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Kiss (UK radio station)
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For other radio stations, see Kiss FM (disambiguation).
Broadcast area
United Kingdom:
London, Severn Estuary, East Anglia (FM);
National (DAB)
Slogan
The Beat of the UK
First air date
October 1985
Format
Rhythmic CHR
Owner
Bauer Radio
Sister stations
Absolute Radio
Heat Radio
The Hits
Kerrang Radio
Magic
Planet Rock
Webcast
planetradio.co.uk/kiss/player/
Website
planetradio.co.uk/kiss/
twitter.com/kissfmuk
www.instagram.com/kissfmuk
www.youtube.com/user/KissFMUK
www.facebook.com/KissFMUK
Kiss is a UK radio station which broadcasts on 100 FM in London that specialises in garage, hip hop, pop, house, R&B, urban and electronic dance music. It also has specialist hour-long programs dedicated to grime, underground, D&B, slow jams and techno (these shows are now on its spin-off service KissFresh). It also broadcasts on DAB Digital Radio around the UK & nationally on Freeview, Sky and Virgin Media. Owned by Hamburg based Bauer Media Group, Kiss forms part of Bauer's National portfolio of radio brands. Kiss spin-off brands include Kiss TV (playing non-stop music videos), Kisstory (playing classic Kiss tunes) and KissFresh (playing non-stop new music).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1999 rebranding and criticism
1.2 Ofcom record fine
1.3 September 2006 relaunch
1.4 Recent times
2 Notable presenters
2.1 Rickie, Melvin & Charlie in the Morning
2.2 Patrick Forge
2.3 John Digweed
2.4 DJ Hype
2.5 DJ EZ
2.6 Logan Sama
2.7 Steve Smart
2.8 Philip George
2.9 DJ S.K.T
3 Norway and Finland
4 Listening live & again
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Kiss FM began in October 1985 as a pirate radio station, broadcasting first to South London then across the whole city, on 94FM. The station initially broadcast at the weekends and after a year of operation added a Friday line-up to the schedule taking the number of DJs on-air to just under 50.
The station had a cult following across Greater London, with a committed audience. It was suggested in the press at the time that the station had commanded almost 500,000 listeners while operating as an unlicensed pirate station. Kiss FM was established by Gordon 'Mac' McNamee (later its Managing Director until December 1997) and his friends; Tosca, Pyers Easton and George Power. Gordon Mac approached a successful London club promoter, Guy Wingate, to discuss ways of improving the Kiss FM profile. As a result, Wingate launched the very successful Kiss nights at the Wag Club (which included the first ever UK acid house party - an idea put forward by the late Colin Faver and Danny Rampling), both DJs on the station. These nights increased the station's credibility with its target audience and Wingate joined the Kiss team, followed shortly thereafter by Lindsay Wesker.
Kiss 100's iconic logo from 1990 to 1998
Kiss was 'owned' by Gordon Mac and in 1986 he sold shares to 10 of the DJs, including Tim Westwood, Jonathan More, Norman Jay, Trevor Nelson and others. Gordon Mac, Wesker and Wingate, the team of DJ's and a large number of volunteers took the station forward through a combination of grim determination and clever marketing. In 1988, the Department of Trade And Industry advertised the first new radio licence in London for many years and Kiss FM mounted a strong campaign to be awarded this licence. Despite public support, the licence was awarded to Jazz FM (now Smooth Radio). In the weekend that followed the announcement of the award, the Kiss team roamed London soliciting signatures for a public petition that was delivered on the Monday morning to the then Home Secretary, Douglas Hurd.
New licences were subsequently advertised and this time Kiss, with significant public and listener support, was awarded one of these.[1]
On 1 September 1990 Kiss relaunched as a legal station, with its studio and offices located on the Holloway Road, and financial support from EMAP. Many of the station's past DJs have become influential in popular music, including Paul 'Trouble' Anderson, Tuff Jam, Trevor Nelson, Judge Jules, Chris Philips, Dave Pearce, Sarah HB, Steve Jackson, Colin Dale, Norman Jay, David Rodigan Nick Power, Richie Rich, Coldcut, Tony De Vit, Jazzie B, Gilles Peterson, Pete Wardman, Hixxy & Sharkey, Slipmatt, Graham Gold, Squirrel and DJ Vibes.
1999 rebranding and criticism[edit]
EMAP took full control of Kiss 100 as early as 1992, but there was no significant rebranding of Kiss 100 and the Kiss brand until 1998. The rebranding resulted in a new logo being adopted in 1999. EMAP wanted to align Kiss 100 with the rest of its radio operations and to do so, Mark Story (previously of Magic 105.4) was engaged in January 1999 as the new Director of Music Programming. At the same time, the Kiss studios and offices was moved from its original roots to EMAP's main premises in Central London. These changes led to criticism from both former presenters and listeners alike, concerned that Kiss 100 was losing its musical direction.
Kiss 100's logo from 1999 to 2006.
One of Kiss 100's most popular DJs, Steve Jackson, was sacked in December 1998, which was followed by a high-profile court case.[2] At the same time, a number of other founding DJs decided to quit the station in protest at the changes being implemented,[3] whilst others were lured away by the increasingly dance-oriented BBC Radio 1. Many listeners equate Gordon Mac's final show on 28 March 1998 and subsequent departure from the station as the spiritual end of the original Kiss.
Ofcom record fine[edit]
In June 2006, Kiss 100 was fined a record fee for any UK commercial radio station of £175,000 by media regulator Ofcom. Ofcom punished Kiss 100 for "numerous and serious breaches" of broadcasting codes after receiving 10 complaints from April to November 2005. They involved prank calls on the Bam Bam breakfast show where consent was not sought from the "victims" and controversial material aired when children were likely to be listening. Kiss 100 said it accepted the findings and apologised for any offence [4]
September 2006 relaunch[edit]
One of latest logos
Emap introduced a second major revamp of the Kiss brand on 6 September 2006.[5] This included a new logo designed by oddlondon, a renewed focus on dance music, more specialist shows and a new website for all 3 Kiss stations replacing the previous website.
The relaunch was implemented simultaneously with the rebranding of Kiss 100's sister dance stations, Vibe 101 and Vibe 105-108 as Kiss 101 and Kiss 105-108 respectively. The only differences between the three stations are the advertisements, traffic bulletins and live extended coverage (if needed) for some major events going around the region.
The changes at Kiss 100 were introduced to address falling listener figures and to keep the station competitive in the highly contested London market.
Recent times[edit]
In December 2010, Ofcom approved the request from Bauer Radio to drop local programming content from the three Kiss stations, creating a national service on the condition that Kiss would be available on 35 DAB multiplexes around the UK on the day local information is dropped, rising to 38 within 3 months of the changes.[6]
On 27 December 2012, Kiss 100 appeared nationally on Digital One's national DAB multiplex.[7]
In February 2013, Kiss owner Bauer Media confirmed it will review the transmission of the station on local stereo DAB slots in favour of a national mono channel, running at 80 kbit/s.[8]
Notable presenters[edit]
Rickie, Melvin & Charlie in the Morning[edit]
The weekday breakfast show is presented by Rickie Haywood Williams, Melvin Odoom and Charlie Hedges, with producer Adam K, who took over the slot from Robin Banks in May 2007. He in turn replaced the previous long serving breakfast host Bam Bam (real name Peter Poulton) in April 2006, moving from the drive-time slot. The original breakfast show team lasted two years, composed of Graham Gold, Mark Webster and Sarah HB. Gold stayed with the station as he was already presenting the Kiss 100 Dance Chart and later took over the shows of Judge Jules and Danny Rampling before being the first presenter of Friday Night Kiss which aired across all the E-Map Big City Stations. Webster returned to TV whilst Sarah HB went to Radio 1. Bam Bam left shortly after the station received a record fine from the industry regulator, Ofcom after a series of breaches of the broadcasting code. In 2016, Adam K left and Mikey joined. [4]
Patrick Forge[edit]
Patrick Forge hosted a two-hour show on Sunday nights from 0100-0300. He played Soul Fusion, Acid jazz and associated forms, along with more modern records with underground jazzy, soulful sounds. He is one of the longest serving hosts of a show on the station, as he joined near the time Kiss turned from a pirate radio station into a commercial operator and left in 2010.
John Digweed[edit]
From September 2000 to January 2011, John Digweed hosted a two-hour show featuring progressive house and trance. The first hour featured music played by Digweed, either mixed live or recorded from one of his past gigs. The second hour was a guest mix by a different artist each week. Guests on the show have included other DJs Sasha, Sander Kleinenberg and Desyn Masiello.
DJ Hype[edit]
DJ Hype originally hosted a one-hour drum and bass show every Wednesday at 2300 (later 0100) GMT on Kiss. The show features the latest promo releases and also interviews and guest mixes.
From the beginning of 2018, his show was moved to KissFresh, along with all the other specialist output. He can be heard here every Tuesday from 2100 GMT.
DJ EZ[edit]
Between November 2000 and August 2014, DJ EZ hosted a weekly UK garage show titled "Destination Weekend" that included then current and classic tracks from the UKG scene. Between March and November 2008, he hosted a second weekly show focusing predominantly on Bassline. DJ EZ has released several compilation CDs entitled Pure Garage.
His departure was announced on his Facebook page on 4 September 2014.
Logan Sama[edit]
Logan Sama hosted the first dedicated Grime show on legal radio every Monday night. Acting as a platform for British underground MCing talent, the show had Dizzee Rascal, Kano, Wiley, Lethal B and Roll Deep who all made several appearances. As a vital source of new music from the British grime scene,[citation needed] the show had regularly pulled in a large and dedicated listener-ship over its 3-year history.[citation needed] In 2014, Sama left the station to join BBC Radio 1Xtra for MistaJam's 60 Minute Mix for his show on the network.[9] Logan Sama also had a show that ran for three months on the station.[10]
Steve Smart[edit]
Steve Smart presented a weekly dance music show on 103.4 the Beach till 2001, when he joined Kiss. In the station, he still had his own weekly slot before being offered the new "Floorfillers" slot every Saturday nights from 2000-2300. He was then offered "Friday Night Kiss" 1900-2200 in 2008. His Saturday night show was extended to 0000 in early 2015.
Philip George[edit]
Philip George originally presented an hour-long house music show every Thursday from 0000 GMT. From the 2018 relaunched schedules, he was axed.
DJ S.K.T[edit]
DJ S.K.T currently hosts a one-hour house, tech and bass music show right after Philip George.
Norway and Finland[edit]
On 26 February 2016, Kiss was launched in Norway rebranded from The Voice Hiphop & RnB Norway and Finland.[11] Content is managed by local teams. In Finland, Kiss is broadcast on FM and in Norway with Kisstory is broadcast in DAB+ (48 kbit/s).[12]
Listening live & again[edit]
KISS can be heard live worldwide on KissKube app, Kiss official website (UK postcode required if listening from other countries) and Radioplayer.
The full length of any show can be heard again an hour after it finishes on the air, available on those platforms (except Radioplayer) for seven days after it broadcast. On the Planet Radio player and KissKube app, tracklists are also available, but only for mixed and specialist shows (such as Friday Night Kiss, Saturday Night Kiss, Kiss Presents, Kiss Hip-Hop and Kiss Grime.) Back-to-back normal music shows do not include this.
See also[edit]
KISS 101 South Wales and West
KISS 105-108 East of England
Kiss Does... Rave
KISS Network
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hebditch, Stephen (1991). "AM/FM - Spring 1990". TQM Communications. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Hartley-Brewer, Julia (18 August 1999). "Kiss DJ sacked 'for being black'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "News | The Big Kiss-Off". Nme.Com. 1999-01-24. Retrieved 2014-04-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kiss FM handed record radio fine". BBC News. 20 June 2006. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Day, Julia (4 September 2006). "Kiss and shake up". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Today, Radio (2010). "Kiss allowed to go national". Radio Today.
Jump up ^ Kiss appears on Digital One
Jump up ^ Today, Radio (2013). "Kiss to drop local DAB, Bauer confirms". Radio Today.
Jump up ^ "Logan Sama takes over for the Sixty Minute Mix, Jarreau Vandal World Premiere, MistaJam - BBC Radio 1Xtra". BBC. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Logan Sama to cover Sian Anderson's 1xtra show until February | Keepin It Grimy". keepinitgrimy.com. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
Jump up ^ http://radiotoday.co.uk/2016/02/bauer-launches-kiss-in-norway-and-finland/
Jump up ^ http://www.wohnort.org/DAB/norway.html
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Coordinates: 51°30′58″N 0°08′18″W / 51.51598°N 0.13844°W / 51.51598; -0.13844
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiss_(UK_radio_station)&oldid=819477520"
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Diastema
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Diastema (disambiguation).
Diastema
Large diastemata between incisors, canines and molars of a normal horse
Details
Identifiers
Latin
diastema
MeSH
D003970
TA
A05.1.03.078
FMA
77271
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. Diastemata are common for children and can exist in adult teeth as well. Diastemata are primarily caused by imbalance in the relationship between the jaw and the size of teeth. If the labial frenulum (lip tissue) pulls, it can also push the teeth apart and cause a diastema between the center of the two front teeth.
In humans[edit]
Actor Terry-Thomas was known for his 1⁄3-inch (8.5 mm) diastema.
In humans, the term is most commonly applied to an open space between the upper incisors (front teeth). It happens when there is an unequal relationship between the size of the teeth and the jaw.
Diastema is sometimes caused or exacerbated by the action of a labial frenulum (the tissue connecting the lip to the gum) causing high mucosal attachment and less attached keratinized tissue which is more prone to recession or by tongue thrusting, which can push the teeth apart.
In The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote of the "gap-toothed wife of Bath".[1] As early as this time period, the gap between the front teeth, especially in women, was associated with lustful characteristics. Thus, the implication in describing "the gap-toothed wife of Bath" is that she is a middle-aged woman with insatiable lust. This has no scientific basis, but it has been a common premise in folklore since the Middle Ages.[citation needed]
In Ghana, Namibia and Nigeria, diastemata are regarded as being attractive and a sign of fertility, and some people have even had them created through cosmetic dentistry.[2] In France, they are called "dents du bonheur" ("lucky/happiness teeth").[3] This expression originated in Napoleon's time: when the Napoleonic army recruited, it was imperative that soldiers had incisors in perfect condition because they had to open the paper cartridges (containing powder and ball) with their teeth when loading their muskets. All those who had teeth apart were then classified as unfit to fight. Some men broke their own teeth to avoid going to war.[citation needed] Les Blank's Gap-Toothed Women is a documentary film about diastematic women.
Some well-known people noted for having diastema include country music singer Charley Pride, models Jessica Hart, Lindsey Wixson, Lauren Hutton, Georgia May Jagger and Lara Stone, American television news reporter and anchor Michelle Charlesworth, American football player Michael Strahan, actresses Vanessa Paradis, Léa Seydoux, Amira Casar, Eve Myles, Cécile de France, Béatrice Dalle, Jorja Fox, Anna Paquin and Uzo Aduba, singer/guitarist Ray Davies of The Kinks, musician Elvis Costello, actors Ernest Borgnine, Terry-Thomas, and Jamaica's Keith 'Shebada' Ramsay, singers Madonna, singer Dave Brockie a.k.a. Oderus Urungus and guitarist Corey Smoot a.k.a. Flattus Maximus, both of GWAR, Melanie Martinez, Becky G, and Laura Pausini, singer Edmund Sylvers, singer-songwriters Elton John, Mac DeMarco and Seal, rock musician Flea, rapper 50 Cent, Steve Pigott, former late night TV show host David Letterman, antiques expert and TV personality Tim Wonnacott, guitarist Steve Howe,[4] comedian Paul F. Tompkins,[5] professional wrestler and former TNA World Heavyweight Champion Bobby Roode, Major League Baseball player Jimmy Rollins, singer Bobby Brown and his daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown, former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.[1][2], and according to released photos the daughters of the last Tsar the Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia, Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia and their brother the Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia.
In fiction[edit]
Edd from Ed, Edd n Eddy
Hiro Hamada from Big Hero 6
Donatello from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rachel Dodes (September 8, 2010). "We Don't Mind the Gap: The Fashionable Flash a New Smile". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Midline diastemata in fashion". Bite magazine website. October 14, 2010. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ McGuiness, Romina (December 8, 2010). "The year of the gap-tooth trend". Metro. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gary Hill. "Steve Howe". AllMusic. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Diastema (dentistry)". Factualworld. Retrieved 3 Apr 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diastema&oldid=837164789"
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Horse racing in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Horse racing in the United States dates back to 1665, which saw the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York, a section of what is now known as the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York.[1] This first racing meet in North America was supervised by New York's colonial governor, Richard Nicolls. The area is now occupied by the present Nassau County, New York, region of Greater Westbury and East Garden City.
Horse racing remains a popular sport throughout the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Thoroughbred racing in the United States
2 Endurance racing
3 Quarter horse racing
4 Major racetracks
5 Types of racing
5.1 Flat racing
5.2 Endurance racing
5.3 Arabian horse
5.4 Quarter horse
6 Important races
7 Betting
8 Advanced deposit wagering
9 References
Thoroughbred racing in the United States[edit]
In 1665, the first racetrack was constructed on Long Island. It is the oldest Thoroughbred race in North America. The American Stud Book was started in 1868, prompting the beginning of organized horse racing in the United States. There were 314 tracks operating in the United States by 1890; and in 1894, the American Jockey Club was formed.[2] The anti-gambling sentiment prevalent in the early 20th century led almost all states to ban bookmaking. Bookmaking is the process of taking bets, calculating odds, and paying out winnings. This nearly eliminated horse racing altogether. When parimutuel betting was introduced in 1908, the racing industry turned around.[3] Horse racing flourished until World War II. The sport did not regain popularity in the United States until horses began to win the Triple Crown. The Triple Crown is a series of three races, consisting of the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes.[2]
Endurance racing[edit]
Contemporary organized Endurance racing began in California around 1955, and the first race marked the beginning of the Tevis Cup[4] This race was a one-hundred-mile, one-day-long ride starting in Squaw Valley, Placer County, and ending in Auburn. Founded in 1972, the American Endurance Ride Conference was the United States' first national endurance riding association.[5]
Quarter horse racing[edit]
Horse racing at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841
The first record of quarter mile length races dated back to 1674 in Henrico County, Virginia. Each race consisted of only two horses and they raced down the village streets and lanes. The Quarter Horse received its name due to the length of the race. The races were indeed "a quarter" of a mile, or 400 meters. The breed of horse was developed so they could get off to a quick start, and win the race.
Major racetracks[edit]
Freehold Raceway in Freehold, New Jersey (1830s)
Fair Grounds in New Orleans, Louisiana (1852)
Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York (1863)
Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland (1870)
Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport, New Jersey (1870)
Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky (1875)
Aqueduct Racetrack in the Queens, New York neighborhood of Ozone Park (1894)
Yonkers Raceway in the New York City suburb of Yonkers, New York (1899)
Oaklawn Park in Hot Springs, Arkansas (1904)
Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, just outside New York City on Long Island (1905)
Fairmount Park Racetrack in the St. Louis suburb of Collinsville, Illinois (1925)
Hialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida, near Miami (1925)
Arlington Park in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights, Illinois (1927)
Santa Anita Park in the San Gabriel Valley community of Arcadia, California, near Los Angeles (1934)
Suffolk Downs Race Track in the Boston, Massachusetts neighborhood of East Boston (1935)
Keeneland Race Course in Lexington, Kentucky (1936)
Del Mar Racetrack in the San Diego suburb of Del Mar, California (1937)
Hollywood Park Racetrack in Los Angeles suburb Inglewood, California (1938)
Gulfstream Park in Hallandale, Florida (1939/1944)
Belmont Park is part of the western edge of the Hempstead Plains. Its mile-and-a-half main track is the largest dirt Thoroughbred race course in the world, and it has the sport's largest grandstand.
One of the latest major horse track opened in the United States was the Meadowlands Racetrack opened in 1977 for Thoroughbred racing. It is the home of the Meadowlands Cup. Other more recently opened tracks include Remington Park, Oklahoma City, opened in 1988, and Lone Star Park in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, opened in 1997; the latter track hosted the prestigious Breeders' Cup series of races in 2004.
Thoroughbred horse racing in the United States has its own Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Hall of Fame honors remarkable horses, jockeys, owners, and trainers.
In North America, most racehorses are stabled in the backstretch of the racetrack at which their trainers are based. The backstretch has extensive facilities to house the horses and workers.[6]
Types of racing[edit]
A horse race at Del Mar
In the United States, Thoroughbred flat races are run on either dirt, synthetic or turf surfaces. Other tracks offer Quarter Horse racing and Standardbred horse racing, or combinations of these three types of racing surfaces. Racing with other breeds, such as Arabian horse racing, is found on a limited basis. American Thoroughbred races are run at a wide variety of distances, most commonly from 5 to 12 furlongs (0.63 to 1.50 mi; 1.0 to 2.4 km). The shorter distances are more common but the mid-to-long distance races tend to be higher in prestige. With this in mind, breeders of Thoroughbred race horses attempt to breed horses that excel at a particular distance (see Dosage Index).
The Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack at the Alameda County Fairgrounds is the oldest horse racing track in America[citation needed], dating back to 1858, when it was founded by the sons of the Spaniard Don Agustin Bernal.
Flat racing[edit]
In 1665, the first racetrack was constructed on Long Island. It is the oldest Thoroughbred race in North America. The American Stud Book was started in 1868, prompting the beginning of organized horse racing in the United States. There were 314 tracks operating in the United States by 1890; and in 1894, the American Jockey Club was formed.[2]
Horse racing at Jacksonville, Alabama, 1841
The first record of quarter mile length races dated back to 1674 in Henrico County, Virginia. Each race consisted of only two horses and they raced down the village streets and lanes. The Quarter Horse received its name due to the length of the race. The races were indeed "a quarter" of a mile, or 400 meters. The breed of horse was developed so they could get off to a quick start, and win the race.
Belmont Park is part of the western edge of the Hempstead Plains. Its mile-and-a-half main track is the largest dirt Thoroughbred race course in the world, and it has the sport's largest grandstand.
One of the latest major horse track opened in the United States was the Meadowlands Racetrack opened in 1977 for Thoroughbred racing. It is the home of the Meadowlands Cup. Other more recently opened tracks include Remington Park, Oklahoma City, opened in 1988, and Lone Star Park in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, opened in 1997; the latter track hosted the prestigious Breeders' Cup series of races in 2004.
Thoroughbred horse racing in the United States has its own Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York. The Hall of Fame honors remarkable horses, jockeys, owners, and trainers.
Endurance racing[edit]
Main article: Endurance riding
The length of an endurance race varies greatly. Some are very short, only ten miles, while others can be up to one hundred miles. There are a few races that are even longer than one hundred miles and last multiple days.[7] These different lengths of races are divided into five categories: pleasure rides (10–20 miles), non-competitive trail rides (21–27 miles), competitive trail rides (20–45 miles), progressive trail rides (25–60 miles), and endurance rides (40–100 miles in one day, up to 250 miles (400 km) in multiple days).[5] Because each race is very long, trails of natural terrain are generally used.
The longest endurance race in the world is the Mongol Derby, which is 620 miles (1000 km) long.[8]
Arabian horse[edit]
Main article: Arabian horse
The Arabian horse was developed by the Bedouin people of the Middle East specifically for stamina over long distances, so they could outrun their enemies. It was not until 1725 that the Arabian was introduced into the United States.[9] Arabians appeared in the United States in colonial times, though were not bred as purebreds until about the time of the Civil War. Until the formation of the Arabian Horse Registry of America in 1908, Arabians were recorded with the Jockey Club in a separate subsection from Thoroughbreds.
They must be able to withstand traveling long distances at a moderate pace. Arabians have an abundance of Type I fibers. Their muscles are able to work for extended periods of time. Also, the muscles of the Arabian are not nearly as massive as those of the Quarter Horse, which allow it to travel longer distances at quicker speeds. The Arabian is primarily used today in endurance racing, but is also raced over traditional race tracks in many countries.
Arabian Horse Racing is governed by IFAHR (The International Federation of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities).[10]
Quarter horse[edit]
Main article: American Quarter Horse
The ancestors of the Quarter Horse were prevalent in America in the early 17th century. These horses were a blend of Colonial Spanish horses crossed English horses that were brought over in the 1700s. The native horse and the English horse were bred together, resulting in a compact muscular horse. At this time, they were mainly used for chores such as plowing and cattle work. The American Quarter Horse was not recognized as an official breed until the formation of the American Quarter Horse Association in 1940.[11] In order to be successful in racing, Quarter Horses need to be able to propel themselves forward at extremely fast sprinter speed. The Quarter Horse has much larger hind limb muscles than the Arabian, which make it much less suitable for endurance racing.[12] They also have more Type II-b fibers, which allow the Quarter Horse to accelerate rapidly.
When Quarter Horse racing began, it was very expensive to lay a full mile of track so it was agreed that a straight track of four hundred meters, or one quarter of a mile would be laid instead.[13] It became the standard racing distance for Quarter Horses and inspired their name. With the exception of the longer, 870-yard (800 m) distance contests, Quarter Horse races are run flat out, with the horses running at top speed for the duration. There is less jockeying for position, as turns are rare, and many races end with several contestants grouped together at the wire. The track surface is similar to that of Thoroughbred racing and usually consists of dirt.
Important races[edit]
The traditional high point of US horse racing is the Kentucky Derby, held on the first Saturday of May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Together, the Derby; the Preakness Stakes, held two weeks later at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland; and the Belmont Stakes, held three weeks after the Preakness at Belmont Park on Long Island, form the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for three-year-olds. They are all held early in the year, throughout May and the beginning of June.
The Breeders' Cup event is held in late October or early November at different race tracks every year. It receives less attention than the Triple Crown series from the general public but is of great importance in determining the American Horse of the Year and annual Eclipse Award divisional winners. It is normally held at a different track every year, though some racetracks have held back-to-back renewals. It currently consists of thirteen races held over two days with total prize-money of $28 million.[14][15]
There are also a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers and a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters, as well as an Arabian Triple Crown consisting of Drinkers of the Wind Derby in California, the Texas Six Shooter Stakes, the Bob Magness Derby in Delaware. Also, the main Standardbred event is the Breeders Crown.
Thoroughbred and Arabian fillies have their own "Triple" series, commonly referred to as The Triple Tiara. While there is some disagreement over which three races make up the Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing, the Arabian list is more formal and consists of Daughters of the Desert Oaks in California, the Texas Yellow Rose Stakes, and the Cre Run Oaks in Delaware.[16]
Betting[edit]
American betting on horse racing is sanctioned and regulated by the state the racetrack is located in. Simulcast betting almost always exist across state lines with no oversight except the companies involved through legalized parimutuel gambling. A takeout, or "take", is removed from each betting pool and distributed according to state law, among the state, race track and horsemen. On average, 17 percent is withheld from win, place and show pools, with 83 percent being returned to the winning players. A variety of factors affect takeout, namely location and the type of wager that is placed. For example, one regional track circuit in the United States has four different takeout rates for different types of bets with a total blended rate that exceeds 20 percent.[17]
Advanced deposit wagering[edit]
Advanced deposit wagering is a form of gambling on the outcome of horse races in which the bettor must fund his or her account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often conducted online or by phone. In contrast to ADW, credit shops allow wagers without advance funding; accounts are settled at month-end. Racetrack owners, horse trainers and state governments sometimes receive a cut of ADW revenues.
It typically involves betting on horse or greyhound racing. Wagering may take place through parimutuel pools.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Horse Racing History". Horseracing-hq.com. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of Horse Racing." WinningPonies.com. 7 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Burton, Bill. "History of Pari-mutuel Betting". About.com. 7 April 2009
Jump up ^ "Endurance Horse Racing". HorseRacing.com. The Horse Racing Channel. 8 April 2009
^ Jump up to: a b "Endurance Riding". Equiworld.net. 8 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "An Ethnography of the Saratoga Racetrack". www.nyfolklore.org. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Endurance Riding" Equiworld.net. 8 April 2009
Jump up ^ "Longest multi-horse race". Guinness World Records. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "History Of The Arabian Horse". Essortment.com. 1986-05-16. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "International Federation Of Arabian Horse Racing Authorities". Ifahr.net. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Quarter Horse History" Essortment.com 8 April 2009 Archived December 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Crook, T.C., et al. "Comparative Anatomy and Muscle Architecture of Selected Hind Limb Muscles in the Quarter Horse and Arab. " Journal of Anatomy February 2008: 144–152. Academic Search Complete EBSCO. University of Arizona Library, Tucson, AZ. 4 March 2009
Jump up ^ "Quarter Horse Racing" HorseRacing.com. The Horse Racing Channel. 13 March 2009
Jump up ^ "Purses Increased for 2016 BC Classic, Turf". BloodHorse.com. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Learn the History Before You're Part Of It". www.breederscup.com. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arabianracincup.com". Arabianracingcup.com. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
Jump up ^ "Thoroughbred racing". Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_the_United_States&oldid=783710832"
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Longline fishing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Longlining for mackerel
Longline radiobuoys
Longline fishing is a commercial fishing technique. It uses a long line, called the main line, with baited hooks attached at intervals by means of branch lines called snoods (or gangions).[1] A snood is a short length of line, attached to the main line using a clip or swivel, with the hook at the other end. Longlines are classified mainly by where they are placed in the water column. This can be at the surface or at the bottom. Lines can also be set by means of an anchor, or left to drift. Hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks can hang from a single line. Longliners commonly target swordfish, tuna, halibut, sablefish and many other species.[2]
In some unstable fisheries, such as the Patagonian toothfish, fishermen may be limited to as few as 25 hooks per line. In contrast, commercial longliners in certain robust fisheries of the Bering Sea and North Pacific generally run over 2,500 hand-baited hooks on a single series of connected lines many miles in length.[3]
Longlines can be set to hang near the surface (pelagic longline) to catch fish such as tuna and swordfish or along the sea floor (demersal longline) for groundfish such as halibut or cod. Longliners fishing for sablefish, also referred to as black cod, occasionally set gear on the sea floor at depths exceeding 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) using relatively simple equipment. Longlines with traps attached rather than hooks can be used for crab fishing in deep waters.
Longline fishing is prone to the incidental catching and killing of dolphins, seabirds, sea turtles, and sharks,[4] but can be considerably more ecologically sustainable than some other commercially significant harvesting methods.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Incidental catch
2 Safety
3 Historic images
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Incidental catch[edit]
See also: Bycatch
Seabirds with longline fishing vessel
Black-browed albatross hooked on a long-line
Longline fishing is controversial in some areas because of bycatch, fish caught while seeking another species or immature juveniles of the target species. This can cause many issues, such as the killing of many other marine animals while seeking certain commercial fish. Seabirds can be particularly vulnerable during the setting of the line.
Methods to mitigate incidental mortality have succeeded in some fisheries. Mitigation techniques include the use of weights to ensure the lines sink quickly, the deployment of streamer lines to scare away birds, setting lines only at night in low light (to avoid attracting birds), limiting fishing seasons to the southern winter (when most seabirds are not feeding young), and not discharging offal while setting lines.
The Hawaii-based longline fishery for swordfish was closed in 2000 over concerns of excessive sea turtle by-catch, particularly loggerhead sea turtles and leatherback turtles. Changes to the management rules allowed the fishery to reopen in 2004. Gear modification, particularly a change to large circle-hooks and mackerel-type baits, eliminated much of the sea turtle by-catch associated with the fishing technique. It has been claimed that one consequence of the closure was that 70 Hawaii-based vessels were replaced by 1,500-1,700 longline vessels from various Asian nations, but this is not based on any reliable data[citation needed]. Due to poor and often non-existent catch documentation by these vessels, the number of sea turtles and albatross caught by these vessels between 2000 and 2004 will never be known[citation needed]. Hawaii longline fishing for swordfish closed again on 17 March 2006, when the by-catch limit of 17 loggerhead turtles was reached. In 2010 the by-catch limit for loggerhead turtles was raised, but was restored to the former limit as a result of litigation. The Hawaii-based longline fisheries for tuna and swordfish are managed under sets of slightly different rules. The tuna fishery is one of the best managed fisheries in the world, according to the UN Code of Responsible Fishing, but has been criticized by others as being responsible for continuing by-catch of false killer whales, seabirds, and other nontargeted wildlife, as well as placing pressure on depleted bigeye tuna stocks.
Commercial longline fishing is also one of the main threats to albatrosses. Of the 22 albatross species recognized in the IUCN Red List, six are threatened, and nine are vulnerable.[6] The IUCN lists three species as critically endangered: the Amsterdam albatross, the Tristan albatross and the waved albatross. The remaining four are near threatened. Albatrosses and other seabirds which readily feed on offal are attracted to the set bait, become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this way.[7]
Safety[edit]
In the US, a study found that the risk for non-fatal injuries was 35 per 1,000 full-time equivalent employees, about three times higher than average U.S. worker.[8] (This is compared to 43 per 1,000 in their trawler fleet).[9]
Historic images[edit]
Commercial longlining
Preparing lines for longlining
Snoods (gangions) used in the longlining
Setting a buoy to mark the end of a longline
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Method and Apparatus for Long Line and Recreational Bait Fishing Patent application 20080202013. 28 August 2008.
Jump up ^ European Union: Identifying Maltese fishing grounds[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Rice J, Cooper J, Medley P and Hough A (2006) South Georgia Patagonian Toothfish Longline Fishery Moody Marine.
Jump up ^ "NOAA releases first nation bycatch report". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Deep-water longline fishing has reduced impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems". Scientific Reports via Nature Magazine. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Red List: Albatross Species". IUCN. 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Brothers NP. 1991. "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean." Biological Conservation 55: 255–268.
Jump up ^ "Fleet Safety Fact Sheet: Freezer Longliners (2015-238)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. September 10, 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Fleet Safety Fact Sheet: Amendment 80 Factory Trawlers". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. August 10, 2015. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health document "Fleet Safety Fact Sheet: Freezer Longliners".
Brothers, N P; Cooper, J and Lokkeborg S (1999) The Incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries. Rome, FAO Fisheries Circular No 937.
Eigaard B, Thomsen H, Hovgaard H, Nielsen A and Rijnsdorpd AD (2011) "Fishing power increases from technological development in the Faroe Islands longline fishery" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 69 (11): 1970–1982. doi:10.1139/f2011-103
FAO (2009) Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Number 1: Fishing operations, supplement 2 Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-106423-8.
Gabriel, Otto; Andres von Brandt (2005). Fish catching methods of the world. Blackwell. ISBN 0852382804.
George JP (1993) Longline fishing Volume 22 of FAO Training Series, FAO, Rome. ISBN 9789251030783.
Jhonson, Duglas H; Shaffaz, Terry Lickmadik and Gould, Penistrick J (1990) Incidental Catch of Marine Birds in the North Pacific High Seas Driftnet Fisheries U.S. Geological Survey.
Valdemarsen, John W Incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries UN Atlas of the Oceans: Fishery Technology Service.
Set longlines FAO Fishing Gear Types, Rome. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
Industrial Tuna Longlining FAO Fishing Techniques, Rome. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
Pham, Christopher K; Diogo, Hugo; Menezes, Gui; et al. Deep-water longline fishing has reduced impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Scientific Reports, via Nature Magazine online. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
External links[edit]
Fishing portal
Longlining Seafood Watch, Fishing Methods Fact Card. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
Long lining New Zealand Seafood Industry Council.
Talleres Hermida S.L Pioneer in manufacture of surface paternoster line and systems longline.
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