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Home Alone 2: Lost in New York
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"Home Alone 2" redirects here. For the video game based on this film, see Home Alone 2 (video game).
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Chris Columbus
Produced by
John Hughes
Written by
John Hughes
Based on
Characters
by John Hughes
Starring
Macaulay Culkin
Joe Pesci
Daniel Stern
John Heard
Tim Curry
Brenda Fricker
Catherine O'Hara
Music by
John Williams
Cinematography
Julio Macat
Edited by
Raja Gosnell
Production
company
Hughes Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
November 20, 1992 (1992-11-20)
Running time
120 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$20 million[2]
Box office
$359 million[3]
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York is a 1992 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. It is the second film in the Home Alone series and the sequel to Home Alone. Macaulay Culkin reprises his role as Kevin McCallister, while Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern reprise their roles as the Wet Bandits, now known as the Sticky Bandits. Catherine O'Hara, John Heard, Rob Schneider, Tim Curry, and Brenda Fricker are also featured.
The plot is as follows: Kevin and his family decide to take a trip to Florida, but Kevin takes the wrong plane and ends up in New York City. He tries to make do with what he has, such as using his father's credit card to stay at the Plaza Hotel, but is soon confronted by the Wet Bandits and must outrun and out-prank them again.
The film was shot in Winnetka, Illinois; O'Hare International Airport in Chicago; Evanston, Illinois; and New York City (which was star Culkin's hometown at the time). The exterior of Duncan's Toy Chest in New York City was filmed outside of the Rookery Building in downtown Chicago. The exterior of Haven Middle School in Evanston, Illinois is shown prior to the Christmas pageant. The Miami scenes were filmed in Los Angeles, including an exterior of Miami International Airport which was filmed at Los Angeles International Airport. The film became the second most financially successful film of 1992, earning over $173 million in revenue in the United States and $359 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million. The film is also notable for featuring a cameo from future U.S. President Donald Trump, who had owned the Plaza Hotel at the time of the film's production.[4]
Home Alone 3 followed five years later in 1997, but the original cast, composer, and director did not return for that film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 The McCallister family
2.3 Other characters
3 Release
3.1 Marketing
3.2 Box office
3.3 Critical reception
3.4 Home media
3.5 Social Media
4 Music
4.1 Original Score
4.2 Original Soundtrack Album
4.3 The Deluxe Edition
5 Novelization
6 Sequels
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In Chicago, the McCallister family is preparing for a Christmas vacation in Miami. On the night before their departure, the entire family gathers at Peter and Kate's home, where their youngest son, Kevin, sees Florida as contradictory to Christmas, on his opinion of the lack of Christmas trees in Florida. During the school Christmas pageant, Kevin's older brother Buzz humiliates him during his solo, causing Kevin to retaliate, thereby ruining the performance. While Buzz fakes an apology to Kevin in front of the McCallisters (who are convinced it is sincere), Kevin refuses to apologize to Buzz and storms to the third floor of the house. Prior to the pageant, Peter has unknowingly caused the alarm clock to reset; consequently, the family once again oversleeps. In the confusion they have to rush to reach the airport on time, Kevin falls behind everyone else, and mistakenly boards a flight bound for New York City while trying to replace the batteries for a Talkboy, carrying Peter's bag containing his wallet and a large amount of money; upon arrival in Miami, Kate realizes that Kevin is missing again. In New York, Kevin tours the city and meets a homeless woman tending to pigeons at Central Park, where he runs off. Kevin goes to the Plaza Hotel, where he tantalizes the staff into checking in with Peter's credit card.[5]
On Christmas Eve, Kevin tours the city in a limousine and visits a toy store where he meets its philanthropic owner, Mr. Duncan. Kevin learns that the proceeds from the store's Christmas sales will be donated to a children's hospital. Kevin donates $20 to the hospital. As a token of appreciation, Mr. Duncan offers Kevin a pair of ceramic turtledoves as a gift, instructing him to give one to another person as a sign of eternal friendship. After running into Harry and Marv, who have recently escaped from prison and are now called "The Sticky Bandits", Kevin retreats to the Plaza Hotel. The hotel's concierge, Mr. Hector, confronts Kevin about the credit card, which has been reported stolen. Kevin flees after evading Mr. Hector, but is captured by Harry and Marv. The duo discuss plans for breaking into the toy store that night. Kevin manages to escape by pinching a woman in front of him, which results in the woman attacking the duo. [5]
Kevin's family travels to New York after tracking the whereabouts of the stolen credit card, and Kate searches the city for Kevin. Meanwhile, Kevin goes to his uncle Rob's townhouse, only to find the house vacant and undergoing renovations, while Rob and his family are in Paris. At Central Park, he encounters and befriends the pigeon lady. They go to Carnegie Hall, where an orchestra is performing. The pigeon lady explains how her life collapsed and how she dealt with it by taking care of the pigeons in the park. Kevin gives the pigeon lady some advice and promises that he will be her friend.[5]
Kevin, after remembering what the bandits said, returns to the townhouse, and rigs it with numerous booby traps. Kevin arrives at the toy store during Harry and Marv's robbery and throws a brick through the window, setting off the store's alarm. Kevin then lures the duo to the townhouse, where he springs the traps and Harry and Marv suffer various injuries. When the duo chase Kevin around the townhouse, he escapes and calls the police. Harry and Marv catch him and take him down to Central Park to kill him, but the pigeon lady sneaks in and throws birdseed on the duo, and the pigeons storm in to incapacitate them. Kevin sets off fireworks he had bought earlier to signal the police. The police arrive and arrest the bandits. At the toy store, Mr. Duncan finds a note from Kevin attached to the brick, explaining about what happened.[5]
Kate, still searching for Kevin on foot, remembers his fondness for Christmas trees. After observing Kevin making a wish at the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, Kate meets him there, and they reconcile. On Christmas Day, a truckload of gifts arrive at the McCallisters' hotel room from the toy store. Kevin and Buzz reconcile, and Buzz allows him to open up the first present. Kevin goes to Central Park to give the pigeon lady the second turtledove. At the Plaza, Buzz receives the bill for Kevin's stay from Cedric and shows it to Peter. Peter suddenly calls out, "Kevin, you spent $967 on room service?!" at which point Kevin runs off.[5]
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister
Joe Pesci as Harry Lime
Daniel Stern as Marv Merchants
The McCallister family[edit]
Catherine O'Hara as Kate McCallister
John Heard as Peter McCallister
Devin Ratray as Buzz McCallister, Kevin's brother who gets him into trouble
Kieran Culkin (Macaulay Culkin's younger brother) as Fuller McCallister
Gerry Bamman as Frank McCallister, Kevin's uncle
Hillary Wolf as Megan McCallister
Maureen Elisabeth Shay (who replaces Angela Goethals) as Linnie McCallister
Mike Maronna as Jeff McCallister
Terrie Snell as Leslie McCallister, Kevin's aunt
Jedidiah Cohen as Rod McCallister
Senta Moses as Tracy McCallister
Daiana Campeanu as Sondra McCallister
Anna Slotky as Brooke McCallister
Other characters[edit]
Brenda Fricker as the Pigeon Lady
Tim Curry as Mr. Hector the concierge
Eddie Bracken as Mr. E.F. Duncan
Rob Schneider as Cedric the bellhop
Dana Ivey as Hester Stone the desk clerk
Ralph Foody as Johnny
Rip Taylor, Jaye P. Morgan, and Jimmie Walker as themselves
Ally Sheedy as New York ticket agent
Chris Columbus as Duncan's Toy Chest patron
Donald Trump as himself
Clare Hoak as Susie
Leigh Zimmerman as Fashion Model
Steve Sivak as Chours Director
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
Numerous video games based on Home Alone 2 were released by THQ for such systems as the Sega Genesis, the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy and personal computers, mostly in late 1992. A separate hand-held game was released by Tiger Electronics. Numerous board games were also released, some based around play cards, while another was a close emulation of the classic Mouse Trap.[6][7]
The Talkboy cassette recorder was produced as a tie-in for the movie by Tiger Electronics (currently under Hasbro) based on specifications provided by John Hughes and the movie studio, and sold particularly well after the film was released on home video.[8]
American Airlines again had product placement in the film with the McCallisters making their trip on the airline's two Boeing 767-200s. In the first film, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 was used. For the release of the first two films on home video, the airline became a sponsor.[clarification needed].
Coca-Cola products make several appearances in the film, including in scenes when Kevin rides a limousine and when Kevin's cousin Fuller wakes up at the Plaza Hotel. Notably, Pepsi products appeared in the first Home Alone film instead.
Box office[edit]
Home Alone 2 opened to $31.1 million from 2,222 theaters, averaging $14,008 per site.[9] While it started off better than Home Alone, the final box office gross was much less.[10] $173.6 million was taken in the United States and a total of $359 million worldwide.[3] The film was released in the United Kingdom on December 11, 1992, and topped the country's box office that weekend.[11]
Critical reception[edit]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 27% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10 and an audience score of 61%.[12] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[13]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two out of four stars and stated that "cartoon violence is only funny in cartoons. Most of the live-action attempts to duplicate animation have failed, because when flesh-and-blood figures hit the pavement, we can almost hear the bones crunch, and it isn't funny."[14]
Home media[edit]
The film was first released on VHS and Laserdisc on July 27, 1993. It was re-released in 1997 along with Home Alone on VHS. It was later released on DVD on October 5, 1999 as a basic package, with no special features other than theatrical trailers for the film and its predecessor and successor. The film was released on Blu-ray in 2009 with no special features, and was released alongside Home Alone in a collection pack the following year. The film was reissued again on DVD and Blu-ray in 2013 and 2015. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, a scene of Kevin visiting the observation deck of the original World Trade Center was edited out of the film.[15]
Social Media[edit]
Achieving cult status, the film has been parodied on multiple social media websites with both fan-fiction and parodies.
Music[edit]
John Williams returned from the first installment to score Home Alone 2. While the film featured the first film's theme song "Somewhere in My Memory", it also contained its own theme entitled "Christmas Star". Two soundtrack albums of the film were released on November 20, 1992, with one featuring Williams' score and the other featuring contemporary Christmas songs featured in the film. Ten years later, a 2-disc Deluxe Edition of the film score soundtrack was released.
Original Score[edit]
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Score
Film score by John Williams
Released
November 20, 1992
Genre
Classical
Length
63:20
Label
Arista Records, 20th Century Fox Records
John Williams chronology
Far and Away
(1992)Far and Away1992 Home Alone 2
(1992) Jurassic Park
(1993)Jurassic Park1993
Home Alone chronology
Home Alone
(1990) Home Alone1990 Home Alone 2
(1992) Home Alone 21992 Home Alone 3
(1997) Home Alone 31997
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Score is a 1992 soundtrack composed by John Williams, who also scored the first installment in the franchise. While the soundtrack is mostly a repeat of the first film's material,[16] there are a few new prominent themes such as "Christmas Star" and "Plaza Hotel and Duncan's Toy Store". Ultimately, the soundtrack fell out of print.
"Somewhere in My Memory" (3:49)
"Home Alone" (2:01)
"We Overslept Again" (2:46)
"Christmas Star" (3:18)
"Arrival in New York" (1:41)
"Plaza Hotel and Duncan's Toy Store" (3:45)
"Concierge and Race to the Room" (2:04)
"Star of Bethlehem" (3:28)
"The Thieves Return" (4:35)
"Appearance of Pigeon Lady" (3:19)
"Christmas at Carnegie Hall" ("O Come All Ye Faithful" / "O Little Town of Bethlehem" / "Silent Night") (5:02)
"Into the Park" (3:49)
"Haunted Brownstone" (3:01)
"Christmas Star and Preparing the Trap" (4:17)
"To the Plaza Presto" (3:22)
"Reunion at Rockefeller Center" (2:36)
"Kevin's Booby Traps" (3:41)
"Finale" (3:55)
"Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas" (2:51)
Original Soundtrack Album[edit]
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Soundtrack Album / Home Alone Christmas
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
November 20, 1992 (Original)
September 16, 1997 (HAC)
Genre
Christmas, pop, rock and roll, R&B
Length
39:26
Label
Arista Records (Original)
Sony BMG (HAC)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [17]
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – Original Soundtrack Album is a 1992 soundtrack album that contains music from or inspired by Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. The album eventually was discontinued and later re-released as Home Alone Christmas in 1997 by Sony BMG with an alternate track listing. Both versions feature tracks of John Williams' score, though the tracks are of different songs between the original album and its re-release.
Original Soundtrack Album track listing
"All Alone on Christmas" (4:14) (Darlene Love)
"A Holly Jolly Christmas" (2:14) (Alan Jackson)
"Somewhere in My Memory" (3:58) (Bette Midler, composed by John Williams, lyrics by Leslie Bricusse)
"My Christmas Tree" (2:35) (Home Alone Children's Choir, composed by Alan Menken, lyrics by Jack Feldman)
"Sleigh Ride" (3:44) (TLC)
"Silver Bells" (4:15) (Atlantic Starr)
"Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas" (2:40) (John Williams)
"Jingle Bell Rock" (2:09) (Bobby Helms)
"Cool Jerk (Christmas Mix)" (2:39) (The Capitols)
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" (2:14) (Johnny Mathis)
"Christmas Star" (3:16) (John Williams)
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (3:26) (Lisa Fischer)
Home Alone Christmas track listing
"All Alone on Christmas" (Darlene Love)
"A Holly Jolly Christmas" (Alan Jackson)
"My Christmas Tree" (The Fox Albert Choir)
"Somewhere in My Memory" (John Williams)
"Silver Bells" (Atlantic Starr)
"Sleigh Ride" (TLC)
"Christmas All Over Again" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)
"Please Come Home for Christmas" (Southside Johnny Lyon)
"Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas" (John Williams)
"Carol of the Bells" (John Williams)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (Mel Torme)
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (Lisa Fischer)
The Deluxe Edition[edit]
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – The Deluxe Edition
Soundtrack album by John Williams
Released
November 15, 2002
Genre
Classical
Length
1:39:49
Label
Varèse Sarabande
On the film's tenth anniversary, Varèse Sarabande released a two-disc special edition soundtrack entitled Home Alone 2: Lost in New York – The Deluxe Edition. The soundtrack contains John Williams' cues found on the previous releases as well as additional compositions that were left out from the final film. This release is also known for resolving a mastering error that caused the music to be inaccurately pitched.[18][19]
Disc One
Home Alone (Main Title) (2:07)
This Year's Wish (1:47)
We Overslept Again / Holiday Flight (3:19)
Separate Vacations*(1:58)
Arrival in New York**(2:59)
The Thieves Return (3:28)
Plaza Hotel (3:04)
Concierge (1:31)
Distant Goodnights (Christmas Star) (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (2:05)
A Day in the City (:59)
Duncan's Toy Store (2:41)
Turtle Doves (1:29)
To the Plaza, Presto (3:27)
Race to the Room / Hot Pursuit (4:08)
Haunted Brownstone (3:02)
Appearance of the Pigeon Lady (3:21)
Christmas at Carnegie Hall (5:15) O Come, All Ye Faithful / O Little Town of Bethlehem / Silent Night
Disc Two
Christmas Star - Preparing the Trap (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (4:22)
Another Christmas in the Trenches (2:33)
Running Through Town (1:16)
Luring the Thieves*(4:02)
Kevin's Booby Traps (7:23)
Down the Rope / Into the Park (5:06)
Reunion at Rockefeller Center / It's Christmas (5:21)
Finale (2:00)
We Wish You a Merry Christmas (Traditional) and Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (2:51)
End Title (1:32)
Holiday Flight (alternate) (2:32)
Suite from "Angels with Filthy Souls II" (:56)
Somewhere in My Memory (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (3:57)
Star of Bethlehem (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (3:32)
Christmas Star (Lyrics by Leslie Bricusse) (3:23)
Merry Christmas, Merry Christmas (orchestra) (2:23)
Novelization[edit]
Home Alone 2 was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1992 to coincide with the film. It has an ISBN of 0-590-45717-9. An audiobook version was also released read by Tim Curry (who played the concierge in the film).
As in the novelization of the first film the McCallisters live in Oak Park, Illinois and the crooks are named as Harry Lime and Marv Merchants.
In the beginning of the novelization, a prologue, which ends up being Marv's nightmare in prison, he and Harry sneak away from the cops and return to Kevin's house to seek revenge on Kevin. Kevin bolts into the garage with Marv and Harry in hot pursuit. Harry and Marv end up triggering extra traps that Kevin had set up in the garage. Kevin watches as Marv ends up triggering a trap where a running lawnmower falls on his head (This was a trap featured in Home Alone 3).
Sequels[edit]
Main article: Home Alone 3
A second sequel, Home Alone 3, followed in 1997. Two additional television movie sequels, Taking Back the House and The Holiday Heist, would follow in 2002 and 2012, respectively.
See also[edit]
List of films featuring fictional films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "HOME ALONE 2 - LOST IN NEW YORK (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. November 4, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)". The Numbers. Retrieved December 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Langille, Sean. "Never forget Donald Trump's cameo in 'Home Alone 2'". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Home Alone 2: Lost in New York - Nostalgia Critic (YouTube). Channel Awesome. December 20, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Home Alone 2 Lost in New York | Board Game | BoardGameGeek
Jump up ^ Home Alone 2 Action Contraption Game | Board Game | BoardGameGeek
Jump up ^ Reyes, Sonia (16 December 1993). "Talkboy: 'Home Alone 2' Toy Is Hot, Hot, Hot". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York - Weekend Box Office Results". Retrieved November 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Home Alone Weekend Box Office Results". Retrieved December 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Weekend box office 11th December 1992 - 13th December 1992". www.25thframe.co.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992) at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (1992-11-20). "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York". rogerebert.com. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Twin Towers: a doomed fate in film". 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Filmtracks: Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (John Williams)". Filmtracks. November 11, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Birchmeier, Jason. Home Alone 2: Lost in New York at AllMusic. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Daish, Tom (October 2, 2010). "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York - The Deluxe Edition". FilmMusicSite.com. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Home Alone 2: Lost in New York -- Screen Archives". Screen Archives. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Home Alone 2: Lost in New York
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York on IMDb
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York at the TCM Movie Database
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York at AllMovie
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York at Rotten Tomatoes
Movie Locations Guide.com - Maps and directions to Home Alone 2 Filming Locations
[show]
v
t
e
Home Alone
Films
Home Alone (1990)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Home Alone 3 (1997)
Home Alone 4 (2002)
Home Alone: The Holiday Heist (2012)
Video games
Home Alone (1991)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Home Alone (2006)
Miscellaneous
Home Alone: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Talkboy
Category
[show]
v
t
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Chris Columbus
Directed
Adventures in Babysitting (1987)
Heartbreak Hotel (1988)
Home Alone (1990)
Only the Lonely (1991)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
Nine Months (1995)
Stepmom (1998)
Bicentennial Man (1999)
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
Rent (2005)
I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009)
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)
Pixels (2015)
Produced only
Jingle All the Way (1996)
Monkeybone (2001)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
Christmas with the Kranks (2004)
Fantastic Four (2005)
Night at the Museum (2006)
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
The Help (2011)
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (2013)
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014)
The Young Messiah (2016)
I Kill Giants (2018)
Written only
Reckless (1984)
Gremlins (1984)
The Goonies (1985)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1989)
Christmas with the Kranks (2004)
Television
Galaxy High (1986, wrote)
See also
1492 Pictures
House of Secrets
[show]
v
t
e
John Hughes
Director
and writer
Sixteen Candles (1984)
The Breakfast Club (1985)
Weird Science (1985)
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Curly Sue (1991)
Writer only
National Lampoon's Class Reunion (1982)
Mr. Mom (1983)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Nate and Hayes (1983)
National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985)
Pretty in Pink (1986)
Some Kind of Wonderful (1987)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
Home Alone (1990)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Dutch (1991)
Beethoven (1992)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
Baby's Day Out (1994)
Miracle on 34th Street (1994)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Flubber (1997)
Home Alone 3 (1997)
Reach the Rock (1998)
Just Visiting (2001)
Maid in Manhattan (2002, story)
Drillbit Taylor (2008, original character)
Related
Don't You Forget About Me (2009 documentary)
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Jessica Jones (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jessica Jones (season 2)
Promotional poster
Starring
Krysten Ritter
Rachael Taylor
Carrie-Anne Moss
Eka Darville
Leah Gibson
J.R. Ramirez
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
Netflix
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
List of Jessica Jones episodes
The second season of the American web television series Jessica Jones, which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Jones as she takes on a new case after the events surrounding her encounter with Kilgrave. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season will be produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Tall Girls Productions, with Melissa Rosenberg serving as showrunner.
Krysten Ritter stars as Jones, with Rachael Taylor, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Eka Darville also returning from the first season. They are joined by Leah Gibson and J.R. Ramirez. The second season was ordered in January 2016, with filming beginning in April 2017, back-to-back with the miniseries Marvel's The Defenders. Filming concluded in September 2017.
The season is scheduled to be released on March 8, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Notable guests
2 Production
2.1 Development
2.2 Writing
2.3 Casting
2.4 Filming
3 Release
3.1 Marketing
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
Further information: List of Jessica Jones characters
Main[edit]
Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones[1]
Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker[2]
Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth[3]
Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse[4]
Leah Gibson as Ingrid[5]
J.R. Ramirez as Oscar[6]
Notable guests[edit]
David Tennant as Kilgrave[7]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that Jessica Jones the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate.[8] In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defender series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate,"[9] with series showrunner Melissa Rosenberg saying she was hopeful Jessica Jones would get an additional season before Marvel's The Defenders.[10] Rosenberg later expanded on this, saying that Marvel Television and Netflix were working out the placement of a potential second season, though "[i]t might not be possible from a logistical standpoint" to have a second season of Jessica Jones debut before The Defenders;[11] Sarandos later confirmed this to be the case, stating that the season would air after The Defenders released in 2017.[12] On January 17, 2016, Netflix ordered a second season of 13 episodes.[13] Raelle Tucker joined the season as an executive producer and writer, replacing Liz Friedman from the first season, who departed the series to work on the pilot for the ABC series, Conviction.[14]
Writing[edit]
Rosenberg and the season's writers were halfway through the writing process by August 2016,[15] with the scripts completed by the end of October 2016.[16] With The Defenders releasing before the season, Rosenberg used the miniseries as an opportunity to help "set up" elements for the season, working with The Defenders executive producers and writers Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez to do so.[17]
Rosenberg wanted to "continue with [the Jessica Jones] character" in the season, saying, "She's a very damaged character, her damage goes beyond [David Tennant's] Kilgrave. There's a lot to mine from in her backstory and in her present day situation".[18] Actress Krysten Ritter said that the second season would evolve from the first, and that for Jones, "The first season was in her head and the second season is in her heart,"[19] adding that Jones "is in a pretty dark headspace" at the beginning of the season and that the season would be "more of an emotional thriller this time."[20] On whether Tennant could return for the second season, Rosenberg said, "Sure, when you have David Tennant, you want him around forever....But the show is called Jessica Jones and the story is about Jessica's arc and how does that play out in its best form?" It was noted that Kilgrave would be "hard to top" though, with Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb saying, "One of the things that's important about any Marvel show is your hero is often defined by how strong your antagonist is,"[21] with Rosenberg adding that the objective for the new villain, or villains, for the season would be not to match or do what was done with Kilgrave.[17][22] As Kilgrave does appear in the season, Rosenberg felt it was important to have him return to "be that mirror again" for Jones, as he is "such a part of her construction and her dilemma".[20]
Rosenberg also hoped to "further expand on the ensemble and on Jessica's world" by giving more screen time to supporting characters,[23][24] noting that in the first season, "the trick of a show that's called Jessica Jones [is if] she's not in the scene, it's not a guarantee that scene will end up in the final picture. You have to earn secondary character stories. You have to flesh them out enough so that they can eventually carry stories of their own" in future seasons.[24] She also wanted to continue to explore the relationship between Jones and Trish Walker, stating "That is the core relationship in the piece. It is about female friendship, it is about how friends evolve—they're sisters, really—and it's about how they evolve and ping off each other."[22] On Jones becoming famous after her heroics in the first season, Ritter said, "She keeps her circle small because she doesn't want people in her life, so there's no textbook on how to deal with new popularity or new eyes on you."[19] Speaking on the social issues she hoped to tackle in the season, after covering "issues of choice, interracial relationships, domestic violence, [and] issues of consent" while also exploring "feminism and being a woman in this world" in the first, Rosenberg said, "I'm not quite sure yet what the social issues are that we're dealing with [in season 2]. We're just trying to find some resonance for [Jessica Jones] and a new place to push her, to give Krysten something new to play and really push the boundaries of the character."[22]
After much of the first season was taken from the Alias comic book, Rosenberg wanted to continue that trend with the second season, but acknowledged that "the MCU is very different from the comics in terms of its mythology. In the books there were things building towards Civil War and all that, and here that's not the case. The nature of that is we're probably not going to be able to continue to do parallel storylines [to Alias]".[18] On having Jones continue to struggle with the same issues in the second season, Loeb said, "The end of the [first season]—and it was one of the things that was very important when we talked about the end of the first [season]—was that it wasn't, 'Ooh, I triumphed and now I can get in my hovercar and join the Avengers.' That wasn't the story we were interested in telling."[25] Rosenberg elaborated by comparing the Jessica Jones to her previous series Dexter, saying that she learned "you can advance the character, but you never want to cure the character. With Dexter, the moment he felt guilt or accepted that he was 'bad,' the show's over. He's no longer a sociopath. The equivalent for us would be if Jessica somehow recovered from the damage that had been done to her. People don't just heal".[15] She added that Jones' killing of Kilgrave at the end of the first season was "a life changing experience" and something that would affect the character going forward.[24] Rosenberg also stated that the season would be "about digging deeper into this chaos and peeling back those layers [of Jones' life], just going to the core of her being" after the first season focused on Jones' trauma and facing her abuser.[20]
Casting[edit]
After the season was ordered, several main cast members revealed that they would return for the second season, including Ritter as Jessica Jones,[1] Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker,[26][2] and Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth.[27][3] Eka Darville also reprises his role as Malcolm Ducasse.[4] In March 2017, J.R. Ramirez was cast as Oscar, which was revealed in July after the airing of his character's death on Power.[6][28] By that month, Leah Gibson had also joined the cast, in the role of Ingrid.[5]
In April 2017, Janet McTeer was cast in an undisclosed role, described as someone who has "an enormous impact on Jessica's life."[29] In August, David Tennant was confirmed to be reprising his role as Kilgrave.[7]
Filming[edit]
Filming began the week of April 3, 2017 in New York City, once again using the working title Violet.[30] This followed the end of production on The Defenders in March,[31] with Ritter having indicated in May 2016 that the season would film back-to-back with The Defenders.[32] Filming occurred at the Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center.[33] Filming for the season wrapped on September 14, 2017.[34]
Approaching the second season, Rosenberg wanted to increase the number of female directors working on the series as a further push for representation. This was a goal that "Marvel was completely on board with", and given the demand of many talented female directors at the time, the series' producers looked to book only female directors first, and approach male directors later in the pre-production phase if needed. Another member of the production suggested that the series book only female directors for the season, which Rosenberg "hadn't contemplated [as a] concept prior to that conversation". She quickly made that the goal of the production, and in October 2016, Rosenberg confirmed that all 13 episodes of the season would be directed by women.[16]
Release[edit]
The second season of Jessica Jones is scheduled to be released on March 8, 2018,[35] on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range.[36]
Marketing[edit]
In December 2017, a teaser trailer for the season was released, along with announcing the season release date.[35]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Arrant, Chris (January 17, 2016). "JESSICA JONES Renewed For Second Season". Newsarama. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Beard, Jim (February 3, 2016). "Rachael Taylor Deals with Trish Walker's Inner Demons in 'Marvel's Jessica Jones'". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Beard, Jim (February 5, 2016). "Carrie-Anne Moss Pays for Hogarth's Sins in 'Marvel's Jessica Jones'". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Spencer (August 17, 2017). "Jessica Jones Season 2 Set Photos Tease How Kilgrave Returns". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Latour, Rob (July 12, 2017). "'Jessica Jones' Season 2 Adds 'Twilight' Actress Leah Gibson (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Dinh, Christine (July 31, 2017). "J.R. Ramirez Joins 'Marvel's Jessica Jones'". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Li, Shirley (August 14, 2017). "Marvel's Jessica Jones: David Tennant to appear in season 2". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (January 7, 2015). "Netflix announces 'Daredevil,' 'Bloodline,' 'Kimmy Schmidt' premiere dates". Zap2It. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (July 28, 2015). "Netflix On Marvel Series Release Plan And If Punisher Could Get A Spinoff". IGN. Archived from the original on July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve (October 12, 2015). "Krysten Ritter & Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Talk 'Jessica Jones' at NYCC". Collider. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (November 20, 2015). "'Jessica Jones' Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Talks About Her Tough Heroine". Variety. Archived from the original on November 21, 2015. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (July 27, 2016). "New 'Jessica Jones,' 'Daredevil' and 'Punisher' No Earlier Than 2018?". ScreenCrush. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Friedlander, Whitney (January 17, 2016). "'Jessica Jones' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix". Variety. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 31, 2016). "'Jessica Jones': Raelle Tucker Joins Netflix Series As Executive Producer". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Dibdin, Emma (September 20, 2016). "What To Expect From the Second Season of Jessica Jones". Esquire. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan, Maureen (October 22, 2016). "'Jessica Jones' Hires All Women Directors for Season 2, Showrunner Says". Variety. Archived from the original on October 23, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Terri (August 9, 2016). "Jessica Jones Showrunner Melissa Rosenberg Previews The Defenders Aftermath And Season 2 Plans". IGN. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Ge, Linda (January 17, 2016). "'Jessica Jones' Showrunner on Season 2: 'Her Damage Goes Beyond Killgrave'". TheWrap. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Atkinson, S. (August 18, 2017). "'Jessica Jones' Season 2 Clues From Krysten Ritter Should Get Fans Jonsin' For New Episodes". Bustle. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Li, Shirley (December 8, 2017). "Marvel's Jessica Jones: David Tennant's Kilgrave returns to torment Jessica in season 2 first look". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bentley, Jean (January 18, 2016). "Do Jessica Jones and Luke Cage Have a Future? Krysten Ritter Hopes So". E!. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abrams, Natalie (August 12, 2016). "Jessica Jones boss teases Jessica-Trish dynamic in season 2". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (November 18, 2015). "'Marvel's Jessica Jones' EP Melissa Rosenberg On Luke Cage, Season 2, 'Supergirl' & Gender Parity In Hollywood". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ritter, Stephanie (May 12, 2016). Jessica Jones Season Two Details Revealed! (Exclusive!). Nerdist Industries. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (January 17, 2016). "How Jessica Jones' Final Triumph Isn't An Easy Resolution". IGN. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (January 17, 2016). "Jessica Jones: Rachael Taylor on Trish's Potential Hellcat Future in Season 2". IGN. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (January 28, 2016). "'Jessica Jones' Cast on Season 2 Possibilities, Sex Scenes, and 'Luke Cage'". Collider.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberley (July 31, 2017). "Power's J.R. Ramirez Breaks Down Julio's Ultimate Mistake, Plus: What Marvel Show Is He Headed To?". TVLine. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, Jame (April 6, 2017). "Jessica Jones casts Oscar nominee in major season 2 mystery role". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Arrant, Christ (April 6, 2017). "Maleficent Actor Cast As 'Undisclosed Character' For Jessica Jones' 2nd Season". Newsarama. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hood, Cooper (March 19, 2017). "The Defenders Has Finished Filming". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Russell, Scarlett (May 11, 2016). "Defenders and Jessica Jones season 2 will be filmed back to back, says Krysten Ritter". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zegers, Kelly (June 6, 2017). "Netflix hit 'Jessica Jones' films at Long Island Aquarium". Northforker. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ridgely, Charlie (September 15, 2017). "Filming Wraps on 'Jessica Jones' Season 2". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramos, Dino-Ray (December 9, 2017). "'Marvel's Jessica Jones': Season 2 Premiere Date Set For Netflix Superhero Series". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Marvel's Jessica Jones". Netflix. Archived from the original on September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
External links[edit]
Marvel's Jessica Jones on IMDb
Marvel's Jessica Jones at TV.com
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NFL win–loss records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that NFL standings since AFL–NFL merger be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2017.
The following is a list of win–loss records for each of the 32 active National Football League (NFL) teams.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regular season
2 Playoffs
3 Notes
4 References
Regular season[edit]
George Halas (right) of the Chicago Bears, who have recorded the most regular season wins.
The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their regular season win–loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2016 NFL regular season.[1] For teams that previously played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), their AAFC win-loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL–AAFC merger.[2][a] However, for teams that played in the American Football League (AFL), their AFL win-loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL. Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win-loss record.
Best win–loss record in division
Rank
Team
Won
Lost
Tied
Pct.
First NFL Season
Total Games
Division
1 Dallas Cowboys 493 367 6 .573 1960 866 NFC East
2 Green Bay Packers 730 553 37 .567 1921 1,320 NFC North
3 Chicago Bears 744 568 42 .565 1920 1,354 NFC North
4 Miami Dolphins 439 341 4 .563 1966 784 AFC East
5 New England Patriots[b] 476 383 9 .554 1960 868 AFC East
6 New York Giants 684 572 33 .543 1925 1,289 NFC East
7 Denver Broncos 465 393 10 .541 1960 868 AFC West
8 Minnesota Vikings 457 387 10 .541 1961 854 NFC North
9 Baltimore Ravens 181 154 1 .540 1996 336 AFC North
10 San Francisco 49ers 522 450 14 .537 1950 986 NFC West
11 Indianapolis Colts[c] 502 441 7 .532 1953 950 AFC South
12 Oakland Raiders 456 401 11 .532 1960 868 AFC West
13 Pittsburgh Steelers 601 535 20 .529 1933 1,156 AFC North
14 Kansas City Chiefs 447 409 12 .522 1960 868 AFC West
15 Washington Redskins 586 572 28 .506 1932 1,186 NFC East
16 Seattle Seahawks 325 318 1 .505 1976 644 NFC West
17 Cleveland Browns 462 466 10 .498 1950 938 AFC North
18 Los Angeles Chargers 426 431 11 .497 1960 868 AFC West
19 Los Angeles Rams 544 554 21 .496 1937 1,119 NFC West
20 Carolina Panthers 172 179 1 .490 1995 352 NFC South
21 Philadelphia Eagles 555 591 26 .485 1933 1,172 NFC East
22 Tennessee Titans 413 449 6 .479 1960 868 AFC South
23 Buffalo Bills 400 460 8 .465 1960 868 AFC East
24 Detroit Lions 544 641 32 .460 1930 1,217 NFC North
25 Cincinnati Bengals 344 408 4 .458 1968 756 AFC North
26 New York Jets 392 468 8 .456 1960 868 AFC East
27 New Orleans Saints 338 427 5 .442 1967 770 NFC South
28 Houston Texans 106 134 0 .442 2002 240 AFC South
29 Jacksonville Jaguars 155 197 0 .440 1995 352 AFC South
30 Atlanta Falcons 341 437 6 .439 1966 784 NFC South
31 Arizona Cardinals 542 732 40 .428 1920 1,314 NFC West
32 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 250 393 1 .389 1976 644 NFC South
Playoffs[edit]
Members of the Baltimore Ravens franchise, the team with the highest playoff win–loss percentage, during the Lombardi Trophy presentation following their Super Bowl XLVII victory
Marvin Lewis, head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals, who have registered the lowest playoff win-loss percentage of all time
The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their playoff win-loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI.
Best win–loss record in division
Team active in playoffs
Rank
Team
Games
Won
Lost
Pct.
Last playoff
appearance
Division
1 Baltimore Ravens 23 15 8 .652 2014 AFC North
2 New England Patriots 51 32 19 .627 2016 AFC East
3 Green Bay Packers 56 34 22 .607 2016 NFC North
4 (tie) Pittsburgh Steelers 60 36 24 .600 2016 AFC North
4 (tie) San Francisco 49ers 50 30 20 .600 2013 NFC West
6 Oakland Raiders 44 25 19 .568 2016 AFC West
7 Carolina Panthers 16 9 7 .563 2015 NFC South
8 Dallas Cowboys 61 34 27 .557 2016 NFC East
9 (tie) Washington Redskins 42 23 19 .548 2015 NFC East
9 (tie) Denver Broncos 42 23 19 .548 2015 AFC West
11 Seattle Seahawks 31 16 15 .516 2016 NFC West
12 New York Giants 49 24 25 .490 2016 NFC East
13 Indianapolis Colts 45 22 23 .489 2014 AFC South
14 Miami Dolphins 41 20 21 .488 2016 AFC East
15 Chicago Bears 35 17 18 .486 2010 NFC North
16 Buffalo Bills 29 14 15 .483 1999 AFC East
17 New York Jets 25 12 13 .480 2010 AFC East
18 Philadelphia Eagles 40 19 21 .475 2013 NFC East
19 Jacksonville Jaguars 11 5 6 .455 2007 AFC South
20 Los Angeles Rams 43 19 24 .442 2004 NFC West
21 (tie) Arizona Cardinals 16 7 9 .438 2015 NFC West
21 (tie) New Orleans Saints 16 7 9 .438 2013 NFC South
23 Houston Texans 7 3 4 .429 2016 AFC South
24 Tennessee Titans 33 14 19 .424 2008 AFC South
25 Atlanta Falcons 22 9 13 .409 2016 NFC South
26 Minnesota Vikings 47 19 28 .404 2015 NFC North
27 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 15 6 9 .400 2007 NFC South
28 Los Angeles Chargers 28 11 17 .393 2013 AFC West
29 Cleveland Browns 31 11 20 .355 2002 AFC North
30 Detroit Lions 20 7 13 .350 2016 NFC North
31 Kansas City Chiefs 26 9 17 .346 2016 AFC West
32 Cincinnati Bengals 19 5 14 .263 2015 AFC North
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, the Browns' regular season win–loss record does not include a 47–4–3 record compiled in the All-America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949, nor does their playoff record include the 5–0 record compiled during the same period. Likewise, the 49ers' AAFC regular season win–loss record of 38–14–2, nor their 1-1 AAFC playoff record are officially counted
Jump up ^ The Patriots played as the "Boston Patriots" from 1960–1970, before adopting the "New England Patriots" name, which they have played under since the 1971 season.[3] The team was also briefly known as the "Bay State Patriots" prior to the 1971 season.[4]
Jump up ^ The Colts played under the "Baltimore Colts" name from 1953–1983, before relocating to Indianapolis and adpoting their current "Indianapolis Colts" name, which they have played under since the 1984 season.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Franchise Encyclopedias". Pro Football Reference. Sports-Reference. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown, Daniel; Emmons, Mark (November 8, 2011). "49ers great Joe Perry and the stats that don't count". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New England Patriots — Team History". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dewdney, Mike (February 21, 2012). "The Rise and Fall of the Bay State Patriots". Chris Creamer's Sports Logos. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hensley, Jamison (March 28, 2014). "30 years on, Baltimore better without Colts". ESPN. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
[show]
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text:
Compromise of 1877
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as a character Mephistopheles (the Devil) while Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with the prize of the "Solid South" depicted as a woman. The caption quotes Goethe: "Unto that Power he doth belong Which only doeth Right while ever willing Wrong."
The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left, and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control. They already dominated other state governments in the South. What was exactly agreed is somewhat contested as the documentation is insufficient.[1]
Black Republicans felt betrayed as they lost power and were subject to discrimination and harassment to suppress their voting. by 1905 most black men were effectively disenfranchised by state legislatures in every southern state.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Terms of compromise
2 Results
3 Interpretations
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Terms of compromise[edit]
The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as president, but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands. The following elements are generally said to be the points of the compromise:[3]
The removal of all[citation needed] U.S. military forces from the former Confederate states. At the time, U.S. troops remained in only Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, but the Compromise completed their withdrawal from the region.
The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes' cabinet. (David M. Key of Tennessee was appointed as Postmaster General.)
The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and Pacific in the South (this had been part of the "Scott Plan," proposed by Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad; he had initiated negotiations resulting in the final compromise).
Legislation to help industrialize the South and restore its economy following Reconstruction and the Civil War.
The right to deal with blacks without northern interference.
In exchange, Democrats would accept the Republican Hayes as president by not employing the filibuster during the joint session of Congress needed to confirm the election.[4][5]
Results[edit]
After the Compromise, a few Democrats complained loudly that Tilden had been cheated. There was talk of forming armed units that would march on Washington, but President Grant was ready for that. He tightened military security, and nobody marched on Washington.[6]
Hayes was peacefully inaugurated. Points 1 and 2 of the compromise took effect. Hayes had already announced his support for the restoration of "home rule," which would involve federal troop removal, before the election. It was not unusual, nor unexpected, for a president, especially one so narrowly elected, to select a cabinet member favored by the other party. Points 3 and 4 were never enacted; it is possible there was no firm agreement about them.
Whether by informal deal or simply reassurances already in line with Hayes's announced plans, talks with Southern Democrats satisfied the worries of many. This prevented a Congressional filibuster that had threatened to extend resolution of the election dispute beyond Inauguration Day 1877.[7]
Interpretations[edit]
C. Vann Woodward (1951) argued for an economic interpretation, saying that emerging business and industry interests of the New South found common ground with Republican businessmen, particularly with the railroads. They met secretly at Wormley's Hotel in Washington to forge a compromise with aid to internal improvements: bridges, canals and railroads wanted by the South. But Peskin notes that no serious federal effort was made after Hayes took office to fund a railroad or provide other federal aid for improvements.[8] An opposing interest group representing the Southern Pacific actually thwarted Scott's proposed Texas and Pacific scheme, and ultimately ran its own line to New Orleans.
Some historians, such as Allan Peskin, argue that the assurances offered to some Southern Democrats to prevent a filibuster were not a compromise but a foregone conclusion, as Tilden did not command sufficient support.[8] Peskin admits that Woodward's interpretation had become almost universally accepted in the nearly quarter century since he had published it. As not all terms of the agreement were met, Peskin believes there was really no deal between the North and South in 1877. He also suggests that Northern Democrats were more significant in quashing the filibuster than those from the South. For instance, Samuel J. Randall (D-Pennsylvania) was Speaker of the House and prevented the filibuster. He was more interested in ensuring that the Radical state government in Louisiana was abandoned than in any southern railroad.[8]
Vincent DeSantis argues that the Republican Party abandoned Southern blacks to the rule of the racist Democratic Party in order to gain the support of Democrats for Hayes' presidency.[9]
In any case, Reconstruction ended. The dominance of the Democratic Party in the South was cemented with the ascent of the "Redeemer" governments that displaced the Republican governments. After 1877, support for white supremacy generally caused whites to vote for Democrats and the region became known as the "Solid South."[citation needed] Until the end of the 19th century, black Republicans continued to elect numerous candidates to local office, although Democrats controlled most state representative and statewide seats, except for a brief period of fusion governments supported by Republicans and Populists. The majority of white voters supported national Democratic candidates well into the 20th century before shifting to the Republican Party. This later shift to the Republican party followed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which was introduced by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson and supported by most Republicans and northern Democrats. Democratic groups worked to suppress black voting by intimidation and fraud but, after regaining power again at the turn of the 20th century, passed constitutions and laws to disenfranchise blacks (as well as many poor whites) in states such as Alabama and others. As there was no change in congressional apportionment, southern whites accrued great power by controlling all the seats of the region based on states' total populations.
In The Mexicanization of American Politics: The United States' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization (2012), Downs rejects the idea that this was an era of easy reconciliation and political stability. Instead he shows many Americans feared "Mexicanization" of politics, whereby force would be used to settle a presidential election, as force had been used to settle certain state elections in the South. Downs explores how Mexicanization was roundly rejected and stability was achieved.
Whatever deals may or may not have taken place on the side, in formal legal terms, the election of 1876 was not decided by such acts, but by the official vote of Congress to accept the recommendations of the Electoral Commission they themselves had set up as a way out of the election impasse. The expectation in setting up the committee had been that its decisions would be accepted by Congress. It was only when certain Democrats disagreed with the commission's decisions in favor of Hayes that this arrangement was jeopardized. This Democratic group threatened a filibuster (opposed by Republicans and Congressional Democratic leadership as well) that would prevent the agreed-upon vote from taking place. Discussions of the points in the alleged compromise were related to persuading key Democrats against accepting a filibuster. The very threat of a filibuster—a measure used by a minority to prevent a vote—indicates that there were already sufficient votes for accepting the commission's recommendations.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict, "Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876-1877: A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction." Journal of Southern History (1980): 489-524. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Jones, Stephen A.; Freedman, Eric (2011). Presidents and Black America. CQ Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781608710089. In an eleventh-hour compromise between party leaders - considered the "Great Betrayal" by many blacks and southern Republicans ...
Jump up ^ Woodward, C. Vann (1966). Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 169–171.
Jump up ^ Donald Richard Deskins; Hanes Walton; Sherman C. Puckett (2010). Presidential Elections, 1789-2008: County, State, and National Mapping of Election Data. U of Michigan Press. p. 211.
Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward (1991). Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Oxford UP. pp. 200–2`.
Jump up ^ Downs, 2012
Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward (1991). Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Oxford UP. pp. 200–2`.
^ Jump up to: a b c Allan Peskin, "Was There a Compromise of 1877?", The Journal of American History Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jun., 1973), pp. 63-75, via JSTOR
Jump up ^ Vincent P. DeSantis, "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction," in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, eds., Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Van Woodward (New York, 1982), 417- 50
Jump up ^ Michael Les Benedict, "Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876-1877: A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction." Journal of Southern History (1980): 489-524.
Further reading[edit]
Benedict, Michael Les. "Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876-1877: A Reconsideration of Reunion and Reaction." Journal of Southern History (1980): 489-524. in JSTOR
Clendenen, Clarence C. (October 1969). "President Hayes' "Withdrawal" of the Troops: An Enduring Myth". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 70 (4): 240–250.
DeSantis, Vincent P. "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Removal of the Troops and the End of Reconstruction" in Region, Race and Reconstruction edited by Morgan Kousser and James McPherson. (Oxford University Press, 1982) pp. 417–50.
Downs, Gregory P. (2012). "The Mexicanization of American Politics: The United States' Transnational Path from Civil War to Stabilization". The American Historical Review. 117 (2): 387–409. doi:10.1086/ahr.117.2.387.
Frantz, Edward O. The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877–1933 (University Press of Florida. 2011)
Peskin, Allan (1973). "Was There a Compromise of 1877". The Journal of American History. 60 (1): 63–75. doi:10.2307/2936329. ISSN 1936-0967. JSTOR 2936329 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Polakoff, Keith Ian. The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction (1973)
Riddleberger, Patrick W. (1960). "The Radicals' Abandonment of the Negro During Reconstruction". The Journal of Negro History. 45 (2): 88–102. doi:10.2307/2716572. JSTOR 2716572 – via JSTOR.
Simpson, Brooks D. "Ulysses S. Grant and the Electoral Crisis of 1876-1877," Hayes Historical Journal (1992) 11#2 pp 5–22.
Woodward, C. Vann (1951). Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction. Oxford University Press.
External links[edit]
Samueltilden.com: History of Samuel J. Tilden website
Rbhayes.org: R. B. Hayes Presidential Library
Southernspaces.org: "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C." — by Richard White in Southern Spaces (16 April 2009).
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