text:
Condenser (optics)
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A condenser is an optical lens which renders a divergent beam from a point source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object. In the context of microscopy, the parallel illumination scheme is known as Köhler illumination whereas the converging illumination scheme is known as critical illumination.
Condensers are an essential part of any imaging device, such as microscopes, enlargers, slide projectors, and telescopes. The concept is applicable to all kinds of radiation undergoing optical transformation, such as electrons in electron microscopy, neutron radiation and synchrotron radiation optics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Microscope condenser
1.1 Abbe condenser
1.2 Aplanatic and achromatic condensers
1.3 Specialized condensers
1.4 Condensers and numerical aperture
2 References
3 Bibliography
4 External links
Microscope condenser[edit]
A condenser (right) and its respective diaphragm (left)
A condenser between the stage and mirror of a vintage microscope
Condensers are located above the light source and under the sample in an upright microscope, and above the stage and below the light source in an inverted microscope. They act to gather light from the microscope's light source and concentrate it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen. The aperture and angle of the light cone must be adjusted (via the size of the diaphragm) for each different objective lens with different numerical apertures.
Condensers typically consist of a variable-aperture diaphragm and one or more lenses. Light from the illumination source of the microscope passes through the diaphragm and is focused by the lens(es) onto the specimen. After passing through the specimen the light diverges into an inverted cone to fill the front lens of the objective.
The first simple condensers were introduced on pre-achromatic microscopes in the 17th century. Robert Hooke used a combination of a salt water filled globe and a plano-convex lens, and shows in the 'Micrographia' that he understands the reasons for its efficiency. Makers in the 18th century such as Benjamin Martin, Adams and Jones understood the advantage of condensing the area of the light source to that of the area of the object on the stage. This was a simple plano-convex or bi-convex lens, or sometimes a combination of lenses. With the development of the modern achromatic objective in 1829, by Joseph Jackson Lister, the need for better condensers became increasingly apparent. By 1837, the use of the achromatic condenser was introduced in France, by Felix Dujardin, and Chevalier. English makers early took up this improvement, due to the obsession with resolving test objects such as diatoms and Nobert ruled gratings. By the late 1840s, English makers such as Ross, Powell and Smith; all could supply highly corrected condensers on their best stands, with proper centring and focus. It is erroneously stated that these developments were purely empirical - no-one can design a good achromatic, spherically corrected condenser relying only on empirics. On the Continent, in Germany, the corrected condenser was not considered either useful or essential, mainly due to a misunderstanding of the basic optical principles involved. Thus the leading German company, Carl Zeiss in Jena, offered nothing more than a very poor chromatic condenser into the late 1870s. French makers, such as Nachet, provided excellent achromatic condensers on their stands. When the leading German bacteriologist, Robert Koch, complained to Ernst Abbe, that he was forced to buy a Seibert achromatic condenser for his Zeiss microscope, in order to make satisfactory photographs of bacteria, Abbe produced a very good achromatic design in 1878.
There are three types of condenser:
The chromatic condenser, such as the Abbe where no attempt is made to correct for spherical or chromatic aberration. It contains two lenses that produce an image of the light source that is surrounded by a blue and red color at its edges.
The aplanatic condenser is corrected for spherical aberration.
The compound achromatic condenser is corrected for both spherical and chromatic aberrations.
Abbe condenser[edit]
The sub-stage condenser focuses light through the specimen to match the aperture of the objective lens system.
The Abbe condenser is named for its inventor Ernst Abbe, who developed it in 1870. The Abbe condenser, which was originally designed for Zeiss, is mounted below the stage of the microscope. The condenser concentrates and controls the light that passes through the specimen prior to entering the objective. It has two controls, one which moves the Abbe condenser closer to or further from the stage, and another, the iris diaphragm, which controls the diameter of the beam of light. The controls can be used to optimize brightness, evenness of illumination, and contrast. Abbe condensers are difficult to use for magnifications of above 400X, as the aplanatic cone is only representative of a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.6.
This condenser is composed of two lenses, a plano-convex lens somewhat larger than a hemisphere and a large bi-convex lens serving as a collecting lens to the first. The focus of the first lens is traditionally about 2mm away from the plane face coinciding with the sample plane. A pinhole cap can be used to align the optical axis of the condenser with that of the microscope. The Abbe condenser is still the basis for most modern light microscope condenser designs, even though its optical performance is poor.[1][2][3]
Aplanatic and achromatic condensers[edit]
An aplanatic condenser corrects for spherical aberration in the concentrated light path, while an achromatic compound condenser corrects for both spherical and chromatic aberration.
Specialized condensers[edit]
Dark field and phase contrast setups are based on an Abbe, aplanatic, or achromatic condenser, but to the light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings. These additional elements are housed in various ways. In most modern microscope (ca. 1990s–), such elements are housed in sliders that fit into a slot between the illuminator and the condenser lens. Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret-type condenser, these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place.
Specialised condensers are also used as part of Differential Interference Contrast and Hoffman Modulation Contrast systems, which aim to improve contrast and visibility of transparent specimens.
In epifluorescence microscopy, the objective lens acts not only as a magnifier for the light emitted by the fluorescing object, but also as a condenser for the incident light.
The Arlow-Abbe condenser is a modified Abbe condenser that replaces the iris diaphragm, filter holder, lamp and lamp optics with a small OLED or LCD digital display unit. The display unit allows for digitally synthesised filters for dark-field, Rheinberg, oblique and dynamic (constantly changing) illumination under direct computer control. The device was first described by Dr. Jim Arlow in Microbe Hunter magazine, issue 38.
Condensers and numerical aperture[edit]
Like objective lenses, condensers vary in their numerical aperture (NA). It is NA that determines optical resolution, in combination with the NA of the objective. Different condensers vary in their maximum and minimum numerical aperture, and the numerical aperture of a single condenser varies depending on the diameter setting of the condenser aperture. In order for the maximum numerical aperture (and therefore resolution) of an objective lens to be realized, the numerical aperture of the condenser must be matched to the numerical aperture of the used objective. The technique most commonly used in microscopy to optimize the light pathway between the condenser (and other illumination components of the microscope) and the objective lens is known as Köhler illumination.
The maximum NA is limited by the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the sample. As with objective lenses, a condenser lens with a maximum numerical aperture of greater than 0.95 is designed to be used under oil immersion (or, more rarely, under water immersion), with a layer of immersion oil placed in contact with both the slide/coverslip and the lens of the condenser. An oil immersion condenser may typically have NA of up to 1.25. Without this oil layer, not only is maximum numerical aperture not realized, but the condenser may not be able to precisely focus light on the object. Condensers with a numerical aperture of 0.95 or less are designed to be used without oil or other fluid on the top lens and are termed dry condensers. Dual dry/immersion condensers are basically oil immersion condensers that can nonetheless focus light with the same degree of precision even without oil between the top lens and the slide.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Royal Microscopical Society,"Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society", Williams and Norgate, London (1882), p.411-2
Jump up ^ Chamot, E.M., "Elementary chemical microscopy", John Wiley and Sons, London (1916), p.36
Jump up ^ "The Evolution of the Microscope". Bradbury. S, Pergamon Press, (1967)
Bibliography[edit]
General
"Abbe condenser"[permanent dead link], Photonics Dictionary (abridged online edition), Pittsfield MA: Laurin Publishing, 2006.
"Abbe, Ernst", Encyclopædia Britannica.
"Glossary of microscope terms", Microbus (website), 2003.
"Anatomy of the Microscope: Substage Condenser" by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson, Olympus Microscopy Resource Center, 2006.
External links[edit]
"Anatomy of the Microscope: Substage Condenser" by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson, Molecular Expressions. (Slightly different from the version found at Olympus site.)
"The Condenser" by Paul James, Micscape Magazine (online publication), February 2002.
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Percy Jackson & the Olympians
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Percy Jackson & the Olympians
U.K. logo for Percy Jackson and the Olympians (as the series is known there)
The Lightning Thief (2005)
The Sea of Monsters (2006)
The Titan's Curse (2007)
The Battle of the Labyrinth (2008)
The Last Olympian (2009)
Author
Rick Riordan
Cover artist
John Rocco (from 2006 or 2007)
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Fantasy, young adult, adventure
Publisher
Disney Hyperion (early volumes originally Miramax Books)
Published
2005–2009
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback), audiobook, e-book
No. of books
5
Followed by
The Heroes of Olympus
Percy Jackson & the Olympians, often shortened to Percy Jackson, is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure novels written by American author Rick Riordan, and the first book series in the Camp Half-Blood Chronicles.[1] Five supplementary books, along with three graphic novels, have also been released. More than 45 million copies of the books have been sold in more than 35 countries.[2]
As of October 28, 2011, the series has been on The New York Times Best Seller list for children's book series for 245 weeks.[3] The first book was adapted into a film titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief in 2010, which was commercially successful, but received mixed reviews. An adaptation of the second book, titled Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, was released in 2013.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Books
2.1 The Lightning Thief
2.2 The Sea of Monsters
2.3 The Titan's Curse
2.4 The Battle of the Labyrinth
2.5 The Last Olympian
3 Supplementary works
3.1 The Demigod Files
3.2 The Ultimate Guide
3.3 Graphic novels
3.4 Demigods and Monsters
3.5 The Demigod Diaries
4 Characters
5 Reception
6 In other media
6.1 Films
6.2 Video game
6.3 Musical
7 Legacy
7.1 Sequel series
7.1.1 The Heroes of Olympus
7.1.2 The Trials of Apollo
7.2 Related series
7.2.1 The Kane Chronicles
7.2.2 Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Origins[edit]
Riordan at the Texas Book Festival in November 2007, doing publicity for Book 4
Development for both The Lightning Thief and the Percy Jackson series commenced when Rick Riordan began making stories for his son Haley Riordan, who had at the time been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia.[6] His son, Haley, had been studying Greek mythology in second grade and requested that his father tell him bedtime stories based on Greek myths. When Riordan ran out of myths, his son suggested that he make up new stories using existing mythological characters and new ones. This led Riordan to create the fictional character of Percy Jackson and create the story of how he travels across the United States to recover Zeus's lightning-bolt. Haley suggested that he should turn that story into a book, and Riordan wrote the book over the next year despite being busy at that time.[7]
Leaving his manuscript with his agent and editor for review, Riordan presented the book to a group of 6th, 7th, and 8th graders to read and critique. He gained their approval, and with their help, came up with the name of the book and created the way Percy's sword works.[8] In 2004, the book was sold to Miramax Books for enough money for Riordan to quit his job and focus on writing.[9] After it was released on 28 June 2005, it sold over 1.2 million copies. The book was released in multiple versions, including hardcover, paperback and audio editions.[10][11] It has been translated into multiple languages and published all over the world.[12]
Books[edit]
The Lightning Thief[edit]
Main article: The Lightning Thief
The Lightning Thief is the first book in the series and was released on July 1, 2005.
After a harrowing experience at his school trip, Percy Jackson returns home for the summer vacation, wherein him and his mother Sally Jackson, travel to their cabin in Montauk to take their mind off things.However, the trip is cut short after a series of harrowing incidents, such as being attacked by the Minotaur. Percy finds himself at Camp Half-Blood, a training camp for demigods like him. He discovers that he is a demigod, son of Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, earthquakes, and father of all horses, (which he made from sea foam). Percy also learns that his best friend, Grover Underwood, is actually a satyr, and that the Greek gods are accusing Percy of having stolen Zeus' master lightning bolt, the most powerful weapon in the world. To clear his name and save the world from another war between the Olympian gods, Percy sets out to retrieve the lightning bolt from Hades, who is suspected of being the real thief. Thus, Percy, Grover, and Annabeth Chase, a daughter of Athena, start on a journey to the underworld, facing numerous mythological monsters on the way. After confronting an innocent Hades, they learn that their friend Luke Castellan, son of Hermes, is the real thief who stole the bolt to allow Kronos, the defeated king of the Titans, a chance to rise again.
The book was adapted into a film by Chris Columbus and 20th Century Fox, under the title Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, and was released on February 12, 2010.
The Sea of Monsters[edit]
Main article: The Sea of Monsters
The Sea of Monsters is the second installment in the series, released on April 1, 2006.
Camp Half-Blood is under attack when Thalia's tree, which guards the borders of the camp, is poisoned and slowly begins to die. In order to save the tree and the camp, someone must recover the Golden Fleece, which is somewhere in the Sea of Monsters. At the same time, Percy finds out that Grover, who has left on a quest to find the missing god Pan, has been captured by the cyclops Polyphemus and that the Fleece is on Polyphemus' island. Together with Annabeth and his half-brother Tyson, a cyclops, Percy sets out to rescue Grover. Meanwhile, Clarisse La Rue, daughter of Ares, is sent on an official quest by Camp Half-Blood to retrieve the Fleece. The trip to the Sea of Monsters is long and hazardous and along the way the heroes encounter several dangers including Scylla and Charybdis, the sorceress Circe, the Sirens and their former friend Luke Castellan. Percy also learns about a prophecy from the Oracle about a child of one of the three most important gods (Zeus, Poseidon and Hades), playing a vital part in the success or failure of the resurrection of Kronos the Titan-King. The heroes eventually retrieve the Fleece and restore Thalia's tree but also unknowingly revive Thalia herself, daughter of Zeus, who had been turned into the tree by her father when she died.
The book was adapted into a film by Thor Freudenthal and 20th Century Fox, under the title Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters, and was released on August 7, 2013.
The Titan's Curse[edit]
Main article: The Titan's Curse
The Titan's Curse is the third installment in the series. It was released on May 11, 2007.[13]
On a mission to rescue half-bloods Bianca and Nico di Angelo; Percy, Annabeth, Thalia and Grover are attacked by a manticore and rescued by the goddess Artemis and her Hunters. However, Annabeth falls off a cliff whilst trying to fight the manticore and is said to be captured. Later, Artemis is captured by Luke's army while on the hunt for the Ophiotaurus, a cow-serpent monster that was foretold to bring the downfall of Olympus when its entrails are sacrificed to a fire. Her lieutenant Zoe Nightshade, daughter of Atlas, leads Bianca, Thalia and Grover on a quest to save her. Percy, who was not invited to join the party, follows them on behalf of Nico Di Angelo, promising that he will do his best to protect his sister, Bianca. The others eventually find Percy, and he joins their group. They become the prey of skeletons, who chase them across the country. Bianca is able to kill one, which leaves the others mystified. Bianca later dies as they make their way across a godly junkyard. They find Annabeth with Luke and Artemis, who is holding up the sky. Percy then takes it from Artemis and they trick Atlas into his original position under the sky. Thalia replaces Zoe, who dies, as Artemis' lieutenant. Thalia's induction as a lieutenant of Artemis ensures that she will become immortal, never aging to 16, thus escaping the Great Prophecy and leaving Percy to fulfill it. They return to camp and Percy informs Nico about Bianca's death during the journey. Nico blames Percy for failing to protect her and runs away, only after killing skeletons that invade the camp, so that Percy realizes that Hades is Nico's father.
The Battle of the Labyrinth[edit]
Main article: The Battle of the Labyrinth
The Battle of the Labyrinth is the fourth installment in the series. It was released on May 6, 2008.
After being attacked by monsters, Percy returns to Camp Half-Blood and learns about the Labyrinth. Annabeth and Percy find an entrance into the Labyrinth in camp. Percy soon learns that Luke will use the entrance to lead his army through the Labyrinth straight into the heart of camp. Annabeth is chosen to lead a quest to prevent it, and chooses to bring Tyson, Percy, and Grover, even though it was traditional to bring only two companions on a quest, as explained by Chiron. While in the Labyrinth, Percy and Annabeth become separated from Grover and Tyson. They encounter Nico, who begins to forgive Percy. Percy and Annabeth arrive under Mount St. Helens. Percy accidentally causes St. Helens to erupt and washes ashore on Calypso's island, Ogygia. He returns to Camp Half-Blood, rather than staying with her, stating that "she would always be his biggest 'what-if'". Then he and Annabeth recruit a mortal girl, Rachel Dare to be a guide in the Labyrinth, using her sight through the Mist, the magical veil that separates the mythological world from the mortal world, and her knowledge for the quest. Daedalus is shown to be alive and to have given Ariadne's string to Luke. They find Grover and Tyson and discover Pan, and Grover tells him that he must return to the world. But Pan says that he cannot come and before dying tells Grover to tell those who will listen that he has died. Grover does what he is told. Percy also finds Luke's body in Kronos' coffin. A final demigod joins the Titans' cause, and Kronos fully rises, using Luke's body. They flee to camp, trying to stop the invasion. Kronos' forces attack the camp, but they are defeated. The book ends with Daedalus sacrificing himself after the battle to destroy the Labyrinth, as it is tied to his life force, and Nico Di Angelo fully forgiving Percy and proposing a dangerous plan for defeating the Titans.
The Last Olympian[edit]
Main article: The Last Olympian
The Last Olympian, the fifth and final book in the Percy Jackson series, was released on May 5, 2009.[14]
Percy Jackson learns that Kronos' forces are preparing to attack Olympus. Poseidon, Percy's father, decides that it is time for Percy to now fulfill the Great Prophecy. Seeking to defeat Kronos, like Achilles did, Percy bathes in the River Styx, making his body invulnerable except one small chosen part of his body (the small of his back). Kronos leads a siege of New York City and puts its citizens to sleep. Percy leads the campers, Hunters, nature spirits, and centaurs to protect Mount Olympus from Kronos and his forces. While they protect Olympus, the gods hold down the monster Typhon as he makes his way to New York. Kronos, possessing Luke's body, forces his way into Olympus and battles Percy in Olympus' throne room. Typhon reaches New York but is defeated after the arrival of Poseidon's forces, led by Tyson. Annabeth is able to make Luke come back to his senses, and Percy gives him Annabeth's knife. Luke stabs himself in his mortal spot (as he also was invulnerable from bathing in the River Styx) to destroy Kronos and save Mount Olympus, but Luke dies. The gods reward Percy and his friends, and offer him immortality. He rejects the offer, but instead requests the gods to claim all their children and to have cabins for all the gods, including the minor ones. Rachel Elizabeth Dare becomes the Oracle and recites the next Great Prophecy. The book finishes with Percy and Annabeth becoming a couple, and ominous clouds looming over Rachel's next Great Prophecy.
Supplementary works[edit]
The Demigod Files[edit]
Main article: The Demigod Files
The Demigod Files, also written by Rick Riordan, is the first companion book to the series. It was released February 10, 2009, featuring three short stories, interviews with the campers, puzzles and pictures.[15] It is set between The Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian.[16] The book received mixed reviews, with some reviewers criticizing the lack of substantial material and others commenting on the writing of the short stories. The stories are Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot, Percy Jackson and the Bronze Dragon, The Camper Interviews, and Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades. At the end of the book, there are portraits on the characters of the series. [16]
The Ultimate Guide[edit]
The Ultimate Guide is a companion book, second to the series, released on January 19, 2010. This book has a magnetic cover and holographic character pictures that change into four different characters. Its 156 pages include trading cards, full-color diagrams and maps.[17] It also includes a dictionary of almost every monster Percy faces in the series, with pictures beside some, as well as various activities. The book tells of Percy Jackson's starting life as a half-blood, a tour of the Underworld by Nico di Angelo, the story of Sally Jackson's parents, and items used throughout the series. There is also a paperback version.
Graphic novels[edit]
A graphic novel based on The Lightning Thief was published on October 12, 2010. It follows a shortened version of Percy's adventures in The Lightning Thief with full color drawings. A graphic novel based on the second book in the series, The Sea of Monsters was released on July 2, 2013. Another graphic novel based on the third book, The Titan's Curse was released on October 8, 2013.[18]
Demigods and Monsters[edit]
Demigods and Monsters is an unofficial companion book and was released on February 11, 2009.[19] With an introduction by Riordan, it features essays written by various young adult authors that explore, discuss and provide further insight into the Percy Jackson series. At 196 pages, it also contains information on the places and characters of the series, as well as a glossary of Greek myths.[20]
The Demigod Diaries[edit]
Main article: The Demigod Diaries
The Demigod Diaries contains four new stories with character interviews, illustrations of characters and more, puzzles, and a quiz. The four stories include the adventures of Thalia, Luke, and Annabeth, and others which precede the Percy Jackson and the Olympians series and a first-person narrative from Percy's viewpoint. Set a month after the events of The Last Olympian and before he goes missing in The Lost Hero, Percy and Annabeth retrieve Hermes' stolen staff. One of the stories is written by Riordan's son, Haley, and revolves around one of the demigods who fought for Kronos during the Second Titan War and survived the battle in Manhattan. As a part of the spin-off The Heroes of Olympus series, The Demigod Diaries contain a story involving Jason, Leo, and Piper that recounts their time spent at Camp Half-Blood between The Lost Hero and The Son of Neptune.
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of characters in mythology novels by Rick Riordan § Camp Half-Blood chronicles
Reception[edit]
The Lightning Thief received mostly positive reviews and won awards including the School Library Journal Best Book of 2005.[21] The New York Times praised The Lightning Thief as “perfectly paced, with electrifying moments chasing each other like heartbeats”.[22] Author Rick Riordan said of the various awards:
"The ultimate compliment for a children's writer is when the kids like it."[23]
Like its predecessor, The Sea of Monsters won several prizes and received generally positive reviews as well.[24][25] It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time it was released in paperback[26] and reviewers have praised the storyline, themes and the author's style of writing.[27][28][29] Matt Berman, of Common Sense Media, praised the book, saying “The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun, with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist.”[28] Kirkus reviewed The Battle of the Labyrinth as, “This volume can stand alone, but no one will be able to read just one […] look no further for the next Harry Potter, meet Percy Jackson as legions of fans already have.” As of February 13, 2016, it has been on the New York Times Children's Series Best Seller List for 379 weeks.
Some critics, especially Christian critics of Riordan have disapproved of the emphasis on pagan gods in his books. Riordan responds to these complaints by reminding his readers that first and foremost,[30] "The Lightning Thief explores Greek mythology in a modern setting, but it does so as a humorous work of fantasy. I’m certainly not interested in changing or contradicting anyone’s religious beliefs. Early in the book, the character Chiron makes a distinction between God, capital-G, the creator of the universe, and the Greek gods (lower-case g). Chiron says he doesn’t want to delve into the issue of God, but he has no qualms about discussing the Olympians because they are a "much smaller matter."
Critics such as The Calico Critic have also disagreed with the fusion of Greek mythology and modern American culture. They have stated that it is difficult to believe "the reality of the tale", claiming that "monsters in the St. Louis Arch" and "the entrance to Olympus in New York" were unimaginable, despite Riordan's explanations of why he chose these certain locations.[31]
However studies show that overall, readers appreciated the mundane language, witty tone and aesthetic plot of the novels, as well as how it introduced Greek mythology to them.[31]
In other media[edit]
Films[edit]
These films have been made from the books:
Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief
Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters
Chris Columbus directed and produced Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief for 20th Century Fox through 1492 Pictures.[32][33] The film was released in 2010 in the United States, Canada and in the United Kingdom on February 12 and in Australia on February 11.[34] Columbus has stated that he was drawn to directing the Percy Jackson movie because it gave him the "opportunity to do a movie that we haven't really seen before for this generation. When I was a kid, there were movies that dealt with Greek mythology, which in terms of visual effects was really primitive. So I thought this was an opportunity to deal with Greek mythology which children and adults all over the world are fascinated by and it was not a new genre but a new avenue, dealing with mythological creatures in a contemporary setting."
The second film in the series, Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters,[35][36] was released on August 7, 2013.[5] Filming began in April 2012.
Chris Columbus stated that there will not be a third movie any time soon.[citation needed]
Video game[edit]
To accompany the film, a video game was produced. Michael Splechta gave it a 6/10, saying Percy Jackson & the Olympians might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie-in games, but fans of turn-based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare-bones game."[37]
Musical[edit]
Main article: The Lightning Thief: The Percy Jackson Musical
On January 12, 2017, A Series of Unfortunate Events story editor Joe Tracz wrote a new Off Broadway musical adaptation of Percy Jackson tale “The Lightning Thief.[38]
Legacy[edit]
Main article: Camp Half-Blood Chronicles
Sequel series[edit]
Main article: The Heroes of Olympus
The Heroes of Olympus[edit]
The Heroes of Olympus is a sequel series, also based on Camp Half-Blood and the Greek and Roman mythologies. The first book The Lost Hero was released on October 12, 2010. Like the first series, there are five books.[39] The official website requires a password, later revealed as newhero. On December 1, 2010, the site went live.[40]
The second book in The Heroes of Olympus, The Son of Neptune, was released in October 2011. The third book, The Mark of Athena, was released on October 2, 2012. The fourth book, The House of Hades, was released on October 8, 2013. The fifth and final book of The Heroes of Olympus series, The Blood of Olympus, was released on October 7, 2014.[41]
The Trials of Apollo[edit]
Main article: Trials of Apollo
Riordan is currently at work on yet another follow-up series to The Heroes of Olympus book series titled The Trials of Apollo is a sequel series to both Percy Jackson & the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus. The first installment titled, The Hidden Oracle (2016), features Apollo and his journey after being cast down from Olympus. The second book titled The Dark Prophecy was released in May 2017.The third book is titled The Burning Maze is going to be released in May 1, 2018.
Related series[edit]
The Kane Chronicles[edit]
Main article: The Kane Chronicles
The novels are set within the same fictional universe as the three previous book series, and is narrated alternately in first-person by the two protagonist-siblings Carter and Sadie Kane. The siblings are descended from the two pharaohs Narmer and Ramses the Great and are powerful magicians. They and their friends are forced to contend with Egyptian gods and goddesses who still interact with the real world. The series includes a trilogy consisting of The Red Pyramid (2010), The Throne of Fire (2011), and The Serpent's Shadow (2012), as well as three crossover books with the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series.
Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard[edit]
Main article: Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard
The main protagonist Magnus Chase, son of the Vanir god of fertility Frey, narrates the novel in first person. He is a cousin of Annabeth Chase, a main character of the Percy Jackson and the Olympians and The Heroes of Olympus series, who links the two series together.[42] The series consists of a trilogy of books, The Sword of Summer (2015), The Hammer of Thor (2016), and The Ship of the Dead (2017).
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Mythology portal
Novels portal
Book: Percy Jackson & the Olympians
List of artistic depictions of dyslexia
From the Files of the Time Rangers – also based on the premise of Greek gods active in the modern US
Olympians (Marvel Comics)/Thor (Marvel Comics) – comics based on the same premise, with both Greek and Norse gods.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rick Riordan". Rickriordan.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "PRESS RELEASE: Disney Book Group Launches Rick Riordan's New Five-Book Series, The Heroes of Olympus, on October 12 with a Live Webcast from the Laydown Event for Book 1, The Lost Hero". Fox Business. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers Children's Series Books Sunday, April 29th 2012 – The New York Times Children's Best sellers list New York Times". New York Times. 29 April 2012. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
Jump up ^ "'X-Men: First Class' & 'Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes' Sequels Set For Summer 2014; 'Independence Day 3D' Hits July 3, 2013". indiewire.com. 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7". comingsoon.net. 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
Jump up ^ Williams, Sally (8 February 2010). "Percy Jackson: My Boy's Own Adventure". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick. "Frequently Asked Questions". rickriordan.com. Disney-Hyperion. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ Riordan, Rick. "An Interview With Rick". p. 1. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17. Retrieved 2013-04-08.
Jump up ^ Rich, Motho (September 1, 2008). "Author of Book Series Sends Kids on a Web Treasure Hunt". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Jump up ^ "Hyperion: Percy Jackson". Hyperion Books. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Jesse Bernstein". IMDb. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Mabe, Chauncey (May 14, 2009). "Rick Riordan: Percy Jackson vs. Harry Potter". Sun Sentinel. p. 1. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
Jump up ^ The Titan’s Curse on http://www.rickriordan.com/ Retrieved September 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Last Olympian (Percy Jackson & the Olympians, Book 5)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
Jump up ^ "The Demigod Files". 5 October 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Demigod Files (Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series)". barnesandnoble.com. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
Jump up ^ "The Percy Jackson and the Olympians: Ultimate Guide (Hardcover)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "[1]"
Jump up ^ "Demigods and Monsters: Your Favorite Authors on Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series (Paperback)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Demigods and Monsters". Myth & Mystery. 28 March 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Trevelyn Jones; Luann Toth; Marlene Charnizon; Daryl Grabarek; Joy Fleishhacker (December 1, 2005). "Best Books 2005". School Library Journal. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 22, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
Jump up ^ Shulman, Polly (November 13, 2005). "Harry Who?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
Jump up ^ Minzesheimer, Bob (January 18, 2006). "'Lightning' strikes with young readers". USA Today. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Mark Twain Award Previous Winners". Missouri Association of School Librarians. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ Ruth, Sheila. "The Sea of Monsters". Wands and Worlds. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Nawotka, Edward (April 23, 2007). "Son of Poseidon Gaining Strength". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on November 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Piehl, Norah. "Kidsreads.com – The Sea of Monsters". Kidsreads.com. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sea of Monsters review". Matt Berman. Common Sense Media. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
Jump up ^ "The Sea of Monsters: Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Book 2. (Brief article) (Children's review) (Audiobook review)". School Library Journal. October 1, 2006. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
Jump up ^ Group, Gray Digital. "An Interview with Rick". www.rickriordan.com. Retrieved 2016-03-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Mugijatna, Sri Kusumo Habsari, Putri, Yunita Ariani (2014). "Rick Riordan's Intention in Writing Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief and the Reception of the Readers". k@ta. 16 (2).
Jump up ^ Brodesser, Claude (June 23, 2004). "'Lightning Thief' strikes Maverick". Variety. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gilstrap, Peter (April 17, 2007). "Columbus struck by 'Lightning'". Variety. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "IMDb Release Dates". IMDb. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Sea of Monsters". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (2011-10-12). "Fox Moves Ahead With New 'Die Hard' and 'Percy Jackson & the Olympians' Films". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Jump up ^ Splechta, Michael. "Percy Jackson & The Olympians: The Lightning Thief Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Cox, Gordon. "'Percy Jackson' Musical, by 'Unfortunate Events' Writer, Expands for Return Run". Variety. Los Angeles, California: Michelle Sobrino. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Heroes of Olympus, Book One: The Lost Hero (9781423113393): Rick Riordan: Books". Amazon.com. 2009-09-09. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived August 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Blood of Olympus". Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Magnus Chase!". Blogspot.com. Rick Riordan. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Percy Jackson & the Olympians
Percy Jackson and the Olympians series site from publisher Disney (readriordan.com)
Rick Riordan Myth Master at publisher Penguin Books (UK)
Percy Jackson & the Olympians official Persian-language website percy-jackson.ir (archived 2010)
Teacher's Guide at Educational Resources from Rick Riordan (rickriordan.com)
Rick Riordan at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
[hide]
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The Camp Half-Blood Chronicles
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Only in My Dreams
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Debbie Gibson song. For other uses, see Only in My Dreams (disambiguation).
"Only in My Dreams"
Single by Debbie Gibson
from the album Out of the Blue
A-side
"Vocal (3:50)"
B-side
"Dub (4:42) (U.S., 89322; JPN, P-2305)
Dreamix (4:18) (UK, A9322)"
Released
December 16, 1986
Recorded
1986
Genre
Dance-pop, freestyle
Length
Album Version 3:58
Single Version 3:42
Label
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Deborah Gibson
Producer(s)
Fred Zarr
Debbie Gibson singles chronology
"Only in My Dreams"
(1986) "Shake Your Love"
(1987)
"Only in My Dreams"
(1986) "Shake Your Love"
(1987)
"Only in My Dreams" is the debut single for American singer-songwriter-actress Debbie Gibson. Released December 16, 1986, as a maxi single (Atlantic DM 86744), and then in remixed form (Vocal/3:50, as described herein) February 1987, the song was written by Gibson herself in 1984, two years before she recorded it.[1] Produced by Fred Zarr and engineered by Don Feinberg for BiZarr Music, Inc., mixed by "Little" Louie Vega and mastered by Herb "Pump" Powers, the dance-pop song reached number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the summer of 1987. Douglas Breitbart for Broadbeard Productions, Inc. served as executive producer (see also Debbie Gibson).
While it did not initially make the UK top fifty, 'Dreams' re-entered the UK singles chart in 1988 on the back of the success of her second single (viz., "Shake Your Love," Atlantic UK A9187), eventually peaking at #11. The Extended Club Mix/Vocal track (6:34) from DM 86744 was excerpted for a dance medley, 'Medley: Out of the Blue - Shake Your Love - Only in My Dreams' (Debbie Gibson Mega Mix), that became Track 4 on Atlantic DM 86556 'Foolish Beat'.
A different mix, 'Only in My Dreams' (LP Version/3:54), mastered from the original multi-track for DM 86744, became Track 3 on Gibson's debut album Out Of The Blue (Atlantic LP 81780), and a further variation, 'Only in My Dreams (Dream House Mix/10:03)', was Track 3 on Atlantic DM 86556 'Foolish Beat'.
Since the song's release, Gibson has re-recorded the song twice: in 1997 for her album Deborah and in 2010 for the Deluxe Edition release of the Japan-exclusive Ms. Vocalist.
The song was voted #95 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track Listing (Atlantic DM 86744)
3 Track Listing, 12" Oldies Series re-release (Atlantic DM 86606)
4 Versions
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Certifications
6 1997/98 re-recording
6.1 Track Listing (Jellybean Recordings 2532)
7 Footnotes
8 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video for this song was recorded as a dream sequence at Asbury Park beach, NJ, the carousel in the Asbury Park casino (still in use back then), and outside the Asbury Park Convention Center where headliner concerts are still held today. Across the street from the beach, The Stone Pony, where Bruce Springsteen and Bon Jovi got their start, is still in operation. Gibson has several different changes of wardrobe throughout the video. The video shows the futility of a teenage girl attempting to get the man of her dreams to look at her, and when he does, she realizes that she was dreaming the whole event, thus causing her world to come crashing down around her.
Track Listing (Atlantic DM 86744)[edit]
'Only in My Dreams'
(Extended Club Mix/Vocal/6:34)
(Percapella/Vocal/3:29)
(Dreamix/4:18)
(Heartthrob Beats/4:14)
Track Listing, 12" Oldies Series re-release (Atlantic DM 86606)[edit]
'Only in My Dreams'
(Extended Club Mix/Vocal/6:34)
(Percapella/Vocal/3:29)
Back-to-back with these two tracks on this maxi-single is Chic's 'Dance, Dance, Dance (Yowsah, Yowsah, Yowsah)' (8:30); this track was originally released in 1978 on Atlantic maxi single DK 4600.
Versions[edit]
Only In My Dreams [Album Version] - 3:46
Only In My Dreams [97 Dance Remix] - 4:36
Only In My Dreams [Club Dub] - 4:36
Only In My Dreams [Club Mix with Rap] - 4:35
Only In My Dreams [Debbie Dreams] - 4:38
Only In My Dreams [Dream Dub] - 3:44
Only In My Dreams [Extended Club Mix] - 5:55
Only In My Dreams [Extended Dance Mix] - 6:27
Only In My Dreams [Hot Tracks Mix] - 6:27
Only In My Dreams [Rave Radio Version] - 3:44
Only In My Dreams [Riff Dub] - 4:22
Only In My Dreams [Vasquez Club Mix] - 7:30
Only In My Dreams [Video Version] - 3:42
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Canada (RPM)[2] 5
Ireland (IRMA)[3] 20
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[4] 20
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[5] 46
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[6] 11
US Billboard Hot 100[7] 4
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[8] 12
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[9]
Gold 500,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
1997/98 re-recording[edit]
"Only in My Dreams 1998"
Single by Debbie Gibson
from the album Deborah Rev. 1.1
Released
1998
Length
37:53 overall
Label
Jellybean Recordings
Songwriter(s)
Deborah Gibson
Producer(s)
John "Jellybean" Benitez, Deborah Gibson
Debbie Gibson singles chronology
"Moonchild"
(1997) "Only in My Dreams 1998"
(1998) "Naturally"
(1998)
"Moonchild"
(1997) "Only in My Dreams 1998"
(1998) "Naturally"
(1998)
Gibson did several major modifications to this song after she left Atlantic Records. In 1997, apparently the entire song was re-recorded, first appearing as 'Only in My Dreams' (1997 Dance Edit/4:38), track 14 on Espiritu LP 9602 Deborah, Revision 1.1 for June 1997, and later in seven variations, including one with a retrofitted eight-measure rap, on Jellybean Recordings DM 2532 'Only in My Dreams 1998' (released February 1998). The basic rhythm is modified from the Dream House Version of the original song on Atlantic DM 86556, track 3.[10]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Track Listing (Jellybean Recordings 2532)[edit]
'Only in My Dreams 1998'
(Club Mix/7:32)
(Club Mix with Rap/4:37)
(Club Dub/4:36)
(Rave Vocal Mix/4:37)
(Rave Dub/4:37)
(Dream Dub/3:45)
(Rave Radio Edit/3:46)
(Riff Dub/4:23)
(Deborah Gibson) Music Sales Corp., ASCAP
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Out of the Blue (Debbie Gibson songbook), CatNo. HL00356822. Hal Leonard, 1988.
Jump up ^ "Debbie Gibson Canada Chart History". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Only in My Dreams". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Debbie Gibson – Shake Your Love". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Debbie Gibson search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Debbie Gibson – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Debbie Gibson. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Debbie Gibson – Chart history" Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Debbie Gibson. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Debbie Gibson – Only in My Dreams". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ /Pop2/DeborahGibsonDiscog/Discog.txt at AngelFire.com. Retrieved 06:15, 25 May 2008 (UTC).
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Debbie Gibson
Studio albums
Out of the Blue (1987)
Electric Youth (1989)
Anything Is Possible (1990)
Body, Mind, Soul (1993)
Think with Your Heart (1995)
Deborah (1997)
M.Y.O.B. (2001)
Colored Lights: The Broadway Album (2003)
Ms. Vocalist (2010/2011)
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits (1995)
Lost in Your Eyes and Other Hits (1999)
Memory Lane, Volume 1 (2005)
Memory Lane, Volume 2 (2005)
Singles
"Only in My Dreams" (1986)
"Shake Your Love" (1987)
"Out of the Blue" (1987)
"Foolish Beat" (1988)
"Staying Together" (1988)
"Red Hot" (1988)
"Lost in Your Eyes" (1989)
"Electric Youth" (1989)
"No More Rhyme" (1989)
"We Could Be Together" (1989)
"Without You" (1990)
"Anything Is Possible" (1990)
"(This So-Called) Miracle" (1991)
"One Hand, One Heart" (1991)
"One Step Ahead" (1991)
"Sure" (1991)
"In His Mind" (1992)
"Losin' Myself" (1993)
"Eyes of the Child" (1993)
"Shock Your Mama" (1993)
"How Can This Be?" (1993)
"Free Me" (1993)
"For Better or Worse" (1995)
"Only in My Dreams 1998" (1998)
"Naturally" (1998)
"What You Want" (2000)
Related articles
Discography
Electric Youth (fragrance)
Albums
Songs
Book:Debbie Gibson
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_in_My_Dreams&oldid=801799175"
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