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History of laptops
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Alan Kay with his 1972 "Dynabook" prototype (photo: 5 November 2008 in Mountain View, California)
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The history of laptops describes the efforts in the 1970 s and 1980 s to build small, portable personal computers that combine the components, inputs, outputs and capabilities of a desktop computer in a small chassis. Before laptop/notebook computers were technically feasible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970 s. One of the first reasonably portable computers was the Xerox NoteTaker, again developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976. However, only 10 prototypes were built.
Contents
[hide]
1 Portal R2E CCMC
2 Osborne 1
3 Bondwell 2
4 Compaq Portable
5 Epson HX-20
6 Grid Compass
7 Dulmont Magnum/Kookaburra
8 Ampere
9 Tandy Model 100
10 Sharp and Gavilan
11 Kyotronic 85
12 Commodore SX-64
13 Kaypro 2000
14 IBM PC Convertible
15 Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200
16 US Air Force
17 Hewlett-Packard Vectra Portable CS
18 Cambridge Z88
19 Compaq SLT/286
20 NEC UltraLite
21 Apple
21.1 Macintosh Portable
21.2 Powerbook
22 IBM RS/6000 N40
23 Windows 95 operating system
24 Intel Pentium processor
25 Improved technology
26 Netbooks
27 Smartbooks
28 See also
29 References
30 External links
31 Further reading
Portal R2E CCMC[edit]
R2E CCMC Portal laptop
The portable micro computer the “Portal" of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. The Portal was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of the French firm R2E Micral in 1980 at the request of the company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting. It was based on an Intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped with a central 64K byte Ram, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys (separate blocks), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk: capacity = 140 000 characters, of a thermal printer: speed = 28 characters / second, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220V power supply. Designed for an operating temperature of 15 ° C to 35 ° C, it weighed 12 kg and its dimensions were 45cm x 45cm x 15cm. It provided total mobility. Its operating system was Prologue.
Osborne 1[edit]
An opened Osborne 1 computer, ready for use. The keyboard sits on the inside of the lid.
The Osborne 1 is considered the first true mobile computer by most historians. Adam Osborne founded Osborne Computer and formed the Osborne 1 in 1981. The Osborne 1 had a five-inch screen, incorporating a modem port, two 5 1/4 floppy drives, a big collection of bundled software applications, and a battery pack. The computer company was a failure and did not last for very long. Although it was large and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny 5" CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time. This and other "luggables" were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker. The Osborne was about the size of a portable sewing machine, and could be carried on commercial aircraft. The Osborne 1 weighed close to 11 kg and was priced at $1795.
Bondwell 2[edit]
Although it wasn't released until 1985, well after the decline of CP/M as a major operating system, the Bondwell 2 is one of only a handful of CP/M laptops. It used a Z-80 CPU running at 4 MHz, had 64 KBs of RAM, and a 3.5" floppy disk drive built in, which was unusual for CP/M laptops. The flip-up LCD display's resolution was 640x200 pixels. Bondwell 2 also included MicroPro's complete line of CP/M software, including WordStar. The Bondwell 2 was capable of displaying bitmapped graphics. The price of the Bondwell 2 was listed at $995.
Compaq Portable[edit]
The Compaq Portable was the first portable computer created in 1982 which one of the first 100% IBM PC compatible systems. The first shipment was in March 1983 and was priced at $2,995. The Compaq Portable folded up into a luggable case the size of a portable sewing machine. The third model of this development, Compaq Portable II, featured high resolution graphics on its tube display. It was the first portable computer ready to be used on the shop floor, and for CAD and diagram display. It established Compaq as a major brand on the market.
Epson HX-20[edit]
Epson HX-20 (1981)
Epson L3s (~1990?)
Another significant machine announced in 1981, although first sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. A simple handheld computer, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a small (120×32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD with 4 lines of text, 20 characters per line text mode, a 24 column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and 16 KB of RAM (expandable to 32 KB). Through at least the late 1980s Epson continued to release laptops such as the L3s.
Grid Compass[edit]
Main article: Grid Compass
The first laptop in the modern form was the Grid Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979–80, and released in 1983. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell design, in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. The computer could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel electroluminescent display and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. It was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$8,000–10,000) limited it to specialized applications. However, it was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the Space Shuttle during the 1980s. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by the Tandy (now RadioShack) Corporation.
Dulmont Magnum/Kookaburra[edit]
Main article: Dulmont Magnum
Another contender for the first true laptop was the Dulmont Magnum, designed Barry Wilkinson and Terry Crews Engineering Manager at Dulmison in 1982 and released in Australia in 1983 It included an 80×8 display in a lid that closed against the keyboard. It was based on the MS-DOS operating system and applications stored in ROM (A:) and also supported removable modules in expansion slots (B: and C:) that could be custom programmed EPROM or standard word processing and spreadsheet applications. However, the Magnum had no nonvolatile memory, but could suspend and retain memory in RAM, including a RAM Disk (D:). A separate expansion box provided dual 5.25-inch floppy or 10 MB hard disk storage. Dulmont was eventually taken over by Time Office Computers, who marketed the Magnum internationally in 16 and 25 line LCD versions, and also introduced the brandname Kookaburra to emphasize its Australian origins.
Ampere[edit]
The Ampere,[1] a laptop with a sleek clamshell design by Ryu Oosake, was made in 1983. It offered a MC68008 microprocessor dedicated to running an APL interpreter residing in ROM. It was released as the Ampere WS-1.[2]
Tandy Model 100[edit]
The TRS-80 Model 100 was an early portable computer introduced in 1983. It was one of the first notebook-style computers, featuring a keyboard and LCD, battery-powered, in a package roughly the size and shape of a notepad or a large book.
It was made by Kyocera, and originally sold in Japan as the Kyotronic 85. Although a slow seller for Kyocera, the rights to the machine were purchased by Tandy Corporation, and the computer was sold through Radio Shack stores in the United States and Canada as well as affiliated dealers in other countries, becoming one of the company's most popular models, with over 6,000,000 units sold worldwide. The Olivetti M-10 and the NEC PC-8201 and PC-8300 were also built on the same Kyocera platform.
Sharp and Gavilan[edit]
Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop". It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. Like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. Both had LCDs, and could connect to optional external printers. The Dulmont Magnum, launched internationally in 1984, was an Australian portable similar in layout to the Gavilan, which used the Intel 80186 processor.[3]
Kyotronic 85[edit]
The year 1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. Owing much to the design of the previous Epson HX-20, and although at first a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, who recognised its potential and marketed it respectively as the TRS-80 Model 100 line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, and NEC PC-8201.[4] The machines ran on standard AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, including a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and was written in part by Bill Gates himself. The computer was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8 line × 40-character LCD screen above a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it was a highly portable communications terminal. Due to its portability, good battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US$300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed less than 2 kg with dimensions of 30×21.5×4.5 centimeters (12×8½×1¾ in). Initial specifications included 8 kilobytes of RAM (expandable to 24 KB) and a 3 MHz processor. The machine was in fact about the size of a paper notebook, but the term had yet to come into use and it was generally described as a "portable" computer.
Commodore SX-64[edit]
The Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, or VIC-64 in Europe, was a portable, briefcase or suitcase-size "luggable" version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer, and was the first full-color portable computer.[5]
The SX-64 featured a built-in five-inch composite monitor and a built-in 1541 floppy drive. It weighed 20 pounds. The machine was carried by its sturdy handle, which doubled as an adjustable stand. It was announced in January 1983 and released a year later, at $995 USD.[6]
Kaypro 2000[edit]
Possibly the first commercial IBM-compatible laptop was the Kaypro 2000, introduced in 1985. With its brushed aluminum clamshell case, it was remarkably similar in design to modern laptops. It featured a 25 line by 80 character LCD, a detachable keyboard, and a pop-up 90 mm (3.5-inch) floppy drive.
IBM PC Convertible[edit]
Also among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops was the IBM PC Convertible, introduced in 1986. It had a CGA-compatible LCD and 2 floppy drives. It weighed 13 pounds (5.9 kg).
Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200[edit]
Toshiba launched the Toshiba T1100 in 1985, and has subsequently described it as "the world's first mass-market laptop computer".[7] It did not have a hard drive, and ran entirely from floppy disks. The CPU was a 4.77 MHz Intel 80C88, a variation of the popular Intel 8088, and the display was a monochrome, text-only 640x200 LCD. It was followed in 1987 by the T1000 and T1200. Although limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in ROM, the Toshiba models were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be run from lead-acid batteries. They also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the computer could be paused between sessions without having to be restarted each time.
US Air Force[edit]
The first laptops successful on a large scale came in large part due to a Request For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually lead to the purchase of over 200,000 laptops. Competition to supply this contract was fiercely contested and the major PC companies of the time; IBM Corporation, To shins, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an attempt to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark deal with the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCd battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20 MB hard disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988. ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the design and manufacturing of these laptops. This relationship is notable because it was the first deal between a major brand and an Asian original equipment manufacturer.
Hewlett-Packard Vectra Portable CS[edit]
In 1987, HP released a portable version of their Vectra CS computer.[8] It had the classic laptop configuration (keyboard and monitor closes up clam-shell style in order to carry), however, it was very heavy and fairly large. It had a full-size keyboard (with separate numeric keypad) and a large amber LCD screen. While it was offered with dual 3.5-inch floppy disk drives, the most common configuration was a 20 MB hard drive and a single floppy drive. It was one of the first machines with a 1.44 MB density 3.5-inch disk drive.
Cambridge Z88[edit]
Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. About the size of an A4 sheet of paper as well, it ran on standard batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer, and as a ROM-based machine with a small display, can – like the TRS-80 Model 100 – also be seen as a forerunner of the personal digital assistant.
Compaq SLT/286[edit]
By the end of the 1980s, laptop computers were becoming popular among business people. The COMPAQ SLT/286 debuted in October 1988, being the first battery-powered laptop to support an internal hard disk drive and a VGA compatible LCD screen. It weighed 14 lbs.[9]
NEC UltraLite[edit]
Main article: NEC UltraLite
The NEC UltraLite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first "notebook" computer, weighing just 2 kg (4.4 lbs). In lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a 2 megabyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility as well as its size. Although portable computers with clamshell LCD screens already existed before it, the Ultralite was the first computer in a notebook form-factor. It was significantly smaller than all portable computers that came before it. People can actually carry-it like a notebook and fold its clamshell LCD like a book cover over the rest of its body.
Apple[edit]
Macintosh Portable[edit]
The Macintosh Portable, Apple's first attempt at a battery-powered computer
The first Apple Computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh Portable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). Unlike the Compaq LTE laptop released earlier in the year the Macintosh Portable was actually a "luggable" not a laptop, but the Mac Portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, but was a poor seller due to its bulk. In the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a set of Mac ROMs, which usually meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh as well.
Powerbook[edit]
The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops, such as room for a palm rest, and the inclusion of a pointing device (a trackball). The following year, IBM released its ThinkPad 700C, featuring a similar design (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device).
Later PowerBooks featured optional color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and first true touchpad (PowerBook 500 series, 1994), first 16-bit stereo audio, and first built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).
IBM RS/6000 N40[edit]
In 1994, IBM released the RS/6000 N40 laptop based on a PowerPC microprocessor running the AIX operating system, a variant of UNIX. It was manufactured by Tadpole Technology (now Tadpole Computer), who also manufactured laptops based on SPARC and Alpha microprocessors, the SPARCbook and ALPHAbook lines, respectively.
Windows 95 operating system[edit]
The summer of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows 95. It was the first time that Microsoft had implemented the advanced power management specification with control in the operating system. Prior to this point each brand used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery life of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial in the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; however, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook design.
Intel Pentium processor[edit]
Windows 95 also ushered in the importance of the CD-ROM drive in mobile computing, and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor as the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. Also featuring a removable hard disk drive and floppy drive, the Solo was the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and hard disk drive) notebook computer, and was extremely successful within the consumer segment of the market. In roughly the same time period the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM ThinkPad were reaching great success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the corporate market.
Improved technology[edit]
A 1997 Micron laptop
Early laptop displays were so primitive that PC Magazine in 1986 published an article discussing them with the headline "Is It On Yet?". It said of the accompanying montage of nine portable computers, "Pictured at the right are two screens and seven elongated smudges". The article stated that "LCD screens still look to many observers like Etch-a-Sketch toys, or gray chalk on a dirty blackboard", and predicted that until displays improved, "laptops will continue to be a niche rather than a mainstream direction".[10] As technology improved during the 1990s, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased. Correspondingly prices went down. Several developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:
Improved battery technology. The heavy lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more efficient technologies, first nickel cadmium or NiCd, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then Lithium-ion battery and lithium polymer.
Power-saving processors. While laptops in 1991 were limited to the 80286 processor because of the energy demands of the more powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the specific power needs of laptops, marked the point at which laptop needs were included in CPU design. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to create the SL chipset. It was more integrated than any previous solution although its cost was higher. It was heavily adopted by the major notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset which used the same architecture. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach as it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting (also used in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of companies capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to more standard chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has always been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops. Intel did try to solve this problem with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a standard module upon which the CPU and external cache memory could sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the manufacturing process somewhat, and was also used in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU could be added to the chassis after it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a few generations but ultimately could not maintain the appropriate speed and data integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector. A more specialized power saving CPU variant for laptops is the PowerPC 603 family.[11] Derived from IBM's 601 series for laptops (while the 604 branch was for desktops), it found itself used on many low end Apple desktops before it was wildly used in laptops, starting with PowerBook models 5300, 2400, 500 upgrades. Ironically, what started out as a laptop processor was eventually used across all platforms in its follow up PPC 750.
Improved Liquid-crystal displays, in particular active-matrix TFT (Thin-film transistor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs prone to heavy shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some portable computer screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for some time although their viewing quality was poor. By about 1991, two new color LCD technologies hit the mainstream market in a big way; Dual STN and TFT. The Dual STN screens solved many of the viewing problems of STN at a very affordable price and the TFT screens offered excellent viewing quality although initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer a significant cost advantage over TFT until the mid-90s before the cost delta dropped to the point that DSTN was no longer used in notebooks. Improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and could display color with great accuracy, making them an acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor.
OLPC XO-1 laptop in Ebook-Mode.
Improved storage technology. Early laptops and portables had only floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became available, users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5" HDD was created initially as a response to the needs of notebook designers that needed smaller, lower power consumption products. With continuing pressure to shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced. One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) and other new laptops use Flash RAM (non volatile, non mechanical memory device) instead of the mechanical hard disk.
Improved connectivity. Internal modems and standard serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops made it easier to work away from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, made laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer. Many newer laptops are also available with built-in 3G Broadband wireless modems.
Other peripherals may include:
an integrated video camera for video communication
a fingerprint sensor for implementing a restriction of access to a sensitive data or the computer itself.
Netbooks[edit]
Main article: Netbook
In June 2007, Asus announced the Eee PC 701 to be released in October, a small lightweight x86 Celeron-M ULV 353 powered laptop with 4 GB SDHC disk and a 7-inch screen.[12] Despite previous attempts to launch small lightweight computers such as ultra-portable PC, the Eee was the first success story largely due to its low cost, small size, low weight and versatility. The term 'Netbook' was later dubbed by Intel. Asus then extended the Eee line with models with features such as a 9-inch screen and other brands, including Acer, MSI and Dell followed suit with similar devices, often built on the fledgling low-power Intel Atom processor architecture.
Smartbooks[edit]
Main article: Smartbook
In 2009, Qualcomm introduced a new term "smartbook", which stands for a hybrid device between smartphone and laptop.[13]
See also[edit]
Timeline of portable computers
Portal laptop computer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bob Armstrong, http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm
Jump up ^ Japanese PCs (1984) (13:13), Computer Chronicles
Jump up ^ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ See TRS-80 Model 100 / 102 at old-computers.com
Jump up ^ "Commodore SX-64 Portable". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Commodore SX-64 portable computer". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "World's First Laptop PC". Toshiba Science Museum. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Business Desktops/Calcs". HP Computer Museum. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Peter H. (23 October 1988). "THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; Compaq Finally Makes a Laptop". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Somerson, Paul (July 1986). "Is It On Yet?". PC. pp. 122–123. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "IBM Power Systems archived white papers". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Paul Miller. "Asus' new Eee PC 701 joins the laptop-lite fray with a bang". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Hachman, Mark (1 June 2009). "Qualcomm Shows Off Snapdragon Smartbooks". PC Magazine.
External links[edit]
"Laptops, 360 degree models", Russian Vintage Laptop Museum (museum)
Further reading[edit]
Wilson, James E. (2006). Vintage Laptop Computers: First Decade: 1980–89. Outskirts Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-59800-489-2.
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Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 8)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 8)
Season 8 U.S. DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
16
Release
Original network
USA Network
Original release
April 19 (2009-04-19) – August 9, 2009 (2009-08-09)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 7
Next →
Season 9
List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent episodes
The eighth season of Law & Order: Criminal Intent premiered on the USA Network in the United States on April 19, 2009. It consisted of sixteen episodes, and concluded on August 9, 2009. The day following each episode's broadcast on television, they are made available to purchase and download from the iTunes Store. Law & Order: Criminal Intent is an American police procedural television series set and filmed in New York City. It is the second spin-off of the long-running crime drama Law & Order, and was created by Dick Wolf and René Balcer. Law & Order: Criminal Intent follows the New York City Police Department's Major Case Squad, which investigates high-profile murder cases.
Season eight starred Vincent D'Onofrio as Detective Robert Goren, Kathryn Erbe as Detective Alexandra Eames, Julianne Nicholson as Detective Megan Wheeler, and Eric Bogosian as Captain Danny Ross. Jeff Goldblum joined the cast as Detective Zack Nichols. The season was executive produced by the following teams: Walon Green and Michael Chernuchin; Ed Zuckerman and Tim Lea; Dick Wolf and Peter Jankowski; and Norberto Barba, Diana Son, Julie Martin, and Arthur W. Forney.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Cast
3 Distribution
4 Reception
5 Episodes
6 References
Production[edit]
Law & Order: Criminal Intent is the third series in the crime drama Law & Order franchise, which was created by Dick Wolf in 1990.[1][2] It was developed by Wolf and René Balcer, who began working on the original Law & Order series during its first season.[3][4] Law & Order: Criminal Intent is a police procedural crime drama that follows a distinct division of the New York City Police Department: the Major Case Squad, and its investigations into high-profile murder cases, such as those involving VIPs, local government officials and employees, the financial industry, and the art world.[5] Unlike the other series in the Law & Order franchise, Law & Order: Criminal Intent gives significant attention to the actions and motives of the criminals, rather than primarily focusing on the police investigation and trial prosecution. Episodes do not usually contain trials, and often end in confessions rather than plea bargains or verdicts.[6]
Pier 62, at Chelsea Piers, Manhattan contains the set used to depict One Police Plaza, the real headquarters of the NYPD.
USA Network made a sixteen-episode order for season eight on May 22, 2008,[7] down from the twenty-two episodes of season seven. Production for season eight began at the end of the summer of 2008, shooting on location in and around New York City using local color.[8] The main set of One Police Plaza is located at Pier 62, Chelsea Piers, Manhattan.[9][10]
Following the departure of Warren Leight, who served as show runner, executive producer, and head writer in seasons six and seven,[11] it was announced in July 2008 that Walon Green and Robert Nathan would share Leight's role for the forthcoming eighth season, handling eight episodes each;[12] however, after making two episodes, Nathan was replaced by Law & Order executive producer Ed Zuckerman.[13] Michael Chernuchin co-executive produces Green's episodes, and Tim Lea co-executive produces Zuckerman's episodes.[12] Wolf and Peter Jankowski are also credited as executive producers, as with all other Law & Order series. Other executive producers on the series are Norberto Barba, Diana Son, Julie Martin, and Arthur W. Forney. Charlie Rubin is credited as the supervising producer, and Balcer, Eric Overmyer, and Siobhan Byrne O'Connor are consulting producers.[12]
Cast[edit]
Chris Noth, who played Detective Mike Logan, left Law & Order: Criminal Intent at the end of season seven.
Law & Order: Criminal Intent does not have an ensemble cast,[14] and therefore differs from Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, which feature six and eight actors, respectively, receiving star billing in their seasons which are aired during the same 2008–2009 television season.[15][16] The eighth season of Law & Order: Criminal Intent has five actors in starring roles, but only three appear on screen during an episode: two lead detectives and the Captain.
Four of the lead actors from the seventh season returned for season eight. Vincent D'Onofrio plays Detective Robert Goren, a hyper-intuitive contemporary Sherlock Holmes-type investigator who used to work for the US Military Police.[17][18][19] Goren's partner, former vice squad detective, Alexandra Eames,[17] is played by Kathryn Erbe.[20][21] Eric Bogosian appears as Captain Danny Ross,[22] and Julianne Nicholson continues to appear as Detective Megan Wheeler.[23] Jeff Goldblum joins the cast as Detective Zack Nichols,[24] replacing Detective Mike Logan (Chris Noth) as Wheeler's partner. Each episode features an alternate investigating team of detectives. D'Onofrio and Erbe appear together in one episode, and Goldblum and Nicholson appear together in the following episode. D'Onofrio and Erbe are in the third episode, and the fourth features Goldblum and Nicholson. Bogosian appears in every episode of the season. This format will continue until episode twelve, when Nicholson will leave the series temporarily on maternity leave. Erbe's character will then partner with both Goren and Nichols for the final four episodes of the season.[25]
In a recurring role, Leslie Hendrix continues to appear as Assistant Chief Medical Examiner Elizabeth Rodgers, the same character she has also played in Law & Order and the first season of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.[26] She has appeared in all episodes of seasons 7 and 8. Steve Zirnkilton provides a voice-over at the beginning of each episode's opening credits, saying "In New York City's war on crime, the worst criminal offenders are pursued by the detectives of the Major Case Squad. These are their stories."[27][28]
Actor/Actress
Character
Episodes
Team A
Vincent D'Onofrio Detective Robert Goren 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15
Kathryn Erbe Detective Alexandra Eames Main 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15–16, recurring 14
Team B
Jeff Goldblum Zack Nichols 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16
Julianne Nicholson Detective Megan Wheeler 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14
Both
Eric Bogosian Captain Danny Ross All
Distribution[edit]
Season eight of Law & Order: Criminal Intent first aired during the 2008–2009 television season on USA Network, an American cable channel. The season premiere episode's air date changed twice before it was eventually broadcast on April 19, 2009, at 9:00 p.m. EST.[29] It was originally scheduled to air in November 2008,[30] just three months after season seven's final episode, but was then pushed back to January 2009.[31] It was rescheduled a second time in January.[32] It was reported that the episodes were held back because the two starring Goldblum and Nicholson, and produced by Nathan were "terrible" and had to be scrapped.[13] Episodes aired weekly – except May 24 – for sixteen weeks until August 9, 2009.
When Law & Order: Criminal Intent first premiered in 2001, it aired on NBC, the same broadcast network that the rest of the Law & Order franchise airs on. Under a $100,000-per-episode shared or second window syndication agreement made between NBC and USA Network,[2][33] USA Network was allowed to broadcast episodes out of primetime a week after their premiere on NBC.[34] In 2007, following a ratings decline, first-run episodes moved from NBC to USA Network,[35][36] and NBC reaired the episodes beginning January 2008. The same deal continues to run for season eight; NBC began airing episodes from June 3, 2009.[37]
The day following its broadcast on US television, each episode was available to purchase and download at the iTunes Store and Amazon Video on Demand;[38][39] however, unlike most other NBC and USA Network series, they were not streamed on USA Network's website or Hulu, which was co-owned by NBC Universal, USA Network's parent company.
Reception[edit]
Critical interest in season eight focused on the arrival of Jeff Goldblum as Detective Zack Nichols. Ginia Bellafante of The New York Times wrote, "[Nichols] is better suited to Mr. Goldblum's sensibility than the hallucinating detective he played on the short-lived series Raines, on which he was required to do too much feeling." She continued, "Goldblum’s initial scene has the effect of a star’s first walk-on in a stage play: you feel moved to applause... you trust him to break through the show’s melodramatic solemnity; he signals a kind of first-aid relief." She went on to say that Nicholson, as Detective Wheeler, Nichols' partner, "is destined to fade even further into the background than she did with her previous partner, Mike Logan," and that D'Onofrio's Detective Goren will now seem even more annoying when compared to Nichols.[40] Brian Lowry, reviewing for Variety, echoed Bellafonte, commenting that "Goldblum's deft touch with rapid-fire delivery makes him a particularly good choice for the show's cerebral brand of crime drama, although as a consequence, that approach tends to leave the secondary detective with even less to occupy her in most episodes than the flagship [Law & Order]'s assistant district attorneys." He added that the addition of Goldblum to the cast "should breathe a bit of life into Law & Order: Criminal Intent's familiar cat-and-mouse format," noting that it is the least consistently interesting series of the franchise. He noted, though, that due to the nature of the series, attention to the main characters' lives takes a back seat to the perpetrators, victims, and their investigations, saying it is a shame for Goldblum's admirers, as he is limited by the series' "fairly rigid parameters" and cannot fully showcase his acting talents. Lowry did, however, warn Goldblum's fans to "be content. Be very content."[41] In Entertainment Weekly, Mandi Bierly said of Nichols, "he's so laidback that he often does not even appear to be moving when he's walking... He's exactly what you thought you were getting from the casting of Jeff Goldblum." Of Wheeler, she said she hoped that in the forthcoming episodes, Nicholson would get to do more with the character than she did in Goldblum's premiere episode. "I'm assuming she's not always that irrelevant?" she questioned. "She was just feeling her new partner out, which is why she did nothing?"[42]
"Playing Dead," the season's first episode featuring Detectives Goren and Eames, had 4.578 million viewers,[43] over 400,000 more viewers than the following episode, which was Goldblum's premiere.[44] For the remainder of the season, however, episodes featuring Goldblum and Nicholson were watched by more viewers than the episodes featuring D'Onofrio and Erbe, although the viewing figures for all episodes continued to drop over the following weeks. The May 10 episode was watched by 3.14 million viewers and placed outside the top twenty cable network television shows for the week, although eight programs that did place inside the top twenty were NBA Playoff matches.[45] Subsequent episodes were watched by 3.709 million viewers[46] and 4.012 million viewers,[47] but the June 7 episode saw the figures begin to climb.[48] "The Glory That Was...," which aired on June 14, was the second-highest-rated cable television program for that night. It was watched by 4.14 million people from a total of 3.19 million households, and was watched by 1.87 million people within the 25- to 54-year-old demographics. Its viewing figures were beaten only by an episode of In Plain Sight, which was broadcast immediately after Law & Order: Criminal Intent on the USA Network. It was also the most-watched episode of the season that features Goldblum and Nicholson.[49] The following week's episode, "Family Values," also received high viewing figures. Beaten out by In Plain Sight again, it was that night's second-highest-rated cable program among 25- to 54-year-olds, 1.625 million of whom viewed it. It was also the second-highest-rated program for total viewing figures, being watched by 3.44 million people.[50]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
156
1 "Playing Dead" Michael Smith Antoinette Stella April 19, 2009 (2009-04-19) (USA)
May 6, 2009 (2009-05-06) (NBC) 08009 4.57[43]
Detectives Goren and Eames investigate the shooting of Stacy Hayes-Fitzgerald and her boyfriend Rick Siebert, two drug addicts who are blackmailing Stacy's stepfather, Neil Hayes-Fitzgerald (Scott Cohen), a politician running for mayor. Rick was killed in the shooting, but Stacy survived by playing dead for hours under his bleeding corpse until they were found by Stacy's mother, Josie. After returning home from the hospital, Stacy attempts to commit suicide. After seeing how she reacts when Neil is around, Goren asks Stacy if she has been abused, but she denies it. Goren discovers that Stacy and her family moved to Switzerland for a year when she was in high school, and realizes that Stacy's younger sister Sophie is actually her daughter by Neil. While questioning Neil and his mother, Camille (Kathy Baker), it is revealed that she had Rick killed because he was threatening to expose Neil's family scandal, thwarting his mayoral bid.
157
2 "Rock Star" Bill D'Elia Ed Zuckerman April 26, 2009 (2009-04-26) (USA)
May 13, 2009 (2009-05-13) (NBC) 08008 4.10[44]
Detective Wheeler and her new partner, Detective Zack Nichols, investigate the stabbing of an artist, who was found in a neighborhood rife with ethnic tensions.
158
3 "Identity Crisis" Michael Smith Pamela Wechsler May 3, 2009 (2009-05-03) (USA)
May 20, 2009 (2009-05-20) (NBC) 08005 3.14[51]
Two young brothers live with their schizophrenic mother, who dies in the bathtub by electrocution. They are questioned about the turn of events, and the younger brother Anthony tells police that he saw his brother Tommy push the electric heater into the tub. The two are subsequently separated and put into foster care. Twenty years later, Anthony reappears in Tommy's life, and Tommy responds by shooting him. Goren and Eames are brought in to investigate the murder, and Rodgers tells them that the victim, Anthony, was dying from lymphoma. Meanwhile, over the years Tommy (Sam Trammell) has been living a mysterious life, pretending that he is a graduate of Princeton University and taking on false identities. He rents a house on Nantucket under the name Tyler Chisholm, and the owner's daughter takes a liking to him. The owner is suspicious and runs a background credit check on "Tyler." The credit check is reported to the detectives, as Tyler Chisholm was one of the names noted when interviewing people at the Princeton Eating Club. They travel to Nantucket, where they find Tommy and take him into custody. Back in New York, Eames questions the owner's daughter and asks if there was anything strange or out of the ordinary that she could recall. She tells Eames that she remembers Tommy throwing something into the water and staring at it. Goren then questions Tommy and reveals that Anthony did not return to bring back old memories and haunt Tommy, but to make amends because of his imminent death.
159
4 "In Treatment" Jean de Segonzac Timothy J. Lea May 10, 2009 (2009-05-10) (USA)
May 27, 2009 (2009-05-27) (NBC) 08010 3.14[45]
Detectives Nichols and Wheeler investigate the murder of a Wall Street executive who is murdered during a gala. Nichols believes that his company is more involved with the case than they have admitted to the police. During the investigation the detectives discover that news of a falling stock, which plunged more after news of a fraud investigation, is tied to this murder. However, their investigation leads them to a treatment clinic, where their prime suspect is under the care of a controlling psychiatrist (Dennis Boutsikaris).
160
5 "Faithfully" Jean de Segonzac Antoinette Stella May 17, 2009 (2009-05-17) (USA)
June 29, 2009 (2009-06-29) (NBC) 08001 3.70[46]
When a devout celebrity doctor is murdered, Goren and Eames enter the unexpectedly steamy world behind the pulpit.
161
6 "Astoria Helen" Norberto Barba Timothy J. Lea May 31, 2009 (2009-05-31) (USA)
July 6, 2009 (2009-07-06) (NBC) 08004 3.97[52]
A charming con man named Joe Gallagher (Creighton James) targets a lonely, single mother named Helen Bramer (Arija Bareikis) to try to hit an armored truck carrying millions of dollars, Bramer worked for the company of the armored truck. Detectives Nichols and Wheeler investigate when one of the con man's partners dies weeks later in a bomb blast. Bramer and Gallagher become the prime suspects in the case when a van owner named Frank Stroup (Domenick Lombardozzi) is ripped off and later shot. But the detectives later learn that Bramer and Gallagher aren't the prime suspects when Bramer's son Kevin gets abducted by Frank Stroup, and to rescue the boy, Detective Nichols has to put himself in the middle of a hostage situation.
162
7 "Folie à Deux" David Manson Michael S. Chernuchin June 7, 2009 (2009-06-07) (USA)
July 13, 2009 (2009-07-13) (NBC) 08003 4.01[47]
Detectives Goren and Eames investigate when a couple’s 2-year-old daughter mysteriously disappears from her room during a robbery at the hotel, where her parents dined. They learn that a family member (Lynn Redgrave) is financially supporting the couple, while also dying of a heart condition. Glass fragments and a stolen key-card become substantial evidence which leads them to the robber, although there is no child with him. Further investigation leads Goren and Eames to receive a ransom call. However, they learn that someone relatively close to the family was taking advantage of the crime, attempting to win money over in the process. The detectives find out the parents have been giving a false description. There never was a child at the hotel. As they uncover a shocking conspiracy, Goren and Eames learn that the unstable mother (Piper Perabo) has been delusional about the months-ago accidental death of her daughter, prompting her husband (Luke Kirby) to exploit her condition in order to continue receiving financial support from his rich but childless aunt.
Partially inspired by the Madeleine McCann and Caylee Anthony cases.
163
8 "The Glory That Was..." Norberto Barba Robert Nathan June 14, 2009 (2009-06-14) (USA)
July 20, 2009 (2009-07-20) (NBC) 08002 4.14[49][53]
What should have been a simple meeting turns to murder, leaving Detectives Wheeler and Nichols to question an embassy, a security company, the victim's relatives, and how it all connects to the Olympic Site Selection Committee.
This episode is omitted in the DVD release of season 8.
164
9 "Family Values" Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by: Walon Green
Story by: Walon Green & Antoinette Stella June 21, 2009 (2009-06-21) (USA)
August 3, 2009 (2009-08-03) (NBC) 08015 3.44[50][54]
When a flier from a local Catholic high school drama production connects three murders, Detectives Goren and Eames are back on the case to understand the psychology of a religious fanatic before he claims another victim.
165
10 "Salome in Manhattan"
"Salome" Steve Shill Andrew Lipsitz June 28, 2009 (2009-06-28) (USA)
August 10, 2009 (2009-08-10) (NBC) 08006 N/A
A celebrity chef’s star is on the rise as he plans the opening of a trendy restaurant with powerful partners. Yet his world is upended when his tabloid-friendly, gorgeous girlfriend and business partner is killed under mysterious circumstances. Detectives Nichols and Wheeler enter the seductive world of power and privilege and discover desperation and murder, but the more they learn about the victim and the men in her life, the more they learn about who the true killer is.
166
11 "Lady's Man" Ken Girotti Michael S. Chernuchin June 28, 2009 (2009-06-28) (USA)
August 17, 2009 (2009-08-17) (NBC) 08011 N/A
Detectives Goren and Eames are back on the case to investigate the killing of a man who became famous for dodging a murder conviction because of a mishandled trial. The man spun his notoriety into a TV show but turned up dead on his birthday. Eames had worked the case of his first wife's murder 10 years earlier. The case also involves an ADA (Raul Esparza) who has proven a thorn in Eames' side more than once.
167
12 "Passion" Jonathan Herron Michael S. Chernuchin July 12, 2009 (2009-07-12) (USA)
August 24, 2009 (2009-08-24) (NBC) 08012 3.47[55]
Egocentric poet Jacob Garrety (Will Chase) would do anything to keep his poetry journal, "The Village Quarterly", afloat. When foundation president Don McCallum shows up and announces he is cutting funding to the journal, Jacob appeals to assistant and lover Lauren to use her sexuality to change Don’s mind. Though reluctant, she agrees. While Jacob enjoys the advances of arts patron Sandra Dunbar (Sarah Rafferty) at a poetry reading, Lauren carries out Jacob’s wish, and winds up dead on the street. Detectives Nichols and Wheeler discover the deadly passion that exists behind the arts.
168
13 "All In" David Manson Teleplay by: Pamela Wechsler, Antoinette Stella, & Walon Green
Story by: Pamela Wechsler July 19, 2009 (2009-07-19) (USA)
August 31, 2009 (2009-08-31) (NBC) 08013 4.14[56]
When poker genius Josh Snow (Aaron Stanford) loses $80,000 in a card game, backer and bookie Lou Cardinale (Boris McGiver) forces him into collections to work off the losses. Lou gives him a .38 and a box of blanks to extract gambling debts, and sends along his mistress, Angela (Aleksa Palladino), to keep an eye on the money. When Josh first collects from a guy in the local neighborhood, he shoots a blank at him. The guy gave him twenty thousand dollars and then he collects from Kip McGonagle (Robert Leeshock). He fires the gun expecting a blank, but a real bullet kills Kip in the street. Detectives Goren and Eames, who know Snow from a former case (identical historical plot elements, but different actor and character's name, from season five's "Cruise to Nowhere"), enter an elaborate game where they must join in the play, or be played.
169
14 "Major Case" Chris Zalla Andrew Lipsitz July 26, 2009 (2009-07-26) (USA)
August 31, 2009 (2009-08-31) (NBC) 08014 4.63[57]
A drug dealer is killed the night before she plans to leave town to live on her cousin's farm. After Wheeler goes into labor, Eames pairs up with Nichols to investigate and find the girl's killer. But when Nichols suspects the girl's killer is an old friend (Dylan Baker) who works in the medical examiner's office, Nichols does all he can to prove that he killed the victim, but it could cost Nichols his job in the process.
Last episode to feature Julianne Nicholson (Detective Megan Wheeler); she is replaced by Kathryn Erbe (Detective Alexandra Eames) for the remainder of season eight. As of season nine, she is replaced by Saffron Burrows (Detective Serena Stevens).
170
15 "Alpha Dog" Norberto Barba Walon Green August 2, 2009 (2009-08-02) (USA)
September 7, 2009 (2009-09-07) (NBC) 08007 4.23[58]
A hunky posterboy with a million-dollar torso has what others crave: sex appeal. When he shows up dead after a night of sex and drugs with an elusive woman, detectives Goren and Eames uncover the sexual paranoia behind the murder.
171
16 "Revolution" John David Coles Michael S. Chernuchin August 9, 2009 (2009-08-09) (USA)
September 7, 2009 (2009-09-07) (NBC) 08016 4.83[59]
A revolutionary plans the kidnapping of a powerful banking executive, but the heist goes wrong and the executive is killed. While probing the murder, Nichols and Eames must also prevent a terrorist campaign.
After this episode, Ed Zuckerman and Michael S. Chernuchin leave the show as executive producers. Zuckerman returned to Law & Order as its executive producer and Chernuchin as its co-executive producer. Walon Green takes over as executive producer/show runner for all episodes.
Preceded by
Season Seven List of Law & Order: Criminal Intent episodes Succeeded by
Season Nine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (September 6, 2000). "'Law & Order' Makes Case For Second Spinoff". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Adalian, Josef (September 6, 2000). "NBC builds case for 3rd 'Law' skein". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Jon (October 15, 2008). "Dick Wolf". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Adalian, Josef (November 6, 2000). "Studios USA reups veteran showrunner". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (December 14, 2001). "'Order' Patrol". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Law & Order: Criminal Intent – Synopsis". Variety. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (May 22, 2008). "USA orders more 'Criminal Intent'". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dawn, Randee (June 26, 2001). "Boom Box". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Set Tour with Executive Producer Fred Berner and Kathryn Erbe: Law & Order: Criminal Intent: The Third Year (DVD). Universal Studios Home Entertainment. June 3, 2003.
Jump up ^ Alleman, Richard (2005). "Union Square/Gramercy Park/Chelsea: From Biograph to Law & Order". New York: The Movie Lover's Guide: the Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York. Random House. pp. 228–229. ISBN 0-7679-1634-4.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael (June 1, 2008). "Leight to begin 'Treatment'". Variety. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Frankel, Daniel (July 29, 2008). "Dick Wolf reveals 'Intent'". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedman, Roger (January 23, 2009). "Law & Disorder at Criminal Intent". Fox News. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Brundy, Bill (February 6, 2003). ""Criminal Intent" Likely Last Series for Star". Tribune News Service. Knight Ridder. Whereas the other "Law & Order's" rely heavily on their ensemble casts, "Criminal Intent" hangs on D'Onofrio's portrayal of Detective Robert Goren |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Law & Order (Season 19) (Television production). Wolf Films, Studios USA. November 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (Season 10) (Television production). Wolf Films, Studios USA. September 23, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Law & Order". NBC. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Yessis, Michael (June 5, 2002). "Freshman Favorites: Vincent D'Onofrio". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (December 8, 2000). "Wolf Collars D'onofrio For 3rd 'law' Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kathryn Erbe: Biography". TV Guide. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wheat, Alynda (November 4, 2005). "Rewriting the Law". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Intent collars Bogosian". TV.com. Reuters. July 19, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Torrance, Kelly Jane (March 23, 2007). "'Intent' on having a dual career; Julianne Nicholson on large and small screen". The Washington Times. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Schneider, Michael (June 26, 2008). "Jeff Goldblum joins 'Criminal Intent'". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (April 16, 2009). "Law & Order twist: Erbe in, Nicholson out!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Flynn, Gillian (October 14, 2004). "Law & Order". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Baker, Joan (2005). "Steve Zirnkilton – Voice of Law & Order TV Series". Secrets of Voice-over Success: Top Voice-over Artists Reveal How They Did It. Sentient Publications. pp. 25–29. ISBN 1-59181-033-7.
Jump up ^ Morton, Spencer (February 1, 2009). "Steve Zirnkilton: The man behind the voice". The Maine Campus. University of Maine. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt (February 17, 2009). "USA Sets April 19 Return for Criminal Intent, In Plain Sight". TV Guide. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Mickey (October 29, 2009). "Law & Order: Criminal Intent Pushed Back to 2009". TV Guide. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Frankel, Daniel (October 29, 2008). "USA postpones 'L&O' premiere". Variety. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Mickey (January 21, 2009). "Law & Order: Criminal Intent Pushed Back to Summer 2009". TV Guide. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Strike Plagues Pilot Season". The Hollywood Reporter. April 17, 2001. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kunz, William M. (2006). "Patterns of Ownership in Prime Time Network Programming". Culture Conglomerates: Consolidation in the Motion Picture and Television Industries. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 134–135. ISBN 0-7425-4066-9.
Jump up ^ Gold, Matea (October 3, 2007). "Adopted by a rich family". Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Battaglio, Stephen (May 13, 2007). "NBC Renews Original L&O; Criminal Intent Goes to USA". TV Guide. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Battaglio, Stephen (March 12, 2009). "Summer TV Shows on NBC: Criminal Intent Is Back; The Philanthropist Arrives". TV Guide. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Law & Order: Criminal Intent Season 8". iTunes Store. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Law & Order: Criminal Intent: Video on Demand". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bellafante, Ginia (April 24, 2009). "Back on the Beat, With a High Q Rating". New York Times. p. C25. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (April 21, 2009). "Law & Order: Criminal Intent Review". Variety. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bierly, Mandi (April 27, 2009). "Jeff Goldblum on Law & Order: Criminal Intent: The verdict?". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (April 21, 2009). "In Plain Sight and Law & Order: CI return well, but WWE and SpongeBob win week". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (April 28, 2009). "Updated: WWE RAW, NFL Draft and Yankees / Red Sox Lead Weekly Cable Viewing". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (May 12, 2009). "On cable, iCarly > Kobe, Lebron, WWE Raw and SpongeBob". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (May 19, 2009). "NBA Playoffs, NASCAR and WWE Raw lead cable". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (June 9, 2009). "Corrected: Burn Notice, Jon & Kate Plus 8 and Royal Pains lead cable". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (June 2, 2009). "Burn Notice, Jon & Kate Plus 8 and Royal Pains lead cable". TV By the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "USA #1 By Significant Margins Among All Key Demos" (Press release). USA Network. June 19, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "USA Network Takes Week By Huge Margins" (Press release). USA Network. June 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 6, 2009). "Bulls vs. Celtics, WWE RAW and NCIS lead cable shows". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (June 2, 2009). "NBA Playoffs, Jon & Kate Plus 8 and 2009 MTV Movie Awards lead cable". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Closer, WWE RAW and Royal Pains lead cable, True Blood makes top 20". TV By the Numbers. June 16, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "USA Network Takes Week By Huge Margins". TV By the Numbers. June 23, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (July 14, 2009). "The Closer Tops Cable Shows, CNN's Jackson Memorial Scores Big". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (July 21, 2009). "Wizards On Deck w/ Hannah Montana Sets Cable Top; SpongeBob Cannot Be Stopped". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (July 28, 2009). "Burn Notice, The Closer, NASCAR Top Week's Cable Shows". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 4, 2009). "Updated:The Closer, Burn Notice, Royal Pains Top Week's Cable Shows". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 11, 2009). "Most Watched week ever for USA". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
[hide]
v
t
e
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Characters
Police
Alexandra Eames
Mike Logan
Zack Nichols
Robert Goren
G. Lynn Bishop
Carolyn Barek
Megan Wheeler
Captain James Deakins
Captain Danny Ross
Other characters
Ron Carver
Elizabeth Rodgers
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Notable episodes
"One"
"The Good Doctor"
"Suite Sorrow"
"Graansha"
"Happy Family"
"Stress Position"
"Weeping Willow"
"30"
"Amends"
"Seeds"
"Untethered"
"Senseless"
"Purgatory"
"Contract"
"Assassin"
"Last Rites"
"Frame"
"Rock Star"
"Faithfully"
"The Glory That Was..."
"Family Values"
"Major Case"
"Revolution"
"Loyalty"
"To the Boy in the Blue Knit Cap"
See also
Episodes
Cast
Video game
Law & Order franchise
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Criminal_Intent_(season_8)&oldid=815988037"
Categories:
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2009 American television seasons
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