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Five Pillars of Islam
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The Five Pillars of Islam (arkān al-Islām أركان الإسلام; also arkān al-dīn أركان الدين "pillars of the religion") are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life. They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel.[1][2][3][4]
The Shia, Ahmadiyya and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts,[5][6] but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name (see Ancillaries of the Faith, for the Twelvers, and Seven pillars of Ismailism). They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self-purification and the pilgrimage,[7][8] if one is able.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Pillars of Sunni Islam
1.1 Shahada: Faith
1.2 Salat: prayer
1.3 Zakāt: charity
1.4 Sawm: fasting
1.5 Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
2 Pillars of Shia Islam
2.1 Twelvers
2.2 Ismailis
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
5.1 Books and journals
5.2 Encyclopedias
6 External links
Pillars of Sunni Islam
The Five Pillars of Islam
An artwork depicting the 5 pillars
Shahada: Faith
Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is God's messenger.[10] It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh (لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله) "There is no god but God (and) Muhammad is the messenger of God." It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam.[11]
Salat: prayer
Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying (making salat) at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan.
Salat (ṣalāh) is the Islamic prayer. Salat consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna; the names are according to the prayer times: Fajr (dawn), Dhuhr (noon), ʿAṣr (afternoon), Maghrib (evening), and ʿIshāʾ (night). The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise, Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point, Asr is the evening prayer before sunset, Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer. All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah. Muslims must wash before prayer; this washing is called wudu ("purification"). The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including; bowing with hands on knees, standing, prostrating and sitting in a special position (not on the heels, nor on the buttocks). A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere, such as in offices, universities, and fields. However, the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship.
Zakāt: charity
Zakāt or alms-giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth. The word zakāt can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve balance and encourages new growth. The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is essential to purification and growth. Zakāt is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so. It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating inequality.[12] Zakāt consists of spending a portion of one's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy, like debtors or travelers. A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity (sadaqah), rather than to achieve additional divine reward.[13]
There are five principles that should be followed when giving the zakāt:
The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zakāt.
The zakāt must be paid on the day that it is due.
After the offering, the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means.
Payment must be in kind. This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay a portion of their income. If a person does not have much money, then they should compensate for it in different ways, such as good deeds and good behavior toward others.
The zakāt must be distributed in the community from which it was taken.[14]
Sawm: fasting
Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates (like those offered by this date seller in Kuwait City), as was the recorded practice (Sunnah) of Muhammad.
Three types of fasting (Siyam) are recognized by the Quran: Ritual fasting,[15] fasting as compensation for repentance (both from sura Al-Baqara),[16] and ascetic fasting (from Al-Ahzab).[17][18]
Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan.[19] Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be especially mindful of other sins.[19] Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty (unless he/she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him/her from doing so).[20]
The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God, to express their gratitude to and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and to remind them of the needy.[21] During Ramadan, Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence, anger, envy, greed, lust, profane language, gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better. In addition, all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided.[22]
Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory, but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic. These include pre-pubescent children, those with a medical condition such as diabetes, elderly people, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women. Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to fast are those who are ill or traveling. Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward, although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance.[23][24][25][26]
Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life.[27] When the pilgrim is around 10 km (6.2 mi) from Mecca, he/she must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two white sheets. Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca. After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca, he/she is known as a hajj/hajja (one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca).[28] The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf, touching the Black Stone termed Istilam, traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee.[28]
The pilgrim, or the haji, is honoured in the Muslim community. Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God, not a means to gain social standing. The believer should be self-aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage. This should lead to constant striving for self-improvement.[29] A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah, and while not mandatory is strongly recommended. Also, they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms-giving feast.
Pillars of Shia Islam
Twelvers
Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al-Din and ten Furu al-Din, i.e., the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices. The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al-Din, equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars, are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam, and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above.[30] They are:
Tawhid (Monotheism: belief in the Oneness of God)
Adl (Divine Justice: belief in the Almighty's justice)
Nubuwwah (Prophethood)
Imamah (Succession to the Muhammad)
Mi'ad (The Day of Judgment and the Resurrection)
In addition to these Five Pillars, there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform, called the Ancillaries of the Faith[31] (Arabic: furūʿ al-dīn).
Salah
Sawm
Zakat, similar to Sunni Islam, it applies to money, cattle, silver, gold, dates, raisins, wheat, and barley.
Khums: an annual taxation of one-fifth (20%) of the gains that a year has been passed on without using. Khums is paid to the Imams; indirectly to poor and needy people.
Hajj
Jihad
Enjoining good
Forbidding wrong
Tawalla: expressing love towards Good.
Tabarra: expressing disassociation and hatred towards Evil.[32]
Ismailis
Main article: Seven pillars of Ismailism
Isma'ilis have their own pillars, which are as follows:
Walayah "Guardianship" denotes love and devotion to God, the prophets, and the Ismaili Imams and their representatives
Tawhid, "Oneness of God".
Salat: Unlike Sunni and Twelver Muslims, Nizari Ismailis reason that it is up to the current imām to designate the style and form of prayer.
Zakat: with the exception of the Druze, all Ismaili madhhabs have practices resembling that of Sunni and Twelvers, with the addition of the characteristic Shia khums.
Sawm: Nizaris and Musta'lis believe in both a metaphorical and literal meaning of fasting.
Hajj: For Ismailis, this means visiting the imām or his representative and that this is the greatest and most spiritual of all pilgrimages. The Mustaali maintain also the practice of going to Mecca. The Druze interpret this completely metaphorically as "fleeing from devils and oppressors" and rarely go to Mecca.[33]
Jihad "Struggle": "the Greater Struggle" and "the Lesser Struggle".
See also
Islamic theology
Sixth Pillar of Islam
Jewish principles of faith
References
Jump up ^ "Pillars of Islam". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Pillars of Islam". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. United Kingdom: Oxford University. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Five Pillars". United Kingdom: Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "The Five Pillars of Islam". Canada: University of Calgary. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "The Five Pillars of Islam". United Kingdom: BBC. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ Pillars of Islam , Oxford Islamic Studies Online
Jump up ^ Hooker, Richard (July 14, 1999). "arkan ad-din the five pillars of religion". United States: Washington State University. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ "Religions". The World Factbook. United States: Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Jump up ^ Hajj
Jump up ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer, ''Islam'', Info base Publishing, 2009. Books.Google.fr. 2009. p. 87. ISBN 9781438117782. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ Ridgeon (2003), p.258
Jump up ^ Zakat, Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
Jump up ^ Zakat Alms-giving[dead link]
Jump up ^ Quran 2:183–187
Jump up ^ Quran 2:196
Jump up ^ Quran 33:35
Jump up ^ Fasting, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an (2005)
^ Jump up to: a b Farah (1994), p.144-145
Jump up ^ talhaanjum_9
Jump up ^ Esposito (1998), p.90,91
Jump up ^ Tabatabaei (2002), p. 211,213
Jump up ^ "For whom fasting is mandatory". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
Jump up ^ Quran 2:184
Jump up ^ Khan (2006), p. 54
Jump up ^ Islam, The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2005)
Jump up ^ Farah (1994), p.145-147
^ Jump up to: a b Hoiberg (2000), p.237–238
Jump up ^ Goldschmidt (2005), p.48
Jump up ^ See chapter on "Islamic Beliefs (the Pillars of Islam)" in Invitation to Islam by Sayed Moustafa Al-Qazwini. http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/
Jump up ^ Walsh, John Evangelist. Walking shadows: Orson Welles, William Randolph Hearst, and Citizen Kane. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press/Popular Press, 2004.
Jump up ^ "The Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims". Comprehensive Database Mstbsryn, missionaries and Rhyaftgan.
Jump up ^ "Isma'ilism". Retrieved 2007-04-24.
Bibliography
Books and journals
Brockopp, Jonathan; Tamara Sonn; Jacob Neusner (2000). Judaism and Islam in Practice: A Sourcebook. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21673-7.
Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (5th ed.). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-8120-1853-0.
Muhammad Hedayetullah (2006). Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55369-842-5.
Khan, Arshad (2006). Islam 101: Principles and Practice. Khan Consulting and Publishing, LLC. ISBN 0-9772838-3-6.
Kobeisy, Ahmed Nezar (2004). Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-32472-7.
Momen, Moojan (1987). An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09182-4.
Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei (2002). Islamic teachings: An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam. R. Campbell (translator). Green Gold. ISBN 0-922817-00-6.
Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. & Lawrence Davidson (2005). A Concise History of the Middle East (8th ed.). Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4275-7.
Hoiberg, Dale; Indu Ramchandani (2000). Students' Britannica India. Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
Ridgeon, Lloyd (2003). Major World Religions (1st ed.). RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-415-29796-7.
Encyclopedias
P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
Salamone Frank, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94180-8.
External links
Tenets of Islam
Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
Pillars of Islam. A brief description of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Five Pillars of Islam. Complete information about The Five Pillars of Islam.
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Windows Defender
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Windows Defender Security Center.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Windows Defender
A component of Microsoft Windows
Windows Defender Antivirus, as appears in the Windows 10 Creators Update
Details
Type
Antivirus software on Windows 8 and later; formerly spyware removal software
Included with
Windows Vista and later, Windows Server 2016
Also available for
Windows XP and Windows Server 2003[1]
Support status
Same as the version of Windows with which it is integrated
Related components
Microsoft Security Essentials
Windows Defender Security Center
Windows Defender, officially called Windows Defender Antivirus in Windows 10 Creators Update, is an anti-malware component of Microsoft Windows.[2]It was first released as a free antispyware program download for Windows XP, shipped with Windows Vista and Windows 7 and made into a full antivirus program replacing Microsoft Security Essentials as part of Windows 8 and later versions.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic features
2 History
2.1 Beta
2.2 General availability
2.3 Conversion to antivirus
3 Advanced features
4 Windows Vista-specific functionality
5 Windows Defender Offline
6 Mitigated security vulnerability
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Basic features[edit]
Before Windows 8, Windows Defender protected against spyware.[3] It included a number of real-time security agents that monitored several common areas of Windows for changes which might have been caused by spyware. It also included the ability to easily remove installed ActiveX software.[4]Windows Defender featured integrated support for Microsoft SpyNet that allows users to report to Microsoft what they consider to be spyware, and what applications and device drivers they allow to be installed on their system. Protection against viruses was added in Windows 8; Windows Defender in Windows 8 resembles Microsoft Security Essentials (MSE) and uses the same virus definitions.
In Windows 10, Windows Defender settings are controlled by the Settings app, and the Settings button opens the Settings app. In the Windows 10 Anniversary Update, toast notifications appear to announce the results of a scan, even if no viruses are found. The same update introduced a new flat logo.[5]
History[edit]
Beta[edit]
Microsoft AntiSpyware Beta 1 (Version 1.0.701)
Windows Defender is based on GIANT AntiSpyware, which was originally developed by GIANT Company Software, Inc. The company's acquisition was announced by Microsoft on December 16, 2004.[6][7] While the original GIANT AntiSpyware supported older Windows versions, support for the Windows 9x line of operating systems was later dropped.
The first beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware was released on January 6, 2005 and was basically a repackaged GIANT AntiSpyware.[6] More builds were released in 2005, with the last Beta 1 refresh released on November 21, 2005.
At the 2005 RSA Security conference, Chief Software Architect and co-founder of Microsoft, Bill Gates, announced that Windows Defender (which was known as Microsoft AntiSpyware prior to November 4, 2005) would be made available free of charge to all validly licensed Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 users to help secure their systems against the increasing malware threat.[8]
Windows Defender (Beta 2) was released on February 13, 2006. It featured the program's new name and a significant user interface redesign. The core engine was rewritten in C++, unlike the original GIANT-developed one, which was written in Visual Basic.[9] This improved the application's performance. Also, since beta 2, the program works as a Windows service, unlike earlier releases, which enables the application to protect the computer even when a user is not logged on. Beta 2 also requires Windows Genuine Advantage validation. However, Windows Defender (Beta 2) did not contain some of the tools found in Microsoft AntiSpyware (Beta 1); Microsoft removed the System Inoculation, Secure Shredder and System Explorer tools found in MSAS (Beta 1) as well as the Tracks Eraser tool, which allowed users to easily delete many different types of temporary files related to Internet Explorer 6, including HTTP cookies, web cache, and Windows Media Player playback history.[6] Microsoft later released German and Japanese versions of Windows Defender (Beta 2).[10][11]
General availability[edit]
On October 24, 2006, Microsoft released Windows Defender. It supports Windows XP and Windows Server 2003; however, unlike the betas, it does not run on Windows 2000.[12]
Conversion to antivirus[edit]
Windows Defender was released with Windows Vista and Windows 7, serving as their built-in antispyware component. In Windows Vista and Windows 7, Windows Defender was superseded by Microsoft Security Essentials, an antivirus product from Microsoft which provided protection against a wider range of malware. Upon installation, Microsoft Security Essentials disabled and replaced Windows Defender.[13][14][15] In Windows 8, Microsoft upgraded Windows Defender into an antivirus program very similar to Microsoft Security Essentials for Windows 7[16] and using the same virus definition updates. MSE itself does not run on Windows versions beyond 7. In Windows 8 and Windows 10, Windows Defender is on by default. It switches itself off upon installation of a third party anti-virus package.[17]
Starting with Windows 10, Microsoft began to transfer the control of Windows Defender out of its native client. Initially, its "Settings" dialog box was replaced by dedicated page in the Settings app. In Windows 10 Creators Update, Windows Defender is renamed Windows Defender Antivirus to distinguish it from Windows Defender Security Center. The latter has become the default avenue to interface with Windows Defender.[18] While there is no shortcut on the Start menu for Windows Defender's native client, it can still run.[19][20]
Advanced features[edit]
Windows Defender successfully blocks the EICAR test file
Real-time protection
In the Windows Defender options, the user can configure real-time protection options.
Browser integration
Integration with Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge enables files to be scanned as they are downloaded to detect malicious software inadvertently downloaded. Although it does not integrate with non-Microsoft web browsers, Windows Defender scans for malicious downloaded files as part of its real-time protection.
Windows 10's Anniversary Update introduced Limited Periodic Scanning, which optionally allows Windows Defender to scan a system periodically if another antivirus app is installed.[21] It also introduced Block at First Sight, which uses machine learning to predict whether a file is malicious.[22]
Windows Vista-specific functionality[edit]
Windows Defender had additional functionality in Windows Vista which was removed in subsequent versions of Windows.
Security agents
Security agents monitor the computer for malicious activities.
Auto Start – Monitors lists of programs that are allowed to automatically run when the user starts the computer
System Configuration (settings) – Monitors security-related settings in Windows
Internet Explorer Add-ons – Monitors programs that automatically run when the user starts Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer Configurations (settings) – Monitors browser security settings
Internet Explorer Downloads – Monitors files and programs that are designed to work with Internet Explorer
Services and Drivers – Monitors services and drivers as they interact with Windows and programs
Application Execution – Monitors when programs start and any operations they perform while running
Application Registration – Monitors tools and files in the operating system where programs can register to run at any time
Windows Add-ons – Monitors add-on programs for Windows
Software Explorer
The Advanced Tools section allows users to discover potential vulnerabilities with a series of Software Explorers. They provide views of startup programs, currently running software, network connected applications, and Winsock providers (Winsock LSPs). In each Explorer, every element is rated as either "Known", "Unknown" or "Potentially Unwanted". The first and last categories carry a link to learn more about the particular item, and the second category invites users to submit the program to Microsoft SpyNet for analysis by community members.[23][24] The Software Explorer feature has been removed from Windows Defender in Windows 7.[25]
Notification of startup programs that run as an administrator
Windows Defender in Windows Vista automatically blocks all startup items that require administrator privileges to run (this is considered suspicious behavior for a startup item). This automatic blocking is related to the User Account Control functionality in Windows Vista, and requires users to manually run each of these startup items each time they log in if they desire the item to run at startup.[26]
User interface
In Windows Vista, it is possible to close the window and have the program run in the system tray while a scan is running. However, in Windows 7, this functionality was removed and the window must remain open while a scan is running.
Windows Defender Offline[edit]
Windows Defender Offline (formerly known as Standalone System Sweeper Beta[27]) is a bootable standalone antimalware program that runs from a bootable disk and is designed to scan infected systems while their operating systems are offline.[28] Since Windows 10 Anniversary Update, offline functionality is integrated into the regular Windows Defender program.[29]
Mitigated security vulnerability[edit]
On 5 May 2017, Tavis Ormandy, a vulnerability researcher for Google, discovered a security vulnerability in the JavaScript analysis module (NScript) of Microsoft Antimalware Engine (MsMpEngine) that impacted Windows Defender, Microsoft Security Essentials and System Center Endpoint Protection. By 8 May 2017, Microsoft had released a patch to all affected systems. Ars Technica commended Microsoft for its unprecedented patching speed and said that the disaster had been averted.[30][31]
See also[edit]
Security and safety features new to Windows Vista
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Windows Defender". Download Center. Microsoft. 23 May 2007. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is Windows Defender?". Computer Hope. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Shultz, Greg. "Windows Defender: Past, present, and future". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to Remove an Active-X Control in Windows". Microsoft. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update
^ Jump up to: a b c Thurrot, Paul (6 October 2010). "Microsoft Windows Anti-Spyware Preview: Paul Thurott's SuperSite for Windows". SuperSite for Windows. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Acquires Anti-Spyware Leader GIANT Company". PressPass. Microsoft. December 16, 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gates Highlights Progress on Security, Outlines Next Steps for Continued Innovation". PressPass. Microsoft Corporation. February 15, 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (14 February 2006). "Windows Defender Beta 2 Review: Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows". SuperSite for Windows. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Windows Defender: Startseite" (in German). Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "マイクロソフト セキュリティ At Home" (in Japanese). Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 January 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (24 October 2006). "Finally, Microsoft Ships Windows Defender". Windows IT Pro. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (18 June 2009). "Microsoft Security Essentials Public Beta". Paul Thurrott's SuperSite for Windows. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Hau, Kevin (23 June 2009). "Windows Defender and Microsoft Security Essentials". Microsoft Answers. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Marius, Marius Oiaga (30 August 2010). "Microsoft Security Essentials 1.0 and 2.0 Disable Windows Defender". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Windows 8 Consumer Preview: Set Up Windows 8 with the Web Installer
Jump up ^ "Protect your PC". Support (12 ed.). Microsoft. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Lich, Brian (18 May 2017). "Windows Defender Antivirus in the Windows Defender Security Center app". docs.microsoft.com. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Popa, Bogdan (24 August 2017). "Quick Tip: Use the Old Windows Defender in Windows 10 Creators Update". Softpedia. SoftNews.
Jump up ^ Williams, Wayne (24 August 2017). "How to get the classic Windows Defender back on Windows 10 Creators Update". BetaNews.
Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update
Jump up ^ http://betanews.com/2016/11/18/windows-10-block-at-first-sight-protection-in-windows-defender/
Jump up ^ "Using Software Explorer in Windows Defender". Support. Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Dennis (April 22, 2008). "Software Explorer keeps unneeded apps from auto-starting". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Thurrott, Paul (October 6, 2010). "Windows 7 Annoyances". Supersite for Windows. Penton. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Error message when you start a Windows Vista-based computer: 'Windows has blocked some startup programs'". Support. Microsoft. September 23, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Microsoft Standalone System Sweeper
Jump up ^ "Windows Defender Offline". Microsoft.com. Microsoft. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Help protect my PC with Windows Defender Offline" Microsoft. Accessed 4 October 2016
Jump up ^ Anthony, Sebastian (9 May 2017). "Massive vulnerability in Windows Defender leaves most Windows PCs vulnerable". Ars Technica. Condé Nast.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Security Advisory 4022344". TechNet. Microsoft. 8 May 2017.
External links[edit]
Microsoft Security Portal
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text:
List of dates for Easter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years
(1998–2038 in Gregorian dates)
Year
Western
Eastern
1998
April 12 April 19
1999
April 4 April 11
2000
April 23 April 30
2001
April 15
2002
March 31 May 5
2003
April 20 April 27
2004
April 11
2005
March 27 May 1
2006
April 16 April 23
2007
April 8
2008
March 23 April 27
2009
April 12 April 19
2010
April 4
2011
April 24
2012
April 8 April 15
2013
March 31 May 5
2014
April 20
2015
April 5 April 12
2016
March 27 May 1
2017
April 16
2018
April 1 April 8
2019
April 21 April 28
2020
April 12 April 19
2021
April 4 May 2
2022
April 17 April 24
2023
April 9 April 16
2024
March 31 May 5
2025
April 20
2026
April 5 April 12
2027
March 28 May 2
2028
April 16
2029
April 1 April 8
2030
April 21 April 28
2031
April 13
2032
March 28 May 2
2033
April 17 April 24
2034
April 9
2035
March 25 April 29
2036
April 13 April 20
2037
April 5
2038
April 25
This is a list of dates for Easter. The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, Maundy Thursday, the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur. Easter may occur on different dates in the Gregorian Calendar and the Julian Calendar. The accompanying table provides both sets of dates, for recent decades and forthcoming years — see the computus article for more details on the calculation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earliest Easter
1.1 Western (Gregorian)
1.2 Orthodox (Julian)
2 Latest Easter
2.1 Western (Gregorian)
2.2 Orthodox (Julian)
3 Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date
4 Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter
5 Public holidays
6 References
7 External links
Earliest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday, March 21 (the equinox). Therefore, the following day, March 22, was Easter. It will not fall as early again until 2285, a span of 467 years. The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 (March 23) occurred in 1845, 1856, 1913 and 2008, and will occur again in 2160—a 11, 57, 95 and 152-year gap, respectively.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are April 4, 1915 and April 4, 2010 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to March 22 in the Julian Calendar.
Latest Easter[edit]
Western (Gregorian)[edit]
In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday, April 25. The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday, March 20; because it came before the vernal equinox, the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday, April 18. Consequently, Easter was the following Sunday (April 25). Easter will not fall as late again until 2038—a span of 95 years. The second latest date for Easter, April 24, occurred in 2011. The latter occurred in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095—152 and 84 years, respectively. However between years 5121 and 6482, Easter will be no later than April 24.
Orthodox (Julian)[edit]
The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are May 8, 1983, and May 8, 2078 (Gregorian). Both dates are equivalent to April 25 in the Julian Calendar. Orthodox Easter has never fallen on Gregorian May 7 yet; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar.
Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date[edit]
Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days, Easter 2014 fell on the same date. According to the Western (Gregorian) calendar, the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox (March 20) fell on Monday, April 14, 2014. The following Sunday, April 20, was, therefore, Easter Day.
According to the Orthodox (Julian) calendar (which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar), the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21. However, in the Gregorian Calendar, this is April 3. The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on (Julian) Tuesday, April 2, 2014 (Gregorian April 15). The following Sunday, (Julian) April 7, is, therefore, Easter Day (Gregorian April 20).
Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter[edit]
Both calendars (Gregorian and Julian) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25 on their calendars. However, because of the 13-day difference, any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar. Conversely, any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar.
Beginning March 14, 2100 (February 29, 2100, in the Julian Calendar), the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days.
Public holidays[edit]
This section needs expansion with: details of Easter holidays in other countries; this section currently only mentions those with a four-day weekend. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
In Hungary, the United Kingdom except Scotland, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Germany, Switzerland and New Zealand, Easter comprises two public holidays, Good Friday and Easter Monday, making a four-day weekend. The moveable date of Easter sometimes brings it into conflict with other, fixed, public holidays.
In the United Kingdom in 2000 and 2011, the May Day bank holiday was one week after Easter Monday, causing there to be three consecutive weeks with a bank holiday. (In Scotland this did not occur as Easter Monday is not a bank holiday.) In 2011, a bank holiday was declared on Friday 29 April for the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton;[1] consequently there were four bank holidays within three consecutive calendar weeks (including two in one week), creating two consecutive four-day weekends (Friday 22 — Monday 25 April and Friday 29 April — Monday 2 May), with a three-day working week in between (Tuesday 26 — Thursday 28 April).
In Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 2008, Saint Patrick's Day (Monday 17 March) fell six days before Easter (Sunday 23 March), creating a three-day week (Tuesday 18 — Thursday 20 March). This will next happen in 2035, when Saint Patrick's day falls on Saturday, so the public holiday is moved forward to the following Monday 19 March, again six days before Easter.
Note that in the Catholic liturgical calendar, saints' feasts are not observed when they fall during Holy Week; this caused Saint Patrick not to appear in the liturgical calendar for 2008; 17 March was simply celebrated as Holy Monday. In Ireland, the Church chose to celebrate Saint Patrick on Saturday 15 March instead.[2]
In Australia, ANZAC Day is a public holiday on 25 April. In 2000 and 2011, this created a five-day weekend over Easter: in 2000, Easter Monday fell on 24 April, with Easter Tuesday, 25 April, then being ANZAC Day; in 2011, ANZAC Day and Easter Monday coincided on Monday 25 April, which led to a substitute public holiday being declared for Tuesday 26 April.[3] In 2003 and 2014, ANZAC Day fell on Easter Friday, and in 2019 it will fall on Easter Thursday, and in 2038 it will fall on Easter Sunday; the consequence is three-day working weeks immediately following the Easter weekend.
Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States. In North Carolina, however, it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom".
Jump up ^ "Irish bishops move St. Patrick's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week". Catholic News Agency. July 19, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/australia/2011.php
Jump up ^ "Easter Monday in the United States". TimeandDate.com. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
http://tlarsen2.tripod.com/thomaslarsen/easterdates.html – has a much larger list of dates
A chronology since Council Nicaea "Date of Easter Sunday" Father Kevin Michael Laughery, as observed by Western Christians since A.D. 326 (last updated Tuesday, November 4, 2008)
Interactive calculator generates historical feast dates in Julian calendar prior to 1582 Gregorian reforms
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dates_for_Easter&oldid=835274731"
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