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United States Department of Health and Human Services
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
Seal of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Flag of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Hubert H. Humphrey Building, Department Headquarters
Department overview
Formed
April 11, 1953; 65 years ago (1953-04-11) (as Department of Health, Education, and Welfare)
May 4, 1980 (1980-05-04) (as United States Department of Health and Human Services)
Preceding agencies
Federal Security Agency
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Jurisdiction
Federal government of the United States
Headquarters
Hubert H. Humphrey Building
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Employees
79,540 (2015)[1]
Department executives
Alex Azar, Secretary
Eric Hargan, Deputy Secretary
Website
www.hhs.gov
The HHS headquarters in Washington, D.C.
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. Its motto is "Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America".[2] Before the separate federal Department of Education was created in 1979, it was called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Federal Security Agency
1.1.1 Origins
1.1.2 Early years
1.1.3 Post-WWII
1.1.4 List of Federal Security Agency Administrators
1.2 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
1.3 Department of Health and Human Services
1.4 Federal, state, and local health departments
1.5 Office of Inspector General
2 Strengthening Communities Fund
3 Organization
4 Budget and finances
4.1 Historical budgets
5 Former operating divisions and agencies
6 Programs
7 Freedom of Information Act processing performance
8 Health care reform
9 Related legislation
10 See also
11 Notes and references
12 External links
History[edit]
Federal Security Agency[edit]
The Federal Security Agency (FSA) was established on July 1, 1939, under the Reorganization Act of 1939, P.L. 76-19. The objective was to bring together in one agency all federal programs in the fields of health, education, and social security. The first Federal Security Administrator was Paul V. McNutt.[3]
The new agency originally consisted of the following major components: (1) Office of the Administrator, (2) Public Health Service (PHS), (3) Office of Education, (4) Civilian Conservation Corps, and (5) Social Security Board.
Origins[edit]
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These components, however, are traceable to the early days of the Republic. On July 16, 1798, President John Adams signed an act creating the Marine Hospital Service to furnish treatment to sick and disabled American merchant seamen. On April 29, 1878, the first Federal Quarantine Act enlarged the Service's responsibilities to include prevention of epidemics from abroad. On August 14, 1912, the name was changed to the Public Health Service (PHS). On May 26, 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory of the Service was redesignated the National Institutes of Health (NIH). PHS was transferred from the Treasury Department to the FSA in 1939.
Even though the first steps toward public education were taken in 1647 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and land was set aside for public schools by the Congress of the Confederation in 1785, the idea of universal, free public schools did not become firmly established until the Civil War era. Even then, only half of the States had an efficient public school system. In 1867, Congress established the Department of Education to promote the cause of education and collect and disseminate facts and statistics about education. Until it was transferred to the FSA, the Office of Education and its predecessor organization had been part of the Department of the Interior.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was born during the Great Depression to provide employment for American youth and advance conservation of the Nation's natural resources. It operated from April 5, 1933, until June 30, 1942. During that time, the CCC provided work training to 3 million men and advanced conservation by more than 25 years. It was an independent agency until it came to FSA.
The Nation's social security and public assistance programs also were born during the Depression with approval of the Social Security Act on August 14, 1935. The initial Act of 1935 established the Social Security Board to administer Titles I, II, III, IV, and X of the Act. It remained an independent organization until its transfer to FSA. The Social Security Act Amendments of 1939 revised and expanded basic provisions of the program and eligibility requirements and extended protection to aged wives, dependent children and certain survivors of insured workers.
Organized in 1855 and incorporated by the Kentucky Legislature in 1858, the American Printing House for the Blind was established to produce educational materials for the blind and since 1879 has received an allocation of federal funds to help support this activity. Federal responsibility regarding the Printing House was transferred to FSA from the Treasury Department on July 1, 1939.
Established in 1935 to provide youth with work training, the National Youth Administration later trained young people for jobs in war industries. It was supervised by the Office of the Administrator from the time FSA was created in 1939 until 1942, when it was transferred to the War Manpower Commission.
Early years[edit]
Under a Reorganization Plan that became effective on June 30, 1940, the organization of the Federal Security Agency (FSA) was enlarged:[3]
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was transferred from the Department of Agriculture; and
Saint Elizabeth's Hospital, Freedmen's Hospital, and
Federal functions relating to Howard University and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf were transferred to FSA from the Department of the Interior
As a result of pressure for the federal government to control adulterated and misbranded foods and drugs, the Food and Drugs Act was enacted on June 30, 1906. These responsibilities were entrusted to the Bureau of Chemistry in the Department of Agriculture in 1907 and were organized into a Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration in 1927, renamed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1931. Transferred to FSA in 1940, FDA also was responsible for administering the Tea Importation Act (1897), the Filled Milk Act (1923), the Caustic Poison Act (1927), and the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938).
Saint Elizabeths Hospital, created by Act of Congress in 1852 as the Government Hospital for the Insane, received its first patients on January 15, 1855. Founder of Saint Elizabeth's was Dorothea Dix, the most prominent humanitarian of the era. The name was changed by Act of Congress in 1916. Freedmen's Hospital was an outgrowth of the Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees authorized by the Act of March 3, 1865. In 1871, the hospital was transferred to the Department of the Interior.
Howard University' was established by an act of March 2, 1867, to provide higher education for Negroes. Education for the deaf was made available in the District of Columbia through the Columbia Institution for the Deaf established by the Act of February 16, 1857. The name was changed to Gallaudet College in 1954.
The Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1943 expanded functions relating to vocational rehabilitation and assigned them to the Federal Security Administrator, who established the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation on September 4, 1943, to carry out these functions. Since the original Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920, certain vocational rehabilitation and vocational education activities had been a responsibility of the Office of Education, first when it was part of the Department of Interior, then after it became part of FSA in 1939.
Impact of World War II
World War II had a broad impact on the social programs of FSA. Between 1941 and 1947, the Government recognized the need to maintain essential health and welfare services. The Federal Security Administrator also served as coordinator of the Office of Health, Welfare, and related Defense Activities, renamed the Office of Defense, Health, and Welfare Services in September 1941, which provided health care, education, and related services necessitated by the war effort. It was responsible for adjusting the distribution of remaining professional personnel to meet the requirements of the population. In 1943, the Office's title was again changed to the Office of Community War Services, which was abolished on June 30, 1947.
The FDA during the war was charged with maintaining food standards to insure delivery of properly tested foods and drugs to the military establishment.
The Public Health Service was in charge of protecting both the general population and military personnel against epidemics and carrying out medical research. DHHS history
Post-WWII[edit]
Organizational Changes[3]
When the war ended, President Truman moved to "strengthen the arm of the federal government for better integration of services in the fields of health, education, and welfare."
1946
Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1946, effective July 16, 1946, abolished the three-member Social Security Board, creating in its place, the Social Security Administration, headed by a Commissioner of Social Security. The plan transferred the Children's Bureau (created in 1912), exclusive of its Industrial Division, from the Department of Labor to FSA, where it became part of the Social Security Administration (SSA); the US Employees Compensation Commission, formerly an independent organization, to the Office of the Administrator of FSA; functions of the Department of Commerce regarding vital statistics to the FSA Administrator, who delegated them to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service.
Legislation of major importance to the Agency also was passed in 1946: the National Mental Health Act; the Vocational Education Act; the Federal Employees Health Act; the 1946 Amendments to the Social Security Act; and the Hospital Survey and Construction Act.
1947. In 1947, the Administrator directed the establishment of a central library, consolidating the resources of three independent libraries at the SSA, the Office of Education, and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. This library eventually became the central library of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
1948
By 1948, the retail price of food had risen 114 percent over the 1935-39 base, yet the monthly benefits under Social Security had not changed since the 1939 amendments had established a base level. On October 1, 1948, increases in Social Security benefits were authorized.
Other key pieces of legislation passed in 1948 included bills creating the National Heart Institute and the National Institute of Dental Research. On June 16, 1948, the name of the National Institute of Health was changed to the National Institutes of Health.
On June 30, 1948, the President signed the Water Pollution Bill, delegating national water pollution responsibilities to the Public Health Service.
Also in 1948, legislation authorized the transfer of the Federal Credit Union program from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to the SSA.
1949
The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 gave the Federal Security Administrator authority to dispose of surplus federal propel property to tax-supported or nonprofit educational institutions for health or educational purposes.
During 1949, the Federal Security Agency began the establishment of 10 FSA regional offices to replace the 11 previously operated by the SSA and consolidated those being operated by other FSA constituents into one common regional office structure. Previous to the consolidation, constituent agencies were maintaining five and, in some cases, six independent regional offices in a single city.
1950
On May 24, 1950, Reorganization Plan No. 19 of 1950 transferred from FSA to the Department of Labor the Bureau of Employees Compensation and the Employees Compensation Appeals Board. Then, the FSA abolished the Office of Special Services that had administered the two transferred units plus the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation (OVR) and the Food and Drug Administration. The effect of this action was to elevate OVR and FDA to agency status.
In 1950, two important national conferences required months of staff work by FSA personnel. The Mid-century White House Conference on Children and Youth was held in Washington, D.C. in December 1950. Nearly 6,000 representatives of 100,000 local and community groups throughout the country met to discuss the "spiritual values, democractic practice, and the dignity and worth of the individual." In August of that year, a Conference on Aging was called by the FSA Administrator to study the needs and problems of the older segment of the population.
In September 1950, Congress authorized the impacted aid program-to relieve the impact on local school facilities of a heavy influx of federal civilian and military personnel-and in FY 1951 appropriated $96.5 million for school construction under P.L. 81-815, September 23, 1950, and $23 million for school operating expenses under P.L. 81-874, September 30, 1950.
The Social Security Act Amendments of 1950 added to the social security rolls about 10 million persons who previously had been ineligible. These persons included agricultural workers and selfemployed small shop owners. Others who benefitted from the changes were the elderly and those who had job-related disabilities. This expansion of beneficiaries was made possible by revisions to the oldage and survivors insurance and long-term disability insurance sections of the original Act.
1951. In May 1951, a citizens committee, the National Mid-century Committee for Children and Youth, was established to provide national follow-up to the problems discussed at the White House Conference. Staff of the Children's Bureau worked closely with the Committee until it was dissolved in 1953.
1952. The year 1952 was a period of transition for FSA. Despite the contributions made by the Agency during and before the Korean War, most of the defense-related activities in FSA were being phased out. The FDA continued to study chemical and bacteriological warfare agents but other FSA components were mobilized to provide disaster relief and health care assistance to a number of foreign countries. Technical assistance, under the federal "Point IV" and Mutual Security Agency programs, provided needed help to many underdeveloped countries. The Agency also furnished guidance for foreign representatives sent to this country to study American programs and methods in the fields of health and education. Later in the year, FSA accelerated its response to the Nation's social needs.
1953. FSA Becomes DHEW
By 1953, the Federal Security Agency's programs in health, education, and social security had grown to such importance that its annual budget exceeded the combined budgets of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, Labor and Interior and affected the lives of millions of people.
Consequently, in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949, President Eisenhower submitted to the Congress on March 12, 1953, Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, which called for the dissolution of the Federal Security Agency and elevation of the agency to Cabinet status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. All of the responsibilities of the Federal Security Administrator would be transferred to the Secretary of Health, Education, end Welfare and the components of FSA would be transferred to the Department. A major objective of the reorganization was to improve administration of the functions of the Federal Security Agency. The plan was approved April 1, 1953, and became effective on April 11, 1953.
Unlike statutes authorizing the creation of other executive departments, the contents of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 were never properly codified within the United States Code, although Congress did codify a later statute ratifying the Plan. Today, the Plan is included as an appendix to Title 5 of the United States Code. The result is that HHS is the only executive department whose statutory foundation today rests on a confusing combination of several codified and uncodified statutes.[citation needed]
List of Federal Security Agency Administrators[edit]
Name
Dates of service
Paul V. McNutt[4] July 13, 1939 – September 14, 1945
Watson B. Miller[4] October 11, 1945 – August 26, 1947
Oscar R. Ewing[4] August 27, 1947 – January 20, 1953
Oveta Culp Hobby[4] January 21, 1953 – April 11, 1953
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare[edit]
The seal of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the flag of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, the flag of the U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, the flag of the U.S. Under Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the flag of the U.S. Assistant Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was created on April 11, 1953, when Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 became effective. HEW thus became the first new Cabinet-level department since the Department of Labor was created in 1913. The Reorganization Plan abolished the FSA and transferred all of its functions to the Secretary of HEW and all components of the Agency to the Department. The first Secretary of HEW was Oveta Culp Hobby, a native of Texas, who had served as Commander of the Women's Army Corps in World War II and was editor and publisher of the Houston Post. Sworn in on April 11, 1953, as Secretary, she had been FSA Administrator since January 21, 1953.
The six major program-operating components of the new Department were the Public Health Service, the Office of Education, the Food and Drug Administration, the Social Security Administration, the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, and St. Elizabeth's Hospital. The Department was also responsible for three federally aided corporations: Howard University, the American Printing House for the Blind, and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf (Gallaudet College since 1954).[4]
List of Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare[4]
Name
Dates of service
Oveta Culp Hobby April 11, 1953 – July 31, 1955
Marion B. Folsom August 1, 1955 – July 31, 1958
Arthur Flemming August 1, 1958 – January 19, 1961
Abraham Ribicoff January 21, 1961 – July 13, 1962
Anthony J. Celebrezze July 31, 1962 – August 17, 1965
John W. Gardner August 18, 1965 – March 1, 1968
Wilbur J. Cohen (designate) March 22, 1968 – May 16, 1968
Wilbur J. Cohen May 16, 1968 – January 20, 1969
Robert H. Finch January 21, 1969 – June 23, 1970
Elliot L. Richardson June 24, 1970 – January 29, 1973
Caspar W. Weinberger February 12, 1973 – August 8, 1975
Forrest David Mathews August 8, 1975 – January 20, 1977
Joseph A. Califano Jr. January 20, 1977 – August 3, 1979
Patricia Roberts Harris August 3, 1979 – May 4, 1980
Department of Health and Human Services[edit]
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 1979,[5] when its education functions were transferred to the newly created United States Department of Education under the Department of Education Organization Act.[6] HHS was left in charge of the Social Security Administration, agencies constituting the Public Health Service, and Family Support Administration.
In 1995, the Social Security Administration was removed from the Department of Health and Human Services, and established as an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States Government.
HHS is administered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Public Health Service (PHS) is the main division of the HHS and is led by the Assistant Secretary for Health. The current Secretary, Alex Azar, assumed office on January 29, 2018, upon his appointment by President Trump and confirmation by the Senate.
The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the uniformed service of the PHS, is led by the Surgeon General who is responsible for addressing matters concerning public health as authorized by the Secretary or by the Assistant Secretary of Health in addition to his or her primary mission of administering the Commissioned Corps.
Federal, state, and local health departments[edit]
There are three tiers of health departments, the federal health department, state health department and local health department. In relation with state and local government, the federal government provides states with funding to ensure that states are able to retain current programs and are able to implement new programs. The coordination between all three health departments is critical to ensure the programs being implemented are well structured and suited to the corresponding level of health department. The health department at state level needs to safeguard good relations with legislators as well as governors in order to acquire legal and financial aid to guarantee the development and enhancements of the programs. Assemblies are set up to guide the relationships between state and local health departments. The state sets up the regulations and health policies whereas the local health departments are the ones implementing the health policies and services.[7][8]
Office of Inspector General[edit]
The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) investigates criminal activity for HHS. The special agents who work for OIG have the same title series "1811", training and authority as other federal criminal investigators, such as the FBI, ATF, DEA and Secret Service. However, OIG Special Agents have special skills in investigating white collar crime related to Medicare and Medicaid fraud and abuse. Organized crime has dominated the criminal activity relative to this type of fraud.
HHS-OIG investigates tens of millions of dollars in Medicare fraud each year. In addition, OIG will continue its coverage of all 50 states and the District of Columbia by its multi-agency task forces (PSOC Task Forces) that identify, investigate, and prosecute individuals who willfully avoid payment of their child support obligations under the Child Support Recovery Act.
HHS-OIG agents also provide protective services to the Secretary of HHS, and other department executives as necessary.
In 2002, the department released Healthy People 2010, a national strategic initiative for improving the health of Americans.
With the passage of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 of 2009, and the Affordable Care Act of 2010, the Office of the Inspector General has taken an emboldened stance against healthcare related non-compliance, most notably for violations of Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute.[9]
In 2015, the OIG issued a fraud alert as a warning to hospitals and healthcare systems to monitor and comply with their physician compensation arrangements.[10]
Recent years have seen dramatic increases in both the number and the amounts of Stark Law violation settlements, prompting healthcare experts to identify a need for automated solutions that manage physician arrangements by centralizing necessary information with regard to physician-hospital integration.[11] Contract management software companies such as Meditract provide options for health systems to organize and store physician contracts. Ludi Inc introduced DocTime Log®, an SaaS solution that specifically addresses this growing concern, automating physician time logging in compliance with contract terms to eliminate Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute violations.[12]
Strengthening Communities Fund[edit]
In June 2010, the Department of Health and Human Services created the Strengthening Communities Fund[13] as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The fund was appropriated $50 million to be given as grants to organizations in the United States who were engaged in Capacity Building programs. The grants were given to two different types of capacity builders:
State, Local and Tribal governments engaged in capacity building: grants will go to state local and tribal governments to equip them with the capacity to more effectively partner with faith-based or non-faith based nonprofit organizations.[14]
Capacity building in this program will involve education and outreach that catalyzes more involvement of nonprofit organizations in economic recovery
and building up nonprofit organization's abilities to tackle economic problems. State, Local and Tribal governments can receive up to $250,000 in two year grants
Nonprofit Social Service Providers engaged in capacity building: they will make grants available to nonprofit organizations who can assist other nonprofit organizations in organizational development, program development, leadership, and evaluations. Nonprofits can receive up to $1 million in two year grants.
Organization[edit]
The Department of Health and Human Services is led by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, a member of the United States Cabinet appointed by the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate. The Secretary is assisted in managing the Department by the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is also appointed by the President. The Secretary and Deputy Secretary are further assisted by seven Assistant Secretaries, who serve as top Departmental administrators.
As of Jan. 20, 2018, this is the top level of the organizational chart. HHS provides further organizational detail on its website.
Several agencies within HHS are components of the Public Health Service (PHS), as noted below.
Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Chief of Staff
The Executive Secretariat (ES)
Office of Intergovernmental and External Affairs (IEA)
Headquarters Staff
Regional Offices
Office of Human Resources
Office of Health Reform (OHR)
Office of the Secretary
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration (ASA)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources (ASFR)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health (OASH)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Legislation (ASL)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) - PHS component
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA)
Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
Departmental Appeals Board (DAB)
Office of the General Counsel (OGC)
Office of Global Affairs (OGA) - PHS component
Office of Inspector General (OIG)
Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals (OMHA)
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)
Operating Divisions
Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
Administration for Community Living (ACL)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) - PHS component
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) - PHS component
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - PHS component
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - PHS component
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) - PHS component
Indian Health Service (IHS) - PHS component
National Institutes of Health (NIH) - PHS component
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) - PHS component
Budget and finances[edit]
The Department of Health and Human Services was authorized a budget for fiscal year 2015 of $1.020 trillion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:[15]
Program
Funding (in billions)
Management and Finance
Departmental Management $1.4
Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund $1.4
Operating Divisions
Food and Drug Administration $2.6
Health Resources and Services Administration $10.4
Indian Health Service $4.8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention $6.7
National Institutes of Health $30.4
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration $3.4
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality $0.4
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services $906.8
Administration for Children and Families $51.3
Administration for Community Living $2.1
TOTAL 1,020.3
Historical budgets[edit]
HHS.Gov provides complete details on current and historical budgets for that agency.[16] Budgets for fiscal years prior to 2014 are archived by Archive-It as requested by HHS.
All HHS budget collections[17]
2009[18]
2010[19]
2011[20]
2012[21]
2013[22]
2014[23]
2015[24]
2016[25]
Former operating divisions and agencies[edit]
Social Security Administration, made independent in 1995.
Health Care Financing Administration, renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Programs[edit]
The Department of Health and Human Services' administers 115 programs across its 11 operating divisions.[26] The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) aims to "protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves."[27] These federal programs consist of social service programs, civil rights and healthcare privacy programs, disaster preparedness programs, and health related research. HHS offers a variety of social service programs geared toward persons with low income, disabilities, military families, and senior citizens. [28] Healthcare rights are defined under HHS in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) which protect patient’s privacy in regards to medical information, protects workers health insurance when unemployed, and sets guidelines surrounding some health insurance. HHS collaborates with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response and Office of Emergency Management to prepare and respond to health emergencies.[29][30] A broad array of health related research is supported or completed under the HHS; secondarily under HHS, the Health Resources & Service Administration houses data warehouses and makes health data available surrounding a multitude of topics.[31] [32] HHS also has vast offering of health related resources and tools to help educate the public on health policies and pertinent population health information. Some examples of available resources include disease prevention, wellness, health insurance information, as well as links to healthcare providers and facilities, meaningful health related materials, public health and safety information.[33][34][35][36][37][38]
Some highlights include:
Health and social science research
Preventing disease, including immunization services
Assuring food and drug safety
Medicare (health insurance for elderly and disabled Americans) and Medicaid (health insurance for low-income people)
Health information technology
Financial assistance and services for low-income families
Improving maternal and infant health, including a Nurse Home Visitation to support first-time mothers
Head Start (pre-school education and services)
Faith-based and community initiatives
Preventing child abuse and domestic violence
Substance abuse treatment and prevention
Services for older Americans, including home-delivered meals
Comprehensive health services for Native Americans
Assets for Independence
Medical preparedness for emergencies, including potential terrorism
Child support enforcement[39]
Freedom of Information Act processing performance[edit]
In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (United States) (FOIA) requests published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the DHHS ranked second to last, earning an F by scoring 57 out of a possible 100 points, largely due to a low score on its particular disclosure rules. It had deteriorated from a D- in 2013.[40]
Health care reform[edit]
The 2010 United States federal budget established a reserve fund of more than $630 billion over 10 years to finance fundamental reform of the health care system.[41]
Related legislation[edit]
1946: Hospital Survey and Construction Act (Hill-Burton Act) PL 79-725
1949: Hospital Construction Act PL 81-380
1950: Public Health Services Act Amendments PL 81-692
1955: Poliomyelitis Vaccination Assistance Act PL 84-377
1956: Health Research Facilities Act PL 84-835
1960: Social Security Amendments (Kerr-Mill aid) PL 86-778
1961: Community Health Services and Facilities Act PL 87-395
1962: Public Health Service Act PL 87-838
1962: Vaccination Assistance PL 87-868
1963: Mental Retardation Facilities Construction Act/Community Mental Health Centers Act PL 88-164
1964: Nurse Training Act PL 88-581
1965: Community Health Services and Facilities Act PL 89-109
1965: Medicare PL 89-97
1965: Mental Health Centers Act Amendments PL 89-105
1965: Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments PL 89-239
1966: Comprehensive Health Planning and Service Act PL 89-749
1970: Community Mental Health Service Act PL 91-211
1970: Family Planning Services and Population Research Act PL 91-572
1970: Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act PL 91-695
1971: National Cancer Act PL 92-218
1974: Research on Aging Act PL 93-296
1974: National Health Planning and Resources Development Act PL 93-641
1979: Department of Education Organization Act (removed education functions) PL 96-88
1987: Department of Transportation Appropriations Act PL 100-202
1988: Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act PL 100-360
1989: Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act PL 101-164
1996: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act PL 104-191
2000: Child Abuse Reform and Enforcement Act P.L. 106-177
2010: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act PL 111-148
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Health and fitness portal
Medicine portal
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
Early Head Start
Emergency Care Coordination Center
Global Health Security Initiative
Head Start
Health information technology
Health professional
Healthy People 2010
Human experimentation in the United States
Rural health
Stark Law
Supporting Healthy Marriage Project
William R. Steiger
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ (ASFR), Office of Budget (OB), Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources (March 27, 2014). "2015 Budget in Brief".
Jump up ^ "About HHS". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. A Common Thread of Service: An Historical Guide to HEW. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 73-45". July 1, 1972. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Preliminary inventory of the records of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (PI 181, Record Group 235), National Archives and Records Service, 1975.
Jump up ^ "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives, Title 20, Section 3508". house.gov.
Jump up ^ Full text of the Department of Education Organization Act, P.L. 96-88.
Jump up ^ "Policy Statement Development Process". American Public Health Association. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The State Health Department". American public health department. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Becker's Hospital Review".
Jump up ^ "Becker's Hospital Review" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Becker's Hospital Review".
Jump up ^ "Ludi, Inc. Closes $1M in Series A Financing". Business Wire.
Jump up ^ "Strengthening Communities Fund". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Strengthening Communities Fund: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Implementation Plan" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. May 24, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ 2015 Department of Health and Human Services Budget-in-Brief, pg 10, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Accessed July 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "FY 2018 Budget & Performance". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Budget and Performance". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archive-It. Retrieved November 20, 2017
Jump up ^ "Budget Documents & Performance Information". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archive-It. September 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2017
Jump up ^ "FY 2010 President's Budget for HHS". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archive-It. Retrieved November 20, 2017
Jump up ^ "FY 2011 President's Budget for HHS". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archive-It. Retrieved November 20, 2017
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Jump up ^ "FY 2013 President's Budget for HHS". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archive-It. Retrieved November 20, 2017
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Jump up ^ "FY 2015 Budget & Performance". United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November 20, 2017
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Jump up ^ Budget and Performance. HHS.gov. Retrieved on April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ (ASPA), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (January 29, 2015). "Programs & Services". HHS.gov.
Jump up ^ (ASPA), Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (February 26, 2015). "Social Services". hhs.gov.
Jump up ^ "Preparedness Home - PHE". www.phe.gov.
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Jump up ^ (ASPA), Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (February 26, 2015). "Research". hhs.gov.
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Jump up ^ (ASPA), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (January 29, 2015). "Programs & Services". HHS.gov.
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Jump up ^ (ASPA), Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (March 3, 2015). "Featured Topic Sites". hhs.gov.
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Pioneer Column
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lieutenant Edward Tyndale-Biscoe hoists the Union Jack on the kopje overlooking Fort Salisbury on the morning of 13 September 1890. The day of the column's arrival, 12 September, was a national holiday between 1920 and 1979.
The Pioneer Column was a force raised by Cecil Rhodes and his British South Africa Company in 1890 and used in his efforts to annexe the territory of Mashonaland, later part of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).
Rhodes was anxious to secure Matabeleland and Mashonaland before the Germans, Portuguese or Boers did. His first step was to persuade the Matabele King Lobengula, in 1888, to sign a treaty giving him rights to mining and administration (but not settlement as such) in the area of Mashonaland which was ruled by the King by use of coercion and murderous raids involved tribute-taking and abduction of young men and women.[1] Using this Rudd Concession (so called because Rhodes's business partner, Charles Rudd, was instrumental in securing the signature) between Rhodes' British South Africa Company (allegedly on behalf of Queen Victoria though without any official knowledge or authority) and Lobengula, he then sought and obtained a charter from the British government allowing him to act, essentially although in a limited way, with the government's consent. The next step was to occupy the territory.
Contents
[hide]
1 Column Assembly
2 Occupation
3 Consequences
4 Campaign Medal
5 See also
6 References
Column Assembly[edit]
Officers of the Pioneer Corps, c. 1890
Rhodes's military advisers estimated that it would take 2,500 men and about one million pounds to win the war that would, they thought, inevitably result when Lobengula realised that Rhodes meant not only to mine but also to occupy his land. Frank Johnson, a 23-year-old adventurer, however, undertook to deliver the territory in nine months with a mere 250 men for £87,500. Frederick Selous, a hunter with close knowledge of Mashonaland, agreed to join the effort as guide. Johnson published recruitment notices in Kimberley offering each volunteer 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) of land and 15 mining claims (aggregating about 8.5 hectares (21 acres)). On the advice of Rhodes, Johnson selected for his column, from thousands of applicants, mostly the sons of rich families, so that if they were, indeed, imperilled by Lobengula their families would be more likely to enlist British government support for their rescue. Johnson's column eventually consisted of 180 civilian colonists, 62 wagons and 200 volunteers (who ultimately formed the nucleus of what became the British South Africa Police). A further party of 110 men, 16 wagons, 250 cattle and 130 spare horses later attached itself to the column.[2] The troopers were equipped with Martini-Henry rifles, revolvers, seven-pound field guns and Maxim machine guns, as well as an electric searchlight (which they later used to good effect to intimidate Matabele warriors shadowing the column).
Occupation[edit]
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Scramble for Africa
Boer War (1880)
Tunisia (1881)
Sudan (1881)
Egypt (1882)
Wassoulou (1883)
Eritrea (1887)
Dahomey (1890)
Mashonaland (1890)
Dahomey (1892)
Matabeleland (1893)
Wassoulou (1894)
Ashanti (1895)
Ethiopia (1895)
Matabeleland (1896)
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The route began at Macloutsie in Bechuanaland on 28 June 1890. On 11 July, it crossed the river Tuli into Matabeleland. It proceeded north-east and then north over a distance of about 650 kilometres (400 mi) intending to terminate at an open area explored by Selous a few years earlier that he called Mount Hampden. However, the column halted about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) before that at a naturally flat and marshy meadow bounded by a steep rocky hill; (today's Harare Kopje) on 12 September (later celebrated as a Rhodesian public holiday). The British union flag was hoisted on the following day, 13 September.
Three towns were founded; the first in early August at the head of a gentle route that led up from the low altitude area known as the Lowveld (named Providential Pass), called Fort Victoria (renamed Masvingo in 1982); the second at Fort Charter on a plateau halfway to the terminus of the column at the originally named Fort Salisbury.[3]
The Pioneer Corps was officially disbanded on 1 October 1890 and each member was granted land on which to farm.
Consequences[edit]
The effects of the Pioneer Column were immense. Mashonaland and Matabeleland ceased to be the poorly developed backwaters they had slipped into since the decline of the Mwenemutapa state began about 400 years earlier with the arrival of the Portuguese. The Shona and Matabele were forcibly compelled to join the modern world of the West. This was accomplished through a hut tax aimed at forcing African men to leave their herds and their barter economy to join the cash economy of the West via wage labour. A new elite snatched control from the Iron Age monarchy which had formerly held sway and retained power through demonstration of overwhelming technological superiority along with a towering confidence in its achievements. A new moral order was also imposed that has dramatically altered the culture and beliefs of the indigenous people and stopped their population decline.[4]
Campaign Medal[edit]
In 1927, the government of Southern Rhodesia issued a new British South Africa Company Medal to commemorate the earlier 1890 Pioneer Column. This medal was identical to the prior British South Africa Company Medals issued for the First Matabele War and Second Matabele War, except that it was struck without any campaign details on the reverse.[5]
See also[edit]
Nehanda Nyakasikana
Shangani Patrol
Category:Members of the Pioneer Column
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Path of Blood, Becker, P., Pengiuin Books, London,(1979)
Jump up ^ Bridger, P., House, M., and others, 1973. Encyclopaedia Rhodesia, College Press, Salisbury, Rhodesia
Jump up ^ Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia, FC Selous, Rhodesiana Reprint Library, Salisbury, 1969
Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1870 to 1905 v. 6 (The Cambridge History of Africa) CUP, 1985
Jump up ^ "BSA CM". www.angloboerwar.com. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
Samkange, Stanlake, On Trial for My Country, Heinemann African Writers Series 1966, for an African perspective.
Hill, Geoff, The Battle for Zimbabwe, Zebra Press, Cape Town, 2003.
Hensman, Howard, History of Rhodesia, Wm Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh & London, 1890.
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Colonial conflicts involving the English/British Empire
17th
century
Virginia (1609–46)
Swally (1612)
Ormuz (1622)
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Quebec (1628)
Pequot War (1634–38)
Acadia (1654–67)
Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)
Jamaica (1655–1739)
King Philip's War (1675–78)
King William's War (1688–97)
Ghana (1694–1700)
18th
century
Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
Tuscarora War (1711–15)
Yamasee War (1715–17)
Father Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25)
War of Jenkins' Ear (1740–42)
King George's War (1744–48)
Carnatic Wars (1746–63)
Nova Scotia (1749–55)
French and Indian War (1754–63)
Seven Years' War (1756–63)
Anglo–Cherokee War (1758–61)
Jamaica (1762)
Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)
Pontiac's War (1763–66)
Lord Dunmore's War (1774)
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Gold Coast (1781–82)
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Nootka Sound (1789)
Third Anglo–Mysore War (1789–92)
Cotiote (Wayanad) War (1793–1806)
Cape Colony (1795)
Jamaica (1795–96)
Ceylon (1795)
Kandyan Wars (1796–1818)
Malta (1798–1800)
Fourth Anglo–Mysore War (1798–99)
Dwyer's Guerrilla Campaign (1799–1803)
19th
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Newfoundland (1800)
Castle Hill convict rebellion
Second Anglo–Maratha War (1803–05)
Suriname (1804)
Guiana (1804)
Cape Colony (1806)
Río de la Plata (1806–07)
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Mauritius (1810)
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Xhosa Wars (1811–79)
Martinique (1809)
Guadeloupe (1810)
USA (1812–15)
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Guadeloupe (1815)
Cape Colony (1815)
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Guiana (1823)
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Jamaica (1831–32)
Malacca (1831–33)
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Abyssinia (1868)
Manitoba (1870)
Perak (1875–76)
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Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879–80)
Basutoland (1880–81)
First Boer War (1880–81)
Mahdist War (1881–99)
Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)
Saskatchewan (1885)
Central Africa (1886–89)
Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885)
Mashonaland (1890)
Hunza-Nagar Campaign (1891)
Anglo-Manipur War (1891)
Matabeleland (1893–94)
North Borneo (1894–1905)
Chitral Expedition (1895)
Jameson Raid South Africa (1896)
Anglo–Zanzibar War (1896)
Matabeleland (1896–97)
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First Mohmand Campaign (1897–98)
Tirah Campaign (1897–98)
Six-Day War (1899)
Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901)
Second Boer War (1899–1902)
20th
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Somaliland (1900–20)
West Africa (1901–02)
Tibet expedition (1903–04)
Bambatha Rebellion (1906)
Nyasaland (1915)
Nigeria (1915)
Nigeria (1918)
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
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Iraq (1920)
Malabar Rebellion (1921)
Kurdistan (1922–24)
Transjordan (1923)
Pink's War (1925)
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–30)
Barzani revolt (1931–32)
Second Mohmand Campaign (1935)
Palestine (1936–39)
Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)
Ethiopia (1943)
Indochina (1945–46)
Indonesia (1945)
Sarawak (1946–50)
Malayan Emergency (1948–60)
Mau Mau Uprising Kenya (1952–60)
Oman (1954–59)
Cyprus Emergency (1955–59)
Suez Crisis (1956)
Oman (1962–76)
Brunei (1962)
Sarawak (1962–90)
Malaysia (1962–66)
Aden (1963–67)
Falklands (1982)
[show]
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Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia articles
1890–1923: Company rule; 1923–80: Southern Rhodesia; 1953–63: Federation; 1965–79: Rhodesia under UDI; 1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia under UDI; 1980–present: Zimbabwe
History
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Pioneer Column
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Shangani Patrol
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Second Boer War
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Second World War
Malayan Emergency involvement
Federation
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Bush War
1975 Victoria Falls Conference
1976 Geneva Conference
Internal Settlement
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Politics of South Africa
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see South Africa political parties
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Trade unions and
Social movements
see South Africa trade unions
Equal Education
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Law
see South African law
Terrorism
AWB
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Political culture
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Alternative media
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Corruption
(Don't) touch me on my studio
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Renaming
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Slogans
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Books and
periodicals
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Column&oldid=786760924"
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