Question: How does Manual Rotation of CA Certificates work?

Answer: Manual Rotation of CA CertificatesThis page shows how to manually rotate the certificate authority (CA) certificates.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesFor more information about authentication in Kubernetes, see Authenticating.For more information about best practices for CA certificates, see Single root CA.Rotate the CA certificates manuallyCaution:Make sure to back up your certificate directory along with configuration files and any other necessary files.This approach assumes operation of the Kubernetes control plane in a HA configuration with multiple API servers. Graceful termination of the API server is also assumed so clients can cleanly disconnect from one API server and reconnect to another.Configurations with a single API server will experience unavailability while the API server is being restarted.Distribute the new CA certificates and private keys (for example: ca.crt, ca.key, front-proxy-ca.crt, and front-proxy-ca.key) to all your control plane nodes in the Kubernetes certificates directory.Update the --root-ca-file flag for the kube-controller-manager to include both old and new CA, then restart the kube-controller-manager.Any ServiceAccount created after this point will get Secrets that include both old and new CAs.Note:The files specified by the kube-controller-manager flags --client-ca-file and --cluster-signing-cert-file cannot be CA bundles. If these flags and --root-ca-file point to the same ca.crt file which is now a bundle (includes both old and new CA) you will face an error. To workaround this problem you can copy the new CA to a separate file and make the flags --client-ca-file and --cluster-signing-cert-file point to the copy. Once ca.crt is no longer a bundle you can restore the problem flags to point to ca.crt and delete the copy.Issue 1350 for kubeadm tracks an bug with the kube-controller-manager being unable to accept a CA bundle.Wait for the controller manager to update ca.crt in the service account Secrets to include both old and new CA certificates.If any Pods are started before new CA is used by API servers, the new Pods get this update and will trust both old and new CAs.Restart all pods using in-cluster configurations (for example: kube-proxy, CoreDNS, etc) so they can use the updated certificate authority data from Secrets that link to ServiceAccounts.Make sure CoreDNS, kube-proxy and other Pods using in-cluster configurations are working as expected.Append the both old and new CA to the file against --client-ca-file and --kubelet-certificate-authority flag in the kube-apiserver configuration.Append the both old


Question: When would you use Manual Rotation of CA Certificates?

Answer: Manual Rotation of CA CertificatesThis page shows how to manually rotate the certificate authority (CA) certificates.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesFor more information about authentication in Kubernetes, see Authenticating.For more information about best practices for CA certificates, see Single root CA.Rotate the CA certificates manuallyCaution:Make sure to back up your certificate directory along with configuration files and any other necessary files.This approach assumes operation of the Kubernetes control plane in a HA configuration with multiple API servers. Graceful termination of the API server is also assumed so clients can cleanly disconnect from one API server and reconnect to another.Configurations with a single API server will experience unavailability while the API server is being restarted.Distribute the new CA certificates and private keys (for example: ca.crt, ca.key, front-proxy-ca.crt, and front-proxy-ca.key) to all your control plane nodes in the Kubernetes certificates directory.Update the --root-ca-file flag for the kube-controller-manager to include both old and new CA, then restart the kube-controller-manager.Any ServiceAccount created after this point will get Secrets that include both old and new CAs.Note:The files specified by the kube-controller-manager flags --client-ca-file and --cluster-signing-cert-file cannot be CA bundles. If these flags and --root-ca-file point to the same ca.crt file which is now a bundle (includes both old and new CA) you will face an error. To workaround this problem you can copy the new CA to a separate file and make the flags --client-ca-file and --cluster-signing-cert-file point to the copy. Once ca.crt is no longer a bundle you can restore the problem flags to point to ca.crt and delete the copy.Issue 1350 for kubeadm tracks an bug with the kube-controller-manager being unable to accept a CA bundle.Wait for the controller manager to update ca.crt in the service account Secrets to include both old and new CA certificates.If any Pods are started before new CA is used by API servers, the new Pods get this update and will trust both old and new CAs.Restart all pods using in-cluster configurations (for example: kube-proxy, CoreDNS, etc) so they can use the updated certificate authority data from Secrets that link to ServiceAccounts.Make sure CoreDNS, kube-proxy and other Pods using in-cluster configurations are working as expected.Append the both old and new CA to the file against --client-ca-file and --kubelet-certificate-authority flag in the kube-apiserver configuration.Append the both old


Question: What are the benefits of Manual Rotation of CA Certificates?

Answer: Manual Rotation of CA CertificatesThis page shows how to manually rotate the certificate authority (CA) certificates.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesFor more information about authentication in Kubernetes, see Authenticating.For more information about best practices for CA certificates, see Single root CA.Rotate the CA certificates manuallyCaution:Make sure to back up your certificate directory along with configuration files and any other necessary files.This approach assumes operation of the Kubernetes control plane in a HA configuration with multiple API servers. Graceful termination of the API server is also assumed so clients can cleanly disconnect from one API server and reconnect to another.Configurations with a single API server will experience unavailability while the API server is being restarted.Distribute the new CA certificates and private keys (for example: ca.crt, ca.key, front-proxy-ca.crt, and front-proxy-ca.key) to all your control plane nodes in the Kubernetes certificates directory.Update the --root-ca-file flag for the kube-controller-manager to include both old and new CA, then restart the kube-controller-manager.Any ServiceAccount created after this point will get Secrets that include both old and new CAs.Note:The files specified by the kube-controller-manager flags --client-ca-file and --cluster-signing-cert-file cannot be CA bundles. If these flags and --root-ca-file point to the same ca.crt file which is now a bundle (includes both old and new CA) you will face an error. To workaround this problem you can copy the new CA to a separate file and make the flags --client-ca-file and --cluster-signing-cert-file point to the copy. Once ca.crt is no longer a bundle you can restore the problem flags to point to ca.crt and delete the copy.Issue 1350 for kubeadm tracks an bug with the kube-controller-manager being unable to accept a CA bundle.Wait for the controller manager to update ca.crt in the service account Secrets to include both old and new CA certificates.If any Pods are started before new CA is used by API servers, the new Pods get this update and will trust both old and new CAs.Restart all pods using in-cluster configurations (for example: kube-proxy, CoreDNS, etc) so they can use the updated certificate authority data from Secrets that link to ServiceAccounts.Make sure CoreDNS, kube-proxy and other Pods using in-cluster configurations are working as expected.Append the both old and new CA to the file against --client-ca-file and --kubelet-certificate-authority flag in the kube-apiserver configuration.Append the both old


Question: What is Manual Rotation of CA Certificates?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   s h o w s   h o w   t o   m a n u a l l y   r o t a t e   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   ( C A )   c e r t i f i c a t e s .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n   a b o u t   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   i n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   s e e   A u t h e n t i c a t i n g . F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n   a b o u t   b e s t   p r a c t i c e s   f o r   C A   c e r t i f i c a t e s ,   s e e   S i n g l e   r o o t   C A .


Question: What is Caution:?

Answer: M a k e   s u r e   t o   b a c k   u p   y o u r   c e r t i f i c a t e   d i r e c t o r y   a l o n g   w i t h   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e s   a n d   a n y   o t h e r   n e c e s s a r y   f i l e s .   T h i s   a p p r o a c h   a s s u m e s   o p e r a t i o n   o f   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   i n   a   H A   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   w i t h   m u l t i p l e   A P I   s e r v e r s .   G r a c e f u l   t e r m i n a t i o n   o f   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   i s   a l s o   a s s u m e d   s o   c l i e n t s   c a n   c l e a n l y   d i s c o n n e c t   f r o m   o n e   A P I   s e r v e r   a n d   r e c o n n e c t   t o   a n o t h e r .   C o n f i g u r a t i o n s   w i t h   a   s i n g l e   A P I   s e r v e r   w i l l   e x p e r i e n c e   u n a v a i l a b i l i t y   w h i l e   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   i s   b e i n g   r e s t a r t e d .   D i s t r i b u t e   t h e   n e w   C A   c e r t i f i c a t e s   a n d   p r i v a t e   k e y s   ( f o r   e x a m p l e :   c a . c r t ,   c a . k e y ,   f r o n t - p r o x y - c a . c r t ,   a n d   f r o n t - p r o x y - c a . k e y )   t o   a l l   y o u r   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   n o d e s   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c e r t i f i c a t e s   d i r e c t o r y . U p d a t e   t h e   - - r o o t - c a - f i l e   f l a g   f o r   t h e   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   t o   i n c l u d e   b o t h   o l d   a n d   n e w   C A ,   t h e n   r e s t a r t   t h e   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r . A n y   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t   c r e a t e d   a f t e r   t h i s   p o i n t   w i l l   g e t   S e c r e t s   t h a t   i n c l u d e   b o t h   o l d   a n d   n e w   C A s . N o t e : T h e   f i l e s   s p e c i f i e d   b y   t h e   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   f l a g s   - - c l i e n t - c a - f i l e   a n d   - - c l u s t e r - s i g n i n g


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T h e   f i l e s   s p e c i f i e d   b y   t h e   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   f l a g s   - - c l i e n t - c a - f i l e   a n d   - - c l u s t e r - s i g n i n g - c e r t - f i l e   c a n n o t   b e   C A   b u n d l e s .   I f   t h e s e   f l a g s   a n d   - - r o o t - c a - f i l e   p o i n t   t o   t h e   s a m e   c a . c r t   f i l e   w h i c h   i s   n o w   a   b u n d l e   ( i n c l u d e s   b o t h   o l d   a n d   n e w   C A )   y o u   w i l l   f a c e   a n   e r r o r .   T o   w o r k a r o u n d   t h i s   p r o b l e m   y o u   c a n   c o p y   t h e   n e w   C A   t o   a   s e p a r a t e   f i l e   a n d   m a k e   t h e   f l a g s   - - c l i e n t - c a - f i l e   a n d   - - c l u s t e r - s i g n i n g - c e r t - f i l e   p o i n t   t o   t h e   c o p y .   O n c e   c a . c r t   i s   n o   l o n g e r   a   b u n d l e   y o u   c a n   r e s t o r e   t h e   p r o b l e m   f l a g s   t o   p o i n t   t o   c a . c r t   a n d   d e l e t e   t h e   c o p y .   I s s u e   1 3 5 0   f o r   k u b e a d m   t r a c k s   a n   b u g   w i t h   t h e   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   b e i n g   u n a b l e   t o   a c c e p t   a   C A   b u n d l e .   W a i t   f o r   t h e   c o n t r o l l e r   m a n a g e r   t o   u p d a t e   c a . c r t   i n   t h e   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   S e c r e t s   t o   i n c l u d e   b o t h   o l d   a n d   n e w   C A   c e r t i f i c a t e s .   I f   a n y   P o d s   a r e   s t a r t e d   b e f o r e   n e w   C A   i s   u s e d   b y   A P I   s e r v e r s ,   t h e   n e w   P o d s   g e t   t h i s   u p d a t e   a n d   w i l l   t r u s t   b o t h   o l d   a n d   n e w   C A s .   R e s t a r t   a l l   p o d s   u s i n g   i n - c l u s t e r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s   ( f o r   e x a m p l e :   k u b e - p r o x y ,   C o r e D N S ,   e t c )   s o   t h e y   c a n   u s e   t h


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: F o l l o w   t h e   s t e p s   b e l o w   i n   a   r o l l i n g   f a s h i o n .   R e s t a r t   a n y   o t h e r   a g g r e g a t e d   A P I   s e r v e r s   o r   w e b h o o k   h a n d l e r s   t o   t r u s t   t h e   n e w   C A   c e r t i f i c a t e s . R e s t a r t   t h e   k u b e l e t   b y   u p d a t e   t h e   f i l e   a g a i n s t   c l i e n t C A F i l e   i n   k u b e l e t   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   a n d   c e r t i f i c a t e - a u t h o r i t y - d a t a   i n   k u b e l e t . c o n f   t o   u s e   b o t h   t h e   o l d   a n d   n e w   C A   o n   a l l   n o d e s . I f   y o u r   k u b e l e t   i s   n o t   u s i n g   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   r o t a t i o n ,   u p d a t e   c l i e n t - c e r t i f i c a t e - d a t a   a n d   c l i e n t - k e y - d a t a   i n   k u b e l e t . c o n f   o n   a l l   n o d e s   a l o n g   w i t h   t h e   k u b e l e t   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   f i l e   u s u a l l y   f o u n d   i n   / v a r / l i b / k u b e l e t / p k i . R e s t a r t   A P I   s e r v e r s   w i t h   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e s   ( a p i s e r v e r . c r t ,   a p i s e r v e r - k u b e l e t - c l i e n t . c r t   a n d   f r o n t - p r o x y - c l i e n t . c r t )   s i g n e d   b y   n e w   C A .   Y o u   c a n   u s e   t h e   e x i s t i n g   p r i v a t e   k e y s   o r   n e w   p r i v a t e   k e y s .   I f   y o u   c h a n g e d   t h e   p r i v a t e   k e y s   t h e n   u p d a t e   t h e s e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c e r t i f i c a t e s   d i r e c t o r y   a s   w e l l . S i n c e   t h e   P o d s   i n   y o u r   c l u s t e r   t r u s t   b o t h   o l d   a n d   n e w   C A s ,   t h e r e   w i l l   b e   a   m o m e n t a r i l y   d i s c o n n e c t i o n   a f t e r   w h i c h   p o d s '   K u b e r n e t e s   c l i e n t s   r e c o n n e c t   t o   t h e   n e w   A P I   s e r v e r .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T o   g e n e r a t e   c e r t i f i c a t e s   a n d   p r i v a t e   k e y s   f o r   y o u r   c l u s t e r   u s i n g   t h e   ` o p e n s s l `   c o m m a n d   l i n e   t o o l ,   s e e   [ C e r t i f i c a t e s   ( ` o p e n s s l ` ) ] ( / d o c s / t a s k s / a d m i n i s t e r - c l u s t e r / c e r t i f i c a t e s / # o p e n s s l ) .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   u s e   [ ` c f s s l ` ] ( / d o c s / t a s k s / a d m i n i s t e r - c l u s t e r / c e r t i f i c a t e s / # c f s s l ) .   A n n o t a t e   a n y   D a e m o n S e t s   a n d   D e p l o y m e n t s   t o   t r i g g e r   p o d   r e p l a c e m e n t   i n   a   s a f e r   r o l l i n g   f a s h i o n .   f o r   n a m e s p a c e   i n   $ ( k u b e c t l   g e t   n a m e s p a c e   - o   j s o n p a t h = ' { . i t e m s [ * ] . m e t a d a t a . n a m e } ' ) ;   d o   f o r   n a m e   i n   $ ( k u b e c t l   g e t   d e p l o y m e n t s   - n   $ n a m e s p a c e   - o   j s o n p a t h = ' { . i t e m s [ * ] . m e t a d a t a . n a m e } ' ) ;   d o   k u b e c t l   p a t c h   d e p l o y m e n t   - n   $ { n a m e s p a c e }   $ { n a m e }   - p   ' { " s p e c " : { " t e m p l a t e " : { " m e t a d a t a " : { " a n n o t a t i o n s " : { " c a - r o t a t i o n " :   " 1 " } } } } } ' ;   d o n e   f o r   n a m e   i n   $ ( k u b e c t l   g e t   d a e m o n s e t   - n   $ n a m e s p a c e   - o   j s o n p a t h = ' { . i t e m s [ * ] . m e t a d a t a . n a m e } ' ) ;   d o   k u b e c t l   p a t c h   d a e m o n s e t   - n   $ { n a m e s p a c e }   $ { n a m e }   - p   ' { " s p e c " : { " t e m p l a t e " : { " m e t a d a t a " : { " a n n o t a t i o n s " : { " c a - r o t a t i o n " :   " 1 " } } } } } ' ;   d o n e   d o n e


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T o   l i m i t   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   c o n c u r r e n t   d i s r u p t i o n s   t h a t   y o u r   a p p l i c a t i o n   e x p e r i e n c e s ,   s e e   [ c o n f i g u r e   p o d   d i s r u p t i o n   b u d g e t ] ( / d o c s / t a s k s / r u n - a p p l i c a t i o n / c o n f i g u r e - p d b / ) .   D e p e n d i n g   o n   h o w   y o u   u s e   S t a t e f u l S e t s   y o u   m a y   a l s o   n e e d   t o   p e r f o r m   s i m i l a r   r o l l i n g   r e p l a c e m e n t .   I f   y o u r   c l u s t e r   i s   u s i n g   b o o t s t r a p   t o k e n s   t o   j o i n   n o d e s ,   u p d a t e   t h e   C o n f i g M a p   c l u s t e r - i n f o   i n   t h e   k u b e - p u b l i c   n a m e s p a c e   w i t h   n e w   C A .   b a s e 6 4 _ e n c o d e d _ c a = " $ ( b a s e 6 4   - w 0   / e t c / k u b e r n e t e s / p k i / c a . c r t ) "   k u b e c t l   g e t   c m / c l u s t e r - i n f o   - - n a m e s p a c e   k u b e - p u b l i c   - o   y a m l   |   \   / b i n / s e d   " s / \ ( c e r t i f i c a t e - a u t h o r i t y - d a t a : \ ) . * / \ 1   $ { b a s e 6 4 _ e n c o d e d _ c a } / "   |   \   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - f   -   V e r i f y   t h e   c l u s t e r   f u n c t i o n a l i t y .   C h e c k   t h e   l o g s   f r o m   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   c o m p o n e n t s ,   a l o n g   w i t h   t h e   k u b e l e t   a n d   t h e   k u b e - p r o x y .   E n s u r e   t h o s e   c o m p o n e n t s   a r e   n o t   r e p o r t i n g   a n y   T L S   e r r o r s ;   s e e   l o o k i n g   a t   t h e   l o g s   f o r   m o r e   d e t a i l s . V a l i d a t e   l o g s   f r o m   a n y   a g g r e g a t e d   a p i   s e r v e r s   a n d   p o d s   u s i n g   i n - c l u s t e r   c o n f i g .   C h e c k   t h e   l o g s   f r o m   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   c o m p o n e n t s ,   a l o n g   w i t h   t h e   k u b e l e t   a n d   t h e   k u b e - p r o


Question: What is kubectl rollout pause?

Answer: kubectl rollout pauseSynopsisMark the provided resource as paused.Paused resources will not be reconciled by a controller. Use "kubectl rollout resume" to resume a paused resource. Currently only deployments support being paused.kubectl rollout pause RESOURCE Examples # Mark the nginx deployment as paused # Any current state of the deployment will continue its function; new updates # to the deployment will not have an effect as long as the deployment is paused kubectl rollout pause deployment/nginx Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-rollout"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to get from a server.-h, --helphelp for pause-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.-l, --selector stringSelector (label query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', '!=', 'in', 'notin'.(e.g. -l key1=value1,key2=value2,key3 in (value3)). Matching objects must satisfy all of the specified label constraints.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning of


Question: How does kubectl rollout pause work?

Answer: kubectl rollout pauseSynopsisMark the provided resource as paused.Paused resources will not be reconciled by a controller. Use "kubectl rollout resume" to resume a paused resource. Currently only deployments support being paused.kubectl rollout pause RESOURCE Examples # Mark the nginx deployment as paused # Any current state of the deployment will continue its function; new updates # to the deployment will not have an effect as long as the deployment is paused kubectl rollout pause deployment/nginx Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-rollout"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to get from a server.-h, --helphelp for pause-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.-l, --selector stringSelector (label query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', '!=', 'in', 'notin'.(e.g. -l key1=value1,key2=value2,key3 in (value3)). Matching objects must satisfy all of the specified label constraints.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning of


Question: When would you use kubectl rollout pause?

Answer: kubectl rollout pauseSynopsisMark the provided resource as paused.Paused resources will not be reconciled by a controller. Use "kubectl rollout resume" to resume a paused resource. Currently only deployments support being paused.kubectl rollout pause RESOURCE Examples # Mark the nginx deployment as paused # Any current state of the deployment will continue its function; new updates # to the deployment will not have an effect as long as the deployment is paused kubectl rollout pause deployment/nginx Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-rollout"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to get from a server.-h, --helphelp for pause-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.-l, --selector stringSelector (label query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', '!=', 'in', 'notin'.(e.g. -l key1=value1,key2=value2,key3 in (value3)). Matching objects must satisfy all of the specified label constraints.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning of


Question: What are the benefits of kubectl rollout pause?

Answer: kubectl rollout pauseSynopsisMark the provided resource as paused.Paused resources will not be reconciled by a controller. Use "kubectl rollout resume" to resume a paused resource. Currently only deployments support being paused.kubectl rollout pause RESOURCE Examples # Mark the nginx deployment as paused # Any current state of the deployment will continue its function; new updates # to the deployment will not have an effect as long as the deployment is paused kubectl rollout pause deployment/nginx Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-rollout"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to get from a server.-h, --helphelp for pause-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.-l, --selector stringSelector (label query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', '!=', 'in', 'notin'.(e.g. -l key1=value1,key2=value2,key3 in (value3)). Matching objects must satisfy all of the specified label constraints.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning of


Question: What is Synopsis?

Answer: M a r k   t h e   p r o v i d e d   r e s o u r c e   a s   p a u s e d .   P a u s e d   r e s o u r c e s   w i l l   n o t   b e   r e c o n c i l e d   b y   a   c o n t r o l l e r .   U s e   " k u b e c t l   r o l l o u t   r e s u m e "   t o   r e s u m e   a   p a u s e d   r e s o u r c e .   C u r r e n t l y   o n l y   d e p l o y m e n t s   s u p p o r t   b e i n g   p a u s e d .   k u b e c t l   r o l l o u t   p a u s e   R E S O U R C E


Question: What is Examples?

Answer: #   M a r k   t h e   n g i n x   d e p l o y m e n t   a s   p a u s e d   #   A n y   c u r r e n t   s t a t e   o f   t h e   d e p l o y m e n t   w i l l   c o n t i n u e   i t s   f u n c t i o n ;   n e w   u p d a t e s   #   t o   t h e   d e p l o y m e n t   w i l l   n o t   h a v e   a n   e f f e c t   a s   l o n g   a s   t h e   d e p l o y m e n t   i s   p a u s e d   k u b e c t l   r o l l o u t   p a u s e   d e p l o y m e n t / n g i n x


Question: What is Options?

Answer: I f   t r u e ,   i g n o r e   a n y   e r r o r s   i n   t e m p l a t e s   w h e n   a   f i e l d   o r   m a p   k e y   i s   m i s s i n g   i n   t h e   t e m p l a t e .   O n l y   a p p l i e s   t o   g o l a n g   a n d   j s o n p a t h   o u t p u t   f o r m a t s .   N a m e   o f   t h e   m a n a g e r   u s e d   t o   t r a c k   f i e l d   o w n e r s h i p .   F i l e n a m e ,   d i r e c t o r y ,   o r   U R L   t o   f i l e s   i d e n t i f y i n g   t h e   r e s o u r c e   t o   g e t   f r o m   a   s e r v e r .   h e l p   f o r   p a u s e   P r o c e s s   t h e   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   d i r e c t o r y .   T h i s   f l a g   c a n ' t   b e   u s e d   t o g e t h e r   w i t h   - f   o r   - R .   O u t p u t   f o r m a t .   O n e   o f :   ( j s o n ,   y a m l ,   n a m e ,   g o - t e m p l a t e ,   g o - t e m p l a t e - f i l e ,   t e m p l a t e ,   t e m p l a t e f i l e ,   j s o n p a t h ,   j s o n p a t h - a s - j s o n ,   j s o n p a t h - f i l e ) .   P r o c e s s   t h e   d i r e c t o r y   u s e d   i n   - f ,   - - f i l e n a m e   r e c u r s i v e l y .   U s e f u l   w h e n   y o u   w a n t   t o   m a n a g e   r e l a t e d   m a n i f e s t s   o r g a n i z e d   w i t h i n   t h e   s a m e   d i r e c t o r y .   S e l e c t o r   ( l a b e l   q u e r y )   t o   f i l t e r   o n ,   s u p p o r t s   ' = ' ,   ' = = ' ,   ' ! = ' ,   ' i n ' ,   ' n o t i n ' . ( e . g .   - l   k e y 1 = v a l u e 1 , k e y 2 = v a l u e 2 , k e y 3   i n   ( v a l u e 3 ) ) .   M a t c h i n g   o b j e c t s   m u s t   s a t i s f y   a l l   o f   t h e   s p e c i f i e d   l a b e l   c o n s t r a i n t s .   I f   t r u e ,   k e e p   t h e   m a n a g e d F i e l d s   w h e n   p r i n t i n g   o b j e c t s   i n   J S O N   o r   Y A M L   f o r m a t .   T e m p l a t e   s t r i n g   o r   p a t h   t o   t e m p l a t e   f i l e   t o   u s e   w h e n   - o = g o -


Question: What is Parent Options Inherited?

Answer: U s e r n a m e   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   U s e r   c o u l d   b e   a   r e g u l a r   u s e r   o r   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e .   G r o u p   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n ,   t h i s   f l a g   c a n   b e   r e p e a t e d   t o   s p e c i f y   m u l t i p l e   g r o u p s .   U I D   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   D e f a u l t   c a c h e   d i r e c t o r y   P a t h   t o   a   c e r t   f i l e   f o r   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   f i l e   f o r   T L S   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   k e y   f i l e   f o r   T L S   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c l u s t e r   t o   u s e   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c o n t e x t   t o   u s e   I f   t r u e ,   o p t - o u t   o f   r e s p o n s e   c o m p r e s s i o n   f o r   a l l   r e q u e s t s   t o   t h e   s e r v e r   I f   t r u e ,   t h e   s e r v e r ' s   c e r t i f i c a t e   w i l l   n o t   b e   c h e c k e d   f o r   v a l i d i t y .   T h i s   w i l l   m a k e   y o u r   H T T P S   c o n n e c t i o n s   i n s e c u r e   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   C L I   r e q u e s t s .   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e r c   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   p r e f e r e n c e s .   T h i s   c a n   b e   d i s a b l e d   b y   e x p o r t i n g   K U B E C T L _ K U B E R C = f a l s e   f e a t u r e   g a t e   o r   t u r n i n g   o f f   t h e   f e a t u r e   K U B E R C = o f f .   R e q u i r e   s e r v e r   v e r s i o n   t o   m a t c h   c l i e n t   v e r s i o n   I f   p r e s e n t ,   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   s c o p e   f o r   t h i s   C L I   r e q u e s t   P a s s w o r d   f o r   b a s i c   a u t h e n t i c a t


Question: What is See Also?

Answer: k u b e c t l   r o l l o u t   -   M a n a g e   t h e   r o l l o u t   o f   a   r e s o u r c e   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using Kustomize?

Answer: Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using KustomizeKustomize is a standalone tool to customize Kubernetes objects through a kustomization file.Since 1.14, kubectl also supports the management of Kubernetes objects using a kustomization file. To view resources found in a directory containing a kustomization file, run the following command:kubectl kustomize <kustomization_directory> To apply those resources, run kubectl apply with --kustomize or -k flag:kubectl apply -k <kustomization_directory> Before you beginInstall kubectl.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Overview of KustomizeKustomize is a tool for customizing Kubernetes configurations. It has the following features to manage application configuration files:generating resources from other sourcessetting cross-cutting fields for resourcescomposing and customizing collections of resourcesGenerating ResourcesConfigMaps and Secrets hold configuration or sensitive data that are used by other Kubernetes objects, such as Pods. The source of truth of ConfigMaps or Secrets are usually external to a cluster, such as a .properties file or an SSH keyfile. Kustomize has secretGenerator and configMapGenerator, which generate Secret and ConfigMap from files or literals.configMapGeneratorTo generate a ConfigMap from a file, add an entry to the files list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .properties file:# Create a application.properties file cat <<EOF >application.properties FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 files: - application.properties EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: application.properties: | FOO=Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-8mbdf7882g To generate a ConfigMap from an env file, add an entry to the envs list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .env file:# Create a .env file cat <<EOF >.env FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 envs: - .env EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: FOO: Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-42cfbf598f Note:Each variable in the .env file becomes a separate key in the ConfigMap that you generate. This is different from the previous example which embeds a file named applicat


Question: How does Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using Kustomize work?

Answer: Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using KustomizeKustomize is a standalone tool to customize Kubernetes objects through a kustomization file.Since 1.14, kubectl also supports the management of Kubernetes objects using a kustomization file. To view resources found in a directory containing a kustomization file, run the following command:kubectl kustomize <kustomization_directory> To apply those resources, run kubectl apply with --kustomize or -k flag:kubectl apply -k <kustomization_directory> Before you beginInstall kubectl.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Overview of KustomizeKustomize is a tool for customizing Kubernetes configurations. It has the following features to manage application configuration files:generating resources from other sourcessetting cross-cutting fields for resourcescomposing and customizing collections of resourcesGenerating ResourcesConfigMaps and Secrets hold configuration or sensitive data that are used by other Kubernetes objects, such as Pods. The source of truth of ConfigMaps or Secrets are usually external to a cluster, such as a .properties file or an SSH keyfile. Kustomize has secretGenerator and configMapGenerator, which generate Secret and ConfigMap from files or literals.configMapGeneratorTo generate a ConfigMap from a file, add an entry to the files list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .properties file:# Create a application.properties file cat <<EOF >application.properties FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 files: - application.properties EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: application.properties: | FOO=Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-8mbdf7882g To generate a ConfigMap from an env file, add an entry to the envs list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .env file:# Create a .env file cat <<EOF >.env FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 envs: - .env EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: FOO: Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-42cfbf598f Note:Each variable in the .env file becomes a separate key in the ConfigMap that you generate. This is different from the previous example which embeds a file named applicat


Question: When would you use Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using Kustomize?

Answer: Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using KustomizeKustomize is a standalone tool to customize Kubernetes objects through a kustomization file.Since 1.14, kubectl also supports the management of Kubernetes objects using a kustomization file. To view resources found in a directory containing a kustomization file, run the following command:kubectl kustomize <kustomization_directory> To apply those resources, run kubectl apply with --kustomize or -k flag:kubectl apply -k <kustomization_directory> Before you beginInstall kubectl.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Overview of KustomizeKustomize is a tool for customizing Kubernetes configurations. It has the following features to manage application configuration files:generating resources from other sourcessetting cross-cutting fields for resourcescomposing and customizing collections of resourcesGenerating ResourcesConfigMaps and Secrets hold configuration or sensitive data that are used by other Kubernetes objects, such as Pods. The source of truth of ConfigMaps or Secrets are usually external to a cluster, such as a .properties file or an SSH keyfile. Kustomize has secretGenerator and configMapGenerator, which generate Secret and ConfigMap from files or literals.configMapGeneratorTo generate a ConfigMap from a file, add an entry to the files list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .properties file:# Create a application.properties file cat <<EOF >application.properties FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 files: - application.properties EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: application.properties: | FOO=Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-8mbdf7882g To generate a ConfigMap from an env file, add an entry to the envs list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .env file:# Create a .env file cat <<EOF >.env FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 envs: - .env EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: FOO: Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-42cfbf598f Note:Each variable in the .env file becomes a separate key in the ConfigMap that you generate. This is different from the previous example which embeds a file named applicat


Question: What are the benefits of Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using Kustomize?

Answer: Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using KustomizeKustomize is a standalone tool to customize Kubernetes objects through a kustomization file.Since 1.14, kubectl also supports the management of Kubernetes objects using a kustomization file. To view resources found in a directory containing a kustomization file, run the following command:kubectl kustomize <kustomization_directory> To apply those resources, run kubectl apply with --kustomize or -k flag:kubectl apply -k <kustomization_directory> Before you beginInstall kubectl.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Overview of KustomizeKustomize is a tool for customizing Kubernetes configurations. It has the following features to manage application configuration files:generating resources from other sourcessetting cross-cutting fields for resourcescomposing and customizing collections of resourcesGenerating ResourcesConfigMaps and Secrets hold configuration or sensitive data that are used by other Kubernetes objects, such as Pods. The source of truth of ConfigMaps or Secrets are usually external to a cluster, such as a .properties file or an SSH keyfile. Kustomize has secretGenerator and configMapGenerator, which generate Secret and ConfigMap from files or literals.configMapGeneratorTo generate a ConfigMap from a file, add an entry to the files list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .properties file:# Create a application.properties file cat <<EOF >application.properties FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 files: - application.properties EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: application.properties: | FOO=Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-8mbdf7882g To generate a ConfigMap from an env file, add an entry to the envs list in configMapGenerator. Here is an example of generating a ConfigMap with a data item from a .env file:# Create a .env file cat <<EOF >.env FOO=Bar EOF cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml configMapGenerator: - name: example-configmap-1 envs: - .env EOF The generated ConfigMap can be examined with the following command:kubectl kustomize ./ The generated ConfigMap is:apiVersion: v1 data: FOO: Bar kind: ConfigMap metadata: name: example-configmap-1-42cfbf598f Note:Each variable in the .env file becomes a separate key in the ConfigMap that you generate. This is different from the previous example which embeds a file named applicat


Question: What is Declarative Management of Kubernetes Objects Using Kustomize?

Answer: K u s t o m i z e   i s   a   s t a n d a l o n e   t o o l   t o   c u s t o m i z e   K u b e r n e t e s   o b j e c t s   t h r o u g h   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   f i l e .   S i n c e   1 . 1 4 ,   k u b e c t l   a l s o   s u p p o r t s   t h e   m a n a g e m e n t   o f   K u b e r n e t e s   o b j e c t s   u s i n g   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   f i l e .   T o   v i e w   r e s o u r c e s   f o u n d   i n   a   d i r e c t o r y   c o n t a i n i n g   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   f i l e ,   r u n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d :   k u b e c t l   k u s t o m i z e   < k u s t o m i z a t i o n _ d i r e c t o r y >   T o   a p p l y   t h o s e   r e s o u r c e s ,   r u n   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   w i t h   - - k u s t o m i z e   o r   - k   f l a g :   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - k   < k u s t o m i z a t i o n _ d i r e c t o r y >


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: I n s t a l l   k u b e c t l .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s : i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .


Question: What is Overview of Kustomize?

Answer: K u s t o m i z e   i s   a   t o o l   f o r   c u s t o m i z i n g   K u b e r n e t e s   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .   I t   h a s   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   f e a t u r e s   t o   m a n a g e   a p p l i c a t i o n   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e s :   g e n e r a t i n g   r e s o u r c e s   f r o m   o t h e r   s o u r c e s s e t t i n g   c r o s s - c u t t i n g   f i e l d s   f o r   r e s o u r c e s c o m p o s i n g   a n d   c u s t o m i z i n g   c o l l e c t i o n s   o f   r e s o u r c e s


Question: What is Generating Resources?

Answer: C o n f i g M a p s   a n d   S e c r e t s   h o l d   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   o r   s e n s i t i v e   d a t a   t h a t   a r e   u s e d   b y   o t h e r   K u b e r n e t e s   o b j e c t s ,   s u c h   a s   P o d s .   T h e   s o u r c e   o f   t r u t h   o f   C o n f i g M a p s   o r   S e c r e t s   a r e   u s u a l l y   e x t e r n a l   t o   a   c l u s t e r ,   s u c h   a s   a   . p r o p e r t i e s   f i l e   o r   a n   S S H   k e y f i l e .   K u s t o m i z e   h a s   s e c r e t G e n e r a t o r   a n d   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r ,   w h i c h   g e n e r a t e   S e c r e t   a n d   C o n f i g M a p   f r o m   f i l e s   o r   l i t e r a l s .


Question: What is configMapGenerator?

Answer: T o   g e n e r a t e   a   C o n f i g M a p   f r o m   a   f i l e ,   a d d   a n   e n t r y   t o   t h e   f i l e s   l i s t   i n   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   g e n e r a t i n g   a   C o n f i g M a p   w i t h   a   d a t a   i t e m   f r o m   a   . p r o p e r t i e s   f i l e :   #   C r e a t e   a   a p p l i c a t i o n . p r o p e r t i e s   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   > a p p l i c a t i o n . p r o p e r t i e s   F O O = B a r   E O F   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r :   -   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - c o n f i g m a p - 1   f i l e s :   -   a p p l i c a t i o n . p r o p e r t i e s   E O F   T h e   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p   c a n   b e   e x a m i n e d   w i t h   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d :   k u b e c t l   k u s t o m i z e   . /   T h e   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p   i s :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   d a t a :   a p p l i c a t i o n . p r o p e r t i e s :   |   F O O = B a r   k i n d :   C o n f i g M a p   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - c o n f i g m a p - 1 - 8 m b d f 7 8 8 2 g   T o   g e n e r a t e   a   C o n f i g M a p   f r o m   a n   e n v   f i l e ,   a d d   a n   e n t r y   t o   t h e   e n v s   l i s t   i n   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   g e n e r a t i n g   a   C o n f i g M a p   w i t h   a   d a t a   i t e m   f r o m   a   . e n v   f i l e :   #   C r e a t e   a   . e n v   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   > . e n v   F O O = B a r   E O F   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r :   -   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - c o n f i g m a p - 1   e n v s :   -   . e n v   E O F   T h e   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p   c a n   b e   e x a m i n e d   w i t h   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: C o n f i g M a p s   c a n   a l s o   b e   g e n e r a t e d   f r o m   l i t e r a l   k e y - v a l u e   p a i r s .   T o   g e n e r a t e   a   C o n f i g M a p   f r o m   a   l i t e r a l   k e y - v a l u e   p a i r ,   a d d   a n   e n t r y   t o   t h e   l i t e r a l s   l i s t   i n   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   g e n e r a t i n g   a   C o n f i g M a p   w i t h   a   d a t a   i t e m   f r o m   a   k e y - v a l u e   p a i r :   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r :   -   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - c o n f i g m a p - 2   l i t e r a l s :   -   F O O = B a r   E O F   T h e   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p   c a n   b e   c h e c k e d   b y   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d :   k u b e c t l   k u s t o m i z e   . /   T h e   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p   i s :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   d a t a :   F O O :   B a r   k i n d :   C o n f i g M a p   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - c o n f i g m a p - 2 - g 2 h d h f c 6 t k   T o   u s e   a   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p   i n   a   D e p l o y m e n t ,   r e f e r e n c e   i t   b y   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r .   K u s t o m i z e   w i l l   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   r e p l a c e   t h i s   n a m e   w i t h   t h e   g e n e r a t e d   n a m e .   T h i s   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   d e p l o y m e n t   t h a t   u s e s   a   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p :   #   C r e a t e   a n   a p p l i c a t i o n . p r o p e r t i e s   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   > a p p l i c a t i o n . p r o p e r t i e s   F O O = B a r   E O F   c a t   < < E O F   > d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p p s / v 1   k i n d :   D e p l o y m e n t   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m y - a p p   l a b e l s :   a p p :   m y - a p p   s p e


Question: What is secretGenerator?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   g e n e r a t e   S e c r e t s   f r o m   f i l e s   o r   l i t e r a l   k e y - v a l u e   p a i r s .   T o   g e n e r a t e   a   S e c r e t   f r o m   a   f i l e ,   a d d   a n   e n t r y   t o   t h e   f i l e s   l i s t   i n   s e c r e t G e n e r a t o r .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   g e n e r a t i n g   a   S e c r e t   w i t h   a   d a t a   i t e m   f r o m   a   f i l e :   #   C r e a t e   a   p a s s w o r d . t x t   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   > . / p a s s w o r d . t x t   u s e r n a m e = a d m i n   p a s s w o r d = s e c r e t   E O F   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   s e c r e t G e n e r a t o r :   -   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - s e c r e t - 1   f i l e s :   -   p a s s w o r d . t x t   E O F   T h e   g e n e r a t e d   S e c r e t   i s   a s   f o l l o w s :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   d a t a :   p a s s w o r d . t x t :   d X N l c m 5 h b W U 9 Y W R t a W 4 K c G F z c 3 d v c m Q 9 c 2 V j c m V 0 C g = =   k i n d :   S e c r e t   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - s e c r e t - 1 - t 2 k t 6 5 h g t b   t y p e :   O p a q u e   T o   g e n e r a t e   a   S e c r e t   f r o m   a   l i t e r a l   k e y - v a l u e   p a i r ,   a d d   a n   e n t r y   t o   l i t e r a l s   l i s t   i n   s e c r e t G e n e r a t o r .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   g e n e r a t i n g   a   S e c r e t   w i t h   a   d a t a   i t e m   f r o m   a   k e y - v a l u e   p a i r :   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   s e c r e t G e n e r a t o r :   -   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - s e c r e t - 2   l i t e r a l s :   -   u s e r n a m e = a d m i n   -   p a s s w o r d = s e c r e t   E O F   T h e   g e n e r a t e d   S e c r e t   i s   a s   f o l l o w s :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   d a t a :   p a s s w o r d :   c 2 V j c m V 0   u s e r n a m e :   Y W R t a W 4 =   k


Question: What is generatorOptions?

Answer: T h e   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p s   a n d   S e c r e t s   h a v e   a   c o n t e n t   h a s h   s u f f i x   a p p e n d e d .   T h i s   e n s u r e s   t h a t   a   n e w   C o n f i g M a p   o r   S e c r e t   i s   g e n e r a t e d   w h e n   t h e   c o n t e n t s   a r e   c h a n g e d .   T o   d i s a b l e   t h e   b e h a v i o r   o f   a p p e n d i n g   a   s u f f i x ,   o n e   c a n   u s e   g e n e r a t o r O p t i o n s .   B e s i d e s   t h a t ,   i t   i s   a l s o   p o s s i b l e   t o   s p e c i f y   c r o s s - c u t t i n g   o p t i o n s   f o r   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p s   a n d   S e c r e t s .   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   c o n f i g M a p G e n e r a t o r :   -   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - c o n f i g m a p - 3   l i t e r a l s :   -   F O O = B a r   g e n e r a t o r O p t i o n s :   d i s a b l e N a m e S u f f i x H a s h :   t r u e   l a b e l s :   t y p e :   g e n e r a t e d   a n n o t a t i o n s :   n o t e :   g e n e r a t e d   E O F   R u n k u b e c t l   k u s t o m i z e   . /   t o   v i e w   t h e   g e n e r a t e d   C o n f i g M a p :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   d a t a :   F O O :   B a r   k i n d :   C o n f i g M a p   m e t a d a t a :   a n n o t a t i o n s :   n o t e :   g e n e r a t e d   l a b e l s :   t y p e :   g e n e r a t e d   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - c o n f i g m a p - 3


Question: What is Setting cross-cutting fields?

Answer: I t   i s   q u i t e   c o m m o n   t o   s e t   c r o s s - c u t t i n g   f i e l d s   f o r   a l l   K u b e r n e t e s   r e s o u r c e s   i n   a   p r o j e c t .   S o m e   u s e   c a s e s   f o r   s e t t i n g   c r o s s - c u t t i n g   f i e l d s :   s e t t i n g   t h e   s a m e   n a m e s p a c e   f o r   a l l   r e s o u r c e s a d d i n g   t h e   s a m e   n a m e   p r e f i x   o r   s u f f i x a d d i n g   t h e   s a m e   s e t   o f   l a b e l s a d d i n g   t h e   s a m e   s e t   o f   a n n o t a t i o n s   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e :   #   C r e a t e   a   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   c a t   < < E O F   > . / d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p p s / v 1   k i n d :   D e p l o y m e n t   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   n g i n x - d e p l o y m e n t   l a b e l s :   a p p :   n g i n x   s p e c :   s e l e c t o r :   m a t c h L a b e l s :   a p p :   n g i n x   t e m p l a t e :   m e t a d a t a :   l a b e l s :   a p p :   n g i n x   s p e c :   c o n t a i n e r s :   -   n a m e :   n g i n x   i m a g e :   n g i n x   E O F   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   n a m e s p a c e :   m y - n a m e s p a c e   n a m e P r e f i x :   d e v -   n a m e S u f f i x :   " - 0 0 1 "   l a b e l s :   -   p a i r s :   a p p :   b i n g o   i n c l u d e S e l e c t o r s :   t r u e   c o m m o n A n n o t a t i o n s :   o n c a l l P a g e r :   8 0 0 - 5 5 5 - 1 2 1 2   r e s o u r c e s :   -   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   E O F   R u n   k u b e c t l   k u s t o m i z e   . /   t o   v i e w   t h o s e   f i e l d s   a r e   a l l   s e t   i n   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   R e s o u r c e :   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p p s / v 1   k i n d :   D e p l o y m e n t   m e t a d a t a :   a n n o t a t i o n s :   o n c a l l P a g e r :   8 0 0 - 5 5 5 - 1 2 1 2   l a b e l s :   a p p :   b i n g o   n a m e :   d e v - n


Question: What is Composing and Customizing Resources?

Answer: I t   i s   c o m m o n   t o   c o m p o s e   a   s e t   o f   r e s o u r c e s   i n   a   p r o j e c t   a n d   m a n a g e   t h e m   i n s i d e   t h e   s a m e   f i l e   o r   d i r e c t o r y .   K u s t o m i z e   o f f e r s   c o m p o s i n g   r e s o u r c e s   f r o m   d i f f e r e n t   f i l e s   a n d   a p p l y i n g   p a t c h e s   o r   o t h e r   c u s t o m i z a t i o n   t o   t h e m .


Question: What is Composing?

Answer: K u s t o m i z e   s u p p o r t s   c o m p o s i t i o n   o f   d i f f e r e n t   r e s o u r c e s .   T h e   r e s o u r c e s   f i e l d ,   i n   t h e   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   f i l e ,   d e f i n e s   t h e   l i s t   o f   r e s o u r c e s   t o   i n c l u d e   i n   a   c o n f i g u r a t i o n .   S e t   t h e   p a t h   t o   a   r e s o u r c e ' s   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   i n   t h e   r e s o u r c e s   l i s t .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a n   N G I N X   a p p l i c a t i o n   c o m p r i s e d   o f   a   D e p l o y m e n t   a n d   a   S e r v i c e :   #   C r e a t e   a   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   >   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p p s / v 1   k i n d :   D e p l o y m e n t   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   s e l e c t o r :   m a t c h L a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   r e p l i c a s :   2   t e m p l a t e :   m e t a d a t a :   l a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   c o n t a i n e r s :   -   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   i m a g e :   n g i n x   p o r t s :   -   c o n t a i n e r P o r t :   8 0   E O F   #   C r e a t e   a   s e r v i c e . y a m l   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   >   s e r v i c e . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   S e r v i c e   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   l a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   p o r t s :   -   p o r t :   8 0   p r o t o c o l :   T C P   s e l e c t o r :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   E O F   #   C r e a t e   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   c o m p o s i n g   t h e m   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   r e s o u r c e s :   -   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   -   s e r v i c e . y a m l   E O F   T h e   r e s o u r c e s   f r o m   k u b e c t l   k u s t o m i z e   . /   c o n t a i n   b o t h   t h e


Question: What is Customizing?

Answer: P a t c h e s   c a n   b e   u s e d   t o   a p p l y   d i f f e r e n t   c u s t o m i z a t i o n s   t o   r e s o u r c e s .   K u s t o m i z e   s u p p o r t s   d i f f e r e n t   p a t c h i n g   m e c h a n i s m s   t h r o u g h   S t r a t e g i c M e r g e   a n d   J s o n 6 9 0 2   u s i n g   t h e   p a t c h e s   f i e l d .   p a t c h e s   m a y   b e   a   f i l e   o r   a n   i n l i n e   s t r i n g ,   t a r g e t i n g   a   s i n g l e   o r   m u l t i p l e   r e s o u r c e s .   T h e   p a t c h e s   f i e l d   c o n t a i n s   a   l i s t   o f   p a t c h e s   a p p l i e d   i n   t h e   o r d e r   t h e y   a r e   s p e c i f i e d .   T h e   p a t c h   t a r g e t   s e l e c t s   r e s o u r c e s   b y   g r o u p ,   v e r s i o n ,   k i n d ,   n a m e ,   n a m e s p a c e ,   l a b e l S e l e c t o r   a n d   a n n o t a t i o n S e l e c t o r .   S m a l l   p a t c h e s   t h a t   d o   o n e   t h i n g   a r e   r e c o m m e n d e d .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   c r e a t e   o n e   p a t c h   f o r   i n c r e a s i n g   t h e   d e p l o y m e n t   r e p l i c a   n u m b e r   a n d   a n o t h e r   p a t c h   f o r   s e t t i n g   t h e   m e m o r y   l i m i t .   T h e   t a r g e t   r e s o u r c e   i s   m a t c h e d   u s i n g   g r o u p ,   v e r s i o n ,   k i n d ,   a n d   n a m e   f i e l d s   f r o m   t h e   p a t c h   f i l e .   #   C r e a t e   a   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   >   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p p s / v 1   k i n d :   D e p l o y m e n t   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   s e l e c t o r :   m a t c h L a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   r e p l i c a s :   2   t e m p l a t e :   m e t a d a t a :   l a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   c o n t a i n e r s :   -   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   i m a g e :   n g i n x   p


Question: What is Bases and Overlays?

Answer: K u s t o m i z e   h a s   t h e   c o n c e p t s   o f   b a s e s   a n d   o v e r l a y s .   A   b a s e   i s   a   d i r e c t o r y   w i t h   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l ,   w h i c h   c o n t a i n s   a   s e t   o f   r e s o u r c e s   a n d   a s s o c i a t e d   c u s t o m i z a t i o n .   A   b a s e   c o u l d   b e   e i t h e r   a   l o c a l   d i r e c t o r y   o r   a   d i r e c t o r y   f r o m   a   r e m o t e   r e p o ,   a s   l o n g   a s   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   i s   p r e s e n t   i n s i d e .   A n   o v e r l a y   i s   a   d i r e c t o r y   w i t h   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   t h a t   r e f e r s   t o   o t h e r   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   d i r e c t o r i e s   a s   i t s   b a s e s .   A   b a s e   h a s   n o   k n o w l e d g e   o f   a n   o v e r l a y   a n d   c a n   b e   u s e d   i n   m u l t i p l e   o v e r l a y s .   T h e   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   i n   a n   o v e r l a y   d i r e c t o r y   m a y   r e f e r   t o   m u l t i p l e   b a s e s ,   c o m b i n i n g   a l l   t h e   r e s o u r c e s   d e f i n e d   i n   t h e s e   b a s e s   i n t o   a   u n i f i e d   c o n f i g u r a t i o n .   A d d i t i o n a l l y ,   i t   c a n   a p p l y   c u s t o m i z a t i o n s   o n   t o p   o f   t h e s e   r e s o u r c e s   t o   m e e t   s p e c i f i c   r e q u i r e m e n t s .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a   b a s e :   #   C r e a t e   a   d i r e c t o r y   t o   h o l d   t h e   b a s e   m k d i r   b a s e   #   C r e a t e   a   b a s e / d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   c a t   < < E O F   >   b a s e / d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p p s / v 1   k i n d :   D e p l o y m e n t   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   s e l e c t o r :   m a t c h L a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   r e p l i c a s :   2   t e m p


Question: What is How to apply/view/delete objects using Kustomize?

Answer: U s e   - - k u s t o m i z e   o r   - k   i n   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d s   t o   r e c o g n i z e   r e s o u r c e s   m a n a g e d   b y   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l .   N o t e   t h a t   - k   s h o u l d   p o i n t   t o   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   d i r e c t o r y ,   s u c h   a s   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - k   < k u s t o m i z a t i o n   d i r e c t o r y > /   G i v e n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l ,   #   C r e a t e   a   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   f i l e   c a t   < < E O F   >   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p p s / v 1   k i n d :   D e p l o y m e n t   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   s e l e c t o r :   m a t c h L a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   r e p l i c a s :   2   t e m p l a t e :   m e t a d a t a :   l a b e l s :   r u n :   m y - n g i n x   s p e c :   c o n t a i n e r s :   -   n a m e :   m y - n g i n x   i m a g e :   n g i n x   p o r t s :   -   c o n t a i n e r P o r t :   8 0   E O F   #   C r e a t e   a   k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   c a t   < < E O F   > . / k u s t o m i z a t i o n . y a m l   n a m e P r e f i x :   d e v -   l a b e l s :   -   p a i r s :   a p p :   m y - n g i n x   i n c l u d e S e l e c t o r s :   t r u e   r e s o u r c e s :   -   d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   E O F   R u n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d   t o   a p p l y   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   o b j e c t   d e v - m y - n g i n x :   >   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - k   . /   d e p l o y m e n t . a p p s / d e v - m y - n g i n x   c r e a t e d   R u n   o n e   o f   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d s   t o   v i e w   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   o b j e c t   d e v - m y - n g i n x :   k u b e c t l   g e t   - k   . /   k u b e c t l   d e s c r i b e   - k   . /   R u n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d   t o   c o m p a r e   t h e   D e


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: K u s t o m i z e K u b e c t l   B o o k K u b e c t l   C o m m a n d   R e f e r e n c e K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   R e f e r e n c e


Question: What is TLS bootstrapping?

Answer: TLS bootstrappingIn a Kubernetes cluster, the components on the worker nodes - kubelet and kube-proxy - need to communicate with Kubernetes control plane components, specifically kube-apiserver. In order to ensure that communication is kept private, not interfered with, and ensure that each component of the cluster is talking to another trusted component, we strongly recommend using client TLS certificates on nodes.The normal process of bootstrapping these components, especially worker nodes that need certificates so they can communicate safely with kube-apiserver, can be a challenging process as it is often outside of the scope of Kubernetes and requires significant additional work. This in turn, can make it challenging to initialize or scale a cluster.In order to simplify the process, beginning in version 1.4, Kubernetes introduced a certificate request and signing API. The proposal can be found here.This document describes the process of node initialization, how to set up TLS client certificate bootstrapping for kubelets, and how it works.Initialization processWhen a worker node starts up, the kubelet does the following:Look for its kubeconfig fileRetrieve the URL of the API server and credentials, normally a TLS key and signed certificate from the kubeconfig fileAttempt to communicate with the API server using the credentials.Assuming that the kube-apiserver successfully validates the kubelet's credentials, it will treat the kubelet as a valid node, and begin to assign pods to it.Note that the above process depends upon:Existence of a key and certificate on the local host in the kubeconfigThe certificate having been signed by a Certificate Authority (CA) trusted by the kube-apiserverAll of the following are responsibilities of whoever sets up and manages the cluster:Creating the CA key and certificateDistributing the CA certificate to the control plane nodes, where kube-apiserver is runningCreating a key and certificate for each kubelet; strongly recommended to have a unique one, with a unique CN, for each kubeletSigning the kubelet certificate using the CA keyDistributing the kubelet key and signed certificate to the specific node on which the kubelet is runningThe TLS Bootstrapping described in this document is intended to simplify, and partially or even completely automate, steps 3 onwards, as these are the most common when initializing or scaling a cluster.Bootstrap initializationIn the bootstrap initialization process, the following occurs:kubelet beginskubelet sees that it does not have a kubeconfig filekubelet searches for and finds a bootstrap-kubeconfig filekubelet reads its bootstrap file, retrieving the URL of the API server and a limited usage "token"kubelet connects to the API server, authenticates using the tokenkubelet now has limited credentials to create and retrieve a certificate signing request (CSR)kubelet creates a CSR for itself with the signerName set to kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubeletCSR is approved in one


Question: How does TLS bootstrapping work?

Answer: TLS bootstrappingIn a Kubernetes cluster, the components on the worker nodes - kubelet and kube-proxy - need to communicate with Kubernetes control plane components, specifically kube-apiserver. In order to ensure that communication is kept private, not interfered with, and ensure that each component of the cluster is talking to another trusted component, we strongly recommend using client TLS certificates on nodes.The normal process of bootstrapping these components, especially worker nodes that need certificates so they can communicate safely with kube-apiserver, can be a challenging process as it is often outside of the scope of Kubernetes and requires significant additional work. This in turn, can make it challenging to initialize or scale a cluster.In order to simplify the process, beginning in version 1.4, Kubernetes introduced a certificate request and signing API. The proposal can be found here.This document describes the process of node initialization, how to set up TLS client certificate bootstrapping for kubelets, and how it works.Initialization processWhen a worker node starts up, the kubelet does the following:Look for its kubeconfig fileRetrieve the URL of the API server and credentials, normally a TLS key and signed certificate from the kubeconfig fileAttempt to communicate with the API server using the credentials.Assuming that the kube-apiserver successfully validates the kubelet's credentials, it will treat the kubelet as a valid node, and begin to assign pods to it.Note that the above process depends upon:Existence of a key and certificate on the local host in the kubeconfigThe certificate having been signed by a Certificate Authority (CA) trusted by the kube-apiserverAll of the following are responsibilities of whoever sets up and manages the cluster:Creating the CA key and certificateDistributing the CA certificate to the control plane nodes, where kube-apiserver is runningCreating a key and certificate for each kubelet; strongly recommended to have a unique one, with a unique CN, for each kubeletSigning the kubelet certificate using the CA keyDistributing the kubelet key and signed certificate to the specific node on which the kubelet is runningThe TLS Bootstrapping described in this document is intended to simplify, and partially or even completely automate, steps 3 onwards, as these are the most common when initializing or scaling a cluster.Bootstrap initializationIn the bootstrap initialization process, the following occurs:kubelet beginskubelet sees that it does not have a kubeconfig filekubelet searches for and finds a bootstrap-kubeconfig filekubelet reads its bootstrap file, retrieving the URL of the API server and a limited usage "token"kubelet connects to the API server, authenticates using the tokenkubelet now has limited credentials to create and retrieve a certificate signing request (CSR)kubelet creates a CSR for itself with the signerName set to kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubeletCSR is approved in one


Question: When would you use TLS bootstrapping?

Answer: TLS bootstrappingIn a Kubernetes cluster, the components on the worker nodes - kubelet and kube-proxy - need to communicate with Kubernetes control plane components, specifically kube-apiserver. In order to ensure that communication is kept private, not interfered with, and ensure that each component of the cluster is talking to another trusted component, we strongly recommend using client TLS certificates on nodes.The normal process of bootstrapping these components, especially worker nodes that need certificates so they can communicate safely with kube-apiserver, can be a challenging process as it is often outside of the scope of Kubernetes and requires significant additional work. This in turn, can make it challenging to initialize or scale a cluster.In order to simplify the process, beginning in version 1.4, Kubernetes introduced a certificate request and signing API. The proposal can be found here.This document describes the process of node initialization, how to set up TLS client certificate bootstrapping for kubelets, and how it works.Initialization processWhen a worker node starts up, the kubelet does the following:Look for its kubeconfig fileRetrieve the URL of the API server and credentials, normally a TLS key and signed certificate from the kubeconfig fileAttempt to communicate with the API server using the credentials.Assuming that the kube-apiserver successfully validates the kubelet's credentials, it will treat the kubelet as a valid node, and begin to assign pods to it.Note that the above process depends upon:Existence of a key and certificate on the local host in the kubeconfigThe certificate having been signed by a Certificate Authority (CA) trusted by the kube-apiserverAll of the following are responsibilities of whoever sets up and manages the cluster:Creating the CA key and certificateDistributing the CA certificate to the control plane nodes, where kube-apiserver is runningCreating a key and certificate for each kubelet; strongly recommended to have a unique one, with a unique CN, for each kubeletSigning the kubelet certificate using the CA keyDistributing the kubelet key and signed certificate to the specific node on which the kubelet is runningThe TLS Bootstrapping described in this document is intended to simplify, and partially or even completely automate, steps 3 onwards, as these are the most common when initializing or scaling a cluster.Bootstrap initializationIn the bootstrap initialization process, the following occurs:kubelet beginskubelet sees that it does not have a kubeconfig filekubelet searches for and finds a bootstrap-kubeconfig filekubelet reads its bootstrap file, retrieving the URL of the API server and a limited usage "token"kubelet connects to the API server, authenticates using the tokenkubelet now has limited credentials to create and retrieve a certificate signing request (CSR)kubelet creates a CSR for itself with the signerName set to kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubeletCSR is approved in one


Question: What are the benefits of TLS bootstrapping?

Answer: TLS bootstrappingIn a Kubernetes cluster, the components on the worker nodes - kubelet and kube-proxy - need to communicate with Kubernetes control plane components, specifically kube-apiserver. In order to ensure that communication is kept private, not interfered with, and ensure that each component of the cluster is talking to another trusted component, we strongly recommend using client TLS certificates on nodes.The normal process of bootstrapping these components, especially worker nodes that need certificates so they can communicate safely with kube-apiserver, can be a challenging process as it is often outside of the scope of Kubernetes and requires significant additional work. This in turn, can make it challenging to initialize or scale a cluster.In order to simplify the process, beginning in version 1.4, Kubernetes introduced a certificate request and signing API. The proposal can be found here.This document describes the process of node initialization, how to set up TLS client certificate bootstrapping for kubelets, and how it works.Initialization processWhen a worker node starts up, the kubelet does the following:Look for its kubeconfig fileRetrieve the URL of the API server and credentials, normally a TLS key and signed certificate from the kubeconfig fileAttempt to communicate with the API server using the credentials.Assuming that the kube-apiserver successfully validates the kubelet's credentials, it will treat the kubelet as a valid node, and begin to assign pods to it.Note that the above process depends upon:Existence of a key and certificate on the local host in the kubeconfigThe certificate having been signed by a Certificate Authority (CA) trusted by the kube-apiserverAll of the following are responsibilities of whoever sets up and manages the cluster:Creating the CA key and certificateDistributing the CA certificate to the control plane nodes, where kube-apiserver is runningCreating a key and certificate for each kubelet; strongly recommended to have a unique one, with a unique CN, for each kubeletSigning the kubelet certificate using the CA keyDistributing the kubelet key and signed certificate to the specific node on which the kubelet is runningThe TLS Bootstrapping described in this document is intended to simplify, and partially or even completely automate, steps 3 onwards, as these are the most common when initializing or scaling a cluster.Bootstrap initializationIn the bootstrap initialization process, the following occurs:kubelet beginskubelet sees that it does not have a kubeconfig filekubelet searches for and finds a bootstrap-kubeconfig filekubelet reads its bootstrap file, retrieving the URL of the API server and a limited usage "token"kubelet connects to the API server, authenticates using the tokenkubelet now has limited credentials to create and retrieve a certificate signing request (CSR)kubelet creates a CSR for itself with the signerName set to kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubeletCSR is approved in one


Question: What is TLS bootstrapping?

Answer: I n   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   t h e   c o m p o n e n t s   o n   t h e   w o r k e r   n o d e s   -   k u b e l e t   a n d   k u b e - p r o x y   -   n e e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   c o m p o n e n t s ,   s p e c i f i c a l l y   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r .   I n   o r d e r   t o   e n s u r e   t h a t   c o m m u n i c a t i o n   i s   k e p t   p r i v a t e ,   n o t   i n t e r f e r e d   w i t h ,   a n d   e n s u r e   t h a t   e a c h   c o m p o n e n t   o f   t h e   c l u s t e r   i s   t a l k i n g   t o   a n o t h e r   t r u s t e d   c o m p o n e n t ,   w e   s t r o n g l y   r e c o m m e n d   u s i n g   c l i e n t   T L S   c e r t i f i c a t e s   o n   n o d e s .   T h e   n o r m a l   p r o c e s s   o f   b o o t s t r a p p i n g   t h e s e   c o m p o n e n t s ,   e s p e c i a l l y   w o r k e r   n o d e s   t h a t   n e e d   c e r t i f i c a t e s   s o   t h e y   c a n   c o m m u n i c a t e   s a f e l y   w i t h   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r ,   c a n   b e   a   c h a l l e n g i n g   p r o c e s s   a s   i t   i s   o f t e n   o u t s i d e   o f   t h e   s c o p e   o f   K u b e r n e t e s   a n d   r e q u i r e s   s i g n i f i c a n t   a d d i t i o n a l   w o r k .   T h i s   i n   t u r n ,   c a n   m a k e   i t   c h a l l e n g i n g   t o   i n i t i a l i z e   o r   s c a l e   a   c l u s t e r .   I n   o r d e r   t o   s i m p l i f y   t h e   p r o c e s s ,   b e g i n n i n g   i n   v e r s i o n   1 . 4 ,   K u b e r n e t e s   i n t r o d u c e d   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   r e q u e s t   a n d   s i g n i n g   A P I .   T h e   p r o p o s a l   c a n   b e   f o u n d   h e r e .   T h i s   d o c u m e n t   d e s c r i b e s   t h e   p r o c e s s   o f   n o d e   i n i t i a l i z a t i o n ,   h o w   t o   s e t   u p   T L S   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   b


Question: What is Initialization process?

Answer: W h e n   a   w o r k e r   n o d e   s t a r t s   u p ,   t h e   k u b e l e t   d o e s   t h e   f o l l o w i n g :   L o o k   f o r   i t s   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e R e t r i e v e   t h e   U R L   o f   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   a n d   c r e d e n t i a l s ,   n o r m a l l y   a   T L S   k e y   a n d   s i g n e d   c e r t i f i c a t e   f r o m   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e A t t e m p t   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   u s i n g   t h e   c r e d e n t i a l s .   A s s u m i n g   t h a t   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   s u c c e s s f u l l y   v a l i d a t e s   t h e   k u b e l e t ' s   c r e d e n t i a l s ,   i t   w i l l   t r e a t   t h e   k u b e l e t   a s   a   v a l i d   n o d e ,   a n d   b e g i n   t o   a s s i g n   p o d s   t o   i t .   N o t e   t h a t   t h e   a b o v e   p r o c e s s   d e p e n d s   u p o n :   E x i s t e n c e   o f   a   k e y   a n d   c e r t i f i c a t e   o n   t h e   l o c a l   h o s t   i n   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g T h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   h a v i n g   b e e n   s i g n e d   b y   a   C e r t i f i c a t e   A u t h o r i t y   ( C A )   t r u s t e d   b y   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   A l l   o f   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   a r e   r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s   o f   w h o e v e r   s e t s   u p   a n d   m a n a g e s   t h e   c l u s t e r :   C r e a t i n g   t h e   C A   k e y   a n d   c e r t i f i c a t e D i s t r i b u t i n g   t h e   C A   c e r t i f i c a t e   t o   t h e   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   n o d e s ,   w h e r e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   i s   r u n n i n g C r e a t i n g   a   k e y   a n d   c e r t i f i c a t e   f o r   e a c h   k u b e l e t ;   s t r o n g l y   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   h a v e   a   u n i q u e   o n e ,   w i t h   a   u n i q u e   C N ,   f o r   e a c h   k u b e l e t S i g n i n g   t h e   k u b e l e t   c


Question: What is Bootstrap initialization?

Answer: I n   t h e   b o o t s t r a p   i n i t i a l i z a t i o n   p r o c e s s ,   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   o c c u r s :   k u b e l e t   b e g i n s k u b e l e t   s e e s   t h a t   i t   d o e s   n o t   h a v e   a   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e k u b e l e t   s e a r c h e s   f o r   a n d   f i n d s   a   b o o t s t r a p - k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e k u b e l e t   r e a d s   i t s   b o o t s t r a p   f i l e ,   r e t r i e v i n g   t h e   U R L   o f   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   a n d   a   l i m i t e d   u s a g e   " t o k e n " k u b e l e t   c o n n e c t s   t o   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r ,   a u t h e n t i c a t e s   u s i n g   t h e   t o k e n k u b e l e t   n o w   h a s   l i m i t e d   c r e d e n t i a l s   t o   c r e a t e   a n d   r e t r i e v e   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   s i g n i n g   r e q u e s t   ( C S R ) k u b e l e t   c r e a t e s   a   C S R   f o r   i t s e l f   w i t h   t h e   s i g n e r N a m e   s e t   t o   k u b e r n e t e s . i o / k u b e - a p i s e r v e r - c l i e n t - k u b e l e t C S R   i s   a p p r o v e d   i n   o n e   o f   t w o   w a y s : I f   c o n f i g u r e d ,   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   a p p r o v e s   t h e   C S R I f   c o n f i g u r e d ,   a n   o u t s i d e   p r o c e s s ,   p o s s i b l y   a   p e r s o n ,   a p p r o v e s   t h e   C S R   u s i n g   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   o r   v i a   k u b e c t l C e r t i f i c a t e   i s   c r e a t e d   f o r   t h e   k u b e l e t C e r t i f i c a t e   i s   i s s u e d   t o   t h e   k u b e l e t k u b e l e t   r e t r i e v e s   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e k u b e l e t   c r e a t e s   a   p r o p e r   k u b e c o n f i g   w i t h   t h e   k e y   a n d   s i g n e d   c e r t i f i c a t e k u b e l e t   b e g i n s   n o r m a l   o p e r a t i o n O p t i o n a l :   i f   c o n f i g u r e d ,   k u b e l


Question: What is Configuration?

Answer: T o   c o n f i g u r e   f o r   T L S   b o o t s t r a p p i n g   a n d   o p t i o n a l   a u t o m a t i c   a p p r o v a l ,   y o u   m u s t   c o n f i g u r e   o p t i o n s   o n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m p o n e n t s :   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r k u b e l e t i n - c l u s t e r   r e s o u r c e s :   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   a n d   p o t e n t i a l l y   C l u s t e r R o l e   I n   a d d i t i o n ,   y o u   n e e d   y o u r   K u b e r n e t e s   C e r t i f i c a t e   A u t h o r i t y   ( C A ) .


Question: What is Certificate Authority?

Answer: A s   w i t h o u t   b o o t s t r a p p i n g ,   y o u   w i l l   n e e d   a   C e r t i f i c a t e   A u t h o r i t y   ( C A )   k e y   a n d   c e r t i f i c a t e .   A s   w i t h o u t   b o o t s t r a p p i n g ,   t h e s e   w i l l   b e   u s e d   t o   s i g n   t h e   k u b e l e t   c e r t i f i c a t e .   A s   b e f o r e ,   i t   i s   y o u r   r e s p o n s i b i l i t y   t o   d i s t r i b u t e   t h e m   t o   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   n o d e s .   F o r   t h e   p u r p o s e s   o f   t h i s   d o c u m e n t ,   w e   w i l l   a s s u m e   t h e s e   h a v e   b e e n   d i s t r i b u t e d   t o   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   n o d e s   a t   / v a r / l i b / k u b e r n e t e s / c a . p e m   ( c e r t i f i c a t e )   a n d   / v a r / l i b / k u b e r n e t e s / c a - k e y . p e m   ( k e y ) .   W e   w i l l   r e f e r   t o   t h e s e   a s   " K u b e r n e t e s   C A   c e r t i f i c a t e   a n d   k e y " .   A l l   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t s   t h a t   u s e   t h e s e   c e r t i f i c a t e s   -   k u b e l e t ,   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r ,   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   -   a s s u m e   t h e   k e y   a n d   c e r t i f i c a t e   t o   b e   P E M - e n c o d e d .


Question: What is kube-apiserver configuration?

Answer: T h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   h a s   s e v e r a l   r e q u i r e m e n t s   t o   e n a b l e   T L S   b o o t s t r a p p i n g :   R e c o g n i z i n g   C A   t h a t   s i g n s   t h e   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e A u t h e n t i c a t i n g   t h e   b o o t s t r a p p i n g   k u b e l e t   t o   t h e   s y s t e m : b o o t s t r a p p e r s   g r o u p A u t h o r i z e   t h e   b o o t s t r a p p i n g   k u b e l e t   t o   c r e a t e   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   s i g n i n g   r e q u e s t   ( C S R )


Question: What is Recognizing client certificates?

Answer: T h i s   i s   n o r m a l   f o r   a l l   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n .   I f   n o t   a l r e a d y   s e t ,   a d d   t h e   - - c l i e n t - c a - f i l e = F I L E N A M E   f l a g   t o   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   c o m m a n d   t o   e n a b l e   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n ,   r e f e r e n c i n g   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   b u n d l e   c o n t a i n i n g   t h e   s i g n i n g   c e r t i f i c a t e ,   f o r   e x a m p l e   - - c l i e n t - c a - f i l e = / v a r / l i b / k u b e r n e t e s / c a . p e m .


Question: What is Initial bootstrap authentication?

Answer: I n   o r d e r   f o r   t h e   b o o t s t r a p p i n g   k u b e l e t   t o   c o n n e c t   t o   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   a n d   r e q u e s t   a   c e r t i f i c a t e ,   i t   m u s t   f i r s t   a u t h e n t i c a t e   t o   t h e   s e r v e r .   Y o u   c a n   u s e   a n y   a u t h e n t i c a t o r   t h a t   c a n   a u t h e n t i c a t e   t h e   k u b e l e t .   W h i l e   a n y   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   s t r a t e g y   c a n   b e   u s e d   f o r   t h e   k u b e l e t ' s   i n i t i a l   b o o t s t r a p   c r e d e n t i a l s ,   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   t w o   a u t h e n t i c a t o r s   a r e   r e c o m m e n d e d   f o r   e a s e   o f   p r o v i s i o n i n g .   B o o t s t r a p   T o k e n s T o k e n   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   f i l e   U s i n g   b o o t s t r a p   t o k e n s   i s   a   s i m p l e r   a n d   m o r e   e a s i l y   m a n a g e d   m e t h o d   t o   a u t h e n t i c a t e   k u b e l e t s ,   a n d   d o e s   n o t   r e q u i r e   a n y   a d d i t i o n a l   f l a g s   w h e n   s t a r t i n g   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r .   W h i c h e v e r   m e t h o d   y o u   c h o o s e ,   t h e   r e q u i r e m e n t   i s   t h a t   t h e   k u b e l e t   b e   a b l e   t o   a u t h e n t i c a t e   a s   a   u s e r   w i t h   t h e   r i g h t s   t o :   c r e a t e   a n d   r e t r i e v e   C S R s b e   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   a p p r o v e d   t o   r e q u e s t   n o d e   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e s ,   i f   a u t o m a t i c   a p p r o v a l   i s   e n a b l e d .   A   k u b e l e t   a u t h e n t i c a t i n g   u s i n g   b o o t s t r a p   t o k e n s   i s   a u t h e n t i c a t e d   a s   a   u s e r   i n   t h e   g r o u p   s y s t e m : b o o t s t r a p p e r s ,   w h i c h   i s   t h e   s t a n d a r d   m e t h o d   t o   u s e .   A s   t h i s   f e a t u r e   m a t u r e s ,   y o u   s h o u l


Question: What is Bootstrap tokens?

Answer: B o o t s t r a p   t o k e n s   a r e   d e s c r i b e d   i n   d e t a i l   h e r e .   T h e s e   a r e   t o k e n s   t h a t   a r e   s t o r e d   a s   s e c r e t s   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e n   i s s u e d   t o   t h e   i n d i v i d u a l   k u b e l e t .   Y o u   c a n   u s e   a   s i n g l e   t o k e n   f o r   a n   e n t i r e   c l u s t e r ,   o r   i s s u e   o n e   p e r   w o r k e r   n o d e .   T h e   p r o c e s s   i s   t w o - f o l d :   C r e a t e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   s e c r e t   w i t h   t h e   t o k e n   I D ,   s e c r e t   a n d   s c o p e ( s ) . I s s u e   t h e   t o k e n   t o   t h e   k u b e l e t   F r o m   t h e   k u b e l e t ' s   p e r s p e c t i v e ,   o n e   t o k e n   i s   l i k e   a n o t h e r   a n d   h a s   n o   s p e c i a l   m e a n i n g .   F r o m   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r ' s   p e r s p e c t i v e ,   h o w e v e r ,   t h e   b o o t s t r a p   t o k e n   i s   s p e c i a l .   D u e   t o   i t s   t y p e ,   n a m e s p a c e   a n d   n a m e ,   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   r e c o g n i z e s   i t   a s   a   s p e c i a l   t o k e n ,   a n d   g r a n t s   a n y o n e   a u t h e n t i c a t i n g   w i t h   t h a t   t o k e n   s p e c i a l   b o o t s t r a p   r i g h t s ,   n o t a b l y   t r e a t i n g   t h e m   a s   a   m e m b e r   o f   t h e   s y s t e m : b o o t s t r a p p e r s   g r o u p .   T h i s   f u l f i l l s   a   b a s i c   r e q u i r e m e n t   f o r   T L S   b o o t s t r a p p i n g .   T h e   d e t a i l s   f o r   c r e a t i n g   t h e   s e c r e t   a r e   a v a i l a b l e   h e r e .   I f   y o u   w a n t   t o   u s e   b o o t s t r a p   t o k e n s ,   y o u   m u s t   e n a b l e   i t   o n   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   w i t h   t h e   f l a g :   - - e n a b l e - b o o t s t r a p - t o k e n - a u t h = t r u e