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The Man in the High Castle
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This article is about the novel. For the 2015 TV adaptation, see The Man in the High Castle (TV series).
The Man in the High Castle
Cover of first edition (hardcover)
Author
Philip K. Dick
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Alternate history
Publisher
Putnam
Publication date
October 1962
Media type
Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
Pages
240
OCLC
145507009
Dewey Decimal
813.54
The Man in the High Castle (1962) is an alternate history novel by American writer Philip K. Dick. Set in 1962, fifteen years after an alternative ending to World War II, the novel concerns intrigues between the victorious Axis Powers — primarily, Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany — as they rule over the former United States, as well as daily life under the resulting totalitarian rule. The Man in the High Castle won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963. Beginning in 2015, the book was adapted as a multi-season TV series, with Dick's daughter, Isa Dick Hackett, serving as one of the show's producers.
Reported inspirations include Ward Moore's alternate Civil War history, Bring the Jubilee (1953), various classic World War II histories, and the I Ching (referred to in the novel). The novel features a "novel within the novel" comprising an alternate history within this alternate history wherein the Allies defeat the Axis (though in a manner distinct from the actual historical outcome).
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Background
1.2 Plot summary
2 The Grasshopper Lies Heavy
3 Inspirations
4 Reception
5 Adaptations
5.1 Audiobook
5.2 Television
6 Incomplete sequel
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Fictional map of the world after the Axis victory
Briefly, The Man in the High Castle is a "fictional picture of a world divided by Germany and Japan, victors of the second World War".[1]
Background[edit]
In the novel's alternate history, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was assassinated by Giuseppe Zangara in 1934 leading to the continuation of the Great Depression and U.S. isolationism during the opening of World War II. Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany to conquer most of Europe and the Soviet Union, murdering Jews, Roma, Slavs, and other groups. Meanwhile, Imperial Japan occupied China, before taking control of India and Oceania. The Nazis then helped Italy conquer most of Africa. As Japan invaded the U.S. West Coast, Germany invaded the U.S. East Coast and most of South America. By 1947, the U.S. and the remaining Allies surrendered to the Axis, ending the war.
By the 1960s, Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany are the world's competing superpowers, with Japan establishing the "Pacific States of America" (P.S.A.) from the former Western United States, with the remaining Rocky Mountain States now a neutral buffer zone between the P.S.A. and the Nazi-occupied former Eastern United States. For unknown reasons, Canada remains independent.
Hitler, though still alive, is incapacitated from advanced syphilis, and Martin Bormann has become Chancellor of Germany, with Goebbels, Heydrich, Göring, Seyss-Inquart (who oversees the extermination of the peoples of Africa), and other Nazi leaders soon vying to take his place. The Nazis have drained the Mediterranean to make room for farmland, developed and used the hydrogen bomb, and designed rockets for extremely fast travel across the world as well as space, having colonized the Moon, Venus, and Mars. The novel is set mostly in San Francisco in the P.S.A.; here, Chinese residents first appear in the novel as second-class citizens and black people as slaves. The secondary setting of the novel is the Rocky Mountains States, namely the cities of Cañon City, Denver and Cheyenne.
Plot summary[edit]
In 1962, fifteen years after Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany have won World War II, Robert "Bob" Childan owns an Americana antique shop in San Francisco, California (located in the Japanese-occupied Pacific States of America), which is most commonly frequented by the Japanese, who make a fetish of romanticized American cultural artifacts. Childan is contacted by Nobusuke Tagomi, a high-ranking Japanese trade official, who is seeking a gift to impress a visiting Swedish industrialist named Baynes. Childan's store is stocked in part with antiques from the Wyndam-Matson Corporation, a metalworking company. Frank Frink (formerly Fink), a secretly Jewish–American veteran of World War II, has just been fired from the Wyndam-Matson factory, when he agrees to join a former coworker to begin a handcrafted jewelry business. Meanwhile, Frink's ex-wife, Juliana, works as a judo instructor in Cañon City, Colorado (in the neutral buffer zone of Mountain States), where she begins a sexual relationship with an Italian truck driver and ex-soldier, Joe Cinnadella. Throughout the book, many of these characters frequently make important decisions using prophetic messages they interpret from the I Ching. Many characters are also reading a widely banned yet extremely popular new novel, The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, which depicts an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II, a concept that amazes and intrigues its readers.
Frink reveals that the Wyndam-Matson Corporation has been supplying Childan with counterfeit antiques, which effectively works to blackmail Wyndam-Matson for money to finance Frink's new jewelry venture. Tagomi and Baynes meet, but Baynes repeatedly delays any real business as they await an expected third party from Japan. Suddenly, the public receives news of the death of the recently ill Chancellor of Germany, Martin Bormann. Childan tentatively, on consignment, takes some of Frink's "authentic" new metalwork and attempts to curry favor with a Japanese client, who surprisingly considers Frink's jewellery immensely spiritually alive. Juliana and Joe take a road trip to Denver, Colorado, and Joe impulsively decides they should go on a side-trip to meet the mysterious Hawthorne Abendsen, author of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, who supposedly lives in a guarded fortress-like estate called the "High Castle" in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Soon, Joseph Goebbels is announced as the new German Chancellor.
Baynes and Tagomi finally meet their Japanese contact as two agents of the Nazi secret police, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), close in to arrest Baynes, who is actually revealed to be a Nazi defector named Rudolf Wegener. Wegener warns his contact, a famed Japanese general, of Operation Dandelion, an upcoming Goebbels-approved plan for the Nazis to surprise-attack the Japanese Home Islands, in order to obliterate them in one swift stroke. As Frink is elsewhere exposed as a Jew and arrested, Wegener and Tagomi are confronted by the SD agents, both of whom Tagomi shoots dead with an antique American pistol. Back in Colorado, Joe abruptly changes his appearance and mannerisms before the trip to the High Castle, leading Juliana to deduce that he intends to actually murder Abendsen. Joe confirms this, revealing himself to be an undercover Swiss Nazi assassin. Juliana mortally wounds Joe and drives off to warn Abendsen of the threat to his life.
Wegener flies back to Germany where upon landing learns that Reinhard Heydrich (a member of the anti-Dandelion faction) has launched a coup against Goebbels, possibly installing himself as Chancellor. Meanwhile, Tagomi remains shaken by the shootout and goes to Childan to sell back the gun he used in the fight; however, instead, sensing the energy from one of Frink's jewelery items, Tagomi impulsively buys it from Childan, before undergoing a spiritually intense ambiguous moment where he momentarily perceives an alternative-history version of San Francisco. Later, Tagomi on a whim forces the German authorities to release Frink, whom Tagomi has never met and does not know is the maker of the jewelery. Juliana soon has her own spiritual experience when she arrives in Cheyenne. There, she discovers that Abendsen now lives in a normal house with his family, having left behind the High Castle due to a change of outlook; he no longer preoccupies himself with thoughts that he might soon be assassinated. After dodging many of Juliana's questions about his inspiration for his novel, Abendsen finally confesses that he in fact used the I Ching to guide his writing of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy. Before leaving, Juliana infers then that "Truth" wrote the book in order to reveal the "Inner Truth" that Japan and Germany really lost World War II.
The Grasshopper Lies Heavy[edit]
Several characters in The Man in the High Castle read the popular novel The Grasshopper Lies Heavy, by Hawthorne Abendsen, whose title is assumed or supposed to have come from the Bible[2]:70 verse "The grasshopper shall be a burden" (Ecclesiastes 12:5). Thus, The Grasshopper Lies Heavy constitutes a novel within a novel, wherein Abendsen writes of an alternative universe, where the Axis Powers lost World War II (1939–1947). For this reason, the Germans have banned the novel in the occupied U.S.,[2]:91 but it is widely read in the Pacific, and its publication is legal in the neutral countries.
The Grasshopper Lies Heavy postulates that President Roosevelt survives an assassination attempt but forgoes re-election in 1940, honoring George Washington's two-term limit. The next president, Rexford Tugwell, removes the Pacific Fleet from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, saving it from Japanese attack, which ensures that the U.S. enters the conflict a well-equipped naval power.[2]:70 The United Kingdom retains most of its military-industrial strength, contributing more to the Allied war effort, leading to Rommel's defeat in North Africa; the British advance through the Caucasus to fight alongside the Soviets to victory in the Battle of Stalingrad; Italy reneges on its membership in the Axis Powers and betrays them; British tanks and the Red Army jointly conquer Berlin; at the end of the war, the Nazi leaders—including Adolf Hitler—are tried for their war crimes, wherein the Führer's last words are Deutsche, hier steh' ich ("Germans, here I stand"),[2]:131 in imitation of Martin Luther.
After the war, Winston Churchill remains the British Prime Minister, and, because of its military-industrial might, the British Empire does not collapse.[2]:169 The Soviet Union, crippled by war losses, collapses. The U.S. establishes strong business relations with Chiang Kai-shek's right-wing regime in China after vanquishing the Communist Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War.[2]:166 The British Empire becomes more racist and expansionist post-war, while the U.S. outlaws Jim Crow laws, resolving its racism by the 1950s. Both changes provoke racial-cultural tensions between the U.S. and the U.K., leading them to a Cold War for global hegemony between their two vaguely liberal, democratic, capitalist societies. Although the end of the novel is never depicted in the text, one character claims the book ends with the British Empire eventually defeating the U.S., becoming the sole world superpower.
Inspirations[edit]
Dick said he conceived The Man in the High Castle when reading Bring the Jubilee (1953), by Ward Moore, which occurs in an alternative nineteenth-century U.S. wherein the Confederate States of America won the American Civil War. In the acknowledgments to the book, he mentions other influences: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960), by William L. Shirer; Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (1962), by Alan Bullock; The Goebbels Diaries (1948), Louis P. Lochner, translator; Foxes of the Desert (1960), by Paul Carrell; and the 1950 translation of the I Ching by Richard Wilhelm.[3][2]
The acknowledgments have three references to traditional Japanese and Tibetan poetic forms; (i) volume one of the Anthology of Japanese Literature (1955), edited by Donald Keene, from which is cited the haiku on page 48; (ii) from Zen and Japanese Culture (1955), by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, from which is cited a waka on page 135; and (iii) the Tibetan Book of the Dead (1960), edited by Walter Evans-Wentz.
Nathanael West's Miss Lonelyhearts (1933)[4] is also mentioned in the text,[2]:118 written before the Roosevelt assassination divergence point that separates the world of The Man in the High Castle from ours. In this novella, "Miss Lonelyhearts" is a male newspaper journalist who writes anonymous advice as an agony aunt to forlorn readers during the height of the Great Depression; hence, "Miss Lonelyhearts" tries to find consolation in religion, casual sex, rural vacations, and work, none of which provide him with the sense of authenticity and engagement with the outside world that he needs. West's book is about the elusive quality of interpersonal relationships and quest for personal meaning at a time of political turmoil within the United States.
Philip Dick used the I Ching to make decisions crucial to the plot of The Man in the High Castle just as characters within the novel use the I Ching to guide decisions.[3]
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion with: further, broader statements aimed at encyclopedic, balanced views. You can help by adding to it. (February 2014)
In The Religion of Science Fiction, Frederick A. Kreuziger explores the theory of history implied by Dick's creation of the two alternative realities:
Neither of the two worlds, however, the revised version of the outcome of WWII nor the fictional account of our present world, is anywhere near similar to the world we are familiar with. But they could be! This is what the book is about. The book argues that this world, described twice, although differently each time, is exactly the world we know and are familiar with. Indeed, it is the only world we know: the world of chance, luck, fate.[5]
Avram Davidson praised the novel as a "superior work of fiction", citing Dick's use of the I Ching as "fascinating". Davidson concluded that "It's all here— extrapolation, suspense, action, art, philosophy, plot, [and] character."[6]
The Man in the High Castle secured for Dick the 1963 Hugo Award for Best Novel.[7][8][9]
A new paperback edition of the novel was published in 1992 by Vintage Books.[10]
Adaptations[edit]
Audiobook[edit]
An unabridged The Man in the High Castle audiobook, read by George Guidall and running approximately 9.5 hours over seven audio cassettes, was released in 1997.[11] Another unabridged audiobook version was released in 2008 by Blackstone Audio, read by Tom Wyner and running approximately 8.5 hours over seven CDs.[12][13] A third unabridged audiobook recording was released in 2014 by Brilliance Audio, read by Jeff Cummings with a running time of 9 hours 58 minutes.[14]
Television[edit]
Main article: The Man in the High Castle (TV series)
After a number of attempts to adapt the book to the screen, in October 2014 Amazon's film production unit began filming the pilot episode of The Man in the High Castle in Roslyn, Washington, for release through the Amazon Prime Web video streaming service.[15][16] The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15, 2015,[17][18] and was Amazon's "most watched pilot ever" according to Amazon Studios' vice president, Roy Price.[19] On February 18, 2015, Amazon green-lit the series.[20] The show became available for streaming on November 20, 2015.[21]
The television series diverges from the novel in many significant respects. Both the Pacific States of America and the Eastern American puppet state appear to be mere provinces of the Japanese and German empires without any apparent autonomous (even quisling) government institutions whatsoever. The Rocky Mountain States become an anarchic Neutral Zone. World War II appears to have ended following the destruction of Washington, D.C. with an atomic bomb, rather than a land invasion as in the book. As for Hitler, while elderly, he is apparently mostly hale in his Season 1 finale appearance, though other characters elsewhere in the season do reference his supposed physical infirmity. In the novel, the Italian Empire is a minor power that controls North Africa and the Middle East; in the series, however, it is shown through maps that these territories are part of the Nazi Empire, suggesting that either the Italian Empire was annexed after the war or is self-governing within the Reich.
Characters from the book that do appear are in most cases far more fleshed out with deeper and sometimes rather different backstories than their novel originals. For instance, Wegener is a Standartenführer in the SS, rather than a naval captain (and oddly there are no German military or naval — as opposed to SS — personnel depicted anywhere in the first season). Rather than being a member of an organized internal resistance (and despite his relatively low rank) Wegener is a close personal confidante of Hitler and his disillusionment with the regime appears to be largely personal. Juliana and Frank are unmarried, but living together, rather than divorced and separated. Frank has a sister, nephew and niece, although they are killed early in the series, and this propels him into a more active role in relation to the resistance. Juliana also has a sister whose murder by the Kenpeitai early in the season instigates her search for the mysterious Man in the High Castle, as well as her having a mother and stepfather who are significant supporting characters. Joe Cinnadella is renamed Joe Blake and as he becomes closer to Juliana appears to have growing doubts about his role as a Nazi agent. Robert Childan is, however, a more minor character in Season 1 than the original, while Ed McCarthy has a rather more prominent and active role.
There are several major additional characters introduced by the television series and numerous narrative details and the plotline differ radically from the source novel. For example, the planned Nazi pre-emptive nuclear strike on Japan, "Operation Dandelion," is apparently being prevented only by Hitler's personal refusal to authorise it, leading Heydrich and the faction demanding pre-emptive war to plot the Führer's assassination. In addition, Hawthorne Abendsen does not appear in the first season of the television version and The Grasshopper Lies Heavy is a series of newsreel films depicting multiple alternative realities rather than a novel (although this idea may actually be borrowed from Dick's later novel Valis which features a mysterious film depicting yet another dystopian alternative history of the USA). As of the Season 1 finale, these films are being tracked down by SS agents like Blake for dispatch to Hitler for an as-yet-unknown purpose.
In season two we see a map on John Smith's wall of the world. From this map we can see that Japan controls the entirety of the Pacific Ocean and most of the Asian continent, including China, India and half of Russia. Japan is also shown to control Australia, New Zealand, western Canada, Alaska and, all pacific states in the USA. We also see that that the Japanese Empire controls the Yucatán Peninsula and South American countries like Chile. In contrast, Nazi Germany is shown as controlling all of Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The German Empire also controls all of the United States and Canada up to the Rockies in the west and South American countries like Brazil. Germany also controls the western parts of former USSR such as the Ukraine. There are also buffer zones between the empires. Neither empire seems to have invaded Mexico and this neutral zone continues up through the Rockies and through Canada. A similar neutral zone is seen dividing Russia in half.
Season two also shows two very different lifestyles in the Japanese controlled Pacific states and the German controlled east. The Germans have colonized the eastern states and are assimilating its inhabitants into Nazi beliefs. The Japanese Empire is occupying the pacific states versus colonizing them. There is enforced segregation between Japanese and Americans citizens. It is implied that Native Americans and Pacific Islanders were exterminated by the Germans.
Incomplete sequel[edit]
In a 1976 interview, Dick said he planned to write a sequel novel to The Man in the High Castle: "And so there's no real ending on it. I like to regard it as an open ending. It will segue into a sequel sometime."[22] Dick said that he had "started several times to write a sequel",[23] but progressed little, because he was too disturbed by his original research for The Man in the High Castle and could not mentally bear "to go back and read about Nazis again."[23] He suggested that the sequel would be a collaboration with another author:
Somebody would have to come in and help me do a sequel to it. Someone who had the stomach for the stamina to think along those lines, to get into the head; if you're going to start writing about Reinhard Heydrich, for instance, you have to get into his face. Can you imagine getting into Reinhard Heydrich's face?[23]
Two chapters of the proposed sequel were published in The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick,[24] a collection of his essays and other writings.
Dick's novel Radio Free Albemuth is rumored to have started as a sequel to The Man in the High Castle.[25] Dick described the plot of this early version of Radio Free Albemuth — then titled VALISystem A — writing:
... a divine and loving ETI [extraterrestrial intelligence] ... help[s] Hawthorne Abendsen, the protagonist-author in [The Man in the High Castle], continue on in his difficult life after the Nazi secret police finally got to him... VALISystem A, located in deep space, sees to it that nothing, absolutely nothing, can prevent Abendsen from finishing his novel.[25]
The novel eventually evolved into a new story unrelated to The Man in the High Castle.[25] Dick ultimately abandoned the Albemuth book, unpublished during his lifetime, though portions were salvaged and used for 1981's VALIS.[25] The full book was published in 1985, three years after Dick's death.[26]
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II
Simulated reality in fiction
The Iron Dream
Fatherland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Staff (December 15, 1962). "New Fiction". Library Corner. Dixon Evening Telegraph. Dixon, Illinois. Retrieved October 25, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Dick, Philip K. (2011). The Man in the High Castle (1st Mariner Books ed.). Boston: Mariner Books. p. ix-x. ISBN 9780547601205. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Cover, Arthur Byron (February 1974). "Interview with Philip K. Dick". Vertex. 1 (6). Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ West, Nathanael (1933) Miss Lonelyhearts, New York, N.Y.: Liveright Publ.
Jump up ^ Kreuziger, Frederick A. "In The Religion of Science Fiction". Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Books", The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, June 1963, p.61
Jump up ^ "Philip K. Dick, Won Awards For Science-Fiction Works". The New York Times. March 3, 1982. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "1963 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Fred (November 7, 1963). "A Brisk Bathrobe Canter At Cry Of 'Fire!' Stirs Blood". I-J Reporter's Notebook. Daily Independent Journal. San Rafael, California. Retrieved October 25, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Belatedly I learned that Philip K. Dick of Point Reyes Station won the Hugo, the 21st World Science Fiction Convention Annual Achievement Award for the best novel of 1962.
Jump up ^ Staff (July 26, 1992). "New in Paperback". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2015 – via HighBeam Research.
Jump up ^ Willis, Jesse (May 29, 2003). "Review of The Man In The High Castle by Philip K. Dick". SFFaudio. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Man in the High Castle". BlackstoneAudio.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ L.B. "Audiobook review: The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick, read by Tom Weiner". audiofilemagazine.com. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Man in the High Castle". Audible, Inc.
Jump up ^ Muir, Pat (October 5, 2014). "Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame". Yakima Herald. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 24, 2014). "Amazon Studios Adds Drama 'The Man In The High Castle', Comedy 'Just Add Magic' To Pilot Slate". Deadline. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Man in the High Castle: Season 1, Episode 1". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Man in the High Castle". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary (February 18, 2015). "Amazon Orders 5 New Series Including 'Man in the High Castle'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Adi (February 18, 2015). "Amazon green-lights The Man in the High Castle TV series". The Verge. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moylan, Brian. "Does The Man in the High Castle prove that the best TV is now streamed?". The Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hour 25: A Talk With Philip K. Dick « Philip K. Dick Fan Site". Philipkdickfans.com. June 26, 1976. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c RC, Lord (2006). Pink Beam: A Philip K. Dick Companion (1st ed.). Ward, Colorado: Ganymedean Slime Mold Pubs. p. 106. ISBN 9781430324379. Retrieved December 10, 2015. [self-published source]
Jump up ^ Dick, Philip K. (1995). "Part 3. Works Related to 'The Man in the High Castle' and its Proposed Sequel". In Sutin, Lawrence. The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick: Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-74787-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pfarrer, Tony. "A Possible Man in the High Castle Sequel?". Willis E. Howard, III Home Page. Archived from the original on August 19, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "LC Online Catalog — Item Information (Full Record)". Catalog.loc.gov. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Brown, William Lansing 2006. "alternative Histories: Power, Politics, and Paranoia in Philip Roth's The Plot against America and Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle", The Image of Power in Literature, Media, and Society: Selected Papers, 2006 Conference, Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery. Wright, Will; Kaplan, Steven (eds.); Pueblo, CO: Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery, Colorado State University-Pueblo; pp. 107–11.
Campbell, Laura E. 1992. "Dickian Time in The Man in the High Castle", Extrapolation, 33: 3, pp. 190–201.
Carter, Cassie 1995. "The Metacolonization of Dick's The Man in the High Castle: Mimicry, Parasitism and Americanism in the PSA", Science-Fiction Studies #67, 22:3, pp. 333–342.
DiTommaso, Lorenzo, 1999. "Redemption in Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle", Science-Fiction Studies # 77, 26:, pp. 91–119.
Fofi, Goffredo 1997. "Postfazione", Philip K. Dick, La Svastica sul Sole, Roma, Fanucci, pp. 391–5.
Hayles, N. Katherine 1983. "Metaphysics and Metafiction in The Man in the High Castle", Philip K. Dick. Greenberg, M.H.; Olander, J.D. (eds.); New York: Taplinger, 1983, pp. 53–71.
Malmgren, Carl D. 1980. "Philip Dick's The Man in the High Castle and the Nature of Science Fictional Worlds", Bridges to Science Fiction. Slusser, George E.; Guffey, George R.; Rose, Mark (eds.); Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 120–30.
Mountfort, Paul 2016. "The I Ching and Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle", Science-Fiction Studies # 129, 43:, pp. 287–309.
Pagetti, Carlo, 2001a. "La svastica americana" [Introduction], Philip K. Dick, L'uomo nell'alto castello, Roma: Fanucci, pp. 7–26.
Proietti, Salvatore, 1989. "The Man in The High Castle: politica e metaromanzo", Il sogno dei simulacri. Pagetti, Carlo; Viviani, Gianfranco (eds.); Milano: Nord, 1989 pp. 34–41.
Rieder, John 1988. "The Metafictive World of The Man in the High Castle: Hermeneutics, Ethics, and Political Ideology", Science-Fiction Studies # 45, 15.2: 214-25.
Rossi, Umberto, 2000. "All Around the High Castle: Narrative Voices and Fictional Visions in Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle", Telling the Stories of America — History, Literature and the Arts — Proceedings of the 14th AISNA Biennial conference (Pescara, 1997), Clericuzio, A.; Goldoni, Annalisa; Mariani, Andrea (eds.); Roma: Nuova Arnica, pp. 474–83.
Simons, John L. 1985. "The Power of Small Things in Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle". The Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature, 39:4, pp. 261–75.
Warrick, Patricia, 1992. "The Encounter of Taoism and Fascism in The Man in the High Castle", On Philip K. Dick, Mullen et al. (eds.); Terre Haute and Greencastle: SF-TH Inc. 1992, pp. 27–52.
External links[edit]
The Man in the High Castle cover art gallery
The Man in the High Castle at the Internet Book List
The Man in the High Castle at Worlds Without End
[show]
v
t
e
Philip K. Dick (works)
Novels
Gather Yourselves Together (1950)
Voices from the Street (1952)
Solar Lottery (1954)
Mary and the Giant (1954)
The World Jones Made (1954)
Eye in the Sky (1955)
The Man Who Japed (1955)
A Time for George Stavros (1956)
Pilgrim on the Hill (1956)
The Broken Bubble (1956)
The Cosmic Puppets (1957)
Puttering About in a Small Land (1957)
Nicholas and the Higs (1958)
Time Out of Joint (1958)
In Milton Lumky Territory (1958)
Confessions of a Crap Artist (1959)
The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike (1960)
Humpty Dumpty in Oakland (1960)
Vulcan's Hammer (1960)
Dr. Futurity (1960)
The Man in the High Castle (1961)
We Can Build You (1962)
Martian Time-Slip (1962)
Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb (1963)
The Game-Players of Titan (1963)
The Simulacra (1963)
The Crack in Space (1963)
Clans of the Alphane Moon (1964)
The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1964)
The Zap Gun (1964)
The Penultimate Truth (1964)
The Unteleported Man (1964)
The Ganymede Takeover (1965)
Counter-Clock World (1965)
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1966)
Nick and the Glimmung (1966)
Now Wait for Last Year (1966)
Ubik (1966)
Galactic Pot-Healer (1968)
A Maze of Death (1968)
Our Friends from Frolix 8 (1969)
Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said (1974)
Deus Irae (1976)
Radio Free Albemuth (1976; published 1985)
A Scanner Darkly (1977)
VALIS (1981)
The Divine Invasion (1981)
The Transmigration of Timothy Archer (1982)
The Owl in Daylight (unfinished)
Collections
A Handful of Darkness (1955)
The Variable Man (1956)
The Preserving Machine (1969)
The Book of Philip K. Dick (1973)
The Best of Philip K. Dick (1977)
The Golden Man (1980)
Robots, Androids, and Mechanical Oddities (1984)
I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon (1985)
The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick (1987)
Beyond Lies the Wub (1988)
The Dark Haired Girl (1989)
The Father-Thing (1989)
Second Variety (1989)
The Days of Perky Pat (1990)
The Little Black Box (1990)
The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford (1990)
We Can Remember It for You Wholesale (1990)
The Minority Report (1991)
Second Variety (1991)
The Eye of the Sibyl (1992)
The Philip K. Dick Reader (1997)
Minority Report (2002)
Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick (2002)
Paycheck (2004)
Vintage PKD (2006)
The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick (2011)
Short stories
"Beyond Lies the Wub" (1952)
"The Gun" (1952)
"The Skull" (1952)
"The Little Movement" (1952)
"The Defenders" (1953)
"Mr. Spaceship" (1953)
"Piper in the Woods" (1953)
"Roog" (1953)
"The Infinites" (1953)
"Second Variety" (1953)
"Colony" (1953)
"The Cookie Lady" (1953)
"Impostor" (1953)
"Paycheck" (1953)
"The Preserving Machine" (1953)
"Expendable" (1953)
"The Indefatigable Frog" (1953)
"The Commuter" (1953)
"Out in the Garden" (1953)
"The Great C" (1953)
"The King of the Elves" (1953)
"The Trouble with Bubbles" (1953)
"The Variable Man" (1953)
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"The Builder" (1953)
"Tony and the Beetles" (1953)
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"All We Marsmen" (1963)
"What'll We Do with Ragland Park?" (1963)
"The Days of Perky Pat" (1963)
"If There Were No Benny Cemoli" (1963)
"Waterspider" (1964)
"Novelty Act" (1964)
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"The War with the Fnools" (1964)
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"The Unteleported Man" (1964)
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"Project Plowshare (later "The Zap Gun")" (1965)
"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale" (1966)
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"Not by Its Cover" (1968)
"The Electric Ant" (1969)
"A. Lincoln, Simulacrum" (1969)
"The Pre-persons" (1974)
"A Little Something for Us Tempunauts" (1974)
"The Exit Door Leads In" (1979)
"Rautavaara's Case" (1980)
"I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon" (1980)
"The Eye of the Sibyl" (1987)
"Stability" (1987)
Adaptations
Films
Blade Runner (1982)
Total Recall (1990)
Confessions d'un Barjo (1992)
Screamers (1995)
Impostor (2002)
Minority Report (2002)
Paycheck (2003)
A Scanner Darkly (2006)
Next (2007)
Screamers: The Hunting (2009)
Radio Free Albemuth (2010)
The Adjustment Bureau (2011)
Total Recall (2012)
2036: Nexus Dawn (2017)
2048: Nowhere to Run (2017)
Blade Runner Black Out 2022 (2017)
Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
TV series
Total Recall 2070 (1999)
The Man in the High Castle (2015–present)
Minority Report (2015)
Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams (2017)
Related
Philip K. Dick Award
[show]
v
t
e
Hugo Award for Best Novel
Retro
The Sword in the Stone by T. H. White (1939)
Slan by A. E. van Vogt (1941)
The Mule by Isaac Asimov (1946)
Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein (1951)
Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury (1954)
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A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller, Jr. (1961)
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The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick (1963)
Here Gather the Stars (aka: Way Station) by Clifford D. Simak (1964)
The Wanderer by Fritz Leiber (1965)
Dune by Frank Herbert (1966, tie)
...And Call Me Conrad (aka: This Immortal) by Roger Zelazny (1966, tie)
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein (1967)
Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny (1968)
Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner (1969)
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Ringworld by Larry Niven (1971)
To Your Scattered Bodies Go by Philip José Farmer (1972)
The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov (1973)
Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke (1974)
The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin (1975)
1976–2000
The Forever War by Joe Haldeman (1976)
Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm (1977)
Gateway by Frederik Pohl (1978)
Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre (1979)
The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke (1980)
The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge (1981)
Downbelow Station by C. J. Cherryh (1982)
Foundation's Edge by Isaac Asimov (1983)
Startide Rising by David Brin (1984)
Neuromancer by William Gibson (1985)
Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card (1986)
Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card (1987)
The Uplift War by David Brin (1988)
Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh (1989)
Hyperion by Dan Simmons (1990)
The Vor Game by Lois McMaster Bujold (1991)
Barrayar by Lois McMaster Bujold (1992)
A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge / Doomsday Book by Connie Willis (1993)
Green Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1994)
Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold (1995)
The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson (1996)
Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson (1997)
Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman (1998)
To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis (1999)
A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge (2000)
2001–present
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J. K. Rowling (2001)
American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2002)
Hominids by Robert J. Sawyer (2003)
Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2004)
Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke (2005)
Spin by Robert Charles Wilson (2006)
Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge (2007)
The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon (2008)
The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman (2009)
The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi / The City & the City by China Miéville (2010)
Blackout/All Clear by Connie Willis (2011)
Among Others by Jo Walton (2012)
Redshirts by John Scalzi (2013)
Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie (2014)
The Three-Body Problem by Cixin Liu (2015)
The Fifth Season by N. K. Jemisin (2016)
The Obelisk Gate by N. K. Jemisin (2017)
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Balamory
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Balamory
Created by
Brian Jameson
Starring
Julie Wilson Nimmo
Miles Jupp
Kasia Haddad
Buki Akib
Juliet Cadzow
Andrew Agnew
Rodd Christensen
Mary Riggans
Kim Tserkezie
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
254, including Christmas special.
Production
Producer(s)
Brian Jameson
Running time
19–21 minutes. 28–30 minutes. Specials
Production company(s)
BBC Scotland
Distributor
BBC
Release
Original network
CBeebies
Picture format
16:9 Widescreen
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
10 February 2002 – 14 April 2005
External links
Website
www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory
Balamory is a Scottish live action television series on British television (BBC One, BBC Two and CBeebies) for pre school children, about a fictional small island community called Balamory in Scotland. It was produced between 10 February 2002 and 14 April 2005 by BBC Scotland, with 254 episodes made (including a DVD exclusive Christmas episode). The series was created by Brian Jameson.
Balamory was filmed mostly in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull, with the exception of scenes at Archie's castle filmed at Fenton Tower in North Berwick, and other scenes, such as Camden and the nursery filmed in Glasgow.
A select series of episodes was shown for two brief seasons in the United States on the Discovery Kids channel. It was also shown on TLC. In Ireland, episodes were shown until recently on weekdays on RTÉ Two's The Den and continue to be shown on The Den's replacement, RTÉjr.
Tobermory, Mull, the setting for the fictional town of Balamory
Edie McCredie's bus (LDV Convoy) in the Glasgow Museum of Transport
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Episodes
2.1 Episode guide
3 Audience
4 Songs
5 Production
6 Retirement
7 Awards
8 References
9 External links
Characters[edit]
There are eight central characters in Balamory. Each character wears a distinctive colour of clothing like pink or yellow, and lives in a house of the same colour like Archie lives in a pink castle, with the exception of Penny Pocket (who shares the red house/shop with Suzie Sweet, and wears blue) and PC Plum (who lives in the white house but wears a police uniform). Each character also has one or more individual songs.
Character
Actor
Job
House
Song(s)
Miss Hoolie Julie Wilson Nimmo Nursery teacher Green house
Nursery Song:Everybody everyone
Day off song:What do you want to do today (Series 1–2)
Strike up the band (Series 3–4)
Archie the Inventor Miles Jupp Inventor Pink castle
I'm Archie the Inventor (Series 1-4)
Great Inventions, Groovy Solutions (Series 3–4)
Josie Jump Buki Akib (series 1-2)
Kasia Haddad (Series 3–4) Fitness instructor Yellow house
Josie Jump is My Name (Jump a Little Higher) (Series 1-4)
Cheer You Up (Series 3–4)
Edie McCredie Juliet Cadzow Bus driver Blue garage/house
When I Honk My Horn (Series 1-4)
Let Me Take You on a Journey (Series 3–4)
PC Plum Andrew Agnew Policeman Black and white police station
I'm PC Plum (Series 1–4)
Follow the Clue (Series 3–4)
Spencer the Painter Rodd Christensen Painter/Musician Orange house
Climbing Up My Musical Ladder (Series 1–4)
If You Need a Little Rhythm (Series 3–4)
Suzie Sweet Mary Riggans Shop and café workers Red shop
I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)
Suzie's Cooking (Series 3–4)
Penny Pocket Kim Tserkezie
I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)
Sort It (Series 3–4)
The nursery teacher Miss Hoolie is the framing character and narrator for each episode. She introduces the programme and the problem which needs to be solved, provides a recap in the middle, and summarises the story at the end of the episode.
Archie the Inventor builds zany creations from household objects, such as boxes, bottles, yoghurt pots, string, and similar items that young children might typically use in craft projects. His inventions are intended to be useful, but sometimes backfire.
Josie Jump is the fitness instructor at the primary school next door to Miss Hoolie's nursery school. She plays and coaches all types of gymnastics, sports, and dance, and encourages the young viewers to exercise. She is also talented at storytelling through expressive movement and dance.
Edie McCredie drives the nursery school bus. She has travelled all over the world, and has a variety of photographs and souvenirs to talk about. She is also an expert driver and motor mechanic, and occasionally gets exasperated with other road users.
Police officer PC Plum aspires to be a master detective, but Balamory is a crime free village. He spends most of his time watching wildlife and using his detective skills, to figure out what the animals have been doing. He is also particularly interested in rules, regulations, and safety.
Spencer is officially responsible for painting the coloured houses of Balamory, but also paints pictures and creates music. His painter's ladder is musical, each rung sounding a different note. Spencer is also the only American to reside in Balamory and he is black.
Suzie Sweet and Penny Pocket together run the village shop and cafe. Suzie Sweet is an older, grandmotherly figure who loves to tell customers about the items in the shop. Penny Pocket is a young woman who uses a wheelchair; she has a talent for mathematics.
Episodes[edit]
A typical episode follows this general plan:
The opening credits show the town of "Balamory" with its brightly coloured houses. Miss Hoolie opens the nursery school, greets the nursery children, and talks about that day's weather.
One of the other characters (who will be the main character of that episode) tells Miss Hoolie about a problem. This character then sings "Which Coloured House Are We Going To?", asking the young viewers to guess which of the Balamory characters will be most helpful in solving the problem. The main character then proceeds to visit several other characters until the problem is solved. Miss Hoolie and the main character provide a summary of the story at each point, and a final recap at the end of the episode.
For example, in one episode Josie Jump has been asked to look after a neighbour's rabbit, but does not know what it needs. She is advised to visit PC Plum, who advises her to feed it vegetables. She then goes to the shop run by Pocket and Sweet to buy rabbit food, and finally brings the rabbit to Miss Hoolie's nursery for the children to feed and pat it.
Each episode of Balamory contains at least five songs:
"What's the Story in Balamory?", the theme song
Miss Hoolie's opening song, either "Everybody, Everyone" if the nursery school is open, or one of the two "day off" songs otherwise
"Which Coloured House Are We Going To?", sung by the main character after presenting his or her problem
Character-specific songs, sung by the characters visited by the main character
Episode guide[edit]
Series One
Series Two
Series Three
Series Four
Audience[edit]
The programme was aimed at pre schoolers. The programme's creator had intended it as a "soap opera for children".[1] The show can also be seen in a humorous light. The characters in Balamory are somewhat naive and light hearted, often appearing to be children trapped in adult bodies with adult roles. The storyline revolves around simple problems designed to challenge pre schoolers' minds.
Songs[edit]
There are many songs in Balamory, mainly sung by the actors. These songs are used consistently throughout the series, when corresponding characters or circumstances are introduced. In the run starting from September 2004, new songs were introduced. These songs are longer and take up more time in the episode, so the old versions were still often used.
In addition to the character specific songs mentioned in the "Characters" section, there are two general songs:
"What's the Story in Balamory?" is the show's theme song, sung over the opening titles and played as an instrumental over the closing credits.
"Which Coloured House Are We Going To?" is sung by the main character of each episode after introducing that episode's problem.
Production[edit]
Very few episodes feature actors other than the main characters and the nursery children. Terry Wogan made a guest appearance in one episode (The Game Show) as a television director. This episode also featured Greg Hemphill (Julie Wilson Nimmo's husband in real life) and John Altman, who plays Nick Cotton in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. Celebrity chef Keith Floyd appeared in Suzie Sweet's song "Suzie's Cookin'".
Occasionally, the shots of children entering the nursery are cut down for repeats for time reasons.
Retirement[edit]
On 30 April 2005, the BBC announced that it would not order another season of the series, citing they wanted to experiment and create more new programme ideas. In that year, all the cast (except for two of them) performed a farewell touring show called "Balamory Live: Strike up the Band", a follow up to the "Balamory Live: What's The Story" tour from 2004.
By the time the programme was retired, many of the cast were also keen to move on. Miles Jupp, who played Archie, stated that his role caused some problems when he was performing stand up on the Edinburgh Fringe, due to parents assuming his show was child friendly, and bringing their children to see it. Julie Wilson Nimmo, who played Miss Hoolie, complained that she could not take her children to the local play area without being mobbed.[2]
Awards[edit]
Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2003 BAFTA Children's Awards.[3]
Awarded Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2004 BAFTA Children's Awards.[4]
Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2005 BAFTA Children's Awards.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Sunday Herald talks to the Balamory cast and production team
Jump up ^ Ross, Peter (8 December 2004). "What's the story?". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners and Nominees - Children's — Awards - 2003". BAFTA. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners and Nominees - Children's - Awards - 2004". BAFTA. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners and Nominees - Children's - Awards - 2005". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
External links[edit]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory Press release at the launch of Balamory] at bbc.co.uk
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/08_august/30/balamory.shtml CBeebies - Balamory] at bbc.co.uk
Balamory on IMDb
Balamory at TV.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balamory&oldid=807129679"
Categories:
Balamory
BBC children's television programmes
Fictional populated places in Scotland
2002 British television programme debuts
2005 British television programme endings
2000s Scottish television series
Musical television series
Preschool education television series
Television shows set in Scotland
Isle of Mull
2002 establishments in Scotland
BBC Scotland television programmes
2000s British children's television series
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hosts (file)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Host (disambiguation).
The computer file hosts is an operating system file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. It is a plain text file. Originally a file named HOSTS.TXT was manually maintained and made available via file sharing by Stanford Research Institute for the ARPANET membership, containing the hostnames and address of hosts as contributed for inclusion by member organizations. The Domain Name System, first described in 1983 and implemented in 1984,[1] automated the publication process and provided instantaneous and dynamic hostname resolution in the rapidly growing network. In modern operating systems, the hosts file remains an alternative name resolution mechanism, configurable often as part of facilities such as the Name Service Switch as either the primary method or as a fallback method.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 File content
3 Location in the file system
4 History
5 Extended applications
6 Security issues
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Purpose[edit]
The hosts file is one of several system facilities that assists in addressing network nodes in a computer network. It is a common part of an operating system's Internet Protocol (IP) implementation, and serves the function of translating human-friendly hostnames into numeric protocol addresses, called IP addresses, that identify and locate a host in an IP network.
In some operating systems, the contents of the hosts file is used preferentially to other name resolution methods, such as the Domain Name System (DNS), but many systems implement name service switches, e.g., nsswitch.conf for Linux and Unix, to provide customization. Unlike remote DNS resolvers, the hosts file is under the direct control of the local computer's administrator.[2]
File content[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The hosts file contains lines of text consisting of an IP address in the first text field followed by one or more host names. Each field is separated by white space – tabs are often preferred for historical reasons, but spaces are also used. Comment lines may be included; they are indicated by an octothorpe (#) in the first position of such lines. Entirely blank lines in the file are ignored. For example, a typical hosts file may contain the following:
127.0.0.1  localhost loopback
::1        localhost

This example only contains entries for the loopback addresses of the system and their host names, a typical default content of the hosts file. The example illustrates that an IP address may have multiple host names (localhost and loopback), and that a host name may be mapped to both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses, as shown on the first and second lines respectively.
Location in the file system[edit]
The location of the hosts file in the file system hierarchy varies by operating system. It is usually named hosts, without an extension.
Operating System
Version(s)
Location
Unix, Unix-like, POSIX /etc/hosts[3]
Microsoft Windows 3.1 %WinDir%\HOSTS
95, 98, ME %WinDir%\hosts[4]
NT, 2000, XP,[5] 2003, Vista,
2008, 7, 2012, 8, 10 %SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts[6]
Windows Mobile, Windows Phone Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Comm\Tcpip\Hosts
Apple Macintosh 9 and earlier Preferences or System folder
Mac OS X 10.0–10.1.5[7] (Added through NetInfo or niload)
Mac OS X 10.2 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)[7]
Novell NetWare SYS:etc\hosts
OS/2 & eComStation "bootdrive":\mptn\etc\
Symbian Symbian OS 6.1–9.0 C:\system\data\hosts
Symbian OS 9.1+ C:\private\10000882\hosts
MorphOS NetStack ENVARC:sys/net/hosts
AmigaOS < 4 AmiTCP:db/hosts
4 DEVS:Internet/hosts
AROS ENVARC:AROSTCP/db/hosts
Android /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /system/etc/hosts)
iOS iOS 2.0 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)
TOPS-20 <SYSTEM>HOSTS.TXT
Plan 9 /lib/ndb/hosts
BeOS /boot/beos/etc/hosts[8]
Haiku /boot/common/settings/network/hosts[8]
OpenVMS UCX UCX$HOST
TCPware TCPIP$HOST
RISC OS 3.7, 5 !Boot.Resources.!Internet.files.Hosts
later boot sequence !Boot.Choices.Hardware.Disabled.Internet.Files.Hosts[9]
History[edit]
The ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, had no distributed host name database. Each network node maintained its own map of the network nodes as needed and assigned them names that were memorable to the users of the system. There was no method for ensuring that all references to a given node in a network were using the same name, nor was there a way to read the hosts file of another computer to automatically obtain a copy.
The small size of the ARPANET kept the administrative overhead small to maintain an accurate hosts file. Network nodes typically had one address and could have many names. As local area TCP/IP computer networks gained popularity, however, the maintenance of hosts files became a larger burden on system administrators as networks and network nodes were being added to the system with increasing frequency.
Standardization efforts, such as the format specification of the file HOSTS.TXT in RFC 952, and distribution protocols, e.g., the hostname server described in RFC 953, helped with these problems, but the centralized and monolithic nature of hosts files eventually necessitated the creation of the distributed Domain Name System (DNS).
On some old systems a file named networks is present that has similar to hosts file functions containing names of networks.
Extended applications[edit]
In its function of resolving host names, the hosts file may be used to define any hostname or domain name for use in the local system.
Redirecting local domains
Some web service and intranet developers and administrators define locally defined domains in a LAN for various purposes, such as accessing the company's internal resources or to test local websites in development.
Internet resource blocking
Entries in the hosts file may be used to block online advertising, or the domains of known malicious resources and servers that contain spyware, adware, and other malware. This may be achieved by adding entries for those sites to redirect requests to another address that does not exist or to a harmless destination. Commercial software applications may be used to populate the hosts file with entries of known undesirable Internet resources automatically.
Security issues[edit]
The hosts file may present an attack vector for malicious software. The file may be modified, for example, by adware, computer viruses, or trojan horse software to redirect traffic from the intended destination to sites hosting malicious or unwanted content.[10] The widespread computer worm Mydoom.B blocked users from visiting sites about computer security and antivirus software and also affected access from the compromised computer to the Microsoft Windows Update website.
See also[edit]
DNSBL, a DNS-based blackhole list
Content-control software
Ad filtering
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Internet Systems Consortium. "The Most Widely Used Name Server Software: BIND". History of BIND. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Cisco Networking Academy Program: First-Year Companion Guide", Cisco Systems, Inc., 2002 (2nd Edition), page 676, ISBN 1-58713-025-4
Jump up ^ "Linux Network Administrators Guide: Writing hosts and networks files". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hosts File". Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB Q314053: TCP/IP and NBT configuration parameters for Windows XP". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB 972034 Revision 2.0: default hosts files". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mac OS X: How to Add Hosts to Local Hosts File". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Haiku/BeOS Tip Server". Retrieved November 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ RISC OS 6.14
Jump up ^ "Remove Trojan.Qhosts – Symantec". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Windows
TCP/IP in Windows 2000 Professional
Microsoft TCP/IP Host Name Resolution Order
Blocking Unwanted Connections with a Hosts File (Creative Commons License)
Solution if Windows stops you from modifying the Hosts file or the Lmhosts file in Windows Vista / 7 / 8
Beginners Guide on Editing Hosts File
List of Microsoft related domains that Windows won't redirect
Mac
How to block unwanted domains with a HOSTS file on Mac OS X 10.2 or later
"Gas Mask" - Hosts file manager for Mac OS X
Linux
Block unwanted advertisements with /etc/hosts file on Linux
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosts_(file)&oldid=833616207"
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