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Express trains in India
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Indian locomotive class WAP-5 hauling the second-fastest train of India, Bhopal Shatabdi Express, to New Delhi
Indian Railways Rajdhani/Shatabdi Lines[1]
Mail/Express trains are Regular Express rail services of India. Express trains make a small number of stops, unlike Passenger/Local trains. In some cases, trains run express where there is overlapping local train service available, and run local at the tail ends of the line, where there is no supplemental local service. Because of their limited stops, these trains are able to obtain the highest speeds of any trains in India.
An express train is one where the average speed, excluding halts, is greater than 36 km/h. Including halts the speed may sometimes fall into the region of around 20 km/h for express trains.
The Duronto Express trains introduced in 2009 (which run between major cities without any intermediate halts) are projected to be the fastest trains in India when new services are introduced with a higher speed limit of 120-130 km/h. Despite being limited to a lower speed limit, they take as much time as a Rajdhani or Shatabdi on the same route, courtesy the non-stop nature of their journey. Rajdhani Express which was introduced in 1969 to connect New Delhi with the state capitals in India, travels at speeds up to 130 km/h.
Contents
[hide]
1 Non reserved travelling on Express trains
2 Competition
3 Tracks
4 Locomotives
5 Coaches
6 Speed
7 Gallery
8 Stops
9 See also
10 References
Non reserved travelling on Express trains[edit]
Indian railways run non-reserved train as have unreserved/general compartment on Express/Mail trains.
Non reserved trains
Indian railways run non reserved trains under the brand Jan Sadharan Express. These trains have all Unreserved/General coaches. A new series of Antyodaya Express is also proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 which will operate on peak routes having more rush. These trains will have all non reserved coaches.
The following Jan Sadharan Express run in India:
13257/13258 - Rajendranagar Anand Vihar Jan Sadharan Express (Daily)
12597/12598 - Gorakhpur Mumbai Jan Sadharan Express (Weekly)
15101/15102 - Tirora - Mumbai (Weekly)
13257/13258 - Danapur - Anand Vihar (Delhi) (Daily)
15559/15560 - Darbhanga - Ahmedabad (Weekly)
15269/15270 - Muzaffarpur - Ahmedabad (Monthly- Twise)
12635 - Vaigai - Madurai(Daily)
The following trains are proposed under Antyodaya brand:[2]
22877/22877 Howrah - Ernakulam Antyodaya Express
22841/22841 Santragachi - Chennai Central Antyodaya Express
22921/22922 Bandra Terminus - Gorakhpur Antyodaya Express
22895/22896 Bilaspur - Firozpur Antyodaya Express
15563/15564 Jaynagar - Udhna Antyodaya Express
22885/22886 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Tatanagar Antyodaya Express
15567/15568 Darbhanga - Jalandhar City Antyodaya Express
22631/22632 - Bikaner - Chennai Antyodaya Express
16355/16356 - Kochuveli - Mangaluru Jn Antyodaya Express
Unreserved coaches
Apart from Antyodaya and Jan Sadharan trains, unreserved/general coaches are non reserved coaches on normal Express / Mail. The restriction on such coaches is for 24 hours journey. A new series of Deen Dayalu coaches has also been proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 for long distance trains. The Deen Dayalu coaches will be more comfortable than the old coaches
Competition[edit]
Like elsewhere, railways in India compete with air travel and road transport. The advantages of travelling by air between cities are the greater frequency of flights, and shorter travel time. Rail travel, with few exceptions (if any), offers lower cost.
Rail transport also faces competition from the use of roads improved under National Highways Development Project. People owning cars can, for short distances, benefit in terms of shorter travel time, given the lack of commute to and from a railway station at both ends of a journey. This is also balanced against the need to maintain one's vehicle and its security during such trips.
Tracks[edit]
Duronto, Shatabdi, and Rajdhani trains run on Indian broad-gauge which is 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm). These tracks are multi-purpose supporting all passenger and freight traffic, and are not made exclusively for lighter load fast-express passenger trains. They run on tracks with classifications Group A, permitting speed up to 160 km/h, and Group B for speed up to 130 km/h. Lower speed limits apply when they are on tracks or railway switches, which have lower speed limits. The design of the railway switches, with a speed limit of 50–90 km/h, is the major bottleneck to higher speed.[3] Another constraint is the need to accommodate freight trains at the current top speed of 70 km/h.[4] These constraints to speed are consequences of sharing tracks with freight and lower speed suburban passenger trains. But currently, as of 2010, a separate freight corridor construction work is in progress with land acquisitions and other hurdles being slowly overcome.
Locomotives[edit]
Duronto, Shatabdi, and Rajdhani trains are hauled by powerful electric locomotives built by the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, such as WAP-4, WAP-5, or WAP-7, each with an output of more than 5,000 hp.
WAP-4 hauling Rajdhani Express
WAP-5 hauling Rajdhani Express
WAP-7 hauling Rajdhani Express
WCAM-2 hauling Rajdhani Express
WDP-4 loco hauling Rajdhani Express
WDP-3A loco hauling Trivandrum Rajdhani Express
Coaches[edit]
The coaches in these trains are of crash-worthy design from Alstom-LHB, built by Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala.[5][6] These Alstom-LHB coaches can be pulled to a speed of 160 km/h without any modification.[7] New fast-express coaches are made partly or completely of stainless steel, primarily motivated by lower maintenance, and higher availability. Stainless steel construction also reduces empty weight, enabling more passengers per coach.[8] The bogies, design from Fiat, has 2 disk brakes per axle[7] essential for safe operations especially at the speed of fast-express trains.
Speed[edit]
The average speed of super-fast trains, range from 55 kilometres per hour (34 mph) to 112 kilometres per hour (70 mph). Of this, counting up and down trains separately, 23 trains have an average speed more than 80 km/h, whereas, 72 trains have an average speed between 70 and 80 km/h. The speed of express trains is calculated from the latest Indian Railways Time-Table.
Regular unbranded express trains on the same route are only slightly slower, since the same locomotives haul them.
Fastest train in India: 12951/52 Mumbai Rajdhani Express considering average speed including halts 12049/50: Agra Cantonment - H. Nizamuddin Gatimaan Express- maximum speed 160 km/h, average speed 112 km/h
Second-fastest train in India: 12002 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - maximum speed 150 km/h, average speed 80 km/h
Third-fastest train in India: 12259/60 New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto Express, 12034 New Delhi - Kanpur Shatabdi Express and 12249 Howrah New Delhi Yuva Express - maximum speed 140 km/h, average speed is between 85 and 90 km/h
Fourth-fastest train in India: 12302 New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express - maximum speed 135 km/h, average speed is between 80 and 85 km/h
Fifth-fastest train in India: 12273 New Delhi - Howrah Duronto Express, New Delhi - Allahabad Duronto Express - maximum speed is between 120 and 130 km/h, average speed is between 80 and 85 km/h
Fastest Rajdhani: 12951 Mumbai - New Delhi Rajdhani Express - 140 km/h
Fastest Shatabdi: 12001/02 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - 150 km/h
Fastest Suvidha: 22355/56 Patna - Mumbai CST Suvidha Superfast Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Duronto: 12259/60 New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto Express - 135 km/h
Fastest Yuva: 12249/50 Howrah New Delhi Yuva Express - 130 km/h
Fastest Garib Rath: 12910 H. Nizamuddin – Bandra Garib Rath - 130 km/h
Fastest Jan Shatabdi: 12059 Kota - H. Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Sampark Kranti: 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Double Decker: 12932 Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad AC Double Decker Express - 130 km/h
Fastest Air-Conditioned Superfast: 22109 Mumbai LTT - H. Nizamuddin AC SF Express - 130 km/h
Fastest Superfast train: 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Passenger train: 56719 Nagercoil – Kanyakumari Passenger – 62 km/h
Fastest EMU/MEMU/DEMU train: 31213 Sealdah – Barrackpore EMU – 66 km/h
Fastest fully diesel hauled Shatabdi: 12041 Howrah - Njp Howrah NJP Shatabdi Express - 130kmph maximum permissible speed, 72kmph avarage speed
The india's fastest train now called Gatiman express its ranges 160km/hour between Delhi to Agra In 100 min its cross 180km
Gallery[edit]
A WAP 5 hauled Gatimaan express Chandru Express
12302 Howrah Rajdhani Express - AC First Class
12259 Sealdah - New Delhi Duronto Express
12322 Mumbai Mail Superfast Express at Barddhaman Junction
12510 Kaziranga Superfast Express (SBC-Guwahati) at Bagnan
12105 Vidarbha Superfast Express at Chandur
12073 (Howrah-Bhubaneswar) Jan Shatabdi Express (pic by Sarbamit Chowdhury)
12727 Godavari Superfast Express at Marripalem
Howrah Duronto Express
12113 Garib Rath Express at Nagpur
17036 Telangana Express at Moulali
Deccan Queen Express
18237 Chhattisgarh Express
15483 Mahananda Express at Siliguri Town
18625 (Patna-Hatia) Express
12864 Yesvantpur-Howrah Superfast Express at Marripalem
Stops[edit]
Frequent stops reduce the average running speed of a train greatly by preventing it from gaining higher speed. Duronto, Shatabdi, and Rajdhani express trains have very few stops. The distance between stops is as short as 2 km between New Bongaigaon-Bongaigaon on the Howrah-Dibrugarh Kamrup Express, and as long as 528 km between Vadodara-kota on the Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express.
See also[edit]
High-speed rail in India
Rajdhani Express
Shatabdi Express
Duronto Express
AC Express
Jan Shatabdi Express
Garib Rath
Rajya Rani Express
Humsafar Express
Kavi Guru Express
Sampark Kranti Express
Swarna Jayanti Express
Vivek Express
Yuva Express
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chauhan, Arvind (6 June 2015). "India's fastest train completes final test run in record time". Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Routes and Timetables of New Tejas, Uday, Humsafar and Antyodaya Trains". 24 Coaches. 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "High Speed – T.R.Natarajan, Indian Railways". Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Government of India Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) (December 2009). "Indian Railways 2020 Vision" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Verma, Lalmani (25 January 2010). "To make fast-express trains safe, new design of coach on anvil". indianexpress.com. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rlys may raise stainless steel coach production". BusinessLine. 22 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Synopsis of Papers Presented in Seminar on 'LHB Coach and New Manufacturing Technologies' Held at RCF, Kapurthala on 4th and 5th November 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Gopal, Ramesh R. "Stainless Steel in Rail Transportation: The Scenario in India" (PDF). Indian Stainless Steel Development Association. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
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Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
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The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council (UNSC): China (formerly the Republic of China), Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries were all allies in World War II, which they won. They are also all nuclear weapons states. A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC, the remainder of which are elected. Only the five permanent members have the power of veto, which enables them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Current permanent members
1.1 Veto power
2 Expansion
3 Current leaders of the permanent members
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Current permanent members[edit]
See also: China and the United Nations, France and the United Nations, Russia and the United Nations, Soviet Union and the United Nations, United Kingdom and the United Nations, and United States and the United Nations
Country
Current state representation
Former state representation
Current leaders
Current representative
China People's Republic of China (since 1971) Republic of China (1945–1949) (on both Mainland China and Taiwan)
Republic of China (1949–1971) (only on Taiwan) President: Xi Jinping
Premier: Li Keqiang [note 1] Ma Zhaoxu[2]
France French Fifth Republic (since 1958) Provisional Government of the French Republic (1945–1946)
French Fourth Republic (1946–1958) President: Emmanuel Macron
Prime Minister: Édouard Philippe François Delattre[2]
Russia Russian Federation (since 1991) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1945–1991) President: Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister: Dmitry Medvedev Vasily Nebenzya[2]
United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (since 1945) — Monarch: Queen Elizabeth II
Prime Minister: Theresa May Karen Pierce[2]
United States United States of America (since 1945) — President: Donald Trump
Vice President: Mike Pence Nikki Haley[2]
The original permanent members of the United Nations Security Council in 1945 (dark blue) with their respective colonies and other holdings shown (pale blue).
At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the French Republic, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two seat changes since then, although not reflected in Article 23 of the United Nations Charter as it has not been accordingly amended:
Leaders of the five permanent member states at a summit in 2000. Clockwise from front left: Chinese President Jiang Zemin, U.S. President Bill Clinton, UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and French President Jacques Chirac.
China's seat was originally held by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China. However, it lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949. The Communist Party won control of mainland China and established the People's Republic of China. In 1971, UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 recognized the Government of People's Republic of China as the legal representative of China in the UN, and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China, which was expelled from the UN altogether. Both governments still officially claim one another's territory. However, only 20 states continue to officially recognize the Republic of China's sovereignty.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia was recognized as the legal successor state of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter's position on the Security Council.
Additionally, France reformed its provisional government into the French Fourth Republic in 1946 and later into the French Fifth Republic in 1958, both under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition, although many of its overseas possessions eventually became independent.
The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually top the list of countries with the highest military expenditures; in 2011, they spent over US$1 trillion combined on defense, accounting for over 60% of global military expenditures (the U.S. alone accounting for over 40%). They are also five of the world's six largest arms exporters, along with Germany[3] and are the only nations officially recognized as "nuclear-weapon states" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.
Veto power[edit]
Main article: United Nations Security Council veto power
The "power of veto" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the permanent members, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any "substantive" draft Council resolution, regardless of the level of international support for the draft. The veto does not apply to procedural votes, which is significant in that the Security Council's permanent membership can vote against a "procedural" draft resolution, without necessarily blocking its adoption by the Council.
The veto is exercised when any permanent member—the so-called "P5"—casts a "negative" vote on a "substantive" draft resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted.
Expansion[edit]
Main article: Reform of the United Nations Security Council
The G4 nations that support one another's bids for permanent seats on the UN Security Council[4]
There have been proposals suggesting the introduction of new permanent members. The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. They comprise the group of four countries known as the G4 nations, which mutually support one another's bids for permanent seats.
This sort of reform has traditionally been opposed by the "Uniting for Consensus" group, which is composed primarily of nations that are regional rivals and economic competitors of the G4. The group is led by Italy and Spain (opposing Germany), Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina (opposing Brazil), and South Korea (opposing Japan), in addition to Turkey, Indonesia and others. Since 1992, Italy and other council members have instead proposed semi-permanent seats or expanding the number of temporary seats.[5]
Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective groups. Japan was elected for eleven two-year terms, Brazil for ten terms, and Germany for three terms. India has been elected to the council seven times in total, with the most recent successful bid being in 2010 after a gap of almost twenty years since 1991–92.
In 2013, the P5 and G4 members of the UN Security Council accounted for eight of the world's ten largest defense budgets, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
Current leaders of the permanent members[edit]
The following are the heads of state and government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council as of 2018[update]:
Xi Jinping
President of the
People's Republic of China
since 14 March 2013
(General Secretary as de facto leader since 15 November 2012)[note 1]
Emmanuel Macron
President of the
French Republic
since 14 May 2017
Vladimir Putin
President of the
Russian Federation
since 7 May 2012
(de facto leader
since 7 May 2000)
Theresa May
Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
since 13 July 2016
Donald Trump
President of the
United States of America
since 20 January 2017
See also[edit]
List of country groupings
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The de jure head of government of China is the Premier, whose current holder is Li Keqiang. The President of China is legally a ceremonial office, but the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (de facto leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition, and the current paramount leader is President Xi Jinping.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The UN Security Council". unfoundation.org. United Nations Foundation. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "List of heads of missions" (PDF). (60.1 KB)
Jump up ^ Nichols, Michelle (2012-07-27). "United Nations fails to agree landmark arms-trade treaty". Reuters. NewsDaily. Retrieved 2012-07-28. One of the reasons this month's negotiations are taking place is that the United States, the world's biggest arms trader accounting for over 40 percent of global conventional arms transfers, reversed U.S. policy on the issue after Barack Obama became president and decided in 2009 to support a treaty....The other five top arms suppliers are Britain, China, France, Germany and Russia.
Jump up ^ "Countries Welcome Work Plan as Security Council Reform Process Commences New Phase | Center for UN Reform Education". CenterforUNReform.org. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Italian Model" (PDF). Global Policy Forum. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2009.
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value: عضو دائم في مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة – Arabic

value: Membres permanents del Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides – Catalan

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value: Anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB – Indonesian

value: 国際連合安全保障理事会常任理事国 – Japanese

value: Membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas – Portuguese

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