captain Eaton: Captain of the Dolphin and Nat's father.
Mistress Eaton: Captain Eaton's wife.
Eleazer Kimberly: Puritan schoolmaster (historical figure[2]).
Governor Edmund Andros: Governor of the Dominion of New England (including Connecticut), an officer of the King's Dragoons, and a knight[3] (historical figure[2]).
Captain Samuel Talcott: Magistrate (historical figure[2]).
Allusions to local geography[edit]
Many places in the novel are actual locations in Old Wethersfield, Connecticut. They include:
Blackbird Pond (later renamed Wethersfield Cove)
Great Meadows[4]
Congregational church on Main Street
Buttolph-Williams House is considered to be the house Kit lived in.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare. Random House. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Speare, Elizabeth George. The Witch of Blackbird Pond. New York, Bantam Doubleday Dell Books, 1993. p. 224.
Jump up ^ Speare, Elizabeth George. The Witch of Blackbird Pond. New York, Bantam Doubleday Dell Books, 1993. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Great Meadows Conservation Trust, Wethersfield, Rocky Hill and Glastonbury CT
Awards
Preceded by
Rifles for Watie Newbery Medal recipient
1959 Succeeded by
Onion John
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Witch_of_Blackbird_Pond&oldid=838455908"
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Novels set in the American colonial era
Novels set in Connecticut
Newbery Medal-winning works
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Houghton Mifflin books
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Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Twentieth Amendment (Amendment XX) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3. It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no president-elect. The Twentieth Amendment was adopted on January 23, 1933.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Historical background
3 Proposal and ratification
4 Effect of the amendment
5 References
6 External links
Text[edit]
Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
Historical background[edit]
Page 1 of joint resolution submitting the Twentieth Amendment for ratification (source: National Archives)
Page 2 of joint resolution
Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 of the Constitution states that Congress must meet at least once per year, on the first Monday in December, though Congress could by law set another date and the president could summon special sessions. The original text of the Constitution set a duration for the terms of federal elected officials, but not the specific dates on which those terms would begin or end.
In September 1788, after the necessary nine states had ratified the Constitution, the Congress of the Confederation set March 4, 1789, as the date "for commencing proceedings" of the newly reorganized government. Despite the fact that the new Congress and presidential administration did not begin operation until April, March 4 was deemed to be the beginning of the newly elected officials' terms of office, and thus of the terms of their successors.[2] The Constitution did not specify a date for federal elections, but by the time of the second presidential election in 1792, Congress had passed a law requiring presidential electors to be chosen during November or early December.[3] By 1845, this was narrowed to a single day, in early November.[4] Congressional elections were generally held on the same day.
The result of these scheduling decisions was that there was a long, four-month lame duck period between the election and inauguration of the president. For Congress, the situation was perhaps even more awkward. Because Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 mandated a Congressional meeting every December, after the election but before Congressional terms of office had expired, a lame duck session was required by the Constitution in even-numbered years; the next session wasn't required until the next December, meaning that new members of Congress might not begin their work until more than a year after they had been elected. Special sessions sometimes met earlier in the year, but this never became a regular practice, despite the Constitution allowing for it. In practice, Congress usually met in a long session beginning in Decembers of odd-numbered years, and in a short lame duck session in December of even-numbered years.[5] The long lame duck period might have been a practical necessity at the end of the 18th century, when any newly elected official might require several months to put his affairs in order and then undertake an arduous journey from his home to the national capital, but it eventually had the effect of impeding the functioning of government in the modern age. From the early 19th century onward, it also meant that a lame duck Congress and presidential administration would fail to adequately respond to a significant national crisis in a timely manner. Each institution could do this on the theory that at best, a lame duck Congress or administration had neither the time nor the mandate to tackle problems, whereas the incoming administration or Congress would have both the time, and a fresh electoral mandate, to examine and address the problems that the nation faced. These problems very likely would have been at the center of the debate of the just completed election cycle.
This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, after the elections of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt, respectively, plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives. Under the Constitution at the time, these presidents had to wait four months before they and the incoming Congresses could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively.
Proposal and ratification[edit]
The Congress proposed the Twentieth Amendment on March 2, 1932, and the following states ratified it:[6]
Virginia (March 4, 1932)
New York (March 11, 1932)
Mississippi (March 16, 1932)
Arkansas (March 17, 1932)
Kentucky (March 17, 1932)
New Jersey (March 21, 1932)
South Carolina (March 25, 1932)
Michigan (March 31, 1932)
Maine (April 1, 1932)
Rhode Island (April 14, 1932)
Illinois (April 21, 1932)
Louisiana (June 22, 1932)
West Virginia (July 30, 1932)
Pennsylvania (August 11, 1932)
Indiana (August 15, 1932)
Texas (September 7, 1932)
Alabama (September 13, 1932)
California (January 4, 1933)
North Carolina (January 5, 1933)
North Dakota (January 9, 1933)
Minnesota (January 12, 1933)
Arizona (January 13, 1933)
Montana (January 13, 1933)
Nebraska (January 13, 1933)
Oklahoma (January 13, 1933)
Kansas (January 16, 1933)
Oregon (January 16, 1933)
Delaware (January 19, 1933)
Washington (January 19, 1933)
Wyoming (January 19, 1933)
Iowa (January 20, 1933)
South Dakota (January 20, 1933)
Tennessee (January 20, 1933)
Idaho (January 21, 1933)
New Mexico (January 21, 1933)
Missouri (January 23, 1933)
Missouri was the 36th state to ratify, satisfying the requirement that three-fourths of the then 48 states approve the amendment.[7] The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
Georgia (January 23, 1933)
Ohio (January 23, 1933)
Utah (January 23, 1933)
Massachusetts (January 24, 1933)
Wisconsin (January 24, 1933)
Colorado (January 24, 1933)
Nevada (January 26, 1933)
Connecticut (January 27, 1933)
New Hampshire (January 31, 1933)
Vermont (February 2, 1933)
Maryland (March 24, 1933)
Florida (April 26, 1933)
Effect of the amendment[edit]
Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment moved the beginning of the presidential and vice presidential terms from March 4 to noon on January 20, reducing by about six weeks the time when the incumbent president and vice president would be serving as lame ducks. Section 1 also moved the start of congressional terms from March 4 to noon on January 3.
Section 2 moved the start of congressional sessions from the first Monday in December to noon on January 3 of the same year. This removed the requirement for a lame duck session, but Congress still normally meets in December of election years. Because of Section 2, if the Electoral College fails to resolve who will be the president or vice president, the incoming Congress, as opposed to the outgoing one, would choose who would occupy the unresolved office or offices.[8]
The first congressional terms to begin under Section 1 were those of the 74th Congress, on January 3, 1935. The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin under Section 1 were the second terms of President Roosevelt and Vice President Garner, on January 20, 1937.
Section 3 provides that if the president-elect dies before Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect will be sworn in as president on that day. If there is no president-elect, or the president-elect fails to meet all of the Constitution's qualifications to be president, Section 3 provides that the vice president-elect would become acting president on Inauguration Day until there is a president who does qualify. Section 3 also allows Congress to determine who should be acting president if a new president and vice president have not been chosen by Inauguration Day. The Constitution was originally silent on this point, an omission that nearly caused a constitutional crisis when Congress seemed deadlocked in resolving the election of 1800.[9]
On February 15, 1933, twenty-three days after the amendment was adopted, President–elect Roosevelt was the target of an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Zangara. Roosevelt was not injured, but pursuant to Section 3 Vice President-elect Garner would have become president on March 4, 1933 had the attempt been successful.
Section 4 permits Congress to pass a law that clarifies what should occur if either the House of Representatives must elect the president and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies, or the Senate must elect the vice president and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies. Congress has never enacted such a statute.[10][11]
The amendment was adopted on January 23, 1933. Pursuant to Section 5, the changes made by Sections 1 and 2 took effect on October 15, 1933. This delay resulted in the start of congressional terms in 1933, and the first inauguration of President Roosevelt and Vice President John N. Garner, taking place on March 4, 1933. Section 5 also resulted in the 73rd Congress not being required to meet until January 3, 1934. Therefore, pursuant to a presidential proclamation, a special 100-day session of Congress was convened from March 9 to June 16, 1933.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27 Archives.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2011
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 117–8.
Jump up ^ The bill originally specified a 30-day period for the states to choose their electors. Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p. 278
Jump up ^ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 119.
Jump up ^ Mount, Steve (January 2007). "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". Retrieved February 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "'Lame Ducks' Doom Sealed"— Missouri Is 36th State To Ratify 20th Amendment To Constitution", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 24, 1933, p1
Jump up ^ See Twelfth Amendment for details on how the Congress would choose.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 77ff.
Jump up ^ "Second Report of the Continuity of Government Commission" (PDF). Continuity of Government Commission. June 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kalt, Brian C. (April 12, 2016). "Don't Kill the Candidate: Remedying Congress's Failure to Use Section 4 of the Twentieth Amendment". Michigan State University College of Law. pp. 18–19. SSRN 2635633  . Missing or empty |url= (help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twentieth Amendment
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List of massacres in Canada
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This is a list of events in Canada for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word massacres. Massacre is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "the indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people or (less commonly) animals; carnage, butchery, slaughter in numbers". It also states that the term is used "in the names of certain massacres of history".Thomas W. Gallant definition of Massacres; deliberate slaughter of a large number of people in a violent way, especially when they cannot defend themselves.[1][2] The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Canada and its predecessors. Some events in which numerous individuals were wounded are also included.
For single perpetrator events and shooting sprees, see Lists of rampage killers and Category:Spree shootings in Canada
For school shootings, see Category:School shootings in Canada/Category:School killings in Canada
For North American First Nations massacres, see List of American First Nations massacres.
For terrorism, see Terrorism in Canada.
For serial killers, see List of serial killers in Canada.
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Notes
Lachine massacre August 5, 1689 Lachine, Quebec 72 part of King William's War
Port-la-Joye Massacre July 11, 1746 Port-la-Joye, Ile St. Jean (Hillsborough River (Prince Edward Island)) 34 part of King George's War
Grand Pre Massacre February 10, 1747 Grand Pre, Nova Scotia 67 part of King George's War
Dartmouth Massacre May 13, 1751 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia 20 part of Father Le Loutre's War
Bloody Falls Massacre July 17, 1771 The location now known as Kugluk/Bloody Falls Territorial Park near Kugluktuk, Nunavut 20
Chilcotin War April 30, 1864 Bute Inlet, British Columbia 19
Cypress Hills massacre June 1, 1873 Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan 23 Mass Murder perpetrated by American bison, and wolf hunters and American and Canadian whisky traders and cargo haulers against a camp of Assiniboine people. One of the main contributing reasons for the formation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Black Donnellys massacre February 4, 1880 Lucan Biddulph, Ontario 5 Murder of five members of the Donnelly family an armed mob, after which their farm was burned down. The event was the culmination of long-standing conflict between the family and other residents, none of the mob were ever convicted.
Frog Lake Massacre April 2, 1885 Frog Lake, Alberta 9 part of the North-West Rebellion
Shell Lake murders August 15, 1967 Shell Lake, Saskatchewan 9 Mass murder of nine members of the Peterson family on their farm, targetted randomly by Victor Ernest Hoffman.
Buffalo Narrows axe slayings 30 January 1969[3] Buffalo Narrows, Saskatchewan 7
Dale Nelson murders September 4, 1970 Creston, British Columbia 8 participated in cannibalism, necrophilia, and pedophilia
William Lepine (AKA William McConnell) murders August 28, 1972 Kettle Valley, British Columbia 6 After absconding from a secure psychiatric hospital, killed 6 people and injured 3 others using a .22-caliber rifle and a .30-caliber rifle. Attacks occurred at four difference locations in the Kettle Valley on a single day. Located and apprehended by police the next day. At trial, was found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity on six counts of murder. Psychiatric evidence indicated that he suffered from schizophrenia with nihilistic delusions and believed he was chosen to save the world from a nuclear holocaust by killing the victims.[4][5][6][7]
Blue Bird Café Fire Sep 1, 1972 Montreal, Quebec 37 37 people murdered using arson. Fire intentionally started by Gilles Eccles, James O’Brien, Jean-Marc Boutin, using either gasoline or a Molotov Cocktail, after being refused entry to the café for being too drunk.
Brampton Centennial Secondary School shooting May 28, 1975 Brampton, Ontario 3 School Shooting
St. Pius X High School shooting October 27, 1975 Ottawa, Ontario 2 School Shooting, 5 injured, 1 killed prior to school incident
Wells Gray Provincial Park Family Murders August 2, 1982 Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia 6 Three generations of a family were murdered by David Shearing 18 km (11.2 mi) North of Clearwater, British Columbia
National Assembly shootings May 8, 1984 Quebec City, Quebec 3 3 killed and 13 wounded in an attack on the Quebec National Assembly.
Lennoxville massacre March 24, 1985 Lennoxville, Quebec 5 part of the Quebec Biker war
École Polytechnique massacre December 6, 1989 Montreal, Quebec 15 Perpetrator killed 14 people and injured 14, before taking his own life. School Shooting.
Ontario Glove Factory murders February 3, 1992 Waterloo, Ontario 3 Patrick Dombroskie shot and killed boss and co-workers.
Sydney River McDonald's murders May 7, 1992 Sydney, Nova Scotia 3 1 disabled
Concordia University massacre August 24, 1992 Montreal, Quebec 4 School Shooting, 4 killed, 1 injured
Giant Mine bombing September 18, 1992 Yellowknife, Northwest Territories 9 48-year-old striking gold miner set explosives inside the mine, which killed nine strikebreaking workers.
Mark Chahal massacre April 6, 1996 Vernon, B.C. 9 Estranged husband murdered wedding party.
OC Transpo massacre April 6, 1999 Ottawa, Ontario 5 A former OC Transpo employee shot six people, killing four, in a shooting spree at OC Transpo's St. Laurent Boulevard garage, before killing himself. An inquest into the shooting revealed that the shooter had been the subject of bullying.[8][9]
W. R. Myers High School April 28, 1999 Taber, Alberta 1 School Shooting. 1 other injured.
Cruse family murders 14 June 2002 Grimsby, Ontario 5 Ex-boyfriend travelled from U.S. with handgun and killed ex-girlfriend, her parents, her 6-year-old child, and himself.[10]
Penticton Reserve Shooting Oct 30, 2004 Penticton Indian Reservation 3 After drinking 35 beers and snorting cocaine, Dustin Paul shot five friends and relatives while they were all partying at a campsite, killing three of them before slitting his own throat. Claiming in court that he heard a voice telling him to do it, Paul lived to be convicted of three counts of second-degree murder and two counts of attempted murder, and was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 16 years.[11][12]
Mayerthorpe tragedy March 3, 2005 near Mayerthorpe, Alberta 5 James Roszko shot and killed 4 RCMP officers during a property seizure of his farm, he later turned the gun on himself.
Shedden massacre April 8, 2006 Shedden, Ontario 8 Gang related killing of own gang members.
Richardson family murders April 22, 2006 Medicine Hat, Alberta 3 12-year-old girl and her 23-year-old boyfriend killed girl's parents and 8-year-old brother.
Dawson College shooting September 13, 2006 Montreal, Quebec 2 School Shooting.
C.W. Jeffreys Collegiate Institute May, 23, 2007 Toronto, Ontario 1 School Shooting.[13]
Claresholm highway massacre December 15, 2011 Claresholm, Alberta 4 21-year-old man shot and killed his ex-girlfriend and two young men who were passengers in the same vehicle. The man also shot the female driver, before taking his own life.[14]
Danzig Street shooting July 16, 2012 West Hill, Toronto, Ontario 2 Mass shooting at a block party that left 2 dead and 23 injured.[15]
Les Racines de vie Montessori April 5, 2013 Gatineau, Quebec 2 School Shooting. Daycare worker killed, shooter committed suicide.[16]
2014 Calgary stabbing April 14, 2014 Calgary, Alberta 5 22-year old Matthew de Grood fatally stabbed five people at a party. He was subsequently found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder on 5 counts of First Degree Murder.[17]
2014 Moncton shootings June 4, 2014 Moncton, New Brunswick 3 24-year-old from Moncton, shot five armed officers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), killing three and severely injuring two.[18]
2014 Edmonton killings December 29, 2014 Edmonton, Alberta 8 53-year-old Phu Lam shot and killed 7 in one Edmonton residence, then went to a home in south Edmonton where he killed Cyndi Duong because he found he was raising child that was not his biologically own. Phu Lam was found the next day after committing suicide in Fort Saskatchewan.
La Loche shootings January 22, 2016 La Loche, Saskatchewan 4 An unidentified 17-year-old student allegedly shot and killed two of his cousins at their home, then went to La Loche Community School and continued firing, killing a teacher and an assistant and wounding several others. School Shooting.
Scarborough crossbow attack 25 August 2016 Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario 3 35-year-old Brett Ryan[19] killed 3 people and wounded 2 others with a crossbow before being apprehended by police.
Quebec City mosque shooting January 29, 2017 Quebec City, Quebec 6
Single gunman killed 6 people and wounded 18 others.[20]
Toronto van attack April 23, 2018 North York, Toronto, Ontario 10
Single driver killed 10 people and wounded 15 others in a vehicle-ramming attack.[21]
See also[edit]
List of conflicts in Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gallant, Thomas W. (2001). "review of Levene, Roberts The Massacre in History". Crime, History & Societies. 5 (1). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "massacre." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. December 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Seven murder counts laid in northern axe deaths". The Phoenix. January 31, 1968. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Arrow Lakes News, September 05, 2012". Issuu. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "The Bulletin - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archivsuche". news.google.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "The Calgary Herald - Google News Archivsuche". news.google.com. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Gunman opens fire in Ottawa, killing five". CBC News. 1999-04-06. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Workplace mistrust persists, 10 years after OC Transpo shooting: driver". CBC News. 2009-04-06. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Tragedy in Grimsby". Niagara This Week. June 25, 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Fong, Petti. "Penticton murderer recalls hearing voices". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Killer to serve at least 16 years for shootings on B.C. reserve". CBC News. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Teen dies after Toronto school shooting". CBC News. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
Jump up ^ The Canadian Press (December 15, 2012). "Claresholm Highway Murders: Anniversary Of Roadside Shooting That Claimed 4 Lives". Huffpost Alberta. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Rush, Curtis; Poisson, Jayme; Powell, Betsy (8 November 2012). "Danzig St. shooting: First-degree murder charges laid in July shootings". Toronto Star. Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Daycare worker shot in Gatineau identified as French man, 38". Retrieved 2018-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Matthew de Grood found not criminally responsible in Brentwood murders". Global News. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Moncton shootings: 3 RCMP officers dead, 2 wounded". CBC. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Man charged in Toronto crossbow killings is a convicted bank robber". cbc.ca. CBC. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "6 dead, 2 arrested after shooting at Quebec City mosque". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 20, 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "9 dead, 16 injured after van strikes pedestrians in North York". CBC News. April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
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