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Little Rock Nine
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Little Rock Crisis
Part of the Civil Rights Movement
The "Little Rock Nine" are escorted inside Little Rock Central High School by troops of the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army.
Location
Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas
Caused by
Racial segregation in public schools
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Resulted in
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)
Parties to the civil conflict
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Little Rock Nine
Governor of Arkansas
Lead figures
NAACP member
Daisy Bates
Little Rock Nine
Melba Pattillo Beals
Minnijean Brown
Elizabeth Eckford
Ernest Green
Gloria Ray Karlmark
Carlotta Walls LaNier
Thelma Mothershed
Terrence Roberts
Jefferson Thomas
State of Arkansas
Orval Faubus, governor
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The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. They then attended after the intervention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
The U.S. Supreme Court issued its historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483, on May 17, 1954. Tied to the 14th Amendment, the decision declared all laws establishing segregated schools to be unconstitutional, and it called for the desegregation of all schools throughout the nation.[1] After the decision, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) attempted to register black students in previously all-white schools in cities throughout the South. In Little Rock, the capital city of Arkansas, the school board agreed to comply with the high court's ruling. Virgil Blossom, the Superintendent of Schools, submitted a plan of gradual integration to the school board on May 24, 1955, which the board unanimously approved. The plan would be implemented during the fall of the 1957 school year, which would begin in September 1957.
By 1957, the NAACP had registered nine black students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High, selected on the criteria of excellent grades and attendance.[2] Called the "Little Rock Nine", they were Ernest Green (b. 1941), Elizabeth Eckford (b. 1941), Jefferson Thomas (1942–2010), Terrence Roberts (b. 1941), Carlotta Walls LaNier (b. 1942), Minnijean Brown (b. 1941), Gloria Ray Karlmark (b. 1942), Thelma Mothershed (b. 1940), and Melba Pattillo Beals (b. 1941). Ernest Green was the first African American to graduate from Central High School.
Contents
[hide]
1 The Blossom Plan
2 National Guard blockade
3 Armed escort
4 A tense year
5 "The Lost Year"
6 Motivations
7 Legacy
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References
10.1 Historiography
10.2 Primary sources
10.3 External links
The Blossom Plan
One of the plans created during attempts to desegregate the schools of Little Rock was by school superintendent Virgil Blossom. The initial approach proposed substantial integration beginning quickly and extending to all grades within a matter of many years.[3] This original proposal was scrapped and replaced with one that more closely met a set of minimum standards worked out in attorney Richard B. McCulloch's brief.[4] This finalized plan would start in September 1957 and would integrate one high school, Little Rock Central. The second phase of the plan would take place in 1960 and would open up a few junior high schools to a few black children. The final stage would involve limited desegregation of the city's grade schools at an unspecified time, possibly as late as 1963.[4]
This plan was met with varied reactions from the NAACP branch of Little Rock. Militant members like the Bateses opposed the plan on the grounds that it was "vague, indefinite, slow-moving and indicative of an intent to stall further on public integration."[5] Despite this view, the majority accepted the plan; most felt that Blossom and the school board should have the chance to prove themselves, that the plan was reasonable, and that the white community would accept it.
This view was short lived, however. Changes were made to the plan, the most detrimental being a new transfer system that would allow students to move out of the attendance zone to which they were assigned.[5] The unaltered Blossom Plan had gerrymandered school districts to guarantee a black majority at Horace Mann High and a white majority at Hall High.[5] This meant that, even though black students lived closer to Central, they would be placed in Horace Mann thus confirming the intention of the school board to limit the impact of desegregation.[5] The altered plan gave white students the choice of not attending Horace Mann, but didn't give black students the option of attending Hall. This new Blossom Plan did not sit well with the NAACP and after failed negotiations with the school board; the NAACP filed a lawsuit on February 8, 1956.
This lawsuit, along with a number of other factors contributed to the Little Rock School Crisis of 1957.
National Guard blockade
Main article: Arkansas National Guard and the integration of Central High School
Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school. Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to support the segregationists on September 4, 1957. The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines and polarized the nation. Regarding the accompanying crowd, one of the nine students, Elizabeth Eckford, recalled:
They moved closer and closer. ... Somebody started yelling. ... I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the crowd—someone who maybe could help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me.[6]
On September 9, the Little Rock School District issued a statement condemning the governor's deployment of soldiers to the school, and called for a citywide prayer service on September 12. Even President Dwight Eisenhower attempted to de-escalate the situation by summoning Faubus for a meeting, warning him not to defy the Supreme Court's ruling.[7]
Armed escort
Young U.S. Army paratrooper in battle gear outside Central High School, on the cover of Time magazine (October 7, 1957)
Woodrow Wilson Mann, the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students. On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of Faubus's control.[8]
A tense year
By the end of September 1957, the nine were admitted to Little Rock Central High under the protection of the 101st Airborne Division (and later the Arkansas National Guard), but they were still subjected to a year of physical and verbal abuse (being spat on and called names) by many of the white students. Melba Pattillo had acid thrown into her eyes[9] and also recalled in her book, Warriors Don't Cry, an incident in which a group of white girls trapped her in a stall in the girls' washroom and attempted to burn her by dropping pieces of flaming paper on her from above. Another one of the students, Minnijean Brown, was verbally confronted and abused. She said
I was one of the kids 'approved' by the school officials. We were told we would have to take a lot and were warned not to fight back if anything happened. One girl ran up to me and said, 'I'm so glad you're here. Won't you go to lunch with me today?' I never saw her again.[10]
Minnijean Brown was also taunted by members of a group of white male students in December 1957 in the school cafeteria during lunch. She dropped her lunch, a bowl of chili, onto the boys and was suspended for six days. Two months later, after more confrontation, Brown was suspended for the rest of the school year. She transferred to New Lincoln High School in New York City.[2] As depicted in the 1981 made-for-TV docudrama Crisis at Central High, and as mentioned by Melba Pattillo Beals in Warriors Don't Cry, white students were punished only when their offense was "both egregious and witnessed by an adult".[11] The drama was based on a book by Elizabeth Huckaby, a vice-principal during the crisis.
"The Lost Year"
In the summer of 1958, as the school year was drawing to a close, Faubus decided to petition the decision by the Federal District Court in order to postpone the desegregation of public high schools in Little Rock.[12] In the Cooper v. Aaron case, the Little Rock School District, under the leadership of Orval Faubus, fought for a two and a half year delay on de-segregation, which would have meant that black students would only be permitted into public high schools in January 1961.[13] Faubus argued that if the schools remained integrated there would be an increase in violence. However, in August 1958, the Federal Courts ruled against the delay of de-segregation, which incited Faubus to call together an Extraordinary Session of the State Legislature on August 26 in order to enact his segregation bills.[14]
Claiming that Little Rock had to assert their rights and freedom against the federal decision, in September 1958, Faubus signed acts that enabled him and the Little Rock School District to close all public schools.[15] Thus, with this bill signed, on Monday September 15, Faubus ordered the closure of all four public high schools, preventing both black and white students from attending school.[16] Despite Faubus's decree, the city's population had the chance of refuting the bill since the school-closing law necessitated a referendum. The referendum, which would either condone or condemn Faubus's law, was to take place within thirty days.[16] A week before the referendum, which was scheduled to take place on September 27, Faubus addressed the citizens of Little Rock in an attempt to secure their votes. Faubus urged the population to vote against integration since he was planning on leasing the public school buildings to private schools, and, in doing so, would educate the white and black students separately.[17] Faubus was successful in his appeal and won the referendum. This year came to be known as the "Lost Year."
Faubus's victory led to a series of consequences that affected Little Rock society. Faubus's intention to open private schools was denied[clarification needed] the same day the referendum took place, which caused some citizens of Little Rock to turn on the black community. The black community became a target for hate crimes since people blamed them for the closing of the schools.[18] Daisy Bates, head of the NAACP chapter in Little Rock, was a primary victim to these crimes, in addition to the black students enrolled at Little Rock Central High School and their families.[19]
The city's teachers were also placed in a difficult position. They were forced to swear loyalty to Faubus's bills.[16] Even though Faubus's idea of private schools never played out, the teachers were still expected to attend school every day and prepare for the possibility of their students' return.[20] The teachers were completely under Faubus's control and the many months that the school stayed empty only served as a cause for uncertainty in their professional futures.[21]
In May 1959, after the firing of forty-four teachers and administrative staff from the four high schools, three segregationist board members were replaced with three moderate ones. The new board members reinstated the forty-four staff members to their positions.[22] The new board of directors then began an attempt to reopen the schools, much to Faubus's dismay. In order to avoid any further complications, the public high schools were scheduled to open earlier than usual, on August 12, 1959.[22]
Although the Lost Year had come to a close, the black students who returned to the high schools were not welcomed by the other students. Rather, the black students had a difficult time getting past mobs to enter the school, and, once inside, they were often subject to physical and emotional abuse.[23] The students were back at school and everything would eventually resume normal function, but the Lost Year would be a pretext for new hatred toward the black students in the public high school.
Motivations
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Faubus's opposition to desegregation was likely both politically and racially motivated.[24] Although Faubus had indicated that he would consider bringing Arkansas into compliance with the high court's decision in 1956, desegregation was opposed by his own southern Democratic Party, which dominated all Southern politics at the time. Faubus risked losing political support in the upcoming 1958 Democratic gubernatorial primary if he showed support for integration.[25]
Most histories of the crisis conclude that Faubus, facing pressure as he campaigned for a third term, decided to appease racist elements in the state by calling out the National Guard to prevent the black students from entering Central High. Former associate justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court James D. Johnson claimed to have hoaxed Governor Faubus into calling out the National Guard, supposedly to prevent a white mob from stopping the integration of Little Rock Central High School: "There wasn't any caravan. But we made Orval believe it. We said. 'They're lining up. They're coming in droves.' ... The only weapon we had was to leave the impression that the sky was going to fall." He later claimed that Faubus asked him to raise a mob to justify his actions.[26]
Harry Ashmore, the editor of the Arkansas Gazette, won a 1958 Pulitzer Prize for his editorials on the crisis. Ashmore portrayed the fight over Central High as a crisis manufactured by Faubus; in his interpretation, Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to keep black children out of Central High School because he was frustrated by the success his political opponents were having in using segregationist rhetoric to stir white voters.[27]
Congressman Brooks Hays, who tried to mediate between the federal government and Faubus, was later defeated by a last minute write-in candidate, Dale Alford, a member of the Little Rock School Board who had the backing of Faubus's allies.[28][self-published source] A few years later, despite the incident with the "Little Rock Nine", Faubus ran as a moderate segregationist against Dale Alford, who was challenging Faubus for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1962.
Little Rock Nine Memorial
Memorial closeup of Eckford
Legacy
External video
Booknotes interview with Melba Patillo Beals on Warriors Don't Cry, November 27, 1994, C-SPAN
A commemorative silver dollar
Memorial at Arkansas State Capitol
Three members of the “Little Rock Nine” (L-R) Ernest Green, Carlotta Walls LaNier, and Terrence Roberts - stand together on the steps of the LBJ Presidential Library in 2014
Little Rock Central High School still functions as part of the Little Rock School District, and is now a National Historic Site that houses a Civil Rights Museum, administered in partnership with the National Park Service, to commemorate the events of 1957.[29] The Daisy Bates House, home to Daisy Bates, then the president of the Arkansas NAACP and a focal point for the students, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001 for its role in the episode.[30]
In 1958, Cuban poet Nicolás Guillén published "Little Rock", a bilingual composition in English and Spanish denouncing the racial segregation in the United States.[31]
Melba Pattillo Beals wrote a memoir titled Warriors Don't Cry, published in the mid-1990s.
Two made-for-television movies have depicted the events of the crisis: the 1981 CBS movie Crisis at Central High, and the 1993 Disney Channel movie The Ernest Green Story.
In 1996, seven of the Little Rock Nine appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show. They came face to face with a few of the white students who had tormented them as well as one student who had befriended them.
President Bill Clinton honored the Little Rock Nine in November 1999 when he presented them each with a Congressional Gold Medal. The medal is the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress.[32] It is given to those who have provided outstanding service to the country. To receive the Congressional Gold Medal, recipients must be co-sponsored by two-thirds of both the House and Senate.
In 2007, the United States Mint made available a commemorative silver dollar to "recognize and pay tribute to the strength, the determination and the courage displayed by African-American high school students in the fall of 1957." The obverse depicts students accompanied by a soldier, with nine stars symbolizing the Little Rock Nine. The reverse depicts an image of Little Rock Central High School, c. 1957. Proceeds from the coin sales are to be used to improve the National Historic Site.
On December 9, 2008, the Little Rock Nine were invited to attend the inauguration of President-elect Barack Obama, the first African-American to be elected President of the United States.[33]
On February 9, 2010, Marquette University honored the group by presenting them with the Père Marquette Discovery Award, the university's highest honor, one that had previously been given to Mother Teresa, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Karl Rahner, and the Apollo 11 astronauts, among other notables.
See also
Black school
Fables of Faubus, a song written by jazz bassist Charles Mingus
Little Rock (poem)
Nine from Little Rock, an Academy Award-winning documentary film about the Little Rock Nine
Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (U.S. 1954). Text.
^ Jump up to: a b Rains, Craig. "Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary". Archived from the original on December 17, 2006. .
Jump up ^ Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 148
^ Jump up to: a b Tony A. Freyer, "Politics and Law in the Little Rock Crisis, 1954–1957," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 149
^ Jump up to: a b c d John A. Kirk, "The Little Rock Crisis and Postwar Black Activism in Arkansas," The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 60/2, (Summer 2007): 239
Jump up ^ Boyd, Herb (September 27, 2007). "Little Rock Nine paved the way". New York Amsterdam News. 98 (40). Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Retreat from Newport". Time. September 23, 1957. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. .
Jump up ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House. p. 723. ISBN 978-0-679-64429-3.
Jump up ^ "Melba Pattillo Beals". Teachers' Domain. WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Brown, Minnijean; Moskin, J. Robert (June 24, 1958). "One Girl's Little Rock Story". Look.
Jump up ^ Collins, Janelle (Fall 2008). "Easing a Country's Conscience: Little Rock's Central High School in Film". The Southern Quarterly. The University of Southern Mississippi. Retrieved August 2, 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 151.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 428.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 152.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 429.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 431.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962. p. 159.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 436.
Jump up ^ Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 441.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordy, Sondra. "Empty Hearts: Little Rock Secondary Teachers, 1958–1959". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 1997, p. 442.
Jump up ^ Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock: A Memoir. New York: David McKay, 1962, p. 165.
Jump up ^ "Little Rock Nine". Originalpeople. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Williams, Juan (March 18, 2007). "Showdown over Segregation". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Racist "Justice" is dead, but not gone". Salon. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Pulitzer Prize Winners 1958". the Pulitzer Board. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Profiles in Hue. Xlibris Corporation. January 17, 2011. p. 366. ISBN 1456851209. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ United States National Park Service, Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site. Archived January 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "NHL nomination for Daisy Bates House" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Guillén, Nicolás; Márquez, Robert; McMurray, David Arthur (August 2003). Man-making words: selected poems of Nicolás Guillén. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-1-55849-410-7. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Little Rock Nine". November 9, 1999. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "We've Completed Our Mission Archived April 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.". Washington Post, December 13, 2009, p. B01.
References
Anderson, Karen. Little Rock: Race and Resistance at Central High School (2013)
Baer, Frances Lisa. Resistance to Public School Desegregation: Little Rock, Arkansas, and Beyond (2008) 328 pp. ISBN 978-1-59332-260-1
Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High. (ISBN 0-671-86638-9)
Branton, Wiley A. "Little Rock Revisited: Desegregation to Resegregation." Journal of Negro Education 1983 52(3): 250–269. ISSN 0022-2984 Fulltext in Jstor
Jacoway, Elizabeth. Turn Away Thy Son: Little Rock, the Crisis That Shocked the Nation (2007).
Kirk, John A. "Not Quite Black and White: School Desegregation in Arkansas, 1954-1966," Arkansas Historical Quarterly (2011) 70#3 pp 225–257 in JSTOR
Kirk, John A., ed. An Epitaph for Little Rock: A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective on the Central High Crisis (University of Arkansas Press, 2008).
Kirk, John A. Beyond Little Rock: The Origins and Legacies of the Central High Crisis (University of Arkansas Press, 2007).
Kirk, John A., Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970 (University of Florida Press, 2002).
Reed, Roy. Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal (1997).
Lanier, Carlotta, A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School, Random House, 2009
Historiography
Pierce, Michael. "Historians of the Central High Crisis and Little Rock's Working-Class Whites: A Review Essay," Arkansas Historical Quarterly (2011) 70#4 pp. 468–483 in JSTOR
Primary sources
Faubus, Orval Eugene. Down from the Hills. Little Rock: Democrat Printing & Lithographing, 1980. 510 pp. autobiography.
External links
"Through a Lens, Darkly," by David Margolick. Vanity Fair, September 24, 2007.
The Tiger, Student Paper of Little Rock Central High.
The Legacy of Little Rock on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)
Guardians of Freedom—50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas, by United States Army
Letters from U.S. citizens regarding the Little Rock Crisis, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Documents regarding the Little Rock Crisis, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
National Park Service. Little Rock Central High School, National Historic Site.
Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: Little Rock Nine
"From Canterbury to Little Rock: The Struggle for Educational Equality for African Americans", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Letter by segregationist lawyer Amis Guthridge Defending Segregation to Little Rock School Board and Superintendent Blossom, July 10, 1957.
McMillen, Neil R. (Summer 1971). "White Citizens' Council and Resistance to School Desegregation in Arkansas" (PDF). The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. Arkansas Historical Association. 30 (2): 95–122.
Sandra Hubbard; Dr. Sondra Gordy. "The Lost Year". a documentary, entitled "The Lost Year" by Sandra Hubbard and a book, entitled "Finding the Lost Year" By Dr. Gordy. An account by teachers and classmates of the closed high schools of Little Rock after the Crisis at Central High and the Little Rock Nine.
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Emmett Till
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Royal Ice Cream sit-in
Little Rock Nine
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text:
Where Have All the Flowers Gone?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2008 documentary, see Where Have All the Flowers Gone? (film).
1960 release on The Rainbow Quest LP, Folkways, FA 2454, by Pete Seeger
Columbia Hall of Fame 45 rpm single release as 13-33088 featuring the November 1962 version. August 1965.
"Where Have All The Flowers Gone?"
Song
Language
English
Composer(s)
Pete Seeger
Lyricist(s)
Pete Seeger and Joe Hickerson
"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" is a modern folk-style song. The melody and the first three verses were written by Pete Seeger in 1955 and published in Sing Out! magazine.[1] Additional verses were added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson, who turned it into a circular song.[2] Its rhetorical "where?" and meditation on death place the song in the ubi sunt tradition.[3][better source needed] In 2010, the New Statesman listed it as one of the "Top 20 Political Songs".[4]
The 1964 release of the song as a Columbia Records 45 single, 13-33088, by Pete Seeger was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002 in the Folk category.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Versions
3 Grammy Hall of Fame
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
Composition[edit]
Seeger found inspiration for the song in October 1955 while he was on a plane bound for a concert at Oberlin College, one of the few venues which would hire him during the McCarthy era.[5] Leafing through his notebook he saw the passage, "Where are the flowers, the girls have plucked them. Where are the girls, they've all taken husbands. Where are the men, they're all in the army."[6] These lines were taken from the traditional Cossack folk song "Koloda-Duda", referenced in the Mikhail Sholokhov novel And Quiet Flows the Don (1934), which Seeger had read "at least a year or two before".[3]
Seeger created a song which was subsequently published in Sing Out in 1962. He recorded a version with three verses on The Rainbow Quest album (Folkways LP FA 2454) released in July 1960. Later, Joe Hickerson added two more verses with a recapitulation of the first[3] in May 1960 in Bloomington, Indiana.[7]
In 2010, the New Statesman listed it as one of the "Top 20 Political Songs".[4]
The song appeared on the compilation album Pete Seeger's Greatest Hits (1967) released by Columbia Records as CS 9416.
Pete Seeger's recording from the Columbia album The Bitter and the Sweet (November 1962), CL 1916, produced by John H. Hammond was also released as a Columbia Hall of Fame 45 single as 13-33088 backed by "Little Boxes" in August, 1965.[8][9]
Versions[edit]
The Kingston Trio recorded the song in 1961.[10][11] Believing it to be a traditional song, they claimed authorship, although upon notice from Seeger they had their name removed and credited Seeger and Hickerson.[7] Seeger acknowledged their success with this song.[12] Their single, with "O Ken Karanga" as the A-side and the hit "Where Have All The Flowers Gone?" the B-side, reached #21 in the 1962 Billboard Hot 100 chart and #4 on the Easy Listening chart.[13]
Peter, Paul and Mary included the song on their eponymous debut album (which spent five weeks as the #1 album in the country) in 1962.
Marlene Dietrich performed the song in English, French, and German. The song was first performed in French (as "Qui peut dire où vont les fleurs?") by Marlene in 1962 at a UNICEF concert. She also recorded the song in English and in German, the latter titled "Sag' mir, wo die Blumen sind", with lyrics translated by Max Colpet. She performed the German version on a tour of Israel, where she was warmly received; she was the first person to break the taboo of using German publicly in Israel since WWII.[3][14] Her version peaked #32 in German charts.[15]
Dalida also recorded the song in French as "Que sont devenues les fleurs?", adapted by Guy Béart in 1962 (Les Années Barclay, vol. 5, 1962).
Jaap Fischer recorded the song in Dutch as "Zeg me waar de bloemen zijn" (single, B side of "Jan Soldaat",1963).
Conny van den Bos recorded the song in Dutch "Waar zijn al die bloemen toch?", released 1963.
The Searchers released their version on the album Meet The Searchers, released June 1963.
The Springfields featuring Dusty Springfield released a version in German in 1963.
Bobby Darin recorded the song on the Golden Folk Hits album on Capitol, 2007, which was released in November 1963.
Roy Orbison recorded a version of the song which appears on the album The Connoisseur's Orbison.
Eddy Arnold and The Needmore Creek Singers recorded the song on October 9, 1963, and released it on the Folk Song Book album released in January 1964.
Vera Lynn recorded the song as the eleventh cut on her 1964 album "Among My Souvenirs".
The Brothers Four recorded the song on their 1964 LP "More Big Folk Hits", Columbia Records, CL-2213.
The Four Seasons recorded the song on their 1964 Philips album Born to Wander, PHM 200 129.
Lars Lönndahl recorded the song in 1964[16] with Swedish lyrics Inga blommor finns det mer, translated in 1962[17] by Beppe Wolgers.
Joan Baez included the German version (Sagt Mir wo die Blumen sind) on her 1965 album Farewell Angelina.
Johnny Rivers had a 1965 top 40 hit in the US with a folk rock version, reaching #26 on the Billboard Hot 100[3] and #9 in Canada.
Grady Martin released an instrumental version in 1965 on his Instrumentally Yours album.[18]
Harry Belafonte has made one recording of it at a benefit concert in Stockholm, Sweden, 1966 on the album BEL-1.
Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs included the song on their 1968 album Changin' Times.
Walter Jackson recorded a R & B version in Chicago for Okeh records in 1967.
Jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery recorded an instrumental version in his trademark style on the 1968 LP Road Song
In 1969, Rufus Harley recorded a jazz instrumental version on his trademark bagpipes, but the track was never commercially released until it was included in his posthumously released limited edition collection Courage - The Atlantic Recordings in 2006.
The Landsmen released the song as a 45 single on Arvee.
Bill Anderson recorded the song on his eponymous 1971 album.
American R&B band Earth, Wind & Fire covered the song on the 1972 album Last Days and Time.
Richie Havens recorded the song in 1972.
Yellow Magic Orchestra recorded the song in 1980 and released it in the 1999 compilation album "YMO GO HOME!"
Hannes Wader recorded a German version as the final track for his 1982 album Daß nichts bleibt wie es war.
City recorded a German version in their 1983 album Unter der Haut.
Bernie Sanders covered the song on his 1987 album We Shall Overcome.
A Russian version of the song was created in 1998 by Oleg Nesterov, a lead singer of Megapolis, and later performed in duet with Masha Makarova (Masha I Medvedi) in a music video.
Olivia Newton-John recorded the song on her 2004 album Indigo: Women of Song.
Country singer Dolly Parton has also recorded a rendition of the song, on her 2005 album Those Were the Days.
Chris de Burgh has recorded a new version which is featured on his 2008 album Footsteps.[citation needed]
The song was sung at the funeral of Harry Patch, the last British soldier of the First World War, in Wells Cathedral on August 9, 2009.
The Folkswingers recorded an instrumental version of the song for their second album 12 String Guitar! Vol. 2.
A Polish-language version was sung by Sława Przybylska (Polish title: "Gdzie są kwiaty z tamtych lat?")
A Czech-language version of the song ("Řekni, kde ty kytky jsou") was also created and recorded by several popular artists, such as Judita Čeřovská (cz), Marie Rottrová (cz), or Marta Kubišová. Čeřovská's version was one of the OST songs of Czech film Rebelové.
Croatian folk band Zlatni Dukati performed a version of the song entitled "Iznad polja makova" ("Above the fields of poppy") during the Croatian War of Independence.
A piano version of the song by Scottish pop singer and songwriter Jimmy Sommerville appears on his 2009 album Suddenly Last Summer.
Kirsten Hasberg, of Kassel Germany, recorded a parody entitled Sag, die Energiewende, wo ist sie geblieben? about the German transition to renewable energies and "energy democracy."
Erzsi Kovács, Hungarian pop singer recorded a version in Hungarian
Classical guitarist Sharon Isbin recorded an instrumental version in her 2009 album Journey to the New World.
British Folk-Rock group The Tansads included a version on their 1995 live album Drag Down The Moon.
German Avant-garde group Einstürzende Neubauten recorded a German version of the song for their 2014 album Lament.
Lara Veronin, Russian-Taiwanese-American singer recorded a version for the 2012 Taiwanese drama Alice in Wonder City.
The Armistice Pals recorded a version in 2014 that was released as a commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of World War One and as a tribute to Pete Seeger, who had died earlier that year. The voice of Pete Seeger is heard in the recording along with that of his half-sister Peggy Seeger.
The Hi-Marks, a popular 1970s group in New Zealand, recorded a version on their first album Showtime Spectacular.
Serbian actor Dragan Maksimović performed a part of this song in the movie Mi nismo anđeli ("We are not Angels") recorded in 1992 in Yugoslavia.
Alberto Y Lost Trios Paranoias included a version on their 1978 album Skite.
Adhunik Bengali singer Anjan Dutt covered the song in his 2001 album Rawng Pencil.
Kabir Suman translated the song to Bengali (Kothaye Gelo Tara). Suman and Seeger performed the English and Bengali versions one after the other twice during Suman and Seeger's Tour of Kolkata in 1996 .
Version
Title
Artist
Basque Loreak non dira? Lou Topet, Harkaitz Cano
Belarusian Дзе кветкі ўсе? Bar Akaryna
Bengali কোথায় গেল তারা? (Kothay Gelo Tara) Kabir Suman
Catalan Què se n'ha fet d'aquelles flors? Roslyn Smith, La Marta (Club Super3)
Chinese 花兒怎麼不見了? Poon Sow Keng (潘秀瓊)
Croatian Kamo je cvijeće otišlo? Monia Verardi
Czech Řekni, kde ty kytky jsou Judita Čeřovská, Marie Rottrová, Marta Kubišová
Danish Where Have All the Flowers Gone Savage Rose
Dutch Zeg me waar de bloemen zijn Jaap Fischer
English Where have all the flowers gone? Pete Seeger, The Kingston Trio, Peter, Paul and Mary, Johnny Rivers, many others
Esperanto Ĉiuj floroj estas for Duo Espera
Estonian Kuhu küll kõik lilled jäid Lindpriid
Finnish Minne kukat kadonneet Kukonpojat
French Qui peut dire où vont les fleurs? Eva (de), Marlene Dietrich, Francis Lemarque, Dalida
German Sag mir, wo die Blumen sind Marlene Dietrich, Hannes Wader, Juliane Werding, Nana Mouskouri, Joan Baez, Lolita (Austrian singer), Hildegard Knef, Einstürzende Neubauten
Hebrew איפה הפרחים כולם Eifo Haprachim Kulam שלישיית גשר הירקון (Gesher Hayarkon Trio)
Hungarian Hova tűnt a sok virág? Mária Mezei, Péter Gerendás
Icelandic Hvert er farið blómið blátt? Elly Vilhjálms & Ragnar Bjarnason
Irish Cá bhfuil siad uainn, scoth na mbláth? Feargal Ó Béarra
Italian Dove andranno i nostri fiori? Patty Pravo
Japanese Hana wa doko e itta? Kiyoshiro Imawano
Polish Gdzie są kwiaty z tamtych lat? Sława Przybylska
Portuguese Para onde foram todas as flores Jarmila Ferreira Martins
Romanian Unde au dispărut toate florile Alexandru Constantinescu
Russian Где цветы, дай мне ответ? Gde cvety, day mne otvet? Oleg Nesterov, Masha Makarova
Russian Ты скажи мне, где цветы Zhanna Bichevskaya
Slovenian Kam so šle vse rožice Tomaž Domicelj
Spanish ¿Dónde están las flores? Rolando Alarcón
Swedish Inga blommor finns det mer Lars Lönndahl
Turkish Söyle Çiçekler nerde? Oğuz Tarihmen
Ukrainian Де всі квіти, розкажи De vsi kvity, rozkazhy Maria Burmaka
Ukrainian Квіти де? Kvity De? Yana Zavarzina
Grammy Hall of Fame[edit]
Pete Seeger's recording of his composition was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."
Pete Seeger: Grammy Hall of Fame Awards[19]
Year recorded
Title
Genre
Label
Year inducted
1964 "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" Folk (single) Columbia 2002
See also[edit]
List of anti-war songs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Seeger, Pete. "Where Have All the Flowers Gone". Sing Out!. 11 (5).
Jump up ^ Hickerson, Joe (2009–2010). "The Songfinder". Sing Out!. 53 (2): 76.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Joe Hickerson. "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?". presentation to SEM (Society for Ethnomusicology), 50th Annual Meeting in Atlanta (quoted in thread). Mudcat.org. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Ian K (March 25, 2010). "Top 20 Political Songs: Where Have All the Flowers Gone". New Statesman. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ A Folk Legend's Fertile Ground, Oberlin Alumni Magazine, summer 2014
Jump up ^ Notes from: Where Have All the Flowers Gone - The Songs of Pete Seeger
^ Jump up to: a b Dunaway, David King (2008). How Can I Keep From Singing? The Ballad of Pete Seeger, pp. 228-30. Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-345-50608-1.
Jump up ^ Pete Seeger - Little Boxes/Where Have All the Flowers Gone. Discogs.com.
Jump up ^ Pete Seeger - The Bitter and the Sweet. Discogs.com.
Jump up ^ Where Have All the Flowers Gone? Second Hand Songs.
Jump up ^ The Kingston Trio time line. The single was released on December 18, 1961 by the group on Capitol Records as a 45 single, 4671. Source: Liner notes for The Kingston Trio: The Capital Years (Capitol Records CD7243 8 28498 2 7).
Jump up ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 18 - Blowin' in the Wind: Pop discovers folk music. [Part 1]" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 5.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 137.
Jump up ^ "Marlene Dietrich, Actor / Singer". Answers.com. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Marlene Dietrich - Sag mir wo die Blumen sind". Offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Album title En kväll med Towa och Lasse, track 8, record label Teldec, Hamburg, cataloged in the Swedish Media Database (SMDb) of the Royal Library in Stockholm.
Jump up ^ Inga blommor finns det mer, blog post by Enn Kokk, without date, read January 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Grady Martin. Instrumentally Yours. AllMusic.com.
Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Database.
Bibliography[edit]
Seeger, Pete; Blood, Peter (1993). Where have all the flowers gone : a singer's stories, songs, seeds, robberies (book)|format= requires |url= (help) (Biography). Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Sing Out!. pp. 166–169. ISBN 978-1-881322-01-6. OCLC 28150656.
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"We Shall Overcome"
"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"
Almanac Singers
Songs for John Doe
Talking Union
Deep Sea Chanteys and Whaling Ballads
Sod Buster Ballads
Songs of the Lincoln Battalion
Dear Mr. President
The Weavers
The Weavers at Carnegie Hall
The Weavers at Carnegie Hall Vol. 2
The Weavers: Wasn't That a Time!
Other
Precious Friend (with Arlo Guthrie)
Related
Discography
People's Songs
Rainbow Quest
Sing Out!
Pete Seeger: The Power of Song
Hudson River Sloop Clearwater
The Great Hudson River Revival
We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions
Family
Toshi Seeger (wife)
Mika Seeger (daughter)
Tao Rodríguez-Seeger (grandson)
Charles Seeger (father)
Ruth Crawford Seeger (stepmother)
Mike Seeger (half-brother)
Peggy Seeger (half-sister)
Alan Seeger (uncle)
Ewan MacColl (brother-in-law)
John Cohen (brother-in-law)
Kirsty MacColl (stepniece)
[show]
v
t
e
Marlene Dietrich
Studio albums
Marlene Dietrich Overseas (1951)
Die neue Marlene (1965)
Marlene singt Berlin, Berlin (1965)
Live albums
Live at the Café de Paris (1954)
Dietrich in Rio (1959)
Wiedersehen mit Marlene (1960)
Dietrich in London (1965)
Selected singles
"Falling in Love Again"
"The Boys in the Backroom"
"Lili Marlene"
"Sag' mir, wo die Blumen sind"
"Die Antwort Weiss Ganz Allein Der Wind"
"Come Rain or Come Shine"
Videos
An Evening with Marlene Dietrich (2003)
Related articles
Discography
Filmography
Marlene
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 185891514
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Have_All_the_Flowers_Gone%3F&oldid=836764381"
Categories:
American folk songs
Anti-war songs
1955 songs
1962 singles
Pete Seeger songs
1965 singles
Johnny Rivers songs
The Searchers (band) songs
The Kingston Trio songs
Songs written by Pete Seeger
Peter, Paul and Mary songs
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