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Leap year
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For other uses, see Leap year (disambiguation).
A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing one additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.[1] Because seasons and astronomical events do not repeat in a whole number of days, calendars that have the same number of days in each year drift over time with respect to the event that the year is supposed to track. By inserting (also called intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. A year that is not a leap year is called a common year.
For example, in the Gregorian calendar, each leap year has 366 days instead of the usual 365, by extending February to 29 days rather than the common 28. These extra days occur in years which are multiples of four (with the exception of years divisible by 100 but not by 400). Similarly, in the lunisolar Hebrew calendar, Adar Aleph, a 13th lunar month, is added seven times every 19 years to the twelve lunar months in its common years to keep its calendar year from drifting through the seasons. In the Bahá'í Calendar, a leap day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the vernal equinox.
The name "leap year" probably comes from the fact that while a fixed date in the Gregorian calendar normally advances one day of the week from one year to the next, the day of the week in the 12 months following the leap day (from March 1 through February 28 of the following year) will advance two days due to the extra day (thus "leaping over" one of the days in the week).[2][3] For example, Christmas Day (December 25) fell on a Monday in 2017, then it will fall on Tuesday in 2018, and Wednesday in 2019 but then "leaps" over Thursday to fall on a Friday in 2020.
The length of a day is also occasionally changed by the insertion of leap seconds into Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), owing to the variability of Earth's rotational period. Unlike leap days, leap seconds are not introduced on a regular schedule, since the variability in the length of the day is not entirely predictable.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gregorian calendar
1.1 Algorithm
1.2 Leap day
1.3 Synchronized calendars (Bengali, Indian and Thai)
2 Julian, Coptic and Ethiopian calendars
3 Revised Julian calendar
4 Chinese calendar
5 Hebrew calendar
6 Islamic calendar
7 Hindu calendar
8 Bahá'í calendar
9 Solar Hijri calendar
10 Folk traditions
11 Birthdays
11.1 Republic of China
11.2 Hong Kong
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Gregorian calendar[edit]
See also: Gregorian calendar
An image showing which century years are leap years in the Gregorian calendar.
In the Gregorian calendar, the standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are multiples of 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. Adding one extra day in the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost 6 hours.[4] Some exceptions to this basic rule are required since the duration of a tropical year is slightly less than 365.25 days. The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar's scheme of leap years as follows:
Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 were.[5]
Over a period of four centuries, the accumulated error of adding a leap day every four years amounts to about three extra days. The Gregorian calendar therefore removes three leap days every 400 years, which is the length of its leap cycle. This is done by removing February 29 in the three century years (multiples of 100) that cannot be exactly divided by 400.[6][7] The years 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200 and 2300 are common years. By this rule, the average number of days per year is 365 + 1⁄4 − 1⁄100 + 1⁄400 = 365.2425.[8] The rule can be applied to years before the Gregorian reform (the proleptic Gregorian calendar), if astronomical year numbering is used.[9]
This graph shows the variations in date and time of the June Solstice due to unequally spaced "leap day" rules. Contrast this with the Iranian Solar Hijri calendar, which generally has 8 leap year days every 33 years.
The Gregorian calendar was designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that falls on or after March 21) remains close to the vernal equinox.[10][11] The "Accuracy" section of the "Gregorian calendar" article discusses how well the Gregorian calendar achieves this design goal, and how well it approximates the tropical year.
Algorithm[edit]
The following pseudocode determines whether a year is a leap year or a common year in the Gregorian calendar (and in the proleptic Gregorian calendar before 1582). The year variable being tested is the integer representing the number of the year in the Gregorian calendar, and the tests are arranged to dispatch the most common cases first. Care should be taken in translating mathematical integer divisibility into specific programming languages.
if (year is not divisible by 4) then (it is a common year)
else if (year is not divisible by 100) then (it is a leap year)
else if (year is not divisible by 400) then (it is a common year)
else (it is a leap year)
The algorithm is not necessarily valid for years in the Julian calendar, such as years before 1752 in the British Empire. The year 1700 was a leap year in the Julian calendar, but not in the Gregorian calendar.
Leap day[edit]
Main article: February 29
A Swedish pocket calendar from 2008 showing February 29
February 1900 calendar showing that 1900 was not a leap year
February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years, and is called leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure, because the Earth does not orbit the sun in precisely 365 days.
The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunisolar calendar and named many of its days after the syzygies of the moon: the new moon (Kalendae or calends, hence "calendar") and the full moon (Idus or ides). The Nonae or nones was not the first quarter moon but was exactly one nundina or Roman market week of nine days before the ides, inclusively counting the ides as the first of those nine days. This is what we would call a period of eight days. In 1825, Ideler believed that the lunisolar calendar was abandoned about 450 BC by the decemvirs, who implemented the Roman Republican calendar, used until 46 BC. The days of these calendars were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so February 24 was ante diem sextum Kalendas Martias ("the sixth day before the calends of March") often abbreviated a. d. VI Kal. Mart. The Romans counted days inclusively in their calendars, so this was actually the fifth day before March 1 when counted in the modern exclusive manner (not including the starting day).[12]
The Republican calendar's intercalary month was inserted on the first or second day after the Terminalia (a. d. VII Kal. Mar., February 23). The remaining days of Februarius were dropped. This intercalary month, named Intercalaris or Mercedonius, contained 27 days. The religious festivals that were normally celebrated in the last five days of February were moved to the last five days of Intercalaris. Because only 22 or 23 days were effectively added, not a full lunation, the calends and ides of the Roman Republican calendar were no longer associated with the new moon and full moon.
The Julian calendar, which was developed in 46 BC by Julius Caesar, and became effective in 45 BC, distributed an extra ten days among the months of the Roman Republican calendar. Caesar also replaced the intercalary month by a single intercalary day, located where the intercalary month used to be. To create the intercalary day, the existing ante diem sextum Kalendas Martias (February 24) was doubled, producing ante diem bis sextum Kalendas Martias. Hence, the year containing the doubled day was a bissextile (bis sextum, "twice sixth") year. For legal purposes, the two days of the bis sextum were considered to be a single day, with the second half being intercalated; but in common practice by 238, when Censorinus wrote, the intercalary day was followed by the last five days of February, a. d. VI, V, IV, III and pridie Kal. Mart. (the days numbered 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28 from the beginning of February in a common year), so that the intercalated day was the first half of the doubled day. Thus the intercalated day was effectively inserted between the 23rd and 24th days of February. All later writers, including Macrobius about 430, Bede in 725, and other medieval computists (calculators of Easter), continued to state that the bissextum (bissextile day) occurred before the last five days of February.
In the older Roman Missal, feast days falling on or after February 24 are celebrated one day later in leap year.
Until 1970, the Roman Catholic Church always celebrated the feast of Saint Matthias on a. d. VI Kal. Mart., so if the days were numbered from the beginning of the month, it was named February 24 in common years, but the presence of the bissextum in a bissextile year immediately before a. d. VI Kal. Mart. shifted the latter day to February 25 in leap years, with the Vigil of St. Matthias shifting from February 23 to the leap day of February 24. This shift did not take place in pre-Reformation Norway and Iceland; Pope Alexander III ruled that either practice was lawful (Liber Extra, 5. 40. 14. 1). Other feasts normally falling on February 25–28 in common years are also shifted to the following day in a leap year (although they would be on the same day according to the Roman notation). The practice is still observed by those who use the older calendars.
Synchronized calendars (Bengali, Indian and Thai)[edit]
The Revised Bengali Calendar of Bangladesh and the Indian National Calendar organise their leap years so that the every leap day is close to a February 29 in the Gregorian calendar and vice versa. This makes it easy to convert dates to or from Gregorian.
The Thai solar calendar uses the Buddhist Era (BE), but has been synchronized with the Gregorian since AD 1941.
Julian, Coptic and Ethiopian calendars[edit]
From AD 8 the Julian calendar received an extra day added to February in years that are multiples of 4.
The Coptic calendar and Ethiopian calendar also add an extra day to the end of the year once every four years before a Julian 29-day February.
This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. However, it is 11 minutes longer than a tropical year. This means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar about every 131 years.
Revised Julian calendar[edit]
The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years that are multiples of four, except for years that are multiples of 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar.
This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222 days. This is a very good approximation to the mean tropical year, but because the vernal equinox year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar for the time being does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar at keeping the vernal equinox on or close to March 21.
Chinese calendar[edit]
The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a rule which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month (二月) then it is simply called "leap second month" i.e. simplified Chinese: 闰二月; traditional Chinese: 閏二月; pinyin: rùn'èryuè.
Hebrew calendar[edit]
The Hebrew calendar is lunisolar with an embolismic month. This extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Bet (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years (specifically, in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19). This is to ensure that Passover (Pesah) is always in the spring as required by the Torah (Pentateuch) in many verses[13] relating to Passover.
In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting days of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath. In particular, the first day of the Hebrew year can never be Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This rule is known in Hebrew as "lo adu rosh" (לא אד"ו ראש), i.e., "Rosh [ha-Shanah, first day of the year] is not Sunday, Wednesday or Friday" (as the Hebrew word adu is written by three Hebrew letters signifying Sunday, Wednesday and Friday). Accordingly, the first day of Passover is never Monday, Wednesday or Friday. This rule is known in Hebrew as "lo badu Pesah" (לא בד"ו פסח), which has a double meaning — "Passover is not a legend", but also "Passover is not Monday, Wednesday or Friday" (as the Hebrew word badu is written by three Hebrew letters signifying Monday, Wednesday and Friday).
One reason for this rule is that Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Hebrew calendar and the tenth day of the Hebrew year, now must never be adjacent to the weekly Sabbath (which is Saturday), i.e., it must never fall on Friday or Sunday, in order not to have two adjacent Sabbath days. However, Yom Kippur can still be on Saturday. These rules for the Feasts do not apply to the years from the Creation to the deliverance of the Hebrews from Egypt under Moses. It was at that time (cf. Exodus 13) that the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob gave the Hebrews their "Law" including the days to be kept holy and the feast days and Sabbaths.
Years consisting of 12 months have between 353 and 355 days. In a k'sidra ("in order") 354-day year, months have alternating 30 and 29 day lengths. In a chaser ("lacking") year, the month of Kislev is reduced to 29 days. In a malei ("filled") year, the month of Marcheshvan is increased to 30 days. 13-month years follow the same pattern, with the addition of the 30-day Adar Alef, giving them between 383 and 385 days.
Islamic calendar[edit]
The observed and calculated versions of the Islamic calendar do not have regular leap days, even though both have lunar months containing 29 or 30 days, generally in alternating order. However, the tabular Islamic calendar used by Islamic astronomers during the Middle Ages and still used by some Muslims does have a regular leap day added to the last month of the lunar year in 11 years of a 30-year cycle.[14] This additional day is found at the end of the last month, Dhu 'l-Hijja, which is also the month of the Hajj.[15]
The Hijri-Shamsi calendar, also adopted by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure with the exception that the first year starts with Hijra.[16]
Hindu calendar[edit]
In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons. Adhika maas occurs once every 33 to 34 months, compensating for the approximately eleven fewer days per year in twelve lunar months than the solar calendar. Thus, Hindu festivals tend to occur within a given span of the Gregorian calendar. For example: the No Moon during Diwali festival occurs between mid - October and mid - November. Buddhist calendars in several related forms (each a simplified version of the Hindu calendar) are used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma) and Sri Lanka.
The Hindu Calendar also known as Vikram Samvat is used in Nepal as the national calendar. All the official work is done based on this calendar.
The calendar followed in some parts of South India (mainly in Tamil Nadu) is solar. It has a leap year every four years.
Bahá'í calendar[edit]
Main article: Bahá'í calendar
The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days). Years begin at Naw-Rúz, on the vernal equinox, on or about March 21. A period of "Intercalary Days", called Ayyam-i-Ha, are inserted before the 19th month. This period normally has 4 days, but an extra day is added when needed to ensure that the following year starts on the vernal equinox. This is calculated and known years in advance.
Solar Hijri calendar[edit]
Main article: Solar Hijri calendar
The Iranian calendar is an observational calendar that starts on the spring equinox and adds a single intercalated day to the last month (Esfand) once every four or five years; the first leap year occurs as the fifth year of the typical 33-year cycle and the remaining leap years occur every four years through the remainder of the 33-year cycle. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Tehran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 years. [17]
Folk traditions[edit]
A spinster eagerly awaits the upcoming leap day, in this 1903 cartoon by Bob Satterfield.
In Ireland and Britain, it is a tradition that women may propose marriage only in leap years. While it has been claimed that the tradition was initiated by Saint Patrick or Brigid of Kildare in 5th century Ireland, this is dubious, as the tradition has not been attested before the 19th century.[18] Supposedly, a 1288 law by Queen Margaret of Scotland (then age five and living in Norway), required that fines be levied if a marriage proposal was refused by the man; compensation was deemed to be a pair of leather gloves, a single rose, £1 and a kiss.[19] In some places the tradition was tightened to restricting female proposals to the modern leap day, February 29, or to the medieval (bissextile) leap day, February 24.
According to Felten: "A play from the turn of the 17th century, 'The Maydes Metamorphosis,' has it that 'this is leape year/women wear breeches.' A few hundred years later, breeches wouldn't do at all: Women looking to take advantage of their opportunity to pitch woo were expected to wear a scarlet petticoat — fair warning, if you will."[20]
In Finland, the tradition is that if a man refuses a woman's proposal on leap day, he should buy her the fabrics for a skirt.[21]
In France, since 1980, a satirical newspaper entitled La Bougie du Sapeur is published only on leap year, on February 29.
In Greece, marriage in a leap year is considered unlucky.[22] One in five engaged couples in Greece will plan to avoid getting married in a leap year.[23]
In February 1988 the town of Anthony in Texas, declared itself "leap year capital of the world", and an international leapling birthday club was started.[24]
1908 postcards
Woman capturing man with butterfly-net.
Women anxiously awaiting January 1
Histrionically preparing
Birthdays[edit]
A person born on February 29 may be called a "leapling" or a "leaper".[25] In common years, they usually celebrate their birthdays on February 28. In some situations, March 1 is used as the birthday in a non-leap year, since it is the day following February 28.
Technically, a leapling will have fewer birthday anniversaries than their age in years. This phenomenon is exploited when a person claims to be only a quarter of their actual age, by counting their leap-year birthday anniversaries only. In Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance, Frederic the pirate apprentice discovers that he is bound to serve the pirates until his 21st birthday (that is, when he turns 88 years old - 1900 not being a Leap Year), rather than until his 21st year.
For legal purposes, legal birthdays depend on how local laws count time intervals.
Republic of China[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Civil Code Part I General Principles
The Civil Code of the Republic of China since October 10, 1929,[26] implies that the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years:
If a period fixed by weeks, months, and years does not commence from the beginning of a week, month, or year, it ends with the ending of the day which precedes the day of the last week, month, or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence. But if there is no corresponding day in the last month, the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month.[27]
Hong Kong[edit]
Since 1990 non-retroactively, Hong Kong considers the legal birthday of a leapling March 1 in common years:[28]
The time at which a person attains a particular age expressed in years shall be the commencement of the anniversary corresponding to the date of [their] birth.
Where a person has been born on February 29 in a leap year, the relevant anniversary in any year other than a leap year shall be taken to be March 1.
This section shall apply only where the relevant anniversary falls on a date after the date of commencement of this Ordinance.
See also[edit]
Century leap year
Calendar reform includes proposals that have not (yet) been adopted.
Leap second
Leap week calendar
Leap year bug
Sansculottides
Summer Olympic Games - which have been held in each leap year since 1896 and also in 1900 which was not a leap year
UEFA European Championship - which have been held in each leap year since 1960
Zeller's congruence
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meeus, Jean (1998), Astronomical Algorithims, Willmann-Bell, p. 62
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas (2012), "leap year", Online Etymology Dictionary
Jump up ^ http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/leap-year
Jump up ^ Lerner, Ed. K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda W. (2004). "Calendar". The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Detroit, MI: Gale.
Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars. (15 May 2013). United States Naval Observatory.
Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory (June 14, 2011), Leap Years
Jump up ^ Lerner & Lerner 2004, p. 681.
Jump up ^ Richards, E. G. (2013), "Calendars", in Urban, S. E.; Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.), Mill Valley CA: University Science Books, p. 598, ISBN 9781891389856
Jump up ^ Doggett, L.E. (1992), "Calendars", in Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (2nd ed.), Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, pp. 580–1
Jump up ^ Richards, E. G. (1998), Mapping time: The Calendar and its History, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–1, ISBN 0-19-286205-7
Jump up ^ Richards, E. G. (2013), "Calendars", in Urban, S. E.; Seidelmann, P. K., Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.), Mill Valley CA: University Science Books, p. 598, ISBN 9781891389856
Jump up ^ Key, Thomas Hewitt (2013) [1875], Calendarium, University of Chicago
Jump up ^ Exodus 23,15 ; Exodus 34,18 ; Deuteronomy 15,1 ; Deuteronomy 15, 13
Jump up ^ The Islamic leap year, Time and Date AS, n.d., retrieved February 29, 2012
Jump up ^ Leap year trivia you might want to know, GMA News, n.d., retrieved February 29, 2012
Jump up ^ Hijri-Shamsi Calendar, Al Islam, 2015, retrieved April 18, 2015
Jump up ^ Heydari-Malayeri, M. (2004), A Concise Review of the Iranian Calendar, Paris Observatory, arXiv:astro-ph/0409620
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, B.; Mikkelson, D.P. (2010), "The Privilege of Ladies", The Urban Legends Reference Pages, snopes.com
Jump up ^ Virtually no laws of Margaret survive. Indeed, none concerning her subjects are recorded in the twelve volume Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1814–75) covering the period 1124–1707 (two laws concerning young Margaret herself are recorded on pages 424 & 441–2 of volume I).
Jump up ^ Felten, E. (February 23, 2008), "The Bissextile b=Beverage", Wall Street Journal
Jump up ^ Hallett, S. (February 29, 2012), "Leap Year Proposal: What's The Story Behind It?", Huffington Post, retrieved December 21, 2015
Jump up ^ "A Greek Wedding", Anagnosis Books, retrieved January 12, 2012
Jump up ^ "Teaching Tips 63", Developing Teachers, retrieved January 12, 2012
Jump up ^ Anthony – Leap Year Capital of the World, Time and Date, 2008, retrieved 6 November 2011
Jump up ^ "February 29: 29 things you need to know about leap years and their extra day", Mirror, February 28, 2012, retrieved December 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Legislative History of the Civil Code of the Republic of China
Jump up ^ "Article 121 Civil Code", Part I General Principles of the Republic of China
Jump up ^ Age of Majority (Related Provisions) Ordinance (Ch. 410 Sec. 5), Hong Kong Department of Justice, June 30, 1997 (Enacted in 1990).
External links[edit]
Gray, Meghan. "29 Leap Year". Numberphile. Brady Haran.
Leap year (Calendar) at Encyclopædia Britannica
Famous Leapers
Leap Day Campaign: Galileo Day
History Behind Leap Year National Geographic Society
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SAT Subject Tests
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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SAT Subject Tests are 20 multiple-choice standardized tests given by the College Board on individual subjects. They are usually taken to improve a student's credentials for admission to colleges in the United States.
Many colleges use the SAT Subject Tests for admission, course placement, and to advise students about course selection. Some colleges specify the SAT Subject Tests that they require for admission or placement; others allow applicants to choose which tests to take. Students typically choose which tests to take depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools to which they plan to apply. From their introduction in 1937 until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tests, and until January 2005, they were known as SAT II: Subject Tests. They are still commonly known by these names. Every test is now a one-hour timed test. Historically, the exception to the one-hour time was the writing test, which was divided into a 20-minute essay question and a 40-minute multiple-choice section. The writing test was discontinued in January 2005.
A student may take up to three SAT Subject Tests on any given date at a flat rate. There is a per-administration registration fee, plus a flat fee for each test the student plans to take. Students aren't required to take the same number of tests they signed up for, nor are they required to take the same tests they initially indicated when filling out the registration form (except for language with listening tests).[1] If one takes more tests than initially paid for, he/she will be billed later for the additional test(s). Students eligible for an SAT fee waiver are allowed to take up to six subject tests in up to two administrations free of charge.[2]
With the exception of the March test administration, SAT Subject Tests are offered on the same days as the regular SAT Reasoning Test; therefore, students cannot take both the SAT Reasoning Test and Subject Tests on the same day. In addition, not all Subject tests are offered on every test date. Most non-foreign language tests are offered in every administration, but World History and foreign-language tests are only available on certain dates. In particular, the language tests with listening are available only once a year, in November.
Typically, the subject tests are administered in August, October, November, December, May and June. A calendar of test dates and registration deadlines can be found on The College Board's official website.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Current tests
2 Previously offered tests
3 Scoring and admissions
3.1 Answer sheet
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Current tests[edit]
There are currently 20 different tests, 12 of which are foreign language. Examinees are required to bring an acceptable calculator to take the Mathematics tests (calculators are not permitted on any other test), and a CD player to take the language with listening tests.[4][5][6]
Test
Subject
Mean score (2016)[7]
Standard deviation (2016)[7]
Number of Students (2016)[7]
Notes
SAT Subject Test in Literature Literature 599 122 57,761
SAT Subject Test in United States History U.S. History 624 115 66,967 Formerly American History and Social Studies
SAT Subject Test in World History World History 615 109 15,542 Formerly European History and World Cultures
SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1 Mathematics 599 116 66,058 Formerly Math I or IC.Basic algebra and geometry such as Monomials, Polynomials and the Pythagorean theorem are assessed in the beginning of the exam before progressing into basic trigonometry, algebraic functions, elementary statistics and a few miscellaneous topics.[8]
SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 Mathematics 690 101 145,140 Formerly Math II or IIC. Consists of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, functions, statistics and a few miscellaneous topics.[9]
SAT Subject Test in Biology E/M Biology 616 (E)
647 (M)
114 (E)
110 (M)
72,196 in total,
31,965 (E)
40,231 (M) Students have a choice of taking either an ecological ("E") or molecular ("M") biology oriented test.
SAT Subject Test in Chemistry Chemistry 668 104 71,173
SAT Subject Test in Physics Physics 667 104 56,751
SAT Subject Test in Chinese with Listening Chinese 761 66 4,925
SAT Subject Test in French French 634 121 6,800
SAT Subject Test in French with Listening French 664 113 1,533
SAT Subject Test in German German 636 124 621
SAT Subject Test in German with Listening German 629 121 479
SAT Subject Test in Modern Hebrew Modern Hebrew 614 145 344
SAT Subject Test in Italian Italian 677 114 488
SAT Subject Test in Japanese with Listening Japanese 704 116 1,317
SAT Subject Test in Korean with Listening Korean 764 64 1,891
SAT Subject Test in Latin Latin 632 109 2,483
SAT Subject Test in Spanish Spanish 653 109 18,161
SAT Subject Test in Spanish with Listening Spanish 660 108 2,914
Previously offered tests[edit]
Writing Subject Test
English Language Proficiency Test (ELPT)
These were discontinued after January 2005 when the SAT II in Writing was incorporated into the SAT.
Scoring and admissions[edit]
Each individual test is scored on a scale of 200 to 800; however, some of the tests are scored on such generous curves that it is impossible to get a 200; for example, if someone gets every question wrong on the Mathematics Level 2 test, he/she might receive a score of 310; it all depends on the version of the test.[10] The one and only exception was the ELPT, which was scored on a scale of 901 to 999.
Prior to the first administration of the new SAT Reasoning Test (which includes the writing section) in March 2005, some highly selective colleges required applicants to take three SAT Subject Tests, including the writing test and two other tests of the applicant's choosing, in addition to the SAT. However, with writing now a standard component of the SAT Reasoning Test, most selective colleges recommend applicants to submit scores for any two SAT Subject Tests. Engineering schools may recommend or require Chemistry or Physics and Math Level 2.[11][12][13][14][15][16] A handful of the most competitive schools still require three Subject Tests in addition to the three sections of the SAT Reasoning Test,[citation needed] while schools such as Georgetown and Harvard, which earlier required three Subject Tests, now 'strongly recommend' taking three Subject Tests.[17]
Schools also vary with regard to their SAT Subject Test requirements of students submitting scores for the ACT in place of the SAT: some schools consider the ACT an alternative to both the SAT and some SAT Subject Tests, whereas others accept the ACT but require SAT Subject Tests as well. Information about a school's specific test requirements can typically be found on its official website.
In October 2002, the College Board decided to drop the "Score Choice" option for exams, due to the fact that it disproportionally benefited wealthier students taking the exam who could afford to take it multiple times. Score Choice means that scores are not released to colleges until the student approves the score after seeing it.[18] However, the "Score Choice" option was reinstated as of the March 2009 test, meaning test takers again have the ability to choose whether or not to send scores.[19]
Answer sheet[edit]
The answer sheet has room for 115 answers; however, no test has more than 95 questions. 1–100 are standard multiple-choice bubbles and 101–115 are for 'relationship analysis questions', which are only used for the chemistry exam. The biology test is the only test to use answers 96–100; questions 1–60 are common to both the E and M tests, in addition, the E uses 61–80, and the M uses 81–100.
See also[edit]
College admissions in the United States
ACT (American College Testing) alternate test
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "U.S. Registration". collegeboard.com.
Jump up ^ "SAT Fee Waivers". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Test Dates and Deadlines". SAT Suite of Assessments. 2015-12-30. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Test Day Checklist". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Calculator Policy". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "CD Player Guidance". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "SAT Subject Tests Percentile Ranks 2016 College-Bound Seniors" (PDF). The College Board. Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Math 1 - SAT Subject Test Math Level 1 Practice Questions". collegeboard.com.
Jump up ^ "Math 2 - SAT Subject Test Math Level 2 Practice Questions". collegeboard.com.
Jump up ^ Real SAT Subject Tests
Jump up ^ "Prospective Freshman FAQ". Berkeley Engineering. University of California – Berkeley. Retrieved 16 October 2013. Engineering applicants are also strongly encouraged to take the SAT Subject Test in Math Level 2 and a SAT Subject Test in science (Biology E.M., Chemistry or Physics) in order to be as competitive as possible.
Jump up ^ "Freshman Applicants". California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Retrieved 16 October 2013. Testing Requirements: ...SAT Mathematics Level 2; 1 SAT Subject Test: Biology (Ecological), Biology (Molecular), Chemistry, OR Physics
Jump up ^ "Standardized Test Requirements & Policies". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 16 October 2013. CIT: Carnegie Institute of Technology / Two SAT Subject Tests: Math Level I or II, Physics or Chemistry
Jump up ^ "Instructions & Preparation". Duke University. Retrieved 16 October 2013. Applicants to the Pratt School of Engineering who take the SAT must take one SAT Subject Test in Mathematics (level 1 or level 2). Applicants to the Trinity College of Arts & Sciences who take the SAT may take any two SAT Subject Tests.
Jump up ^ "Tests & Scores". Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Retrieved 16 October 2013. In addition, we require two SAT Subject Tests: one in math (level 1 or 2), and one in science (physics, chemistry, or biology e/m). We do not have a preference as to which science you take or which level math you take.
Jump up ^ "Stanford: FRESHMAN APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS, 2013 – 2014" (PDF). Stanford University. Retrieved 16 October 2013. SAT Subject Tests: ...Recommended but not required
Jump up ^ Jaschik, Scott (9 August 2010). "Era Ends for 3 Subject Test Requirements". Inside Higher Ed.
Jump up ^ Schoenfeld, Jane (24 May 2002). "College board drops 'score choice' for SAT-II exams". St. Louis Business Journal.
Jump up ^ "Score Choice™: SAT Score-Reporting Policy". College Board.
External links[edit]
College Board's descriptions of the SAT Subject Tests.
College Board Examination and Test Dates
SAT Fees
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One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" is a hit song written by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer for the movie musical The Sky's the Limit (1943) and first performed in the film by Fred Astaire.[1] It was popularized by Frank Sinatra.
Harold Arlen described the song as "another typical Arlen tapeworm" – a "tapeworm" being the trade slang for any song which went over the conventional 32 bar length. He called it "a wandering song. [Lyricist] Johnny [Mercer] took it and wrote it exactly the way it fell. Not only is it long – forty-eight bars – but it also changes key. Johnny made it work."[2] In the opinion of Arlen's biographer, Edward Jablonski, the song is "musically inevitable, rhythmically insistent, and in that mood of 'metropolitan melancholic beauty' that writer John O'Hara finds in all of Arlen's music."[2]
Sinatra recorded the song several times during his career: In 1947 with Columbia Records, in 1954 for the film soundtrack album Young at Heart, in 1958 for Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely, in 1962 for Sinatra & Sextet: Live in Paris, in 1966 for Sinatra at the Sands and finally, in 1993, for his Duets album.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recordings
2 In film and television
3 References
4 External links
Recordings[edit]
Countless renditions of "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" have been performed. The following is a list of notable/well-known versions which have been recorded thus far:
Perry Como – 3:45 – Available on the long play record So Smooth
Bing Crosby - 3.30 - Available on Bing Crosby's Treasury - The Songs I Love (1968 version)
Billie Holiday – 5:42 – Available on The Complete Billie Holiday on Verve 1945–1959
Chuck Berry – 2:44 – Available on Chuck Berry in London
Ella Fitzgerald – 4:18 – Available on Ella Fitzgerald Sings Songs from Let No Man Write My Epitaph
Ella Fitzgerald – 3:58 – Available on Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Songbook
Etta James – 3:26 – Available on The Second Time Around
Harry James - Available on Jazz Session (Columbia CL 669, 1955)
Frank Sinatra – 3:07 (1947) – Available on The Essential Frank Sinatra: The Columbia Years
Frank Sinatra – 4:05 (1954) – Recorded for the soundtrack to the film Young at Heart; available on Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940–1964
Frank Sinatra – 4:23 (1958) – Available on Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely; a piano-only rehearsal version is available on The Capitol Years box set
Fred Astaire – 4:59 – Available on Somewhere Over the Rainbow: The Golden Age of Hollywood Musicals and Hollywood's Best: The 40's
Fred Astaire - 3:02 - Available originally on Now [Kapp 1165 / 3049] (1959)
Julie London – 4.10 – Available on Your Number Please (1959)
Wes Montgomery – 7:38 (1961) - Available on SO Much Guitar!
Frank Sinatra – 4:40 (1966) (live version) – Available on Sinatra at the Sands
Frank Stallone – 4:31 – Available on Soft And Low
Frankie Laine – 3:39 – Available on The Legend at His Best
Harold Arlen – 4:15 – Available on Too Marvelous For Words: Capitol Sings Johnny Mercer
Iggy Pop – 4:05 – Available on Party (1981)
Iggy Pop – 6:04 (live version) – Available on Heroin Hates You (1997)
Susannah McCorkle – The Songs of Johnny Mercer (1977)
Johnny Mercer – 3.09 (1947) – Available on Capitol Collector's Series
Johnny Mercer – 3:58 – Available on My Huckleberry Friend (1974)
Kenny G featuring Frank Sinatra - 6:08 – Available on the former's 1997 Greatest Hits album; paired with an instrument intro of Sinatra's "All the Way"
Laura Fygi – 5:59 (live version) – Available on Laura Fygi's Tunes of Passion
Lena Horne – 3:24 – Available on Bluebird's Best: The Young Star
Linda Eder – 4:23 – Available on It's No Secret Anymore
Lou Rawls – 4:25 – Recorded May 2, 1968 for the album You're Good To Me; Later available on Great Gentlemen of Song: Spotlight on Lou Rawls
Marlene Dietrich – 4:07 – Available on Love Songs
Marvin Gaye – 4:30 – Available on Moods of Marvin Gaye
Nana Mouskouri – 3:15 – Available on I'll remember you
Sammy Davis, Jr. – 10:20 – Available on the 1967 live album That's All!
Rosemary Clooney – 3:50 – Available on Ballad Essentials
Jula de Palma – 3:24 – Available on Jula in Jazz 2
Tony Bennett – 3:26 – Available on Perfectly Frank also a 1957 chart single and on Duets II with John Mayer
Willie Nelson – 2:36 – Available on Willie & Leon: One For the Road
Robbie Williams – 4:15 – Available on Swing When You're Winning
Bette Midler – 4:06 – Available on Experience The Divine: Greatest Hits (1993)
Chris Botti – 4:53 – When I Fall in Love[3][4]
Sylvia Brooks – Available on Dangerous Liaisons (2009)[5]
Mina – Available on L'allieva (2005)
Hugh Laurie – Available on Didn't It Rain (2013)
Danny Aiello -- 2004 release I Just Wanted to Hear the Words
Toots Thielemans with Jamie Cullum -- Available on One More for the Road 2006. Verve
Laura Dickinson – 4:29 – Available on One For My Baby - To Frank Sinatra With Love (2014)[6]
In film and television[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ida Lupino sings it as the new talent from Chicago at Jefty's Road House in Jean Negulesco's Road House (1948), prompting a character to remark: "She does more without a voice than anybody I've ever heard." [7]
Jane Russell sings it, wearing a metallic evening gown, in the Josef von Sternberg/Nicholas Ray film noir Macao (1952).
The song plays prominently in the 1954 adventure-mystery film Dangerous Mission, in which it is played on a piano by a gangster who is killed. The only people who know what song he was playing at the time of the murder are his assailant and a witness (Piper Laurie), whom the killer is after.
"One for My Baby" is the theme song of the 1957–1958 NBC detective series, Meet McGraw, starring Frank Lovejoy.[8]
The song was by sung by Bette Midler to Johnny Carson on the penultimate night of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (May 21, 1992). Both Midler and Carson got caught up in the emotion of the song, and a heretofore unused camera angle on the set framed the two and the performance. It earned Midler that year's Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program. The lyrics were adapted to suit the occasion – such as "And, John, I know you're getting anxious to close".[9]
Dianne Reeves' rendition of the song is featured throughout the closing credits of George Clooney's Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), and is available on the film's official soundtrack album.
Frank Sinatra's cover of the song recently appeared in Blade Runner 2049.
In November 2017, Bono and Chris Martin performed the song on a Jimmy Kimmel Live! fundraiser special for World AIDS Day.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gilliland, John (1994). Pop Chronicles the 40s: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40s (audiobook). ISBN 978-1-55935-147-8. OCLC 31611854. Tape 1, side A.
^ Jump up to: a b Alcorn, Josh (1997). walked on highway and died. Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-313-29010-5.
Jump up ^ "When I Fall in Love overview". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "An evening with Chris Botti". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ Template:Http://www.allmusic.com/song/one-for-my-baby-mt0035667644
Jump up ^ "One for My Baby - To Frank Sinatra with Love by Laura Dickinson on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 2014-12-12. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Ida Lupino". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Meet McGraw". Classic TV Archives. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Shaiman, Marc. "Someone in a Tree: My View of Johnny Carson's Last Night." The Film Music Society. 24 January 2005.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_for_My_Baby_(and_One_More_for_the_Road)&oldid=815849059"
Categories:
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value: One for My Baby (And One More for the Road) – German

value: One for My Baby (and One More for the Road) – French

value: One for My Baby (and One More for the Road) – Norwegian Nynorsk

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