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Crazy Eyes (character)
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Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren
Orange Is the New Black character
Uzo Aduba as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren in a promotional poster for season 2 of Orange Is the New Black
First appearance
"I Wasn't Ready"
Season 1, episode 1
July 11, 2013
Portrayed by
Uzo Aduba
Eden Wiggins (at age 10)
Taliyah Whitaker (at age 5)
Information
Significant other(s)
Maureen Kukudio (ex-girlfriend)
Parents
Pat and Dennis Warren
Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren is a fictional character played by Uzo Aduba on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black. Warren is portrayed as intelligent, but lacking in social skills, and prone to spiral into emotional outbursts when agitated. The character is the only role that has received Emmy Award recognition both in the comedy and drama genres from the same show and only the second character to earn Emmy recognition in both genres. Aduba won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series as well as the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series for her season one performance. She received the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series for her season two performance. Her season three performance again won Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series. She is a recurring character in season one and a regular character beginning with season two.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearance
2 Storylines
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
2.5 Season 5
3 Critical commentary
4 See also
5 References
Appearance[edit]
In season one, Aduba is credited for 11 of the 13 episodes (not the first or seventh), although she appears in the first episode via footage filmed from another episode.[2][3]
In season two, episode three ("Hugs Can Be Deceiving"), Eden Wiggins,and Taliyah Whitaker portray the 10-year-old and 5-year-old versions of Warren.[4] Throughout the first two seasons, it is shown that Warren aspires "to be included" and "to make friends and be valued".[5] The character is known for her bantu knots, an awkward grin, and her crazy eyes.[6][7]
Storylines[edit]
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Season 1[edit]
Suzanne is fixated on Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling) at the beginning of the season.[8] When Chapman, who has offended prison matriarch Red (Kate Mulgrew), seems hopelessly isolated, Suzanne is the only inmate not too intimidated to help her. She helps Chapman by getting jalapeños, so she can put them in a medicinal lotion for Red's sore back, and Red forgives Chapman. Suzanne nicknames Chapman "Dandelion", because of her blonde hair and puts in a request to become Chapman's bunkmate. Nonetheless, Chapman resists her advances.[9][10][11] As a result, Suzanne urinates on the floor in Chapman's bunk quarters.[12] In episode 9, "Fucksgiving", her white adoptive parents, Pat and Dennis Warren, are introduced.[13][14]
Season 2[edit]
As she rebounds from her unrequited love for Chapman, Suzanne is befriended by veteran inmate Yvonne "Vee" Parker (Lorraine Toussaint) as Vee develops her powerbase in the prison. Vee takes advantage of Suzanne's desperation for affection, and Suzanne becomes Vee's fanatically loyal right-hand woman.[15] Suzanne serves Vee as muscle, even beating up her friend Poussey Washington (Samira Wiley) on Vee's orders.[16] When Vee attacks prison matriarch Galina "Red" Reznikov (Kate Mulgrew) and puts her in the hospital ward, she manipulates Suzanne into believing that she committed the crime. Suzanne gives a statement to prison officials confessing to the attack, but inmate counselor Sam Healy (Michael J. Harney) produces evidence that exonerates her. When she realizes that Vee used her, she breaks into tears.
In episode 3, "Hugs Can Be Deceiving", Suzanne's backstory is revealed via a flashback. She was adopted by white parents and raised in the suburbs, but her mental instability alienated her classmates and their parents alike. Her adoptive mother pushed her to excel at everything she did to prove that she was as good as everyone else; ironically, the constant pressure only made Suzanne's psychological problems worse. In the same episode, it is revealed that Suzanne had run outside and knocked Chapman unconscious after Chapman had beaten Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett (Taryn Manning) unconscious at the end of season 1.[17]
Season 3[edit]
In season 3, Taystee has her hands full trying to control Suzanne, who is still grieving Vee's death and is unstable, prone to losing her temper and constantly fighting with Poussey. Eventually, she turns to new prison counsellor Berdie Rogers's drama class. There, she begins writing a surrealistic science-fiction erotica series called "The Time Hump Chronicles" which, although considered obscene and strange by both Rogers and Taystee, becomes an instant hit amongst the inmates. Although they prove to be therapeutic for her mental health, Suzanne becomes stressed and irritated with the constant harassment by the other inmates for more material, the persistent ideas that are being floated past her and the fan-fiction that is left at her bunk or lying around. Soon, some of the extracts find their way into the hands of the COs, resulting in Officer Donaldson being mocked by both his colleagues and the inmates alike upon the realization that he is the inspiration for one of the characters. This leads to Rogers' suspension. Meanwhile, Suzanne is taken by surprise when she discovers that one of her more prolific fans, Maureen Kukudio, is actually interested in her romantically. Suzanne seeks advice from Lorna about how to respond; she admits she finds Maureen attractive, but she has never had a girlfriend before and subsequently feels she must back away from a sexual liaison. In the season finale, Suzanne assists Poussey and Taystee in caring for Brook Soso, whom they discover unconscious from a drug overdose, and develops a closer bond with Maureen in the final scene, owing to a misunderstanding over a turtle that bites Maureen's foot.[18]
Season 4[edit]
In season 4 it is revealed that Suzanne's crime was kidnapping and accidental manslaughter of a child she grew friendly with while working as a store greeter.[19] Believing that she and the boy were simply being friends, she did not realize the implications of her actions when she came across him playing in the park and invited him to her apartment for ice cream and video games. The boy went willingly, but soon became frightened and wanted to call his dad. While Suzanne is out of the room preparing for what she plans as more fun, he calls 911. Suzanne becomes agitated as she tells him that 911 should only be called when there is an emergency. The child panics and tries to get away. He goes onto the fire escape and falls to his death. It is mentioned that she took a plea deal. When the inmates take advantage of a temporary lack of security and enjoy the nearby lake and woods, Kukudio insists that she and Suzanne run away together. Suzanne refuses and their relationship becomes rocky. In "People Persons, CO Humphrey commands the two of them to fight. Suzanne rejects this but Maureen, who wants to fight, provokes her by launching into a stream of insults. Suzanne fully retaliates by throwing Maureen to the ground and beating her repeatedly, until the Dominicans pull her off. This fight leads her to extreme guilt and a wish to punish herself. She demonstrates this especially when a peaceful protest in the jail cafeteria turns into a chaotic scene and Poussey Washington dies by suffocation. Whilst the inmates grieve over her death, Suzanne believes that Poussey is alive and tries numerous times to suffocate herself. Finally, she is sent to Medical and is placed in a bed next to Kukudio.
Season 5[edit]
In season five, Suzanne continues to recover from her injuries and also goes out of her way to help Maureen, whose injuries are severe. She continues to believe that Poussey's spirit is trying to talk to her and performs a seance on the spot in the cafeteria where Poussey died. Lorna and Nicky take over the dispensation of meds; Lorna refuses to give Suzanne hers, pressuring her to believe she no longer needs them. As a result, Suzanne's grasp on reality soon spirals out of control, especially when she tears down fiberboard in the dorm ceiling, trying to find "heaven". Cindy intervenes but, not knowing the correct prescriptions, feeds Suzanne lithium instead. Suzanne becomes catatonic but is subsequently revived by an epipen.
Critical commentary[edit]
According to Tom Meltzer of The Guardian, "Shakespeare-quoting loner 'Crazy Eyes' invites pity, shock, reproach and belly-laughs in equal measure."[20] The Huffington Post Canada entertainment editor Chris Jancelewicz, noted that after the first six episodes of season two, he was impressed by this appropriately nicknamed character: "Girl is crazy, and Aduba is genuinely frightening in the role. You can't tell if she's harmless or secretly plotting Piper's death".[21]
Aduba won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards as well as Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series at the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards and was nominated for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her season 1 performance.[22][23][24]
Aduba's season 2 performance earned her the Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and a nomination Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards.[25][26][27] At the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards, due to recent rule changes, the show was forced to compete as a drama series rather than a comedy one and Aduba was nominated and won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[28] Previously, Lou Grant played by Ed Asner was the only character for whom an actor had won both drama and comedy Emmy recognition (but in different shows).[29] She also earned a nomination at the 46th NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series.[30]
Aduba's season 3 performance earned another Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series win for the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards.[31] She earned a second nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series at the 47th NAACP Image Awards.[32] She also earned a Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards.[33]
At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, Aduba was again nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[34]
See also[edit]
List of Orange Is the New Black characters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 8, 2013). "Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On 'Orange Is The New Black', Steven Culp In 'Revolution'". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kohan, Jenji (writer/creator); Herrmann, Tara (producer); Burley, Mark (producer) (May 13, 2014). Orange Is the New Black: Season 1 – "I Wasn't Ready" audio commentary (Blu-ray). Lionsgate. Event occurs at 37:00–37:30.
Jump up ^ "Uzo Aduba". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Orange is the New Black Season 2 Episode 3: Hugs Can Be Deceiving". TV.com. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Potts, Kimberly (June 18, 2014). "The 10 Best 'Orange Is the New Black' Character Backstories". Yahoo! TV. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ White, Chelsea F.C. (October 2, 2013). "Spot the difference! Orange Is The New Black star Taylor Schilling brings the real Piper Chapman as her red carpet date". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, Sean (June 23, 2014). "'Orange is the New Black': Meet Crazy Eyes". Toronto Sun. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leopold, Todd (June 6, 2014). "'Orange is the New Black': Five things to expect from season 2". CNN. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (June 4, 2014). "Orange Is The New Black: Season 1 recap ahead of the new episodes". The Independent. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Megan (June 3, 2014). "'Orange Is The New Black' Season 1 Recap: Everything To Know Before The Season 2 Premiere". International Business Times. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Foster, Lewis (June 19, 2014). "Visual Summary: Orange Is The New Black Season 1". Paste. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Erin (August 14, 2013). "Orange Is The New Black: Uzo Aduba (Suzanne Warren) Promoted To Series Regular". Access Hollywood. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Danielle (August 16, 2013). "Orange Is the New Black Episode Nine Recap: We Finally Experience the SHU". Vulture. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Orange is the New Black Season 1 Episode 9: F*cksgiving: Episode Cast & Crew". TV.com. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reed, Alex (July 22, 2014). "'Orange Is the New Black' Star Uzo Aduba on 'Crazy Eyes': 'People Underestimate Her' (Video)". The Wrap. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Surette, Tim. "Orange Is the New Black Season 2 Review, Part 2 (Episodes 7-13): Fight the Power". TV.com. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Surette, Tim. "Orange Is the New Black Season 2 Review, Part 1 (Episodes 1–6): Conflict Over Community". TV.com. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.bustle.com/articles/90452-who-is-crazy-eyes-love-interest-on-orange-is-the-new-black-emily-althaus-character-has
Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris (June 18, 2016). "Orange Is the New Black Reveals Crazy Eyes' Tragic Crime". ENews. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Meltzer, Tom (December 17, 2013). "The best TV of 2013: No 6 – Orange is the New Black (Netflix): The US prison drama – Netflix's most-watched show of the year – is a binge-watcher's dream: moreish and full of surprises". The Guardian. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jancelewicz, Chris (July 3, 2014). "Orange Is The New Black Review: Time Behind Bars Shouldn't Be This Fun". The Huffington Post Canada. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Primetime Emmy Awards 2014: The winners list". CNN. August 26, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards". PR Newswire. December 2, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, Kate (June 19, 2014). "Critics' Choice TV Awards: The winners list". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leeds, Sarene (January 26, 2015). "SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Keegan, Rebecca (January 26, 2015). "SAG Awards 2015: 'Birdman' feathers its nest as Oscars nears". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 11, 2014). "Golden Globes: Fargo, True Detective Lead Nominations; Jane the Virgin, Transparent Score Multiple Nods". TVLine. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Awards 2015: The complete winners list". CNN. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matt (September 20, 2015). "Emmy Winner Uzo Aduba Is, in Fact, the New Ed Asner". TheWrap. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Washington, Arlene (February 6, 2015). "NAACP Image Awards: The Winners". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SAG Awards: The Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. January 30, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Straight Outta Compton,' 'Empire,' Michael B. Jordan Top NAACP Image Awards". Variety. February 5, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes 2016: Complete list of winners and nominees". Los Angeles Times. January 10, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees". Los Angeles Times. September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
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Orange Is the New Black
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Crazy Eyes
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Seasons
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"Lesbian Request Denied"
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Related
Piper Kerman
Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison
"You've Got Time"
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Pan-American Highway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Panamericana" redirects here. For the film, see Panamericana (film).
Not to be confused with CANAMEX Corridor.
The Pan-American Highway from Prudhoe Bay, U.S.A. to Quellón, Chile and Ushuaia, Argentina, with official and unofficial routes shown in South America, and a few selected unofficial routes shown through the United States and Canada as they existed in the early 1960's. In 1966 the new U.S. Interstate highway system brought official status to most previously unofficial routes in the lower 48 states.
The Pan-American Highway[1] is a network of roads measuring about 30,000 kilometres (19,000 mi)[2] in total length. Except for a rainforest break of approximately 160 km (100 mi), called the Darién Gap, the road links almost all of the Pacific coastal countries of the Americas in a connected highway system. According to Guinness World Records, the Pan-American Highway is the world's longest "motorable road". However, because of the Darién Gap, it is not possible to cross between South America and Central America with conventional highway vehicles. Without an all-terrain vehicle, it is necessary to circumnavigate this terrestrial stretch by sea.
The Pan-American Highway passes through many diverse climates and ecological types, from dense jungles, to arid deserts, some of which are passable only during the dry season, and in many regions driving is occasionally hazardous.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development and construction
2 Countries served
3 Hemispheric overview
4 Northern section
4.1 Alaska, Canada and the contiguous 48 states of the United States
4.2 Mexico
4.3 Central America
5 Darién Gap
6 Southern section
6.1 Colombia and Venezuela
6.2 Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Paraguay
6.3 Brazil and Uruguay
6.4 Guyana, Suriname and French Guyana
7 West Indies section
8 Art and culture
9 Photo gallery
10 See also
11 References
12 Sources
13 External links
Development and construction[edit]
The concept of an overland route from one tip of the Americas to the other was originally proposed at the First Pan-American Conference in 1889 as a railroad; however, this proposal was never realized. The idea of building a highway emerged at the Fifth International Conference of American States in 1923. The first conference regarding construction of the highway occurred on October 5, 1925. Finally, on July 29, 1937, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Canada, and the United States signed the Convention on the Pan-American Highway, whereby they agreed to speedy construction, by all adequate means.[3] In 1950, Mexico became the first Latin American country to complete its portion of the highway.[4]
Countries served[edit]
Map of the Alaska Highway portion (in red) of the Pan-American Highway system.
The Northern Pan-American Highway travels through 9 countries:
Canada (unofficial)
United States (interstate system official)
Mexico
Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
The Southern Pan-American Highway travels through 8 countries:
Suriname
Guyana
Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Chile
Argentina
Important spurs also lead into 4 countries:
Bolivia
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay
Hemispheric overview[edit]
The Pan-American Highway system is physically mostly complete and extends in de facto terms from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, in North America to the lower reaches of South America. Several southern highway termini are claimed to exist, including the cities of Puerto Montt and Quellón in Chile and Ushuaia in Argentina. West and north of the Darien Gap, it is also known as the Inter-American Highway through Central America and Mexico where it splits into several spurs leading to the Mexico–US border.
The entire Interstate Highway System in the United States has been officially designated part of the Pan American system by the Federal Highway Administration, although this has never been reflected in any of the official interstate signage. Of the many freeways that make up this very comprehensive system, there are several that stand out because of their mainly north-south orientation and their links to the main Mexican route and its spurs. These include the following:
Interstate 8 indirectly connects Interstate 19 and its Mexican spur at Nogales with I-5 and Interstate 15 at San Diego, each of which leads on separate routes from the latter city towards the Alaska Highway. The north end of I-5 links indirectly with British Columbia Highway 97 north of the Canada–US border. BC 97 becomes the Alaska Highway at Dawson Creek. A technically direct link between the same interstate and the highway 97 system can be found near Weed, California. US route 97 runs northeast then north from this junction and becomes BC highway 97 at the border with Canada. Further east, I-15 indirectly links to Alberta Highway 2 that eventually crosses into British Columbia and ends at the southern terminus of the Alaska Highway. All routes north of the contiguous 48 states are unofficial.
Interstate 25 runs north from Interstate 10 at Las Cruces, New Mexico to Interstate 90 in Wyoming. This route has no direct extension into Canada, but links indirectly to Interstate 15 which leads to Alberta Highway 2.
Interstate 35 is a northerly continuation of the original Pan-American highway following Mexican Federal Highway 85. It extends from Laredo, Texas to the Canada–United States border north of Duluth, Minnesota with a spur, Interstate 29, that leads further west towards Winnipeg, Manitoba.
An additional route only partially complete is Interstate 69 which will eventually run northeasterly from the same Laredo border crossing to the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor in Canada, the only NAFTA country where no official routes for the Pan-American Highway System have yet been defined.
Northern section[edit]
Alaska, Canada and the contiguous 48 states of the United States[edit]
Interstate 35 in the U.S. state of Iowa. I-35 is a de facto branch of the Pan-American Highway
In Canada, no particular road has been officially or unofficially designated as the Pan-American Highway (the National Highway System, which includes but is not limited to the Trans-Canada Highway, is the country's only official interprovincial highway system). However, some unofficial claims have been made based on routes that are a natural extension of several key American highways that reach the Canada–US border. British Columbia Highway 97 and Highway 2 to Alberta both pick up where the southern end of the Alaska highway leaves off. Highway 97 becomes U.S. Route 97 at the Canada–US border and eventually ends at Interstate 5 in northern California. British Columbia Highway 99 provides an alternate route from Highway 97 just north of Cache Creek that runs through Whistler and Vancouver before ending at the Canada–US border at the north end of Interstate 5 in Washington State, the beginning of the official Pan-American route south of British Columbia. Meanwhile, Alberta Highway 2 runs south and east to Alberta Highway 3 leading into Lethbridge, then south on Alberta Highway 4 to the Canada–US border where it becomes Interstate 15 in Montana, the first official stretch of the Pan-American Highway south of the Alberta route. I-15 runs south all the way to San Diego where it converges with Interstate 5 then heads east as Interstate 8. This links indirectly via a short stretch of Interstate 10 to Interstate 19 that becomes a spur of the Pan-American highway through Mexico at the Nogales border crossing.
In 1966, the Federal Highway Administration designated the entire Interstate Highway System part of the Pan-American Highway System.[5][6] However comprehensive this designation, there are certain interstates and other smaller highways that attract particular attention because of special names that have been officially or unofficially attached or identity claims that have been made.
The section of Interstate 35 in San Antonio, Texas is referred to as the Pan Am Expressway by locals.[citation needed] I-35 is a northerly continuation of Mexico Highway 85, the original official Mexican route, ending in Duluth, Minnesota, where Minnesota State Highway 61 continues to the Canada–US border near Thunder Bay, Ontario. As a result, the Trans-Canada Highway from Alberta to Thunder Bay has been considered as a possible route for the Pan-American Highway.
Interstate 25 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, was named the Pan-American Freeway,[7]:248 as an extension of highway 45, the Mexican spur linking El Paso to the original route along highway 85 north of Mexico City.[8] This portion of I-25 largely follows the historic Camino Real, and thus serves a culturally significant portion of the Pan American system. Like I-35, the complete route of Interstate 25 is an official northerly continuation towards Alberta, where Highway 2 provides a direct (but unofficial) link to the Alaska Highway.
The Pan American Highway Association claims U.S. Route 81 from its main point of separation from I-35 south of McPherson, Kansas, to Watertown, South Dakota, where it merges with I-29 running north to the Canada–US border near Winnipeg. There it links with the Thunder Bay-Alberta section of the Trans-Canada. Unlike the interstate highways through San Antonio and Albuquerque, the claim for Highway 81 remains unofficial.
Beyond Alberta, the Alaska Highway through Alaska, Yukon and British Columbia is also claimed as a de facto part of the Pan-American Highway, as well as the Dalton Highway in Alaska. The recently completed Dempster Highway that links Tuktoyaktuk and Inuvik with the Yukon Territory and the rest of Canada also reaches the Arctic Ocean but is not claimed as part of the Pan-American system.
Several intra-North American routes have names that make no direct reference to the Pan-American Highway, in part because some sections follow highways that are not up to full freeway standard:
The CanAm Highway follows Interstate 25 from El Paso to U.S. Route 85 north of Denver, Colorado, then continues into the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, following parts of provincial highways 35, 39, 6, 3, and 2 in succession before terminating at La Ronge. This route was first proposed during the 1920s but was never properly promoted nor developed. A section of the CanAm in southern Saskatchewan has regressed to the point where it is no longer a paved highway.[9]
The CANAMEX Corridor is designated through the western United States from Arizona north to Montana,[10] and continues as Alberta Highway 2.
The NAFTA Superhighway tag has been unofficially used in connection with Interstate 35 from Laredo, Texas to the Canadian border that downgrades to a non-freeway route ending at Thunder Bay, Ontario. A spur follows Interstate 29 to the border that also downgrades to a regular highway that extends to Winnipeg, Manitoba. The NAFTA highway also sometimes unofficially includes Interstate 69 from the Canada–US border at Port Huron, Michigan, to Indianapolis, Indiana, and its mostly built extension southward to western Kentucky. In Canada, Ontario Highway 402 and other freeways in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor can be considered a northeastward extension of this version the NAFTA superhighway. To the southwest, from western Kentucky to the Mexican border, there is currently no single superhighway yet completed. Pending completion of I-69, the main highway links to Mexico follow parts of US routes 45 and 51 from Kentucky to western Tennessee, I-155 into Missouri, parts of Interstates 55 and 40 from Missouri to Arkansas, and I-30 to the Texas stretch of I-35 that continues to the Mexican border at Laredo, Texas. The incompleted section of I-69 south of Kentucky is expected to eventually continue southwestward to the Texas Gulf Coast. It will have a spur linking to the original Pan-American route through Mexico to Laredo, and additional branches extending to the Mexican spurs that cross the border at Pharr, Texas, and Brownsville, Texas.
Mexico[edit]
1933 map of the Inter-American Highway portion of the Pan-American Highway.
The official route of the Pan-American Highway through Mexico (where it is known as the Inter-American Highway) starts at Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas (opposite Laredo, Texas) and goes south to Mexico City along Mexican Federal Highway 85.[citation needed] Later branches were built to the border as follows:
Nogales spur – Mexican Federal Highway 15 from Mexico City
El Paso spur – Mexican Federal Highway 45 from Highway 85 north of Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua)
Eagle Pass spur – unknown, possibly Mexican Federal Highway 57 from Mexico City to Piedras Negras, Coahuila
Pharr spur – Mexican Federal Highway 40 from Monterrey to Reynosa, Tamaulipas
Brownsville spur – Mexican Federal Highway 101 from Ciudad Victoria to Matamoros, Tamaulipas
From Mexico City to the border with Guatemala, the highway follows Mexican Federal Highway 190.[11][12][13]
Central America[edit]
Pan-American Highway in Chimaltenango (Guatemala), 2001.
Pan-American Highway at David, Chiriquí
The Pan-American (or Inter-American) highway passes through the Central American countries with the highway designation of CA-1 (Central American Highway 1). In Guatemala, it passes through 10 departments, including The Department Of Guatemala, where it passes through Guatemala City. In El Salvador, it passes through the cities of Santa Ana, Santa Tecla, Antiguo Cuscatlán, San Salvador, San Martín, San Miguel, and crosses the border into Honduras at Amatillo. From Honduras, it passes into Nicaragua, passing though the Nicaraguan cities of Chinandega, Estelí, Sebaco Matagalpa, León, and Managua, before entering Costa Rica at Peñas Blancas. In Costa Rica, it passes through Liberia, San José, Cartago, Pérez Zeledón, Palmares, Neily, before crossing into Panama at Paso Canoas. In Panama, it crosses the Panama Canal via the Centennial Bridge, and ends at Yaviza, at the edge of the Darién Gap. The road had formerly ended at Cañita, Panama, 110 miles (180 km) north of its current end. United States government funding was particularly significant to complete the high-level Bridge of the Americas over the Panama Canal, during the years when the canal was administered by the United States.
Belize was supposedly included in the route at one time, after it switched to driving on the right. Prior to independence, as British Honduras, it was the only Central American country to drive on the left side of the road.
Darién Gap[edit]
Map of the Darién Gap and the break in the Pan-American Highway between Yaviza, Panama and Turbo, Colombia
Main article: Darién Gap
The Pan-American Highway is interrupted between Panama and Colombia by a 100 km (60 mi) stretch of marshland known as the Darién Gap. The highway terminates at Turbo, Colombia and Yaviza, Panama. Because of swamps, marshes, and rivers, construction would be very expensive.
Efforts have been made for decades to eliminate the gap in the Pan-American highway, but have been controversial. Planning began in 1971 with the help of United States funding, but this was halted in 1974 after concerns raised by environmentalists. Another effort to build the road began in 1992, but by 1994 a United Nations agency reported that the road, and the subsequent development, would cause extensive environmental damage. There is evidence that the Darién Gap has prevented the spread of diseased cattle into Central and Northern America, which have not seen foot-and-mouth disease since 1954, and since at least the 1970s this has been a substantial factor in preventing a road link through the Darién Gap. The Embera-Wounaan and Kuna have also expressed concern that the road could bring about the potential erosion of their cultures.
The Darien Gap has challenged adventurers for many years. A 1962 expedition with Chevrolet Corvair rear-engine cars failed.[14] A 1971-72 British expedition from Alaska to Argentina attempted to transit the Gap with two standard production Range Rovers, supported by a team of Land Rovers. They barely succeeded in thrashing a passage through the extreme terrain.[15] In 1979 a team led by Mark Smith drove standard production CJ7-model Jeeps from South to North, traversing the Gap - with difficulty.[16] In June 1984, Loren and Patty Upton took 741 days slogging, winching, chopping and digging their way through the inhospitable jungles of the Darién Gap.
One proposed option to bridge the gap is a short ferry link from Colombia to a new ferry port in Panama,[17] with an extension of the existing Panama highway that would complete the highway without violating these environmental concerns.
Southern section[edit]
Main article: Pan-American Highway (South America)
A Vía PanAm shield sign is sometimes found on routes in South American countries (such as Chile) associated with the Pan-American Highway.
Sculpture of a native man standing at the entrance of Fusagasugá, Colombia, over the Highway 40.
Colombia and Venezuela[edit]
The southern part of the highway begins in northwestern Colombia, from where it follows Colombia Highway 62 to Medellín. At Medellín, Colombia Highway 56 leads to Bogotá, but Colombia Highway 25 turns south for a more direct route. Colombia Highway 72 is routed southwest from Bogotá to join Highway 25 at Murillo. Highway 25 continues all the way to the border with Ecuador.
Another route, known as the Simón Bolívar Highway, runs from Bogotá (Colombia) to Guiria (Venezuela). It begins by using Colombia Highway 71 all the way to the border with Venezuela. From there it uses Venezuela Highway 1 to Caracas and Venezuela Highway 9 to its end at Guiria.
Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Paraguay[edit]
Monument on the Equator on the highway near Cayambe, Ecuador.
Ecuador Highway 35 runs the whole length of that country. Peru Highway 1 carries the Pan-American Highway all the way through Peru to the border with Chile.
In Chile, the highway follows Chile Route 5 south to a point north of Santiago (Llaillay), where the highway splits into two parts, one of which goes through Chilean territory to Puerto Montt, where it splits again, to Quellón on Chiloé Island, and to its continuation as the Carretera Austral. The other part goes east along Chile Route 60, which becomes Argentina National Route 7 at the Argentinian border and continues to Buenos Aires, the end of the main highway.[18] The highway network also continues south of Buenos Aires along Argentina National Route 3 towards the city of Ushuaia in Tierra del Fuego. Another branch, from Buenos Aires to Asunción in Paraguay, heads out of Buenos Aires on Argentina National Route 9. It switches to Argentina National Route 11 at Rosario, which crosses the border with Paraguay right at Asunción. Other branches probably exist across the center of South America.
Almost all Pan-American sections in Gran Buenos Aires are modern and fast main highways
West Access to Buenos Aires
Brazil and Uruguay[edit]
A continuation of the Pan-American Highway to the Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro uses a ferry from Buenos Aires to Colonia in Uruguay and Uruguay Highway 1 to Montevideo. Uruguay Highway 9 and Brazil Highway 471 route to near Pelotas, from where Brazil Highway 116 leads to Brazilian main cities.
Guyana, Suriname and French Guyana[edit]
The highway does not have official segments to Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, nor to any of the island nations in the Americas. However, highways from Venezuela link to Brazilian Trans-Amazonian highway that provides a southwest entrance to Guyana, route to the coast, and follow a coastal route through Suriname to French Guiana.
West Indies section[edit]
Plans have been discussed for including the West Indies in the Pan American Highway system. According to these, a system of ferries would be established to connect terminal points of the highway. Travelers would then be able to ferry from Key West to Havana, drive to the eastern tip of Cuba, ferry to Haiti, drive through Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and ferry again to Puerto Rico. Included in this system would also be a ferry from the western tip of Cuba to the Yucatán Peninsula. Mexico has already surveyed a route which will run across the Yucatán, Campeche, and Chiapas to San Cristobal de Las Casas, on the Pan American Highway. ("The Pan American Highway System" by Travel Division Pan American Union, Washington D.C. October 1947)
Art and culture[edit]
Travel writer Tim Cahill wrote a book, Road Fever, about his record-setting 24-day drive from Ushuaia in the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego to Prudhoe Bay in the U.S. state of Alaska with professional long-distance driver Garry Sowerby, much of their route following the Pan-American Highway.[19]
In the British motoring show Top Gear, the presenters drove on a section of the road in their off-road vehicles in the Bolivian Special.
In 2003, Kevin Sanders, a long-distance rider, broke the Guinness World Record for the fastest traversal of the highway by motorcycle in 34 days.[20]
Photo gallery[edit]
The northern end of the Pan-American Highway at Deadhorse, Alaska
Interstate 25 (Pan-American Freeway) approaching the Big I interchange in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Pan-American Highway through San Martin, El Salvador.
Another view of the Pan-American Highway in El Salvador.
Pan-American Highway in El Salvador between Lourdes and Santa Ana; this flat 1.5 km long straight section can be used as an airstrip and it was used during El Salvador Civil War.
Highway in Guanacaste, Costa Rica (going towards the Nicaraguan border, still many kilometres away.)
Pan-American Highway in Tres Rios, Costa Rica, right before the toll plaza (about 337 more km to go until the Panamanian border).
Panamericana – Pan American Highway – in Pichincha, Ecuador, near Cashapamba
Panamericana – northern Peru near Pacasmayo
Panamericana near Puerto De Lomas, Peru
Panamericana in the Atacama Desert northern Chile
GMC Suburban traveled all of the Pan-American Highway. Patagonia, Chile.
Panamericana - Pan American Highway - in the Cordillera de los Andes, southern Ecuador, near to Catacocha, 2500m / 8000 ft Elev.
National Route 7 -- Pan-American Highway in Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
See also[edit]
CANAMEX Corridor
Continental 1
Trans-Siberian Highway
Buenos Aires
References[edit]
Jump up ^ French: Route / Autoroute Panaméricaine / Transaméricaine, Portuguese: Rodovia / Auto-estrada Pan-americana, Spanish: Autopista / Carretera / Ruta Panamericana
Jump up ^ "A Gap in the Andes : Image of the Day". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
Jump up ^ Text of the Convention.
Jump up ^ "Highway Run". Harper's: 70–80. July 2006.
Jump up ^ American Automobile Association, American Motorist, ca. 1974
Jump up ^ New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department, State of New Mexico Memorial Designations and Dedications of Highways, Structures and Buildings Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine., 2007, p. 14
Jump up ^ Bryan, Howard (1989). Albuquerque Remembered. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0826337821. OCLC 62109913. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Datos Viales de Hidalgo" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Servicios Técnicos, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. 2011. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
Jump up ^ "'Super corridor' theories simply updated old idea". The Star Phoenix. August 28, 2007. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
Jump up ^ "Federal Definition". Canamex coalition. Archived from the original on 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Datos Viales de Puebla" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Servicios Técnicos, Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. 2011. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
Jump up ^ "Cruce fronterizo vehicular formal: Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, México — La Mesilla, Guatemala" (PDF) (in Spanish). Comisión Internacional de Límites y Aguas, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2012-04-06. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "República de Guatemala – Red Vial con Distancias" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Geografico National (IGN); Ministerio de Comunicaciones Infraestructura y Vivienda (CIV). 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrhH1U_NAcM
Jump up ^ http://www.range-rover-classic.com/Home/range-rover-darien-gap
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrPbBkr44PU
Jump up ^ "The Coming Era of Mega Systems, Part 1 – Transportation". DaVinci Institute – Futurist Speaker. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pan-American Highway – MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
Jump up ^ Cahill, Tim (1992). Road Fever. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-394-75837-4.
Jump up ^ Walker, Tim (29 September 2005). "How to have a real adventure: Take a train or get on a bike to experience the thrill of travel as it used to be". The Independent (UK). Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Sources[edit]
Plan Federal Highway System, New York Times May 15, 1932 page XX7
Reported from the Motor World, New York Times January 26, 1936 page XX6
Hemisphere Road is Nearer Reality, New York Times January 7, 1953 page 58
1997–98 AAA Caribbean, Central America and South America map
Popular Mechanics, March 1943, Longest Road In The World
External links[edit]
Media related to Pan-American Highway at Wikimedia Commons
Pan-American Highway travel guide from Wikivoyage
Geographic data related to Pan-American Highway at OpenStreetMap
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-American_Highway&oldid=838034809"
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