Question: What is AnonymousAuthConfig?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   A u t h e n t i c a t i o n C o n f i g u r a t i o n   A n o n y m o u s A u t h C o n f i g   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   t h e   a n o n y m o u s   a u t h e n t i c a t o r .   I f   s e t ,   a n o n y m o u s   a u t h   i s   o n l y   a l l o w e d   i f   t h e   r e q u e s t   m e e t s   o n e   o f   t h e   c o n d i t i o n s .


Question: What is AudienceMatchPolicyType?

Answer: ( A l i a s   o f   s t r i n g )   A p p e a r s   i n :   I s s u e r   A u d i e n c e M a t c h P o l i c y T y p e   i s   a   s e t   o f   v a l i d   v a l u e s   f o r   i s s u e r . a u d i e n c e M a t c h P o l i c y


Question: What is AuthorizerConfiguration?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   A u t h o r i z a t i o n C o n f i g u r a t i o n   T y p e   r e f e r s   t o   t h e   t y p e   o f   t h e   a u t h o r i z e r   " W e b h o o k "   i s   s u p p o r t e d   i n   t h e   g e n e r i c   A P I   s e r v e r   O t h e r   A P I   s e r v e r s   m a y   s u p p o r t   a d d i t i o n a l   a u t h o r i z e r   t y p e s   l i k e   N o d e ,   R B A C ,   A B A C ,   e t c .   N a m e   u s e d   t o   d e s c r i b e   t h e   w e b h o o k   T h i s   i s   e x p l i c i t l y   u s e d   i n   m o n i t o r i n g   m a c h i n e r y   f o r   m e t r i c s   N o t e :   N a m e s   m u s t   b e   D N S 1 1 2 3   l a b e l s   l i k e   m y a u t h o r i z e r n a m e   o r   s u b d o m a i n s   l i k e   m y a u t h o r i z e r . e x a m p l e . d o m a i n   R e q u i r e d ,   w i t h   n o   d e f a u l t   W e b h o o k   d e f i n e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   W e b h o o k   a u t h o r i z e r   M u s t   b e   d e f i n e d   w h e n   T y p e = W e b h o o k   M u s t   n o t   b e   d e f i n e d   w h e n   T y p e ! = W e b h o o k


Question: What is ClaimMappings?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   J W T A u t h e n t i c a t o r   C l a i m M a p p i n g s   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   c l a i m   m a p p i n g   u s e r n a m e   r e p r e s e n t s   a n   o p t i o n   f o r   t h e   u s e r n a m e   a t t r i b u t e .   T h e   c l a i m ' s   v a l u e   m u s t   b e   a   s i n g u l a r   s t r i n g .   S a m e   a s   t h e   - - o i d c - u s e r n a m e - c l a i m   a n d   - - o i d c - u s e r n a m e - p r e f i x   f l a g s .   I f   u s e r n a m e . e x p r e s s i o n   i s   s e t ,   t h e   e x p r e s s i o n   m u s t   p r o d u c e   a   s t r i n g   v a l u e .   I f   u s e r n a m e . e x p r e s s i o n   u s e s   ' c l a i m s . e m a i l ' ,   t h e n   ' c l a i m s . e m a i l _ v e r i f i e d '   m u s t   b e   u s e d   i n   u s e r n a m e . e x p r e s s i o n   o r   e x t r a [ * ] . v a l u e E x p r e s s i o n   o r   c l a i m V a l i d a t i o n R u l e s [ < * > ] . e x p r e s s i o n .   A n   e x a m p l e   c l a i m   v a l i d a t i o n   r u l e   e x p r e s s i o n   t h a t   m a t c h e s   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   a p p l i e d   w h e n   u s e r n a m e . c l a i m   i s   s e t   t o   ' e m a i l '   i s   ' c l a i m s . ? e m a i l _ v e r i f i e d . o r V a l u e ( t r u e )   = =   t r u e ' .   B y   e x p l i c i t l y   c o m p a r i n g   t h e   v a l u e   t o   t r u e ,   w e   l e t   t y p e - c h e c k i n g   s e e   t h e   r e s u l t   w i l l   b e   a   b o o l e a n ,   a n d   t o   m a k e   s u r e   a   n o n - b o o l e a n   e m a i l _ v e r i f i e d   c l a i m   w i l l   b e   c a u g h t   a t   r u n t i m e .   I n   t h e   f l a g   b a s e d   a p p r o a c h ,   t h e   - - o i d c - u s e r n a m e - c l a i m   a n d   - - o i d c - u s e r n a m e - p r e f i x   a r e   o p t i o n a l .   I f   - - o i d c - u s e r n a m e - c l a i m   i s   n o t   s


Question: What is ClaimOrExpression?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   C l a i m M a p p i n g s   C l a i m O r E x p r e s s i o n   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   c l a i m   o r   e x p r e s s i o n .   c l a i m   i s   t h e   J W T   c l a i m   t o   u s e .   E i t h e r   c l a i m   o r   e x p r e s s i o n   m u s t   b e   s e t .   M u t u a l l y   e x c l u s i v e   w i t h   e x p r e s s i o n .   e x p r e s s i o n   r e p r e s e n t s   t h e   e x p r e s s i o n   w h i c h   w i l l   b e   e v a l u a t e d   b y   C E L .   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   h a v e   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   t o k e n   c l a i m s ,   o r g a n i z e d   i n t o   C E L   v a r i a b l e :   ' c l a i m s '   i s   a   m a p   o f   c l a i m   n a m e s   t o   c l a i m   v a l u e s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   a   v a r i a b l e   n a m e d   ' s u b '   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   a s   ' c l a i m s . s u b ' .   N e s t e d   c l a i m s   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   u s i n g   d o t   n o t a t i o n ,   e . g .   ' c l a i m s . f o o . b a r ' .   D o c u m e n t a t i o n   o n   C E L :   h t t p s : / / k u b e r n e t e s . i o / d o c s / r e f e r e n c e / u s i n g - a p i / c e l /   M u t u a l l y   e x c l u s i v e   w i t h   c l a i m .


Question: What is ClaimValidationRule?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   J W T A u t h e n t i c a t o r   C l a i m V a l i d a t i o n R u l e   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   c l a i m   v a l i d a t i o n   r u l e .   c l a i m   i s   t h e   n a m e   o f   a   r e q u i r e d   c l a i m .   S a m e   a s   - - o i d c - r e q u i r e d - c l a i m   f l a g .   O n l y   s t r i n g   c l a i m   k e y s   a r e   s u p p o r t e d .   M u t u a l l y   e x c l u s i v e   w i t h   e x p r e s s i o n   a n d   m e s s a g e .   r e q u i r e d V a l u e   i s   t h e   v a l u e   o f   a   r e q u i r e d   c l a i m .   S a m e   a s   - - o i d c - r e q u i r e d - c l a i m   f l a g .   O n l y   s t r i n g   c l a i m   v a l u e s   a r e   s u p p o r t e d .   I f   c l a i m   i s   s e t   a n d   r e q u i r e d V a l u e   i s   n o t   s e t ,   t h e   c l a i m   m u s t   b e   p r e s e n t   w i t h   a   v a l u e   s e t   t o   t h e   e m p t y   s t r i n g .   M u t u a l l y   e x c l u s i v e   w i t h   e x p r e s s i o n   a n d   m e s s a g e .   e x p r e s s i o n   r e p r e s e n t s   t h e   e x p r e s s i o n   w h i c h   w i l l   b e   e v a l u a t e d   b y   C E L .   M u s t   p r o d u c e   a   b o o l e a n .   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   h a v e   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   t o k e n   c l a i m s ,   o r g a n i z e d   i n t o   C E L   v a r i a b l e :   ' c l a i m s '   i s   a   m a p   o f   c l a i m   n a m e s   t o   c l a i m   v a l u e s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   a   v a r i a b l e   n a m e d   ' s u b '   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   a s   ' c l a i m s . s u b ' .   N e s t e d   c l a i m s   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   u s i n g   d o t   n o t a t i o n ,   e . g .   ' c l a i m s . f o o . b a r ' .   M u s t   r e t u r n   t r u e   f o r   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   t o   p a s s .   D o c u m e n t a t i o n   o n   C E L :


Question: What is Connection?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   E g r e s s S e l e c t i o n   C o n n e c t i o n   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   e g r e s s   s e l e c t i o n   c l i e n t .   P r o t o c o l   i s   t h e   p r o t o c o l   u s e d   t o   c o n n e c t   f r o m   c l i e n t   t o   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r .   T r a n s p o r t   d e f i n e s   t h e   t r a n s p o r t   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s   w e   u s e   t o   d i a l   t o   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r .   T h i s   i s   r e q u i r e d   i f   P r o x y P r o t o c o l   i s   H T T P C o n n e c t   o r   G R P C .


Question: What is EgressSelection?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   E g r e s s S e l e c t o r C o n f i g u r a t i o n   E g r e s s S e l e c t i o n   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   e g r e s s   s e l e c t i o n   c l i e n t .   n a m e   i s   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   e g r e s s   s e l e c t i o n .   C u r r e n t l y   s u p p o r t e d   v a l u e s   a r e   " c o n t r o l p l a n e " ,   " m a s t e r " ,   " e t c d "   a n d   " c l u s t e r "   T h e   " m a s t e r "   e g r e s s   s e l e c t o r   i s   d e p r e c a t e d   i n   f a v o r   o f   " c o n t r o l p l a n e "   c o n n e c t i o n   i s   t h e   e x a c t   i n f o r m a t i o n   u s e d   t o   c o n f i g u r e   t h e   e g r e s s   s e l e c t i o n


Question: What is ExtraMapping?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   C l a i m M a p p i n g s   E x t r a M a p p i n g   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   e x t r a   m a p p i n g .   k e y   i s   a   s t r i n g   t o   u s e   a s   t h e   e x t r a   a t t r i b u t e   k e y .   k e y   m u s t   b e   a   d o m a i n - p r e f i x   p a t h   ( e . g .   e x a m p l e . o r g / f o o ) .   A l l   c h a r a c t e r s   b e f o r e   t h e   f i r s t   " / "   m u s t   b e   a   v a l i d   s u b d o m a i n   a s   d e f i n e d   b y   R F C   1 1 2 3 .   A l l   c h a r a c t e r s   t r a i l i n g   t h e   f i r s t   " / "   m u s t   b e   v a l i d   H T T P   P a t h   c h a r a c t e r s   a s   d e f i n e d   b y   R F C   3 9 8 6 .   k e y   m u s t   b e   l o w e r c a s e .   R e q u i r e d   t o   b e   u n i q u e .   v a l u e E x p r e s s i o n   i s   a   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n   t o   e x t r a c t   e x t r a   a t t r i b u t e   v a l u e .   v a l u e E x p r e s s i o n   m u s t   p r o d u c e   a   s t r i n g   o r   s t r i n g   a r r a y   v a l u e .   " " ,   [ ] ,   a n d   n u l l   v a l u e s   a r e   t r e a t e d   a s   t h e   e x t r a   m a p p i n g   n o t   b e i n g   p r e s e n t .   E m p t y   s t r i n g   v a l u e s   c o n t a i n e d   w i t h i n   a   s t r i n g   a r r a y   a r e   f i l t e r e d   o u t .   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   h a v e   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   t o k e n   c l a i m s ,   o r g a n i z e d   i n t o   C E L   v a r i a b l e :   ' c l a i m s '   i s   a   m a p   o f   c l a i m   n a m e s   t o   c l a i m   v a l u e s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   a   v a r i a b l e   n a m e d   ' s u b '   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   a s   ' c l a i m s . s u b ' .   N e s t e d   c l a i m s   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   u s i n g   d o t   n o t a t i o n ,   e . g .   ' c l a i m s . f o o . b a r ' .   D o c u m e


Question: What is Issuer?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   J W T A u t h e n t i c a t o r   I s s u e r   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a n   e x t e r n a l   p r o v i d e r ' s   s p e c i f i c   s e t t i n g s .   u r l   p o i n t s   t o   t h e   i s s u e r   U R L   i n   a   f o r m a t   h t t p s : / / u r l   o r   h t t p s : / / u r l / p a t h .   T h i s   m u s t   m a t c h   t h e   " i s s "   c l a i m   i n   t h e   p r e s e n t e d   J W T ,   a n d   t h e   i s s u e r   r e t u r n e d   f r o m   d i s c o v e r y .   S a m e   v a l u e   a s   t h e   - - o i d c - i s s u e r - u r l   f l a g .   D i s c o v e r y   i n f o r m a t i o n   i s   f e t c h e d   f r o m   " { u r l } / . w e l l - k n o w n / o p e n i d - c o n f i g u r a t i o n "   u n l e s s   o v e r r i d d e n   b y   d i s c o v e r y U R L .   R e q u i r e d   t o   b e   u n i q u e   a c r o s s   a l l   J W T   a u t h e n t i c a t o r s .   N o t e   t h a t   e g r e s s   s e l e c t i o n   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   i s   n o t   u s e d   f o r   t h i s   n e t w o r k   c o n n e c t i o n .   d i s c o v e r y U R L ,   i f   s p e c i f i e d ,   o v e r r i d e s   t h e   U R L   u s e d   t o   f e t c h   d i s c o v e r y   i n f o r m a t i o n   i n s t e a d   o f   u s i n g   " { u r l } / . w e l l - k n o w n / o p e n i d - c o n f i g u r a t i o n " .   T h e   e x a c t   v a l u e   s p e c i f i e d   i s   u s e d ,   s o   " / . w e l l - k n o w n / o p e n i d - c o n f i g u r a t i o n "   m u s t   b e   i n c l u d e d   i n   d i s c o v e r y U R L   i f   n e e d e d .   T h e   " i s s u e r "   f i e l d   i n   t h e   f e t c h e d   d i s c o v e r y   i n f o r m a t i o n   m u s t   m a t c h   t h e   " i s s u e r . u r l "   f i e l d   i n   t h e   A u t h e n t i c a t i o n C o n f i g u r a t i o n   a n d   w i l l   b e   u s e d   t o   v a l i d a t e   t h e   " i s s "   c l a i m   i n


Question: What is JWTAuthenticator?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   A u t h e n t i c a t i o n C o n f i g u r a t i o n   J W T A u t h e n t i c a t o r   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   J W T   a u t h e n t i c a t o r .   i s s u e r   c o n t a i n s   t h e   b a s i c   O I D C   p r o v i d e r   c o n n e c t i o n   o p t i o n s .   c l a i m V a l i d a t i o n R u l e s   a r e   r u l e s   t h a t   a r e   a p p l i e d   t o   v a l i d a t e   t o k e n   c l a i m s   t o   a u t h e n t i c a t e   u s e r s .   c l a i m M a p p i n g s   p o i n t s   c l a i m s   o f   a   t o k e n   t o   b e   t r e a t e d   a s   u s e r   a t t r i b u t e s .   u s e r V a l i d a t i o n R u l e s   a r e   r u l e s   t h a t   a r e   a p p l i e d   t o   f i n a l   u s e r   b e f o r e   c o m p l e t i n g   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n .   T h e s e   a l l o w   i n v a r i a n t s   t o   b e   a p p l i e d   t o   i n c o m i n g   i d e n t i t i e s   s u c h   a s   p r e v e n t i n g   t h e   u s e   o f   t h e   s y s t e m :   p r e f i x   t h a t   i s   c o m m o n l y   u s e d   b y   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t s .   T h e   v a l i d a t i o n   r u l e s   a r e   l o g i c a l l y   A N D e d   t o g e t h e r   a n d   m u s t   a l l   r e t u r n   t r u e   f o r   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   t o   p a s s .


Question: What is PrefixedClaimOrExpression?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   C l a i m M a p p i n g s   P r e f i x e d C l a i m O r E x p r e s s i o n   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   p r e f i x e d   c l a i m   o r   e x p r e s s i o n .   c l a i m   i s   t h e   J W T   c l a i m   t o   u s e .   M u t u a l l y   e x c l u s i v e   w i t h   e x p r e s s i o n .   p r e f i x   i s   p r e p e n d e d   t o   c l a i m ' s   v a l u e   t o   p r e v e n t   c l a s h e s   w i t h   e x i s t i n g   n a m e s .   p r e f i x   n e e d s   t o   b e   s e t   i f   c l a i m   i s   s e t   a n d   c a n   b e   t h e   e m p t y   s t r i n g .   M u t u a l l y   e x c l u s i v e   w i t h   e x p r e s s i o n .   e x p r e s s i o n   r e p r e s e n t s   t h e   e x p r e s s i o n   w h i c h   w i l l   b e   e v a l u a t e d   b y   C E L .   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   h a v e   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   t o k e n   c l a i m s ,   o r g a n i z e d   i n t o   C E L   v a r i a b l e :   ' c l a i m s '   i s   a   m a p   o f   c l a i m   n a m e s   t o   c l a i m   v a l u e s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   a   v a r i a b l e   n a m e d   ' s u b '   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   a s   ' c l a i m s . s u b ' .   N e s t e d   c l a i m s   c a n   b e   a c c e s s e d   u s i n g   d o t   n o t a t i o n ,   e . g .   ' c l a i m s . f o o . b a r ' .   D o c u m e n t a t i o n   o n   C E L :   h t t p s : / / k u b e r n e t e s . i o / d o c s / r e f e r e n c e / u s i n g - a p i / c e l /   M u t u a l l y   e x c l u s i v e   w i t h   c l a i m   a n d   p r e f i x .


Question: What is ProtocolType?

Answer: ( A l i a s   o f   s t r i n g )   A p p e a r s   i n :   C o n n e c t i o n   P r o t o c o l T y p e   i s   a   s e t   o f   v a l i d   v a l u e s   f o r   C o n n e c t i o n . P r o t o c o l T y p e


Question: What is TCPTransport?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   T r a n s p o r t   T C P T r a n s p o r t   p r o v i d e s   t h e   i n f o r m a t i o n   t o   c o n n e c t   t o   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   v i a   T C P   U R L   i s   t h e   l o c a t i o n   o f   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   t o   c o n n e c t   t o .   A s   a n   e x a m p l e   i t   m i g h t   b e   " h t t p s : / / 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 : 8 1 3 1 "   T L S C o n f i g   i s   t h e   c o n f i g   n e e d e d   t o   u s e   T L S   w h e n   c o n n e c t i n g   t o   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r


Question: What is TLSConfig?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   T C P T r a n s p o r t   T L S C o n f i g   p r o v i d e s   t h e   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   i n f o r m a t i o n   t o   c o n n e c t   t o   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   O n l y   u s e d   w i t h   T C P T r a n s p o r t   c a B u n d l e   i s   t h e   f i l e   l o c a t i o n   o f   t h e   C A   t o   b e   u s e d   t o   d e t e r m i n e   t r u s t   w i t h   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r .   M u s t   b e   a b s e n t / e m p t y   i f   T C P T r a n s p o r t . U R L   i s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   h t t p : / /   I f   a b s e n t   w h i l e   T C P T r a n s p o r t . U R L   i s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   h t t p s : / / ,   d e f a u l t   t o   s y s t e m   t r u s t   r o o t s .   c l i e n t K e y   i s   t h e   f i l e   l o c a t i o n   o f   t h e   c l i e n t   k e y   t o   b e   u s e d   i n   m t l s   h a n d s h a k e s   w i t h   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r .   M u s t   b e   a b s e n t / e m p t y   i f   T C P T r a n s p o r t . U R L   i s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   h t t p : / /   M u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   i f   T C P T r a n s p o r t . U R L   i s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   h t t p s : / /   c l i e n t C e r t   i s   t h e   f i l e   l o c a t i o n   o f   t h e   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   t o   b e   u s e d   i n   m t l s   h a n d s h a k e s   w i t h   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r .   M u s t   b e   a b s e n t / e m p t y   i f   T C P T r a n s p o r t . U R L   i s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   h t t p : / /   M u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   i f   T C P T r a n s p o r t . U R L   i s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   h t t p s : / /


Question: What is Transport?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   C o n n e c t i o n   T r a n s p o r t   d e f i n e s   t h e   t r a n s p o r t   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s   w e   u s e   t o   d i a l   t o   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   T C P   i s   t h e   T C P   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   c o m m u n i c a t i n g   w i t h   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   v i a   T C P   P r o x y P r o t o c o l   o f   G R P C   i s   n o t   s u p p o r t e d   w i t h   T C P   t r a n s p o r t   a t   t h e   m o m e n t   R e q u i r e s   a t   l e a s t   o n e   o f   T C P   o r   U D S   t o   b e   s e t   U D S   i s   t h e   U D S   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   c o m m u n i c a t i n g   w i t h   t h e   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   v i a   U D S   R e q u i r e s   a t   l e a s t   o n e   o f   T C P   o r   U D S   t o   b e   s e t


Question: What is UDSTransport?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   T r a n s p o r t   U D S T r a n s p o r t   p r o v i d e s   t h e   i n f o r m a t i o n   t o   c o n n e c t   t o   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   v i a   U D S   U D S N a m e   i s   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   u n i x   d o m a i n   s o c k e t   t o   c o n n e c t   t o   k o n n e c t i v i t y   s e r v e r   T h i s   d o e s   n o t   u s e   a   u n i x : / /   p r e f i x .   ( E g :   / e t c / s r v / k u b e r n e t e s / k o n n e c t i v i t y - s e r v e r / k o n n e c t i v i t y - s e r v e r . s o c k e t )


Question: What is UserValidationRule?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   J W T A u t h e n t i c a t o r   U s e r V a l i d a t i o n R u l e   p r o v i d e s   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f o r   a   s i n g l e   u s e r   i n f o   v a l i d a t i o n   r u l e .   e x p r e s s i o n   r e p r e s e n t s   t h e   e x p r e s s i o n   w h i c h   w i l l   b e   e v a l u a t e d   b y   C E L .   M u s t   r e t u r n   t r u e   f o r   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   t o   p a s s .   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   h a v e   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   U s e r I n f o ,   o r g a n i z e d   i n t o   C E L   v a r i a b l e :   ' u s e r '   -   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1 ,   K i n d = U s e r I n f o   o b j e c t   R e f e r   t o   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / a p i / b l o b / r e l e a s e - 1 . 2 8 / a u t h e n t i c a t i o n / v 1 / t y p e s . g o # L 1 0 5 - L 1 2 2   f o r   t h e   d e f i n i t i o n .   A P I   d o c u m e n t a t i o n :   h t t p s : / / k u b e r n e t e s . i o / d o c s / r e f e r e n c e / g e n e r a t e d / k u b e r n e t e s - a p i / v 1 . 2 8 / # u s e r i n f o - v 1 - a u t h e n t i c a t i o n - k 8 s - i o   D o c u m e n t a t i o n   o n   C E L :   h t t p s : / / k u b e r n e t e s . i o / d o c s / r e f e r e n c e / u s i n g - a p i / c e l /   m e s s a g e   c u s t o m i z e s   t h e   r e t u r n e d   e r r o r   m e s s a g e   w h e n   r u l e   r e t u r n s   f a l s e .   m e s s a g e   i s   a   l i t e r a l   s t r i n g .


Question: What is WebhookConfiguration?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   A u t h o r i z e r C o n f i g u r a t i o n   T h e   d u r a t i o n   t o   c a c h e   ' a u t h o r i z e d '   r e s p o n s e s   f r o m   t h e   w e b h o o k   a u t h o r i z e r .   S a m e   a s   s e t t i n g   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - w e b h o o k - c a c h e - a u t h o r i z e d - t t l   f l a g   D e f a u l t :   5 m 0 s   T h e   d u r a t i o n   t o   c a c h e   ' u n a u t h o r i z e d '   r e s p o n s e s   f r o m   t h e   w e b h o o k   a u t h o r i z e r .   S a m e   a s   s e t t i n g   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - w e b h o o k - c a c h e - u n a u t h o r i z e d - t t l   f l a g   D e f a u l t :   3 0 s   T i m e o u t   f o r   t h e   w e b h o o k   r e q u e s t   M a x i m u m   a l l o w e d   v a l u e   i s   3 0 s .   R e q u i r e d ,   n o   d e f a u l t   v a l u e .   T h e   A P I   v e r s i o n   o f   t h e   a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   S u b j e c t A c c e s s R e v i e w   t o   s e n d   t o   a n d   e x p e c t   f r o m   t h e   w e b h o o k .   S a m e   a s   s e t t i n g   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - w e b h o o k - v e r s i o n   f l a g   V a l i d   v a l u e s :   v 1 b e t a 1 ,   v 1   R e q u i r e d ,   n o   d e f a u l t   v a l u e   M a t c h C o n d i t i o n S u b j e c t A c c e s s R e v i e w V e r s i o n   s p e c i f i e s   t h e   S u b j e c t A c c e s s R e v i e w   v e r s i o n   t h e   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   a r e   e v a l u a t e d   a g a i n s t   V a l i d   v a l u e s :   v 1   R e q u i r e d ,   n o   d e f a u l t   v a l u e   C o n t r o l s   t h e   a u t h o r i z a t i o n   d e c i s i o n   w h e n   a   w e b h o o k   r e q u e s t   f a i l s   t o   c o m p l e t e   o r   r e t u r n s   a   m a l f o r m e d   r e s p o n s e   o r   e r r o r s   e v a l u a t i n g   m a t c h C o n d i t i o n s .   V a l i d   v a l u e s :   N o O p i n i o n :   c o n t i n u e   t o


Question: What is WebhookConnectionInfo?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   W e b h o o k C o n f i g u r a t i o n   C o n t r o l s   h o w   t h e   w e b h o o k   s h o u l d   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   t h e   s e r v e r .   V a l i d   v a l u e s :   K u b e C o n f i g F i l e :   u s e   t h e   f i l e   s p e c i f i e d   i n   k u b e C o n f i g F i l e   t o   l o c a t e   t h e   s e r v e r . I n C l u s t e r C o n f i g :   u s e   t h e   i n - c l u s t e r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   t o   c a l l   t h e   S u b j e c t A c c e s s R e v i e w   A P I   h o s t e d   b y   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r .   T h i s   m o d e   i s   n o t   a l l o w e d   f o r   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r .   P a t h   t o   K u b e C o n f i g F i l e   f o r   c o n n e c t i o n   i n f o   R e q u i r e d ,   i f   c o n n e c t i o n I n f o . T y p e   i s   K u b e C o n f i g


Question: What is WebhookMatchCondition?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   W e b h o o k C o n f i g u r a t i o n   e x p r e s s i o n   r e p r e s e n t s   t h e   e x p r e s s i o n   w h i c h   w i l l   b e   e v a l u a t e d   b y   C E L .   M u s t   e v a l u a t e   t o   b o o l .   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   h a v e   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   S u b j e c t A c c e s s R e v i e w   i n   v 1   v e r s i o n .   I f   v e r s i o n   s p e c i f i e d   b y   s u b j e c t A c c e s s R e v i e w V e r s i o n   i n   t h e   r e q u e s t   v a r i a b l e   i s   v 1 b e t a 1 ,   t h e   c o n t e n t s   w o u l d   b e   c o n v e r t e d   t o   t h e   v 1   v e r s i o n   b e f o r e   e v a l u a t i n g   t h e   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n .   ' r e s o u r c e A t t r i b u t e s '   d e s c r i b e s   i n f o r m a t i o n   f o r   a   r e s o u r c e   a c c e s s   r e q u e s t   a n d   i s   u n s e t   f o r   n o n - r e s o u r c e   r e q u e s t s .   e . g .   h a s ( r e q u e s t . r e s o u r c e A t t r i b u t e s )   & &   r e q u e s t . r e s o u r c e A t t r i b u t e s . n a m e s p a c e   = =   ' d e f a u l t ' ' n o n R e s o u r c e A t t r i b u t e s '   d e s c r i b e s   i n f o r m a t i o n   f o r   a   n o n - r e s o u r c e   a c c e s s   r e q u e s t   a n d   i s   u n s e t   f o r   r e s o u r c e   r e q u e s t s .   e . g .   h a s ( r e q u e s t . n o n R e s o u r c e A t t r i b u t e s )   & &   r e q u e s t . n o n R e s o u r c e A t t r i b u t e s . p a t h   = =   ' / h e a l t h z ' . ' u s e r '   i s   t h e   u s e r   t o   t e s t   f o r .   e . g .   r e q u e s t . u s e r   = =   ' a l i c e ' ' g r o u p s '   i s   t h e   g r o u p s   t o   t e s t   f o r .   e . g .   ( ' g r o u p 1 '   i n   r e q u e s t . g r o u p s ) ' e x t r a '   c o r r e s p o n d s   t o   t h e   u s e r . I n f o . G e t E x t r a ( )   m e t h o d   f r o m   t h e   a u t h e n t i c a t


Question: What is kubectl options?

Answer: kubectl optionsSynopsisPrint the list of flags inherited by all commandskubectl options [flags] Examples # Print flags inherited by all commands kubectl options Options-h, --helphelp for optionsParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string Default: "stats"table name--storage-driver-user string Default: "root"database username--tls-server-name stringServer name to use for server certificate validation. If it is not provided, the hostname used to contact the server is used--token stringBearer token for authentication to the API server--user stringThe name of the kubeconfig user to use--username stringUsername for basic authentication to the API server--version version[=true]--version, --version=ra


Question: How does kubectl options work?

Answer: kubectl optionsSynopsisPrint the list of flags inherited by all commandskubectl options [flags] Examples # Print flags inherited by all commands kubectl options Options-h, --helphelp for optionsParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string Default: "stats"table name--storage-driver-user string Default: "root"database username--tls-server-name stringServer name to use for server certificate validation. If it is not provided, the hostname used to contact the server is used--token stringBearer token for authentication to the API server--user stringThe name of the kubeconfig user to use--username stringUsername for basic authentication to the API server--version version[=true]--version, --version=ra


Question: When would you use kubectl options?

Answer: kubectl optionsSynopsisPrint the list of flags inherited by all commandskubectl options [flags] Examples # Print flags inherited by all commands kubectl options Options-h, --helphelp for optionsParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string Default: "stats"table name--storage-driver-user string Default: "root"database username--tls-server-name stringServer name to use for server certificate validation. If it is not provided, the hostname used to contact the server is used--token stringBearer token for authentication to the API server--user stringThe name of the kubeconfig user to use--username stringUsername for basic authentication to the API server--version version[=true]--version, --version=ra


Question: What are the benefits of kubectl options?

Answer: kubectl optionsSynopsisPrint the list of flags inherited by all commandskubectl options [flags] Examples # Print flags inherited by all commands kubectl options Options-h, --helphelp for optionsParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string Default: "stats"table name--storage-driver-user string Default: "root"database username--tls-server-name stringServer name to use for server certificate validation. If it is not provided, the hostname used to contact the server is used--token stringBearer token for authentication to the API server--user stringThe name of the kubeconfig user to use--username stringUsername for basic authentication to the API server--version version[=true]--version, --version=ra


Question: What is Synopsis?

Answer: P r i n t   t h e   l i s t   o f   f l a g s   i n h e r i t e d   b y   a l l   c o m m a n d s   k u b e c t l   o p t i o n s   [ f l a g s ]


Question: What is Examples?

Answer: #   P r i n t   f l a g s   i n h e r i t e d   b y   a l l   c o m m a n d s   k u b e c t l   o p t i o n s


Question: What is Options?

Answer: h e l p   f o r   o p t i o n s


Question: What is Parent Options Inherited?

Answer: U s e r n a m e   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   U s e r   c o u l d   b e   a   r e g u l a r   u s e r   o r   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e .   G r o u p   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n ,   t h i s   f l a g   c a n   b e   r e p e a t e d   t o   s p e c i f y   m u l t i p l e   g r o u p s .   U I D   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   D e f a u l t   c a c h e   d i r e c t o r y   P a t h   t o   a   c e r t   f i l e   f o r   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   f i l e   f o r   T L S   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   k e y   f i l e   f o r   T L S   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c l u s t e r   t o   u s e   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c o n t e x t   t o   u s e   I f   t r u e ,   o p t - o u t   o f   r e s p o n s e   c o m p r e s s i o n   f o r   a l l   r e q u e s t s   t o   t h e   s e r v e r   I f   t r u e ,   t h e   s e r v e r ' s   c e r t i f i c a t e   w i l l   n o t   b e   c h e c k e d   f o r   v a l i d i t y .   T h i s   w i l l   m a k e   y o u r   H T T P S   c o n n e c t i o n s   i n s e c u r e   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   C L I   r e q u e s t s .   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e r c   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   p r e f e r e n c e s .   T h i s   c a n   b e   d i s a b l e d   b y   e x p o r t i n g   K U B E C T L _ K U B E R C = f a l s e   f e a t u r e   g a t e   o r   t u r n i n g   o f f   t h e   f e a t u r e   K U B E R C = o f f .   R e q u i r e   s e r v e r   v e r s i o n   t o   m a t c h   c l i e n t   v e r s i o n   I f   p r e s e n t ,   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   s c o p e   f o r   t h i s   C L I   r e q u e s t   P a s s w o r d   f o r   b a s i c   a u t h e n t i c a t


Question: What is See Also?

Answer: k u b e c t l   -   k u b e c t l   c o n t r o l s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r   m a n a g e r   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS?

Answer: Install and Set Up kubectl on macOSBefore you beginYou must use a kubectl version that is within one minor version difference of your cluster. For example, a v1.34 client can communicate with v1.33, v1.34, and v1.35 control planes. Using the latest compatible version of kubectl helps avoid unforeseen issues.Install kubectl on macOSThe following methods exist for installing kubectl on macOS:Install kubectl on macOSInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSInstall with Homebrew on macOSInstall with Macports on macOSVerify kubectl configurationOptional kubectl configurations and pluginsEnable shell autocompletionInstall kubectl convert pluginInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSDownload the latest release: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Note:To download a specific version, replace the $(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt) portion of the command with the specific version.For example, to download version 1.34.0 on Intel macOS, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" And for macOS on Apple Silicon, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Validate the binary (optional)Download the kubectl checksum file: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl.sha256" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl.sha256" Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:echo "$(cat kubectl.sha256) kubectl" | shasum -a 256 --check If valid, the output is:kubectl: OK If the check fails, shasum exits with nonzero status and prints output similar to:kubectl: FAILED shasum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match Note:Download the same version of the binary and checksum.Make the kubectl binary executable.chmod +x ./kubectl Move the kubectl binary to a file location on your system PATH.sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl sudo chown root: /usr/local/bin/kubectl Note:Make sure /usr/local/bin is in your PATH environment variable.Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Or use this for detailed view of version:kubectl version --client --output=yaml After installing and validating kubectl, delete the checksum file:rm kubectl.sha256 Install with Homebrew on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Homebrew package manager, you can install kubectl with Homebrew.Run the installation command:brew install kubectl orbrew install kubernetes-cli Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Install with Macports on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Macports package manager, you can install kubectl with Macports.Run the installation command:sudo port selfupdate sudo port install kubectl Test to ensure


Question: How does Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS work?

Answer: Install and Set Up kubectl on macOSBefore you beginYou must use a kubectl version that is within one minor version difference of your cluster. For example, a v1.34 client can communicate with v1.33, v1.34, and v1.35 control planes. Using the latest compatible version of kubectl helps avoid unforeseen issues.Install kubectl on macOSThe following methods exist for installing kubectl on macOS:Install kubectl on macOSInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSInstall with Homebrew on macOSInstall with Macports on macOSVerify kubectl configurationOptional kubectl configurations and pluginsEnable shell autocompletionInstall kubectl convert pluginInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSDownload the latest release: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Note:To download a specific version, replace the $(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt) portion of the command with the specific version.For example, to download version 1.34.0 on Intel macOS, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" And for macOS on Apple Silicon, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Validate the binary (optional)Download the kubectl checksum file: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl.sha256" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl.sha256" Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:echo "$(cat kubectl.sha256) kubectl" | shasum -a 256 --check If valid, the output is:kubectl: OK If the check fails, shasum exits with nonzero status and prints output similar to:kubectl: FAILED shasum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match Note:Download the same version of the binary and checksum.Make the kubectl binary executable.chmod +x ./kubectl Move the kubectl binary to a file location on your system PATH.sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl sudo chown root: /usr/local/bin/kubectl Note:Make sure /usr/local/bin is in your PATH environment variable.Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Or use this for detailed view of version:kubectl version --client --output=yaml After installing and validating kubectl, delete the checksum file:rm kubectl.sha256 Install with Homebrew on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Homebrew package manager, you can install kubectl with Homebrew.Run the installation command:brew install kubectl orbrew install kubernetes-cli Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Install with Macports on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Macports package manager, you can install kubectl with Macports.Run the installation command:sudo port selfupdate sudo port install kubectl Test to ensure


Question: When would you use Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS?

Answer: Install and Set Up kubectl on macOSBefore you beginYou must use a kubectl version that is within one minor version difference of your cluster. For example, a v1.34 client can communicate with v1.33, v1.34, and v1.35 control planes. Using the latest compatible version of kubectl helps avoid unforeseen issues.Install kubectl on macOSThe following methods exist for installing kubectl on macOS:Install kubectl on macOSInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSInstall with Homebrew on macOSInstall with Macports on macOSVerify kubectl configurationOptional kubectl configurations and pluginsEnable shell autocompletionInstall kubectl convert pluginInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSDownload the latest release: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Note:To download a specific version, replace the $(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt) portion of the command with the specific version.For example, to download version 1.34.0 on Intel macOS, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" And for macOS on Apple Silicon, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Validate the binary (optional)Download the kubectl checksum file: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl.sha256" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl.sha256" Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:echo "$(cat kubectl.sha256) kubectl" | shasum -a 256 --check If valid, the output is:kubectl: OK If the check fails, shasum exits with nonzero status and prints output similar to:kubectl: FAILED shasum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match Note:Download the same version of the binary and checksum.Make the kubectl binary executable.chmod +x ./kubectl Move the kubectl binary to a file location on your system PATH.sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl sudo chown root: /usr/local/bin/kubectl Note:Make sure /usr/local/bin is in your PATH environment variable.Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Or use this for detailed view of version:kubectl version --client --output=yaml After installing and validating kubectl, delete the checksum file:rm kubectl.sha256 Install with Homebrew on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Homebrew package manager, you can install kubectl with Homebrew.Run the installation command:brew install kubectl orbrew install kubernetes-cli Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Install with Macports on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Macports package manager, you can install kubectl with Macports.Run the installation command:sudo port selfupdate sudo port install kubectl Test to ensure


Question: What are the benefits of Install and Set Up kubectl on macOS?

Answer: Install and Set Up kubectl on macOSBefore you beginYou must use a kubectl version that is within one minor version difference of your cluster. For example, a v1.34 client can communicate with v1.33, v1.34, and v1.35 control planes. Using the latest compatible version of kubectl helps avoid unforeseen issues.Install kubectl on macOSThe following methods exist for installing kubectl on macOS:Install kubectl on macOSInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSInstall with Homebrew on macOSInstall with Macports on macOSVerify kubectl configurationOptional kubectl configurations and pluginsEnable shell autocompletionInstall kubectl convert pluginInstall kubectl binary with curl on macOSDownload the latest release: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Note:To download a specific version, replace the $(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt) portion of the command with the specific version.For example, to download version 1.34.0 on Intel macOS, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl" And for macOS on Apple Silicon, type:curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/v1.34.0/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl" Validate the binary (optional)Download the kubectl checksum file: curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl.sha256" curl -LO "https://dl.k8s.io/release/$(curl -L -s https://dl.k8s.io/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/arm64/kubectl.sha256" Validate the kubectl binary against the checksum file:echo "$(cat kubectl.sha256) kubectl" | shasum -a 256 --check If valid, the output is:kubectl: OK If the check fails, shasum exits with nonzero status and prints output similar to:kubectl: FAILED shasum: WARNING: 1 computed checksum did NOT match Note:Download the same version of the binary and checksum.Make the kubectl binary executable.chmod +x ./kubectl Move the kubectl binary to a file location on your system PATH.sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl sudo chown root: /usr/local/bin/kubectl Note:Make sure /usr/local/bin is in your PATH environment variable.Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Or use this for detailed view of version:kubectl version --client --output=yaml After installing and validating kubectl, delete the checksum file:rm kubectl.sha256 Install with Homebrew on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Homebrew package manager, you can install kubectl with Homebrew.Run the installation command:brew install kubectl orbrew install kubernetes-cli Test to ensure the version you installed is up-to-date:kubectl version --client Install with Macports on macOSIf you are on macOS and using Macports package manager, you can install kubectl with Macports.Run the installation command:sudo port selfupdate sudo port install kubectl Test to ensure


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: Y o u   m u s t   u s e   a   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n   t h a t   i s   w i t h i n   o n e   m i n o r   v e r s i o n   d i f f e r e n c e   o f   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   a   v 1 . 3 4   c l i e n t   c a n   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   v 1 . 3 3 ,   v 1 . 3 4 ,   a n d   v 1 . 3 5   c o n t r o l   p l a n e s .   U s i n g   t h e   l a t e s t   c o m p a t i b l e   v e r s i o n   o f   k u b e c t l   h e l p s   a v o i d   u n f o r e s e e n   i s s u e s .


Question: What is Install kubectl on macOS?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   m e t h o d s   e x i s t   f o r   i n s t a l l i n g   k u b e c t l   o n   m a c O S :   I n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   o n   m a c O S I n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   w i t h   c u r l   o n   m a c O S I n s t a l l   w i t h   H o m e b r e w   o n   m a c O S I n s t a l l   w i t h   M a c p o r t s   o n   m a c O S V e r i f y   k u b e c t l   c o n f i g u r a t i o n O p t i o n a l   k u b e c t l   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s   a n d   p l u g i n s E n a b l e   s h e l l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n I n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   c o n v e r t   p l u g i n   I n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   w i t h   c u r l   o n   m a c O S I n s t a l l   w i t h   H o m e b r e w   o n   m a c O S I n s t a l l   w i t h   M a c p o r t s   o n   m a c O S   E n a b l e   s h e l l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n I n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   c o n v e r t   p l u g i n


Question: What is Install kubectl binary with curl on macOS?

Answer: D o w n l o a d   t h e   l a t e s t   r e l e a s e :   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l "   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l "   N o t e : T o   d o w n l o a d   a   s p e c i f i c   v e r s i o n ,   r e p l a c e   t h e   $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t )   p o r t i o n   o f   t h e   c o m m a n d   w i t h   t h e   s p e c i f i c   v e r s i o n . F o r   e x a m p l e ,   t o   d o w n l o a d   v e r s i o n   1 . 3 4 . 0   o n   I n t e l   m a c O S ,   t y p e : c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l "   A n d   f o r   m a c O S   o n   A p p l e   S i l i c o n ,   t y p e : c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l "   V a l i d a t e   t h e   b i n a r y   ( o p t i o n a l ) D o w n l o a d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c h e c k s u m   f i l e :   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l . s h a 2 5 6 "   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l . s h a 2 5 6 "   V a l i d a t e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   a g a i n s t   t h e   c h e c k s u m   f i l


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T o   d o w n l o a d   a   s p e c i f i c   v e r s i o n ,   r e p l a c e   t h e   $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t )   p o r t i o n   o f   t h e   c o m m a n d   w i t h   t h e   s p e c i f i c   v e r s i o n .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   t o   d o w n l o a d   v e r s i o n   1 . 3 4 . 0   o n   I n t e l   m a c O S ,   t y p e :   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l "   A n d   f o r   m a c O S   o n   A p p l e   S i l i c o n ,   t y p e :   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l "   V a l i d a t e   t h e   b i n a r y   ( o p t i o n a l )   D o w n l o a d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c h e c k s u m   f i l e :   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l . s h a 2 5 6 "   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l . s h a 2 5 6 "   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l . s h a 2 5 6 "   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l . s h a 2 5 6 "   V a l i d a t e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   a g a i n s t   t h e   c h e c k s u m   f i l e :   e c h o   " $ ( c a t   k


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: M a k e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   e x e c u t a b l e .   c h m o d   + x   . / k u b e c t l   M o v e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   t o   a   f i l e   l o c a t i o n   o n   y o u r   s y s t e m   P A T H .   s u d o   m v   . / k u b e c t l   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / k u b e c t l   s u d o   c h o w n   r o o t :   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / k u b e c t l


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T e s t   t o   e n s u r e   t h e   v e r s i o n   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   i s   u p - t o - d a t e :   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n   - - c l i e n t   O r   u s e   t h i s   f o r   d e t a i l e d   v i e w   o f   v e r s i o n :   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n   - - c l i e n t   - - o u t p u t = y a m l   A f t e r   i n s t a l l i n g   a n d   v a l i d a t i n g   k u b e c t l ,   d e l e t e   t h e   c h e c k s u m   f i l e :   r m   k u b e c t l . s h a 2 5 6


Question: What is Install with Homebrew on macOS?

Answer: I f   y o u   a r e   o n   m a c O S   a n d   u s i n g   H o m e b r e w   p a c k a g e   m a n a g e r ,   y o u   c a n   i n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   w i t h   H o m e b r e w .   R u n   t h e   i n s t a l l a t i o n   c o m m a n d : b r e w   i n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   o r b r e w   i n s t a l l   k u b e r n e t e s - c l i   T e s t   t o   e n s u r e   t h e   v e r s i o n   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   i s   u p - t o - d a t e : k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n   - - c l i e n t   R u n   t h e   i n s t a l l a t i o n   c o m m a n d :   b r e w   i n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   o r   b r e w   i n s t a l l   k u b e r n e t e s - c l i   T e s t   t o   e n s u r e   t h e   v e r s i o n   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   i s   u p - t o - d a t e :   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n   - - c l i e n t


Question: What is Install with Macports on macOS?

Answer: I f   y o u   a r e   o n   m a c O S   a n d   u s i n g   M a c p o r t s   p a c k a g e   m a n a g e r ,   y o u   c a n   i n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   w i t h   M a c p o r t s .   R u n   t h e   i n s t a l l a t i o n   c o m m a n d : s u d o   p o r t   s e l f u p d a t e   s u d o   p o r t   i n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   T e s t   t o   e n s u r e   t h e   v e r s i o n   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   i s   u p - t o - d a t e : k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n   - - c l i e n t   R u n   t h e   i n s t a l l a t i o n   c o m m a n d :   s u d o   p o r t   s e l f u p d a t e   s u d o   p o r t   i n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   T e s t   t o   e n s u r e   t h e   v e r s i o n   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   i s   u p - t o - d a t e :   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n   - - c l i e n t


Question: What is Verify kubectl configuration?

Answer: I n   o r d e r   f o r   k u b e c t l   t o   f i n d   a n d   a c c e s s   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   i t   n e e d s   a   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e ,   w h i c h   i s   c r e a t e d   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   w h e n   y o u   c r e a t e   a   c l u s t e r   u s i n g   k u b e - u p . s h   o r   s u c c e s s f u l l y   d e p l o y   a   M i n i k u b e   c l u s t e r .   B y   d e f a u l t ,   k u b e c t l   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   i s   l o c a t e d   a t   ~ / . k u b e / c o n f i g .   C h e c k   t h a t   k u b e c t l   i s   p r o p e r l y   c o n f i g u r e d   b y   g e t t i n g   t h e   c l u s t e r   s t a t e :   k u b e c t l   c l u s t e r - i n f o   I f   y o u   s e e   a   U R L   r e s p o n s e ,   k u b e c t l   i s   c o r r e c t l y   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   a c c e s s   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I f   y o u   s e e   a   m e s s a g e   s i m i l a r   t o   t h e   f o l l o w i n g ,   k u b e c t l   i s   n o t   c o n f i g u r e d   c o r r e c t l y   o r   i s   n o t   a b l e   t o   c o n n e c t   t o   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r .   T h e   c o n n e c t i o n   t o   t h e   s e r v e r   < s e r v e r - n a m e : p o r t >   w a s   r e f u s e d   -   d i d   y o u   s p e c i f y   t h e   r i g h t   h o s t   o r   p o r t ?   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   i f   y o u   a r e   i n t e n d i n g   t o   r u n   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r   o n   y o u r   l a p t o p   ( l o c a l l y ) ,   y o u   w i l l   n e e d   a   t o o l   l i k e   M i n i k u b e   t o   b e   i n s t a l l e d   f i r s t   a n d   t h e n   r e - r u n   t h e   c o m m a n d s   s t a t e d   a b o v e .   I f   k u b e c t l   c l u s t e r - i n f o   r e t u r n s   t h e   u r l   r e s p o n s e   b u t   y o u   c a n ' t   a c c e s s   y o u r   c l u s t e r ,   t o   c h e c k   w h e t h e r   i t   i s   c o n f i g u r e d   p r o p e r l y ,   u


Question: What is Troubleshooting the 'No Auth Provider Found' error message?

Answer: I n   K u b e r n e t e s   1 . 2 6 ,   k u b e c t l   r e m o v e d   t h e   b u i l t - i n   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   f o r   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c l o u d   p r o v i d e r s '   m a n a g e d   K u b e r n e t e s   o f f e r i n g s .   T h e s e   p r o v i d e r s   h a v e   r e l e a s e d   k u b e c t l   p l u g i n s   t o   p r o v i d e   t h e   c l o u d - s p e c i f i c   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n .   F o r   i n s t r u c t i o n s ,   r e f e r   t o   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   p r o v i d e r   d o c u m e n t a t i o n :   A z u r e   A K S :   k u b e l o g i n   p l u g i n G o o g l e   K u b e r n e t e s   E n g i n e :   g k e - g c l o u d - a u t h - p l u g i n   ( T h e r e   c o u l d   a l s o   b e   o t h e r   r e a s o n s   t o   s e e   t h e   s a m e   e r r o r   m e s s a g e ,   u n r e l a t e d   t o   t h a t   c h a n g e . )


Question: What is Enable shell autocompletion?

Answer: k u b e c t l   p r o v i d e s   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n   s u p p o r t   f o r   B a s h ,   Z s h ,   F i s h ,   a n d   P o w e r S h e l l   w h i c h   c a n   s a v e   y o u   a   l o t   o f   t y p i n g .   B e l o w   a r e   t h e   p r o c e d u r e s   t o   s e t   u p   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n   f o r   B a s h ,   F i s h ,   a n d   Z s h .   I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   f o r   B a s h   c a n   b e   g e n e r a t e d   w i t h   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   b a s h .   S o u r c i n g   t h i s   s c r i p t   i n   y o u r   s h e l l   e n a b l e s   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n . H o w e v e r ,   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   d e p e n d s   o n   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n   w h i c h   y o u   t h u s   h a v e   t o   p r e v i o u s l y   i n s t a l l . W a r n i n g : T h e r e   a r e   t w o   v e r s i o n s   o f   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n ,   v 1   a n d   v 2 .   V 1   i s   f o r   B a s h   3 . 2   ( w h i c h   i s   t h e   d e f a u l t   o n   m a c O S ) ,   a n d   v 2   i s   f o r   B a s h   4 . 1 + .   T h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   d o e s n ' t   w o r k   c o r r e c t l y   w i t h   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n   v 1   a n d   B a s h   3 . 2 .   I t   r e q u i r e s   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n   v 2   a n d   B a s h   4 . 1 + .   T h u s ,   t o   b e   a b l e   t o   c o r r e c t l y   u s e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   o n   m a c O S ,   y o u   h a v e   t o   i n s t a l l   a n d   u s e   B a s h   4 . 1 +   ( i n s t r u c t i o n s ) .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   i n s t r u c t i o n s   a s s u m e   t h a t   y o u   u s e   B a s h   4 . 1 +   ( t h a t   i s ,   a n y   B a s h   v e r s i o n   o f   4 . 1   o r   n e w e r ) . U p g r a d e   B a s h T h e   i n s t r u c t i o n s   h e r e   a s s u m e   y o u   u s e   B a


Question: What is Introduction?

Answer: T h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   f o r   B a s h   c a n   b e   g e n e r a t e d   w i t h   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   b a s h .   S o u r c i n g   t h i s   s c r i p t   i n   y o u r   s h e l l   e n a b l e s   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n .   H o w e v e r ,   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   d e p e n d s   o n   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n   w h i c h   y o u   t h u s   h a v e   t o   p r e v i o u s l y   i n s t a l l .


Question: What is Upgrade Bash?

Answer: T h e   i n s t r u c t i o n s   h e r e   a s s u m e   y o u   u s e   B a s h   4 . 1 + .   Y o u   c a n   c h e c k   y o u r   B a s h ' s   v e r s i o n   b y   r u n n i n g :   e c h o   $ B A S H _ V E R S I O N   I f   i t   i s   t o o   o l d ,   y o u   c a n   i n s t a l l / u p g r a d e   i t   u s i n g   H o m e b r e w :   b r e w   i n s t a l l   b a s h   R e l o a d   y o u r   s h e l l   a n d   v e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   d e s i r e d   v e r s i o n   i s   b e i n g   u s e d :   e c h o   $ B A S H _ V E R S I O N   $ S H E L L   H o m e b r e w   u s u a l l y   i n s t a l l s   i t   a t   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / b a s h .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   t e s t   i f   y o u   h a v e   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n   v 2   a l r e a d y   i n s t a l l e d   w i t h   t y p e   _ i n i t _ c o m p l e t i o n .   I f   n o t ,   y o u   c a n   i n s t a l l   i t   w i t h   H o m e b r e w :   b r e w   i n s t a l l   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n @ 2   A s   s t a t e d   i n   t h e   o u t p u t   o f   t h i s   c o m m a n d ,   a d d   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   t o   y o u r   ~ / . b a s h _ p r o f i l e   f i l e :   b r e w _ e t c = " $ ( b r e w   - - p r e f i x ) / e t c "   & &   [ [   - r   " $ { b r e w _ e t c } / p r o f i l e . d / b a s h _ c o m p l e t i o n . s h "   ] ]   & &   .   " $ { b r e w _ e t c } / p r o f i l e . d / b a s h _ c o m p l e t i o n . s h "   R e l o a d   y o u r   s h e l l   a n d   v e r i f y   t h a t   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n   v 2   i s   c o r r e c t l y   i n s t a l l e d   w i t h   t y p e   _ i n i t _ c o m p l e t i o n .


Question: What is Enable kubectl autocompletion?

Answer: Y o u   n o w   h a v e   t o   e n s u r e   t h a t   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   g e t s   s o u r c e d   i n   a l l   y o u r   s h e l l   s e s s i o n s .   T h e r e   a r e   m u l t i p l e   w a y s   t o   a c h i e v e   t h i s :   S o u r c e   t h e   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   i n   y o u r   ~ / . b a s h _ p r o f i l e   f i l e : e c h o   ' s o u r c e   < ( k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   b a s h ) '   > > ~ / . b a s h _ p r o f i l e   A d d   t h e   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   t o   t h e   / u s r / l o c a l / e t c / b a s h _ c o m p l e t i o n . d   d i r e c t o r y : k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   b a s h   > / u s r / l o c a l / e t c / b a s h _ c o m p l e t i o n . d / k u b e c t l   I f   y o u   h a v e   a n   a l i a s   f o r   k u b e c t l ,   y o u   c a n   e x t e n d   s h e l l   c o m p l e t i o n   t o   w o r k   w i t h   t h a t   a l i a s : e c h o   ' a l i a s   k = k u b e c t l '   > > ~ / . b a s h _ p r o f i l e   e c h o   ' c o m p l e t e   - o   d e f a u l t   - F   _ _ s t a r t _ k u b e c t l   k '   > > ~ / . b a s h _ p r o f i l e   I f   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   k u b e c t l   w i t h   H o m e b r e w   ( a s   e x p l a i n e d   h e r e ) ,   t h e n   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   s h o u l d   a l r e a d y   b e   i n   / u s r / l o c a l / e t c / b a s h _ c o m p l e t i o n . d / k u b e c t l .   I n   t h a t   c a s e ,   y o u   d o n ' t   n e e d   t o   d o   a n y t h i n g . N o t e : T h e   H o m e b r e w   i n s t a l l a t i o n   o f   b a s h - c o m p l e t i o n   v 2   s o u r c e s   a l l   t h e   f i l e s   i n   t h e   B A S H _ C O M P L E T I O N _ C O M P A T _ D I R   d i r e c t o r y ,   t h a t ' s   w h y   t h e   l a t t e r   t w o   m e t h o d s   w o r k .   S o u r c e   t h e   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   i n   y o u r   ~ / . b a


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: I n   a n y   c a s e ,   a f t e r   r e l o a d i n g   y o u r   s h e l l ,   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s h o u l d   b e   w o r k i n g .   N o t e : A u t o c o m p l e t e   f o r   F i s h   r e q u i r e s   k u b e c t l   1 . 2 3   o r   l a t e r . T h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   f o r   F i s h   c a n   b e   g e n e r a t e d   w i t h   t h e   c o m m a n d   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   f i s h .   S o u r c i n g   t h e   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   i n   y o u r   s h e l l   e n a b l e s   k u b e c t l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n . T o   d o   s o   i n   a l l   y o u r   s h e l l   s e s s i o n s ,   a d d   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   l i n e   t o   y o u r   ~ / . c o n f i g / f i s h / c o n f i g . f i s h   f i l e : k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   f i s h   |   s o u r c e   A f t e r   r e l o a d i n g   y o u r   s h e l l ,   k u b e c t l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n   s h o u l d   b e   w o r k i n g .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   f o r   F i s h   c a n   b e   g e n e r a t e d   w i t h   t h e   c o m m a n d   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   f i s h .   S o u r c i n g   t h e   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   i n   y o u r   s h e l l   e n a b l e s   k u b e c t l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n .   T o   d o   s o   i n   a l l   y o u r   s h e l l   s e s s i o n s ,   a d d   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   l i n e   t o   y o u r   ~ / . c o n f i g / f i s h / c o n f i g . f i s h   f i l e :   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   f i s h   |   s o u r c e   A f t e r   r e l o a d i n g   y o u r   s h e l l ,   k u b e c t l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n   s h o u l d   b e   w o r k i n g .   T h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   f o r   Z s h   c a n   b e   g e n e r a t e d   w i t h   t h e   c o m m a n d   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   z s h .   S o u r c i n g   t h e   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   i n   y o u r   s h e l l   e n a b l e s   k u b e c t l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n . T o   d o   s o   i n   a l l   y o u r   s h e l l   s e s s i o n s ,   a d d   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   t o   y o u r   ~ / . z s h r c   f i l e : s o u r c e   < ( k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   z s h )   I f   y o u   h a v e   a n   a l i a s   f o r   k u b e c t l ,   k u b e c t l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n   w i l l   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   w o r k   w i t h   i t . A f t e r   r e l o a d i n g   y o u r   s h e l l ,   k u b e c t l   a u t o c o m p l e t i o n   s h o u l d   b e   w o r k i n g . I f   y o u   g e t   a n   e r r o r   l i k e   2 :   c o m m a n d   n o t   f o u n d :   c o m p d e f ,   t h e n   a d d   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   t o   t h e   b e g i n n i n g   o f   y o u r   ~ / . z s h r c   f i l e : a u t o l o a d   - U z   c o m p i n i t   c o m p i n i t   T h e   k u b e c t l   c o m p l e t i o n   s c r i p t   f o


Question: What is Configure kuberc?

Answer: S e e   k u b e r c   f o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n .


Question: What is Install kubectl convert plugin?

Answer: A   p l u g i n   f o r   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   k u b e c t l ,   w h i c h   a l l o w s   y o u   t o   c o n v e r t   m a n i f e s t s   b e t w e e n   d i f f e r e n t   A P I   v e r s i o n s .   T h i s   c a n   b e   p a r t i c u l a r l y   h e l p f u l   t o   m i g r a t e   m a n i f e s t s   t o   a   n o n - d e p r e c a t e d   a p i   v e r s i o n   w i t h   n e w e r   K u b e r n e t e s   r e l e a s e .   F o r   m o r e   i n f o ,   v i s i t   m i g r a t e   t o   n o n   d e p r e c a t e d   a p i s   D o w n l o a d   t h e   l a t e s t   r e l e a s e   w i t h   t h e   c o m m a n d :   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t "   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t "   V a l i d a t e   t h e   b i n a r y   ( o p t i o n a l ) D o w n l o a d   t h e   k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   c h e c k s u m   f i l e :   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a m d 6 4 / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t . s h a 2 5 6 "   c u r l   - L O   " h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / $ ( c u r l   - L   - s   h t t p s : / / d l . k 8 s . i o / r e l e a s e / s t a b l e . t x t ) / b i n / d a r w i n / a r m 6 4 / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t . s h a 2 5 6 "   V a l i d a t e   t h e   k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   b i n a r y   a g a i n s t   t h e   c h e c k s u m   f i l e : e c h o   " $ ( c a t   k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t . s h


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: M a k e   k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   b i n a r y   e x e c u t a b l e   c h m o d   + x   . / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   M o v e   t h e   k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   b i n a r y   t o   a   f i l e   l o c a t i o n   o n   y o u r   s y s t e m   P A T H .   s u d o   m v   . / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   s u d o   c h o w n   r o o t :   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: V e r i f y   p l u g i n   i s   s u c c e s s f u l l y   i n s t a l l e d   k u b e c t l   c o n v e r t   - - h e l p   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   s e e   a n   e r r o r ,   i t   m e a n s   t h e   p l u g i n   i s   s u c c e s s f u l l y   i n s t a l l e d .   A f t e r   i n s t a l l i n g   t h e   p l u g i n ,   c l e a n   u p   t h e   i n s t a l l a t i o n   f i l e s :   r m   k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t   k u b e c t l - c o n v e r t . s h a 2 5 6


Question: What is Uninstall kubectl on macOS?

Answer: D e p e n d i n g   o n   h o w   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   k u b e c t l ,   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   m e t h o d s .


Question: What is Uninstall kubectl using the command-line?

Answer: L o c a t e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   o n   y o u r   s y s t e m : w h i c h   k u b e c t l   R e m o v e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y : s u d o   r m   < p a t h >   R e p l a c e   < p a t h >   w i t h   t h e   p a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   f r o m   t h e   p r e v i o u s   s t e p .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   s u d o   r m   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / k u b e c t l .   L o c a t e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   o n   y o u r   s y s t e m :   w h i c h   k u b e c t l   R e m o v e   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y :   s u d o   r m   < p a t h >   R e p l a c e   < p a t h >   w i t h   t h e   p a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c t l   b i n a r y   f r o m   t h e   p r e v i o u s   s t e p .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   s u d o   r m   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / k u b e c t l .


Question: What is Uninstall kubectl using homebrew?

Answer: I f   y o u   i n s t a l l e d   k u b e c t l   u s i n g   H o m e b r e w ,   r u n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d :   b r e w   r e m o v e   k u b e c t l


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: I n s t a l l   M i n i k u b e S e e   t h e   g e t t i n g   s t a r t e d   g u i d e s   f o r   m o r e   a b o u t   c r e a t i n g   c l u s t e r s . L e a r n   h o w   t o   l a u n c h   a n d   e x p o s e   y o u r   a p p l i c a t i o n . I f   y o u   n e e d   a c c e s s   t o   a   c l u s t e r   y o u   d i d n ' t   c r e a t e ,   s e e   t h e   S h a r i n g   C l u s t e r   A c c e s s   d o c u m e n t . R e a d   t h e   k u b e c t l   r e f e r e n c e   d o c s


Question: What is Role Based Access Control Good Practices?

Answer: Role Based Access Control Good PracticesPrinciples and practices for good RBAC design for cluster operators.Kubernetes RBAC is a key security control to ensure that cluster users and workloads have only the access to resources required to execute their roles. It is important to ensure that, when designing permissions for cluster users, the cluster administrator understands the areas where privilege escalation could occur, to reduce the risk of excessive access leading to security incidents.The good practices laid out here should be read in conjunction with the general RBAC documentation.General good practiceLeast privilegeIdeally, minimal RBAC rights should be assigned to users and service accounts. Only permissions explicitly required for their operation should be used. While each cluster will be different, some general rules that can be applied are :Assign permissions at the namespace level where possible. Use RoleBindings as opposed to ClusterRoleBindings to give users rights only within a specific namespace.Avoid providing wildcard permissions when possible, especially to all resources. As Kubernetes is an extensible system, providing wildcard access gives rights not just to all object types that currently exist in the cluster, but also to all object types which are created in the future.Administrators should not use cluster-admin accounts except where specifically needed. Providing a low privileged account with impersonation rights can avoid accidental modification of cluster resources.Avoid adding users to the system:masters group. Any user who is a member of this group bypasses all RBAC rights checks and will always have unrestricted superuser access, which cannot be revoked by removing RoleBindings or ClusterRoleBindings. As an aside, if a cluster is using an authorization webhook, membership of this group also bypasses that webhook (requests from users who are members of that group are never sent to the webhook)Minimize distribution of privileged tokensIdeally, pods shouldn't be assigned service accounts that have been granted powerful permissions (for example, any of the rights listed under privilege escalation risks). In cases where a workload requires powerful permissions, consider the following practices:Limit the number of nodes running powerful pods. Ensure that any DaemonSets you run are necessary and are run with least privilege to limit the blast radius of container escapes.Avoid running powerful pods alongside untrusted or publicly-exposed ones. Consider using Taints and Toleration, NodeAffinity, or PodAntiAffinity to ensure pods don't run alongside untrusted or less-trusted Pods. Pay special attention to situations where less-trustworthy Pods are not meeting the Restricted Pod Security Standard.HardeningKubernetes defaults to providing access which may not be required in every cluster. Reviewing the RBAC rights provided by default can provide opportunities for security hardening. In general, changes should not be made to right


Question: How does Role Based Access Control Good Practices work?

Answer: Role Based Access Control Good PracticesPrinciples and practices for good RBAC design for cluster operators.Kubernetes RBAC is a key security control to ensure that cluster users and workloads have only the access to resources required to execute their roles. It is important to ensure that, when designing permissions for cluster users, the cluster administrator understands the areas where privilege escalation could occur, to reduce the risk of excessive access leading to security incidents.The good practices laid out here should be read in conjunction with the general RBAC documentation.General good practiceLeast privilegeIdeally, minimal RBAC rights should be assigned to users and service accounts. Only permissions explicitly required for their operation should be used. While each cluster will be different, some general rules that can be applied are :Assign permissions at the namespace level where possible. Use RoleBindings as opposed to ClusterRoleBindings to give users rights only within a specific namespace.Avoid providing wildcard permissions when possible, especially to all resources. As Kubernetes is an extensible system, providing wildcard access gives rights not just to all object types that currently exist in the cluster, but also to all object types which are created in the future.Administrators should not use cluster-admin accounts except where specifically needed. Providing a low privileged account with impersonation rights can avoid accidental modification of cluster resources.Avoid adding users to the system:masters group. Any user who is a member of this group bypasses all RBAC rights checks and will always have unrestricted superuser access, which cannot be revoked by removing RoleBindings or ClusterRoleBindings. As an aside, if a cluster is using an authorization webhook, membership of this group also bypasses that webhook (requests from users who are members of that group are never sent to the webhook)Minimize distribution of privileged tokensIdeally, pods shouldn't be assigned service accounts that have been granted powerful permissions (for example, any of the rights listed under privilege escalation risks). In cases where a workload requires powerful permissions, consider the following practices:Limit the number of nodes running powerful pods. Ensure that any DaemonSets you run are necessary and are run with least privilege to limit the blast radius of container escapes.Avoid running powerful pods alongside untrusted or publicly-exposed ones. Consider using Taints and Toleration, NodeAffinity, or PodAntiAffinity to ensure pods don't run alongside untrusted or less-trusted Pods. Pay special attention to situations where less-trustworthy Pods are not meeting the Restricted Pod Security Standard.HardeningKubernetes defaults to providing access which may not be required in every cluster. Reviewing the RBAC rights provided by default can provide opportunities for security hardening. In general, changes should not be made to right


Question: When would you use Role Based Access Control Good Practices?

Answer: Role Based Access Control Good PracticesPrinciples and practices for good RBAC design for cluster operators.Kubernetes RBAC is a key security control to ensure that cluster users and workloads have only the access to resources required to execute their roles. It is important to ensure that, when designing permissions for cluster users, the cluster administrator understands the areas where privilege escalation could occur, to reduce the risk of excessive access leading to security incidents.The good practices laid out here should be read in conjunction with the general RBAC documentation.General good practiceLeast privilegeIdeally, minimal RBAC rights should be assigned to users and service accounts. Only permissions explicitly required for their operation should be used. While each cluster will be different, some general rules that can be applied are :Assign permissions at the namespace level where possible. Use RoleBindings as opposed to ClusterRoleBindings to give users rights only within a specific namespace.Avoid providing wildcard permissions when possible, especially to all resources. As Kubernetes is an extensible system, providing wildcard access gives rights not just to all object types that currently exist in the cluster, but also to all object types which are created in the future.Administrators should not use cluster-admin accounts except where specifically needed. Providing a low privileged account with impersonation rights can avoid accidental modification of cluster resources.Avoid adding users to the system:masters group. Any user who is a member of this group bypasses all RBAC rights checks and will always have unrestricted superuser access, which cannot be revoked by removing RoleBindings or ClusterRoleBindings. As an aside, if a cluster is using an authorization webhook, membership of this group also bypasses that webhook (requests from users who are members of that group are never sent to the webhook)Minimize distribution of privileged tokensIdeally, pods shouldn't be assigned service accounts that have been granted powerful permissions (for example, any of the rights listed under privilege escalation risks). In cases where a workload requires powerful permissions, consider the following practices:Limit the number of nodes running powerful pods. Ensure that any DaemonSets you run are necessary and are run with least privilege to limit the blast radius of container escapes.Avoid running powerful pods alongside untrusted or publicly-exposed ones. Consider using Taints and Toleration, NodeAffinity, or PodAntiAffinity to ensure pods don't run alongside untrusted or less-trusted Pods. Pay special attention to situations where less-trustworthy Pods are not meeting the Restricted Pod Security Standard.HardeningKubernetes defaults to providing access which may not be required in every cluster. Reviewing the RBAC rights provided by default can provide opportunities for security hardening. In general, changes should not be made to right


Question: What are the benefits of Role Based Access Control Good Practices?

Answer: Role Based Access Control Good PracticesPrinciples and practices for good RBAC design for cluster operators.Kubernetes RBAC is a key security control to ensure that cluster users and workloads have only the access to resources required to execute their roles. It is important to ensure that, when designing permissions for cluster users, the cluster administrator understands the areas where privilege escalation could occur, to reduce the risk of excessive access leading to security incidents.The good practices laid out here should be read in conjunction with the general RBAC documentation.General good practiceLeast privilegeIdeally, minimal RBAC rights should be assigned to users and service accounts. Only permissions explicitly required for their operation should be used. While each cluster will be different, some general rules that can be applied are :Assign permissions at the namespace level where possible. Use RoleBindings as opposed to ClusterRoleBindings to give users rights only within a specific namespace.Avoid providing wildcard permissions when possible, especially to all resources. As Kubernetes is an extensible system, providing wildcard access gives rights not just to all object types that currently exist in the cluster, but also to all object types which are created in the future.Administrators should not use cluster-admin accounts except where specifically needed. Providing a low privileged account with impersonation rights can avoid accidental modification of cluster resources.Avoid adding users to the system:masters group. Any user who is a member of this group bypasses all RBAC rights checks and will always have unrestricted superuser access, which cannot be revoked by removing RoleBindings or ClusterRoleBindings. As an aside, if a cluster is using an authorization webhook, membership of this group also bypasses that webhook (requests from users who are members of that group are never sent to the webhook)Minimize distribution of privileged tokensIdeally, pods shouldn't be assigned service accounts that have been granted powerful permissions (for example, any of the rights listed under privilege escalation risks). In cases where a workload requires powerful permissions, consider the following practices:Limit the number of nodes running powerful pods. Ensure that any DaemonSets you run are necessary and are run with least privilege to limit the blast radius of container escapes.Avoid running powerful pods alongside untrusted or publicly-exposed ones. Consider using Taints and Toleration, NodeAffinity, or PodAntiAffinity to ensure pods don't run alongside untrusted or less-trusted Pods. Pay special attention to situations where less-trustworthy Pods are not meeting the Restricted Pod Security Standard.HardeningKubernetes defaults to providing access which may not be required in every cluster. Reviewing the RBAC rights provided by default can provide opportunities for security hardening. In general, changes should not be made to right


Question: What is Role Based Access Control Good Practices?

Answer: K u b e r n e t e s   R B A C   i s   a   k e y   s e c u r i t y   c o n t r o l   t o   e n s u r e   t h a t   c l u s t e r   u s e r s   a n d   w o r k l o a d s   h a v e   o n l y   t h e   a c c e s s   t o   r e s o u r c e s   r e q u i r e d   t o   e x e c u t e   t h e i r   r o l e s .   I t   i s   i m p o r t a n t   t o   e n s u r e   t h a t ,   w h e n   d e s i g n i n g   p e r m i s s i o n s   f o r   c l u s t e r   u s e r s ,   t h e   c l u s t e r   a d m i n i s t r a t o r   u n d e r s t a n d s   t h e   a r e a s   w h e r e   p r i v i l e g e   e s c a l a t i o n   c o u l d   o c c u r ,   t o   r e d u c e   t h e   r i s k   o f   e x c e s s i v e   a c c e s s   l e a d i n g   t o   s e c u r i t y   i n c i d e n t s .   T h e   g o o d   p r a c t i c e s   l a i d   o u t   h e r e   s h o u l d   b e   r e a d   i n   c o n j u n c t i o n   w i t h   t h e   g e n e r a l   R B A C   d o c u m e n t a t i o n .


Question: What is Least privilege?

Answer: I d e a l l y ,   m i n i m a l   R B A C   r i g h t s   s h o u l d   b e   a s s i g n e d   t o   u s e r s   a n d   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s .   O n l y   p e r m i s s i o n s   e x p l i c i t l y   r e q u i r e d   f o r   t h e i r   o p e r a t i o n   s h o u l d   b e   u s e d .   W h i l e   e a c h   c l u s t e r   w i l l   b e   d i f f e r e n t ,   s o m e   g e n e r a l   r u l e s   t h a t   c a n   b e   a p p l i e d   a r e   :   A s s i g n   p e r m i s s i o n s   a t   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   l e v e l   w h e r e   p o s s i b l e .   U s e   R o l e B i n d i n g s   a s   o p p o s e d   t o   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g s   t o   g i v e   u s e r s   r i g h t s   o n l y   w i t h i n   a   s p e c i f i c   n a m e s p a c e . A v o i d   p r o v i d i n g   w i l d c a r d   p e r m i s s i o n s   w h e n   p o s s i b l e ,   e s p e c i a l l y   t o   a l l   r e s o u r c e s .   A s   K u b e r n e t e s   i s   a n   e x t e n s i b l e   s y s t e m ,   p r o v i d i n g   w i l d c a r d   a c c e s s   g i v e s   r i g h t s   n o t   j u s t   t o   a l l   o b j e c t   t y p e s   t h a t   c u r r e n t l y   e x i s t   i n   t h e   c l u s t e r ,   b u t   a l s o   t o   a l l   o b j e c t   t y p e s   w h i c h   a r e   c r e a t e d   i n   t h e   f u t u r e . A d m i n i s t r a t o r s   s h o u l d   n o t   u s e   c l u s t e r - a d m i n   a c c o u n t s   e x c e p t   w h e r e   s p e c i f i c a l l y   n e e d e d .   P r o v i d i n g   a   l o w   p r i v i l e g e d   a c c o u n t   w i t h   i m p e r s o n a t i o n   r i g h t s   c a n   a v o i d   a c c i d e n t a l   m o d i f i c a t i o n   o f   c l u s t e r   r e s o u r c e s . A v o i d   a d d i n g   u s e r s   t o   t h e   s y s t e m : m a s t e r s   g r o u p .   A n y   u s e r   w h o   i s   a   m e m b e r   o f   t h i s   g r o u p   b y p a s s e s   a l l   R B A C   r i g h t s   c


Question: What is Minimize distribution of privileged tokens?

Answer: I d e a l l y ,   p o d s   s h o u l d n ' t   b e   a s s i g n e d   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   t h a t   h a v e   b e e n   g r a n t e d   p o w e r f u l   p e r m i s s i o n s   ( f o r   e x a m p l e ,   a n y   o f   t h e   r i g h t s   l i s t e d   u n d e r   p r i v i l e g e   e s c a l a t i o n   r i s k s ) .   I n   c a s e s   w h e r e   a   w o r k l o a d   r e q u i r e s   p o w e r f u l   p e r m i s s i o n s ,   c o n s i d e r   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   p r a c t i c e s :   L i m i t   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   n o d e s   r u n n i n g   p o w e r f u l   p o d s .   E n s u r e   t h a t   a n y   D a e m o n S e t s   y o u   r u n   a r e   n e c e s s a r y   a n d   a r e   r u n   w i t h   l e a s t   p r i v i l e g e   t o   l i m i t   t h e   b l a s t   r a d i u s   o f   c o n t a i n e r   e s c a p e s . A v o i d   r u n n i n g   p o w e r f u l   p o d s   a l o n g s i d e   u n t r u s t e d   o r   p u b l i c l y - e x p o s e d   o n e s .   C o n s i d e r   u s i n g   T a i n t s   a n d   T o l e r a t i o n ,   N o d e A f f i n i t y ,   o r   P o d A n t i A f f i n i t y   t o   e n s u r e   p o d s   d o n ' t   r u n   a l o n g s i d e   u n t r u s t e d   o r   l e s s - t r u s t e d   P o d s .   P a y   s p e c i a l   a t t e n t i o n   t o   s i t u a t i o n s   w h e r e   l e s s - t r u s t w o r t h y   P o d s   a r e   n o t   m e e t i n g   t h e   R e s t r i c t e d   P o d   S e c u r i t y   S t a n d a r d .


Question: What is Hardening?

Answer: K u b e r n e t e s   d e f a u l t s   t o   p r o v i d i n g   a c c e s s   w h i c h   m a y   n o t   b e   r e q u i r e d   i n   e v e r y   c l u s t e r .   R e v i e w i n g   t h e   R B A C   r i g h t s   p r o v i d e d   b y   d e f a u l t   c a n   p r o v i d e   o p p o r t u n i t i e s   f o r   s e c u r i t y   h a r d e n i n g .   I n   g e n e r a l ,   c h a n g e s   s h o u l d   n o t   b e   m a d e   t o   r i g h t s   p r o v i d e d   t o   s y s t e m :   a c c o u n t s   s o m e   o p t i o n s   t o   h a r d e n   c l u s t e r   r i g h t s   e x i s t :   R e v i e w   b i n d i n g s   f o r   t h e   s y s t e m : u n a u t h e n t i c a t e d   g r o u p   a n d   r e m o v e   t h e m   w h e r e   p o s s i b l e ,   a s   t h i s   g i v e s   a c c e s s   t o   a n y o n e   w h o   c a n   c o n t a c t   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   a t   a   n e t w o r k   l e v e l . A v o i d   t h e   d e f a u l t   a u t o - m o u n t i n g   o f   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   t o k e n s   b y   s e t t i n g   a u t o m o u n t S e r v i c e A c c o u n t T o k e n :   f a l s e .   F o r   m o r e   d e t a i l s ,   s e e   u s i n g   d e f a u l t   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   t o k e n .   S e t t i n g   t h i s   v a l u e   f o r   a   P o d   w i l l   o v e r w r i t e   t h e   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   s e t t i n g ,   w o r k l o a d s   w h i c h   r e q u i r e   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   t o k e n s   c a n   s t i l l   m o u n t   t h e m .