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Battle of Lake Erie
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Battle of Lake Erie
Part of the War of 1812
Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell, painted 1865, shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from Lawrence to Niagara[A]
Date
10 September 1813
Location
Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay, Ohio
Result
Decisive American victory
Belligerents
United States United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Oliver Hazard Perry
Jesse Elliot Robert Heriot Barclay
Robert Finnis
Strength
5 schooners
3 brigs
1 sloop
2 ships
1 brig
2 schooners
1 sloop[2]
Casualties and losses
27 killed
96 wounded
1 brig severely damaged
41 killed
93 wounded
306 captured
entire squadron captured
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The Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes called the Battle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September 1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 1812
1.2 1813
1.3 Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg
2 Battle
3 Casualties
4 Aftermath
5 Reconstructions and memorials
6 Reasons for the American victory
7 Order of battle
8 Footnotes
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background[edit]
1812[edit]
When the war broke out, the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie. They already had a small force of warships there: the sloop-of-war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter. The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war. These vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine, which was a military transport service and not a naval service. Nevertheless, the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels. The only American warship on Lake Erie, the brig Adams, was not ready for service at the start of the war, and when the American army of Brigadier General William Hull abandoned its invasion of Canada, Adams was pinned down in Detroit by the British batteries at Sandwich on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. The British Major-General Isaac Brock used his control of the lake to defeat Hull's army at the Siege of Detroit, by cutting the American supply lines and rapidly transferring himself and some reinforcements to Amherstburg from where they launched a successful landing on the American side of the Detroit River.
The British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered, renaming her Detroit. Together with the brig Caledonia, which had been commandeered from the Canadian North West Company, she was boarded and captured near Fort Erie on 9 October, by American sailors and soldiers led by Lieutenant Jesse Elliot. Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured. Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy.[3] Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop-rigged Trippe, which had all been purchased by the United States Navy and were being converted into gunboats.[4] While the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River, all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock.
Late in 1812, Paul Hamilton, the United States Secretary of the Navy had received long-time American lake mariner Daniel Dobbins, who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie. Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake. ("Presqu'isle" is French for "peninsula", literally "almost an island"). Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there, although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities.[5] Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812. He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813[6] where he approved Dobbins's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel, but then returned to Lake Ontario where he afterwards concentrated his energies.
1813[edit]
In January 1813, William Jones (who had replaced Hamilton as the United States Secretary of the Navy) ordered the construction of two brig-rigged corvettes at Presque Isle, and transferred shipwright Noah Brown there from Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario to take charge of construction. Other than their rig and crude construction (such as using wooden pegs instead of nails because of shortages of the latter), the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet. The heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay, and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty. (The Americans were fortunate in that some of their largest cannon had been dispatched shortly before raiding parties under Rear-Admiral George Cockburn destroyed a foundry at Frenchtown on the eastern seaboard.[7]) However, the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh, which was expanding as a manufacturing center, and smaller guns were borrowed from the Army.
Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie, through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell, the Senior Senator from Rhode Island,[8] supplanting Lieutenant Elliot. He arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March. Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle, he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey. After commanding the American schooners and gunboats at the Battle of Fort George, he then went to Black Rock where the American vessels had been released when the British abandoned Fort Erie at the end of May. Perry had them towed by draft oxen up the Niagara, an operation which took six days, and sailed with them along the shore to Presque Isle.[4]
Meanwhile, Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie. Another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely.[9] Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the tedious journey to Amherstburg overland, arriving on 10 June. He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen. When he took command of his squadron, the crews of his vessels numbered only seven British seamen, 108 officers and men of the Provincial Marine (whose quality Barclay disparaged), 54 men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 106 soldiers, effectively landsmen, from the 41st Foot.[10] Nevertheless, he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost. He first reconnoitred Perry's base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia, with batteries and redoubts. He then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie, hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock. The weather was hazy, and he missed them.[11]
During July and August, Barclay received two small vessels, the schooner Chippeway and the sloop Little Belt, which had been reconstructed at Chatham[12] on the Thames River and attempted to complete the ship-rigged corvette HMS Detroit at Amherstburg. Because the Americans controlled Lake Ontario and occupied the Niagara Peninsula in early 1813, supplies for Barclay had to be carried overland from York. The American victory earlier in the year at the Battle of York resulted in the guns (24-pounder carronades) intended for Detroit falling into American hands.[13] Detroit had to be completed with a miscellany of guns from the fortifications of Amherstburg. Barclay claimed at his court martial that these guns lacked flintlock firing mechanisms and matches, and that they could be fired only by snapping flintlock pistols over powder piled in the vent holes.
Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from Commodore James Lucas Yeo, commanding on Lake Ontario, but received very little. The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier, Major-General Henry Procter, was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors. He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced, and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Stephenson, which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors.[14]
Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg[edit]
By mid-July, the American squadron was almost complete, although not yet fully manned (Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty). The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 July to 29 July. The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth, with only 5 feet (1.5 m) of water over it, which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships (although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July), but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order. Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather. It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour, or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned.[5] Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar. This was an exhausting task. The guns had to be removed from all the boats, and the largest of them had to be raised between "camels" (barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast). When Barclay returned four days later, he found that Perry had nearly completed the task. Perry's two largest brigs were not ready for action, but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of Detroit.
Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle.[15] Although Perry described some of them as "wretched", at least 50 of them were experienced sailors drafted from USS Constitution, then undergoing a refit in Boston.[16] Perry also had a few volunteers from the Pennsylvania militia.
His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky, where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General William Henry Harrison's Army of the Northwest.[17] After twice appearing off Amherstburg, Perry established an anchorage at Put-in-Bay, Ohio. For the next five weeks, Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg. His sailors, Procter's troops, and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies. After receiving a last-minute reinforcement of two naval officers, three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in Quebec[18] under Lieutenant George Bignall, Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry.
In the days preceding the battle, Perry told his friend, Purser Samuel Hambleton, that he wanted a signal flag, or battle flag, to signal to his fleet when to engage the enemy. Hambleton suggested using the dying words of Perry's friend Captain James Lawrence of the frigate USS Chesapeake, "Don't Give up the Ship". Hambleton had the flag sewn by women of Erie, and presented it to Perry the day before the battle. The flag would become an icon in American naval history.
Battle[edit]
Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September
On the morning of 10 September, the Americans saw Barclay's vessels heading for them, and got under way from their anchorage at Put-in-Bay. The wind was light. Barclay initially held the weather gauge, but the wind shifted and allowed Perry to close and attack. Both squadrons were in line of battle, with their heaviest vessels near the centre of the line. Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs, his flagship Lawrence and Niagara, into carronade range quickly, but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and Lawrence was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in Detroit for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively. When Lawrence was finally within carronade range at 12:45, her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped, her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot.[19]
Astern of Lawrence, Niagara, under Elliot, was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range. It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number, Queen Charlotte, and that Niagara was obstructed by Caledonia, but Elliot's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years. Aboard Queen Charlotte, the British ship opposed to Niagara, the commander (Robert Finnis) and First Lieutenant were both killed. The next most senior officer, Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine, found that both Niagara and the American gunboats were far out of range, and passed the brig General Hunter to engage Lawrence at close range.[19]
Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance, Lawrence was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck. Four-fifths of Lawrence's crew were killed or wounded. Both of the fleet's surgeons were sick with lake fever,[20] so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant, Usher Parsons. When the last gun on Lawrence became unusable, Perry decided to transfer his flag. He was rowed a half mile (1 km) through heavy gunfire to Niagara while Lawrence was surrendered. (It was later alleged that he left Lawrence after the surrender, but Perry had actually taken down only his personal pennant, in blue bearing the motto, "Don't give up the ship".)
When Lawrence surrendered, firing died away briefly.[21] Detroit collided with Queen Charlotte, both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded. Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed, leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command. Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward.[22] The British nevertheless expected Niagara to lead the American schooners away in retreat.[23] Instead, once aboard Niagara, Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action, while he steered Niagara at Barclay's damaged ships, helped by the strengthening wind.
Niagara broke through the British line ahead of Detroit and Queen Charlotte and luffed up to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them, while Caledonia and the American gunboats fired from astern. Although the crews of Detroit and Queen Charlotte managed to untangle the two ships[24] they could no longer offer any effective resistance. Both ships surrendered at about 3:00 pm. The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered.[25]
Although Perry won the battle on Niagara, he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid.
Casualties[edit]
The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded. The surviving crews, including the wounded, numbered 306. Captain Barclay, who had previously lost his left arm in 1809, lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered "permanently motionless". The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded, of whom 2 later died.[26]
Of the vessels involved, the three most battered (the American brig Lawrence and the British ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte) were converted into hospital ships. A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted Detroit and Queen Charlotte, further shattering the already battered ships. Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie, Lawrence was restored to service for 1814, but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks.[27]
Aftermath[edit]
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Perry's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison. Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope, Perry wrote:
Dear General:
We have met the enemy and they are ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop.
Yours with great respect and esteem,
O.H. Perry[B]
Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy, William Jones:
Brig Niagara, off the Western Sister,
Head of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, 4 P.M.
Sir:- It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron, consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict.
I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
O. H. Perry
Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up, Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg, which was captured without opposition on 27 September. Meanwhile, 1,000 mounted troops led by Richard Mentor Johnson moved by land to Detroit, which also was recaptured without fighting on or about the same day. The British army under Procter had made preparations to abandon its positions even before Procter knew the result of the battle. In spite of exhortations from Tecumseh, who led the confederation of Indian tribes allied to Britain, Procter had already abandoned Amherstburg and Detroit and began to retreat up the Thames River on 27 September. Lacking supplies, Tecumseh's Indians had no option but to accompany him. Harrison caught up with Procter's retreating force and defeated them on 5 October at the Battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed, as was his second-in command and most experienced warrior, Wyandot Chief Roundhead.
The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import.[29] The Americans controlled Lake Erie for the remainder of the war. This accounted for much of the Americans' successes on the Niagara peninsula in 1814 and also removed the threat of a British attack on Ohio, Pennsylvania, or Western New York.
However, an expedition in 1814 to recover Mackinac Island on Lake Huron failed, and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes. (Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock, where they were laid up, following the Battle of Buffalo at the end of 1813, and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron.)
After the war, there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action, mostly fought at second hand in the press. On the British side, Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a court-martial but was too badly injured to see service again for several years.
Reconstructions and memorials[edit]
In 1820 Lawrence and Niagara were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie, as they had "went to rot."[30] In 1875, Lawrence was raised and moved to Philadelphia, where she was displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. Later that year, the ship burned when the pavilion that housed it caught fire. Although Niagara was raised and restored in 1913, she subsequently fell into disrepair. She was eventually disassembled, and portions of her were used in a reconstructed Niagara, which is now on view in Erie, Pennsylvania.
The 352-foot (107 m) high Perry Monument within Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial now stands at Put-in-Bay, commemorating the men who fought in the battle.
Another 101-foot (31 m) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie Pennsylvania. It stands next to Presque Isle Bay, where Niagara and Lawrence were built, stationed along with the rest of the American Squadron, and then scuttled after the war.
Reasons for the American victory[edit]
Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as, "Superior heavy metal".[31] Perry's leadership, particularly in the latter stages of the action, is also mentioned as a factor. The British historian C.S. Forester commented, "...it was as fortunate for the Americans that the Lawrence still possessed a boat that would float, as it was that Perry was not hit."[21]
On the British side, William Bell served as constructor and built Detroit, which was the best-built ship on the lake. However, Detroit was built slowly, in part due to Bell's perfectionism, and indeed it was the only purpose-built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war. The guns intended for Detroit were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before. This building imbalance, given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame, was another important cause of the American victory (although it might be argued that, even if Barclay had possessed more hulls, he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them).
The court-martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the Captain, his officers and men had "conducted themselves in the most gallant manner" and found that the defeat was the result of American superiority, an insufficient number of able seamen and the early fall of superior officers in the action.[32]
Order of battle[edit]
Listed in order of sailing:[C]
Navy
Name
Rig
Tonnage
Crew
Armament
Commander
Notes
Royal Navy Chippeway Schooner 70 tons 15 1 × 9-pounder long gun Master's Mate J. Campbell captured
Detroit Ship 490 tons 150 1 × 18-pounder (on swivel)
2 × 24-pounder long guns
6 × 12-pounder long guns
8 × 9-pounder long guns
1 × 24-pounder carronade
1 × 18-pounder carronade Commander Robert Heriot Barclay captured
Hunter Brig 180 tons 45 4 × 6-pounder long guns
2 × 4-pounder long guns
2 × 2-pounder long guns
2 × 12-pounder carronades Lieutenant George Bignall captured
Queen Charlotte Ship 400 tons 126 1 × 12-pounder long gun
2 × 9-pounder long guns
12 × 24-pounder carronades Commander Robert Finnis captured
Lady Prevost Schooner[2] 230 tons 86 1 × 9-pounder long gun
2 × 6-pounder long guns
10 × 12-pounder carronades Lieutenant Edward Buchan captured (lost rudder)
Little Belt Sloop 90 tons 18 1 × 12-pounder long gun
2 × 6-pounder long guns Lieutenant John F. Breman captured
Total 6 warships 1,460 tons 450 330 lb shot from long guns
474 lb shot from carronades
United States Navy Scorpion Schooner 86 tons 35 1 × 32-pounder long gun
1 × 32-pounder carronade Sailing Master Stephen Champlin Long gun dismounted (overcharged)
Ariel Schooner 112 tons 36 4 × 12-pounder long guns Lieutenant John H. Packet One gun exploded (overcharged)
Lawrence Brig 480 tons 136 2 × 12-pounder long guns
18 × 32-pounder carronades Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry surrendered but recaptured
Caledonia Brig 180 tons 53 2 × 24-pounder long guns
1 × 32-pounder carronade Lieutenant Daniel Turner captured from British 9 October 1812
Niagara Brig 480 tons 155 2 × 12-pounder long guns
18 × 32-pounder carronades Master Commandant Jesse Elliott
Somers Schooner 94 tons 30 1 × 24-pounder long gun
1 × 32-pounder carronade Lieutenant A. H. M. Conklin
Porcupine Schooner 83 tons 25 1 × 32-pounder long gun Acting Master George Serrat
Tigress Schooner 82 tons 35 1 × 32-pounder long gun Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny
Trippe Sloop 60 tons 35 1 × 24-pounder long gun Lieutenant Thomas Holdup Stevens
Total 9 warships 1,657 tons 540 288 lb shot from long guns
1,248 lb shot from carronades
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Perry's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat. Hannibal Collins, a freed slave, is one of the oarsman.[1]
Jump up ^ The British order of battle was actually two ships, one brig, two schooners and one sloop.[2] "Perry's message was inaccurate." [28]
Jump up ^ Vessel tonnages, rig and armament taken from Roosevelt (2004), pp.144-145. Vessels' commanders from the same source, p.146
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Copes 1994, p. 63.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roosevelt 2004, pp. 260–261.
Jump up ^ Elliott to Hamiliton, Oct. 9th, 1812 in Dudley (ed.), William S. The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History. 1. pp. 327–331. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 141.
^ Jump up to: a b Elting 1995, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Malcomson 1998, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 136.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 166.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 90.
Jump up ^ C.P.Stacey, Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie, in Zaslow 1964, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, pp. 167–168.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 140.
Jump up ^ NapoleonSeries.org, "Ironsides on the Lake".
Jump up ^ Elting 1995, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999, p. 170.
^ Jump up to: a b Roosevelt 2004, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Archaic Medical Terms English List L.
^ Jump up to: a b Forester 2005, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank, The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13, in Zaslow 1964, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Forester 2005, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Earnest A. Cruickshank, The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812–1813 in Zaslow 1964, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, pp. 148–149.
Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Lossing (1869). "Field Book of the War of 1812". Retrieved 20 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Altoff (1999) Note 129, p. 97.
Jump up ^ Symonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (2001). The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-55750-984-0.
Jump up ^ Hickey, Donald R. Don't Give Up The Ship, p. 355.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004, p. 152.
Jump up ^ William James The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793, to the Accession of George IV. Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252
References[edit]
Altoff, Gerard T. (1999). Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie. Put-in-Bay, OH: The Perry Group. ISBN 978-1887794039.
Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic". Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society. Newport, RI: Newport Historical Society. 66, Part 2 (227): 49–77.
"The Dobbins Papers." Severance, Frank H. ed. Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 3 (Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1905)
Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
Emerson, George D. (Compiled by) (1912). The Perry's Victory Centenary – Report of The Perry's Victory Centennial Commission, State of New York. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company.
Forester, C.S. (2005). The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812. New English Library. ISBN 0-939218-06-2. ; Forester was a famous novelist but this is his history book
Hitsman, J. Mackay; Donald E. Graves (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840–1914)(1905) Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols.) (Boston: Little Brown) American Library Association.
Malcomson, Robert (1998). Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812–1814. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-08-7.
Miller, Arthur P.; Miller, Marjorie L. (2000). Pennsylvania Battlefields and Military Landmarks. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2876-5.
Roosevelt, Theodore (2004). The Naval War of 1812. New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 0-375-75419-9.
Skaggs, David; Atloff, Gerard (1997). A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–13. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-892-5.
Symonds, Craig (2005). Decision at Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517145-4.
Zaslow, Morris (ed). (1964). The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7705-1242-9.
Further reading[edit]
Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. The MacMillan Dictionary of Military Biography (New York: MacMillan, 1998.) p. 343.]
Bancroft, George, 1800–1891;Dyer, Oliver, 1824–1907. (1891) History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers (New York : R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp. at American Library Association.
Barnes, James, 1866–1936 (1898) The hero of Erie (Oliver Hazard Perry) (microform) (1898) New York: D. Appleton and here for other formats.
Burges, Tristam (1770–1853) (1839) Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement (Providence, Brown & Cady) at Internet Archive.
Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the Perry’s victory centennial commission, state of New York (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers).
Cooper, James Fenimore (1846) Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers Google Books and here for American Library Association.
Jesse D. Elliot, Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on 24 November 1843 (Philadelphia: G. B. Zeiber & co., 1844).
Galbreath, Charles Burleigh (1858-1934): The Battle of Lake Erie in Ballad and History, Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 [1911], pp. 415–456.
Hickey, Donald R. (1990) The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. National Historical Society Book Prize and American Military Institute Best Book Award. ISBN 0-252-06059-8; ISBN 978-0-252-06059-5.
Hickey, Donald R. (2006) Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) ISBN 0-252-03179-2.
Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry, American Library Association.
Langguth, A. J. (2006). Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2618-6.
Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848. (1915) Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry : famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.)
Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. (New York, Harper) Volume 1, Volume 2.
Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry.
Reid, George. (1913) Perry at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him. (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company).
Skaggs, David Curtis. (October 2006) Oliver Hazard Perry: honor, courage, and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy. Annapolis, Maryland:Naval Institute Press, 302 pp. ISBN 978-1-59114-792-3; ISBN 1-59114-792-1.
Skaggs, David Curtis. Perry Triumphant (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2) Naval History Magazine United States Naval Institute.
James T. White (1895) p. 288. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lake Erie.
United States Navy portal
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: Battle of Lake Erie
"Log of the Battle of Lake Erie" by Sailing Master William Taylor
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Animated history of the Battle of Lake Erie
"Erie, Lake, Battle of". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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text:
List of Test cricket hat-tricks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat-tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011[1] and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014.
In the sport of cricket, a hat-trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries. As of 31 July 2017, this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches,[2] the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days' duration. The first Test hat-trick was recorded on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match to take place, by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth, nicknamed "The Demon Bowler", who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017. At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat-trick.[3]
A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]
Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat-trick where the wickets fell over three overs. He took a wicket with the final ball of an over. With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings. He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings.[8]
In the five-match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970, a hat-trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match, at Headingley (the last three of four wickets in five balls).[9] These matches were considered to be Tests at the time, but that status was later removed.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Test hat-tricks
2 By team
3 See also
4 References
4.1 General
4.2 Specific
Test hat-tricks[edit]
Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat-trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match.
Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat-trick for England, four years after Spofforth achieved the feat.
Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat-trick, achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904.
Courtney Walsh's hat-trick in 1988 was spread across two innings. In Australia's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings.
Wasim Akram took two hat-tricks in the space of nine days in 1999.
When Peter Siddle took a hat-trick for Australia in 2010, his final victim was Stuart Broad. Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat-trick.
Key
Symbol
Meaning
Bowler
The name of the bowler
For
The team for which the bowler was playing
Against
The team against which the bowler was playing
Inn.
The innings (first or second) in which the hat-trick was achieved
Test
The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams
Dismissals
The three players dismissed by the bowler
Venue
The venue where the hat-trick was achieved
Date
The date on which the hat-trick was achieved
Ref.
Reference
List of Test cricket hat-tricks
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Inn.
Test
Dismissals
Venue
Date
Ref.
1
Spofforth, FredFred Spofforth
Australia England 1 1/1
Vernon Royle (b)
Francis MacKinnon (b)
Tom Emmett (c Tom Horan)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 2 January 1879 [11]
2
Bates, BillyBilly Bates
England Australia 1 2/3
Percy McDonnell (b)
George Giffen (c and b)
George Bonnor (c Walter Read)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 20 January 1883 [12]
3
Briggs, JohnnyJohnny Briggs
England Australia 2 2/3
Walter Giffen (b)
Jack Blackham (lbw)
Sydney Callaway (c W. G. Grace)
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney 2 February 1892 [13]
4
Lohmann, GeorgeGeorge Lohmann
England South Africa 2 1/3
Frederick Cook (b)
Bonnor Middleton (b)
Joseph Willoughby (c Tom Hayward)
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 [14]
5
Hearne, JackJack Hearne
England Australia 2 3/5
Clem Hill (b)
Syd Gregory (c Archie MacLaren)
Monty Noble (c Ranjitsinhji)
Headingley, Leeds 30 June 1899 [15]
6
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
Australia England 2 2/5
John Gunn (c Sammy Jones)
Arthur Jones (c Joe Darling)
Sydney Barnes (c and b)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 4 January 1902 [16]
7
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
Australia England 2 5/5
Bernard Bosanquet (c Algy Gehrs)
Plum Warner (c and b)
Dick Lilley (lbw)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 8 March 1904 [17]
8
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
Australia South Africa 1 1/3
Rolland Beaumont (b)
Sid Pegler (lbw)
Tommy Ward (lbw)
Old Trafford, Manchester 28 May 1912 [18]
9
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
Australia South Africa 2 1/3
Herbie Taylor (b)
Reggie Schwarz (c and b)
Tommy Ward (c and b)
Old Trafford, Manchester 28 May 1912 [18]
10
Allom, MauriceMaurice Allom
England New Zealand 1 1/4
Tom Lowry (lbw)
Ken James (c Tich Cornford)
Ted Badcock (b)
Lancaster Park, Christchurch 10 January 1930 [19]
11
Goddard, TomTom Goddard
England South Africa 1 1/5
Dudley Nourse (c and b)
Norman Gordon (st Leslie Ames)
Billy Wade (b)
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg 26 December 1938 [20]
12
Loader, PeterPeter Loader
England West Indies 1 4/5
John Goddard (b)
Sonny Ramadhin (c Fred Trueman)
Roy Gilchrist (b)
Headingley, Leeds 25 July 1957 [21]
13
Kline, LindsayLindsay Kline
Australia South Africa 2 2/5
Eddie Fuller (c Richie Benaud)
Hugh Tayfield (lbw)
Neil Adcock (c Bob Simpson)
Newlands, Cape Town 3 January 1958 [22]
14
Hall, WesWes Hall
West Indies Pakistan 1 3/3
Mushtaq Mohammed (lbw)
Fazal Mahmood (c Garfield Sobers)
Nasim-ul-Ghani (b)
Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore 29 March 1959 [23]
15
Griffin, GeoffGeoff Griffin
South Africa England 1 2/5
M. J. K. Smith (c John Waite)
Peter Walker (b)
Fred Trueman (b)
Lord's, London 24 June 1960 [24]
16
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs
West Indies Australia 1 4/5
Ken Mackay (lbw)
Wally Grout (c Garfield Sobers)
Frank Misson (b)
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide 30 January 1961 [25]
17
Petherick, PeterPeter Petherick
New Zealand Pakistan 1 1/3
Javed Miandad (c Richard Hadlee)
Wasim Raja (c and b)
Intikhab Alam (c Geoff Howarth)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 9 October 1976 [26]
18
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh
West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1/5
Tony Dodemaide (c Viv Richards)
Mike Veletta (c Carl Hooper)
Graeme Wood (lbw)
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane 18–20 November 1988 [27]
19
Hughes, MervMerv Hughes
Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2/5
Curtly Ambrose (c Ian Healy)
Patrick Patterson (c Tony Dodemaide)
Gordon Greenidge (lbw)
WACA, Perth 3–4 December 1988 [28]
20
Fleming, DamienDamien Fleming
Australia Pakistan 2 2/3
Aamer Malik (c Michael Bevan)
Inzamam-ul-Haq (lbw)
Saleem Malik (c Ian Healy)
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 [29]
21
Warne, ShaneShane Warne
Australia England 2 2/5
Phil DeFreitas (lbw)
Darren Gough (c Ian Healy)
Devon Malcolm (c David Boon)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 29 December 1994 [30]
22
Cork, DominicDominic Cork
England West Indies 2 4/6
Richie Richardson (b)
Junior Murray (lbw)
Carl Hooper (lbw)
Old Trafford, Manchester 30 July 1995 [31]
23
Gough, DarrenDarren Gough
England Australia 1 5/5
Ian Healy (c Warren Hegg)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Colin Miller (b)
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney 2 January 1999 [32]
24
Wasim Akram
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 3/4
Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Niroshan Bandaratilleke (b)
Pramodya Wickramasinghe (b)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 6 March 1999 [33]
25
Wasim Akram
Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 4/4
Avishka Gunawardene (c Shahid Afridi)
Chaminda Vaas (b)
Mahela Jayawardene (c Wajahatullah Wasti)
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka 14 March 1999 [34]
26
Nuwan Zoysa
Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 1 2/3
Trevor Gripper (lbw)
Murray Goodwin (c Romesh Kaluwitharana)
Neil Johnson (lbw)
Harare Sports Club, Harare 26 November 1999 [35]
27
Abdul Razzaq
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 2/3
Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Rangana Herath (lbw)
Ravi Pushpakumara (lbw)
Galle International Stadium, Galle 21 June 2000 [36]
28
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath
Australia West Indies 1 2/5
Sherwin Campbell (c Ricky Ponting)
Brian Lara (c Stuart MacGill)
Jimmy Adams (c Justin Langer)
WACA, Perth 1 December 2000 [37]
29
Harbhajan Singh
India Australia 1 2/3
Ricky Ponting (lbw)
Adam Gilchrist (lbw)
Shane Warne (c Sadagoppan Ramesh)
Eden Gardens, Calcutta 11 March 2001 [38]
30
Mohammad Sami
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 3/3
Charitha Buddhika (lbw)
Nuwan Zoysa (lbw)
Muttiah Muralitharan (b)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 8 March 2002 [39]
31
Lawson, JermaineJermaine Lawson
West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3/4
Brett Lee (b)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Justin Langer (lbw)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown 2–5 May 2003 [40]
32
Alok Kapali
Bangladesh Pakistan 1 2/3
Shabbir Ahmed (c Mashrafe Mortaza)
Danish Kaneria (lbw)
Umar Gul (lbw)
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar 29 August 2003 [41]
33
Blignaut, AndyAndy Blignaut
Zimbabwe Bangladesh 2 1/2
Hannan Sarkar (lbw)
Mohammad Ashraful (c sub (Travis Friend))
Mushfiqur Rahman (c Tatenda Taibu)
Harare Sports Club, Harare 22 February 2004 [42]
34
Hoggard, MatthewMatthew Hoggard
England West Indies 2 3/4
Ramnaresh Sarwan (c Ashley Giles)
Shivnarine Chanderpaul (lbw)
Ryan Hinds (c Andrew Flintoff)
Kensington Oval, Barbados 3 April 2004 [43]
35
Franklin, JamesJames Franklin
New Zealand Bangladesh 1 1/2
Manjural Islam Rana (c Brendon McCullum)
Mohammad Rafique (c Scott Styris)
Tapash Baisya (b)
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka 20 October 2004 [44]
36
Irfan Pathan
India Pakistan 1 3/3
Salman Butt (c Rahul Dravid)
Younis Khan (lbw)
Mohammad Yousuf (b)
National Stadium, Karachi 29 January 2006 [45]
37
Sidebottom, RyanRyan Sidebottom
England New Zealand 2 1 /3
Stephen Fleming (c Alastair Cook)
Mathew Sinclair (c Alastair Cook)
Jacob Oram (lbw)
Seddon Park, Hamilton 8 March 2008 [46]
38
Siddle, PeterPeter Siddle
Australia England 1 1/5
Alastair Cook (c Shane Watson)
Matt Prior (b)
Stuart Broad (lbw)
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane 25 November 2010 [47]
39
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
England India 1 2/4
Mahendra Singh Dhoni (c James Anderson)
Harbhajan Singh (lbw)
Praveen Kumar (b)
Trent Bridge, Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 [48]
40
Gazi, SohagSohag Gazi
Bangladesh New Zealand 2 1/2
Corey Anderson (lbw)
BJ Watling (c Mushfiqur Rahim)
Doug Bracewell (c Shakib Al Hasan)
Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong 13 October 2013 [49]
41
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
England Sri Lanka 1 2/2
Kumar Sangakkara (c Ian Bell)
Dinesh Chandimal (c Alastair Cook)
Shaminda Eranga (c Matt Prior)
Headingley, Leeds 20 June 2014 [50]
42
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
Sri Lanka Australia 1 2/3
Adam Voges (c Dimuth Karunaratne)
Peter Nevill (lbw)
Mitchell Starc (lbw)
Galle International Stadium, Galle 5 August 2016 [51]
43
Ali, MoeenMoeen Ali
England South Africa 2 3/4
Dean Elgar (c Ben Stokes)
Kagiso Rabada (c Ben Stokes)
Morné Morkel (lbw)
The Oval, London 31 July 2017 [52]
By team[edit]
England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat-tricks to date, 25 of 43 (58.14%).[3]
Test hat-tricks by team
Team
Hat-tricks
England
14
Australia
11
Pakistan
4
West Indies
4
Bangladesh
2
India
2
Sri Lanka
2
New Zealand
2
South Africa
1
Zimbabwe
1
See also[edit]
List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks
List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks
References[edit]
General[edit]
"Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat-tricks". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Specific[edit]
Jump up ^ "India in England – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ McGhie, Tom (20 July 2011). "Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord's plays host to the 2,000th when England take on India". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat-tricks". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Triangular Tournament −1st match: Australia v South Africa Test Series – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Martin (11 August 2012). "No-balled out of the game". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ McGlashan, Andrew (25 November 2010). "Siddle hat-trick gives Australia control". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Islam, Mohammad (13 October 2013). "Gazi shines as Test ends in draw". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Steven (13 October 2013). "Three-act plays". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "England v Rest Of The World, 1970 – 4th match". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "July 2000 – The best of the best?". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1878/79 – Only Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (IFW Bligh's XI) tour of Australia, 1882/83: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (Lord Sheffield's XI) tour of Australia, 1891/92: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of South Africa, 1895/96 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of England, 1899: The Ashes – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1901/02: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (Marylebone Cricket Club) tour of Australia, 1903/04: The Ashes – 5th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Triangular Tournament, 1912: Australia v South Africa Test Series −1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of New Zealand, 1929/30 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of South Africa, 1938/39 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of England, 1957 – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of South Africa, 1957/58 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Pakistan, 1958/59 – 3d Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "South Africa tour of England, 1960 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1960/61 – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Pakistan, 1976/77 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1988/89: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1988/89: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of Pakistan, 1994/95 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1994/95: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of England, 1995: The Wisden Trophy – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1998/99: The Ashes – 5th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 1998/99 – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 1998/99 – Final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe, 1999/00 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka, 2000 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 2000/01 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of India, 2000/01 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 2001/02 – Final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of West Indies, 2003: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh tour of Pakistan, 2003 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe, 2003/04 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of West Indies, 2003/04: The Wisden Trophy – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 2004/05 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of Pakistan, 2005/06 – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of New Zealand, 2007/08 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 2010/11: The Ashes – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of England, 2011: Pataudi Trophy – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 Oct 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka tour of England, 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 Jun 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of Sri Lanka, 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 Aug 2016.
Jump up ^ "3rd Test, South Africa tour of England at London, Jul 27 – Jul 31". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
[show]
v
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Cricket records
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Test records
By team
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Batting
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Bowling
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[show]
ODI records
By team
Australia
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[show]
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By team
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[show]
Women's cricket
Test records
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Test centuries
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Hat-tricks
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