Question: What is Scaling out etcd clusters?

Answer: S c a l i n g   o u t   e t c d   c l u s t e r s   i n c r e a s e s   a v a i l a b i l i t y   b y   t r a d i n g   o f f   p e r f o r m a n c e .   S c a l i n g   d o e s   n o t   i n c r e a s e   c l u s t e r   p e r f o r m a n c e   n o r   c a p a b i l i t y .   A   g e n e r a l   r u l e   i s   n o t   t o   s c a l e   o u t   o r   i n   e t c d   c l u s t e r s .   D o   n o t   c o n f i g u r e   a n y   a u t o   s c a l i n g   g r o u p s   f o r   e t c d   c l u s t e r s .   I t   i s   s t r o n g l y   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   a l w a y s   r u n   a   s t a t i c   f i v e - m e m b e r   e t c d   c l u s t e r   f o r   p r o d u c t i o n   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r s   a t   a n y   o f f i c i a l l y   s u p p o r t e d   s c a l e .   A   r e a s o n a b l e   s c a l i n g   i s   t o   u p g r a d e   a   t h r e e - m e m b e r   c l u s t e r   t o   a   f i v e - m e m b e r   o n e ,   w h e n   m o r e   r e l i a b i l i t y   i s   d e s i r e d .   S e e   e t c d   r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   f o r   i n f o r m a t i o n   o n   h o w   t o   a d d   m e m b e r s   i n t o   a n   e x i s t i n g   c l u s t e r .


Question: What is Caution:?

Answer: I f   a n y   A P I   s e r v e r s   a r e   r u n n i n g   i n   y o u r   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   s h o u l d   n o t   a t t e m p t   t o   r e s t o r e   i n s t a n c e s   o f   e t c d .   I n s t e a d ,   f o l l o w   t h e s e   s t e p s   t o   r e s t o r e   e t c d :   s t o p   a l l   A P I   s e r v e r   i n s t a n c e s r e s t o r e   s t a t e   i n   a l l   e t c d   i n s t a n c e s r e s t a r t   a l l   A P I   s e r v e r   i n s t a n c e s   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t   a l s o   r e c o m m e n d s   r e s t a r t i n g   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t s   ( k u b e - s c h e d u l e r ,   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r ,   k u b e l e t )   t o   e n s u r e   t h a t   t h e y   d o n ' t   r e l y   o n   s o m e   s t a l e   d a t a .   I n   p r a c t i c e   t h e   r e s t o r e   t a k e s   a   b i t   o f   t i m e .   D u r i n g   t h e   r e s t o r a t i o n ,   c r i t i c a l   c o m p o n e n t s   w i l l   l o s e   l e a d e r   l o c k   a n d   r e s t a r t   t h e m s e l v e s .   e t c d   s u p p o r t s   r e s t o r i n g   f r o m   s n a p s h o t s   t h a t   a r e   t a k e n   f r o m   a n   e t c d   p r o c e s s   o f   t h e   m a j o r . m i n o r   v e r s i o n .   R e s t o r i n g   a   v e r s i o n   f r o m   a   d i f f e r e n t   p a t c h   v e r s i o n   o f   e t c d   i s   a l s o   s u p p o r t e d .   A   r e s t o r e   o p e r a t i o n   i s   e m p l o y e d   t o   r e c o v e r   t h e   d a t a   o f   a   f a i l e d   c l u s t e r .   B e f o r e   s t a r t i n g   t h e   r e s t o r e   o p e r a t i o n ,   a   s n a p s h o t   f i l e   m u s t   b e   p r e s e n t .   I t   c a n   e i t h e r   b e   a   s n a p s h o t   f i l e   f r o m   a   p r e v i o u s   b a c k u p   o p e r a t i o n ,   o r   f r o m   a   r e m a i n i n g   d a t a   d i r e c t o r y .   W h e n   r e s t o r i n g   t h e


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T h e   b e l o w   e x a m p l e   d e p i c t s   t h e   u s a g e   o f   t h e   e t c d c t l   t o o l   f o r   t h e   r e s t o r e   o p e r a t i o n :   e x p o r t   E T C D C T L _ A P I = 3   e t c d c t l   - - d a t a - d i r   < d a t a - d i r - l o c a t i o n >   s n a p s h o t   r e s t o r e   s n a p s h o t . d b   I f   < d a t a - d i r - l o c a t i o n >   i s   t h e   s a m e   f o l d e r   a s   b e f o r e ,   d e l e t e   i t   a n d   s t o p   t h e   e t c d   p r o c e s s   b e f o r e   r e s t o r i n g   t h e   c l u s t e r .   O t h e r w i s e ,   c h a n g e   e t c d   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   a n d   r e s t a r t   t h e   e t c d   p r o c e s s   a f t e r   r e s t o r a t i o n   t o   h a v e   i t   u s e   t h e   n e w   d a t a   d i r e c t o r y :   f i r s t   c h a n g e   / e t c / k u b e r n e t e s / m a n i f e s t s / e t c d . y a m l ' s   v o l u m e s . h o s t P a t h . p a t h   f o r   n a m e :   e t c d - d a t a   t o   < d a t a - d i r - l o c a t i o n > ,   t h e n   e x e c u t e   k u b e c t l   - n   k u b e - s y s t e m   d e l e t e   p o d   < n a m e - o f - e t c d - p o d >   o r   s y s t e m c t l   r e s t a r t   k u b e l e t . s e r v i c e   ( o r   b o t h ) .   F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n   a n d   e x a m p l e s   o n   r e s t o r i n g   a   c l u s t e r   f r o m   a   s n a p s h o t   f i l e ,   s e e   e t c d   d i s a s t e r   r e c o v e r y   d o c u m e n t a t i o n .   I f   t h e   a c c e s s   U R L s   o f   t h e   r e s t o r e d   c l u s t e r   a r e   c h a n g e d   f r o m   t h e   p r e v i o u s   c l u s t e r ,   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   s e r v e r   m u s t   b e   r e c o n f i g u r e d   a c c o r d i n g l y .   I n   t h i s   c a s e ,   r e s t a r t   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   s e r v e r s   w i t h   t h e   f l a g   - - e t c d - s e r v e r s = $ N E W _ E T C D _ C L U S T E R


Question: What is Caution:?

Answer: F o r   d e t a i l s   o n   e t c d   u p g r a d e ,   r e f e r   t o   t h e   e t c d   u p g r a d e s   d o c u m e n t a t i o n .


Question: What is Maintaining etcd clusters?

Answer: F o r   m o r e   d e t a i l s   o n   e t c d   m a i n t e n a n c e ,   p l e a s e   r e f e r   t o   t h e   e t c d   m a i n t e n a n c e   d o c u m e n t a t i o n .


Question: What is Cluster defragmentation?

Answer: D e f r a g m e n t a t i o n   i s   a n   e x p e n s i v e   o p e r a t i o n ,   s o   i t   s h o u l d   b e   e x e c u t e d   a s   i n f r e q u e n t l y   a s   p o s s i b l e .   O n   t h e   o t h e r   h a n d ,   i t ' s   a l s o   n e c e s s a r y   t o   m a k e   s u r e   a n y   e t c d   m e m b e r   w i l l   n o t   e x c e e d   t h e   s t o r a g e   q u o t a .   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t   r e c o m m e n d s   t h a t   w h e n   y o u   p e r f o r m   d e f r a g m e n t a t i o n ,   y o u   u s e   a   t o o l   s u c h   a s   e t c d - d e f r a g .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   r u n   t h e   d e f r a g m e n t a t i o n   t o o l   a s   a   K u b e r n e t e s   C r o n J o b ,   t o   m a k e   s u r e   t h a t   d e f r a g m e n t a t i o n   h a p p e n s   r e g u l a r l y .   S e e   e t c d - d e f r a g - c r o n j o b . y a m l   f o r   d e t a i l s .   I t e m s   o n   t h i s   p a g e   r e f e r   t o   t h i r d   p a r t y   p r o d u c t s   o r   p r o j e c t s   t h a t   p r o v i d e   f u n c t i o n a l i t y   r e q u i r e d   b y   K u b e r n e t e s .   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t   a u t h o r s   a r e n ' t   r e s p o n s i b l e   f o r   t h o s e   t h i r d - p a r t y   p r o d u c t s   o r   p r o j e c t s .   S e e   t h e   C N C F   w e b s i t e   g u i d e l i n e s   f o r   m o r e   d e t a i l s .   Y o u   s h o u l d   r e a d   t h e   c o n t e n t   g u i d e   b e f o r e   p r o p o s i n g   a   c h a n g e   t h a t   a d d s   a n   e x t r a   t h i r d - p a r t y   l i n k .


Question: What is kubectl label?

Answer: kubectl labelSynopsisUpdate the labels on a resource.A label key and value must begin with a letter or number, and may contain letters, numbers, hyphens, dots, and underscores, up to 63 characters each.Optionally, the key can begin with a DNS subdomain prefix and a single '/', like example.com/my-app.If --overwrite is true, then existing labels can be overwritten, otherwise attempting to overwrite a label will result in an error.If --resource-version is specified, then updates will use this resource version, otherwise the existing resource-version will be used.kubectl label [--overwrite] (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME) KEY_1=VAL_1 ... KEY_N=VAL_N [--resource-version=version] Examples # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'unhealthy' and the value 'true' kubectl label pods foo unhealthy=true # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'status' and the value 'unhealthy', overwriting any existing value kubectl label --overwrite pods foo status=unhealthy # Update all pods in the namespace kubectl label pods --all status=unhealthy # Update a pod identified by the type and name in "pod.json" kubectl label -f pod.json status=unhealthy # Update pod 'foo' only if the resource is unchanged from version 1 kubectl label pods foo status=unhealthy --resource-version=1 # Update pod 'foo' by removing a label named 'bar' if it exists # Does not require the --overwrite flag kubectl label pods foo bar- Options--allSelect all resources, in the namespace of the specified resource types-A, --all-namespacesIf true, check the specified action in all namespaces.--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-label"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.--field-selector stringSelector (field query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', and '!='.(e.g. --field-selector key1=value1,key2=value2). The server only supports a limited number of field queries per type.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update the labels-h, --helphelp for label-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.--listIf true, display the labels for a given resource.--localIf true, label will NOT contact api-server but run locally.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--overwriteIf true, allow labels to be overwritten, otherwise reject label updates that overwrite existing labels.-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want


Question: How does kubectl label work?

Answer: kubectl labelSynopsisUpdate the labels on a resource.A label key and value must begin with a letter or number, and may contain letters, numbers, hyphens, dots, and underscores, up to 63 characters each.Optionally, the key can begin with a DNS subdomain prefix and a single '/', like example.com/my-app.If --overwrite is true, then existing labels can be overwritten, otherwise attempting to overwrite a label will result in an error.If --resource-version is specified, then updates will use this resource version, otherwise the existing resource-version will be used.kubectl label [--overwrite] (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME) KEY_1=VAL_1 ... KEY_N=VAL_N [--resource-version=version] Examples # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'unhealthy' and the value 'true' kubectl label pods foo unhealthy=true # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'status' and the value 'unhealthy', overwriting any existing value kubectl label --overwrite pods foo status=unhealthy # Update all pods in the namespace kubectl label pods --all status=unhealthy # Update a pod identified by the type and name in "pod.json" kubectl label -f pod.json status=unhealthy # Update pod 'foo' only if the resource is unchanged from version 1 kubectl label pods foo status=unhealthy --resource-version=1 # Update pod 'foo' by removing a label named 'bar' if it exists # Does not require the --overwrite flag kubectl label pods foo bar- Options--allSelect all resources, in the namespace of the specified resource types-A, --all-namespacesIf true, check the specified action in all namespaces.--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-label"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.--field-selector stringSelector (field query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', and '!='.(e.g. --field-selector key1=value1,key2=value2). The server only supports a limited number of field queries per type.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update the labels-h, --helphelp for label-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.--listIf true, display the labels for a given resource.--localIf true, label will NOT contact api-server but run locally.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--overwriteIf true, allow labels to be overwritten, otherwise reject label updates that overwrite existing labels.-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want


Question: When would you use kubectl label?

Answer: kubectl labelSynopsisUpdate the labels on a resource.A label key and value must begin with a letter or number, and may contain letters, numbers, hyphens, dots, and underscores, up to 63 characters each.Optionally, the key can begin with a DNS subdomain prefix and a single '/', like example.com/my-app.If --overwrite is true, then existing labels can be overwritten, otherwise attempting to overwrite a label will result in an error.If --resource-version is specified, then updates will use this resource version, otherwise the existing resource-version will be used.kubectl label [--overwrite] (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME) KEY_1=VAL_1 ... KEY_N=VAL_N [--resource-version=version] Examples # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'unhealthy' and the value 'true' kubectl label pods foo unhealthy=true # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'status' and the value 'unhealthy', overwriting any existing value kubectl label --overwrite pods foo status=unhealthy # Update all pods in the namespace kubectl label pods --all status=unhealthy # Update a pod identified by the type and name in "pod.json" kubectl label -f pod.json status=unhealthy # Update pod 'foo' only if the resource is unchanged from version 1 kubectl label pods foo status=unhealthy --resource-version=1 # Update pod 'foo' by removing a label named 'bar' if it exists # Does not require the --overwrite flag kubectl label pods foo bar- Options--allSelect all resources, in the namespace of the specified resource types-A, --all-namespacesIf true, check the specified action in all namespaces.--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-label"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.--field-selector stringSelector (field query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', and '!='.(e.g. --field-selector key1=value1,key2=value2). The server only supports a limited number of field queries per type.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update the labels-h, --helphelp for label-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.--listIf true, display the labels for a given resource.--localIf true, label will NOT contact api-server but run locally.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--overwriteIf true, allow labels to be overwritten, otherwise reject label updates that overwrite existing labels.-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want


Question: What are the benefits of kubectl label?

Answer: kubectl labelSynopsisUpdate the labels on a resource.A label key and value must begin with a letter or number, and may contain letters, numbers, hyphens, dots, and underscores, up to 63 characters each.Optionally, the key can begin with a DNS subdomain prefix and a single '/', like example.com/my-app.If --overwrite is true, then existing labels can be overwritten, otherwise attempting to overwrite a label will result in an error.If --resource-version is specified, then updates will use this resource version, otherwise the existing resource-version will be used.kubectl label [--overwrite] (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME) KEY_1=VAL_1 ... KEY_N=VAL_N [--resource-version=version] Examples # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'unhealthy' and the value 'true' kubectl label pods foo unhealthy=true # Update pod 'foo' with the label 'status' and the value 'unhealthy', overwriting any existing value kubectl label --overwrite pods foo status=unhealthy # Update all pods in the namespace kubectl label pods --all status=unhealthy # Update a pod identified by the type and name in "pod.json" kubectl label -f pod.json status=unhealthy # Update pod 'foo' only if the resource is unchanged from version 1 kubectl label pods foo status=unhealthy --resource-version=1 # Update pod 'foo' by removing a label named 'bar' if it exists # Does not require the --overwrite flag kubectl label pods foo bar- Options--allSelect all resources, in the namespace of the specified resource types-A, --all-namespacesIf true, check the specified action in all namespaces.--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-label"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.--field-selector stringSelector (field query) to filter on, supports '=', '==', and '!='.(e.g. --field-selector key1=value1,key2=value2). The server only supports a limited number of field queries per type.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update the labels-h, --helphelp for label-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.--listIf true, display the labels for a given resource.--localIf true, label will NOT contact api-server but run locally.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--overwriteIf true, allow labels to be overwritten, otherwise reject label updates that overwrite existing labels.-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want


Question: What is Synopsis?

Answer: U p d a t e   t h e   l a b e l s   o n   a   r e s o u r c e .   A   l a b e l   k e y   a n d   v a l u e   m u s t   b e g i n   w i t h   a   l e t t e r   o r   n u m b e r ,   a n d   m a y   c o n t a i n   l e t t e r s ,   n u m b e r s ,   h y p h e n s ,   d o t s ,   a n d   u n d e r s c o r e s ,   u p   t o   6 3   c h a r a c t e r s   e a c h . O p t i o n a l l y ,   t h e   k e y   c a n   b e g i n   w i t h   a   D N S   s u b d o m a i n   p r e f i x   a n d   a   s i n g l e   ' / ' ,   l i k e   e x a m p l e . c o m / m y - a p p . I f   - - o v e r w r i t e   i s   t r u e ,   t h e n   e x i s t i n g   l a b e l s   c a n   b e   o v e r w r i t t e n ,   o t h e r w i s e   a t t e m p t i n g   t o   o v e r w r i t e   a   l a b e l   w i l l   r e s u l t   i n   a n   e r r o r . I f   - - r e s o u r c e - v e r s i o n   i s   s p e c i f i e d ,   t h e n   u p d a t e s   w i l l   u s e   t h i s   r e s o u r c e   v e r s i o n ,   o t h e r w i s e   t h e   e x i s t i n g   r e s o u r c e - v e r s i o n   w i l l   b e   u s e d .   k u b e c t l   l a b e l   [ - - o v e r w r i t e ]   ( - f   F I L E N A M E   |   T Y P E   N A M E )   K E Y _ 1 = V A L _ 1   . . .   K E Y _ N = V A L _ N   [ - - r e s o u r c e - v e r s i o n = v e r s i o n ]


Question: What is Examples?

Answer: #   U p d a t e   p o d   ' f o o '   w i t h   t h e   l a b e l   ' u n h e a l t h y '   a n d   t h e   v a l u e   ' t r u e '   k u b e c t l   l a b e l   p o d s   f o o   u n h e a l t h y = t r u e   #   U p d a t e   p o d   ' f o o '   w i t h   t h e   l a b e l   ' s t a t u s '   a n d   t h e   v a l u e   ' u n h e a l t h y ' ,   o v e r w r i t i n g   a n y   e x i s t i n g   v a l u e   k u b e c t l   l a b e l   - - o v e r w r i t e   p o d s   f o o   s t a t u s = u n h e a l t h y   #   U p d a t e   a l l   p o d s   i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   k u b e c t l   l a b e l   p o d s   - - a l l   s t a t u s = u n h e a l t h y   #   U p d a t e   a   p o d   i d e n t i f i e d   b y   t h e   t y p e   a n d   n a m e   i n   " p o d . j s o n "   k u b e c t l   l a b e l   - f   p o d . j s o n   s t a t u s = u n h e a l t h y   #   U p d a t e   p o d   ' f o o '   o n l y   i f   t h e   r e s o u r c e   i s   u n c h a n g e d   f r o m   v e r s i o n   1   k u b e c t l   l a b e l   p o d s   f o o   s t a t u s = u n h e a l t h y   - - r e s o u r c e - v e r s i o n = 1   #   U p d a t e   p o d   ' f o o '   b y   r e m o v i n g   a   l a b e l   n a m e d   ' b a r '   i f   i t   e x i s t s   #   D o e s   n o t   r e q u i r e   t h e   - - o v e r w r i t e   f l a g   k u b e c t l   l a b e l   p o d s   f o o   b a r -


Question: What is Options?

Answer: S e l e c t   a l l   r e s o u r c e s ,   i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   o f   t h e   s p e c i f i e d   r e s o u r c e   t y p e s   I f   t r u e ,   c h e c k   t h e   s p e c i f i e d   a c t i o n   i n   a l l   n a m e s p a c e s .   I f   t r u e ,   i g n o r e   a n y   e r r o r s   i n   t e m p l a t e s   w h e n   a   f i e l d   o r   m a p   k e y   i s   m i s s i n g   i n   t h e   t e m p l a t e .   O n l y   a p p l i e s   t o   g o l a n g   a n d   j s o n p a t h   o u t p u t   f o r m a t s .   M u s t   b e   " n o n e " ,   " s e r v e r " ,   o r   " c l i e n t " .   I f   c l i e n t   s t r a t e g y ,   o n l y   p r i n t   t h e   o b j e c t   t h a t   w o u l d   b e   s e n t ,   w i t h o u t   s e n d i n g   i t .   I f   s e r v e r   s t r a t e g y ,   s u b m i t   s e r v e r - s i d e   r e q u e s t   w i t h o u t   p e r s i s t i n g   t h e   r e s o u r c e .   N a m e   o f   t h e   m a n a g e r   u s e d   t o   t r a c k   f i e l d   o w n e r s h i p .   S e l e c t o r   ( f i e l d   q u e r y )   t o   f i l t e r   o n ,   s u p p o r t s   ' = ' ,   ' = = ' ,   a n d   ' ! = ' . ( e . g .   - - f i e l d - s e l e c t o r   k e y 1 = v a l u e 1 , k e y 2 = v a l u e 2 ) .   T h e   s e r v e r   o n l y   s u p p o r t s   a   l i m i t e d   n u m b e r   o f   f i e l d   q u e r i e s   p e r   t y p e .   F i l e n a m e ,   d i r e c t o r y ,   o r   U R L   t o   f i l e s   i d e n t i f y i n g   t h e   r e s o u r c e   t o   u p d a t e   t h e   l a b e l s   h e l p   f o r   l a b e l   P r o c e s s   t h e   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   d i r e c t o r y .   T h i s   f l a g   c a n ' t   b e   u s e d   t o g e t h e r   w i t h   - f   o r   - R .   I f   t r u e ,   d i s p l a y   t h e   l a b e l s   f o r   a   g i v e n   r e s o u r c e .   I f   t r u e ,   l a b e l   w i l l   N O T   c o n t a c t   a p i - s e r v e r   b u t   r u n   l o c a l l y .   O


Question: What is Parent Options Inherited?

Answer: U s e r n a m e   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   U s e r   c o u l d   b e   a   r e g u l a r   u s e r   o r   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e .   G r o u p   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n ,   t h i s   f l a g   c a n   b e   r e p e a t e d   t o   s p e c i f y   m u l t i p l e   g r o u p s .   U I D   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   D e f a u l t   c a c h e   d i r e c t o r y   P a t h   t o   a   c e r t   f i l e   f o r   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   f i l e   f o r   T L S   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   k e y   f i l e   f o r   T L S   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c l u s t e r   t o   u s e   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c o n t e x t   t o   u s e   I f   t r u e ,   o p t - o u t   o f   r e s p o n s e   c o m p r e s s i o n   f o r   a l l   r e q u e s t s   t o   t h e   s e r v e r   I f   t r u e ,   t h e   s e r v e r ' s   c e r t i f i c a t e   w i l l   n o t   b e   c h e c k e d   f o r   v a l i d i t y .   T h i s   w i l l   m a k e   y o u r   H T T P S   c o n n e c t i o n s   i n s e c u r e   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   C L I   r e q u e s t s .   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e r c   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   p r e f e r e n c e s .   T h i s   c a n   b e   d i s a b l e d   b y   e x p o r t i n g   K U B E C T L _ K U B E R C = f a l s e   f e a t u r e   g a t e   o r   t u r n i n g   o f f   t h e   f e a t u r e   K U B E R C = o f f .   R e q u i r e   s e r v e r   v e r s i o n   t o   m a t c h   c l i e n t   v e r s i o n   I f   p r e s e n t ,   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   s c o p e   f o r   t h i s   C L I   r e q u e s t   P a s s w o r d   f o r   b a s i c   a u t h e n t i c a t


Question: What is See Also?

Answer: k u b e c t l   -   k u b e c t l   c o n t r o l s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r   m a n a g e r   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress Controller?

Answer: Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress ControllerAn Ingress is an API object that defines rules which allow external access to services in a cluster. An Ingress controller fulfills the rules set in the Ingress.This page shows you how to set up a simple Ingress which routes requests to Service 'web' or 'web2' depending on the HTTP URI.Before you beginThis tutorial assumes that you are using minikube to run a local Kubernetes cluster. Visit Install tools to learn how to install minikube.Note:This tutorial uses a container that requires the AMD64 architecture. If you are using minikube on a computer with a different CPU architecture, you could try using minikube with a driver that can emulate AMD64. For example, the Docker Desktop driver can do this.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.19.To check the version, enter kubectl version.If you are using an older Kubernetes version, switch to the documentation for that version.Create a minikube clusterIf you haven't already set up a cluster locally, run minikube start to create a cluster.Enable the Ingress controllerTo enable the NGINX Ingress controller, run the following command:minikube addons enable ingress Verify that the NGINX Ingress controller is runningkubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx Note:It can take up to a minute before you see these pods running OK.The output is similar to:NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ingress-nginx-admission-create-g9g49 0/1 Completed 0 11m ingress-nginx-admission-patch-rqp78 0/1 Completed 1 11m ingress-nginx-controller-59b45fb494-26npt 1/1 Running 0 11m Deploy a hello, world appCreate a Deployment using the following command:kubectl create deployment web --image=gcr.io/google-samples/hello-app:1.0 The output should be:deployment.apps/web created Verify that the Deployment is in a Ready state:kubectl get deployment web The output should be similar to:NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE web 1/1 1 1 53s Expose the Deployment:kubectl expose deployment web --type=NodePort --port=8080 The output should be:service/web exposed Verify the Service is created and is available on a node port:kubectl get service web The output is similar to:NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE web NodePort 10.104.133.249 <none> 8080:31637/TCP 12m Visit the Service via NodePort, using the minikube service command. Follow the instructions for your platform:minikube service web --url The output is similar to:http://172.17.0.15:31637 Invoke the URL obtained in the output of the previous step:curl http://172.17.0.15:31637 # The command must be run in a


Question: How does Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress Controller work?

Answer: Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress ControllerAn Ingress is an API object that defines rules which allow external access to services in a cluster. An Ingress controller fulfills the rules set in the Ingress.This page shows you how to set up a simple Ingress which routes requests to Service 'web' or 'web2' depending on the HTTP URI.Before you beginThis tutorial assumes that you are using minikube to run a local Kubernetes cluster. Visit Install tools to learn how to install minikube.Note:This tutorial uses a container that requires the AMD64 architecture. If you are using minikube on a computer with a different CPU architecture, you could try using minikube with a driver that can emulate AMD64. For example, the Docker Desktop driver can do this.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.19.To check the version, enter kubectl version.If you are using an older Kubernetes version, switch to the documentation for that version.Create a minikube clusterIf you haven't already set up a cluster locally, run minikube start to create a cluster.Enable the Ingress controllerTo enable the NGINX Ingress controller, run the following command:minikube addons enable ingress Verify that the NGINX Ingress controller is runningkubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx Note:It can take up to a minute before you see these pods running OK.The output is similar to:NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ingress-nginx-admission-create-g9g49 0/1 Completed 0 11m ingress-nginx-admission-patch-rqp78 0/1 Completed 1 11m ingress-nginx-controller-59b45fb494-26npt 1/1 Running 0 11m Deploy a hello, world appCreate a Deployment using the following command:kubectl create deployment web --image=gcr.io/google-samples/hello-app:1.0 The output should be:deployment.apps/web created Verify that the Deployment is in a Ready state:kubectl get deployment web The output should be similar to:NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE web 1/1 1 1 53s Expose the Deployment:kubectl expose deployment web --type=NodePort --port=8080 The output should be:service/web exposed Verify the Service is created and is available on a node port:kubectl get service web The output is similar to:NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE web NodePort 10.104.133.249 <none> 8080:31637/TCP 12m Visit the Service via NodePort, using the minikube service command. Follow the instructions for your platform:minikube service web --url The output is similar to:http://172.17.0.15:31637 Invoke the URL obtained in the output of the previous step:curl http://172.17.0.15:31637 # The command must be run in a


Question: When would you use Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress Controller?

Answer: Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress ControllerAn Ingress is an API object that defines rules which allow external access to services in a cluster. An Ingress controller fulfills the rules set in the Ingress.This page shows you how to set up a simple Ingress which routes requests to Service 'web' or 'web2' depending on the HTTP URI.Before you beginThis tutorial assumes that you are using minikube to run a local Kubernetes cluster. Visit Install tools to learn how to install minikube.Note:This tutorial uses a container that requires the AMD64 architecture. If you are using minikube on a computer with a different CPU architecture, you could try using minikube with a driver that can emulate AMD64. For example, the Docker Desktop driver can do this.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.19.To check the version, enter kubectl version.If you are using an older Kubernetes version, switch to the documentation for that version.Create a minikube clusterIf you haven't already set up a cluster locally, run minikube start to create a cluster.Enable the Ingress controllerTo enable the NGINX Ingress controller, run the following command:minikube addons enable ingress Verify that the NGINX Ingress controller is runningkubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx Note:It can take up to a minute before you see these pods running OK.The output is similar to:NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ingress-nginx-admission-create-g9g49 0/1 Completed 0 11m ingress-nginx-admission-patch-rqp78 0/1 Completed 1 11m ingress-nginx-controller-59b45fb494-26npt 1/1 Running 0 11m Deploy a hello, world appCreate a Deployment using the following command:kubectl create deployment web --image=gcr.io/google-samples/hello-app:1.0 The output should be:deployment.apps/web created Verify that the Deployment is in a Ready state:kubectl get deployment web The output should be similar to:NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE web 1/1 1 1 53s Expose the Deployment:kubectl expose deployment web --type=NodePort --port=8080 The output should be:service/web exposed Verify the Service is created and is available on a node port:kubectl get service web The output is similar to:NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE web NodePort 10.104.133.249 <none> 8080:31637/TCP 12m Visit the Service via NodePort, using the minikube service command. Follow the instructions for your platform:minikube service web --url The output is similar to:http://172.17.0.15:31637 Invoke the URL obtained in the output of the previous step:curl http://172.17.0.15:31637 # The command must be run in a


Question: What are the benefits of Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress Controller?

Answer: Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress ControllerAn Ingress is an API object that defines rules which allow external access to services in a cluster. An Ingress controller fulfills the rules set in the Ingress.This page shows you how to set up a simple Ingress which routes requests to Service 'web' or 'web2' depending on the HTTP URI.Before you beginThis tutorial assumes that you are using minikube to run a local Kubernetes cluster. Visit Install tools to learn how to install minikube.Note:This tutorial uses a container that requires the AMD64 architecture. If you are using minikube on a computer with a different CPU architecture, you could try using minikube with a driver that can emulate AMD64. For example, the Docker Desktop driver can do this.You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.19.To check the version, enter kubectl version.If you are using an older Kubernetes version, switch to the documentation for that version.Create a minikube clusterIf you haven't already set up a cluster locally, run minikube start to create a cluster.Enable the Ingress controllerTo enable the NGINX Ingress controller, run the following command:minikube addons enable ingress Verify that the NGINX Ingress controller is runningkubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx Note:It can take up to a minute before you see these pods running OK.The output is similar to:NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE ingress-nginx-admission-create-g9g49 0/1 Completed 0 11m ingress-nginx-admission-patch-rqp78 0/1 Completed 1 11m ingress-nginx-controller-59b45fb494-26npt 1/1 Running 0 11m Deploy a hello, world appCreate a Deployment using the following command:kubectl create deployment web --image=gcr.io/google-samples/hello-app:1.0 The output should be:deployment.apps/web created Verify that the Deployment is in a Ready state:kubectl get deployment web The output should be similar to:NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE web 1/1 1 1 53s Expose the Deployment:kubectl expose deployment web --type=NodePort --port=8080 The output should be:service/web exposed Verify the Service is created and is available on a node port:kubectl get service web The output is similar to:NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE web NodePort 10.104.133.249 <none> 8080:31637/TCP 12m Visit the Service via NodePort, using the minikube service command. Follow the instructions for your platform:minikube service web --url The output is similar to:http://172.17.0.15:31637 Invoke the URL obtained in the output of the previous step:curl http://172.17.0.15:31637 # The command must be run in a


Question: What is Set up Ingress on Minikube with the NGINX Ingress Controller?

Answer: A n   I n g r e s s   i s   a n   A P I   o b j e c t   t h a t   d e f i n e s   r u l e s   w h i c h   a l l o w   e x t e r n a l   a c c e s s   t o   s e r v i c e s   i n   a   c l u s t e r .   A n   I n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r   f u l f i l l s   t h e   r u l e s   s e t   i n   t h e   I n g r e s s .   T h i s   p a g e   s h o w s   y o u   h o w   t o   s e t   u p   a   s i m p l e   I n g r e s s   w h i c h   r o u t e s   r e q u e s t s   t o   S e r v i c e   ' w e b '   o r   ' w e b 2 '   d e p e n d i n g   o n   t h e   H T T P   U R I .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: T h i s   t u t o r i a l   a s s u m e s   t h a t   y o u   a r e   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   t o   r u n   a   l o c a l   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r .   V i s i t   I n s t a l l   t o o l s   t o   l e a r n   h o w   t o   i n s t a l l   m i n i k u b e .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s : i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s Y o u r   K u b e r n e t e s   s e r v e r   m u s t   b e   a t   o r   l a t e r   t h a n   v e r s i o n   1 . 1 9 . T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n . I f   y o u   a r e   u s i n g   a n   o l d e r   K u b e r n e t e s   v e r s i o n ,   s w i t c h   t o   t h e   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   f o r   t h a t   v e r s i o n .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z


Question: What is Create a minikube cluster?

Answer: I f   y o u   h a v e n ' t   a l r e a d y   s e t   u p   a   c l u s t e r   l o c a l l y ,   r u n   m i n i k u b e   s t a r t   t o   c r e a t e   a   c l u s t e r .


Question: What is Enable the Ingress controller?

Answer: T o   e n a b l e   t h e   N G I N X   I n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r ,   r u n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d : m i n i k u b e   a d d o n s   e n a b l e   i n g r e s s   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   N G I N X   I n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r   i s   r u n n i n g k u b e c t l   g e t   p o d s   - n   i n g r e s s - n g i n x   N o t e : I t   c a n   t a k e   u p   t o   a   m i n u t e   b e f o r e   y o u   s e e   t h e s e   p o d s   r u n n i n g   O K . T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : N A M E   R E A D Y   S T A T U S   R E S T A R T S   A G E   i n g r e s s - n g i n x - a d m i s s i o n - c r e a t e - g 9 g 4 9   0 / 1   C o m p l e t e d   0   1 1 m   i n g r e s s - n g i n x - a d m i s s i o n - p a t c h - r q p 7 8   0 / 1   C o m p l e t e d   1   1 1 m   i n g r e s s - n g i n x - c o n t r o l l e r - 5 9 b 4 5 f b 4 9 4 - 2 6 n p t   1 / 1   R u n n i n g   0   1 1 m   T o   e n a b l e   t h e   N G I N X   I n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r ,   r u n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d :   m i n i k u b e   a d d o n s   e n a b l e   i n g r e s s   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   N G I N X   I n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r   i s   r u n n i n g   k u b e c t l   g e t   p o d s   - n   i n g r e s s - n g i n x


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o :   N A M E   R E A D Y   S T A T U S   R E S T A R T S   A G E   i n g r e s s - n g i n x - a d m i s s i o n - c r e a t e - g 9 g 4 9   0 / 1   C o m p l e t e d   0   1 1 m   i n g r e s s - n g i n x - a d m i s s i o n - p a t c h - r q p 7 8   0 / 1   C o m p l e t e d   1   1 1 m   i n g r e s s - n g i n x - c o n t r o l l e r - 5 9 b 4 5 f b 4 9 4 - 2 6 n p t   1 / 1   R u n n i n g   0   1 1 m


Question: What is Deploy a hello, world app?

Answer: C r e a t e   a   D e p l o y m e n t   u s i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b   - - i m a g e = g c r . i o / g o o g l e - s a m p l e s / h e l l o - a p p : 1 . 0   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e : d e p l o y m e n t . a p p s / w e b   c r e a t e d   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   i s   i n   a   R e a d y   s t a t e : k u b e c t l   g e t   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e   s i m i l a r   t o : N A M E   R E A D Y   U P - T O - D A T E   A V A I L A B L E   A G E   w e b   1 / 1   1   1   5 3 s   E x p o s e   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t : k u b e c t l   e x p o s e   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b   - - t y p e = N o d e P o r t   - - p o r t = 8 0 8 0   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e : s e r v i c e / w e b   e x p o s e d   V e r i f y   t h e   S e r v i c e   i s   c r e a t e d   a n d   i s   a v a i l a b l e   o n   a   n o d e   p o r t : k u b e c t l   g e t   s e r v i c e   w e b   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : N A M E   T Y P E   C L U S T E R - I P   E X T E R N A L - I P   P O R T ( S )   A G E   w e b   N o d e P o r t   1 0 . 1 0 4 . 1 3 3 . 2 4 9   < n o n e >   8 0 8 0 : 3 1 6 3 7 / T C P   1 2 m   V i s i t   t h e   S e r v i c e   v i a   N o d e P o r t ,   u s i n g   t h e   m i n i k u b e   s e r v i c e   c o m m a n d .   F o l l o w   t h e   i n s t r u c t i o n s   f o r   y o u r   p l a t f o r m : m i n i k u b e   s e r v i c e   w e b   - - u r l   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : h t t p : / / 1 7 2 . 1 7 . 0 . 1 5 : 3 1 6 3 7   I n v o k e   t h e   U R L   o b t a i n e d   i n   t h e   o u t p u t   o f   t h e   p r e v i o u s   s t e p : c u r l   h t t p : / / 1 7 2 . 1 7 . 0 . 1 5 : 3 1 6 3 7   #   T h e   c o m m a n d   m u s t   b e   r u n   i n   a   s e p a r a t e   t e r m i n a l .   m i n i k u b e   s e r v i


Question: What is Create an Ingress?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   m a n i f e s t   d e f i n e s   a n   I n g r e s s   t h a t   s e n d s   t r a f f i c   t o   y o u r   S e r v i c e   v i a   h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e .   C r e a t e   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s . y a m l   f r o m   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   f i l e : s e r v i c e / n e t w o r k i n g / e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   n e t w o r k i n g . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   I n g r e s s   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   s p e c :   i n g r e s s C l a s s N a m e :   n g i n x   r u l e s :   -   h o s t :   h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   h t t p :   p a t h s :   -   p a t h :   /   p a t h T y p e :   P r e f i x   b a c k e n d :   s e r v i c e :   n a m e :   w e b   p o r t :   n u m b e r :   8 0 8 0 C r e a t e   t h e   I n g r e s s   o b j e c t   b y   r u n n i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d : k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - f   h t t p s : / / k 8 s . i o / e x a m p l e s / s e r v i c e / n e t w o r k i n g / e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s . y a m l   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e : i n g r e s s . n e t w o r k i n g . k 8 s . i o / e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   c r e a t e d   V e r i f y   t h e   I P   a d d r e s s   i s   s e t : k u b e c t l   g e t   i n g r e s s   N o t e : T h i s   c a n   t a k e   a   c o u p l e   o f   m i n u t e s . Y o u   s h o u l d   s e e   a n   I P v 4   a d d r e s s   i n   t h e   A D D R E S S   c o l u m n ;   f o r   e x a m p l e : N A M E   C L A S S   H O S T S   A D D R E S S   P O R T S   A G E   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   n g i n x   h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   1 7 2 . 1 7 . 0 . 1 5   8 0   3 8 s   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   I n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r   i s   d i r e c t i n g   t r a f f i c ,   b y   f o l l o w i n g   t h e   i n s t r u c t i o n s   f o r   y o u r   p l a t f o r m : N o t e : T h e   n


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: Y o u   s h o u l d   s e e   a n   I P v 4   a d d r e s s   i n   t h e   A D D R E S S   c o l u m n ;   f o r   e x a m p l e :   N A M E   C L A S S   H O S T S   A D D R E S S   P O R T S   A G E   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   n g i n x   h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   1 7 2 . 1 7 . 0 . 1 5   8 0   3 8 s   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   I n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r   i s   d i r e c t i n g   t r a f f i c ,   b y   f o l l o w i n g   t h e   i n s t r u c t i o n s   f o r   y o u r   p l a t f o r m :


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: c u r l   - - r e s o l v e   " h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e : 8 0 : $ (   m i n i k u b e   i p   ) "   - i   h t t p : / / h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   m i n i k u b e   t u n n e l   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : T u n n e l   s u c c e s s f u l l y   s t a r t e d   N O T E :   P l e a s e   d o   n o t   c l o s e   t h i s   t e r m i n a l   a s   t h i s   p r o c e s s   m u s t   s t a y   a l i v e   f o r   t h e   t u n n e l   t o   b e   a c c e s s i b l e   . . .   T h e   s e r v i c e / i n g r e s s   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   r e q u i r e s   p r i v i l e g e d   p o r t s   t o   b e   e x p o s e d :   [ 8 0   4 4 3 ]   s u d o   p e r m i s s i o n   w i l l   b e   a s k e d   f o r   i t .   S t a r t i n g   t u n n e l   f o r   s e r v i c e   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s .   F r o m   w i t h i n   a   n e w   t e r m i n a l ,   i n v o k e   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d : c u r l   - - r e s o l v e   " h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e : 8 0 : 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 "   - i   h t t p : / / h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   Y o u   s h o u l d   s e e :   c u r l   - - r e s o l v e   " h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e : 8 0 : $ (   m i n i k u b e   i p   ) "   - i   h t t p : / / h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   c u r l   - - r e s o l v e   " h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e : 8 0 : $ (   m i n i k u b e   i p   ) "   - i   h t t p : / / h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   m i n i k u b e   t u n n e l   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : T u n n e l   s u c c e s s f u l l y   s t a r t e d   N O T E :   P l e a s e   d o   n o t   c l o s e   t h i s   t e r m i n a l   a s   t h i s   p r o c e s s   m u s t   s t a y   a l i v e   f o r   t h e   t u n n e l   t o   b e   a c c e s s i b l e   . . .   T h e   s e r v i c e / i n g r e s s   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   r e q u i r e s   p r i v i l e g e d   p o r t s   t


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1   h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1   h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   A f t e r   y o u   m a k e   t h i s   c h a n g e ,   y o u r   w e b   b r o w s e r   s e n d s   r e q u e s t s   f o r   h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   U R L s   t o   M i n i k u b e .


Question: What is Create a second Deployment?

Answer: C r e a t e   a n o t h e r   D e p l o y m e n t   u s i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b 2   - - i m a g e = g c r . i o / g o o g l e - s a m p l e s / h e l l o - a p p : 2 . 0   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e : d e p l o y m e n t . a p p s / w e b 2   c r e a t e d   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   i s   i n   a   R e a d y   s t a t e : k u b e c t l   g e t   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b 2   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e   s i m i l a r   t o : N A M E   R E A D Y   U P - T O - D A T E   A V A I L A B L E   A G E   w e b 2   1 / 1   1   1   1 6 s   E x p o s e   t h e   s e c o n d   D e p l o y m e n t : k u b e c t l   e x p o s e   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b 2   - - p o r t = 8 0 8 0   - - t y p e = N o d e P o r t   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e : s e r v i c e / w e b 2   e x p o s e d   C r e a t e   a n o t h e r   D e p l o y m e n t   u s i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b 2   - - i m a g e = g c r . i o / g o o g l e - s a m p l e s / h e l l o - a p p : 2 . 0   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e :   d e p l o y m e n t . a p p s / w e b 2   c r e a t e d   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   i s   i n   a   R e a d y   s t a t e :   k u b e c t l   g e t   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b 2   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e   s i m i l a r   t o :   N A M E   R E A D Y   U P - T O - D A T E   A V A I L A B L E   A G E   w e b 2   1 / 1   1   1   1 6 s   E x p o s e   t h e   s e c o n d   D e p l o y m e n t :   k u b e c t l   e x p o s e   d e p l o y m e n t   w e b 2   - - p o r t = 8 0 8 0   - - t y p e = N o d e P o r t   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o u l d   b e :   s e r v i c e / w e b 2   e x p o s e d


Question: What is Edit the existing Ingress?

Answer: E d i t   t h e   e x i s t i n g   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s . y a m l   m a n i f e s t ,   a n d   a d d   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   l i n e s   a t   t h e   e n d : -   p a t h :   / v 2   p a t h T y p e :   P r e f i x   b a c k e n d :   s e r v i c e :   n a m e :   w e b 2   p o r t :   n u m b e r :   8 0 8 0   A p p l y   t h e   c h a n g e s : k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - f   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s . y a m l   Y o u   s h o u l d   s e e : i n g r e s s . n e t w o r k i n g / e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   c o n f i g u r e d   E d i t   t h e   e x i s t i n g   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s . y a m l   m a n i f e s t ,   a n d   a d d   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   l i n e s   a t   t h e   e n d :   -   p a t h :   / v 2   p a t h T y p e :   P r e f i x   b a c k e n d :   s e r v i c e :   n a m e :   w e b 2   p o r t :   n u m b e r :   8 0 8 0   A p p l y   t h e   c h a n g e s :   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - f   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s . y a m l   Y o u   s h o u l d   s e e :   i n g r e s s . n e t w o r k i n g / e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   c o n f i g u r e d


Question: What is Test your Ingress?

Answer: A c c e s s   t h e   1 s t   v e r s i o n   o f   t h e   H e l l o   W o r l d   a p p . c u r l   - - r e s o l v e   " h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e : 8 0 : $ (   m i n i k u b e   i p   ) "   - i   h t t p : / / h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   m i n i k u b e   t u n n e l   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : T u n n e l   s u c c e s s f u l l y   s t a r t e d   N O T E :   P l e a s e   d o   n o t   c l o s e   t h i s   t e r m i n a l   a s   t h i s   p r o c e s s   m u s t   s t a y   a l i v e   f o r   t h e   t u n n e l   t o   b e   a c c e s s i b l e   . . .   T h e   s e r v i c e / i n g r e s s   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s   r e q u i r e s   p r i v i l e g e d   p o r t s   t o   b e   e x p o s e d :   [ 8 0   4 4 3 ]   s u d o   p e r m i s s i o n   w i l l   b e   a s k e d   f o r   i t .   S t a r t i n g   t u n n e l   f o r   s e r v i c e   e x a m p l e - i n g r e s s .   F r o m   w i t h i n   a   n e w   t e r m i n a l ,   i n v o k e   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o m m a n d : c u r l   - - r e s o l v e   " h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e : 8 0 : 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 "   - i   h t t p : / / h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : H e l l o ,   w o r l d !   V e r s i o n :   1 . 0 . 0   H o s t n a m e :   w e b - 5 5 b 8 c 6 9 9 8 d - 8 k 5 6 4   A c c e s s   t h e   2 n d   v e r s i o n   o f   t h e   H e l l o   W o r l d   a p p . c u r l   - - r e s o l v e   " h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e : 8 0 : $ (   m i n i k u b e   i p   ) "   - i   h t t p : / / h e l l o - w o r l d . e x a m p l e / v 2   m i n i k u b e   t u n n e l   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : T u n n e l   s u c c e s s f u l l y   s t a r t e d   N O T E :   P l e a s e   d o   n o t   c l o s e   t h i s   t e r m i n a l   a s   t h i s   p r o c e s s   m u s t   s t a y   a l i v e   f o r   t h e   t u n n e l   t o   b e   a


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: R e a d   m o r e   a b o u t   I n g r e s s R e a d   m o r e   a b o u t   I n g r e s s   C o n t r o l l e r s R e a d   m o r e   a b o u t   S e r v i c e s


Question: What is kuberc (v1alpha1)?

Answer: kuberc (v1alpha1)Resource TypesPreferencePreferencePreference stores elements of KubeRC configuration fileFieldDescriptionapiVersionstringkubectl.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kindstringPreferenceoverrides [Required][]CommandOverrideoverrides allows changing default flag values of commands. This is especially useful, when user doesn't want to explicitly set flags each time.aliases [Required][]AliasOverridealiases allows defining command aliases for existing kubectl commands, with optional default flag values. If the alias name collides with a built-in command, built-in command always takes precedence. Flag overrides defined in the overrides section do NOT apply to aliases for the same command. kubectl [ALIAS NAME] [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] expands to kubectl [COMMAND] # built-in command alias points to [KUBERC_PREPEND_ARGS] [USER_FLAGS] [KUBERC_FLAGS] # rest of the flags that are not passed by user in [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] [KUBERC_APPEND_ARGS] e.g.name: runx command: run flags:name: image default: nginx appendArgs:custom-arg1 For example, if user invokes "kubectl runx test-pod" command, this will be expanded to "kubectl run --image=nginx test-pod -- custom-arg1"name: getn command: get flags:name: output default: wide prependArgs:node "kubectl getn control-plane-1" expands to "kubectl get node control-plane-1 --output=wide" "kubectl getn control-plane-1 --output=json" expands to "kubectl get node --output=json control-plane-1"AliasOverrideAppears in:PreferenceAliasOverride stores the alias definitions.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringName is the name of alias that can only include alphabetical characters If the alias name conflicts with the built-in command, built-in command will be used.command [Required]stringCommand is the single or set of commands to execute, such as "set env" or "create"prependArgs [Required][]stringPrependArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are inserted after the alias name.appendArgs [Required][]stringAppendArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are appended to the USER_ARGS.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlag is allocated to store the flag definitions of alias. Flag only modifies the default value of the flag and if user explicitly passes a value, explicit one is used.CommandOverrideAppears in:PreferenceCommandOverride stores the commands and their associated flag's default values.FieldDescriptioncommand [Required]stringCommand refers to a command whose flag's default value is changed.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlags is a list of flags storing different default values.CommandOverrideFlagAppears in:AliasOverrideCommandOverrideCommandOverrideFlag stores the name and the specified default value of the flag.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringFlag name (long form, without dashes).default [Required]stringIn a string format of a default value. It will be parsed by kubectl to the compatible value of the flag.This page is automatica


Question: How does kuberc (v1alpha1) work?

Answer: kuberc (v1alpha1)Resource TypesPreferencePreferencePreference stores elements of KubeRC configuration fileFieldDescriptionapiVersionstringkubectl.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kindstringPreferenceoverrides [Required][]CommandOverrideoverrides allows changing default flag values of commands. This is especially useful, when user doesn't want to explicitly set flags each time.aliases [Required][]AliasOverridealiases allows defining command aliases for existing kubectl commands, with optional default flag values. If the alias name collides with a built-in command, built-in command always takes precedence. Flag overrides defined in the overrides section do NOT apply to aliases for the same command. kubectl [ALIAS NAME] [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] expands to kubectl [COMMAND] # built-in command alias points to [KUBERC_PREPEND_ARGS] [USER_FLAGS] [KUBERC_FLAGS] # rest of the flags that are not passed by user in [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] [KUBERC_APPEND_ARGS] e.g.name: runx command: run flags:name: image default: nginx appendArgs:custom-arg1 For example, if user invokes "kubectl runx test-pod" command, this will be expanded to "kubectl run --image=nginx test-pod -- custom-arg1"name: getn command: get flags:name: output default: wide prependArgs:node "kubectl getn control-plane-1" expands to "kubectl get node control-plane-1 --output=wide" "kubectl getn control-plane-1 --output=json" expands to "kubectl get node --output=json control-plane-1"AliasOverrideAppears in:PreferenceAliasOverride stores the alias definitions.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringName is the name of alias that can only include alphabetical characters If the alias name conflicts with the built-in command, built-in command will be used.command [Required]stringCommand is the single or set of commands to execute, such as "set env" or "create"prependArgs [Required][]stringPrependArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are inserted after the alias name.appendArgs [Required][]stringAppendArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are appended to the USER_ARGS.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlag is allocated to store the flag definitions of alias. Flag only modifies the default value of the flag and if user explicitly passes a value, explicit one is used.CommandOverrideAppears in:PreferenceCommandOverride stores the commands and their associated flag's default values.FieldDescriptioncommand [Required]stringCommand refers to a command whose flag's default value is changed.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlags is a list of flags storing different default values.CommandOverrideFlagAppears in:AliasOverrideCommandOverrideCommandOverrideFlag stores the name and the specified default value of the flag.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringFlag name (long form, without dashes).default [Required]stringIn a string format of a default value. It will be parsed by kubectl to the compatible value of the flag.This page is automatica


Question: When would you use kuberc (v1alpha1)?

Answer: kuberc (v1alpha1)Resource TypesPreferencePreferencePreference stores elements of KubeRC configuration fileFieldDescriptionapiVersionstringkubectl.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kindstringPreferenceoverrides [Required][]CommandOverrideoverrides allows changing default flag values of commands. This is especially useful, when user doesn't want to explicitly set flags each time.aliases [Required][]AliasOverridealiases allows defining command aliases for existing kubectl commands, with optional default flag values. If the alias name collides with a built-in command, built-in command always takes precedence. Flag overrides defined in the overrides section do NOT apply to aliases for the same command. kubectl [ALIAS NAME] [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] expands to kubectl [COMMAND] # built-in command alias points to [KUBERC_PREPEND_ARGS] [USER_FLAGS] [KUBERC_FLAGS] # rest of the flags that are not passed by user in [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] [KUBERC_APPEND_ARGS] e.g.name: runx command: run flags:name: image default: nginx appendArgs:custom-arg1 For example, if user invokes "kubectl runx test-pod" command, this will be expanded to "kubectl run --image=nginx test-pod -- custom-arg1"name: getn command: get flags:name: output default: wide prependArgs:node "kubectl getn control-plane-1" expands to "kubectl get node control-plane-1 --output=wide" "kubectl getn control-plane-1 --output=json" expands to "kubectl get node --output=json control-plane-1"AliasOverrideAppears in:PreferenceAliasOverride stores the alias definitions.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringName is the name of alias that can only include alphabetical characters If the alias name conflicts with the built-in command, built-in command will be used.command [Required]stringCommand is the single or set of commands to execute, such as "set env" or "create"prependArgs [Required][]stringPrependArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are inserted after the alias name.appendArgs [Required][]stringAppendArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are appended to the USER_ARGS.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlag is allocated to store the flag definitions of alias. Flag only modifies the default value of the flag and if user explicitly passes a value, explicit one is used.CommandOverrideAppears in:PreferenceCommandOverride stores the commands and their associated flag's default values.FieldDescriptioncommand [Required]stringCommand refers to a command whose flag's default value is changed.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlags is a list of flags storing different default values.CommandOverrideFlagAppears in:AliasOverrideCommandOverrideCommandOverrideFlag stores the name and the specified default value of the flag.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringFlag name (long form, without dashes).default [Required]stringIn a string format of a default value. It will be parsed by kubectl to the compatible value of the flag.This page is automatica


Question: What are the benefits of kuberc (v1alpha1)?

Answer: kuberc (v1alpha1)Resource TypesPreferencePreferencePreference stores elements of KubeRC configuration fileFieldDescriptionapiVersionstringkubectl.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kindstringPreferenceoverrides [Required][]CommandOverrideoverrides allows changing default flag values of commands. This is especially useful, when user doesn't want to explicitly set flags each time.aliases [Required][]AliasOverridealiases allows defining command aliases for existing kubectl commands, with optional default flag values. If the alias name collides with a built-in command, built-in command always takes precedence. Flag overrides defined in the overrides section do NOT apply to aliases for the same command. kubectl [ALIAS NAME] [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] expands to kubectl [COMMAND] # built-in command alias points to [KUBERC_PREPEND_ARGS] [USER_FLAGS] [KUBERC_FLAGS] # rest of the flags that are not passed by user in [USER_FLAGS] [USER_EXPLICIT_ARGS] [KUBERC_APPEND_ARGS] e.g.name: runx command: run flags:name: image default: nginx appendArgs:custom-arg1 For example, if user invokes "kubectl runx test-pod" command, this will be expanded to "kubectl run --image=nginx test-pod -- custom-arg1"name: getn command: get flags:name: output default: wide prependArgs:node "kubectl getn control-plane-1" expands to "kubectl get node control-plane-1 --output=wide" "kubectl getn control-plane-1 --output=json" expands to "kubectl get node --output=json control-plane-1"AliasOverrideAppears in:PreferenceAliasOverride stores the alias definitions.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringName is the name of alias that can only include alphabetical characters If the alias name conflicts with the built-in command, built-in command will be used.command [Required]stringCommand is the single or set of commands to execute, such as "set env" or "create"prependArgs [Required][]stringPrependArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are inserted after the alias name.appendArgs [Required][]stringAppendArgs stores the arguments such as resource names, etc. These arguments are appended to the USER_ARGS.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlag is allocated to store the flag definitions of alias. Flag only modifies the default value of the flag and if user explicitly passes a value, explicit one is used.CommandOverrideAppears in:PreferenceCommandOverride stores the commands and their associated flag's default values.FieldDescriptioncommand [Required]stringCommand refers to a command whose flag's default value is changed.flags [Required][]CommandOverrideFlagFlags is a list of flags storing different default values.CommandOverrideFlagAppears in:AliasOverrideCommandOverrideCommandOverrideFlag stores the name and the specified default value of the flag.FieldDescriptionname [Required]stringFlag name (long form, without dashes).default [Required]stringIn a string format of a default value. It will be parsed by kubectl to the compatible value of the flag.This page is automatica


Question: What is Resource Types?

Answer: P r e f e r e n c e


Question: What is Preference?

Answer: P r e f e r e n c e   s t o r e s   e l e m e n t s   o f   K u b e R C   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   o v e r r i d e s   a l l o w s   c h a n g i n g   d e f a u l t   f l a g   v a l u e s   o f   c o m m a n d s .   T h i s   i s   e s p e c i a l l y   u s e f u l ,   w h e n   u s e r   d o e s n ' t   w a n t   t o   e x p l i c i t l y   s e t   f l a g s   e a c h   t i m e .   a l i a s e s   a l l o w s   d e f i n i n g   c o m m a n d   a l i a s e s   f o r   e x i s t i n g   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d s ,   w i t h   o p t i o n a l   d e f a u l t   f l a g   v a l u e s .   I f   t h e   a l i a s   n a m e   c o l l i d e s   w i t h   a   b u i l t - i n   c o m m a n d ,   b u i l t - i n   c o m m a n d   a l w a y s   t a k e s   p r e c e d e n c e .   F l a g   o v e r r i d e s   d e f i n e d   i n   t h e   o v e r r i d e s   s e c t i o n   d o   N O T   a p p l y   t o   a l i a s e s   f o r   t h e   s a m e   c o m m a n d .   k u b e c t l   [ A L I A S   N A M E ]   [ U S E R _ F L A G S ]   [ U S E R _ E X P L I C I T _ A R G S ]   e x p a n d s   t o   k u b e c t l   [ C O M M A N D ]   #   b u i l t - i n   c o m m a n d   a l i a s   p o i n t s   t o   [ K U B E R C _ P R E P E N D _ A R G S ]   [ U S E R _ F L A G S ]   [ K U B E R C _ F L A G S ]   #   r e s t   o f   t h e   f l a g s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   p a s s e d   b y   u s e r   i n   [ U S E R _ F L A G S ]   [ U S E R _ E X P L I C I T _ A R G S ]   [ K U B E R C _ A P P E N D _ A R G S ]   e . g .   n a m e :   r u n x   c o m m a n d :   r u n   f l a g s : n a m e :   i m a g e   d e f a u l t :   n g i n x   a p p e n d A r g s : c u s t o m - a r g 1   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   i f   u s e r   i n v o k e s   " k u b e c t l   r u n x   t e s t - p o d "   c o m m a n d ,   t h i s   w i l l   b e   e x p a n d e d   t o   " k u b e c t l   r u n   - - i m a g e = n g i n x   t e s t - p o d   - -   c u s t o m - a r g 1 " n a m e :   g e


Question: What is AliasOverride?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   P r e f e r e n c e   A l i a s O v e r r i d e   s t o r e s   t h e   a l i a s   d e f i n i t i o n s .   N a m e   i s   t h e   n a m e   o f   a l i a s   t h a t   c a n   o n l y   i n c l u d e   a l p h a b e t i c a l   c h a r a c t e r s   I f   t h e   a l i a s   n a m e   c o n f l i c t s   w i t h   t h e   b u i l t - i n   c o m m a n d ,   b u i l t - i n   c o m m a n d   w i l l   b e   u s e d .   C o m m a n d   i s   t h e   s i n g l e   o r   s e t   o f   c o m m a n d s   t o   e x e c u t e ,   s u c h   a s   " s e t   e n v "   o r   " c r e a t e "   P r e p e n d A r g s   s t o r e s   t h e   a r g u m e n t s   s u c h   a s   r e s o u r c e   n a m e s ,   e t c .   T h e s e   a r g u m e n t s   a r e   i n s e r t e d   a f t e r   t h e   a l i a s   n a m e .   A p p e n d A r g s   s t o r e s   t h e   a r g u m e n t s   s u c h   a s   r e s o u r c e   n a m e s ,   e t c .   T h e s e   a r g u m e n t s   a r e   a p p e n d e d   t o   t h e   U S E R _ A R G S .   F l a g   i s   a l l o c a t e d   t o   s t o r e   t h e   f l a g   d e f i n i t i o n s   o f   a l i a s .   F l a g   o n l y   m o d i f i e s   t h e   d e f a u l t   v a l u e   o f   t h e   f l a g   a n d   i f   u s e r   e x p l i c i t l y   p a s s e s   a   v a l u e ,   e x p l i c i t   o n e   i s   u s e d .


Question: What is CommandOverride?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   P r e f e r e n c e   C o m m a n d O v e r r i d e   s t o r e s   t h e   c o m m a n d s   a n d   t h e i r   a s s o c i a t e d   f l a g ' s   d e f a u l t   v a l u e s .   C o m m a n d   r e f e r s   t o   a   c o m m a n d   w h o s e   f l a g ' s   d e f a u l t   v a l u e   i s   c h a n g e d .   F l a g s   i s   a   l i s t   o f   f l a g s   s t o r i n g   d i f f e r e n t   d e f a u l t   v a l u e s .


Question: What is CommandOverrideFlag?

Answer: A p p e a r s   i n :   A l i a s O v e r r i d e C o m m a n d O v e r r i d e   A l i a s O v e r r i d e   C o m m a n d O v e r r i d e   C o m m a n d O v e r r i d e F l a g   s t o r e s   t h e   n a m e   a n d   t h e   s p e c i f i e d   d e f a u l t   v a l u e   o f   t h e   f l a g .   F l a g   n a m e   ( l o n g   f o r m ,   w i t h o u t   d a s h e s ) .   I n   a   s t r i n g   f o r m a t   o f   a   d e f a u l t   v a l u e .   I t   w i l l   b e   p a r s e d   b y   k u b e c t l   t o   t h e   c o m p a t i b l e   v a l u e   o f   t h e   f l a g .   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes Clusters?

Answer: Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes ClustersFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.18 [stable]This page provides an overview of NodeLocal DNSCache feature in Kubernetes.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.IntroductionNodeLocal DNSCache improves Cluster DNS performance by running a DNS caching agent on cluster nodes as a DaemonSet. In today's architecture, Pods in 'ClusterFirst' DNS mode reach out to a kube-dns serviceIP for DNS queries. This is translated to a kube-dns/CoreDNS endpoint via iptables rules added by kube-proxy. With this new architecture, Pods will reach out to the DNS caching agent running on the same node, thereby avoiding iptables DNAT rules and connection tracking. The local caching agent will query kube-dns service for cache misses of cluster hostnames ("cluster.local" suffix by default).MotivationWith the current DNS architecture, it is possible that Pods with the highest DNS QPS have to reach out to a different node, if there is no local kube-dns/CoreDNS instance. Having a local cache will help improve the latency in such scenarios.Skipping iptables DNAT and connection tracking will help reduce conntrack races and avoid UDP DNS entries filling up conntrack table.Connections from the local caching agent to kube-dns service can be upgraded to TCP. TCP conntrack entries will be removed on connection close in contrast with UDP entries that have to timeout (default nf_conntrack_udp_timeout is 30 seconds)Upgrading DNS queries from UDP to TCP would reduce tail latency attributed to dropped UDP packets and DNS timeouts usually up to 30s (3 retries + 10s timeout). Since the nodelocal cache listens for UDP DNS queries, applications don't need to be changed.Metrics & visibility into DNS requests at a node level.Negative caching can be re-enabled, thereby reducing the number of queries for the kube-dns service.Architecture DiagramThis is the path followed by DNS Queries after NodeLocal DNSCache is enabled:Nodelocal DNSCache flowThis image shows how NodeLocal DNSCache handles DNS queries.ConfigurationNote:The local listen IP address for NodeLocal DNSCache can be any address that can be guaranteed to not collide with any existing IP in your cluster. It's recommended to use an address with a local scope, for example, from the 'link-local' range '169.254.0.0/16' for IPv4 or from the 'Unique Local Address' range in IPv6 'fd00::/8'.This feature can be enabled using the following steps:Prepare a manifest similar to the sample nodelocaldns.yaml and save it as nodelocaldns.yaml.If using IPv6, the CoreDNS configurat


Question: How does Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes Clusters work?

Answer: Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes ClustersFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.18 [stable]This page provides an overview of NodeLocal DNSCache feature in Kubernetes.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.IntroductionNodeLocal DNSCache improves Cluster DNS performance by running a DNS caching agent on cluster nodes as a DaemonSet. In today's architecture, Pods in 'ClusterFirst' DNS mode reach out to a kube-dns serviceIP for DNS queries. This is translated to a kube-dns/CoreDNS endpoint via iptables rules added by kube-proxy. With this new architecture, Pods will reach out to the DNS caching agent running on the same node, thereby avoiding iptables DNAT rules and connection tracking. The local caching agent will query kube-dns service for cache misses of cluster hostnames ("cluster.local" suffix by default).MotivationWith the current DNS architecture, it is possible that Pods with the highest DNS QPS have to reach out to a different node, if there is no local kube-dns/CoreDNS instance. Having a local cache will help improve the latency in such scenarios.Skipping iptables DNAT and connection tracking will help reduce conntrack races and avoid UDP DNS entries filling up conntrack table.Connections from the local caching agent to kube-dns service can be upgraded to TCP. TCP conntrack entries will be removed on connection close in contrast with UDP entries that have to timeout (default nf_conntrack_udp_timeout is 30 seconds)Upgrading DNS queries from UDP to TCP would reduce tail latency attributed to dropped UDP packets and DNS timeouts usually up to 30s (3 retries + 10s timeout). Since the nodelocal cache listens for UDP DNS queries, applications don't need to be changed.Metrics & visibility into DNS requests at a node level.Negative caching can be re-enabled, thereby reducing the number of queries for the kube-dns service.Architecture DiagramThis is the path followed by DNS Queries after NodeLocal DNSCache is enabled:Nodelocal DNSCache flowThis image shows how NodeLocal DNSCache handles DNS queries.ConfigurationNote:The local listen IP address for NodeLocal DNSCache can be any address that can be guaranteed to not collide with any existing IP in your cluster. It's recommended to use an address with a local scope, for example, from the 'link-local' range '169.254.0.0/16' for IPv4 or from the 'Unique Local Address' range in IPv6 'fd00::/8'.This feature can be enabled using the following steps:Prepare a manifest similar to the sample nodelocaldns.yaml and save it as nodelocaldns.yaml.If using IPv6, the CoreDNS configurat


Question: When would you use Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes Clusters?

Answer: Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes ClustersFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.18 [stable]This page provides an overview of NodeLocal DNSCache feature in Kubernetes.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.IntroductionNodeLocal DNSCache improves Cluster DNS performance by running a DNS caching agent on cluster nodes as a DaemonSet. In today's architecture, Pods in 'ClusterFirst' DNS mode reach out to a kube-dns serviceIP for DNS queries. This is translated to a kube-dns/CoreDNS endpoint via iptables rules added by kube-proxy. With this new architecture, Pods will reach out to the DNS caching agent running on the same node, thereby avoiding iptables DNAT rules and connection tracking. The local caching agent will query kube-dns service for cache misses of cluster hostnames ("cluster.local" suffix by default).MotivationWith the current DNS architecture, it is possible that Pods with the highest DNS QPS have to reach out to a different node, if there is no local kube-dns/CoreDNS instance. Having a local cache will help improve the latency in such scenarios.Skipping iptables DNAT and connection tracking will help reduce conntrack races and avoid UDP DNS entries filling up conntrack table.Connections from the local caching agent to kube-dns service can be upgraded to TCP. TCP conntrack entries will be removed on connection close in contrast with UDP entries that have to timeout (default nf_conntrack_udp_timeout is 30 seconds)Upgrading DNS queries from UDP to TCP would reduce tail latency attributed to dropped UDP packets and DNS timeouts usually up to 30s (3 retries + 10s timeout). Since the nodelocal cache listens for UDP DNS queries, applications don't need to be changed.Metrics & visibility into DNS requests at a node level.Negative caching can be re-enabled, thereby reducing the number of queries for the kube-dns service.Architecture DiagramThis is the path followed by DNS Queries after NodeLocal DNSCache is enabled:Nodelocal DNSCache flowThis image shows how NodeLocal DNSCache handles DNS queries.ConfigurationNote:The local listen IP address for NodeLocal DNSCache can be any address that can be guaranteed to not collide with any existing IP in your cluster. It's recommended to use an address with a local scope, for example, from the 'link-local' range '169.254.0.0/16' for IPv4 or from the 'Unique Local Address' range in IPv6 'fd00::/8'.This feature can be enabled using the following steps:Prepare a manifest similar to the sample nodelocaldns.yaml and save it as nodelocaldns.yaml.If using IPv6, the CoreDNS configurat


Question: What are the benefits of Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes Clusters?

Answer: Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes ClustersFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.18 [stable]This page provides an overview of NodeLocal DNSCache feature in Kubernetes.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.IntroductionNodeLocal DNSCache improves Cluster DNS performance by running a DNS caching agent on cluster nodes as a DaemonSet. In today's architecture, Pods in 'ClusterFirst' DNS mode reach out to a kube-dns serviceIP for DNS queries. This is translated to a kube-dns/CoreDNS endpoint via iptables rules added by kube-proxy. With this new architecture, Pods will reach out to the DNS caching agent running on the same node, thereby avoiding iptables DNAT rules and connection tracking. The local caching agent will query kube-dns service for cache misses of cluster hostnames ("cluster.local" suffix by default).MotivationWith the current DNS architecture, it is possible that Pods with the highest DNS QPS have to reach out to a different node, if there is no local kube-dns/CoreDNS instance. Having a local cache will help improve the latency in such scenarios.Skipping iptables DNAT and connection tracking will help reduce conntrack races and avoid UDP DNS entries filling up conntrack table.Connections from the local caching agent to kube-dns service can be upgraded to TCP. TCP conntrack entries will be removed on connection close in contrast with UDP entries that have to timeout (default nf_conntrack_udp_timeout is 30 seconds)Upgrading DNS queries from UDP to TCP would reduce tail latency attributed to dropped UDP packets and DNS timeouts usually up to 30s (3 retries + 10s timeout). Since the nodelocal cache listens for UDP DNS queries, applications don't need to be changed.Metrics & visibility into DNS requests at a node level.Negative caching can be re-enabled, thereby reducing the number of queries for the kube-dns service.Architecture DiagramThis is the path followed by DNS Queries after NodeLocal DNSCache is enabled:Nodelocal DNSCache flowThis image shows how NodeLocal DNSCache handles DNS queries.ConfigurationNote:The local listen IP address for NodeLocal DNSCache can be any address that can be guaranteed to not collide with any existing IP in your cluster. It's recommended to use an address with a local scope, for example, from the 'link-local' range '169.254.0.0/16' for IPv4 or from the 'Unique Local Address' range in IPv6 'fd00::/8'.This feature can be enabled using the following steps:Prepare a manifest similar to the sample nodelocaldns.yaml and save it as nodelocaldns.yaml.If using IPv6, the CoreDNS configurat


Question: What is Using NodeLocal DNSCache in Kubernetes Clusters?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   p r o v i d e s   a n   o v e r v i e w   o f   N o d e L o c a l   D N S C a c h e   f e a t u r e   i n   K u b e r n e t e s .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s : i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .


Question: What is Introduction?

Answer: N o d e L o c a l   D N S C a c h e   i m p r o v e s   C l u s t e r   D N S   p e r f o r m a n c e   b y   r u n n i n g   a   D N S   c a c h i n g   a g e n t   o n   c l u s t e r   n o d e s   a s   a   D a e m o n S e t .   I n   t o d a y ' s   a r c h i t e c t u r e ,   P o d s   i n   ' C l u s t e r F i r s t '   D N S   m o d e   r e a c h   o u t   t o   a   k u b e - d n s   s e r v i c e I P   f o r   D N S   q u e r i e s .   T h i s   i s   t r a n s l a t e d   t o   a   k u b e - d n s / C o r e D N S   e n d p o i n t   v i a   i p t a b l e s   r u l e s   a d d e d   b y   k u b e - p r o x y .   W i t h   t h i s   n e w   a r c h i t e c t u r e ,   P o d s   w i l l   r e a c h   o u t   t o   t h e   D N S   c a c h i n g   a g e n t   r u n n i n g   o n   t h e   s a m e   n o d e ,   t h e r e b y   a v o i d i n g   i p t a b l e s   D N A T   r u l e s   a n d   c o n n e c t i o n   t r a c k i n g .   T h e   l o c a l   c a c h i n g   a g e n t   w i l l   q u e r y   k u b e - d n s   s e r v i c e   f o r   c a c h e   m i s s e s   o f   c l u s t e r   h o s t n a m e s   ( " c l u s t e r . l o c a l "   s u f f i x   b y   d e f a u l t ) .


Question: What is Motivation?

Answer: W i t h   t h e   c u r r e n t   D N S   a r c h i t e c t u r e ,   i t   i s   p o s s i b l e   t h a t   P o d s   w i t h   t h e   h i g h e s t   D N S   Q P S   h a v e   t o   r e a c h   o u t   t o   a   d i f f e r e n t   n o d e ,   i f   t h e r e   i s   n o   l o c a l   k u b e - d n s / C o r e D N S   i n s t a n c e .   H a v i n g   a   l o c a l   c a c h e   w i l l   h e l p   i m p r o v e   t h e   l a t e n c y   i n   s u c h   s c e n a r i o s . S k i p p i n g   i p t a b l e s   D N A T   a n d   c o n n e c t i o n   t r a c k i n g   w i l l   h e l p   r e d u c e   c o n n t r a c k   r a c e s   a n d   a v o i d   U D P   D N S   e n t r i e s   f i l l i n g   u p   c o n n t r a c k   t a b l e . C o n n e c t i o n s   f r o m   t h e   l o c a l   c a c h i n g   a g e n t   t o   k u b e - d n s   s e r v i c e   c a n   b e   u p g r a d e d   t o   T C P .   T C P   c o n n t r a c k   e n t r i e s   w i l l   b e   r e m o v e d   o n   c o n n e c t i o n   c l o s e   i n   c o n t r a s t   w i t h   U D P   e n t r i e s   t h a t   h a v e   t o   t i m e o u t   ( d e f a u l t   n f _ c o n n t r a c k _ u d p _ t i m e o u t   i s   3 0   s e c o n d s ) U p g r a d i n g   D N S   q u e r i e s   f r o m   U D P   t o   T C P   w o u l d   r e d u c e   t a i l   l a t e n c y   a t t r i b u t e d   t o   d r o p p e d   U D P   p a c k e t s   a n d   D N S   t i m e o u t s   u s u a l l y   u p   t o   3 0 s   ( 3   r e t r i e s   +   1 0 s   t i m e o u t ) .   S i n c e   t h e   n o d e l o c a l   c a c h e   l i s t e n s   f o r   U D P   D N S   q u e r i e s ,   a p p l i c a t i o n s   d o n ' t   n e e d   t o   b e   c h a n g e d . M e t r i c s   &   v i s i b i l i t y   i n t o   D N S   r e q u e s t s   a t   a   n o d e   l e v e l . N e g a t i v e   c a c h i n g   c a n   b e   r e - e n a b l e d ,   t h e r e b y   r e d u c i n g   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   q u e r i e s   f o


Question: What is Architecture Diagram?

Answer: T h i s   i s   t h e   p a t h   f o l l o w e d   b y   D N S   Q u e r i e s   a f t e r   N o d e L o c a l   D N S C a c h e   i s   e n a b l e d :


Question: What is Nodelocal DNSCache flow?

Answer: T h i s   i m a g e   s h o w s   h o w   N o d e L o c a l   D N S C a c h e   h a n d l e s   D N S   q u e r i e s .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T h i s   f e a t u r e   c a n   b e   e n a b l e d   u s i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   s t e p s :   P r e p a r e   a   m a n i f e s t   s i m i l a r   t o   t h e   s a m p l e   n o d e l o c a l d n s . y a m l   a n d   s a v e   i t   a s   n o d e l o c a l d n s . y a m l . I f   u s i n g   I P v 6 ,   t h e   C o r e D N S   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   n e e d s   t o   e n c l o s e   a l l   t h e   I P v 6   a d d r e s s e s   i n t o   s q u a r e   b r a c k e t s   i f   u s e d   i n   ' I P : P o r t '   f o r m a t .   I f   y o u   a r e   u s i n g   t h e   s a m p l e   m a n i f e s t   f r o m   t h e   p r e v i o u s   p o i n t ,   t h i s   w i l l   r e q u i r e   y o u   t o   m o d i f y   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   l i n e   L 7 0   l i k e   t h i s :   " h e a l t h   [ _ _ P I L L A R _ _ L O C A L _ _ D N S _ _ ] : 8 0 8 0 " S u b s t i t u t e   t h e   v a r i a b l e s   i n   t h e   m a n i f e s t   w i t h   t h e   r i g h t   v a l u e s : k u b e d n s = ` k u b e c t l   g e t   s v c   k u b e - d n s   - n   k u b e - s y s t e m   - o   j s o n p a t h = { . s p e c . c l u s t e r I P } `   d o m a i n = < c l u s t e r - d o m a i n >   l o c a l d n s = < n o d e - l o c a l - a d d r e s s >   < c l u s t e r - d o m a i n >   i s   " c l u s t e r . l o c a l "   b y   d e f a u l t .   < n o d e - l o c a l - a d d r e s s >   i s   t h e   l o c a l   l i s t e n   I P   a d d r e s s   c h o s e n   f o r   N o d e L o c a l   D N S C a c h e . I f   k u b e - p r o x y   i s   r u n n i n g   i n   I P T A B L E S   m o d e : s e d   - i   " s / _ _ P I L L A R _ _ L O C A L _ _ D N S _ _ / $ l o c a l d n s / g ;   s / _ _ P I L L A R _ _ D N S _ _ D O M A I N _ _ / $ d o m a i n / g ;   s / _ _ P I L L A R _ _ D N S _ _ S E R V E R _ _ / $ k u b e d n s / g "   n o d e l o c a l d n s . y a m l   _ _ P I L L A R _ _ C L U S T E R _ _ D N S _ _   a n d   _ _ P I L L A R _ _


Question: What is StubDomains and Upstream server Configuration?

Answer: S t u b D o m a i n s   a n d   u p s t r e a m   s e r v e r s   s p e c i f i e d   i n   t h e   k u b e - d n s   C o n f i g M a p   i n   t h e   k u b e - s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e   a r e   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   p i c k e d   u p   b y   n o d e - l o c a l - d n s   p o d s .   T h e   C o n f i g M a p   c o n t e n t s   n e e d   t o   f o l l o w   t h e   f o r m a t   s h o w n   i n   t h e   e x a m p l e .   T h e   n o d e - l o c a l - d n s   C o n f i g M a p   c a n   a l s o   b e   m o d i f i e d   d i r e c t l y   w i t h   t h e   s t u b D o m a i n   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   i n   t h e   C o r e f i l e   f o r m a t .   S o m e   c l o u d   p r o v i d e r s   m i g h t   n o t   a l l o w   m o d i f y i n g   n o d e - l o c a l - d n s   C o n f i g M a p   d i r e c t l y .   I n   t h o s e   c a s e s ,   t h e   k u b e - d n s   C o n f i g M a p   c a n   b e   u p d a t e d .


Question: What is Setting memory limits?

Answer: T h e   n o d e - l o c a l - d n s   P o d s   u s e   m e m o r y   f o r   s t o r i n g   c a c h e   e n t r i e s   a n d   p r o c e s s i n g   q u e r i e s .   S i n c e   t h e y   d o   n o t   w a t c h   K u b e r n e t e s   o b j e c t s ,   t h e   c l u s t e r   s i z e   o r   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   S e r v i c e s   /   E n d p o i n t S l i c e s   d o   n o t   d i r e c t l y   a f f e c t   m e m o r y   u s a g e .   M e m o r y   u s a g e   i s   i n f l u e n c e d   b y   t h e   D N S   q u e r y   p a t t e r n .   F r o m   C o r e D N S   d o c s ,   T h e   d e f a u l t   c a c h e   s i z e   i s   1 0 0 0 0   e n t r i e s ,   w h i c h   u s e s   a b o u t   3 0   M B   w h e n   c o m p l e t e l y   f i l l e d .   T h i s   w o u l d   b e   t h e   m e m o r y   u s a g e   f o r   e a c h   s e r v e r   b l o c k   ( i f   t h e   c a c h e   g e t s   c o m p l e t e l y   f i l l e d ) .   M e m o r y   u s a g e   c a n   b e   r e d u c e d   b y   s p e c i f y i n g   s m a l l e r   c a c h e   s i z e s .   T h e   n u m b e r   o f   c o n c u r r e n t   q u e r i e s   i s   l i n k e d   t o   t h e   m e m o r y   d e m a n d ,   b e c a u s e   e a c h   e x t r a   g o r o u t i n e   u s e d   f o r   h a n d l i n g   a   q u e r y   r e q u i r e s   a n   a m o u n t   o f   m e m o r y .   Y o u   c a n   s e t   a n   u p p e r   l i m i t   u s i n g   t h e   m a x _ c o n c u r r e n t   o p t i o n   i n   t h e   f o r w a r d   p l u g i n .   I f   a   n o d e - l o c a l - d n s   P o d   a t t e m p t s   t o   u s e   m o r e   m e m o r y   t h a n   i s   a v a i l a b l e   ( b e c a u s e   o f   t o t a l   s y s t e m   r e s o u r c e s ,   o r   b e c a u s e   o f   a   c o n f i g u r e d   r e s o u r c e   l i m i t ) ,   t h e   o p e r a t i n g   s y s t e m   m a y   s h u t   d o w n   t h a t   p o d ' s   c o n t a i n e r .   I f   t h i s   h a p p e n s ,   t h e