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Republic Day (India)
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Republic Day
The original text of the Preamble to the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 (1950-01-26).
Observed by
India
Type
National
Significance
Inception of Constitution of India
Celebrations
Parades, distribution of sweets in schools, speeches and cultural dances
Date
26 January
Next time
26 January 2019 (2019-01-26)
Frequency
Annual
Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.[1]
The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic. 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of Republic Day
2 Celebrations
2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade
2.2 Beating Retreat
3 Gallery
4 Republic Day parade chief guest
5 Notes
6 See also
7 References
History of Republic Day[edit]
India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.
Celebrations[edit]
President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950.
The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.
Delhi Republic Day parade[edit]
Main article: Delhi Republic Day parade
Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.[4]
Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5]
Beating Retreat[edit]
Main article: Beating Retreat
The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.[6]
The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]
Gallery[edit]
Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.
Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor.
Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.
Republic Day parade chief guest[edit]
Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade. Erstwhile Yugoslavia (twice invited) has not been depicted in the map.
5 times (France, UK)
4 times (Bhutan, Russia/USSR)
Thrice (Indonesia, Mauritius)
Twice (Brazil, Japan, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore,Phillipines Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam)
Once
Uninvited
Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[10] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Year
Guest name
Country
Note
1950 President Sukarno[11] Indonesia
1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[12] Nepal
1952
1953
1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[13] Bhutan
1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[14] Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath [15]
1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler United Kingdom Note[1] Two guests[16]
Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan
1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [17] Soviet Union
1958 Marshall Ye Jianying[18] China
1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [19][20][21] United Kingdom 2nd invitation
1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[22] Soviet Union 2nd invitation
1961 Queen Elizabeth II[23] United Kingdom 3rd invitation, Note[2]
1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[24] Denmark Note[3]
1963 King Norodom Sihanouk[25] Cambodia
1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [26] United Kingdom 4th invitation, Note[4]
1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation
1966 No invitation No invitation Note[5]
1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah [27] Afghanistan Note[6]
1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests[28]
President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia
1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[29] Bulgaria
1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin[30][31] Belgium Note[7]
1971 President Julius Nyerere[32] Tanzania
1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [33] Mauritius
1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko[34] Zaire
1974 President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests [35]
Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka
1975 President Kenneth Kaunda[36] Zambia
1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[37] France
1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek[38] Poland
1978 President Patrick Hillery[39] Ireland
1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[40] Australia
1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation
1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo[41] Mexico
1982 King Juan Carlos I[42] Spain
1983 President Shehu Shagari[43] Nigeria
1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[44] Bhutan 2nd invitation
1985 President Raúl Alfonsín[45] Argentina
1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[46] Greece
1987 President Alan Garcia[47] Peru
1988 President J. R. Jayewardene[48] Sri Lanka 2nd invitation
1989 General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[49] Vietnam
1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[50] Mauritius 2nd invitation
1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[51] Maldives
1992 President Mário Soares[51] Portugal
1993 Prime Minister John Major[51] United Kingdom 5th invitation
1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[51] Singapore
1995 President Nelson Mandela[52] South Africa
1996 President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[51] Brazil
1997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[51] Trinidad and Tobago
1998 President Jacques Chirac[51] France 3rd invitation
1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[51] Nepal 2nd invitation
2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo[51] Nigeria 2nd invitation
2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[51] Algeria
2002 President Cassam Uteem[51] Mauritius 3rd invitation
2003 President Mohammed Khatami[51] Iran
2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [51] Brazil 2nd invitation
2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[51] Bhutan 3rd invitation
2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[51] Saudi Arabia
2007 President Vladimir Putin[51] Russia 4th invitation
2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy[51] France 4th invitation
2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev[51] Kazakhstan
2010 President Lee Myung Bak[53] South Korea
2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[54][55] Indonesia 2nd invitation
2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[56] Thailand
2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[57] Bhutan 4th invitation
2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[58] Japan 2nd invitation
2015 President Barack Obama[59] United States
2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation[60]
2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[61] United Arab Emirates
2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[62]
Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation
President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation
Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos
Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia
State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha Thailand 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation
Notes[edit]
1.^ On each of these occasions, Lady Edwina Mountbatten from United Kingdom was also the official guest for the parade.[63][64]
2.^ Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip also accompanied Queen Elizabeth II during the parade.[65]
3.^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras (Chennai).[66]
4.^ No invitations were sent out possibly due to the demise of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent. The new government headed by Indira Gandhi was sworn on 24 January 1966 (only two days before the Republic Day).[67]
5.^ For the first time, the President of India (S. Radhakrishnan) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill-health.[68] Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January.[69]
6.^ Attended only the Beating Retreat[70][71]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic Day (India).
History of India
Independence Day (India)
Constitution Day (India)
References[edit]
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text:
Culture of the Caribbean
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on:
Culture of the Caribbean
History
Caribbean identity
Caribbean nationalism
Royal symbols
National symbols
Cultural protectionism
Multiculturalism in the Caribbean
Ethnic diversity
Immigration history
Official bilingualism
Spoken languages
Topics
Architecture · Art · Cinema
Cuisine · Festivals · Humour
Literature · Media · Music
Politics · Religion
Sports · Television · Theatre
Cultural diversity by region
v
t
e
Caribbean culture is a term that explains the artistic, musical, literary, culinary, political and social elements that are representative of the Caribbean people all over the world. The Caribbean's culture has historically been influenced by that of African, European, and Amerindian, and Asian traditions. It has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, economic, and cultural neighbor, the United States.
Being a collection of settler nations, the Caribbean has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of customs, cuisine, and traditions that have marked the socio-cultural development of the nation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development of Caribbean culture
1.1 Bilingualism and multiculturalism
1.2 Caribbean identity
2 Cultural protectionism in Caribbean
3 Symbols
4 Arts
4.1 Literature
4.2 Carnival
4.3 Music
4.4 Caribbean theatre
4.5 Film and television
5 Caribbean humour
6 Sport
7 Outside views
8 Food
9 References
Development of Caribbean culture[edit]
See also: History of the Caribbean
Caribbean culture is a product of its history and geography. Most of the Caribbean territories were inhabited and developed earlier than European colonies in the Americas, with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, farmers, and traders were important in the early development of Caribbean culture. The British conquest of the Caribbean in 1759 brought a large Francophone population under British rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation, while the migration of United Empire Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies brought in strong British, Spanish, French, African and even Dutch influences.
Although not without conflict, the Caribbean's early interactions with First Nations and indigenous populations were relatively short lived, compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with relatively late economic development in many regions, this difficult history has disallowed Caribbean native peoples having any strong influence on the national culture, even destroying their remaining identity.[dubious – discuss]
Bilingualism and multiculturalism[edit]
French Caribbean, Spanish Caribbean, Creole language and Patois's early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries, which allowed Francophone culture to survive and thrive within the Caribbean.
Multicultural heritage is enshrined in many islands. In parts of the Caribbean, multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is the force that unites the community. Although officially a quarter of the Caribbean population is English-speaking, the largest group is attributed to Spanish speakers (due to the inclusion of mainland Caribbean states), some 22% speak French while only 1% speak Dutch. However, though the Caribbean today is linked with 59 living languages[1] these are not spoken in the "insular Caribbean", but on what is referred to as the "continental Caribbean".
In the French islands, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking islanders commentators speak of a French culture as distinguished from English Caribbean culture, but some also see Caribbean as a collection of several regional, and ethnic subcultures.
While French Caribbean culture is the most obvious example, Spanish influences have allowed survival of non-English dialects; however, the influence of Ulster immigrants to Barbados has had the effect of minimizing Irish influences in the Caribbean's culture, and highlighting British influences instead, until the 1980s. The Caribbean's Pacific trade has also brought a large Chinese influence into Trinidad and other areas.[2][3][4][5][6] The East Indian brought to Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, and other parts of the Caribbean, as indentured laborers to work on the sugarcane, rice, and cocoa estates, brought with them the many Languages of India and had the lingua franca, Caribbean Hindustani.
Caribbean identity[edit]
The palm is the symbol most associated with Caribbean identity.
Primary influences on Caribbean identity trace back to the arrival, beginning in the early 17th century, of French settlers, English settlers and the Spanish settlers. First Nations played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Caribbean, from their role in assisting exploration of the continent, the sugar trade and inter-European power struggles to the creation of the Afro-Caribbean people. Through their art and culture, First Nations and African descendants continue to exert influence on the Caribbean identity.
With the gradual loosening of political and cultural ties to the United Kingdom, in the 20th century immigrants from European, African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have shaped Caribbean identity, a process that continues today with the arrival of significant numbers of immigrants from non-British or French backgrounds, adding the theme of multiculturalism to the debate. Today, the Caribbean has a diverse makeup of nationalities and cultures and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than a single national myth.
Agostino Brunias. Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape, ca. 1770-1796 Brooklyn Museum
The issue of Caribbean identity remains under scrutiny. In true Caribbean fashion, however, even the search for an identity has itself become an object for self-criticism, usually because many Caribbean people confuse reasons for ridding themselves of Colonial shackles and compounding the loss of their own Caribbean identity by clinging to an African non-identity in its stead (unnecessary contentious statement).[7][8]
Cultural protectionism in Caribbean[edit]
Cultural protectionism in the Caribbean has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Caribbean governments to promote Caribbean cultural production and limit the effect of foreign, largely American, culture on the domestic audience. Sharing a large border and (for the majority) a common language with the United States, the Caribbean faces a difficult position in regard to American culture, be it direct attempts at the Caribbean market or the general diffusion of American culture in the globalized media arena. While the Caribbean people try to maintain their cultural differences, they must also balance this with responsibility in trade arrangements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
One of the national symbols of Caribbean, the parrot is depicted on the Caribbean money and was on many Caribbean postage stamps
[9][10][11][12]
Symbols[edit]
Official symbols of Caribbean include the parrot, palm, and the shell. Many official symbols of the country such as the flags of Caribbean have been changed or modified over the past years in order to "Caribbeanize" them and de-emphasise or remove references to the United Kingdom. For example, The Cayman Islands now uses National Symbols that include their indigenous* Parrot, Silver Thatch, Palm and the Wild Banana Orchid.[13]
Symbols of the monarchy in Caribbean continue to be featured in, for example, the Arms of Caribbean and armed forces.
Arts[edit]
Main article: Caribbean art
The works of most early Caribbean painters followed European trends. During the mid-1800s, Caribbean painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles. The arts have flourished in Caribbean since the 1900s, and especially since the end of World War II in 1945.
The Washington Organization of American States (inaugurated in 1976) houses one of the oldest 20th-century art collections representing the Caribbean. For example, one exhibit showcased works included two important pieces by women artists of the Caribbean: El vendedor de andullo (Tobacco Vendor), 1938, by modernist Celeste Woss y Gil of the Dominican Republic, and an oil painting entitled Marpacífico (Hibiscus-Marpacífico is the name used in Cuba for the hibiscus flower), 1943, by Cuban modernist Amelia Peláez. There have even been a rare selection of prints by Haitian artists such as Castera Bazile, Wilson Bigaud, Dieudonné Cedor, Jacques-Enguerrand Gourgue and Gabriel Lévêque, that have not been exhibited since they were part of a traveling exhibition in 1948.
Literature[edit]
Main article: Caribbean literature
Caribbean writer Andrew Salkey, author of Hurricane Children's novel.
Caribbean literature is often divided into Spanish, French and English-language literature, which are rooted in the literary traditions of Spain, France and Britain, respectively. However, collectively this literature has become distinctly Caribbean. Caribbean literature, whether written in English, French or Spanish, or in a creole language, often reflects the Caribbean perspective on nature, life, and the region's position in the world, Caribbean identity is closely tied to its literature. Caribbean literature is often categorised by region or island; by the status of the author (e.g., literature of Caribbean women, Europeans, Asian peoples, and Irish Caribbeans); and by literary period, such as "Caribbean postmoderns" or "Caribbean Poets Between the Wars". The East Indians have also preserved their Indian literature and brought holy religious Hindu texts such as the Itihasa (Ramayana, Mahabharta, Bhagavad Gita), Vedas, Puranas, Upanishads, Tirumurai, Naalayira Divya Prabhandham, Shastras, Sutras. The Sikhs also brought their holy Guru Granth Sahib with them. The Muslims also brought their holy Quran with them.
Caribbean authors have won numerous awards. Mark McWatt won Best First Book Award in the 2006 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for the Caribbean region for his work of fiction Suspended Sentences: Fictions of Atonement. Sir V. S. Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001 and the Man Booker Prize in 1971, and was awarded the Trinity Cross of Trinidad and Tobago.
A selection of poetry and fiction produced in the Caribbean during the 19th and 20th centuries and be searched at "Caribbean Literature".[14][15][16][17][18][19]
Carnival[edit]
The annual celebration of carnival is an important part of Caribbean culture. Traditionally, most Caribbean islands celebrate carnival on Ash Wednesday or the days leading up to Lent.
Music[edit]
The music of the Caribbean reflects the multi-cultural influences that have shaped the Caribbean and these are mainly African. The first historical figures to influence Caribbean musicians were from the South Americas and to some degree Africa. Nevertheless, the Caribbean's first peoples, the East Indias, the Chinese, the Arabs, the Jews, the Spanish, the French, the British, the Portuguese, the Danish, the Dutch, Germans, and the Italians have all made large contributions to the musical heritage of Caribbean as well. Since Spanish explorer Columbus arrived and established the first permanent Caribbean settlements, the islands have produced their own composers, musicians and ensembles. From the 17th century onwards, the Caribbean has developed a music infrastructure that includes church halls, performing arts centers, record companies, radio stations and television music video channels. The music has subsequently been heavily influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two regions.
The Caribbean has produced a variety of internationally successful performers and artist. These individuals are honoured at The Awards, recognizing Caribbean achievement in popular music. In addition, the Caribbean is home to a number of popular summertime folk festivals. The Caribbean has also produced many notable composers, who have contributed in a variety of ways to the history of Western classical music.
The Caribbean is home to the Indo-Caribbean musical form of Chutney. It was created in Trinidad and Tobago by Sundar Popo. The Caribbean is also home to the Indo-Caribbean musical form of Baithak Gana that originated in Suriname.
There are the Anthony N Sabga Caribbean Awards for Excellence (ANSCAFE) launched in October 2005 to awards in the Arts (and other areas). Up to 2010, they were made biennially, but as of 2011, the awards will be made yearly in ceremonies in Trinidad. Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham (late President of Guyana) facilitated the first Caribbean Festival of the Arts (CARIFESTA) in 1972 in Georgetown, Guyana.
Caribbean theatre[edit]
The Caribbean has a thriving stage theatre scene. Judy Stone writes: "In addition to the conventional drama of social realism and the yard theatre, the range includes popular farce and roots theatre, musical folk theatre, pantomime, community theatre, Jamaica's Gun Court theatre, political theatre, church theatre, children's theatre, storytelling, the street theatre of Carnival and carnival theatre, calypso theatre, theatre of ritual, and the poetic theatre of St Lucia's Derek Walcott. There is also a considerable body of dramatic work written for film, television and radio. Cuba, in particular, has a comparatively vibrant film industry."[20] Theatre festivals draw many tourists in the tourist months. As an example - Ruprecht[21] argues Creole Theatre would take one on a tour to a chain of islands in the Caribbean, and he offers an analysis of the contemporary Creole theatre of the Caribbean and of the work of some of the playwrights associated with Creole theatre, such as Frankétienne and Cavé in Haiti, José Exélis and Arthur Lérus in Guadeloupe, as well as Boukman and Placoly of Martinique.[22][23] The Trinidad Theatre Workshop (established in 1959).[24]
Film and television[edit]
The Caribbean film market was dominated by the American film industry for decades, although that film industry has since inception seen a prominent role for actors, directors, producers and technicians of Caribbean origin. Filmmakers from the Caribbean began to challenge Hollywood by making innovative and relevant documentary, dramas and feature films.
Some Caribbean islands have developed a small but vigorous film industry that has produced a variety of well-known films, actors, and auteurs. Also, the distinct French-Caribbean and Spanish-Caribbean society permits the work of directors to contribute very different film-forms. Some have become the Caribbean's first films to win the Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Many Caribbean people are employed in the film industry, and celebrity-spotting is frequent throughout many Caribbean cities.
Caribbean television, especially supported by the Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation, is the home of a variety of locally produced shows. French and Spanish-language television, is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of language, and likewise supports a host of home-grown productions. The success of French and Spanish-language domestic television and movies in Caribbean often exceeds that of its English-language counterpart. Caribbean Media Awards honor the best feature broadcast placements, print and photography from Caribbean-based media outlets.
Caribbean humour[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2010)
Royal Palm Estate sitcom in Jamaica.
Caribbean humour is an integral part of the Caribbean Identity. There are several traditions in Caribbean humour in English, Spanish and French. While these traditions are distinct and at times very different, there are common themes that relate to Caribbeans' shared history and geopolitical situation in North America and the world. Various trends can be noted in Caribbean comedy. One trend is the portrayal of a "typical" Caribbean family in an ongoing radio or television series. Examples include a mix of drama, humour, politics, religion, and sitcoms. Another major trend tends to be political and cultural satire: television shows such as Royal Palm Estate, monologuists and writers, draw their inspiration from Caribbean society and politics. Another trend revels in absurdity and musician-comedians. Satire is arguably the primary characteristic of Caribbean humour, evident in each of these threads, and uniting various genres and regional cultural differences. Caribbean humour has taken on a modern interpretation, due to the advent of social media and the rise of many popular comedians that hail from the Caribbean and the Caribbean diaspora.
In 1957, mento artist Lord Flea stated that: "West Indians have the best sense of humor in the world. Even the most solemn song, like "Las Kean Fine" ("Lost and Can Not Be Found"), which tells of a boiler explosion on a sugar plantation that killed several of the workers, their natural wit and humor shine though."[25]
Sport[edit]
Association Football (Soccer) is the most popular sport in almost all Caribbean countries.
Cricket is very popular in the countries and dependencies that formed the British West Indies. The West Indies cricket team competes in Test matches, One Day Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. The West Indies' major domestic competitions are the Regional Four Day Competition (first-class) and the Regional Super50 (List A one-day) and more recently the Caribbean Premier League (Twenty20).
The regional football governing body is the Caribbean Football Union. National teams have competed in the CFU Championship from 1978 to 1988 and the Caribbean Cup since 1989. The top 4 teams in the tournament qualify for the CONCACAF Gold Cup. Cuba qualified to the FIFA World Cup in 1938, Haiti in 1974, Jamaica in 1998 and Trinidad and Tobago in 2006.
The CFU Club Championship is the regional tournament for football clubs. The winner qualified for the CONCACAF Champions' Cup from 1997 until 2008. Since 2008-09, the top 3 clubs qualify for a preliminary round of the CONCACAF Champions League.
However, the most popular sport in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and the Netherlands Antilles is baseball. The Caribbean Series, held since 1949, features the national champions from the top Caribbean leagues. The Cuban national team has claimed the Baseball World Cup 25 times, whereas the Dominican Republic won the 2013 World Baseball Classic. In the Pan American Games, Cuba has won 12 editions and Dominican Republic once, whereas Puerto Rico earned the silver medal twice. In the Central American and Caribbean Games, Cuba has won 15 gold medals, whereas Dominican Republic has won three and Puerto Rico two. Several Caribbean players have joined the Major League Baseball: in the 2014 there were 82 Dominicans, 19 Cubans and 11 Puerto Ricans. Notable Caribbean players are Juan Marichal, Pedro Martínez, Roberto Clemente, Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar.
The Puerto Rico men's national basketball team finished fourth in the 1990 FIBA World Championship and won three FIBA Americas Championships and two Pan American Games. Meanwhile, the Cuba women's national basketball team finished third in the 1990 FIBA World Championship for Women and won three FIBA Americas Championships and three Pan American Games.
Other popular team sports in the Caribbean include rugby union and softball. Popular individual sports include auto racing, boxing, cycling, golf, hiking, horse racing, skateboarding, swimming, tennis, triathlon, track and field, water sports, and wrestling.
Cuba ranks second in Olympic boxing and fifth in judo, whereas Jamaica has been a power in Olympic sprint running. At the Pan American Games, Cuba ranks second in the medal table, Dominican Republic ranks 10th, Puerto Rico 11th and Jamaica 13th. At the Central American and Caribbean Games, Cuba ranks first, Puerto Rico fifth, Dominican Republic sixth, Jamaica seventh and Trinidad and Tobago 11th.
The 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Kingston, Jamaica.
As an area with a generally warm climate, the Caribbean countries have enjoyed greater success at the Summer Olympics than at the Winter Olympics. However, the Jamaica national bobsleigh team has qualified to the Winter Olympic Games since 1988. Other notable Caribbean competitors at the Winter Games are Erroll Fraser, Dow Travers, George Tucker and Anne Abernathy.
The Caribbean Awards Sports Icons (CASI) are based on accomplishments made over the last 60 years (1948–2008), for these who have made their mark in the various fields of sports. Great achievements in Caribbean sport are recognized by Caribbean's Sports Hall of Fame, while Trophies are awarded annually to top athlete by a panel of journalists.
Outside views[edit]
Food[edit]
Popular dishes in the Caribbean reflect the cultures that have influenced the region - indigenous, African, European, Indian, and Chinese. One dish common to many Caribbean countries is pelau, a mixture of saltfish, beef, chicken meat with rice, pigeon peas, and other vegetables. A prominent African influenced Caribbean dish, callaloo, combines leafy greens with okra.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Culture of the Caribbean.
Book: Caribbean
Jump up ^ Paul, L. M. (ed.), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 16th ed. Dallas, Texas (2009).
Jump up ^ Aceto, Michael, and Jeffrey P. Williams (eds), Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean, Varieties of English around the World, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2003.
Jump up ^ Solomon, Denis, The Speech of Trinidad: A Reference Grammar, St. Augustine: School of Continuing Studies, University of the West Indies (1993).
Jump up ^ Corne, C., From French to Creole: The Development of New Vernaculars in the French Colonial World, London: University of Westminster Press (1999).
Jump up ^ McWhorter, J. H., The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact, Los Angeles: University of California Press (2000).
Jump up ^ Allsopp, R., Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage, with a French and Spanish Supplement, Oxford: Oxford University Press (1996).
Jump up ^ Trouillot, Michel-Rolph "The Caribbean Region: An Open Frontier in Anthropological Theory," Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1992).
Jump up ^ Premdas, R. and Williams, H., "Self-Determination and Secession in the Caribbean: The Case of Tobago", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism (1992).
Jump up ^ Richardson, B. C., The Caribbean in the Wider World 1492–1992, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1992).
Jump up ^ Knight, F. W., and Palmer, C. A., "The Caribbean" in The Modern Caribbean, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1989).
Jump up ^ Lowenthal, D., West Indian Societies, Oxford: OUP (1972).
Jump up ^ Premdas, R. R., "The Anatomy of Ethnic Conflict" in The Enigma of Ethnicity: An Analysis of Race and Ethnicity in the Caribbean and the World, Trinidad: University of the West Indies Press (1993).
Jump up ^ The National Symbols: Flora and Fauna of the Cayman Islands Study Guide
Jump up ^ Arnold, J. A. (ed.), A History of Literature in the Caribbean vol. I & II, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publ. Co. (2001).
Jump up ^ Fenwick, M. J., Writers of the Caribbean and Central American vol. I & II, London: Garland Publ. (1992).
Jump up ^ Lanham, M. G., Caribbean Literature: A bibliography, London: Scarecrow Press (1998).
Jump up ^ Dance, D. C., Fifty Caribbean Writers, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1986).
Jump up ^ Allan, E., Anglophone Caribbean Poetry, 1970-2001: an annotated bibliography, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (2002).
Jump up ^ Airia, Cesar, Diccionáirio de Autores Latinoamericanos, Buenos Aires: Emece (2001).
Jump up ^ Judy S. J. Stone, "Caribbean drama", in Colin Chambers (ed.), The Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre (London, 2002). Retrieved from Drama Online.
Jump up ^ Ruprecht, Alvina Les Theatres Francophones et Creolophones de la Caraibe. Paris: L’Harmattan (2003).
Jump up ^ Corsbie, Ken, Theatre in the Caribbean, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 60 pp. (1984).
Jump up ^ Banham, M., Hill, E., Woodyard, G. W., The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre, Cambridge: University Press, 261 pp. (1994).
Jump up ^ Omotoso, Kole, The Theatrical into Theatre: A Study of the Drama and Theatre in the English-speaking Caribbean, London (1982).
Jump up ^ Michael Garnice (11 March 2012). "Mento Music Lord Flea". Retrieved 14 April 2013.
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