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My Name Is Earl
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My Name Is Earl
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Greg Garcia
Starring
Jason Lee
Ethan Suplee
Jaime Pressly
Nadine Velazquez
Eddie Steeples
Narrated by
Jason Lee (as Earl Hickey)
Composer(s)
Danny Lux
Mark Leggett
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
96 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Greg Garcia
Marc Buckland
Bobby Bowman
Producer(s)
Jason Lee
Henry J. Lange Jr.
Danielle Sanchez-Witzel
John Hoberg
Michael Pennie
Kat Likkel
Mike Mariano
Jessica Goldstein
Hilary Winston
Chrissy Pietrosh
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
19–24 minutes
Production company(s)
Amigos de Garcia Productions
20th Century Fox Television
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
1080i (16:9 HDTV)
Original release
September 20, 2005 (2005-09-20) – May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14)
My Name Is Earl is an American sitcom series created by Greg Garcia that aired on the NBC television network from September 20, 2005, to May 14, 2009, in the United States. It was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and starred Jason Lee as Earl Hickey, the title character. The series also stars Ethan Suplee, Jaime Pressly, Nadine Velazquez, and Eddie Steeples.
Most episodes from the first season, then only a few from the rest, begin with Earl presenting the premise of the series:
You know the kind of guy who does nothing but bad things and then wonders why his life sucks? Well, that was me. Every time something good happened to me, something bad was always waiting around the corner: karma. That's when I realized that I had to change, so I made a list of everything bad I've ever done and one by one I'm gonna make up for all my mistakes. I'm just trying to be a better person. My name is Earl.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Conception
3.2 Locations
3.3 Cancellation and future
4 Critical reception
5 Episodes
6 DVD releases
6.1 Season releases overview
7 Ratings
8 Syndication
9 Comic book
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Earl Hickey is a small-time thief, living in the fictional rural town of Camden, who loses his winning $100,000 lottery ticket after being hit by a car while he celebrates his good fortune. Lying in a hospital bed, he learns about karma during an episode of the talk show Last Call with Carson Daly. Convinced he has to turn his life around to be happy, Earl gives himself over to the power of karma. He makes a list of every bad thing and every person he has ever wronged and make efforts to fix them all. After doing a first good deed, he finds the $100,000 lottery ticket that he had lost. Seeing this as a sign of karma rewarding him for his commitment, Earl uses his newfound wealth to do more good deeds according to his list.[1]
Having divorced from his wife Joy and separated from their two children Dodge and Earl Jr., neither of whom are actually related to him, Earl moves into a motel and lives with his brother Randy, and they meet Catalina, the motel's beautiful maid who illegally emigrated from somewhere in Latin America. Earl works on the list which mostly involves strangers and old acquaintances he has wronged, but also contains items involving his family. Initially Joy plots to kill or blackmail Earl for his lottery winnings, but later gives up. Joy marries Darnell Turner, a mutual friend who works at a local restaurant called the Crab Shack, and with whom she had been having an affair. In the Season One finale, Earl discovers he had bought the lotto tickets using money he stole from another person, but when he tries to return his winnings to that person, the latter is inflicted with bad karma, so he returns the money to Earl.
The second season has Earl continuing to work on his list, however, Joy gets in trouble when she steals a delivery truck and ends up kidnapping and assaulting the member of staff who was inside. Joy is arrested for felonies that would put her in prison for life because it was her third strike. To soften the jury, she decides to have a surrogate baby for her half-sister Liberty Washington. When things do not go well at her trial, Earl sacrifices himself by confessing to all of Joy's crimes, and is sentenced to two years in a state penitentiary. Also during the series, Catalina was deported, so Earl and Randy visit her home village in Latin America, and Randy marries Catalina in a green card marriage so she can return to the United States.
In the third season, Earl is still imprisoned, but continues to do good deeds despite not having his list on him. He meets Frank, whom he had rented the trailer from in which Joy and her husband Darnell now live; while Randy gets a job as a prison guard to be closer to Earl. Meanwhile, Joy gives birth to Liberty and Ray Ray's baby. Earl's good deeds attract the attention of the state warden Jerry, who offers Earl a reduction in prison time for helping him resolve his issues. When Earl is about to leave, Jerry revokes Earl's reductions as he would lose such a productive helper, but Earl eventually gains the upper hand and forces Jerry to honor his early release. After leaving prison, Earl loses his confidence in the list; he has spent years and the last of his lottery winnings doing good things, but has nothing lasting to show for it, and is insistent that karma should have given him some kind of lasting reward by now. He reverts to his old, malicious ways, doing cruel and illegal things until Frank's ex-girlfriend Billie Cunningham hits him with her car and puts him into a coma as a result; then is subsequently hit herself. Randy is able to revive Earl by working on the list. Earl finds Billie and marries her, thinking she is karma's reward for his years of effort. When Earl and Billie argue over the list, and when Earl chooses the list over her, Billie goes into a rampage where she undoes his good deeds. However, when Billie hides in the Amish-like "Camdenite" settlement, she has a change of heart. She divorces Earl and gives him the rest of her insurance settlement money.
The fourth season goes back to focusing on Earl doing good deeds to cross off his list.[2] A major story arc during this season was that Darnell, who is actually a former assassin from a secret government agency, blows his witness protection cover. He, Joy and his family are forced to change identities and relocate until Darnell's father, also from the agency, goes on a mission with Darnell which clears them of needing protection. The season ends with a cliffhanger episode in which Earl and the gang learn from DNA test results that Earl is actually Dodge's biological father, but that Earl Jr.'s biological father is not Darnell.
Cast[edit]
Jason Lee portrayed Earl Hickey in the series
Main article: List of My Name Is Earl characters
Jason Lee as Earl Hickey, a small-time thug who turns his life around after winning money on a lottery scratcher and making a list of wrongs that he plans to make amends for.
Ethan Suplee as Randy Hickey, Earl's dim-witted brother.
Jaime Pressly as Joy Turner, Earl's ex-wife who lives in a trailer park.
Nadine Velazquez as Catalina, the maid at the motel that Earl and Randy reside.
Eddie Steeples as Darnell Turner, a worker at the local restaurant that Earl and the gang frequent. He marries Joy in season 1.
Production[edit]
Conception[edit]
Creator and head writer Greg Garcia wrote the pilot while working on another sitcom, Yes, Dear. He initially pitched the series to Fox which passed on the series. He then approached NBC, which optioned the pilot on a cast-contingent basis, meaning they would order the pilot provided a suitable cast could be assembled. Jason Lee was approached for the lead role, but was uninterested in working in television and passed on the series twice before finally agreeing to read the pilot script. Though he liked the pilot, he was hesitant to commit to his first TV starring role until meeting with Garcia, after which he signed on to play Earl Hickey.[3]
Locations[edit]
My Name Is Earl is set in fictional Camden County. Creator Greg Garcia says:[citation needed]
The show doesn't technically take place anywhere....we like to think it's anywhere. We don't really say exactly where it is.
—  Greg Garcia
In the episode "BB", Earl's driver's license address is at "Pimmit Hills Trailer Park, Space C-13, Camden County", but the state is not listed. Creator Greg Garcia said that Camden County is loosely modeled on Pimmit Hills, Virginia, the neighborhood where he grew up.[4][5] The actual location in Los Angeles was not a trailer park, but was built up to look like one.[6]
Many of the locations were filmed in San Fernando Valley in California. In the season 1 episode "The Professor", Earl receives a postcard from Alex with the address "Earl Hickey, The Palms Hotel RM 231, 9005 Lincoln Blvd, Camden USA" with Earl's hand covering up most of the postmark. The Palms Motel structure is actually a motel in North Hills, California, now named the Palm Tree Inn Motel. It was also used to film other shows and films such as Gilmore Girls, The Mentalist, and Heroes.[7][8][9][10] Exterior shots of the Crab Shack and Club Chubby were also taken from locations in Van Nuys and North Hills.[6] Houses and shops for the various characters come from locations in Van Nuys, Santa Clarita, Northridge, Moorpark, Los Angeles, and other Southern California cities.[11][12][13] In the episode "Didn't Pay Taxes", Earl and Randy climb the landmark Artesia water tower, although they do not refer to it by name.[14]
Other episodes have listed states that were unlikely to have Camden County. In the episode "Our Other Cops is On", officer Stuart Daniels states that his surveillance equipment was "supposed to go to Camden, New Jersey, but came here instead". In "Earl and Joy's Anniversary", when killer bees have invaded Camden and then left, Iqball says that the bees are heading for Texas. The flashback episodes "Inside Probe" describe Camden County as trying to stay independent during the American Civil War and forming its own country called Central, which lasted less than a day.
Cancellation and future[edit]
The series ended abruptly on May 19, 2009 after running for four seasons. Season four had ended with the caption 'To Be Continued'. The series' producer, 20th Century Fox Television, approached the Fox,[15] TBS[16] and TNT[17] networks to continue the series, but they were unable to come to terms without "seriously undermining the artistic integrity of the series."[16][18][19][20][21][22]
In October 2011, Jason Lee told E! Online he has been in talks with Greg Garcia to finish the list via a movie, possibly to be released online.[23]
On October 1, 2013, creator Greg Garcia participated in an AMA on reddit.com. Fan Jerry Denton asked "Who was Earl Jr's. real father and did Earl ever finish the list?"
Garcia replied:[23]
We never really got the chance to fully figure it out but the talk in the writers room was that Earl Jr.'s Dad was going to be someone famous. Like Dave Chappelle or Lil Jon. Someone that came to town on tour and Joy slept with. But when we got canceled we never got the chance to figure it out. I was worried about doing a cliffhanger but I asked NBC if it was safe to do one at the end of the season and they told me it was. I guess it wasn't. I had always had an ending to Earl and I'm sorry I didn't get the chance to see it happen. You've got a show about a guy with a list so not seeing him finish it is a bummer. But the truth is, he wasn't ever going to finish the list. The basic idea of the ending was that while he was stuck on a really hard list item he was going to start to get frustrated that he was never going to finish it. Then he runs into someone who had a list of their own and Earl was on it. They needed to make up for something bad they had done to Earl. He asks them where they got the idea of making a list and they tell him that someone came to them with a list and that person got the idea from someone else. Earl eventually realizes that his list started a chain reaction of people with lists and that he's finally put more good into the world than bad. So at that point he was going to tear up his list and go live his life. Walk into the sunset a free man. With good karma.
—  Greg Garcia
Critical reception[edit]
The show was well received by critics and audiences alike. One reviewer speculated that Earl's forthrightness to having led a life of idiocy is what endears him to the viewer, and is what suggests there is a depth to his character beyond what is initially seen.[1] Many of the negative and ambivalent reviews center on what is perceived to be base[24] and bigoted humor.[25]
Some critics claimed the series had a Scientologist bias or message, with actors Jason Lee and Ethan Suplee being Scientologists.[26] In 2008, Alec Baldwin publicly named Earl creator Greg Garcia as being a Scientologist;[27] Garcia quickly denied any involvement with Scientology, claiming that the Daily Mirror had incorrectly reported him to be a Scientologist.[28]
The series was nominated twice for Best International Programme at the British Academy Television Awards in 2007 and 2008. The pilot episode won Emmy awards for Outstanding Writing and Directing in a Comedy Series for Greg Garcia and Marc Buckland respectively at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards. Jaime Pressly won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Other Emmy nominations include Beau Bridges and Giovanni Ribisi for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of My Name Is Earl episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 24 September 20, 2005 (2005-09-20) May 11, 2006 (2006-05-11)
2 23 September 21, 2006 (2006-09-21) May 10, 2007 (2007-05-10)
3 22 September 27, 2007 (2007-09-27) May 15, 2008 (2008-05-15)
4 27 September 25, 2008 (2008-09-25) May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14)
DVD releases[edit]
Season releases overview[edit]
DVD Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional Information
Region 1
Region 2
Season One[29] September 19, 2006 September 25, 2006 24 The four disc box set includes all 24 episodes. Bonus features include deleted scenes, commentary tracks on selected episodes, selections from the season's gag reel, and a "mini-episode" vignette where Stewie Griffin from Family Guy influences Earl to get revenge on everyone who wronged him.
Season Two[30] September 25, 2007 January 28, 2008 23 The four disc box set includes all 23 episodes. Bonus features include deleted scenes, commentary tracks on selected episodes, as well as other featurettes.
Season Three[31] September 30, 2008[32] October 20, 2008[33] 22 The four disc box set includes all 22 episodes. Bonus features include a gag reel, "Creating the characters" featurette and deleted scenes.
Season Four[34] September 15, 2009 October 5, 2009 27 The four disc box set includes all 27 episodes. Bonus features include deleted scenes, a gag reel, "Earl's Fan Mail" featurette and a movie trailer inspired by the premiere episode. Also released on Blu-ray.
Ratings[edit]
The series premiered on September 20, 2005, drew in 14.9 million viewers in the United States, earning a 6.6 rating. By the airing of the third episode it was apparent that My Name Is Earl was the highest rated of NBC's new fall offerings, and a full season (22 episodes) was ordered. In its first month, it was also the highest rated new sitcom of the season to air on any network and was the highest rated sitcom on any network in the 18–49-year-old demographic. The show was renewed for a second season (2006), a third (2007), and a fourth (2008).
Season
Timeslot (EDT)
Season Premiere
Season Finale
TV Season
Viewers
(in millions)
1
Tuesday 9:00 P.M. (September 20 – October 18, 2005)
Thursday 9:00 P.M. (October 25 – December 27, 2005)
September 20, 2005 December 27, 2005 2005 10.9[35]
2
Thursday 8:00 P.M.
September 21, 2006 December 19, 2006 2006 8.9[36]
3
September 27, 2007 December 25, 2007 2007 7.3[37]
4
September 23, 2008 December 16, 2008 2008 6.6[38]
Syndication[edit]
20th Century Fox Television has cleared My Name Is Earl in nearly 50% of the U.S., said Bob Cook, the company's president and chief operating officer. 20th had sold the off-net sitcom to the Fox, Tribune, CBS, Hearst-Argyle, and Sinclair station groups for a fall 2009 debut.[39]
My Name Is Earl aired in off-network syndication and on TBS, Ion Television, and MyNetworkTV in the United States. Canada airs the series on Joytv. The series premiered in January 2006 on Channel 4 in the UK. The fourth and Final season was shown on E4 in October 2008. In 2013, 5* gained the repeat rights to the series. The show will be repeated on Comedy Central Extra from March 5 2018.
Comic book[edit]
Independent comic book publisher Oni Press had announced a comic book tie-in to the series in 2006,[40] and season one's DVD release included ads for the comic; but none were produced. Since the cancellation of the show, Oni has abandoned the comic.[41]
See also[edit]
List of My Name Is Earl episodes
List of My Name Is Earl characters
100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b DeWolf Smith, Nancy (September 16, 2005). "Arts and Entertainment Review". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
Jump up ^ ""My Name Is Earl" Season 4 Preview: The Legend Of Dan Coscino – Channel Guide Magazine". channelguidemag.com. September 19, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ My Name is Earl season 1 DVD extra: Making Things Right: Behind the Scenes of My Name is Earl Featurette
Jump up ^ Seibel, Deborah Starr (October 9, 2004). "Comedy Means Always Having to Say You're Sorry". New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The surprise hit of My Name is Earl". Entertainment Weekly. January 13, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chas Demster (September 2014). "My Name Is Earl – The Main Locations". Chas Demster. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blake, Lindsay (January 29, 2016). "The Palms Motel from "My Name Is Earl"". Iamnotastalker.com. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Guy (November 2, 2007). "My Name Is Earl hotel". Bunchojunk. Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Blogspot.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Guy (February 17, 2012). "Film locations: The "My Name is Earl" motel". Locationsfromfilms. Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Blogspot.
Jump up ^ Hoffarth, Tony (January 28, 2010). "My Name is Earl". Flickr. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chas Demster (September 2014). "My Name Is Earl – The Houses Of Camden County". Its Filmed There. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chas Demster (September 2014). "My Name Is Earl – Businesses, Churches And Schools Of Camden County". Its Filmed There. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – Other Memorable Locations". Its Filmed There. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Official City of Artesia, California (2015). "Investigating the Water Tower's Structural Integrity". Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Facebook.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Maria Elena (May 19, 2009). "'My Name Is Earl' creator is OK with being 'thrown off the Titanic'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Littleton, Cynthia (June 8, 2009). "TBS may give new 'Earl' segs a whirl". Variety. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Flint, Joe (May 20, 2009). "TBS ready to be lifeboat for 'My Name Is Earl'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Suplee, Ethan (May 23, 2009). "Thanks for the effort guys…". Twitter. Retrieved May 23, 2009. [self-published source?]
Jump up ^ Chambers, Elizabeth; Godwin, Jennifer (June 9, 2009). "Could My Name Is Earl Be Saved?". E!. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Mickey (June 10, 2009). "My Name Is Earl in Talks to Move to TBS". TV Guide. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Godwin, Jennifer (June 11, 2009). "My Name Is Earl Dead, Deal with TBS Won't Work Out". E!. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 11, 2009). "This just in: 'My Name is Earl' will NOT live on". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 21, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jason Lee on My Name Is Earl Movie: "It's Time!"". E! Online. October 21, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
Jump up ^ "We learn that the items on Earl's list include No. 86, "stole a car from a one-legged girl," and No. 22, "peed in back of cop car." Gosh, what swell episodes those ought to make." Quote by Shales, Tom (September 20, 2005). "Earl Defines What It Takes To Be Sorry". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl is not a stupid sitcom – that is what makes its sexist and homophobic jokes so maddening... Viewers aren't encouraged to laugh at Earl, as much as they are with him – at the people on his list." Citation from Will karma smile on NBC's 'My Name Is Earl'?, Baltimore Sun, by David Zurawik, 20 Sept 2005; text retrieved from AV Science Forum, Feb 2009.
Jump up ^ Donaghy, James (June 29, 2007). "My name is L Ron Hubbard". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
Jump up ^ Gawker article: "Alec Baldwin Doesn't Take Any Shit From Scientologists Archived March 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.."
Jump up ^ Spiegelman, Ian (April 17, 2009). "Greg Garcia Responds to Baldwin: 'I'm Not a Scientologist.'". 'Gawker.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 1st Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 2nd Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 3rd Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – Season Three (2009)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
Jump up ^ "(UK) : My Name Is Earl: Season 3 (4 Discs) : DVD – Free Delivery". Play.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 4th Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Series". The Hollywood Reporter. May 26, 2006. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ "2006–07 primetime wrap". The Hollywood Reporter. May 25, 2007. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ Justin Van De Kamp (June 1, 2008). "TV Ratings: 2007–2008 Season Top-200". televisionista. blogspot.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Season Program Rankings from 09/22/08 through 05/17/09". ABC Medianet. May 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
Jump up ^ Paige Albiniak (January 8, 2009). "Twentieth Clears 'Earl' In Half The Country". Broadcasting & Cable. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ "'My Name Is Earl' to become a comic book". Upi.com. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived March 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Further reading[edit]
Fry, Kim (November 28, 2005). "California church plays role in My Name Is Earl TV series". United Methodist News Service.
"Nominations and Winners". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2006.
External links[edit]
My Name Is Earl on IMDb
My Name Is Earl at TV.com
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Japan–North Korea relations
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Japan–North Korea relations
Japan
North Korea
Japan–North Korea relations (Korean: 조일 관계) have not been formally established, but there have been diplomatic talks between the two governments to discuss the issue of kidnapped Japanese citizens and North Korea's nuclear program. Relations between the two countries are severely strained and marked by tension and hostility. According to a 2014 BBC World Service poll, 91% of Japanese people view North Korea's influence negatively, with just 1% expressing a positive view; the most negative perception of North Korea in the world.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Normalization talks
2 Abductions
3 Other activity
4 Six-party talks
5 Recent bilateral talks
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
History[edit]
Further information: Foreign relations of North Korea
See History of Japan–Korea relations for the pre-1945 history.
In the first years after the proclamation of the North Korean state, relations between Pyongyang and Tokyo were mostly hostile and practically non-existent. In 1949-1950, the North Korean leadership vehemently condemned the economic and political negotiations between Japan and the administration of Syngman Rhee.[2] Later, however, North Korea sought to take advantage of the conflict that erupted between Japan and South Korea over the Syngman Rhee Line. In response to the initiative of Japanese Prime Minister Ichirō Hatoyama, who sought to achieve rapprochement with the Soviet Union and other Communist countries, in February 1955 North Korean Foreign Minister Nam Il issued a statement calling for economic and cultural cooperation with Japan. From 1955 to 1964, Japanese-North Korean economic relations underwent gradual expansion, partly because Pyongyang sought to prevent a Japanese-South Korean rapprochement by adopting a cooperative attitude toward Tokyo, and partly because North Korea tried to reduce its economic dependence on the Soviet Union.[3]
In 1955, North Korea assisted in establishing the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan, Chongryon in Korean, which serves as an advocacy organization for ethnic Koreans in Japan who identify with the DPRK and acts as North Korea's de facto embassy in Japan. Voluntary repatriation of Korean residents from Japan to North Korea progressed slowly but smoothly after the conclusion of the Red Cross agreement of 1959. By late 1960, almost 50,000 of the estimated 600,000 Korean residents had arrived in North Korea aboard chartered Soviet ships. The repatriation program was extended for another year in October 1960 to accommodate the estimated 60,000 still wishing repatriation.
In 1965, the North Korean government sharply criticized the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. Under Premier Eisaku Satō, Japanese-North Korean relations underwent a deterioration, but in 1971-1972, the process of Sino-Japanese rapprochement induced Japanese companies to broaden their economic cooperation with the DPRK. Under Premier Kakuei Tanaka, the Japanese government adopted a policy of equidistance toward North Korea and South Korea, and refused to take sides with Seoul against Pyongyang during the Mun Se-gwang affair. Nevertheless, it still refrained from establishing diplomatic relations with North Korea. Under Takeo Miki and his successors, Japan switched back to a policy that clearly favored the ROK over the DPRK. The North Korean leadership felt increasingly isolated when Takeo Fukuda concluded the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China, and Yasuhiro Nakasone visited South Korea in 1983. In periods of Japanese-ROK cooperation and Japanese-DPRK friction, Pyongyang often expressed its dissatisfaction by raising the issue of the Liancourt Rocks dispute.[4]
Until the late 1980s, North Korea's policy toward Japan was mainly aimed at minimizing cooperation between South Korea and Japan, and at deterring Japan's rearmament while striving for closer diplomatic and commercial ties with Japan. Crucial to this policy was the fostering within Japan of support for North Korea, especially among the Japanese who supported the Japanese communist and socialist parties and the Korean residents of Japan.
Over the years, however, North Korea did much to discredit itself in the eyes of many potential supporters in Japan. Japanese who had accompanied their spouses to North Korea had endured severe hardships and were prevented from communicating with relatives and friends in Japan. Japan watched with disdain as North Korea gave safe haven to elements of the Japanese Red Army, which Japan designates as a terrorist group. North Korea's inability or refusal to pay its debts to Japanese traders also reinforced popular Japanese disdain for North Korea.
Japan–North Korea relations turned more antagonistic in the late 1980s. The two governments did not maintain diplomatic relations and had no substantive contacts. The opposition Japan Socialist Party nonetheless had cordial relations with the North Korean regime. Japan allowed trade with North Korea only through unofficial channels, reportedly exceeding US$200 million annually in the 1980s.
Issues in Japan–North Korea relations that produced tensions included North Korean media attacks on Japan, Japan's imposition of economic sanctions on North Korea for terrorist acts against South Korea in the 1980s, and unpaid North Korean debts to Japanese enterprises of about $50 million.
As of 2017, Japan–North Korea relations are at an all-time low after North Korea, on two separate occasions, test launched nuclear capable ballistic missile into Japanese waters.[5][6]
Normalization talks[edit]
In the early 1990s, Japan conducted lengthy negotiations with North Korea aimed at establishing diplomatic relations while maintaining its relations with Seoul. In September 1990 Japanese political delegation led by former deputy Prime Minister Shin Kanemaru of the Liberal Democratic Party visited North Korea. Following private meetings between Kanemaru and North Korean leader Kim Il Sung, a joint declaration released on September 28 called for Japan to apologize and to compensate North Korea for its period of colonial rule. Japan and North Korea agreed to begin talks aimed at the establishment of diplomatic relations.
In January 1991, Japan began normalization talks with Pyongyang with a formal apology for its 1910-45 colonial rule of the Korean Peninsula. The negotiations were aided by Tokyo's support of a proposal for simultaneous entry into the United Nations by North Korea and South Korea; the issues of international inspection of North Korean nuclear facilities and the nature and amount of Japanese compensations, however, proved more difficult to negotiate.
Coincidental with the changing patterns in its relations with China and Russia, North Korea has moved to improve its strained relations with Japan. Pyongyang's primary motives appear to be a quest for relief from diplomatic and economic isolation, which has caused serious shortages of food, energy, and hard currency. Normalization of relations with Japan also raises the possibility of North Korea's gaining monetary compensation for the period of Japan's colonial rule (1910–45), a precedent set when Japan normalized relations with South Korea.
The first round of normalization talks was held January 30–31, 1991, but quickly broke down over the question of compensation. Pyongyang has demanded compensation for damages incurred during colonial rule as well as for "sufferings and losses" in the post-World War II period. Japan, however, insists that North Korea first resolve its differences with South Korea over the question of bilateral nuclear inspections. Other points of contention are North Korea's refusal both to provide information about Japanese citizens who had migrated to North Korea with their Korean spouses in the 1960s, and the issue of Japanese soldiers taken prisoner by the Soviets during WWII and sent to North Korea.[7][8]
Abductions[edit]
Main article: North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens
The abductions of Japanese citizens from Japan by agents of the North Korean government occurred during a period of six years from 1977 to 1983. For many years North Korea denied the abductions, but it admitted to 13 of them in 2002. In one instance, Yi Un Hee, a Korean resident of Japan, was kidnapped to North Korea to teach Japanese in a school for espionage agents.[9] In 2002 and 2004, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi made two high-profile visits to Pyongyang to press for their return. North Korea eventually returned five of the thirteen kidnapped, claiming the other eight had died.[10][11][12] The positive effect on relations disintegrated when Japan claimed that a DNA test had proved that the returned remains of Megumi Yokota, kidnapped at 13 and said by North Korea to have committed suicide, were in fact not hers.[13] Japan has pressed North Korea to come clean on the abduction, but Pyongyang insists that the issue has already been resolved.
Many North Korean citizens rely on money sent from relatives in Japan. Some in Japan believe that the government should threaten to cut off those remittances to force Pyongyang to make concessions. Others believe that the political right in Japan is exploiting that and other issues to advance its own nationalist agenda.[14]
Other activity[edit]
There have been several confrontations between the two nations over North Korean clandestine activity in Japan besides the abductions including drug smuggling, marine poaching, and spying. North Korean missile tests are a concern for Japan because the missiles sometimes travel through Japanese airspace and territory.
In 1998, North Korea successfully fired a Taepodong-1 ballistic missile that crossed over Japan and landed in the Pacific Ocean.[15] This test launch was viewed as an act of political defiance as negotiations on the future of North Korea's nuclear program development were taking place between North Korea and the United States in New York.[15]
On March 17, 2017, Japan held the first ever evacuation drill after North Korean missile tests. On the same day, President Trump told North Korea that it was “behaving very badly” shortly after Secretary of State Rex Tillerson hinted at striking North Korea while on a visit to South Korea.
Six-party talks[edit]
On February 13, 2007, the six-party talks produced an agreement in which North Korea agreed to shut down the Yongbyon nuclear facility in exchange for fuel aid and steps towards normalization of relations with both the United States and Japan.[16][17]
Recent bilateral talks[edit]
The two states held bilateral talks in September 2007, which were resumed in June 2008.[18]
See also[edit]
Japan portal
North Korea portal
Korea portal
International relations portal
History of Japan–Korea relations
Japan–Korea disputes
Japan–South Korea relations
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. - Japan
Jump up ^ 2014 World Service Poll BBC
Jump up ^ Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War II: The Roaring of the Cataract 1947-1950 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), pp. 458-459.
Jump up ^ Kiwon Chung, Japanese-North Korean Relations Today, Asian Survey, Vol. 4, Issue 4 (April 1964), pp. 788-803.
Jump up ^ Balázs Szalontai, "Instrumental Nationalism? The Dokdo Problem Through the Lens of North Korean Propaganda and Diplomacy," Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 10, Issue 2 (Winter 2013), pp. 128-139. On Japan's attitude toward the Mun Segwang affair, see Victor D. Cha, Alignment Despite Antagonism: The United States-Korea-Japan Security Triangle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), pp. 124-130.
Jump up ^ "North Korea fires ballistic missile into Japanese waters". bbc.com. 3 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Next target Guam, North Korea says". www.msn.com.
Jump up ^ "Russia Acknowledges Sending Japanese Prisoners of War to North Korea". Mosnews.com. 2005-04-01. Archived from the original on 2006-11-13. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
Jump up ^ Kim, Yong Mok (November 1997). "The Dilemma of North Korea's Japanese Wives". Japan Policy Research Institute Critique. 4 (10). Retrieved 2007-03-16.
Jump up ^ Kim, Pan Suk. "North Korea; Japan". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
Jump up ^ Richard Hanson (2004-11-18). "The ashes of little Megumi". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
Jump up ^ Kosuke Takahashi (2004-05-25). "Koizumi: Risky mission half accomplished". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
Jump up ^ Tessa Morris-Suzuki (2007). Exodus to North Korea. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 17. ISBN 0-7425-5441-4.
Jump up ^ Won-Jae Park (2006-01-07). "Clues Found in North Korean Kidnappings". Donga. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
Jump up ^ Victor Fic (2004-01-15). "Japanese right manipulates abduction issue". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
^ Jump up to: a b WuDunn, Sheryl (1 September 1998). "North Korea Fires Missile Over Japanese Territory". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Initial Actions for the Implementation of the Joint Statement". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China website. 2007-02-13. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Rice hails N Korea nuclear deal". BBC News. 2007-02-13. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Japan and N Korea re-open talks". BBC News. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
Further reading[edit]
Cho Soon Sung (1967) "Japan’s Two Koreas Policy and the Problems of Korean Unification," Asian Survey 7 (10): 703-725.
Linus Hagström and Marie Söderberg (2006) North Korea Policy: Japan and the Great Powers, London and New York: Routledge.
Linus Hagström and Marie Söderberg (2006) The Other Binary: Why Japan–North Korea Relations Matter, Special Issue of Pacific Affairs 79 (3).
Christopher W. Hughes (1999) Japan’s Economic Power and Security: Japan and North Korea. London: Routledge.
Kim Hong Nack (2006) "The Koizumi Government and the Politics of Normalizing Japanese-North Korean Relations." Working Paper. Honolulu: East-West Center.
Seung K. Ko (1977), "North Korea’s Relations with Japan Since Detente," Pacific Affairs 50 (1): 31-44.
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Billy Mitchell (video game player)
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Billy Mitchell
Mitchell (center) with fans on December 19, 2007
Born
William James Mitchell, Jr.
(1965-07-17) July 17, 1965 (age 52)
Springfield, Massachusetts, United States
Hometown
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Nationality
American
Games
Pac-Man
Donkey Kong
Official website
William James "Billy" Mitchell, Jr. (born July 17, 1965) is an American video game player. He has recorded high scores on classic games from the golden age of arcade video games. David Ramsey, writing for the Oxford American in 2006, called Mitchell "probably the greatest arcade video game player of all time."[1] Mitchell's signature achievement is earning the first perfect score of 3,333,360 points on the original Pac-Man arcade game on July 4, 1999. He owns the Rickey's World Famous Restaurant chain based in Hollywood, Florida, and sells a line of hot sauces known as Rickey's World Famous Sauces.[2] He appeared in the documentaries The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters (2007)[1], Chasing Ghosts: Beyond the Arcade (2007)[3], The King of Arcades (2014)[4], and Man vs Snake: The Long and Twisted Tale of Nibbler (2015).[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Personal life
3 Video game career
3.1 The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters
3.2 After King of Kong
4 Notable scores
5 Honors and legacy
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Mitchell was born in Springfield, Massachusetts and later grew up in South Florida and began playing games at age 12. Already a dominant pinball player, he was at first uninterested in video games appearing in the early '80s until he noticed that "everyone was standing around the Donkey Kong machine and wanted attention".[1]
Mitchell attended Chaminade-Madonna College Preparatory School in 1983 and soon began work as a manager in the kitchen of his parents' restaurant, "Rickey's Restaurant". Mitchell assumed ownership of the Rickey's World Famous Hot Sauce in the mid-1980s, continuing to own and manage it as of 2016[update].
In 2015 Mitchell filed a lawsuit against Cartoon Network claiming that in Regular Show a character who cheats at video games called Garrett Bobby Ferguson (GBF) infringed on his likeness.[7][8] United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Judge Anne Elise Thompson threw out the lawsuit, saying that "the television character does not match the plaintiff in appearance".[9][10][11]
Mitchell has a long-standing, and well-publicized rivalry with his King of Kong co-star Roy Shildt (aka. "Mr. Awesome"). Shildt has disputed Mitchell's credibility and accused him of cheating.[12][13][14] In an incident during the 2010 "International Video Game Hall of Fame", where Mitchell attended, Shildt was ejected from the premises after vehemently defaming Mitchell in public.[15] Mitchell has stated that he avoids interaction with Shildt.[16]
Personal life[edit]
Mitchell has long hair and wears neckties showing American patriotism during game competitions. The ties stem from his 1999 race to become the first person to achieve a perfect game of Pac-Man. One of his competitors, Rick Fothergill, wore a Canadian flag cape and called himself "Captain Canada". Mitchell began wearing his patriotic ties in response.[2]
Mitchell's youngest child, William "Billy" Mitchell III, is ranked as a top American football prospect among kickers in the high school class of 2017.[17]
Mitchell is the brother of Karen Harrington, a South Florida Republican politician who has run two unsuccessful campaigns (2010 and 2012) to replace Debbie Wasserman Schultz in the United States House of Representatives.[18]
Video game career[edit]
The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters[edit]
The 2007 documentary The King of Kong: A Fistful of Quarters tells the story of newcomer Steve Wiebe's attempt to surpass Billy Mitchell's high score at the game Donkey Kong, which Mitchell had set in 1982.
Mitchell never showed up to play the game in the film, though he states the importance of playing in public, saying, "To me, most important is to travel to a sanctioned location, like Funspot that makes it official; if tomorrow Tiger Woods golfs a 59, big deal. If he does it at Augusta, that's where it counts." However, throughout the film Wiebe traveled to various locations such as Funspot to play him publicly, and each time Mitchell refused. More controversy arose when at Funspot, Wiebe set the Donkey Kong live score record and was given official recognition, something he did not receive for sending in a tape in which he scored the first million point game on record. A few hours later, a tape submitted by Mitchell in which he scored over a million points was accepted, and Wiebe lost his record. The film records speculation that Mitchell's tape may have been fraudulent. In Mitchell's hometown later on, Wiebe waited for four days to play Mitchell, who showed up one day and refused to play against Wiebe. In the film, Wiebe, while playing the game says hello to Mitchell, who does not respond, and says to his wife, as he walks away, "There's certain people I don't want to spend too much time with". Mitchell offers no explanation for his behavior towards Wiebe but later explained that at the time of filming, he had not played video games for "more than a year", and that the filmmakers had not given him enough advance warning to train for a public record-breaking attempt.[19] Seth Gordon, the film's director, in referring to Mitchell's character says that Mitchell "is a true puppet-master", "a master of information-control" and that there was a lot of "stuff we couldn't include because of inter-state telephone rules."[20]
At the film's conclusion, Wiebe beats Mitchell's score to gain a new Donkey Kong record on tape to claim both the live and taped records.
In a 2007 interview, Mitchell has stated that he never expected to play the role of the villain and did not anticipate hate mail and badgering phone calls he would receive post-release.[21]
After King of Kong[edit]
On July 26, 2007, on the 25th anniversary of Mitchell's first record-setting performance, Mitchell again played in public and retook the Donkey Kong record with a score of 1,050,200,[22] though that score was surpassed on February 26, 2010 by Hank Chien, who was temporarily the record holder of Donkey Kong.[23] Mitchell reclaimed his title once again on July 24, 2010; it was the last time he would hold the record.[24] The record was broken numerous times over the next six years by Wiebe, Chien, Wes Copeland, and Robbie Lakeman; each held the record at least twice in that span.[25][26][27][28] On May 5, 2016, Copeland posted a score of 1,218,000, the highest to date.[29]
Billy Mitchell joking around with his friend Steve Sanders during the Life Magazine reunion photoshoot, Ottumwa 2014
Notable scores[edit]
Mitchell set high score records on a number of games in the 1980s and 1990s. Decades after his 1982 setting of an initial highest score in Donkey Kong, and after a return to record-breaking achievements between 2004 and 2010, others have matched or surpassed Mitchell's accomplishments.
Together with friend Chris Ayra they reached the ultimate "split-screen" level 256 of Pac-Man in the summer of 1983.[1] Mitchell commented on this in 2016 by claiming he had achieved "perfection".[30]
First acknowledged highest overall score on Donkey Kong, with 886,900 in 1982.[1]
Moved the record score for Ms. Pac-Man to 703,560 in January 1985. Score not surpassed until 2001, by Chris Ayra.[31]
Moved the record score for Donkey Kong Junior to 957,300 in 2004.[32]
First acknowledged million-point score on Donkey Kong, with 1,050,200 in 2007.[33]
Moved the record score for BurgerTime to 7,881,050 in 1984. Score not surpassed until 2005.[32][34]
Became fifth (and last, as of 2015[update]) person to achieve a score on Centipede, in marathon play, of over 10 million points, achieved July 8, 1985.[32]
Recaptured the world records for both Donkey Kong (1,062,800 points) and Donkey Kong Jr. (1,270,900) on the weekend of July 24, 2010.[35] As of 2015[update], both these records have been surpassed.[32]
Billy Mitchell and Pac-Man give an approving "thumbs up" at the 2014 Twin Galaxies / Walter Day trading card event at the Icon art gallery, Fairfield Iowa
Honors and legacy[edit]
In 1982, he was the first person to reach the kill screen of Donkey Kong. He discovered it at a Life Magazine competition after reaching the 22nd floor.[36]
On January 14, 1984, he was selected as one of the 1983 "Video Game Players of the Year" by Twin Galaxies and the U.S. National Video Game Team.[37]
On September 17, 1999, he was proclaimed the "Video Game Player of the Century" while at the 1999 Tokyo Game Show. In a ceremony on the Namco stage, company founder Masaya Nakamura presented Mitchell with an award commemorating the first "perfect" game on Pac-Man.[1]
On November 24, 1999, he offered $100,000 to the first person who could get through Pac-Man's "split-screen level".[38] The prize was never claimed before the January 1, 2000 deadline.
On June 21, 2006, MTV selected Mitchell one of "The 10 Most Influential Video Gamers of All Time." He was also nominated as leader of the Nerd Herd.[39] Mitchell had been featured previously in the True Life episode "I'm A Gamer" in 2003.
Mitchell placed eighth out of eight in the Microsoft Xbox 360 Pac-Man World Championships on June 4, 2007.[40]
In 2008, Mitchell became the first video game player to be honored with a Topps Allen & Ginter trading card.[41]
In the 2015 feature film Pixels, Peter Dinklage plays former video game champion "Eddie", with physical appearance and personality styled after Mitchell and other gamers.[42][43]
A character similar to Mitchell called Garrett Bobby Ferguson (GBF) appears in Regular Show. Mitchell, however, took offense at the portrayal and filed a lawsuit, which was thrown out by the judge.[44][45]
See also[edit]
eSports
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Perfect Man". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Modell, Josh (February 7, 2008). "The King Of Kong, continued: Donkey Kong champ Billy Mitchell calls The A.V. Club out of the blue". The A.V. Club.
Jump up ^ "Chasing Ghosts on IMDb". Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The King of Arcades on IMDb". Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Man vs Snake". Retrieved 2 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "MAN vs SNAKE". Mr. Mitchell appears at 1:11 in the trailer. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Brendan (2015-11-23). "Judge Throws Out Former Donkey Kong Record Holder's Lawsuit Against Cartoon Network". Gawker. Archived from the original on 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (November 24, 2015). "Donkey Kong diva denied in Cartoon Network depiction lawsuit". Retrieved November 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Vanderbilt, Mike (November 24, 2015). "Billy Mitchell loses Regular Show lawsuit, doesn't care as long as he's trending". The A.V. Club. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (November 23, 2015). "Former 'Donkey Kong' record holder's cartoon lawsuit tossed". Archived from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Former 'Donkey Kong' record holder's cartoon lawsuit tossed". Associated Press. 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke. "An Awesome Interview With Missile Command's Mr. Awesome". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "The seedy darkside of....Video Game World Records". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roy "Mr.Awesome" Shildt calls Billy Mitchell a cheater, claims to know 'ALL the secrets'". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke. "Mr. Awesome: Champion Gamer, Playgirl Model". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "The King Of Kong, continued: Donkey Kong champ Billy Mitchell calls The A.V. Club out of the blue". 8 February 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Sailer Kicking & Rubio Long Snapping Player Rankings - Voted best kicking, punting and long snapping camp in the world". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Mooney, Michael J. (2010-10-07). "Karen Harrington Says Debbie Wasserman Schultz Is "Within Striking Distance" | New Times Broward-Palm Beach". Blogs.browardpalmbeach.com. Retrieved 2014-05-27.
Jump up ^ Boyer, Crispin; 02/04/2008. "Killing Bill: King of Kong's Nemesis Talks Back: News from 1UP.com". Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Seth Gordon, Director of The King of Kong". Thefilmlot.com. 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ex-'Donkey Kong' Champ Finally Speaks After Getting Bruised By New Doc". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Man Shatters Donkey Kong World Record Exactly 25 Years After First Setting It in 1982" Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke. "Salute Your New King Of Kong". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billy Mitchell reclaims world record" Archived August 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Twin Galaxies.
Jump up ^ "Steve Wiebe regains Donkey Kong World Record from Billy Mitchell" Archived September 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The World Record For Highest Score In Donkey Kong Has Been Beaten". Gameinformer.
Jump up ^ "A New World Record Ends Hank Chien's Reign As Donkey Kong Champion". Kotaku.
Jump up ^ "New Donkey Kong world record set, and there's not much room left for another". Polygon.
Jump up ^ Owen S. Good (2016-05-08). "Donkey Kong's all-time record broken again, with a 'perfect' game". Polygon. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoVvgSwPDYk
Jump up ^ "Ms. Pac-Man points records". Twin Galaxies.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Billy L Mitchell (profile)". Twin Galaxies International. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-11-14. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
Jump up ^ "bryan wagner burgertime world record". spyhunter007.com. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
Jump up ^ Matthew Bradford (2010-08-07). "BILLY MITCHELL TAKES BACK DONKEY KONG RECORDS". Twin Galaxies International. Archived from the original on 2010-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
Jump up ^ "The King Of Kong Script - Dialogue Transcript" "The King of Kong script". Script-o-Rama.com. August 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Twin Galaxies' Coronation Day Crowns Video's Best of '83" Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Billy Mitchell Offers $100,000 for solving Pac-Man "Split-Screen" Archived November 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Playa Rater: The 10 Most Influential Video Gamers Of All Time". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chasing pellets: Pac-Man tries to make history again". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billy Mitchell Appears on TOPPS Gum Card". Twin Galaxies. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11.
Jump up ^ "New Pixels Promo Arrives Online | Movie News | Empire". Empire. May 19, 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-07.
Jump up ^ Official Sony VIX Twitter
Jump up ^ "Billy Mitchell loses Regular Show lawsuit, doesn't care as long as he's trending". 24 November 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Court: King of Kong's Billy Mitchell isn't an exploding, floating cartoon head". Retrieved 21 August 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Joshuah Bearman (July 2008). "The perfect game: Five years with the master of Pac-Man" (PDF). Harper's. 317 (1898): 65–73.
External links[edit]
Billy Mitchell on IMDb
Billy Mitchell on Twitter
Rickey's World Famous Sauces
[hide]
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Notable players
Hank Chien
Billy Mitchell
Robbie Lakeman
Steve Wiebe
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Twin Galaxies
Walter Day
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