Question: What is Quota on object count?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   s e t   q u o t a   f o r   t h e   t o t a l   n u m b e r   o f   o n e   p a r t i c u l a r   r e s o u r c e   k i n d   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I ,   u s i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   s y n t a x :   c o u n t / < r e s o u r c e > . < g r o u p >   f o r   r e s o u r c e s   f r o m   n o n - c o r e   A P I   g r o u p s c o u n t / < r e s o u r c e >   f o r   r e s o u r c e s   f r o m   t h e   c o r e   A P I   g r o u p   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   t h e   P o d T e m p l a t e   A P I   i s   i n   t h e   c o r e   A P I   g r o u p   a n d   s o   i f   y o u   w a n t   t o   l i m i t   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   P o d T e m p l a t e   o b j e c t s   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e ,   y o u   u s e   c o u n t / p o d t e m p l a t e s .   T h e s e   t y p e s   o f   q u o t a s   a r e   u s e f u l   t o   p r o t e c t   a g a i n s t   e x h a u s t i o n   o f   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   s t o r a g e .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   y o u   m a y   w a n t   t o   l i m i t   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   S e c r e t s   i n   a   s e r v e r   g i v e n   t h e i r   l a r g e   s i z e .   T o o   m a n y   S e c r e t s   i n   a   c l u s t e r   c a n   a c t u a l l y   p r e v e n t   s e r v e r s   a n d   c o n t r o l l e r s   f r o m   s t a r t i n g .   Y o u   c a n   s e t   a   q u o t a   f o r   J o b s   t o   p r o t e c t   a g a i n s t   a   p o o r l y   c o n f i g u r e d   C r o n J o b .   C r o n J o b s   t h a t   c r e a t e   t o o   m a n y   J o b s   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e   c a n   l e a d   t o   a   d e n i a l   o f   s e r v i c e .   I f   y o u   d e f i n e   a   q u o t a   t h i s   w a y ,   i t   a p p l i e s   t o   K u b e r n e t e s '   A P I s   t h a t   a r e   p a r t   o f   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r ,   a n d   t o   a n y   c u s t o m   r e s o u r c e s   b a c k e d   b y   a   C u s t o m R e s o u r c e D e f i n i t i o n .   F o


Question: What is Generic syntax?

Answer: T h i s   i s   a   l i s t   o f   c o m m o n   e x a m p l e s   o f   o b j e c t   k i n d s   t h a t   y o u   m a y   w a n t   t o   p u t   u n d e r   o b j e c t   c o u n t   q u o t a ,   l i s t e d   b y   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   s t r i n g   t h a t   y o u   w o u l d   u s e .   c o u n t / p o d s c o u n t / p e r s i s t e n t v o l u m e c l a i m s c o u n t / s e r v i c e s c o u n t / s e c r e t s c o u n t / c o n f i g m a p s c o u n t / d e p l o y m e n t s . a p p s c o u n t / r e p l i c a s e t s . a p p s c o u n t / s t a t e f u l s e t s . a p p s c o u n t / j o b s . b a t c h c o u n t / c r o n j o b s . b a t c h


Question: What is Specialized syntax?

Answer: T h e r e   i s   a n o t h e r   s y n t a x   o n l y   t o   s e t   t h e   s a m e   t y p e   o f   q u o t a ,   t h a t   o n l y   w o r k s   f o r   c e r t a i n   A P I   k i n d s .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   t y p e s   a r e   s u p p o r t e d :   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   p o d s   q u o t a   c o u n t s   a n d   e n f o r c e s   a   m a x i m u m   o n   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   p o d s   c r e a t e d   i n   a   s i n g l e   n a m e s p a c e   t h a t   a r e   n o t   t e r m i n a l .   Y o u   m i g h t   w a n t   t o   s e t   a   p o d s   q u o t a   o n   a   n a m e s p a c e   t o   a v o i d   t h e   c a s e   w h e r e   a   u s e r   c r e a t e s   m a n y   s m a l l   p o d s   a n d   e x h a u s t s   t h e   c l u s t e r ' s   s u p p l y   o f   P o d   I P s .   Y o u   c a n   f i n d   m o r e   e x a m p l e s   o n   V i e w i n g   a n d   S e t t i n g   Q u o t a s .


Question: What is Quota Scopes?

Answer: E a c h   q u o t a   c a n   h a v e   a n   a s s o c i a t e d   s e t   o f   s c o p e s .   A   q u o t a   w i l l   o n l y   m e a s u r e   u s a g e   f o r   a   r e s o u r c e   i f   i t   m a t c h e s   t h e   i n t e r s e c t i o n   o f   e n u m e r a t e d   s c o p e s .   W h e n   a   s c o p e   i s   a d d e d   t o   t h e   q u o t a ,   i t   l i m i t s   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   r e s o u r c e s   i t   s u p p o r t s   t o   t h o s e   t h a t   p e r t a i n   t o   t h e   s c o p e .   R e s o u r c e s   s p e c i f i e d   o n   t h e   q u o t a   o u t s i d e   o f   t h e   a l l o w e d   s e t   r e s u l t s   i n   a   v a l i d a t i o n   e r r o r .   T h e   B e s t E f f o r t   s c o p e   r e s t r i c t s   a   q u o t a   t o   t r a c k i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   r e s o u r c e :   p o d s   T h e   T e r m i n a t i n g ,   N o t T e r m i n a t i n g ,   N o t B e s t E f f o r t   a n d   P r i o r i t y C l a s s   s c o p e s   r e s t r i c t   a   q u o t a   t o   t r a c k i n g   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   r e s o u r c e s :   p o d s c p u m e m o r y r e q u e s t s . c p u r e q u e s t s . m e m o r y l i m i t s . c p u l i m i t s . m e m o r y   N o t e   t h a t   y o u   c a n n o t   s p e c i f y   b o t h   t h e   T e r m i n a t i n g   a n d   t h e   N o t T e r m i n a t i n g   s c o p e s   i n   t h e   s a m e   q u o t a ,   a n d   y o u   c a n n o t   s p e c i f y   b o t h   t h e   B e s t E f f o r t   a n d   N o t B e s t E f f o r t   s c o p e s   i n   t h e   s a m e   q u o t a   e i t h e r .   T h e   s c o p e S e l e c t o r   s u p p o r t s   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   v a l u e s   i n   t h e   o p e r a t o r   f i e l d :   I n N o t I n E x i s t s D o e s N o t E x i s t   W h e n   u s i n g   o n e   o f   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   v a l u e s   a s   t h e   s c o p e N a m e   w h e n   d e f i n i n g   t h e   s c o p e S e l


Question: What is Resource Quota Per PriorityClass?

Answer: P o d s   c a n   b e   c r e a t e d   a t   a   s p e c i f i c   p r i o r i t y .   Y o u   c a n   c o n t r o l   a   p o d ' s   c o n s u m p t i o n   o f   s y s t e m   r e s o u r c e s   b a s e d   o n   a   p o d ' s   p r i o r i t y ,   b y   u s i n g   t h e   s c o p e S e l e c t o r   f i e l d   i n   t h e   q u o t a   s p e c .   A   q u o t a   i s   m a t c h e d   a n d   c o n s u m e d   o n l y   i f   s c o p e S e l e c t o r   i n   t h e   q u o t a   s p e c   s e l e c t s   t h e   p o d .   W h e n   q u o t a   i s   s c o p e d   f o r   p r i o r i t y   c l a s s   u s i n g   s c o p e S e l e c t o r   f i e l d ,   q u o t a   o b j e c t   i s   r e s t r i c t e d   t o   t r a c k   o n l y   f o l l o w i n g   r e s o u r c e s :   p o d s c p u m e m o r y e p h e m e r a l - s t o r a g e l i m i t s . c p u l i m i t s . m e m o r y l i m i t s . e p h e m e r a l - s t o r a g e r e q u e s t s . c p u r e q u e s t s . m e m o r y r e q u e s t s . e p h e m e r a l - s t o r a g e   T h i s   e x a m p l e   c r e a t e s   a   q u o t a   o b j e c t   a n d   m a t c h e s   i t   w i t h   p o d s   a t   s p e c i f i c   p r i o r i t i e s .   T h e   e x a m p l e   w o r k s   a s   f o l l o w s :   P o d s   i n   t h e   c l u s t e r   h a v e   o n e   o f   t h e   t h r e e   p r i o r i t y   c l a s s e s ,   " l o w " ,   " m e d i u m " ,   " h i g h " . O n e   q u o t a   o b j e c t   i s   c r e a t e d   f o r   e a c h   p r i o r i t y .   S a v e   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   Y A M L   t o   a   f i l e   q u o t a . y a m l .   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   L i s t   i t e m s :   -   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   p o d s - h i g h   s p e c :   h a r d :   c p u :   " 1 0 0 0 "   m e m o r y :   " 2 0 0 G i "   p o d s :   " 1 0 "   s c o p e S e l e c t o r :   m a t c h E x p r e s s i o n s :


Question: What is Cross-namespace Pod Affinity Quota?

Answer: O p e r a t o r s   c a n   u s e   C r o s s N a m e s p a c e P o d A f f i n i t y   q u o t a   s c o p e   t o   l i m i t   w h i c h   n a m e s p a c e s   a r e   a l l o w e d   t o   h a v e   p o d s   w i t h   a f f i n i t y   t e r m s   t h a t   c r o s s   n a m e s p a c e s .   S p e c i f i c a l l y ,   i t   c o n t r o l s   w h i c h   p o d s   a r e   a l l o w e d   t o   s e t   n a m e s p a c e s   o r   n a m e s p a c e S e l e c t o r   f i e l d s   i n   p o d   a f f i n i t y   t e r m s .   P r e v e n t i n g   u s e r s   f r o m   u s i n g   c r o s s - n a m e s p a c e   a f f i n i t y   t e r m s   m i g h t   b e   d e s i r e d   s i n c e   a   p o d   w i t h   a n t i - a f f i n i t y   c o n s t r a i n t s   c a n   b l o c k   p o d s   f r o m   a l l   o t h e r   n a m e s p a c e s   f r o m   g e t t i n g   s c h e d u l e d   i n   a   f a i l u r e   d o m a i n .   U s i n g   t h i s   s c o p e   o p e r a t o r s   c a n   p r e v e n t   c e r t a i n   n a m e s p a c e s   ( f o o - n s   i n   t h e   e x a m p l e   b e l o w )   f r o m   h a v i n g   p o d s   t h a t   u s e   c r o s s - n a m e s p a c e   p o d   a f f i n i t y   b y   c r e a t i n g   a   r e s o u r c e   q u o t a   o b j e c t   i n   t h a t   n a m e s p a c e   w i t h   C r o s s N a m e s p a c e P o d A f f i n i t y   s c o p e   a n d   h a r d   l i m i t   o f   0 :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   d i s a b l e - c r o s s - n a m e s p a c e - a f f i n i t y   n a m e s p a c e :   f o o - n s   s p e c :   h a r d :   p o d s :   " 0 "   s c o p e S e l e c t o r :   m a t c h E x p r e s s i o n s :   -   s c o p e N a m e :   C r o s s N a m e s p a c e P o d A f f i n i t y   o p e r a t o r :   E x i s t s   I f   o p e r a t o r s   w a n t   t o   d i s a l l o w   u s i n g   n a m e s p a c e s   a n d   n a m e s p a c e


Question: What is Resource Quota Per VolumeAttributesClass?

Answer: P e r s i s t e n t V o l u m e C l a i m s   c a n   b e   c r e a t e d   w i t h   a   s p e c i f i c   v o l u m e   a t t r i b u t e s   c l a s s ,   a n d   m i g h t   b e   m o d i f i e d   a f t e r   c r e a t i o n .   Y o u   c a n   c o n t r o l   a   P V C ' s   c o n s u m p t i o n   o f   s t o r a g e   r e s o u r c e s   b a s e d   o n   t h e   a s s o c i a t e d   v o l u m e   a t t r i b u t e s   c l a s s e s ,   b y   u s i n g   t h e   s c o p e S e l e c t o r   f i e l d   i n   t h e   q u o t a   s p e c .   T h e   P V C   r e f e r e n c e s   t h e   a s s o c i a t e d   v o l u m e   a t t r i b u t e s   c l a s s   b y   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   f i e l d s :   s p e c . v o l u m e A t t r i b u t e s C l a s s N a m e s t a t u s . c u r r e n t V o l u m e A t t r i b u t e s C l a s s N a m e s t a t u s . m o d i f y V o l u m e S t a t u s . t a r g e t V o l u m e A t t r i b u t e s C l a s s N a m e   A   q u o t a   i s   m a t c h e d   a n d   c o n s u m e d   o n l y   i f   s c o p e S e l e c t o r   i n   t h e   q u o t a   s p e c   s e l e c t s   t h e   P V C .   W h e n   t h e   q u o t a   i s   s c o p e d   f o r   t h e   v o l u m e   a t t r i b u t e s   c l a s s   u s i n g   t h e   s c o p e S e l e c t o r   f i e l d ,   t h e   q u o t a   o b j e c t   i s   r e s t r i c t e d   t o   t r a c k   o n l y   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   r e s o u r c e s :   p e r s i s t e n t v o l u m e c l a i m s r e q u e s t s . s t o r a g e   T h i s   e x a m p l e   c r e a t e s   a   q u o t a   o b j e c t   a n d   m a t c h e s   i t   w i t h   P V C   a t   s p e c i f i c   v o l u m e   a t t r i b u t e s   c l a s s e s .   T h e   e x a m p l e   w o r k s   a s   f o l l o w s :   P V C s   i n   t h e   c l u s t e r   h a v e   a t   l e a s t   o n e   o f   t h e   t h r e e   v o l u m e   a t t r i b u t e s   c l a s s e s ,   " g o l d " ,   " s i l v e r " ,   " c


Question: What is Requests compared to Limits?

Answer: W h e n   a l l o c a t i n g   c o m p u t e   r e s o u r c e s ,   e a c h   c o n t a i n e r   m a y   s p e c i f y   a   r e q u e s t   a n d   a   l i m i t   v a l u e   f o r   e i t h e r   C P U   o r   m e m o r y .   T h e   q u o t a   c a n   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   q u o t a   e i t h e r   v a l u e .   I f   t h e   q u o t a   h a s   a   v a l u e   s p e c i f i e d   f o r   r e q u e s t s . c p u   o r   r e q u e s t s . m e m o r y ,   t h e n   i t   r e q u i r e s   t h a t   e v e r y   i n c o m i n g   c o n t a i n e r   m a k e s   a n   e x p l i c i t   r e q u e s t   f o r   t h o s e   r e s o u r c e s .   I f   t h e   q u o t a   h a s   a   v a l u e   s p e c i f i e d   f o r   l i m i t s . c p u   o r   l i m i t s . m e m o r y ,   t h e n   i t   r e q u i r e s   t h a t   e v e r y   i n c o m i n g   c o n t a i n e r   s p e c i f i e s   a n   e x p l i c i t   l i m i t   f o r   t h o s e   r e s o u r c e s .


Question: What is Viewing and Setting Quotas?

Answer: k u b e c t l   s u p p o r t s   c r e a t i n g ,   u p d a t i n g ,   a n d   v i e w i n g   q u o t a s :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   n a m e s p a c e   m y s p a c e   c a t   < < E O F   >   c o m p u t e - r e s o u r c e s . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   c o m p u t e - r e s o u r c e s   s p e c :   h a r d :   r e q u e s t s . c p u :   " 1 "   r e q u e s t s . m e m o r y :   " 1 G i "   l i m i t s . c p u :   " 2 "   l i m i t s . m e m o r y :   " 2 G i "   r e q u e s t s . n v i d i a . c o m / g p u :   4   E O F   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   - f   . / c o m p u t e - r e s o u r c e s . y a m l   - - n a m e s p a c e = m y s p a c e   c a t   < < E O F   >   o b j e c t - c o u n t s . y a m l   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   o b j e c t - c o u n t s   s p e c :   h a r d :   c o n f i g m a p s :   " 1 0 "   p e r s i s t e n t v o l u m e c l a i m s :   " 4 "   p o d s :   " 4 "   r e p l i c a t i o n c o n t r o l l e r s :   " 2 0 "   s e c r e t s :   " 1 0 "   s e r v i c e s :   " 1 0 "   s e r v i c e s . l o a d b a l a n c e r s :   " 2 "   E O F   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   - f   . / o b j e c t - c o u n t s . y a m l   - - n a m e s p a c e = m y s p a c e   k u b e c t l   g e t   q u o t a   - - n a m e s p a c e = m y s p a c e   N A M E   A G E   c o m p u t e - r e s o u r c e s   3 0 s   o b j e c t - c o u n t s   3 2 s   k u b e c t l   d e s c r i b e   q u o t a   c o m p u t e - r e s o u r c e s   - - n a m e s p a c e = m y s p a c e   N a m e :   c o m p u t e - r e s o u r c e s   N a m e s p a c e :   m y s p a c e   R e s o u r c e   U s e d   H a r d   - - - - - - - -   - - - -   - - - -   l i m i t s . c p u   0   2   l i m i t s . m e m o r y   0   2 G i   r e q u e s t s . c p u   0   1   r e q u e s t s . m e m o r y   0   1 G i   r e q u e s t


Question: What is Quota and Cluster Capacity?

Answer: R e s o u r c e Q u o t a s   a r e   i n d e p e n d e n t   o f   t h e   c l u s t e r   c a p a c i t y .   T h e y   a r e   e x p r e s s e d   i n   a b s o l u t e   u n i t s .   S o ,   i f   y o u   a d d   n o d e s   t o   y o u r   c l u s t e r ,   t h i s   d o e s   n o t   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g i v e   e a c h   n a m e s p a c e   t h e   a b i l i t y   t o   c o n s u m e   m o r e   r e s o u r c e s .   S o m e t i m e s   m o r e   c o m p l e x   p o l i c i e s   m a y   b e   d e s i r e d ,   s u c h   a s :   P r o p o r t i o n a l l y   d i v i d e   t o t a l   c l u s t e r   r e s o u r c e s   a m o n g   s e v e r a l   t e a m s . A l l o w   e a c h   t e n a n t   t o   g r o w   r e s o u r c e   u s a g e   a s   n e e d e d ,   b u t   h a v e   a   g e n e r o u s   l i m i t   t o   p r e v e n t   a c c i d e n t a l   r e s o u r c e   e x h a u s t i o n . D e t e c t   d e m a n d   f r o m   o n e   n a m e s p a c e ,   a d d   n o d e s ,   a n d   i n c r e a s e   q u o t a .   S u c h   p o l i c i e s   c o u l d   b e   i m p l e m e n t e d   u s i n g   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a s   a s   b u i l d i n g   b l o c k s ,   b y   w r i t i n g   a   " c o n t r o l l e r "   t h a t   w a t c h e s   t h e   q u o t a   u s a g e   a n d   a d j u s t s   t h e   q u o t a   h a r d   l i m i t s   o f   e a c h   n a m e s p a c e   a c c o r d i n g   t o   o t h e r   s i g n a l s .   N o t e   t h a t   r e s o u r c e   q u o t a   d i v i d e s   u p   a g g r e g a t e   c l u s t e r   r e s o u r c e s ,   b u t   i t   c r e a t e s   n o   r e s t r i c t i o n s   a r o u n d   n o d e s :   p o d s   f r o m   s e v e r a l   n a m e s p a c e s   m a y   r u n   o n   t h e   s a m e   n o d e .


Question: What is Limit Priority Class consumption by default?

Answer: I t   m a y   b e   d e s i r e d   t h a t   p o d s   a t   a   p a r t i c u l a r   p r i o r i t y ,   s u c h   a s   " c l u s t e r - s e r v i c e s " ,   s h o u l d   b e   a l l o w e d   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e ,   i f   a n d   o n l y   i f ,   a   m a t c h i n g   q u o t a   o b j e c t   e x i s t s .   W i t h   t h i s   m e c h a n i s m ,   o p e r a t o r s   a r e   a b l e   t o   r e s t r i c t   u s a g e   o f   c e r t a i n   h i g h   p r i o r i t y   c l a s s e s   t o   a   l i m i t e d   n u m b e r   o f   n a m e s p a c e s   a n d   n o t   e v e r y   n a m e s p a c e   w i l l   b e   a b l e   t o   c o n s u m e   t h e s e   p r i o r i t y   c l a s s e s   b y   d e f a u l t .   T o   e n f o r c e   t h i s ,   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   f l a g   - - a d m i s s i o n - c o n t r o l - c o n f i g - f i l e   s h o u l d   b e   u s e d   t o   p a s s   p a t h   t o   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e :   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p i s e r v e r . c o n f i g . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   A d m i s s i o n C o n f i g u r a t i o n   p l u g i n s :   -   n a m e :   " R e s o u r c e Q u o t a "   c o n f i g u r a t i o n :   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p i s e r v e r . c o n f i g . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a C o n f i g u r a t i o n   l i m i t e d R e s o u r c e s :   -   r e s o u r c e :   p o d s   m a t c h S c o p e s :   -   s c o p e N a m e :   P r i o r i t y C l a s s   o p e r a t o r :   I n   v a l u e s :   [ " c l u s t e r - s e r v i c e s " ]   T h e n ,   c r e a t e   a   r e s o u r c e   q u o t a   o b j e c t   i n   t h e   k u b e - s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   p o d s - c l u s t e r - s e r v i c e s   s p e c :   s c o p e S e l e c t o r :   m a t c h E x p r e s s i o n s :   -   o p e r a t o r


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: S e e   a   d e t a i l e d   e x a m p l e   f o r   h o w   t o   u s e   r e s o u r c e   q u o t a . R e a d   t h e   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a   A P I   r e f e r e n c e L e a r n   a b o u t   L i m i t R a n g e s Y o u   c a n   r e a d   t h e   h i s t o r i c a l   R e s o u r c e Q u o t a   d e s i g n   d o c u m e n t   f o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n . Y o u   c a n   a l s o   r e a d   t h e   Q u o t a   s u p p o r t   f o r   p r i o r i t y   c l a s s   d e s i g n   d o c u m e n t .


Question: What is Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodes?

Answer: Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodesThis page provides an example of how to provision and configure swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.ObjectivesProvision swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.Learn to configure both encrypted and unencrypted swap.Learn to enable swap on boot.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.33.To check the version, enter kubectl version.You need at least one worker node in your cluster which needs to run a Linux operating system. It is required for this demo that the kubeadm tool be installed, following the steps outlined in the kubeadm installation guide.On each worker node where you will configure swap use, you need:fallocatemkswapswaponFor encrypted swap space (recommended), you also need:cryptsetupInstall a swap-enabled cluster with kubeadmCreate a swap file and turn swap onIf swap is not enabled, there's a need to provision swap on the node. The following sections demonstrate creating 4GiB of swap, both in the encrypted and unencrypted case.An encrypted swap file can be set up as follows. Bear in mind that this example uses the cryptsetup binary (which is available on most Linux distributions).# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Create an encrypted device backed by the allocated storage cryptsetup --type plain --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 256 -d /dev/urandom open /swapfile cryptswap # Format the swap space mkswap /dev/mapper/cryptswap # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /dev/mapper/cryptswap An unencrypted swap file can be set up as follows.# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Format the swap space mkswap /swapfile # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /swapfile Verify that swap is enabledSwap can be verified to be enabled with both swapon -s command or the free command.Using swapon -s:Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-0 partition 4194300 0 -2 Using free -h: total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 3.8Gi 1.3Gi 249Mi 25Mi 2.5Gi 2.5Gi Swap: 4.0Gi 0B 4.0Gi Enable swap on bootAfter setting up swap, to start the swap file at boot time, you typically either set up a systemd unit to activate (encrypted) swap, or you add a line similar to /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 into /etc/fstab.Using systemd for swap activation allows the system to delay kubelet start until swap is available, if that is something you want to ensure. In a similar way, using systemd allows your server to leave swap active unt


Question: How does Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodes work?

Answer: Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodesThis page provides an example of how to provision and configure swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.ObjectivesProvision swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.Learn to configure both encrypted and unencrypted swap.Learn to enable swap on boot.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.33.To check the version, enter kubectl version.You need at least one worker node in your cluster which needs to run a Linux operating system. It is required for this demo that the kubeadm tool be installed, following the steps outlined in the kubeadm installation guide.On each worker node where you will configure swap use, you need:fallocatemkswapswaponFor encrypted swap space (recommended), you also need:cryptsetupInstall a swap-enabled cluster with kubeadmCreate a swap file and turn swap onIf swap is not enabled, there's a need to provision swap on the node. The following sections demonstrate creating 4GiB of swap, both in the encrypted and unencrypted case.An encrypted swap file can be set up as follows. Bear in mind that this example uses the cryptsetup binary (which is available on most Linux distributions).# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Create an encrypted device backed by the allocated storage cryptsetup --type plain --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 256 -d /dev/urandom open /swapfile cryptswap # Format the swap space mkswap /dev/mapper/cryptswap # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /dev/mapper/cryptswap An unencrypted swap file can be set up as follows.# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Format the swap space mkswap /swapfile # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /swapfile Verify that swap is enabledSwap can be verified to be enabled with both swapon -s command or the free command.Using swapon -s:Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-0 partition 4194300 0 -2 Using free -h: total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 3.8Gi 1.3Gi 249Mi 25Mi 2.5Gi 2.5Gi Swap: 4.0Gi 0B 4.0Gi Enable swap on bootAfter setting up swap, to start the swap file at boot time, you typically either set up a systemd unit to activate (encrypted) swap, or you add a line similar to /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 into /etc/fstab.Using systemd for swap activation allows the system to delay kubelet start until swap is available, if that is something you want to ensure. In a similar way, using systemd allows your server to leave swap active unt


Question: When would you use Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodes?

Answer: Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodesThis page provides an example of how to provision and configure swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.ObjectivesProvision swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.Learn to configure both encrypted and unencrypted swap.Learn to enable swap on boot.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.33.To check the version, enter kubectl version.You need at least one worker node in your cluster which needs to run a Linux operating system. It is required for this demo that the kubeadm tool be installed, following the steps outlined in the kubeadm installation guide.On each worker node where you will configure swap use, you need:fallocatemkswapswaponFor encrypted swap space (recommended), you also need:cryptsetupInstall a swap-enabled cluster with kubeadmCreate a swap file and turn swap onIf swap is not enabled, there's a need to provision swap on the node. The following sections demonstrate creating 4GiB of swap, both in the encrypted and unencrypted case.An encrypted swap file can be set up as follows. Bear in mind that this example uses the cryptsetup binary (which is available on most Linux distributions).# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Create an encrypted device backed by the allocated storage cryptsetup --type plain --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 256 -d /dev/urandom open /swapfile cryptswap # Format the swap space mkswap /dev/mapper/cryptswap # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /dev/mapper/cryptswap An unencrypted swap file can be set up as follows.# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Format the swap space mkswap /swapfile # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /swapfile Verify that swap is enabledSwap can be verified to be enabled with both swapon -s command or the free command.Using swapon -s:Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-0 partition 4194300 0 -2 Using free -h: total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 3.8Gi 1.3Gi 249Mi 25Mi 2.5Gi 2.5Gi Swap: 4.0Gi 0B 4.0Gi Enable swap on bootAfter setting up swap, to start the swap file at boot time, you typically either set up a systemd unit to activate (encrypted) swap, or you add a line similar to /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 into /etc/fstab.Using systemd for swap activation allows the system to delay kubelet start until swap is available, if that is something you want to ensure. In a similar way, using systemd allows your server to leave swap active unt


Question: What are the benefits of Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodes?

Answer: Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodesThis page provides an example of how to provision and configure swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.ObjectivesProvision swap memory on a Kubernetes node using kubeadm.Learn to configure both encrypted and unencrypted swap.Learn to enable swap on boot.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.33.To check the version, enter kubectl version.You need at least one worker node in your cluster which needs to run a Linux operating system. It is required for this demo that the kubeadm tool be installed, following the steps outlined in the kubeadm installation guide.On each worker node where you will configure swap use, you need:fallocatemkswapswaponFor encrypted swap space (recommended), you also need:cryptsetupInstall a swap-enabled cluster with kubeadmCreate a swap file and turn swap onIf swap is not enabled, there's a need to provision swap on the node. The following sections demonstrate creating 4GiB of swap, both in the encrypted and unencrypted case.An encrypted swap file can be set up as follows. Bear in mind that this example uses the cryptsetup binary (which is available on most Linux distributions).# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Create an encrypted device backed by the allocated storage cryptsetup --type plain --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 256 -d /dev/urandom open /swapfile cryptswap # Format the swap space mkswap /dev/mapper/cryptswap # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /dev/mapper/cryptswap An unencrypted swap file can be set up as follows.# Allocate storage and restrict access fallocate --length 4GiB /swapfile chmod 600 /swapfile # Format the swap space mkswap /swapfile # Activate the swap space for paging swapon /swapfile Verify that swap is enabledSwap can be verified to be enabled with both swapon -s command or the free command.Using swapon -s:Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-0 partition 4194300 0 -2 Using free -h: total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 3.8Gi 1.3Gi 249Mi 25Mi 2.5Gi 2.5Gi Swap: 4.0Gi 0B 4.0Gi Enable swap on bootAfter setting up swap, to start the swap file at boot time, you typically either set up a systemd unit to activate (encrypted) swap, or you add a line similar to /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 into /etc/fstab.Using systemd for swap activation allows the system to delay kubelet start until swap is available, if that is something you want to ensure. In a similar way, using systemd allows your server to leave swap active unt


Question: What is Configuring swap memory on Kubernetes nodes?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   p r o v i d e s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   h o w   t o   p r o v i s i o n   a n d   c o n f i g u r e   s w a p   m e m o r y   o n   a   K u b e r n e t e s   n o d e   u s i n g   k u b e a d m .


Question: What is Objectives?

Answer: P r o v i s i o n   s w a p   m e m o r y   o n   a   K u b e r n e t e s   n o d e   u s i n g   k u b e a d m . L e a r n   t o   c o n f i g u r e   b o t h   e n c r y p t e d   a n d   u n e n c r y p t e d   s w a p . L e a r n   t o   e n a b l e   s w a p   o n   b o o t .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s : i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s Y o u r   K u b e r n e t e s   s e r v e r   m u s t   b e   a t   o r   l a t e r   t h a n   v e r s i o n   1 . 3 3 . T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .   Y


Question: What is Create a swap file and turn swap on?

Answer: I f   s w a p   i s   n o t   e n a b l e d ,   t h e r e ' s   a   n e e d   t o   p r o v i s i o n   s w a p   o n   t h e   n o d e .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   s e c t i o n s   d e m o n s t r a t e   c r e a t i n g   4 G i B   o f   s w a p ,   b o t h   i n   t h e   e n c r y p t e d   a n d   u n e n c r y p t e d   c a s e .   A n   e n c r y p t e d   s w a p   f i l e   c a n   b e   s e t   u p   a s   f o l l o w s .   B e a r   i n   m i n d   t h a t   t h i s   e x a m p l e   u s e s   t h e   c r y p t s e t u p   b i n a r y   ( w h i c h   i s   a v a i l a b l e   o n   m o s t   L i n u x   d i s t r i b u t i o n s ) . #   A l l o c a t e   s t o r a g e   a n d   r e s t r i c t   a c c e s s   f a l l o c a t e   - - l e n g t h   4 G i B   / s w a p f i l e   c h m o d   6 0 0   / s w a p f i l e   #   C r e a t e   a n   e n c r y p t e d   d e v i c e   b a c k e d   b y   t h e   a l l o c a t e d   s t o r a g e   c r y p t s e t u p   - - t y p e   p l a i n   - - c i p h e r   a e s - x t s - p l a i n 6 4   - - k e y - s i z e   2 5 6   - d   / d e v / u r a n d o m   o p e n   / s w a p f i l e   c r y p t s w a p   #   F o r m a t   t h e   s w a p   s p a c e   m k s w a p   / d e v / m a p p e r / c r y p t s w a p   #   A c t i v a t e   t h e   s w a p   s p a c e   f o r   p a g i n g   s w a p o n   / d e v / m a p p e r / c r y p t s w a p   A n   e n c r y p t e d   s w a p   f i l e   c a n   b e   s e t   u p   a s   f o l l o w s .   B e a r   i n   m i n d   t h a t   t h i s   e x a m p l e   u s e s   t h e   c r y p t s e t u p   b i n a r y   ( w h i c h   i s   a v a i l a b l e   o n   m o s t   L i n u x   d i s t r i b u t i o n s ) .   #   A l l o c a t e   s t o r a g e   a n d   r e s t r i c t   a c c e s s   f a l l o c a t e   - - l e n g t h   4 G i B   / s w a p f i l e   c h m o d   6 0 0   / s w a p f i l e   #   C r e a t e   a n   e n c r y p t e d   d e v i c e   b a c k e d   b y   t h e   a


Question: What is Verify that swap is enabled?

Answer: S w a p   c a n   b e   v e r i f i e d   t o   b e   e n a b l e d   w i t h   b o t h   s w a p o n   - s   c o m m a n d   o r   t h e   f r e e   c o m m a n d .   U s i n g   s w a p o n   - s :   F i l e n a m e   T y p e   S i z e   U s e d   P r i o r i t y   / d e v / d m - 0   p a r t i t i o n   4 1 9 4 3 0 0   0   - 2   U s i n g   f r e e   - h :   t o t a l   u s e d   f r e e   s h a r e d   b u f f / c a c h e   a v a i l a b l e   M e m :   3 . 8 G i   1 . 3 G i   2 4 9 M i   2 5 M i   2 . 5 G i   2 . 5 G i   S w a p :   4 . 0 G i   0 B   4 . 0 G i


Question: What is Enable swap on boot?

Answer: A f t e r   s e t t i n g   u p   s w a p ,   t o   s t a r t   t h e   s w a p   f i l e   a t   b o o t   t i m e ,   y o u   t y p i c a l l y   e i t h e r   s e t   u p   a   s y s t e m d   u n i t   t o   a c t i v a t e   ( e n c r y p t e d )   s w a p ,   o r   y o u   a d d   a   l i n e   s i m i l a r   t o   / s w a p f i l e   s w a p   s w a p   d e f a u l t s   0   0   i n t o   / e t c / f s t a b .   U s i n g   s y s t e m d   f o r   s w a p   a c t i v a t i o n   a l l o w s   t h e   s y s t e m   t o   d e l a y   k u b e l e t   s t a r t   u n t i l   s w a p   i s   a v a i l a b l e ,   i f   t h a t   i s   s o m e t h i n g   y o u   w a n t   t o   e n s u r e .   I n   a   s i m i l a r   w a y ,   u s i n g   s y s t e m d   a l l o w s   y o u r   s e r v e r   t o   l e a v e   s w a p   a c t i v e   u n t i l   k u b e l e t   ( a n d ,   t y p i c a l l y ,   y o u r   c o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e )   h a v e   s h u t   d o w n .


Question: What is Set up kubelet configuration?

Answer: A f t e r   e n a b l i n g   s w a p   o n   t h e   n o d e ,   k u b e l e t   n e e d s   t o   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   u s e   i t .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   s e l e c t   a   s w a p   b e h a v i o r   f o r   t h i s   n o d e .   Y o u ' l l   c o n f i g u r e   L i m i t e d S w a p   b e h a v i o r   f o r   t h i s   t u t o r i a l .   F i n d   a n d   e d i t   t h e   k u b e l e t   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e ,   a n d :   s e t   f a i l S w a p O n   t o   f a l s e s e t   m e m o r y S w a p . s w a p B e h a v i o r   t o   L i m i t e d S w a p   #   t h i s   f r a g m e n t   g o e s   i n t o   t h e   k u b e l e t ' s   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   f a i l S w a p O n :   f a l s e   m e m o r y S w a p :   s w a p B e h a v i o r :   L i m i t e d S w a p   I n   o r d e r   f o r   t h e s e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s   t o   t a k e   e f f e c t ,   k u b e l e t   n e e d s   t o   b e   r e s t a r t e d .   T y p i c a l l y   y o u   d o   t h a t   b y   r u n n i n g :   s y s t e m c t l   r e s t a r t   k u b e l e t . s e r v i c e   Y o u   s h o u l d   f i n d   t h a t   t h e   k u b e l e t   i s   n o w   h e a l t h y ,   a n d   t h a t   y o u   c a n   r u n   P o d s   t h a t   u s e   s w a p   m e m o r y   a s   n e e d e d .


Question: What is Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository?

Answer: Changing The Kubernetes Package RepositoryThis page explains how to enable a package repository for the desired Kubernetes minor release upon upgrading a cluster. This is only needed for users of the community-owned package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io. Unlike the legacy package repositories, the community-owned package repositories are structured in a way that there's a dedicated package repository for each Kubernetes minor version.Note:This guide only covers a part of the Kubernetes upgrade process. Please see the upgrade guide for more information about upgrading Kubernetes clusters.Note:This step is only needed upon upgrading a cluster to another minor release. If you're upgrading to another patch release within the same minor release (e.g. v1.34.5 to v1.34.7), you don't need to follow this guide. However, if you're still using the legacy package repositories, you'll need to migrate to the new community-owned package repositories before upgrading (see the next section for more details on how to do this).Before you beginThis document assumes that you're already using the community-owned package repositories (pkgs.k8s.io). If that's not the case, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the community-owned package repositories as described in the official announcement.Note: The legacy package repositories (apt.kubernetes.io and yum.kubernetes.io) have been deprecated and frozen starting from September 13, 2023. Using the new package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io is strongly recommended and required in order to install Kubernetes versions released after September 13, 2023. The deprecated legacy repositories, and their contents, might be removed at any time in the future and without a further notice period. The new package repositories provide downloads for Kubernetes versions starting with v1.24.0.Verifying if the Kubernetes package repositories are usedIf you're unsure whether you're using the community-owned package repositories or the legacy package repositories, take the following steps to verify:Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes apt repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name pager /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list If you see a line similar to:deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/deb/ / You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official announcement.Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes yum repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name cat /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo If you see a baseurl similar to the baseurl in the output below:[kubernetes] name=Kubernetes baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/ enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xm


Question: How does Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository work?

Answer: Changing The Kubernetes Package RepositoryThis page explains how to enable a package repository for the desired Kubernetes minor release upon upgrading a cluster. This is only needed for users of the community-owned package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io. Unlike the legacy package repositories, the community-owned package repositories are structured in a way that there's a dedicated package repository for each Kubernetes minor version.Note:This guide only covers a part of the Kubernetes upgrade process. Please see the upgrade guide for more information about upgrading Kubernetes clusters.Note:This step is only needed upon upgrading a cluster to another minor release. If you're upgrading to another patch release within the same minor release (e.g. v1.34.5 to v1.34.7), you don't need to follow this guide. However, if you're still using the legacy package repositories, you'll need to migrate to the new community-owned package repositories before upgrading (see the next section for more details on how to do this).Before you beginThis document assumes that you're already using the community-owned package repositories (pkgs.k8s.io). If that's not the case, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the community-owned package repositories as described in the official announcement.Note: The legacy package repositories (apt.kubernetes.io and yum.kubernetes.io) have been deprecated and frozen starting from September 13, 2023. Using the new package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io is strongly recommended and required in order to install Kubernetes versions released after September 13, 2023. The deprecated legacy repositories, and their contents, might be removed at any time in the future and without a further notice period. The new package repositories provide downloads for Kubernetes versions starting with v1.24.0.Verifying if the Kubernetes package repositories are usedIf you're unsure whether you're using the community-owned package repositories or the legacy package repositories, take the following steps to verify:Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes apt repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name pager /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list If you see a line similar to:deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/deb/ / You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official announcement.Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes yum repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name cat /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo If you see a baseurl similar to the baseurl in the output below:[kubernetes] name=Kubernetes baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/ enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xm


Question: When would you use Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository?

Answer: Changing The Kubernetes Package RepositoryThis page explains how to enable a package repository for the desired Kubernetes minor release upon upgrading a cluster. This is only needed for users of the community-owned package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io. Unlike the legacy package repositories, the community-owned package repositories are structured in a way that there's a dedicated package repository for each Kubernetes minor version.Note:This guide only covers a part of the Kubernetes upgrade process. Please see the upgrade guide for more information about upgrading Kubernetes clusters.Note:This step is only needed upon upgrading a cluster to another minor release. If you're upgrading to another patch release within the same minor release (e.g. v1.34.5 to v1.34.7), you don't need to follow this guide. However, if you're still using the legacy package repositories, you'll need to migrate to the new community-owned package repositories before upgrading (see the next section for more details on how to do this).Before you beginThis document assumes that you're already using the community-owned package repositories (pkgs.k8s.io). If that's not the case, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the community-owned package repositories as described in the official announcement.Note: The legacy package repositories (apt.kubernetes.io and yum.kubernetes.io) have been deprecated and frozen starting from September 13, 2023. Using the new package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io is strongly recommended and required in order to install Kubernetes versions released after September 13, 2023. The deprecated legacy repositories, and their contents, might be removed at any time in the future and without a further notice period. The new package repositories provide downloads for Kubernetes versions starting with v1.24.0.Verifying if the Kubernetes package repositories are usedIf you're unsure whether you're using the community-owned package repositories or the legacy package repositories, take the following steps to verify:Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes apt repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name pager /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list If you see a line similar to:deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/deb/ / You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official announcement.Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes yum repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name cat /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo If you see a baseurl similar to the baseurl in the output below:[kubernetes] name=Kubernetes baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/ enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xm


Question: What are the benefits of Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository?

Answer: Changing The Kubernetes Package RepositoryThis page explains how to enable a package repository for the desired Kubernetes minor release upon upgrading a cluster. This is only needed for users of the community-owned package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io. Unlike the legacy package repositories, the community-owned package repositories are structured in a way that there's a dedicated package repository for each Kubernetes minor version.Note:This guide only covers a part of the Kubernetes upgrade process. Please see the upgrade guide for more information about upgrading Kubernetes clusters.Note:This step is only needed upon upgrading a cluster to another minor release. If you're upgrading to another patch release within the same minor release (e.g. v1.34.5 to v1.34.7), you don't need to follow this guide. However, if you're still using the legacy package repositories, you'll need to migrate to the new community-owned package repositories before upgrading (see the next section for more details on how to do this).Before you beginThis document assumes that you're already using the community-owned package repositories (pkgs.k8s.io). If that's not the case, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the community-owned package repositories as described in the official announcement.Note: The legacy package repositories (apt.kubernetes.io and yum.kubernetes.io) have been deprecated and frozen starting from September 13, 2023. Using the new package repositories hosted at pkgs.k8s.io is strongly recommended and required in order to install Kubernetes versions released after September 13, 2023. The deprecated legacy repositories, and their contents, might be removed at any time in the future and without a further notice period. The new package repositories provide downloads for Kubernetes versions starting with v1.24.0.Verifying if the Kubernetes package repositories are usedIf you're unsure whether you're using the community-owned package repositories or the legacy package repositories, take the following steps to verify:Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes apt repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name pager /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list If you see a line similar to:deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/deb/ / You're using the Kubernetes package repositories and this guide applies to you. Otherwise, it's strongly recommended to migrate to the Kubernetes package repositories as described in the official announcement.Print the contents of the file that defines the Kubernetes yum repository:# On your system, this configuration file could have a different name cat /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo If you see a baseurl similar to the baseurl in the output below:[kubernetes] name=Kubernetes baseurl=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/ enabled=1 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.33/rpm/repodata/repomd.xm


Question: What is Changing The Kubernetes Package Repository?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   e x p l a i n s   h o w   t o   e n a b l e   a   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r y   f o r   t h e   d e s i r e d   K u b e r n e t e s   m i n o r   r e l e a s e   u p o n   u p g r a d i n g   a   c l u s t e r .   T h i s   i s   o n l y   n e e d e d   f o r   u s e r s   o f   t h e   c o m m u n i t y - o w n e d   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   h o s t e d   a t   p k g s . k 8 s . i o .   U n l i k e   t h e   l e g a c y   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s ,   t h e   c o m m u n i t y - o w n e d   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   a r e   s t r u c t u r e d   i n   a   w a y   t h a t   t h e r e ' s   a   d e d i c a t e d   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r y   f o r   e a c h   K u b e r n e t e s   m i n o r   v e r s i o n .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: T h i s   d o c u m e n t   a s s u m e s   t h a t   y o u ' r e   a l r e a d y   u s i n g   t h e   c o m m u n i t y - o w n e d   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   ( p k g s . k 8 s . i o ) .   I f   t h a t ' s   n o t   t h e   c a s e ,   i t ' s   s t r o n g l y   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   m i g r a t e   t o   t h e   c o m m u n i t y - o w n e d   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   a s   d e s c r i b e d   i n   t h e   o f f i c i a l   a n n o u n c e m e n t .


Question: What is Verifying if the Kubernetes package repositories are used?

Answer: I f   y o u ' r e   u n s u r e   w h e t h e r   y o u ' r e   u s i n g   t h e   c o m m u n i t y - o w n e d   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   o r   t h e   l e g a c y   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s ,   t a k e   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   s t e p s   t o   v e r i f y :   P r i n t   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   f i l e   t h a t   d e f i n e s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   a p t   r e p o s i t o r y : #   O n   y o u r   s y s t e m ,   t h i s   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   c o u l d   h a v e   a   d i f f e r e n t   n a m e   p a g e r   / e t c / a p t / s o u r c e s . l i s t . d / k u b e r n e t e s . l i s t   I f   y o u   s e e   a   l i n e   s i m i l a r   t o : d e b   [ s i g n e d - b y = / e t c / a p t / k e y r i n g s / k u b e r n e t e s - a p t - k e y r i n g . g p g ]   h t t p s : / / p k g s . k 8 s . i o / c o r e : / s t a b l e : / v 1 . 3 3 / d e b /   /   Y o u ' r e   u s i n g   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   a n d   t h i s   g u i d e   a p p l i e s   t o   y o u .   O t h e r w i s e ,   i t ' s   s t r o n g l y   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   m i g r a t e   t o   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   a s   d e s c r i b e d   i n   t h e   o f f i c i a l   a n n o u n c e m e n t .   P r i n t   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   f i l e   t h a t   d e f i n e s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   a p t   r e p o s i t o r y :   #   O n   y o u r   s y s t e m ,   t h i s   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   c o u l d   h a v e   a   d i f f e r e n t   n a m e   p a g e r   / e t c / a p t / s o u r c e s . l i s t . d / k u b e r n e t e s . l i s t   I f   y o u   s e e   a   l i n e   s i m i l a r   t o :   d e b   [ s i g n e d - b y = / e t c / a p t / k e y r i n g s / k u b e r n e t e s - a p t - k e y r i n g . g p g ]   h t t p s : / / p k g s . k 8 s . i o / c o r e : / s t a b


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T h e   U R L   u s e d   f o r   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p a c k a g e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   i s   n o t   l i m i t e d   t o   p k g s . k 8 s . i o ,   i t   c a n   a l s o   b e   o n e   o f :   p k g s . k 8 s . i o p k g s . k u b e r n e t e s . i o p a c k a g e s . k u b e r n e t e s . i o


Question: What is Switching to another Kubernetes package repository?

Answer: T h i s   s t e p   s h o u l d   b e   d o n e   u p o n   u p g r a d i n g   f r o m   o n e   t o   a n o t h e r   K u b e r n e t e s   m i n o r   r e l e a s e   i n   o r d e r   t o   g e t   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   p a c k a g e s   o f   t h e   d e s i r e d   K u b e r n e t e s   m i n o r   v e r s i o n .   O p e n   t h e   f i l e   t h a t   d e f i n e s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   a p t   r e p o s i t o r y   u s i n g   a   t e x t   e d i t o r   o f   y o u r   c h o i c e : n a n o   / e t c / a p t / s o u r c e s . l i s t . d / k u b e r n e t e s . l i s t   Y o u   s h o u l d   s e e   a   s i n g l e   l i n e   w i t h   t h e   U R L   t h a t   c o n t a i n s   y o u r   c u r r e n t   K u b e r n e t e s   m i n o r   v e r s i o n .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   i f   y o u ' r e   u s i n g   v 1 . 3 3 ,   y o u   s h o u l d   s e e   t h i s : d e b   [ s i g n e d - b y = / e t c / a p t / k e y r i n g s / k u b e r n e t e s - a p t - k e y r i n g . g p g ]   h t t p s : / / p k g s . k 8 s . i o / c o r e : / s t a b l e : / v 1 . 3 3 / d e b /   /   C h a n g e   t h e   v e r s i o n   i n   t h e   U R L   t o   t h e   n e x t   a v a i l a b l e   m i n o r   r e l e a s e ,   f o r   e x a m p l e : d e b   [ s i g n e d - b y = / e t c / a p t / k e y r i n g s / k u b e r n e t e s - a p t - k e y r i n g . g p g ]   h t t p s : / / p k g s . k 8 s . i o / c o r e : / s t a b l e : / v 1 . 3 4 / d e b /   /   S a v e   t h e   f i l e   a n d   e x i t   y o u r   t e x t   e d i t o r .   C o n t i n u e   f o l l o w i n g   t h e   r e l e v a n t   u p g r a d e   i n s t r u c t i o n s .   O p e n   t h e   f i l e   t h a t   d e f i n e s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   a p t   r e p o s i t o r y   u s i n g   a   t e x t   e d i t o r   o f   y o u r   c h o i c e : n a n o   / e t c / a p t / s o u r c e s . l i s t . d / k u b e r n e t e s . l i s t   Y o u   s h o u l d   s e e   a   s i n


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: S e e   h o w   t o   U p g r a d e   L i n u x   n o d e s . S e e   h o w   t o   U p g r a d e   W i n d o w s   n o d e s .


Question: What is Resource metrics pipeline?

Answer: Resource metrics pipelineFor Kubernetes, the Metrics API offers a basic set of metrics to support automatic scaling and similar use cases. This API makes information available about resource usage for node and pod, including metrics for CPU and memory. If you deploy the Metrics API into your cluster, clients of the Kubernetes API can then query for this information, and you can use Kubernetes' access control mechanisms to manage permissions to do so.The HorizontalPodAutoscaler (HPA) and VerticalPodAutoscaler (VPA) use data from the metrics API to adjust workload replicas and resources to meet customer demand.You can also view the resource metrics using the kubectl top command.Note:The Metrics API, and the metrics pipeline that it enables, only offers the minimum CPU and memory metrics to enable automatic scaling using HPA and / or VPA. If you would like to provide a more complete set of metrics, you can complement the simpler Metrics API by deploying a second metrics pipeline that uses the Custom Metrics API.Figure 1 illustrates the architecture of the resource metrics pipeline.flowchart RL subgraph cluster[Cluster] direction RL S[] A[Metrics-Server] subgraph B[Nodes] direction TB D[cAdvisor] --> C[kubelet] E[Containerruntime] --> D E1[Containerruntime] --> D P[pod data] -.- C end L[APIserver] W[HPA] C ---->|node levelresource metrics| A -->|metricsAPI| L --> W end L ---> K[kubectltop] classDef box fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:1px,color:#000; class W,B,P,K,cluster,D,E,E1 box classDef spacewhite fill:#ffffff,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:0px,color:#000 class S spacewhite classDef k8s fill:#326ce5,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:1px,color:#fff; class A,L,C k8sJavaScript must be enabled to view this contentFigure 1. Resource Metrics PipelineThe architecture components, from right to left in the figure, consist of the following:cAdvisor: Daemon for collecting, aggregating and exposing container metrics included in Kubelet.kubelet: Node agent for managing container resources. Resource metrics are accessible using the /metrics/resource and /stats kubelet API endpoints.node level resource metrics: API provided by the kubelet for discovering and retrieving per-node summarized stats available through the /metrics/resource endpoint.metrics-server: Cluster addon component that collects and aggregates resource metrics pulled from each kubelet. The API server serves Metrics API for use by HPA, VPA, and by the kubectl top command. Metrics Server is a reference implementation of the Metrics API.Metrics API: Kubernetes API supporting access to CPU and memory used for workload autoscaling. To make this work in your cluster, you need an API extension server that provides the Metrics API.Note:cAdvisor supports reading metrics from cgroups, which works with typical container runtimes on Linux. If you use a container runtime that uses another resource isolation mechanism, for example virtualization, then that container runtime must support CRI Container Metrics in order fo


Question: How does Resource metrics pipeline work?

Answer: Resource metrics pipelineFor Kubernetes, the Metrics API offers a basic set of metrics to support automatic scaling and similar use cases. This API makes information available about resource usage for node and pod, including metrics for CPU and memory. If you deploy the Metrics API into your cluster, clients of the Kubernetes API can then query for this information, and you can use Kubernetes' access control mechanisms to manage permissions to do so.The HorizontalPodAutoscaler (HPA) and VerticalPodAutoscaler (VPA) use data from the metrics API to adjust workload replicas and resources to meet customer demand.You can also view the resource metrics using the kubectl top command.Note:The Metrics API, and the metrics pipeline that it enables, only offers the minimum CPU and memory metrics to enable automatic scaling using HPA and / or VPA. If you would like to provide a more complete set of metrics, you can complement the simpler Metrics API by deploying a second metrics pipeline that uses the Custom Metrics API.Figure 1 illustrates the architecture of the resource metrics pipeline.flowchart RL subgraph cluster[Cluster] direction RL S[] A[Metrics-Server] subgraph B[Nodes] direction TB D[cAdvisor] --> C[kubelet] E[Containerruntime] --> D E1[Containerruntime] --> D P[pod data] -.- C end L[APIserver] W[HPA] C ---->|node levelresource metrics| A -->|metricsAPI| L --> W end L ---> K[kubectltop] classDef box fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:1px,color:#000; class W,B,P,K,cluster,D,E,E1 box classDef spacewhite fill:#ffffff,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:0px,color:#000 class S spacewhite classDef k8s fill:#326ce5,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:1px,color:#fff; class A,L,C k8sJavaScript must be enabled to view this contentFigure 1. Resource Metrics PipelineThe architecture components, from right to left in the figure, consist of the following:cAdvisor: Daemon for collecting, aggregating and exposing container metrics included in Kubelet.kubelet: Node agent for managing container resources. Resource metrics are accessible using the /metrics/resource and /stats kubelet API endpoints.node level resource metrics: API provided by the kubelet for discovering and retrieving per-node summarized stats available through the /metrics/resource endpoint.metrics-server: Cluster addon component that collects and aggregates resource metrics pulled from each kubelet. The API server serves Metrics API for use by HPA, VPA, and by the kubectl top command. Metrics Server is a reference implementation of the Metrics API.Metrics API: Kubernetes API supporting access to CPU and memory used for workload autoscaling. To make this work in your cluster, you need an API extension server that provides the Metrics API.Note:cAdvisor supports reading metrics from cgroups, which works with typical container runtimes on Linux. If you use a container runtime that uses another resource isolation mechanism, for example virtualization, then that container runtime must support CRI Container Metrics in order fo


Question: When would you use Resource metrics pipeline?

Answer: Resource metrics pipelineFor Kubernetes, the Metrics API offers a basic set of metrics to support automatic scaling and similar use cases. This API makes information available about resource usage for node and pod, including metrics for CPU and memory. If you deploy the Metrics API into your cluster, clients of the Kubernetes API can then query for this information, and you can use Kubernetes' access control mechanisms to manage permissions to do so.The HorizontalPodAutoscaler (HPA) and VerticalPodAutoscaler (VPA) use data from the metrics API to adjust workload replicas and resources to meet customer demand.You can also view the resource metrics using the kubectl top command.Note:The Metrics API, and the metrics pipeline that it enables, only offers the minimum CPU and memory metrics to enable automatic scaling using HPA and / or VPA. If you would like to provide a more complete set of metrics, you can complement the simpler Metrics API by deploying a second metrics pipeline that uses the Custom Metrics API.Figure 1 illustrates the architecture of the resource metrics pipeline.flowchart RL subgraph cluster[Cluster] direction RL S[] A[Metrics-Server] subgraph B[Nodes] direction TB D[cAdvisor] --> C[kubelet] E[Containerruntime] --> D E1[Containerruntime] --> D P[pod data] -.- C end L[APIserver] W[HPA] C ---->|node levelresource metrics| A -->|metricsAPI| L --> W end L ---> K[kubectltop] classDef box fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:1px,color:#000; class W,B,P,K,cluster,D,E,E1 box classDef spacewhite fill:#ffffff,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:0px,color:#000 class S spacewhite classDef k8s fill:#326ce5,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:1px,color:#fff; class A,L,C k8sJavaScript must be enabled to view this contentFigure 1. Resource Metrics PipelineThe architecture components, from right to left in the figure, consist of the following:cAdvisor: Daemon for collecting, aggregating and exposing container metrics included in Kubelet.kubelet: Node agent for managing container resources. Resource metrics are accessible using the /metrics/resource and /stats kubelet API endpoints.node level resource metrics: API provided by the kubelet for discovering and retrieving per-node summarized stats available through the /metrics/resource endpoint.metrics-server: Cluster addon component that collects and aggregates resource metrics pulled from each kubelet. The API server serves Metrics API for use by HPA, VPA, and by the kubectl top command. Metrics Server is a reference implementation of the Metrics API.Metrics API: Kubernetes API supporting access to CPU and memory used for workload autoscaling. To make this work in your cluster, you need an API extension server that provides the Metrics API.Note:cAdvisor supports reading metrics from cgroups, which works with typical container runtimes on Linux. If you use a container runtime that uses another resource isolation mechanism, for example virtualization, then that container runtime must support CRI Container Metrics in order fo


Question: What are the benefits of Resource metrics pipeline?

Answer: Resource metrics pipelineFor Kubernetes, the Metrics API offers a basic set of metrics to support automatic scaling and similar use cases. This API makes information available about resource usage for node and pod, including metrics for CPU and memory. If you deploy the Metrics API into your cluster, clients of the Kubernetes API can then query for this information, and you can use Kubernetes' access control mechanisms to manage permissions to do so.The HorizontalPodAutoscaler (HPA) and VerticalPodAutoscaler (VPA) use data from the metrics API to adjust workload replicas and resources to meet customer demand.You can also view the resource metrics using the kubectl top command.Note:The Metrics API, and the metrics pipeline that it enables, only offers the minimum CPU and memory metrics to enable automatic scaling using HPA and / or VPA. If you would like to provide a more complete set of metrics, you can complement the simpler Metrics API by deploying a second metrics pipeline that uses the Custom Metrics API.Figure 1 illustrates the architecture of the resource metrics pipeline.flowchart RL subgraph cluster[Cluster] direction RL S[] A[Metrics-Server] subgraph B[Nodes] direction TB D[cAdvisor] --> C[kubelet] E[Containerruntime] --> D E1[Containerruntime] --> D P[pod data] -.- C end L[APIserver] W[HPA] C ---->|node levelresource metrics| A -->|metricsAPI| L --> W end L ---> K[kubectltop] classDef box fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:1px,color:#000; class W,B,P,K,cluster,D,E,E1 box classDef spacewhite fill:#ffffff,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:0px,color:#000 class S spacewhite classDef k8s fill:#326ce5,stroke:#fff,stroke-width:1px,color:#fff; class A,L,C k8sJavaScript must be enabled to view this contentFigure 1. Resource Metrics PipelineThe architecture components, from right to left in the figure, consist of the following:cAdvisor: Daemon for collecting, aggregating and exposing container metrics included in Kubelet.kubelet: Node agent for managing container resources. Resource metrics are accessible using the /metrics/resource and /stats kubelet API endpoints.node level resource metrics: API provided by the kubelet for discovering and retrieving per-node summarized stats available through the /metrics/resource endpoint.metrics-server: Cluster addon component that collects and aggregates resource metrics pulled from each kubelet. The API server serves Metrics API for use by HPA, VPA, and by the kubectl top command. Metrics Server is a reference implementation of the Metrics API.Metrics API: Kubernetes API supporting access to CPU and memory used for workload autoscaling. To make this work in your cluster, you need an API extension server that provides the Metrics API.Note:cAdvisor supports reading metrics from cgroups, which works with typical container runtimes on Linux. If you use a container runtime that uses another resource isolation mechanism, for example virtualization, then that container runtime must support CRI Container Metrics in order fo


Question: What is Resource metrics pipeline?

Answer: F o r   K u b e r n e t e s ,   t h e   M e t r i c s   A P I   o f f e r s   a   b a s i c   s e t   o f   m e t r i c s   t o   s u p p o r t   a u t o m a t i c   s c a l i n g   a n d   s i m i l a r   u s e   c a s e s .   T h i s   A P I   m a k e s   i n f o r m a t i o n   a v a i l a b l e   a b o u t   r e s o u r c e   u s a g e   f o r   n o d e   a n d   p o d ,   i n c l u d i n g   m e t r i c s   f o r   C P U   a n d   m e m o r y .   I f   y o u   d e p l o y   t h e   M e t r i c s   A P I   i n t o   y o u r   c l u s t e r ,   c l i e n t s   o f   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   c a n   t h e n   q u e r y   f o r   t h i s   i n f o r m a t i o n ,   a n d   y o u   c a n   u s e   K u b e r n e t e s '   a c c e s s   c o n t r o l   m e c h a n i s m s   t o   m a n a g e   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   d o   s o .   T h e   H o r i z o n t a l P o d A u t o s c a l e r   ( H P A )   a n d   V e r t i c a l P o d A u t o s c a l e r   ( V P A )   u s e   d a t a   f r o m   t h e   m e t r i c s   A P I   t o   a d j u s t   w o r k l o a d   r e p l i c a s   a n d   r e s o u r c e s   t o   m e e t   c u s t o m e r   d e m a n d .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   v i e w   t h e   r e s o u r c e   m e t r i c s   u s i n g   t h e   k u b e c t l   t o p   c o m m a n d .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: F i g u r e   1   i l l u s t r a t e s   t h e   a r c h i t e c t u r e   o f   t h e   r e s o u r c e   m e t r i c s   p i p e l i n e .   F i g u r e   1 .   R e s o u r c e   M e t r i c s   P i p e l i n e   T h e   a r c h i t e c t u r e   c o m p o n e n t s ,   f r o m   r i g h t   t o   l e f t   i n   t h e   f i g u r e ,   c o n s i s t   o f   t h e   f o l l o w i n g :   c A d v i s o r :   D a e m o n   f o r   c o l l e c t i n g ,   a g g r e g a t i n g   a n d   e x p o s i n g   c o n t a i n e r   m e t r i c s   i n c l u d e d   i n   K u b e l e t . k u b e l e t :   N o d e   a g e n t   f o r   m a n a g i n g   c o n t a i n e r   r e s o u r c e s .   R e s o u r c e   m e t r i c s   a r e   a c c e s s i b l e   u s i n g   t h e   / m e t r i c s / r e s o u r c e   a n d   / s t a t s   k u b e l e t   A P I   e n d p o i n t s . n o d e   l e v e l   r e s o u r c e   m e t r i c s :   A P I   p r o v i d e d   b y   t h e   k u b e l e t   f o r   d i s c o v e r i n g   a n d   r e t r i e v i n g   p e r - n o d e   s u m m a r i z e d   s t a t s   a v a i l a b l e   t h r o u g h   t h e   / m e t r i c s / r e s o u r c e   e n d p o i n t . m e t r i c s - s e r v e r :   C l u s t e r   a d d o n   c o m p o n e n t   t h a t   c o l l e c t s   a n d   a g g r e g a t e s   r e s o u r c e   m e t r i c s   p u l l e d   f r o m   e a c h   k u b e l e t .   T h e   A P I   s e r v e r   s e r v e s   M e t r i c s   A P I   f o r   u s e   b y   H P A ,   V P A ,   a n d   b y   t h e   k u b e c t l   t o p   c o m m a n d .   M e t r i c s   S e r v e r   i s   a   r e f e r e n c e   i m p l e m e n t a t i o n   o f   t h e   M e t r i c s   A P I . M e t r i c s   A P I :   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   s u p p o r t i n g   a c c e s s   t o   C P U   a n d   m e m o r y   u s e d   f o r   w o r k l o a d   a u t o s c a l i n g .   T o   m a k e   t h i s   w o r k   i n   y o u r   c l u s t e r ,   y o u


Question: What is Metrics API?

Answer: T h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   i m p l e m e n t s   t h e   M e t r i c s   A P I .   T h i s   A P I   a l l o w s   y o u   t o   a c c e s s   C P U   a n d   m e m o r y   u s a g e   f o r   t h e   n o d e s   a n d   p o d s   i n   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t s   p r i m a r y   r o l e   i s   t o   f e e d   r e s o u r c e   u s a g e   m e t r i c s   t o   K 8 s   a u t o s c a l e r   c o m p o n e n t s .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   t h e   M e t r i c s   A P I   r e q u e s t   f o r   a   m i n i k u b e   n o d e   p i p e d   t h r o u g h   j q   f o r   e a s i e r   r e a d i n g :   k u b e c t l   g e t   - - r a w   " / a p i s / m e t r i c s . k 8 s . i o / v 1 b e t a 1 / n o d e s / m i n i k u b e "   |   j q   ' . '   H e r e   i s   t h e   s a m e   A P I   c a l l   u s i n g   c u r l :   c u r l   h t t p : / / l o c a l h o s t : 8 0 8 0 / a p i s / m e t r i c s . k 8 s . i o / v 1 b e t a 1 / n o d e s / m i n i k u b e   S a m p l e   r e s p o n s e :   {   " k i n d " :   " N o d e M e t r i c s " ,   " a p i V e r s i o n " :   " m e t r i c s . k 8 s . i o / v 1 b e t a 1 " ,   " m e t a d a t a " :   {   " n a m e " :   " m i n i k u b e " ,   " s e l f L i n k " :   " / a p i s / m e t r i c s . k 8 s . i o / v 1 b e t a 1 / n o d e s / m i n i k u b e " ,   " c r e a t i o n T i m e s t a m p " :   " 2 0 2 2 - 0 1 - 2 7 T 1 8 : 4 8 : 4 3 Z "   } ,   " t i m e s t a m p " :   " 2 0 2 2 - 0 1 - 2 7 T 1 8 : 4 8 : 3 3 Z " ,   " w i n d o w " :   " 3 0 s " ,   " u s a g e " :   {   " c p u " :   " 4 8 7 5 5 8 1 6 4 n " ,   " m e m o r y " :   " 7 3 2 2 1 2 K i "   }   }   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   t h e   M e t r i c s   A P I   r e q u e s t   f o r   a   k u b e - s c h e d u l e r - m i n i k u b e   p o d   c o n t a i n e d   i n   t h e   k u b e - s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e   a n d   p i p e d   t h r o u g h   j q   f o r   e a s i e r   r e a d i n g :   k u b e


Question: What is CPU?

Answer: C P U   i s   r e p o r t e d   a s   t h e   a v e r a g e   c o r e   u s a g e   m e a s u r e d   i n   c p u   u n i t s .   O n e   c p u ,   i n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   i s   e q u i v a l e n t   t o   1   v C P U / C o r e   f o r   c l o u d   p r o v i d e r s ,   a n d   1   h y p e r - t h r e a d   o n   b a r e - m e t a l   I n t e l   p r o c e s s o r s .   T h i s   v a l u e   i s   d e r i v e d   b y   t a k i n g   a   r a t e   o v e r   a   c u m u l a t i v e   C P U   c o u n t e r   p r o v i d e d   b y   t h e   k e r n e l   ( i n   b o t h   L i n u x   a n d   W i n d o w s   k e r n e l s ) .   T h e   t i m e   w i n d o w   u s e d   t o   c a l c u l a t e   C P U   i s   s h o w n   u n d e r   w i n d o w   f i e l d   i n   M e t r i c s   A P I .   T o   l e a r n   m o r e   a b o u t   h o w   K u b e r n e t e s   a l l o c a t e s   a n d   m e a s u r e s   C P U   r e s o u r c e s ,   s e e   m e a n i n g   o f   C P U .


Question: What is Memory?

Answer: M e m o r y   i s   r e p o r t e d   a s   t h e   w o r k i n g   s e t ,   m e a s u r e d   i n   b y t e s ,   a t   t h e   i n s t a n t   t h e   m e t r i c   w a s   c o l l e c t e d .   I n   a n   i d e a l   w o r l d ,   t h e   " w o r k i n g   s e t "   i s   t h e   a m o u n t   o f   m e m o r y   i n - u s e   t h a t   c a n n o t   b e   f r e e d   u n d e r   m e m o r y   p r e s s u r e .   H o w e v e r ,   c a l c u l a t i o n   o f   t h e   w o r k i n g   s e t   v a r i e s   b y   h o s t   O S ,   a n d   g e n e r a l l y   m a k e s   h e a v y   u s e   o f   h e u r i s t i c s   t o   p r o d u c e   a n   e s t i m a t e .   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   m o d e l   f o r   a   c o n t a i n e r ' s   w o r k i n g   s e t   e x p e c t s   t h a t   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e   c o u n t s   a n o n y m o u s   m e m o r y   a s s o c i a t e d   w i t h   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i n   q u e s t i o n .   T h e   w o r k i n g   s e t   m e t r i c   t y p i c a l l y   a l s o   i n c l u d e s   s o m e   c a c h e d   ( f i l e - b a c k e d )   m e m o r y ,   b e c a u s e   t h e   h o s t   O S   c a n n o t   a l w a y s   r e c l a i m   p a g e s .   T o   l e a r n   m o r e   a b o u t   h o w   K u b e r n e t e s   a l l o c a t e s   a n d   m e a s u r e s   m e m o r y   r e s o u r c e s ,   s e e   m e a n i n g   o f   m e m o r y .


Question: What is Metrics Server?

Answer: T h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   f e t c h e s   r e s o u r c e   m e t r i c s   f r o m   t h e   k u b e l e t s   a n d   e x p o s e s   t h e m   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   s e r v e r   t h r o u g h   t h e   M e t r i c s   A P I   f o r   u s e   b y   t h e   H P A   a n d   V P A .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   v i e w   t h e s e   m e t r i c s   u s i n g   t h e   k u b e c t l   t o p   c o m m a n d .   T h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   u s e s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   t o   t r a c k   n o d e s   a n d   p o d s   i n   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   T h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   q u e r i e s   e a c h   n o d e   o v e r   H T T P   t o   f e t c h   m e t r i c s .   T h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   a l s o   b u i l d s   a n   i n t e r n a l   v i e w   o f   p o d   m e t a d a t a ,   a n d   k e e p s   a   c a c h e   o f   p o d   h e a l t h .   T h a t   c a c h e d   p o d   h e a l t h   i n f o r m a t i o n   i s   a v a i l a b l e   v i a   t h e   e x t e n s i o n   A P I   t h a t   t h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   m a k e s   a v a i l a b l e .   F o r   e x a m p l e   w i t h   a n   H P A   q u e r y ,   t h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   n e e d s   t o   i d e n t i f y   w h i c h   p o d s   f u l f i l l   t h e   l a b e l   s e l e c t o r s   i n   t h e   d e p l o y m e n t .   T h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   c a l l s   t h e   k u b e l e t   A P I   t o   c o l l e c t   m e t r i c s   f r o m   e a c h   n o d e .   D e p e n d i n g   o n   t h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   v e r s i o n   i t   u s e s :   M e t r i c s   r e s o u r c e   e n d p o i n t   / m e t r i c s / r e s o u r c e   i n   v e r s i o n   v 0 . 6 . 0 +   o r S u m m a r y   A P I   e n d p o i n t   / s t a t s / s u m m a r y   i n   o l d e r   v e r s i o n s


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: T o   l e a r n   m o r e   a b o u t   t h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r ,   s e e   t h e   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   r e p o s i t o r y .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   c h e c k   o u t   t h e   f o l l o w i n g :   m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   d e s i g n m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   F A Q m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   k n o w n   i s s u e s m e t r i c s - s e r v e r   r e l e a s e s H o r i z o n t a l   P o d   A u t o s c a l i n g   T o   l e a r n   a b o u t   h o w   t h e   k u b e l e t   s e r v e s   n o d e   m e t r i c s ,   a n d   h o w   y o u   c a n   a c c e s s   t h o s e   v i a   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I ,   r e a d   N o d e   M e t r i c s   D a t a .


Question: What is kubectl create service loadbalancer?

Answer: kubectl create service loadbalancerSynopsisCreate a LoadBalancer service with the specified name.kubectl create service loadbalancer NAME [--tcp=port:targetPort] [--dry-run=server|client|none] Examples # Create a new LoadBalancer service named my-lbs kubectl create service loadbalancer my-lbs --tcp=5678:8080 Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-create"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-h, --helphelp for loadbalancer-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--save-configIf true, the configuration of current object will be saved in its annotation. Otherwise, the annotation will be unchanged. This flag is useful when you want to perform kubectl apply on this object in the future.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--tcp stringsPort pairs can be specified as '<port>:<targetPort>'.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].--validate string[="strict"] Default: "strict"Must be one of: strict (or true), warn, ignore (or false). "true" or "strict" will use a schema to validate the input and fail the request if invalid. It will perform server side validation if ServerSideFieldValidation is enabled on the api-server, but will fall back to less reliable client-side validation if not. "warn" will warn about unknown or duplicate fields without blocking the request if server-side field validation is enabled on the API server, and behave as "ignore" otherwise. "false" or "ignore" will not perform any schema validation, silently dropping any unknown or duplicate fields.Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out o


Question: How does kubectl create service loadbalancer work?

Answer: kubectl create service loadbalancerSynopsisCreate a LoadBalancer service with the specified name.kubectl create service loadbalancer NAME [--tcp=port:targetPort] [--dry-run=server|client|none] Examples # Create a new LoadBalancer service named my-lbs kubectl create service loadbalancer my-lbs --tcp=5678:8080 Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-create"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-h, --helphelp for loadbalancer-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--save-configIf true, the configuration of current object will be saved in its annotation. Otherwise, the annotation will be unchanged. This flag is useful when you want to perform kubectl apply on this object in the future.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--tcp stringsPort pairs can be specified as '<port>:<targetPort>'.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].--validate string[="strict"] Default: "strict"Must be one of: strict (or true), warn, ignore (or false). "true" or "strict" will use a schema to validate the input and fail the request if invalid. It will perform server side validation if ServerSideFieldValidation is enabled on the api-server, but will fall back to less reliable client-side validation if not. "warn" will warn about unknown or duplicate fields without blocking the request if server-side field validation is enabled on the API server, and behave as "ignore" otherwise. "false" or "ignore" will not perform any schema validation, silently dropping any unknown or duplicate fields.Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out o


Question: When would you use kubectl create service loadbalancer?

Answer: kubectl create service loadbalancerSynopsisCreate a LoadBalancer service with the specified name.kubectl create service loadbalancer NAME [--tcp=port:targetPort] [--dry-run=server|client|none] Examples # Create a new LoadBalancer service named my-lbs kubectl create service loadbalancer my-lbs --tcp=5678:8080 Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-create"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-h, --helphelp for loadbalancer-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--save-configIf true, the configuration of current object will be saved in its annotation. Otherwise, the annotation will be unchanged. This flag is useful when you want to perform kubectl apply on this object in the future.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--tcp stringsPort pairs can be specified as '<port>:<targetPort>'.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].--validate string[="strict"] Default: "strict"Must be one of: strict (or true), warn, ignore (or false). "true" or "strict" will use a schema to validate the input and fail the request if invalid. It will perform server side validation if ServerSideFieldValidation is enabled on the api-server, but will fall back to less reliable client-side validation if not. "warn" will warn about unknown or duplicate fields without blocking the request if server-side field validation is enabled on the API server, and behave as "ignore" otherwise. "false" or "ignore" will not perform any schema validation, silently dropping any unknown or duplicate fields.Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out o


Question: What are the benefits of kubectl create service loadbalancer?

Answer: kubectl create service loadbalancerSynopsisCreate a LoadBalancer service with the specified name.kubectl create service loadbalancer NAME [--tcp=port:targetPort] [--dry-run=server|client|none] Examples # Create a new LoadBalancer service named my-lbs kubectl create service loadbalancer my-lbs --tcp=5678:8080 Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.--dry-run string[="unchanged"] Default: "none"Must be "none", "server", or "client". If client strategy, only print the object that would be sent, without sending it. If server strategy, submit server-side request without persisting the resource.--field-manager string Default: "kubectl-create"Name of the manager used to track field ownership.-h, --helphelp for loadbalancer-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).--save-configIf true, the configuration of current object will be saved in its annotation. Otherwise, the annotation will be unchanged. This flag is useful when you want to perform kubectl apply on this object in the future.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--tcp stringsPort pairs can be specified as '<port>:<targetPort>'.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].--validate string[="strict"] Default: "strict"Must be one of: strict (or true), warn, ignore (or false). "true" or "strict" will use a schema to validate the input and fail the request if invalid. It will perform server side validation if ServerSideFieldValidation is enabled on the api-server, but will fall back to less reliable client-side validation if not. "warn" will warn about unknown or duplicate fields without blocking the request if server-side field validation is enabled on the API server, and behave as "ignore" otherwise. "false" or "ignore" will not perform any schema validation, silently dropping any unknown or duplicate fields.Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out o


Question: What is Synopsis?

Answer: C r e a t e   a   L o a d B a l a n c e r   s e r v i c e   w i t h   t h e   s p e c i f i e d   n a m e .   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   s e r v i c e   l o a d b a l a n c e r   N A M E   [ - - t c p = p o r t : t a r g e t P o r t ]   [ - - d r y - r u n = s e r v e r | c l i e n t | n o n e ]


Question: What is Examples?

Answer: #   C r e a t e   a   n e w   L o a d B a l a n c e r   s e r v i c e   n a m e d   m y - l b s   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   s e r v i c e   l o a d b a l a n c e r   m y - l b s   - - t c p = 5 6 7 8 : 8 0 8 0


Question: What is Options?

Answer: I f   t r u e ,   i g n o r e   a n y   e r r o r s   i n   t e m p l a t e s   w h e n   a   f i e l d   o r   m a p   k e y   i s   m i s s i n g   i n   t h e   t e m p l a t e .   O n l y   a p p l i e s   t o   g o l a n g   a n d   j s o n p a t h   o u t p u t   f o r m a t s .   M u s t   b e   " n o n e " ,   " s e r v e r " ,   o r   " c l i e n t " .   I f   c l i e n t   s t r a t e g y ,   o n l y   p r i n t   t h e   o b j e c t   t h a t   w o u l d   b e   s e n t ,   w i t h o u t   s e n d i n g   i t .   I f   s e r v e r   s t r a t e g y ,   s u b m i t   s e r v e r - s i d e   r e q u e s t   w i t h o u t   p e r s i s t i n g   t h e   r e s o u r c e .   N a m e   o f   t h e   m a n a g e r   u s e d   t o   t r a c k   f i e l d   o w n e r s h i p .   h e l p   f o r   l o a d b a l a n c e r   O u t p u t   f o r m a t .   O n e   o f :   ( j s o n ,   y a m l ,   n a m e ,   g o - t e m p l a t e ,   g o - t e m p l a t e - f i l e ,   t e m p l a t e ,   t e m p l a t e f i l e ,   j s o n p a t h ,   j s o n p a t h - a s - j s o n ,   j s o n p a t h - f i l e ) .   I f   t r u e ,   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   o f   c u r r e n t   o b j e c t   w i l l   b e   s a v e d   i n   i t s   a n n o t a t i o n .   O t h e r w i s e ,   t h e   a n n o t a t i o n   w i l l   b e   u n c h a n g e d .   T h i s   f l a g   i s   u s e f u l   w h e n   y o u   w a n t   t o   p e r f o r m   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   o n   t h i s   o b j e c t   i n   t h e   f u t u r e .   I f   t r u e ,   k e e p   t h e   m a n a g e d F i e l d s   w h e n   p r i n t i n g   o b j e c t s   i n   J S O N   o r   Y A M L   f o r m a t .   P o r t   p a i r s   c a n   b e   s p e c i f i e d   a s   ' < p o r t > : < t a r g e t P o r t > ' .   T e m p l a t e   s t r i n g   o r   p a t h   t o   t e m p l a t e   f i l e   t o   u s e   w h e n   - o = g o - t e m p l a t e ,   - o = g o - t e m p l a t e - f i l e .   T h e   t e m


Question: What is Parent Options Inherited?

Answer: U s e r n a m e   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   U s e r   c o u l d   b e   a   r e g u l a r   u s e r   o r   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e .   G r o u p   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n ,   t h i s   f l a g   c a n   b e   r e p e a t e d   t o   s p e c i f y   m u l t i p l e   g r o u p s .   U I D   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   D e f a u l t   c a c h e   d i r e c t o r y   P a t h   t o   a   c e r t   f i l e   f o r   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   f i l e   f o r   T L S   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   k e y   f i l e   f o r   T L S   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c l u s t e r   t o   u s e   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c o n t e x t   t o   u s e   I f   t r u e ,   o p t - o u t   o f   r e s p o n s e   c o m p r e s s i o n   f o r   a l l   r e q u e s t s   t o   t h e   s e r v e r   I f   t r u e ,   t h e   s e r v e r ' s   c e r t i f i c a t e   w i l l   n o t   b e   c h e c k e d   f o r   v a l i d i t y .   T h i s   w i l l   m a k e   y o u r   H T T P S   c o n n e c t i o n s   i n s e c u r e   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   C L I   r e q u e s t s .   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e r c   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   p r e f e r e n c e s .   T h i s   c a n   b e   d i s a b l e d   b y   e x p o r t i n g   K U B E C T L _ K U B E R C = f a l s e   f e a t u r e   g a t e   o r   t u r n i n g   o f f   t h e   f e a t u r e   K U B E R C = o f f .   R e q u i r e   s e r v e r   v e r s i o n   t o   m a t c h   c l i e n t   v e r s i o n   I f   p r e s e n t ,   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   s c o p e   f o r   t h i s   C L I   r e q u e s t   P a s s w o r d   f o r   b a s i c   a u t h e n t i c a t


Question: What is See Also?

Answer: k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   s e r v i c e   -   C r e a t e   a   s e r v i c e   u s i n g   a   s p e c i f i e d   s u b c o m m a n d   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Compatibility Version For Kubernetes Control Plane Components?

Answer: Compatibility Version For Kubernetes Control Plane ComponentsSince release v1.32, we introduced configurable version compatibility and emulation options to Kubernetes control plane components to make upgrades safer by providing more control and increasing the granularity of steps available to cluster administrators.Emulated VersionThe emulation option is set by the --emulated-version flag of control plane components. It allows the component to emulate the behavior (APIs, features, ...) of an earlier version of Kubernetes.When used, the capabilities available will match the emulated version:Any capabilities present in the binary version that were introduced after the emulation version will be unavailable.Any capabilities removed after the emulation version will be available.This enables a binary from a particular Kubernetes release to emulate the behavior of a previous version with sufficient fidelity that interoperability with other system components can be defined in terms of the emulated version.The --emulated-version must be <= binaryVersion. See the help message of the --emulated-version flag for supported range of emulated versions.