text:
Aphasia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Aphagia. For other uses, see Aphasia (disambiguation).
Aphasia
Pronunciation
/əˈfeɪʒə/, /əˈfeɪziə/ or /eɪˈfeɪziə/
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Neurology, psychiatry
ICD-10
F80.0-F80.2, R47.0
ICD-9-CM
315.31, 784.3, 438.11
DiseasesDB
4024
MedlinePlus
003204
eMedicine
neuro/437
MeSH
D001037
[edit on Wikidata]
Dysphasia
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Neurology
ICD-10
F80.1, F80.2, R47.0
ICD-9-CM
438.12, 784.5
[edit on Wikidata]
Aphasia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions.[1] This damage is typically caused by a cerebral vascular accident (stroke), or head trauma; however, these are not the only possible causes. To be diagnosed with aphasia, a person's speech or language must be significantly impaired in one (or several) of the four communication modalities following acquired brain injury or have significant decline over a short time period (progressive aphasia). The four communication modalities are auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading and writing, and functional communication.
The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words to losing the ability to speak, read, or write; intelligence, however, is unaffected.[2] Expressive language and receptive language can both be affected as well. Aphasia also affects visual language such as sign language.[1] In contrast, the use of formulaic expressions in everyday communication is often preserved.[3] One prevalent deficit in the aphasias is anomia, which is a deficit in word finding ability.[4]
The term aphasia implies that one or more communication modalities in the brain have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly. Aphasia does not refer to damage to the brain that results in motor or sensory deficits, which produces abnormal speech; that is, aphasia is not related to the mechanics of speech but rather the individual's language cognition (although a person can have both problems). An individual's "language" is the socially shared set of rules as well as the thought processes that go behind verbalized speech. It is not a result of a more peripheral motor or sensory difficulty, such as paralysis affecting the speech muscles or a general hearing impairment.
Aphasia affects about 2 million people in the US and 250,000 people in Great Britain.[better source needed] Though nearly 180,000 people in the US acquire the disorder a year, 84.5% of people have never heard of the condition.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Related behaviors
1.1.1 Subcortical
2 Causes
3 Classification
3.1 Boston classification
3.2 Classical-localizationist approaches
3.3 Cognitive neuropsychological approaches
3.4 Progressive aphasias
3.5 Deaf aphasia
3.6 Severity
4 Prevention
5 Management
5.1 Intensity of treatment
5.2 Individualized service delivery
6 Outcomes
7 History
7.1 Etymology
8 Notable cases
9 Further Research
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an acquired brain injury, although some of these symptoms may be due to related or concomitant problems such as dysarthria or apraxia and not primarily due to aphasia. Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain. Signs and symptoms may or may not be present in individuals with aphasia and may vary in severity and level of disruption to communication.[6] Often those with aphasia will try to hide their inability to name objects by using words like thing. So when asked to name a pencil they may say it is a thing used to write.[7]
Inability to comprehend language
Inability to pronounce, not due to muscle paralysis or weakness
Inability to speak spontaneously
Inability to form words
Inability to name objects (anomia)
Poor enunciation
Excessive creation and use of personal neologisms
Inability to repeat a phrase
Persistent repetition of one syllable, word, or phrase (stereotypies)
Paraphasia (substituting letters, syllables or words)
Agrammatism (inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion)
Dysprosody (alterations in inflexion, stress, and rhythm)
Incomplete sentences
Inability to read
Inability to write
Limited verbal output
Difficulty in naming
Speech disorder
Speaking gibberish
Inability to follow or understand simple requests
Related behaviors[edit]
Given the previously stated signs and symptoms the following behaviors are often seen in people with aphasia as a result of attempted compensation for incurred speech and language deficits:
Self-repairs: Further disruptions in fluent speech as a result of mis-attempts to repair erred speech production.[citation needed]
Speech disfluencies: Include previously mentioned disfluencies including repetitions and prolongations at the phonemic, syllable and word level presenting in pathological/ severe levels of frequency.
Struggle in non-fluent aphasias: A severe increase in expelled effort to speak after a life where talking and communicating was an ability that came so easily can cause visible frustration.
Preserved and automatic language: A behavior in which some language or language sequences that were used so frequently, prior to onset, they still possess the ability to produce them with more ease than other language post onset.[8]
Subcortical[edit]
Subcortical aphasias characteristics and symptoms depend upon the site and size of subcortical lesion. Possible sites of lesions include the thalamus, internal capsule, and basal ganglia.
Causes[edit]
Regions of the left hemisphere that can give rise to aphasia when damaged[9]
Aphasia is most often caused by stroke, but any disease or damage to the parts of the brain that control language can cause aphasia. Some of these can include brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, and progressive neurological disorders.[10] In rare cases, aphasia may also result from herpesviral encephalitis.[11] The herpes simplex virus affects the frontal and temporal lobes, subcortical structures, and the hippocampal tissue, which can trigger aphasia.[12] In acute disorders, such as head injury or stroke, aphasia usually develops quickly. When caused by brain tumor, infection, or dementia, it develops more slowly.[2][13]
Substantial damage to tissue anywhere within the region shown in blue on the figure below can potentially result in aphasia.[14] Aphasia can also sometimes be caused by damage to subcortical structures deep within the left hemisphere, including the thalamus, the internal and external capsules, and the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.[15][16] The area and extent of brain damage or atrophy will determine the type of aphasia and its symptoms.[2][13] A very small number of people can experience aphasia after damage to the right hemisphere only. It has been suggested that these individuals may have had an unusual brain organization prior to their illness or injury, with perhaps greater overall reliance on the right hemisphere for language skills than in the general population.[17][18]
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), while its name can be misleading, is actually a form of dementia that has some symptoms closely related to several forms of aphasia. It is characterized by a gradual loss in language functioning while other cognitive domains are mostly preserved, such as memory and personality. PPA usually initiates with sudden word-finding difficulties in an individual and progresses to a reduced ability to formulate grammatically correct sentences (syntax) and impaired comprehension. The etiology of PPA is not due to a stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or infectious disease; it is still uncertain what initiates the onset of PPA in those affected by it.[19]
Epilepsy can also include transient aphasia as a prodromal or episodic symptom.[20] Aphasia is also listed as a rare side-effect of the fentanyl patch, an opioid used to control chronic pain.[21]
Classification[edit]
Aphasia is best thought of as a collection of different disorders, rather than a single problem. Each individual with aphasia will present with their own particular combination of language strengths and weaknesses. Consequently, it is a major challenge just to document the various difficulties that can occur in different people, let alone decide how they might best be treated. Most classifications of the aphasias tend to divide the various symptoms into broad classes. A common approach is to distinguish between the fluent aphasias (where speech remains fluent, but content may be lacking, and the person may have difficulties understanding others), and the nonfluent aphasias (where speech is very halting and effortful, and may consist of just one or two words at a time).
However, no such broad-based grouping has proven fully adequate. There is wide variation among people even within the same broad grouping, and aphasias can be highly selective. For instance, people with naming deficits (anomic aphasia) might show an inability only for naming buildings, or people, or colors.[22]
It is important to note that there are typical difficulties with speech and language that come with normal aging as well. As we age language can become more difficult to process resulting in slowing of verbal comprehension, reading abilities and more likely word finding difficulties. With each of these though, unlike some aphasias, functionality within daily life remains intact.[23]
Boston classification[edit]
Major characteristics of different types of aphasia according to the Boston classification[24][25]
Type of aphasia
Speech repetition
Naming
Auditory comprehension
Fluency
Broca's aphasia Moderate–severe Moderate–severe Mild difficulty Non-fluent, effortful, slow
Wernicke's aphasia Mild–severe Mild–severe Defective Fluent paraphasic
Conduction aphasia Poor Poor Relatively good Fluent
Mixed transcortical aphasia Moderate Poor Poor Non-fluent
Transcortical motor aphasia Good Mild–severe Mild Non-fluent
Transcortical sensory aphasia Good Moderate–severe Poor Fluent
Global aphasia Poor Poor Poor Non-fluent
Anomic aphasia Mild Moderate–severe Mild Fluent
Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia, also referred to as receptive or fluent aphasia, may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new "words" (neologisms). For example, someone with receptive aphasia may say, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before", meaning "The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk". They have poor auditory and reading comprehension, and fluent, but nonsensical, oral and written expression. Individuals with receptive aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding the speech of both themselves and others and are, therefore, often unaware of their mistakes. Receptive language deficits usually arise from lesions in the posterior portion of the left hemisphere at or near Wernicke's area.[26][27][28] It is often the result of trauma to the temporal region of the brain, specifically damage to Wernicke’s area.[29] Trauma can be the result from an array of problems, however it is most commonly seen as a result of stroke[30]
Individuals with Broca's aphasia frequently speak short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great effort. It is thus characterized as a nonfluent aphasia. Affected people often omit small words such as "is", "and", and "the". For example, a person with expressive aphasia may say, "Walk dog," which could mean "I will take the dog for a walk", "You take the dog for a walk" or even "The dog walked out of the yard". Individuals with expressive aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems.[31]
Individuals with anomic aphasia have difficulty with naming. People with this aphasia may have difficulties naming certain words, linked by their grammatical type (e.g., difficulty naming verbs and not nouns) or by their semantic category (e.g., difficulty naming words relating to photography but nothing else) or a more general naming difficulty. People tend to produce grammatic, yet empty, speech. Auditory comprehension tends to be preserved.[citation needed] Anomic aphasia is the aphasial presentation of tumors in the language zone; it is the aphasial presentation of Alzheimer's disease.[32] Anomic aphasia is the mildest form of aphasia, indicating a likely possibility for better recovery.[33][page needed]
Individuals with transcortical sensory aphasia, in principle the most general and potentially among the most complex forms of aphasia, may have similar deficits as in receptive aphasia, but their repetition ability may remain intact.
Global aphasia is considered a severe impairment in many language aspects since it impacts expressive and receptive language, reading, and writing.[34] Despite these many deficits, there is evidence that has shown individuals benefited from speech language therapy.[35] Even though individuals with global aphasia will not become competent speakers, listeners, writers, or readers, goals can be created to improve the individual’s quality of life.[31] Individuals with global aphasia usually respond well to treatment that includes personally relevant information, which is also important to consider for therapy.[31]
Individuals with conduction aphasia have deficits in the connections between the speech-comprehension and speech-production areas. This might be caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, the structure that transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area. Similar symptoms, however, can be present after damage to the insula or to the auditory cortex. Auditory comprehension is near normal, and oral expression is fluent with occasional paraphasic errors. Paraphasic errors include phonemic/literal or semantic/verbal. Repetition ability is poor. Conduction and transcortical aphasias are caused by damage to the white matter tracts. These aphasias spare the cortex of the language centers, but instead create a disconnection between them. Conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus. The arcuate fasciculus is a white matter tract that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. People with conduction aphasia typically have good language comprehension, but poor speech repetition and mild difficulty with word retrieval and speech production. People with conduction aphasia are typically aware of their errors.[31]
Transcortical aphasias include transcortical motor aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, and mixed transcortical aphasia. People with transcortical motor aphasia typically have intact comprehension and awareness of their errors, but poor word finding and speech production. People with transcortical sensory and mixed transcortical aphasia have poor comprehension and unawareness of their errors.[31] Despite poor comprehension and more severe deficits in some transcortical aphasias, small studies have indicated that full recovery is possible for all types of transcortical aphasia.[36]
Classical-localizationist approaches[edit]
Cortex
Localizationist approaches aim to classify the aphasias according to their major presenting characteristics and the regions of the brain that most probably gave rise to them.[37][38] Inspired by the early work of nineteenth century neurologists Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke, these approaches identify two major subtypes of aphasia and several more minor subtypes:
Expressive aphasia (also known as "motor aphasia" or "Broca's aphasia"), which is characterized by halted, fragmented, effortful speech, but well-preserved comprehension relative to expression. Damage is typically in the anterior portion of the left hemisphere,[39] most notably Broca's area. Individuals with Broca's aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg, because the left frontal lobe is also important for body movement, particularly on the right side.
Receptive aphasia (also known as "sensory aphasia" or "Wernicke's aphasia"), which is characterized by fluent speech, but marked difficulties understanding words and sentences. Although fluent, the speech may lack in key substantive words (nouns, verbs, adjectives), and may contain incorrect words or even nonsense words. This subtype has been associated with damage to the posterior left temporal cortex, most notably Wernicke's area. These individuals usually have no body weakness, because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.
Conduction aphasia, where speech remains fluent, and comprehension is preserved, but the person may have disproportionate difficulty where repeating words or sentences. Damage typically involves the arcuate fasciculus and the left parietal region.[39]
Transcortical motor aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia, which are similar to Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia respectively, but the ability to repeat words and sentences is disproportionately preserved.
Recent classification schemes adopting this approach, such as the "Boston-Neoclassical Model",[37] also group these classical aphasia subtypes into two larger classes: the nonfluent aphasias (which encompasses Broca's aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia) and the fluent aphasias (which encompasses Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia). These schemes also identify several further aphasia subtypes, including: anomic aphasia, which is characterized by a selective difficulty finding the names for things; and global aphasia, where both expression and comprehension of speech are severely compromised.
Many localizationist approaches also recognize the existence of additional, more "pure" forms of language disorder that may affect only a single language skill.[40] For example, in pure alexia, a person may be able to write but not read, and in pure word deafness, they may be able to produce speech and to read, but not understand speech when it is spoken to them.
Cognitive neuropsychological approaches[edit]
Although localizationist approaches provide a useful way of classifying the different patterns of language difficulty into broad groups, one problem is that a sizeable number of individuals do not fit neatly into one category or another.[41][42] Another problem is that the categories, particularly the major ones such as Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia, still remain quite broad. Consequently, even amongst individuals who meet the criteria for classification into a subtype, there can be enormous variability in the types of difficulties they experience.
Instead of categorizing every individual into a specific subtype, cognitive neuropsychological approaches aim to identify the key language skills or "modules" that are not functioning properly in each individual. A person could potentially have difficulty with just one module, or with a number of modules. This type of approach requires a framework or theory as to what skills/modules are needed to perform different kinds of language tasks. For example, the model of Max Coltheart identifies a module that recognizes phonemes as they are spoken, which is essential for any task involving recognition of words. Similarly, there is a module that stores phonemes that the person is planning to produce in speech, and this module is critical for any task involving the production of long words or long strings of speech. Once a theoretical framework has been established, the functioning of each module can then be assessed using a specific test or set of tests. In the clinical setting, use of this model usually involves conducting a battery of assessments,[43][44] each of which tests one or a number of these modules. Once a diagnosis is reached as to the skills/modules where the most significant impairment lies, therapy can proceed to treat these skills.
Progressive aphasias[edit]
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative focal dementia that can be associated with progressive illnesses or dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia / Pick Complex Motor neuron disease, Progressive supranuclear palsy, and Alzheimer's disease, which is the gradual process of progressively losing the ability to think. Gradual loss of language function occurs in the context of relatively well-preserved memory, visual processing, and personality until the advanced stages. Symptoms usually begin with word-finding problems (naming) and progress to impaired grammar (syntax) and comprehension (sentence processing and semantics).<American Speech-Language-Hearing Association> The loss of language before the loss of memory differentiates PPA from typical dementias. People suffering from PPA may have difficulties comprehending what others are saying. They can also have difficulty trying to find the right words to make a sentence.[45][46][47] There are three classifications of Primary Progressive Aphasia : Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), Semantic Dementia (SD), and Logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA)[47][48]
[[Jargon aphasia|Progressive Jargon Aphasia[citation needed]]] is a fluent or receptive aphasia in which the person's speech is incomprehensible, but appears to make sense to them. Speech is fluent and effortless with intact syntax and grammar, but the person has problems with the selection of nouns. Either they will replace the desired word with another that sounds or looks like the original one or has some other connection or they will replace it with sounds. As such, people with jargon aphasia often use neologisms, and may perseverate if they try to replace the words they cannot find with sounds. Substitutions commonly involve picking another (actual) word starting with the same sound (e.g., clocktower - colander), picking another semantically related to the first (e.g., letter - scroll), or picking one phonetically similar to the intended one (e.g., lane - late).
Deaf aphasia[edit]
There have been many instances showing that there is a form of aphasia among deaf individuals. Sign languages are, after all, forms of language that have been shown to use the same areas of the brain as verbal forms of language. Mirror neurons become activated when an animal is acting in a particular way or watching another individual act in the same manner. These mirror neurons are important in giving an individual the ability to mimic movements of hands. Broca's area of speech production has been shown to contain several of these mirror neurons resulting in significant similarities of brain activity between sign language and vocal speech communication. Facial communication is a significant portion of how animals interact with each other. Humans use facial movements to create, what other humans perceive, to be faces of emotions. While combining these facial movements with speech, a more full form of language is created which enables the species to interact with a much more complex and detailed form of communication. Sign language also uses these facial movements and emotions along with the primary hand movement way of communicating. These facial movement forms of communication come from the same areas of the brain. When dealing with damages to certain areas of the brain, vocal forms of communication are in jeopardy of severe forms of aphasia. Since these same areas of the brain are being used for sign language, these same, at least very similar, forms of aphasia can show in the Deaf community. Individuals can show a form of Wernicke's aphasia with sign language and they show deficits in their abilities in being able to produce any form of expressions. Broca's aphasia shows up in some people, as well. These individuals find tremendous difficulty in being able to actually sign the linguistic concepts they are trying to express.[49]
Severity[edit]
The severity of the type of aphasia varies depending on the size of the stroke. However, there is much variance between how often one type of severity occurs in certain types of aphasia. For instance, any type of aphasia can range from mild to profound. Regardless of the severity of aphasia, people can make improvements due to spontaneous recovery and treatment in the acute stages of recovery.[50] Klebic et al. (2011) found that people with severe aphasia improved after receiving therapy for a year, consequently reducing the severity of their aphasia.[51] Additionally, while most studies propose that the greatest outcomes occur in people with severe aphasia when treatment is provided in the acute stages of recovery, Robey (1998) also found that those with severe aphasia are capable of making strong language gains in the chronic stage of recovery as well.[50] This finding implies that persons with aphasia have the potential to have functional outcomes regardless of how severe their aphasia may be.[50] While there is no distinct pattern of the outcomes of aphasia based on severity alone, global aphasia typically make functional language gains, but may be gradual since global aphasia affects many language areas.
Prevention[edit]
Following are some precautions that should be taken to avoid aphasia, by decreasing the risk of stroke, the main cause of aphasia:
Exercising regularly
Eating a healthy diet
Keeping alcohol consumption low and avoiding tobacco use
Controlling blood pressure[52]
Management[edit]
When addressing Wernicke’s aphasia, according to Bakheit et al. (2007), the lack of awareness of the language impairments, a common characteristic of Wernicke’s aphasia, may impact the rate and extent of therapy outcomes.[53] Klebic et al. (2011) suggests that people benefit from continuing therapy upon discharge from the hospital to ensure generalization.[51] Robey (1998) determined that at least 2 hours of treatment per week is recommended for making significant language gains.[50] Spontaneous recovery may cause some language gains, but without speech-language therapy, the outcomes can be half as strong as those with therapy.[50]
When addressing Broca’s aphasia, better outcomes occur when the person participates in therapy, and treatment is more effective than no treatment for people in the acute period.[50] Two or more hours of therapy per week in acute and post-acute stages produced the greatest results.[50] High intensity therapy was most effective, and low intensity therapy was almost equivalent to no therapy.[50]
People with global aphasia are sometimes referred to as having irreversible aphasic syndrome, often making limited gains in auditory comprehension, and recovering no functional language modality with therapy. With this said, people with global aphasia may retain gestural communication skills that may enable success when communicating with conversational partners within familiar conditions. Process-oriented treatment options are limited, and people may not become competent language users as readers, listeners, writers, or speakers no matter how extensive therapy is.[31] However, people’s daily routines and quality of life can be enhanced with reasonable and modest goals.[31] After the first month, there is limited to no healing to language abilities of most people. There is a grim prognosis leaving 83% who were globally aphasic after the first month they will remain globally aphasic at the first year. Some people are so severely impaired that their existing process-oriented treatment approaches offer signs of progress, and therefore cannot justify the cost of therapy.[31]
Perhaps due to the relative rareness of conduction aphasia, few studies have specifically studied the effectiveness of therapy for people with this type of aphasia. From the studies performed, results showed that therapy can help to improve specific language outcomes. One intervention that has had positive results is auditory repetition training. Kohn et al. (1990) reported that drilled auditory repetition training related to improvements in spontaneous speech, Francis et al. (2003) reported improvements in sentence comprehension, and Kalinyak-Fliszar et al. (2011) reported improvements in auditory-visual short-term memory.[54][55][56]
Most acute cases of aphasia recover some or most skills by working with a speech-language pathologist. Recovery and improvement can continue for years after the stroke. After the onset of Aphasia, there is approximately a six-month period of spontaneous recovery; during this time, the brain is attempting to recover and repair the damaged neurons. Improvement varies widely, depending on the aphasia's cause, type, and severity. Recovery also depends on the person's age, health, motivation, handedness, and educational level.[13]
There is no one treatment proven to be effective for all types of aphasias. The reason that there is no universal treatment for aphasia is because of the nature of the disorder and the various ways it is presented, as explained in the above sections. Aphasia is rarely exhibited identically, implying that treatment needs to be catered specifically to the individual. Studies have shown that, although there is no consistency on treatment methodology in literature, there is a strong indication that treatment in general has positive outcomes.[57] Therapy for aphasia ranges from increasing functional communication to improving speech accuracy, depending on the person's severity, needs and support of family and friends.[58] Group therapy allows individuals to work on their pragmatic and communication skills with other individuals with aphasia, which are skills that may not often be addressed in individual one-on-one therapy sessions. It can also help increase confidence and social skills in a comfortable setting.[59]
Evidence dose not support the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving aphasia after stroke.[60]
Specific treatment techniques include the following:
Copy and Recall Therapy (CART) - repetition and recall of targeted words within therapy may strengthen orthographic representations and improve single word reading, writing, and naming[61]
Visual Communication Therapy (VIC) - the use of index cards with symbols to represent various components of speech
Visual Action Therapy (VAT) - typically treats individuals with global aphasia to train the use of hand gestures for specific items[62]
Functional Communication Treatment (FCT) - focuses on improving activities specific to functional tasks, social interaction, and self-expression
Promoting Aphasic's Communicative Effectiveness (PACE) - a means of encouraging normal interaction between people with aphasia and clinicians. In this kind of therapy the focus is on pragmatic communication rather than treatment itself. People are asked to communicate a given message to their therapists by means of drawing, making hand gestures or even pointing to an object[63]
Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) - aims to use the intact melodic/prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere to help cue retrieval of words and expressive language[64]
Other - i.e. drawing as a way of communicating, trained conversation partners[57]
Semantic feature analysis (SFA) -a type of aphasia treatment that targets word-finding deficits. It is based on the theory that neural connections can strengthened by using using related words and phrases that are similar to the target word, to eventually activate the target word in the brain. SFA can be implemented in multiple forms such as verbally, written, using picture cards, etc. The SLP provides prompting questions to the individual with aphasia in order for the person to name the picture provided.[65] Studies show that SFA is an effective intervention for improving confrontational naming.[66]
Melodic intonation therapy is used to treat non-fluent aphasia and has proved to be effective in some cases.[67] However, there is still no evidence from randomized controlled trials confirming the efficacy of MIT in chronic aphasia. MIT is used to help people with aphasia vocalize themselves through speech song, which is then transferred as a spoken word. Good candidates for this therapy include people who have had left hemisphere strokes, non-fluent aphasias such as Broca's, good auditory comprehension, poor repetition and articulation, and good emotional stability and memory.[68] An alternative explanation is that the efficacy of MIT depends on neural circuits involved in the processing of rhythmicity and formulaic expressions (examples taken from the MIT manual: “I am fine,” “how are you?” or “thank you”); while rhythmic features associated with melodic intonation may engage primarily left-hemisphere subcortical areas of the brain, the use of formulaic expressions is known to be supported by right-hemisphere cortical and bilateral subcortical neural networks.[3][69]
According to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), involving family with the treatment of an Aphasic loved one is ideal for all involved, because while it will no doubt assist in their recovery, it will also make it easier for members of the family to learn how best to communicate with them. "Aphasia". National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
When a person's speech is insufficient, different kinds of augmentative and alternative communication could be considered such as alphabet boards, pictorial communication books, specialized software for computers or apps for tablets or smartphones.[70]
Intensity of treatment[edit]
The intensity of aphasia therapy is determined by the length of each session, total hours of therapy per week, and total weeks of therapy provided. There is no consensus about what “intense” aphasia therapy entails, or how intense therapy should be to yield the best outcomes. A 2016 Cochrane review of speech and language therapy for people with aphasia found that treatments that are higher intensity, higher dose or over a long duration of time led to significantly better functional communication but people were more likely to drop out of high intensity treatment (up to 15 hours per week).[71]
Intensity of therapy is also dependent on the recency of stroke. People with aphasia react differently to intense treatment in the acute phase (0–3 months post stroke), sub-acute phase (3–6 months post stroke), or chronic phase (6+ months post stroke). Intensive therapy has been found to be effective for people with nonfluent and fluent chronic aphasia, but less effective for people with acute aphasia.[72]> People with sub-acute aphasia also respond well to intensive therapy of 100 hours over 62 weeks. This suggests people in the sub-acute phase can improve greatly in language and functional communication measures with intensive therapy compared to regular therapy.[72]
Individualized service delivery[edit]
Intensity of treatment should be individualized based on the recency of stroke, therapy goals, and other specific characteristics such as age, size of lesion, overall health status, and motivation.[72][73] Each individual reacts differently to treatment intensity and is able to tolerate treatment at different times post-stroke.[73] Intensity of treatment after a stroke should be dependent on the person’s motivation, stamina, and tolerance for therapy.[74]
Outcomes[edit]
If the symptoms of aphasia last longer than two or three months after a stroke, a complete recovery is unlikely. However, it is important to note that some people continue to improve over a period of years and even decades. Improvement is a slow process that usually involves both helping the individual and family understand the nature of aphasia and learning compensatory strategies for communicating. "Aphasia FAQs". National Aphasia Association. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
After a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the brain undergoes several healing and re-organization processes, which may result in improved language function. This is referred to as spontaneous recovery. Spontaneous recovery is the natural recovery the brain makes without treatment, and the brain begins to reorganize and change in order to recover.[31] There are several factors that contribute to a person's chance of recovery caused by stroke, including stroke size and location.[75] Age, sex, and education have not been found to be very predictive.[75]
Specific to aphasia, spontaneous recovery varies among affected people and may not look the same in everyone, making it difficult to predict recovery.[75]
Though some cases of Wernicke’s aphasia have shown greater improvements than more mild forms of aphasia, people with Wernicke’s aphasia may not reach as high a level of speech abilities as those with mild forms of aphasia.[76]
History[edit]
The first recorded case of aphasia is from an Egyptian papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which details speech problems in a person with a traumatic brain injury to the temporal lobe.[77]
During the second half of the 19th century, aphasia was a major focus for scientists and philosophers who were working in the beginning stages of the field of psychology.[1] In medical research, speechlessness was described as an incorrect prognosis, and there was no assumption that underlying language complications existed.[78] Broca and his colleagues were some of the first to write about aphasia, but Wernicke was the first credited to have written extensively about aphasia being a disorder that contained comprehension difficulties.[79] Despite claims of who reported on aphasia first, it was F.J. Gall that gave the first full description of aphasia after studying wounds to the brain, as well as his observation of speech difficulties resulting from vascular lesions.[80]
Etymology[edit]
Aphasia is from Greek a- ("without") + phásis (φάσις, "speech").
The word aphasia comes from the word ἀφασία aphasia, in Ancient Greek, which means[52] "speechlessness",[81] derived from ἄφατος aphatos, "speechless"[82] from ἀ- a-, "not, un" and φημί phemi, "I speak".
Notable cases[edit]
Ralph Waldo Emerson[83]
Terry Jones[84]
Ronald Reagan[85] – caused by late stages of Alzheimer's disease
Lee Sedol[86]
Further Research[edit]
Research is currently being done using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to witness the difference in how language is processed in normal brains vs aphasic brains. This will help researchers to understand exactly what the brain must go through in order to recover from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and how different areas of the brain respond after such an injury.
Another intriguing approach being tested is that of drug therapy. Research is in progress that will hopefully uncover whether or not certain drugs might be used in addition to speech-language therapy in order to facilitate recovery of proper language function. It’s possible that the best treatment for Aphasia might involve combining drug treatment with therapy, instead of relying on one over the other.
One other method being researched as a potential therapeutic combination with speech-language therapy is brain stimulation. One particular method, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), alters brain activity in whatever area it happens to stimulate, which has recently led scientists to wonder if this shift in brain function caused by TMS might help people re-learn languages.
The research being put into Aphasia has only just begun. Researchers appear to have multiple ideas on how Aphasia could be more effectively treated in the future. "Aphasia". National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
See also[edit]
Agnosia
Aphasiology
Aprosodia
Auditory processing disorder
Lethologica
Lists of language disorders
Origin of speech
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Damasio, A.R. (February 1992). "Aphasia". N Engl J Med. 326 (8): 531–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199202203260806. PMID 1732792.
^ Jump up to: a b c "American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA):- Aphasia". asha.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Stahl, B; Van Lancker Sidtis, D (2015), "Tapping into neural resources of communication: formulaic language in aphasia therapy", Frontiers in Psychology, 6 (1526): 1–5, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01526
Jump up ^ Manasco, M. Hunter (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 72. ISBN 9781449652449.
Jump up ^ "Aphasia Fact sheet - National Aphasia Association". National Aphasia Association. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
Jump up ^ American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1997-2014)
Jump up ^ Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2014). Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders. In Abnormal Psychology (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jump up ^ Manasco, M. Hunter (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 75–76.
Jump up ^ Henseler, I.; Regenbrecht, F.; Obrig, H. (12 February 2014). "Lesion correlates of patholinguistic profiles in chronic aphasia: comparisons of syndrome-, modality- and symptom-level assessment". Brain. 137 (3): 918–930. doi:10.1093/brain/awt374. PMID 24525451.
Jump up ^ "Aphasia". www.asha.org. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
Jump up ^ Soares-Ishigaki, EC.; Cera, ML.; Pieri, A.; Ortiz, KZ. (2012). "Aphasia and herpes virus encephalitis: a case study". Sao Paulo Med J. 130 (5): 336–41. doi:10.1590/S1516-31802012000500011. PMID 23174874.
Jump up ^ Naudé, H; Pretorius, E. (3 Jun 2010). "Can herpes simplex virus encephalitis cause aphasia?". Early Child Development and Care. 173 (6): 669–679. doi:10.1080/0300443032000088285. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Aphasia". MedicineNet.com. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
Jump up ^ Henseler, I; Regenbrecht, F; Obrig, H (March 2014). "Lesion correlates of patholinguistic profiles in chronic aphasia: comparisons of syndrome-, modality- and symptom-level assessment". Brain. 137 (Pt 3): 918–30. doi:10.1093/brain/awt374. PMID 24525451.
Jump up ^ Kuljic-Obradovic, DC (July 2003). "Subcortical aphasia: three different language disorder syndromes?". European Journal of Neurology. 10 (4): 445–8. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00604.x. PMID 12823499.
Jump up ^ Kreisler, A; Godefroy, O; Delmaire, C; Debachy, B; Leclercq, M; Pruvo, JP; Leys, D (14 March 2000). "The anatomy of aphasia revisited". Neurology. 54 (5): 1117–23. doi:10.1212/wnl.54.5.1117. PMID 10720284.
Jump up ^ Coppens, P; Hungerford, S; Yamaguchi, S; Yamadori, A (December 2002). "Crossed aphasia: an analysis of the symptoms, their frequency, and a comparison with left-hemisphere aphasia symptomatology". Brain and Language. 83 (3): 425–63. doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00510-2. PMID 12468397.
Jump up ^ Mariën, P; Paghera, B; De Deyn, PP; Vignolo, LA (February 2004). "Adult crossed aphasia in dextrals revisited". Cortex. 40 (1): 41–74. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70920-1. PMID 15070002.
Jump up ^ "Primary Progressive Aphasia". www.asha.org. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
Jump up ^ Blumenfeld, H; Meador, KJ (August 2014). "Consciousness as a useful concept in epilepsy classification". Epilepsia. 55 (8): 1145–50. doi:10.1111/epi.12588. PMC 4149314  . PMID 24981294.
Jump up ^ "Fentanyl Transdermal Official FDA information, side effects and uses". Drug Information Online.
Jump up ^ Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. [New York]: Worth. pp. 502, 505, 511. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6. OCLC 464808209.
Jump up ^ Manasco, M. Hunter. Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Jones and Bartlett Learning. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "What is Aphasia". Atlanta Aphasia Association. 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
Jump up ^ Murdoch, B. E. (1990). Acquired Speech and Language Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 60–96. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3458-1_2. ISBN 9780412334405.
Jump up ^ Manasco, M. H. (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Jump up ^ DeWitt, Iain; Rauschecker, Josef P. (2017-05-02). "Wernicke's Area Revisited: Parallel Streams and Word Processing". Brain and Language. 127 (2): 181–191. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.09.014. ISSN 0093-934X. PMC 4098851  . PMID 24404576.
Jump up ^ Manasco, Hunter (2014). Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 71.
Jump up ^ "Aphasia". NIDCD. 2015-08-18. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Common Classifications of Aphasia". www.asha.org. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Brookshire R. "Introduction to neurogenic communication disorders (7th edition). St. Louis, MO: Mosby".
Jump up ^ Alexander, MP; Hillis, AE (2008). Georg Goldenberg; Bruce L Miller; Michael J Aminoff; Francois Boller; D F Swaab, eds. Aphasia. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 88 (1 ed.). pp. 287–310. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(07)88014-6. ISBN 9780444518972. OCLC 733092630. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Squire LR; Dronkers NF; Baldo JV (2009). "Encyclopedia of neuroscience".
Jump up ^ Demeurisse G.; Capon A. (1987). "Language recovery in aphasic stroke patients: Clinical, CT and CBF studies". Aphasiology. 1 (4): 301–315. doi:10.1080/02687038708248851.
Jump up ^ Basso A; Macis M (2001). "Therapy efficacy in chronic aphasia". Behavioural Neurology. 24 (4): 317–325. doi:10.1155/2011/313480.
Jump up ^ Flamand-Roze C.; Cauquil-Michon C.; Roze E.; Souillard-Scemama R.; Maintigneux L.; Ducreux D.; Adams D.; Denier C. (2011). "Aphasia in border-zone infarcts has a specific initial pattern and good long-term prognosis". European Journal of Neurology. 18: 1397–1401. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03422.x. PMID 21554494.
^ Jump up to: a b Goodglass, H., Kaplan, E., & Barresi, B. (2001). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Jump up ^ Kertesz, A. (2006). Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
^ Jump up to: a b "Common Classifications of Aphasia". www.asha.org. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
Jump up ^ Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. [New York]: Worth. pp. 502–504. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6. OCLC 464808209.
Jump up ^ Godefroy O.; Dubois C.; Debachy B.; Leclerc M.; Kreisler A. (2002). "Vascular aphasias: main characteristics of patients hospitalized in acute stroke units". Stroke. 33: 702–705. doi:10.1161/hs0302.103653.
Jump up ^ Ross K.B.; Wertz R.T. (2001). "Type and severity of aphasia during the first seven months poststroke". Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology. 9: 31–53.
Jump up ^ Coltheart, Max; Kay, Janice; Lesser, Ruth (1992). PALPA psycholinguistic assessments of language processing in aphasia. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-86377-166-1.
Jump up ^ Porter, G., & Howard, D. (2004). CAT: comprehensive aphasia test. Psychology Press.
Jump up ^ Mesulam MM (April 2001). "Primary progressive aphasia". Ann. Neurol. 49 (4): 425–32. doi:10.1002/ana.91. PMID 11310619.
Jump up ^ Wilson SM, Henry ML, Besbris M, et al. (July 2010). "Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia". Brain. 133 (Pt 7): 2069–88. doi:10.1093/brain/awq129. PMC 2892940  . PMID 20542982.
^ Jump up to: a b Harciarek M, Kertesz A (September 2011). "Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship". Neuropsychol Rev. 21 (3): 271–87. doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9175-9. PMC 3158975  . PMID 21809067.
Jump up ^ Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. (March 2011). "Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants". Neurology. 76 (11): 1006–14. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6. PMC 3059138  . PMID 21325651.
Jump up ^ Carlson, Neil (2013). Physiology of Behavior. New York: Pearson. pp. 494–496.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Robey, Randall R (1998). "A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in the Treatment of Aphasia". Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research. 41 (1): 172–87. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4101.172. PMID 9493743.
^ Jump up to: a b Klebic, Jasmina; Salihovic, Nevzeta; Softic, Rusmir; Salihovic, Denisa (2011). "Aphasia Disorders Outcome After Stroke". Acta Informatica Medica. 65 (5): 283–6. doi:10.5455/medarh.2011.65.283-286. PMID 22073852.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is aphasia? What causes aphasia?". Medical News Today.
Jump up ^ Bakheit, A.M.O; Shaw, S; Carrington, S; Griffiths, S (2016). "The rate and extent of improvement with therapy from the different types of aphasia in the first year after stroke". Clinical Rehabilitation. 21 (10): 941–9. doi:10.1177/0269215507078452. PMID 17981853.
Jump up ^ Kalinyak-Fliszar, Michelene; Kohen, Francine; Martin, Nadine (2011). "Remediation of language processing in aphasia: Improving activation and maintenance of linguistic representations in (verbal) short-term memory". Aphasiology. 25 (10): 1095–1131. doi:10.1080/02687038.2011.577284. PMC 3393127  . PMID 22791930.
Jump up ^ Francis, Dawn; Clark, Nina; Humphreys, Glyn (2003). "The treatment of an auditory working memory deficit and the implications for sentence comprehension abilities in mild 'receptive' aphasia". Aphasiology. 17 (8): 723–50. doi:10.1080/02687030344000201.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Susan E; Smith, Katherine L; Arsenault, Joan Kelly (1990). "The remediation of conduction aphasia via sentence repetition: A case study". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 25 (1): 45–60. doi:10.3109/13682829009011962. PMID 1695853.
^ Jump up to: a b Schmitz, Thomas J.; O'Sullivan, Susan B. (2007). Physical rehabilitation. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. ISBN 0-8036-1247-8. OCLC 70119705.
Jump up ^ "Aphasia". asha.org.
Jump up ^ Manasco, M. Hunter. Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 97. ISBN 9781449652449.
Jump up ^ Elsner, B; Kugler, J; Pohl, M; Mehrholz, J (2015). "Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving aphasia in patients with aphasia after stroke". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009760.pub3. PMID 25929694.
Jump up ^ Beeson, P. M., Egnor, H. (2007), Combining treatment for written and spoken naming, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(6); 816-827.
Jump up ^ "Aphasia". American Speech Language Hearing Association. Retrieved from http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589934663&section=Treatment
Jump up ^ Alexander, MP; Hillis, AE (2008). "Aphasia". In Georg Goldenberg; Bruce L Miller; Michael J Aminoff; Francois Boller; D F Swaab. Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 88. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 287–310. ISBN 978-0-444-51897-2. OCLC 733092630. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Manasco, Hunter. "The Aphasias". Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. p. 93.
Jump up ^ Davis & Stanton, 2005. Semantic Feature Analysis as a Functional Therapy Tool. Contemporary Issues In Communication Science and Disorders." 35, 85-92.
Jump up ^ Maddy, K.M.; Capilouto, G.J.; McComas, K.L. "The effectiveness of semantic feature analysis: An evidence-based systematic review". Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 57 (4): 254–267. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.002.
Jump up ^ Norton A, Zipse L, Marchina S, Schlaug G (July 2009). "Melodic Intonation Therapy: shared insights on how it is done and why it might help". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1169: 431–6. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04859.x. PMC 2780359  . PMID 19673819.
Jump up ^ van der Meulen, I; van de Sandt-Koenderman, ME; Ribbers, GM (January 2012). "Melodic Intonation Therapy: present controversies and future opportunities". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 93 (1 Suppl): S46–52. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.05.029. PMID 22202191.
Jump up ^ Stahl, B; Kotz, SA (2013). "Facing the music: Three issues in current research on singing and aphasia". Frontiers in Psychology. 5 (1033): 1–4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01033. ISSN 1664-1078.
Jump up ^ Russo, Maria Julieta (2017). "High-technology Augmentative Communication for adults with post-stroke aphasia: a systematic review". Expert Review of Medical Devices. April 26.
Jump up ^ Brady, MC; Kelly, H; Godwin, J; Enderby, P; Campbell, P (1 June 2016). "Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD000425. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000425.pub4. PMID 27245310.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cherney LR; Patterson JP; Raymer AM (2011). "Intensity of aphasia therapy: Evidence and efficacy". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 11 (6): 560–569. doi:10.1007/s11910-011-0227-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Sage K; Snell C; Lambon Ralph MA (2011). "How intensive does anomia therapy for people with aphasia need to be?". Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. 21 (1): 26–41. doi:10.1080/09602011.2010.528966.
Jump up ^ Palmer R (2015). "Innovations in aphasia treatment after stroke: Technology to the rescue". British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 38: 38–42. doi:10.12968/bjnn.2015.11.sup2.38.
^ Jump up to: a b c Watila, M. M.; Balarabe, S. A. (2015). "Factors predicting post-stroke aphasia recovery". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 352 (1–2): 12–8. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.020. PMID 25888529.
Jump up ^ Laska AC; Hellblom A; Murray V; Kahan T; Arbin M (2001). "Aphasia in acute stroke and relation to outcome". Journal of Internal Medicine. 249: 413–422. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00812.x.
Jump up ^ McCrory, P. R; Berkovic, S. F (2001). "Concussion: The history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions". Neurology. 57 (12): 2283–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2283. PMID 11756611.
Jump up ^ Eling, Paul; Whitaker, Harry (2009). "Chapter 36 History of aphasia". History of Neurology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 95. pp. 571–82. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02136-2. ISBN 978-0-444-52009-8.
Jump up ^ Boller, F. "Johann Baptiste Schmidt: a pioneer in the history of aphasia". Archives of Neurology. 34: 306–307. doi:10.1001/archneur.1977.00500170060011.
Jump up ^ Riese, W. (1947-05-01). "The early history of aphasia". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 21 (3): 322–334. ISSN 0007-5140. PMID 20257374.
Jump up ^ ἀφασία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus.
Jump up ^ ἄφατος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Robert G. (1995). Emerson: the mind on fire: a biography. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08808-5. OCLC 31206668.
Jump up ^ CNN, Susan Scutti (23 September 2016). "Terry Jones diagnosed with rare dementia". CNN.com. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ronald Reagan Turns 89". CBSNews.com. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "In South Korea, dreams of board-game fame at the school of go". 3 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2017 – via Japan Times Online.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Aphasia
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Look up aphasia or aphemia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Aphasia at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Luria's Areas of the Human Cortex Involved in Language Illustrated summary of Luria's book Traumatic Aphasia
Video clips showing people with expressive-type aphasia
A video clip with a person exhibiting receptive aphasia
Topics related to Aphasia
[show]
v
t
e
Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice / Symptoms involving head and neck (R47–R49, 784)
Aphasias
Acute Aphasias
Expressive aphasia
Receptive aphasia
Conduction aphasia
Anomic aphasia
Global aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Transcortical motor aphasia
Mixed transcortical aphasia
Progressive Aphasias
Progressive nonfluent aphasia
Semantic dementia
Logopenic progressive aphasia
Speech disturbances
Speech disorder
Developmental verbal dyspraxia/Apraxia of speech
Auditory verbal agnosia
Dysarthria
Schizophasia
Aprosodia/Dysprosody
Specific language impairment
Thought disorder
Pressure of speech
Derailment
Clanging
Circumstantiality
Communication disorders
Developmental dyslexia/Alexia
Agnosia
Astereognosis
Prosopagnosia
Visual agnosia
Gerstmann syndrome
Developmental coordination disorder/Apraxia
Ideomotor apraxia
Dyscalculia/Acalculia
Agraphia
Voice disturbances
Dysphonia/Aphonia
Bogart–Bacall syndrome
Nose
Post-nasal drip
Epistaxis
Mouth
Orofacial pain
Toothache
Galvanic pain
Barodontalgia
Fremitus
Tooth mobility
Bruxism
Trismus
Ageusia
Hypogeusia
Dysgeusia
Parageusia
Hypergeusia
Xerostomia
Halitosis
Drooling
Hypersalivation
Neck
Neck mass
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Other
Headache
Auditory processing disorder
Otalgia
Velopharyngeal inadequacy
Velopharyngeal insufficiency
Hypersensitive gag reflex
Jaw claudication
Hypomimia
[show]
v
t
e
Lesions of spinal cord and brain
Spinal cord/
vascular myelopathy
sensory: Sensory ataxia
Tabes dorsalis
motor: Motor neurone disease
mixed: Brown-Séquard syndrome
cord syndrome (Posterior
Anterior
Central/Syringomyelia)
Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord (B12)
Cauda equina syndrome
Anterior spinal artery syndrome
Brainstem
Medulla (CN 8, 9, 10, 12)
Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg
PICA
Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine
ASA
Pons (CN 5, 6, 7, 8)
Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond Céstan syndrome
Lateral pontine syndrome (AICA) (lateral)
Medial pontine syndrome/Millard-Gubler syndrome/Foville's syndrome(basilar)
Locked-in syndrome
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
One and a half syndrome
Midbrain (CN 3, 4)
Weber's syndrome
ventral peduncle, PCA
Benedikt syndrome
ventral tegmentum, PCA
Parinaud's syndrome
dorsal, tumor
Nothnagel's syndrome
Claude's syndrome
Other
Alternating hemiplegia
Cerebellum
lateral (Dysmetria
Dysdiadochokinesia
Intention tremor)
medial (Cerebellar ataxia)
Basal ganglia
Chorea
Dystonia
Parkinson's disease
Cortex
ACA syndrome
MCA syndrome
PCA syndrome
frontal lobe: Expressive aphasia
Aboulia
parietal lobe: Receptive aphasia
Hemispatial neglect
Gerstmann syndrome
Astereognosis
occipital lobe: Bálint's syndrome
Cortical blindness
Pure alexia
temporal lobe: Cortical deafness
Prosopagnosia
Thalamus
Thalamic syndrome
Other
Subclavian steal syndrome
Upper motor neurone lesion (Clasp-knife response)
Lower motor neurone lesion
[show]
v
t
e
Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders (F80–F83, 315)
General
conditions
Speech and
language
impairment,
communication
disorder
Expressive language disorder
Infantile speech
Landau–Kleffner syndrome
Language disorder
Lisp
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
Specific language impairment
Speech and language impairment
Speech disorder
Speech error
Speech sound disorder
Stammering
Tip of the tongue
Scholastic skills,
learning disorder
Developmental dyslexia
Dyscalculia
Dysgraphia (Disorder of written expression)
Motor function
Developmental coordination disorder
Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as Childhood apraxia of speech
Other
Auditory processing disorder
Sensory processing disorder
Related
topics
Dyslexia research
Irlen filters
Learning Ally
Learning problems in childhood cancer
Literacy
Management of dyslexia
Multisensory integration
Neuropsychology
Reading acquisition
Spelling
Writing system
Lists
Dyslexia in fiction
Languages by Writing System
People with dyslexia
[show]
v
t
e
Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G04–G47, 323–349)
Inflammation
Brain
Encephalitis
Viral encephalitis
Herpesviral encephalitis
Limbic encephalitis
Encephalitis lethargica
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Brain abscess
Amoebic
Spinal cord
Myelitis: Poliomyelitis
Demyelinating disease
Transverse myelitis
Tropical spastic paraparesis
Epidural abscess
Both/either
Encephalomyelitis
Acute disseminated
Myalgic
Meningoencephalitis
Brain/
encephalopathy
Degenerative
Extrapyramidal and
movement disorders
Basal ganglia disease
Parkinsonism
PD
Postencephalitic
NMS
PKAN
Tauopathy
PSP
Striatonigral degeneration
Hemiballismus
HD
OA
Dyskinesia
Dystonia
Status dystonicus
Spasmodic torticollis
Meige's
Blepharospasm
Athetosis
Chorea
Choreoathetosis
Myoclonus
Myoclonic epilepsy
Akathisia
Tremor
Essential tremor
Intention tremor
Restless legs
Stiff person
Dementia
Tauopathy
Alzheimer's
Early-onset
Primary progressive aphasia
Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Pick's
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Posterior cortical atrophy
Vascular dementia
Mitochondrial disease
Leigh disease
Demyelinating
autoimmune
Multiple sclerosis
Neuromyelitis optica
Schilder's disease
hereditary
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Alexander
Canavan
Krabbe
ML
PMD
VWM
MFC
CAMFAK syndrome
Central pontine myelinolysis
Marchiafava–Bignami disease
Alpers' disease
Episodic/
paroxysmal
Seizure/epilepsy
Focal
Generalised
Status epilepticus
Myoclonic epilepsy
Headache
Migraine
Familial hemiplegic
Cluster
Tension
Cerebrovascular
TIA
Amaurosis fugax
Transient global amnesia
Acute aphasia
Stroke
MCA
ACA
PCA
Foville's
Millard–Gubler
Lateral medullary
Medial medullary
Weber's
Lacunar stroke
Sleep disorders
Insomnia
Hypersomnia
Sleep apnea
Obstructive
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
Narcolepsy
Cataplexy
Kleine–Levin
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Advanced sleep phase disorder
Delayed sleep phase disorder
Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
Jet lag
CSF
Intracranial hypertension
Hydrocephalus/NPH
Choroid plexus papilloma
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Cerebral edema
Intracranial hypotension
Other
Brain herniation
Reye's
Hepatic encephalopathy
Toxic encephalopathy
Hashimoto's encephalopathy
Spinal cord/
myelopathy
Syringomyelia
Syringobulbia
Morvan's syndrome
Vascular myelopathy
Foix–Alajouanine syndrome
Spinal cord compression
Both/either
Degenerative
SA
Friedreich's ataxia
Ataxia-telangiectasia
MND
UMN only:
Primary lateral sclerosis
Pseudobulbar palsy
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
LMN only:
Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
Spinal muscular atrophies
SMA
SMAX1
SMAX2
DSMA1
Congenital DSMA
SMA-PCH
SMA-LED
SMA-PME
Progressive muscular atrophy
Progressive bulbar palsy
Fazio–Londe
Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
both:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authority control
NDL: 00571290
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphasia&oldid=832872685"
Categories:
Aphasias
Alexia (condition)
Communication disorders
Language disorders
Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Infobox medical condition
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2017
Articles with Curlie links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Limburgs
Magyar
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
తెలుగు
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Walon
中文
46 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 13:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Aphasia_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Aphasia (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: th

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: span

value: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

value: This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2018)

value: noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact

value:
/wiki/Language_comprehension
mw-redirect
Language comprehension

value: -moz-column-width: 27em; -webkit-column-width: 27em; column-width: 27em;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Right_hemisphere
mw-redirect
Right hemisphere

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)

value: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2017)

value: Edit section: Classical-localizationist approaches

value:
/wiki/Pure_word_deafness
mw-redirect
Pure word deafness

value: Edit section: Cognitive neuropsychological approaches

value:
/wiki/Semantic_Dementia
mw-redirect
Semantic Dementia

value:
/wiki/Speech_communication
mw-redirect
Speech communication

value:
/wiki/Melodic_intonation_therapy
mw-redirect
Melodic intonation therapy

value: Augmentative and alternative communication

value: Edit section: Individualized service delivery

value:
nofollow
http://www.aphasia.org/aphasia-faqs/
external text

value:
/wiki/Privative_a
mw-redirect
Privative a

value:
/wiki/Lists_of_language_disorders
mw-redirect
Lists of language disorders

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199202203260806

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1732792

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.01526

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawt374

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525451

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174874

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12823499

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.54.5.1117

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720284

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468397

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070002

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1111%2Fepi.12588

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981294

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/464808209

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.atlantaaphasia.org

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bandl.2013.09.014

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0093-934X

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24404576

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/733092630

value: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F313480

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554494

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1161%2Fhs0302.103653

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fana.91

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11310619

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawq129

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542982

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21809067

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325651

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1044%2Fjslhr.4101.172

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9493743

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22073852

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17981853

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22791930

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1695853

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70119705

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25929694

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rehab.2014.03.002

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19673819

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apmr.2011.05.029

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22202191

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01033

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27245310

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jns.2015.03.020

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25888529

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.57.12.2283

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756611

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-5140

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20257374

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31206668

value:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

value: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

value:
nofollow
http://www.wanprc.org/luria/
external text

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Template:Symptoms involving head and neck

value: Template talk:Symptoms involving head and neck

value: ICD-10 Chapter XVIII: Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings

value: List of ICD-9 codes 780–799: symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions

value:
/wiki/Alexia_(condition)
mw-redirect
Alexia (condition)

value:
/wiki/Galvanic_pain
mw-redirect
Galvanic pain

value: Hypersensitive gag reflex (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template:Lesions of spinal cord and brain

value: Template talk:Lesions of spinal cord and brain

value:
/wiki/Motor_neurone_disease
mw-redirect
Motor neurone disease

value:
/wiki/Anterior_cord_syndrome
mw-redirect
Anterior cord syndrome

value: Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord

value:
/wiki/Brain_stem_stroke_syndrome
mw-redirect
Brain stem stroke syndrome

value:
/wiki/Millard-Gubler_syndrome
mw-redirect
Millard-Gubler syndrome

value:
/wiki/Nothnagel%27s_syndrome
mw-redirect
Nothnagel's syndrome

value:
/wiki/Thalamic_syndrome
mw-redirect
Thalamic syndrome

value:
/wiki/Upper_motor_neurone_lesion
mw-redirect
Upper motor neurone lesion

value:
/wiki/Lower_motor_neurone_lesion
mw-redirect
Lower motor neurone lesion

value: Template:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders

value: Template talk:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders

value: ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders

value: List of ICD-9 codes 290–319: mental disorders

value: Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

value: Template:CNS diseases of the nervous system

value: Template talk:CNS diseases of the nervous system

value: ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system

value: List of ICD-9 codes 320–359: diseases of the nervous system

value:
/wiki/Movement_disorder
mw-redirect
Movement disorder

value: Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter

value: Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts

value: Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy

value: Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance

value: Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy

value: Category:Symptoms and signs: Speech and voice

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Aphasia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=Aphasia&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaziya
Afaziya – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasie
Afasie – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasi
Afasi – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasie
Aphasie – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaasia
Afaasia – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Αφασία – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afazio
Afazio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: زبان‌پریشی – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasie
Aphasie – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

value:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia
Aphasia – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: वाचाघात – Hindi

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afazija
Afazija – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afazio
Afazio – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: אפאזיה – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: Афазия – Kazakh

value: Афазия (философияда) – Kyrgyz

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

value:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasie
Afasie – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasie
Afasie – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasi
Afasi – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaziya
Afaziya – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afazja
Afazja – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afazie
Afazie – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Афазія – Rusyn

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

value: Афазия – Russian

value:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia
Aphasia – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afazia
Afazia – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

value: افاشيا – Sindhi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value: Афазија – Serbian

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasia
Afasia – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasi
Afasi – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: అఫాసియా (మెదడు వ్యాధి వల్ల మాట పోవడం) – Telugu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

value: Афазия – Tajik

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afazi
Afazi – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: عدمِ کلام – Urdu

value:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia
Aphasia – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouwea
Mouwea – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Aphasia rootpage-Aphasia skin-vector action-view