Question: What is Flannel troubleshooting?

Answer: W i t h   F l a n n e l ,   m y   n o d e s   a r e   h a v i n g   i s s u e s   a f t e r   r e j o i n i n g   a   c l u s t e r W h e n e v e r   a   p r e v i o u s l y   d e l e t e d   n o d e   i s   b e i n g   r e - j o i n e d   t o   t h e   c l u s t e r ,   f l a n n e l D   t r i e s   t o   a s s i g n   a   n e w   p o d   s u b n e t   t o   t h e   n o d e .   U s e r s   s h o u l d   r e m o v e   t h e   o l d   p o d   s u b n e t   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e s   i n   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   p a t h s : R e m o v e - I t e m   C : \ k \ S o u r c e V i p . j s o n   R e m o v e - I t e m   C : \ k \ S o u r c e V i p R e q u e s t . j s o n   F l a n n e l d   i s   s t u c k   i n   " W a i t i n g   f o r   t h e   N e t w o r k   t o   b e   c r e a t e d " T h e r e   a r e   n u m e r o u s   r e p o r t s   o f   t h i s   i s s u e ;   m o s t   l i k e l y   i t   i s   a   t i m i n g   i s s u e   f o r   w h e n   t h e   m a n a g e m e n t   I P   o f   t h e   f l a n n e l   n e t w o r k   i s   s e t .   A   w o r k a r o u n d   i s   t o   r e l a u n c h   s t a r t . p s 1   o r   r e l a u n c h   i t   m a n u a l l y   a s   f o l l o w s : [ E n v i r o n m e n t ] : : S e t E n v i r o n m e n t V a r i a b l e ( " N O D E _ N A M E " ,   " < W i n d o w s _ W o r k e r _ H o s t n a m e > " )   C : \ f l a n n e l \ f l a n n e l d . e x e   - - k u b e c o n f i g - f i l e = c : \ k \ c o n f i g   - - i f a c e = < W i n d o w s _ W o r k e r _ N o d e _ I P >   - - i p - m a s q = 1   - - k u b e - s u b n e t - m g r = 1   M y   W i n d o w s   P o d s   c a n n o t   l a u n c h   b e c a u s e   o f   m i s s i n g   / r u n / f l a n n e l / s u b n e t . e n v T h i s   i n d i c a t e s   t h a t   F l a n n e l   d i d n ' t   l a u n c h   c o r r e c t l y .   Y o u   c a n   e i t h e r   t r y   t o   r e s t a r t   f l a n n e l d . e x e   o r   y o u   c a n   c o p y   t h e   f i l


Question: What is Further investigation?

Answer: I f   t h e s e   s t e p s   d o n ' t   r e s o l v e   y o u r   p r o b l e m ,   y o u   c a n   g e t   h e l p   r u n n i n g   W i n d o w s   c o n t a i n e r s   o n   W i n d o w s   n o d e s   i n   K u b e r n e t e s   t h r o u g h :   S t a c k O v e r f l o w   W i n d o w s   S e r v e r   C o n t a i n e r   t o p i c K u b e r n e t e s   O f f i c i a l   F o r u m   d i s c u s s . k u b e r n e t e s . i o K u b e r n e t e s   S l a c k   # S I G - W i n d o w s   C h a n n e l


Question: What is API Overview?

Answer: API OverviewThis section provides reference information for the Kubernetes API.The REST API is the fundamental fabric of Kubernetes. All operations and communications between components, and external user commands are REST API calls that the API Server handles. Consequently, everything in the Kubernetes platform is treated as an API object and has a corresponding entry in the API.The Kubernetes API reference lists the API for Kubernetes version v1.34.For general background information, read The Kubernetes API. Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API describes how clients can authenticate to the Kubernetes API server, and how their requests are authorized.API versioningThe JSON and Protobuf serialization schemas follow the same guidelines for schema changes. The following descriptions cover both formats.The API versioning and software versioning are indirectly related. The API and release versioning proposal describes the relationship between API versioning and software versioning.Different API versions indicate different levels of stability and support. You can find more information about the criteria for each level in the API Changes documentation.Here's a summary of each level:Alpha:The version names contain alpha (for example, v1alpha1).Built-in alpha API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used.The software may contain bugs. Enabling a feature may expose bugs.Support for an alpha API may be dropped at any time without notice.The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.The software is recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters, due to increased risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.Beta:The version names contain beta (for example, v2beta3).Built-in beta API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used (except for beta versions of APIs introduced prior to Kubernetes 1.22, which were enabled by default).Built-in beta API versions have a maximum lifetime of 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from introduction to deprecation, and 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from deprecation to removal.The software is well tested. Enabling a feature is considered safe.The support for a feature will not be dropped, though the details may change.The schema and/or semantics of objects may change in incompatible ways in a subsequent beta or stable API version. When this happens, migration instructions are provided. Adapting to a subsequent beta or stable API version may require editing or re-creating API objects, and may not be straightforward. The migration may require downtime for applications that rely on the feature.The software is not recommended for production uses. Subsequent releases may introduce incompatible changes. Use of beta API versions is required to transition to subsequent beta or stable API versions once the beta API ver


Question: How does API Overview work?

Answer: API OverviewThis section provides reference information for the Kubernetes API.The REST API is the fundamental fabric of Kubernetes. All operations and communications between components, and external user commands are REST API calls that the API Server handles. Consequently, everything in the Kubernetes platform is treated as an API object and has a corresponding entry in the API.The Kubernetes API reference lists the API for Kubernetes version v1.34.For general background information, read The Kubernetes API. Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API describes how clients can authenticate to the Kubernetes API server, and how their requests are authorized.API versioningThe JSON and Protobuf serialization schemas follow the same guidelines for schema changes. The following descriptions cover both formats.The API versioning and software versioning are indirectly related. The API and release versioning proposal describes the relationship between API versioning and software versioning.Different API versions indicate different levels of stability and support. You can find more information about the criteria for each level in the API Changes documentation.Here's a summary of each level:Alpha:The version names contain alpha (for example, v1alpha1).Built-in alpha API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used.The software may contain bugs. Enabling a feature may expose bugs.Support for an alpha API may be dropped at any time without notice.The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.The software is recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters, due to increased risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.Beta:The version names contain beta (for example, v2beta3).Built-in beta API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used (except for beta versions of APIs introduced prior to Kubernetes 1.22, which were enabled by default).Built-in beta API versions have a maximum lifetime of 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from introduction to deprecation, and 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from deprecation to removal.The software is well tested. Enabling a feature is considered safe.The support for a feature will not be dropped, though the details may change.The schema and/or semantics of objects may change in incompatible ways in a subsequent beta or stable API version. When this happens, migration instructions are provided. Adapting to a subsequent beta or stable API version may require editing or re-creating API objects, and may not be straightforward. The migration may require downtime for applications that rely on the feature.The software is not recommended for production uses. Subsequent releases may introduce incompatible changes. Use of beta API versions is required to transition to subsequent beta or stable API versions once the beta API ver


Question: When would you use API Overview?

Answer: API OverviewThis section provides reference information for the Kubernetes API.The REST API is the fundamental fabric of Kubernetes. All operations and communications between components, and external user commands are REST API calls that the API Server handles. Consequently, everything in the Kubernetes platform is treated as an API object and has a corresponding entry in the API.The Kubernetes API reference lists the API for Kubernetes version v1.34.For general background information, read The Kubernetes API. Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API describes how clients can authenticate to the Kubernetes API server, and how their requests are authorized.API versioningThe JSON and Protobuf serialization schemas follow the same guidelines for schema changes. The following descriptions cover both formats.The API versioning and software versioning are indirectly related. The API and release versioning proposal describes the relationship between API versioning and software versioning.Different API versions indicate different levels of stability and support. You can find more information about the criteria for each level in the API Changes documentation.Here's a summary of each level:Alpha:The version names contain alpha (for example, v1alpha1).Built-in alpha API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used.The software may contain bugs. Enabling a feature may expose bugs.Support for an alpha API may be dropped at any time without notice.The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.The software is recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters, due to increased risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.Beta:The version names contain beta (for example, v2beta3).Built-in beta API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used (except for beta versions of APIs introduced prior to Kubernetes 1.22, which were enabled by default).Built-in beta API versions have a maximum lifetime of 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from introduction to deprecation, and 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from deprecation to removal.The software is well tested. Enabling a feature is considered safe.The support for a feature will not be dropped, though the details may change.The schema and/or semantics of objects may change in incompatible ways in a subsequent beta or stable API version. When this happens, migration instructions are provided. Adapting to a subsequent beta or stable API version may require editing or re-creating API objects, and may not be straightforward. The migration may require downtime for applications that rely on the feature.The software is not recommended for production uses. Subsequent releases may introduce incompatible changes. Use of beta API versions is required to transition to subsequent beta or stable API versions once the beta API ver


Question: What are the benefits of API Overview?

Answer: API OverviewThis section provides reference information for the Kubernetes API.The REST API is the fundamental fabric of Kubernetes. All operations and communications between components, and external user commands are REST API calls that the API Server handles. Consequently, everything in the Kubernetes platform is treated as an API object and has a corresponding entry in the API.The Kubernetes API reference lists the API for Kubernetes version v1.34.For general background information, read The Kubernetes API. Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API describes how clients can authenticate to the Kubernetes API server, and how their requests are authorized.API versioningThe JSON and Protobuf serialization schemas follow the same guidelines for schema changes. The following descriptions cover both formats.The API versioning and software versioning are indirectly related. The API and release versioning proposal describes the relationship between API versioning and software versioning.Different API versions indicate different levels of stability and support. You can find more information about the criteria for each level in the API Changes documentation.Here's a summary of each level:Alpha:The version names contain alpha (for example, v1alpha1).Built-in alpha API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used.The software may contain bugs. Enabling a feature may expose bugs.Support for an alpha API may be dropped at any time without notice.The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.The software is recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters, due to increased risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.Beta:The version names contain beta (for example, v2beta3).Built-in beta API versions are disabled by default and must be explicitly enabled in the kube-apiserver configuration to be used (except for beta versions of APIs introduced prior to Kubernetes 1.22, which were enabled by default).Built-in beta API versions have a maximum lifetime of 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from introduction to deprecation, and 9 months or 3 minor releases (whichever is longer) from deprecation to removal.The software is well tested. Enabling a feature is considered safe.The support for a feature will not be dropped, though the details may change.The schema and/or semantics of objects may change in incompatible ways in a subsequent beta or stable API version. When this happens, migration instructions are provided. Adapting to a subsequent beta or stable API version may require editing or re-creating API objects, and may not be straightforward. The migration may require downtime for applications that rely on the feature.The software is not recommended for production uses. Subsequent releases may introduce incompatible changes. Use of beta API versions is required to transition to subsequent beta or stable API versions once the beta API ver


Question: What is API Overview?

Answer: T h i s   s e c t i o n   p r o v i d e s   r e f e r e n c e   i n f o r m a t i o n   f o r   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I .   T h e   R E S T   A P I   i s   t h e   f u n d a m e n t a l   f a b r i c   o f   K u b e r n e t e s .   A l l   o p e r a t i o n s   a n d   c o m m u n i c a t i o n s   b e t w e e n   c o m p o n e n t s ,   a n d   e x t e r n a l   u s e r   c o m m a n d s   a r e   R E S T   A P I   c a l l s   t h a t   t h e   A P I   S e r v e r   h a n d l e s .   C o n s e q u e n t l y ,   e v e r y t h i n g   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a t f o r m   i s   t r e a t e d   a s   a n   A P I   o b j e c t   a n d   h a s   a   c o r r e s p o n d i n g   e n t r y   i n   t h e   A P I .   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   r e f e r e n c e   l i s t s   t h e   A P I   f o r   K u b e r n e t e s   v e r s i o n   v 1 . 3 4 .   F o r   g e n e r a l   b a c k g r o u n d   i n f o r m a t i o n ,   r e a d   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I .   C o n t r o l l i n g   A c c e s s   t o   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   d e s c r i b e s   h o w   c l i e n t s   c a n   a u t h e n t i c a t e   t o   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   s e r v e r ,   a n d   h o w   t h e i r   r e q u e s t s   a r e   a u t h o r i z e d .


Question: What is API versioning?

Answer: T h e   J S O N   a n d   P r o t o b u f   s e r i a l i z a t i o n   s c h e m a s   f o l l o w   t h e   s a m e   g u i d e l i n e s   f o r   s c h e m a   c h a n g e s .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   d e s c r i p t i o n s   c o v e r   b o t h   f o r m a t s .   T h e   A P I   v e r s i o n i n g   a n d   s o f t w a r e   v e r s i o n i n g   a r e   i n d i r e c t l y   r e l a t e d .   T h e   A P I   a n d   r e l e a s e   v e r s i o n i n g   p r o p o s a l   d e s c r i b e s   t h e   r e l a t i o n s h i p   b e t w e e n   A P I   v e r s i o n i n g   a n d   s o f t w a r e   v e r s i o n i n g .   D i f f e r e n t   A P I   v e r s i o n s   i n d i c a t e   d i f f e r e n t   l e v e l s   o f   s t a b i l i t y   a n d   s u p p o r t .   Y o u   c a n   f i n d   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n   a b o u t   t h e   c r i t e r i a   f o r   e a c h   l e v e l   i n   t h e   A P I   C h a n g e s   d o c u m e n t a t i o n .   H e r e ' s   a   s u m m a r y   o f   e a c h   l e v e l :   A l p h a : T h e   v e r s i o n   n a m e s   c o n t a i n   a l p h a   ( f o r   e x a m p l e ,   v 1 a l p h a 1 ) . B u i l t - i n   a l p h a   A P I   v e r s i o n s   a r e   d i s a b l e d   b y   d e f a u l t   a n d   m u s t   b e   e x p l i c i t l y   e n a b l e d   i n   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   t o   b e   u s e d . T h e   s o f t w a r e   m a y   c o n t a i n   b u g s .   E n a b l i n g   a   f e a t u r e   m a y   e x p o s e   b u g s . S u p p o r t   f o r   a n   a l p h a   A P I   m a y   b e   d r o p p e d   a t   a n y   t i m e   w i t h o u t   n o t i c e . T h e   A P I   m a y   c h a n g e   i n   i n c o m p a t i b l e   w a y s   i n   a   l a t e r   s o f t w a r e   r e l e a s e   w i t h o u t   n o t i c e . T h e   s o f t w a r e   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   f o r   u s e   o n l y   i n   s h o r t - l i v e d   t e s t i n g   c l u


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: S t a b l e :   T h e   v e r s i o n   n a m e   i s   v X   w h e r e   X   i s   a n   i n t e g e r . S t a b l e   A P I   v e r s i o n s   r e m a i n   a v a i l a b l e   f o r   a l l   f u t u r e   r e l e a s e s   w i t h i n   a   K u b e r n e t e s   m a j o r   v e r s i o n ,   a n d   t h e r e   a r e   n o   c u r r e n t   p l a n s   f o r   a   m a j o r   v e r s i o n   r e v i s i o n   o f   K u b e r n e t e s   t h a t   r e m o v e s   s t a b l e   A P I s .


Question: What is API groups?

Answer: A P I   g r o u p s   m a k e   i t   e a s i e r   t o   e x t e n d   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I .   T h e   A P I   g r o u p   i s   s p e c i f i e d   i n   a   R E S T   p a t h   a n d   i n   t h e   a p i V e r s i o n   f i e l d   o f   a   s e r i a l i z e d   o b j e c t .   T h e r e   a r e   s e v e r a l   A P I   g r o u p s   i n   K u b e r n e t e s :   T h e   c o r e   ( a l s o   c a l l e d   l e g a c y )   g r o u p   i s   f o u n d   a t   R E S T   p a t h   / a p i / v 1 .   T h e   c o r e   g r o u p   i s   n o t   s p e c i f i e d   a s   p a r t   o f   t h e   a p i V e r s i o n   f i e l d ,   f o r   e x a m p l e ,   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1 . T h e   n a m e d   g r o u p s   a r e   a t   R E S T   p a t h   / a p i s / $ G R O U P _ N A M E / $ V E R S I O N   a n d   u s e   a p i V e r s i o n :   $ G R O U P _ N A M E / $ V E R S I O N   ( f o r   e x a m p l e ,   a p i V e r s i o n :   b a t c h / v 1 ) .   Y o u   c a n   f i n d   t h e   f u l l   l i s t   o f   s u p p o r t e d   A P I   g r o u p s   i n   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   r e f e r e n c e .


Question: What is Enabling or disabling API groups?

Answer: C e r t a i n   r e s o u r c e s   a n d   A P I   g r o u p s   a r e   e n a b l e d   b y   d e f a u l t .   Y o u   c a n   e n a b l e   o r   d i s a b l e   t h e m   b y   s e t t i n g   - - r u n t i m e - c o n f i g   o n   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r .   T h e   - - r u n t i m e - c o n f i g   f l a g   a c c e p t s   c o m m a   s e p a r a t e d   < k e y > [ = < v a l u e > ]   p a i r s   d e s c r i b i n g   t h e   r u n t i m e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   o f   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r .   I f   t h e   = < v a l u e >   p a r t   i s   o m i t t e d ,   i t   i s   t r e a t e d   a s   i f   = t r u e   i s   s p e c i f i e d .   F o r   e x a m p l e :   t o   d i s a b l e   b a t c h / v 1 ,   s e t   - - r u n t i m e - c o n f i g = b a t c h / v 1 = f a l s e t o   e n a b l e   b a t c h / v 2 a l p h a 1 ,   s e t   - - r u n t i m e - c o n f i g = b a t c h / v 2 a l p h a 1 t o   e n a b l e   a   s p e c i f i c   v e r s i o n   o f   a n   A P I ,   s u c h   a s   s t o r a g e . k 8 s . i o / v 1 b e t a 1 / c s i s t o r a g e c a p a c i t i e s ,   s e t   - - r u n t i m e - c o n f i g = s t o r a g e . k 8 s . i o / v 1 b e t a 1 / c s i s t o r a g e c a p a c i t i e s


Question: What is Persistence?

Answer: K u b e r n e t e s   s t o r e s   i t s   s e r i a l i z e d   s t a t e   i n   t e r m s   o f   t h e   A P I   r e s o u r c e s   b y   w r i t i n g   t h e m   i n t o   e t c d .


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: L e a r n   m o r e   a b o u t   A P I   c o n v e n t i o n s R e a d   t h e   d e s i g n   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   f o r   a g g r e g a t o r L e a r n   a b o u t   D e c l a r a t i v e   A P I   V a l i d a t i o n .


Question: What is Using RBAC Authorization?

Answer: Using RBAC AuthorizationRole-based access control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to computer or network resources based on the roles of individual users within your organization.RBAC authorization uses the rbac.authorization.k8s.io API group to drive authorization decisions, allowing you to dynamically configure policies through the Kubernetes API.To enable RBAC, start the API server with the --authorization-config flag set to a file that includes the RBAC authorizer; for example:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: AuthorizationConfiguration authorizers: ... - type: RBAC ... Or, start the API server with the --authorization-mode flag set to a comma-separated list that includes RBAC; for example:kube-apiserver --authorization-mode=...,RBAC --other-options --more-options API objectsThe RBAC API declares four kinds of Kubernetes object: Role, ClusterRole, RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding. You can describe or amend the RBAC objects using tools such as kubectl, just like any other Kubernetes object.Caution:These objects, by design, impose access restrictions. If you are making changes to a cluster as you learn, see privilege escalation prevention and bootstrapping to understand how those restrictions can prevent you making some changes.Role and ClusterRoleAn RBAC Role or ClusterRole contains rules that represent a set of permissions. Permissions are purely additive (there are no "deny" rules).A Role always sets permissions within a particular namespace; when you create a Role, you have to specify the namespace it belongs in.ClusterRole, by contrast, is a non-namespaced resource. The resources have different names (Role and ClusterRole) because a Kubernetes object always has to be either namespaced or not namespaced; it can't be both.ClusterRoles have several uses. You can use a ClusterRole to:define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access within individual namespace(s)define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access across all namespacesdefine permissions on cluster-scoped resourcesIf you want to define a role within a namespace, use a Role; if you want to define a role cluster-wide, use a ClusterRole.Role exampleHere's an example Role in the "default" namespace that can be used to grant read access to pods:access/simple-role.yaml apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: namespace: default name: pod-reader rules: - apiGroups: [""] # "" indicates the core API group resources: ["pods"] verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"] ClusterRole exampleA ClusterRole can be used to grant the same permissions as a Role. Because ClusterRoles are cluster-scoped, you can also use them to grant access to:cluster-scoped resources (like nodes)non-resource endpoints (like /healthz)namespaced resources (like Pods), across all namespacesFor example: you can use a ClusterRole to allow a particular user to run kubectl get pods --all-namespacesHere is an example of a ClusterRole that can be used to grant read


Question: How does Using RBAC Authorization work?

Answer: Using RBAC AuthorizationRole-based access control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to computer or network resources based on the roles of individual users within your organization.RBAC authorization uses the rbac.authorization.k8s.io API group to drive authorization decisions, allowing you to dynamically configure policies through the Kubernetes API.To enable RBAC, start the API server with the --authorization-config flag set to a file that includes the RBAC authorizer; for example:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: AuthorizationConfiguration authorizers: ... - type: RBAC ... Or, start the API server with the --authorization-mode flag set to a comma-separated list that includes RBAC; for example:kube-apiserver --authorization-mode=...,RBAC --other-options --more-options API objectsThe RBAC API declares four kinds of Kubernetes object: Role, ClusterRole, RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding. You can describe or amend the RBAC objects using tools such as kubectl, just like any other Kubernetes object.Caution:These objects, by design, impose access restrictions. If you are making changes to a cluster as you learn, see privilege escalation prevention and bootstrapping to understand how those restrictions can prevent you making some changes.Role and ClusterRoleAn RBAC Role or ClusterRole contains rules that represent a set of permissions. Permissions are purely additive (there are no "deny" rules).A Role always sets permissions within a particular namespace; when you create a Role, you have to specify the namespace it belongs in.ClusterRole, by contrast, is a non-namespaced resource. The resources have different names (Role and ClusterRole) because a Kubernetes object always has to be either namespaced or not namespaced; it can't be both.ClusterRoles have several uses. You can use a ClusterRole to:define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access within individual namespace(s)define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access across all namespacesdefine permissions on cluster-scoped resourcesIf you want to define a role within a namespace, use a Role; if you want to define a role cluster-wide, use a ClusterRole.Role exampleHere's an example Role in the "default" namespace that can be used to grant read access to pods:access/simple-role.yaml apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: namespace: default name: pod-reader rules: - apiGroups: [""] # "" indicates the core API group resources: ["pods"] verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"] ClusterRole exampleA ClusterRole can be used to grant the same permissions as a Role. Because ClusterRoles are cluster-scoped, you can also use them to grant access to:cluster-scoped resources (like nodes)non-resource endpoints (like /healthz)namespaced resources (like Pods), across all namespacesFor example: you can use a ClusterRole to allow a particular user to run kubectl get pods --all-namespacesHere is an example of a ClusterRole that can be used to grant read


Question: When would you use Using RBAC Authorization?

Answer: Using RBAC AuthorizationRole-based access control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to computer or network resources based on the roles of individual users within your organization.RBAC authorization uses the rbac.authorization.k8s.io API group to drive authorization decisions, allowing you to dynamically configure policies through the Kubernetes API.To enable RBAC, start the API server with the --authorization-config flag set to a file that includes the RBAC authorizer; for example:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: AuthorizationConfiguration authorizers: ... - type: RBAC ... Or, start the API server with the --authorization-mode flag set to a comma-separated list that includes RBAC; for example:kube-apiserver --authorization-mode=...,RBAC --other-options --more-options API objectsThe RBAC API declares four kinds of Kubernetes object: Role, ClusterRole, RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding. You can describe or amend the RBAC objects using tools such as kubectl, just like any other Kubernetes object.Caution:These objects, by design, impose access restrictions. If you are making changes to a cluster as you learn, see privilege escalation prevention and bootstrapping to understand how those restrictions can prevent you making some changes.Role and ClusterRoleAn RBAC Role or ClusterRole contains rules that represent a set of permissions. Permissions are purely additive (there are no "deny" rules).A Role always sets permissions within a particular namespace; when you create a Role, you have to specify the namespace it belongs in.ClusterRole, by contrast, is a non-namespaced resource. The resources have different names (Role and ClusterRole) because a Kubernetes object always has to be either namespaced or not namespaced; it can't be both.ClusterRoles have several uses. You can use a ClusterRole to:define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access within individual namespace(s)define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access across all namespacesdefine permissions on cluster-scoped resourcesIf you want to define a role within a namespace, use a Role; if you want to define a role cluster-wide, use a ClusterRole.Role exampleHere's an example Role in the "default" namespace that can be used to grant read access to pods:access/simple-role.yaml apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: namespace: default name: pod-reader rules: - apiGroups: [""] # "" indicates the core API group resources: ["pods"] verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"] ClusterRole exampleA ClusterRole can be used to grant the same permissions as a Role. Because ClusterRoles are cluster-scoped, you can also use them to grant access to:cluster-scoped resources (like nodes)non-resource endpoints (like /healthz)namespaced resources (like Pods), across all namespacesFor example: you can use a ClusterRole to allow a particular user to run kubectl get pods --all-namespacesHere is an example of a ClusterRole that can be used to grant read


Question: What are the benefits of Using RBAC Authorization?

Answer: Using RBAC AuthorizationRole-based access control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to computer or network resources based on the roles of individual users within your organization.RBAC authorization uses the rbac.authorization.k8s.io API group to drive authorization decisions, allowing you to dynamically configure policies through the Kubernetes API.To enable RBAC, start the API server with the --authorization-config flag set to a file that includes the RBAC authorizer; for example:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: AuthorizationConfiguration authorizers: ... - type: RBAC ... Or, start the API server with the --authorization-mode flag set to a comma-separated list that includes RBAC; for example:kube-apiserver --authorization-mode=...,RBAC --other-options --more-options API objectsThe RBAC API declares four kinds of Kubernetes object: Role, ClusterRole, RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding. You can describe or amend the RBAC objects using tools such as kubectl, just like any other Kubernetes object.Caution:These objects, by design, impose access restrictions. If you are making changes to a cluster as you learn, see privilege escalation prevention and bootstrapping to understand how those restrictions can prevent you making some changes.Role and ClusterRoleAn RBAC Role or ClusterRole contains rules that represent a set of permissions. Permissions are purely additive (there are no "deny" rules).A Role always sets permissions within a particular namespace; when you create a Role, you have to specify the namespace it belongs in.ClusterRole, by contrast, is a non-namespaced resource. The resources have different names (Role and ClusterRole) because a Kubernetes object always has to be either namespaced or not namespaced; it can't be both.ClusterRoles have several uses. You can use a ClusterRole to:define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access within individual namespace(s)define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted access across all namespacesdefine permissions on cluster-scoped resourcesIf you want to define a role within a namespace, use a Role; if you want to define a role cluster-wide, use a ClusterRole.Role exampleHere's an example Role in the "default" namespace that can be used to grant read access to pods:access/simple-role.yaml apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata: namespace: default name: pod-reader rules: - apiGroups: [""] # "" indicates the core API group resources: ["pods"] verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"] ClusterRole exampleA ClusterRole can be used to grant the same permissions as a Role. Because ClusterRoles are cluster-scoped, you can also use them to grant access to:cluster-scoped resources (like nodes)non-resource endpoints (like /healthz)namespaced resources (like Pods), across all namespacesFor example: you can use a ClusterRole to allow a particular user to run kubectl get pods --all-namespacesHere is an example of a ClusterRole that can be used to grant read


Question: What is Using RBAC Authorization?

Answer: R o l e - b a s e d   a c c e s s   c o n t r o l   ( R B A C )   i s   a   m e t h o d   o f   r e g u l a t i n g   a c c e s s   t o   c o m p u t e r   o r   n e t w o r k   r e s o u r c e s   b a s e d   o n   t h e   r o l e s   o f   i n d i v i d u a l   u s e r s   w i t h i n   y o u r   o r g a n i z a t i o n .   R B A C   a u t h o r i z a t i o n   u s e s   t h e   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   A P I   g r o u p   t o   d r i v e   a u t h o r i z a t i o n   d e c i s i o n s ,   a l l o w i n g   y o u   t o   d y n a m i c a l l y   c o n f i g u r e   p o l i c i e s   t h r o u g h   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I .   T o   e n a b l e   R B A C ,   s t a r t   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   w i t h   t h e   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - c o n f i g   f l a g   s e t   t o   a   f i l e   t h a t   i n c l u d e s   t h e   R B A C   a u t h o r i z e r ;   f o r   e x a m p l e :   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p i s e r v e r . c o n f i g . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   A u t h o r i z a t i o n C o n f i g u r a t i o n   a u t h o r i z e r s :   . . .   -   t y p e :   R B A C   . . .   O r ,   s t a r t   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   w i t h   t h e   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - m o d e   f l a g   s e t   t o   a   c o m m a - s e p a r a t e d   l i s t   t h a t   i n c l u d e s   R B A C ;   f o r   e x a m p l e :   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - m o d e = . . . , R B A C   - - o t h e r - o p t i o n s   - - m o r e - o p t i o n s


Question: What is API objects?

Answer: T h e   R B A C   A P I   d e c l a r e s   f o u r   k i n d s   o f   K u b e r n e t e s   o b j e c t :   R o l e ,   C l u s t e r R o l e ,   R o l e B i n d i n g   a n d   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g .   Y o u   c a n   d e s c r i b e   o r   a m e n d   t h e   R B A C   o b j e c t s   u s i n g   t o o l s   s u c h   a s   k u b e c t l ,   j u s t   l i k e   a n y   o t h e r   K u b e r n e t e s   o b j e c t .


Question: What is Role and ClusterRole?

Answer: A n   R B A C   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   c o n t a i n s   r u l e s   t h a t   r e p r e s e n t   a   s e t   o f   p e r m i s s i o n s .   P e r m i s s i o n s   a r e   p u r e l y   a d d i t i v e   ( t h e r e   a r e   n o   " d e n y "   r u l e s ) .   A   R o l e   a l w a y s   s e t s   p e r m i s s i o n s   w i t h i n   a   p a r t i c u l a r   n a m e s p a c e ;   w h e n   y o u   c r e a t e   a   R o l e ,   y o u   h a v e   t o   s p e c i f y   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   i t   b e l o n g s   i n .   C l u s t e r R o l e ,   b y   c o n t r a s t ,   i s   a   n o n - n a m e s p a c e d   r e s o u r c e .   T h e   r e s o u r c e s   h a v e   d i f f e r e n t   n a m e s   ( R o l e   a n d   C l u s t e r R o l e )   b e c a u s e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   o b j e c t   a l w a y s   h a s   t o   b e   e i t h e r   n a m e s p a c e d   o r   n o t   n a m e s p a c e d ;   i t   c a n ' t   b e   b o t h .   C l u s t e r R o l e s   h a v e   s e v e r a l   u s e s .   Y o u   c a n   u s e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o :   d e f i n e   p e r m i s s i o n s   o n   n a m e s p a c e d   r e s o u r c e s   a n d   b e   g r a n t e d   a c c e s s   w i t h i n   i n d i v i d u a l   n a m e s p a c e ( s ) d e f i n e   p e r m i s s i o n s   o n   n a m e s p a c e d   r e s o u r c e s   a n d   b e   g r a n t e d   a c c e s s   a c r o s s   a l l   n a m e s p a c e s d e f i n e   p e r m i s s i o n s   o n   c l u s t e r - s c o p e d   r e s o u r c e s   I f   y o u   w a n t   t o   d e f i n e   a   r o l e   w i t h i n   a   n a m e s p a c e ,   u s e   a   R o l e ;   i f   y o u   w a n t   t o   d e f i n e   a   r o l e   c l u s t e r - w i d e ,   u s e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e .


Question: What is Role example?

Answer: H e r e ' s   a n   e x a m p l e   R o l e   i n   t h e   " d e f a u l t "   n a m e s p a c e   t h a t   c a n   b e   u s e d   t o   g r a n t   r e a d   a c c e s s   t o   p o d s :   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   R o l e   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e s p a c e :   d e f a u l t   n a m e :   p o d - r e a d e r   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " " ]   #   " "   i n d i c a t e s   t h e   c o r e   A P I   g r o u p   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " p o d s " ]   v e r b s :   [ " g e t " ,   " w a t c h " ,   " l i s t " ]


Question: What is ClusterRole example?

Answer: A   C l u s t e r R o l e   c a n   b e   u s e d   t o   g r a n t   t h e   s a m e   p e r m i s s i o n s   a s   a   R o l e .   B e c a u s e   C l u s t e r R o l e s   a r e   c l u s t e r - s c o p e d ,   y o u   c a n   a l s o   u s e   t h e m   t o   g r a n t   a c c e s s   t o :   c l u s t e r - s c o p e d   r e s o u r c e s   ( l i k e   n o d e s ) n o n - r e s o u r c e   e n d p o i n t s   ( l i k e   / h e a l t h z ) n a m e s p a c e d   r e s o u r c e s   ( l i k e   P o d s ) ,   a c r o s s   a l l   n a m e s p a c e s F o r   e x a m p l e :   y o u   c a n   u s e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a l l o w   a   p a r t i c u l a r   u s e r   t o   r u n   k u b e c t l   g e t   p o d s   - - a l l - n a m e s p a c e s   c l u s t e r - s c o p e d   r e s o u r c e s   ( l i k e   n o d e s )   n o n - r e s o u r c e   e n d p o i n t s   ( l i k e   / h e a l t h z )   n a m e s p a c e d   r e s o u r c e s   ( l i k e   P o d s ) ,   a c r o s s   a l l   n a m e s p a c e s   F o r   e x a m p l e :   y o u   c a n   u s e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a l l o w   a   p a r t i c u l a r   u s e r   t o   r u n   k u b e c t l   g e t   p o d s   - - a l l - n a m e s p a c e s   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   t h a t   c a n   b e   u s e d   t o   g r a n t   r e a d   a c c e s s   t o   s e c r e t s   i n   a n y   p a r t i c u l a r   n a m e s p a c e ,   o r   a c r o s s   a l l   n a m e s p a c e s   ( d e p e n d i n g   o n   h o w   i t   i s   b o u n d ) :   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   C l u s t e r R o l e   m e t a d a t a :   #   " n a m e s p a c e "   o m i t t e d   s i n c e   C l u s t e r R o l e s   a r e   n o t   n a m e s p a c e d   n a m e :   s e c r e t - r e a d e r   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " " ]   #   #   a t   t h e   H T T P   l e v e l ,   t h e   n


Question: What is RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding?

Answer: A   r o l e   b i n d i n g   g r a n t s   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   d e f i n e d   i n   a   r o l e   t o   a   u s e r   o r   s e t   o f   u s e r s .   I t   h o l d s   a   l i s t   o f   s u b j e c t s   ( u s e r s ,   g r o u p s ,   o r   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s ) ,   a n d   a   r e f e r e n c e   t o   t h e   r o l e   b e i n g   g r a n t e d .   A   R o l e B i n d i n g   g r a n t s   p e r m i s s i o n s   w i t h i n   a   s p e c i f i c   n a m e s p a c e   w h e r e a s   a   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   g r a n t s   t h a t   a c c e s s   c l u s t e r - w i d e .   A   R o l e B i n d i n g   m a y   r e f e r e n c e   a n y   R o l e   i n   t h e   s a m e   n a m e s p a c e .   A l t e r n a t i v e l y ,   a   R o l e B i n d i n g   c a n   r e f e r e n c e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   a n d   b i n d   t h a t   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   o f   t h e   R o l e B i n d i n g .   I f   y o u   w a n t   t o   b i n d   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a l l   t h e   n a m e s p a c e s   i n   y o u r   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   u s e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g .   T h e   n a m e   o f   a   R o l e B i n d i n g   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   o b j e c t   m u s t   b e   a   v a l i d   p a t h   s e g m e n t   n a m e .


Question: What is RoleBinding examples?

Answer: H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a   R o l e B i n d i n g   t h a t   g r a n t s   t h e   " p o d - r e a d e r "   R o l e   t o   t h e   u s e r   " j a n e "   w i t h i n   t h e   " d e f a u l t "   n a m e s p a c e .   T h i s   a l l o w s   " j a n e "   t o   r e a d   p o d s   i n   t h e   " d e f a u l t "   n a m e s p a c e .   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   #   T h i s   r o l e   b i n d i n g   a l l o w s   " j a n e "   t o   r e a d   p o d s   i n   t h e   " d e f a u l t "   n a m e s p a c e .   #   Y o u   n e e d   t o   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   R o l e   n a m e d   " p o d - r e a d e r "   i n   t h a t   n a m e s p a c e .   k i n d :   R o l e B i n d i n g   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   r e a d - p o d s   n a m e s p a c e :   d e f a u l t   s u b j e c t s :   #   Y o u   c a n   s p e c i f y   m o r e   t h a n   o n e   " s u b j e c t "   -   k i n d :   U s e r   n a m e :   j a n e   #   " n a m e "   i s   c a s e   s e n s i t i v e   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   r o l e R e f :   #   " r o l e R e f "   s p e c i f i e s   t h e   b i n d i n g   t o   a   R o l e   /   C l u s t e r R o l e   k i n d :   R o l e   # t h i s   m u s t   b e   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e :   p o d - r e a d e r   #   t h i s   m u s t   m a t c h   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   y o u   w i s h   t o   b i n d   t o   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   A   R o l e B i n d i n g   c a n   a l s o   r e f e r e n c e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   d e f i n e d   i n   t h a t   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   r e s o u r c e s   i n s i d e   t h e   R o l e B i n d i n g ' s   n a m e s p a c e .   T h i s   k i n d   o f   r e f e r e n c e   l e t s   y o u   d e f i n e   a


Question: What is ClusterRoleBinding example?

Answer: T o   g r a n t   p e r m i s s i o n s   a c r o s s   a   w h o l e   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   u s e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   a l l o w s   a n y   u s e r   i n   t h e   g r o u p   " m a n a g e r "   t o   r e a d   s e c r e t s   i n   a n y   n a m e s p a c e .   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   #   T h i s   c l u s t e r   r o l e   b i n d i n g   a l l o w s   a n y o n e   i n   t h e   " m a n a g e r "   g r o u p   t o   r e a d   s e c r e t s   i n   a n y   n a m e s p a c e .   k i n d :   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   r e a d - s e c r e t s - g l o b a l   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   G r o u p   n a m e :   m a n a g e r   #   N a m e   i s   c a s e   s e n s i t i v e   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   r o l e R e f :   k i n d :   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e :   s e c r e t - r e a d e r   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   A f t e r   y o u   c r e a t e   a   b i n d i n g ,   y o u   c a n n o t   c h a n g e   t h e   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   t h a t   i t   r e f e r s   t o .   I f   y o u   t r y   t o   c h a n g e   a   b i n d i n g ' s   r o l e R e f ,   y o u   g e t   a   v a l i d a t i o n   e r r o r .   I f   y o u   d o   w a n t   t o   c h a n g e   t h e   r o l e R e f   f o r   a   b i n d i n g ,   y o u   n e e d   t o   r e m o v e   t h e   b i n d i n g   o b j e c t   a n d   c r e a t e   a   r e p l a c e m e n t .   T h e r e   a r e   t w o   r e a s o n s   f o r   t h i s   r e s t r i c t i o n :   M a k i n g   r o l e R e f   i m m u t a b l e   a l l o w s   g r a n t i n g   s o m e o n e   u p d a t e   p e r m i s s i o n   o n   a n   e x i s t i n g   b i n d i n g   o b j e c t ,   s o   t h a t   t h e y   c a


Question: What is Referring to resources?

Answer: I n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I ,   m o s t   r e s o u r c e s   a r e   r e p r e s e n t e d   a n d   a c c e s s e d   u s i n g   a   s t r i n g   r e p r e s e n t a t i o n   o f   t h e i r   o b j e c t   n a m e ,   s u c h   a s   p o d s   f o r   a   P o d .   R B A C   r e f e r s   t o   r e s o u r c e s   u s i n g   e x a c t l y   t h e   s a m e   n a m e   t h a t   a p p e a r s   i n   t h e   U R L   f o r   t h e   r e l e v a n t   A P I   e n d p o i n t .   S o m e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I s   i n v o l v e   a   s u b r e s o u r c e ,   s u c h   a s   t h e   l o g s   f o r   a   P o d .   A   r e q u e s t   f o r   a   P o d ' s   l o g s   l o o k s   l i k e :   G E T   / a p i / v 1 / n a m e s p a c e s / { n a m e s p a c e } / p o d s / { n a m e } / l o g   I n   t h i s   c a s e ,   p o d s   i s   t h e   n a m e s p a c e d   r e s o u r c e   f o r   P o d   r e s o u r c e s ,   a n d   l o g   i s   a   s u b r e s o u r c e   o f   p o d s .   T o   r e p r e s e n t   t h i s   i n   a n   R B A C   r o l e ,   u s e   a   s l a s h   ( / )   t o   d e l i m i t   t h e   r e s o u r c e   a n d   s u b r e s o u r c e .   T o   a l l o w   a   s u b j e c t   t o   r e a d   p o d s   a n d   a l s o   a c c e s s   t h e   l o g   s u b r e s o u r c e   f o r   e a c h   o f   t h o s e   P o d s ,   y o u   w r i t e :   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   R o l e   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e s p a c e :   d e f a u l t   n a m e :   p o d - a n d - p o d - l o g s - r e a d e r   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " " ]   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " p o d s " ,   " p o d s / l o g " ]   v e r b s :   [ " g e t " ,   " l i s t " ]   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   r e f e r   t o   r e s o u r c e s   b y   n a m e   f o r   c e r t a i n   r e q u e s t s   t h r o u g h   t h e   r e s o u r c e N a m e s   l i s t .   W h e n   s p e c


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: R a t h e r   t h a n   r e f e r r i n g   t o   i n d i v i d u a l   r e s o u r c e s ,   a p i G r o u p s ,   a n d   v e r b s ,   y o u   c a n   u s e   t h e   w i l d c a r d   *   s y m b o l   t o   r e f e r   t o   a l l   s u c h   o b j e c t s .   F o r   n o n R e s o u r c e U R L s ,   y o u   c a n   u s e   t h e   w i l d c a r d   *   a s   a   s u f f i x   g l o b   m a t c h .   F o r   r e s o u r c e N a m e s ,   a n   e m p t y   s e t   m e a n s   t h a t   e v e r y t h i n g   i s   a l l o w e d .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   t h a t   a l l o w s   a c c e s s   t o   p e r f o r m   a n y   c u r r e n t   a n d   f u t u r e   a c t i o n   o n   a l l   c u r r e n t   a n d   f u t u r e   r e s o u r c e s   i n   t h e   e x a m p l e . c o m   A P I   g r o u p .   T h i s   i s   s i m i l a r   t o   t h e   b u i l t - i n   c l u s t e r - a d m i n   r o l e .   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   R o l e   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e s p a c e :   d e f a u l t   n a m e :   e x a m p l e . c o m - s u p e r u s e r   #   D O   N O T   U S E   T H I S   R O L E ,   I T   I S   J U S T   A N   E X A M P L E   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " e x a m p l e . c o m " ]   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " * " ]   v e r b s :   [ " * " ]


Question: What is Aggregated ClusterRoles?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   a g g r e g a t e   s e v e r a l   C l u s t e r R o l e s   i n t o   o n e   c o m b i n e d   C l u s t e r R o l e .   A   c o n t r o l l e r ,   r u n n i n g   a s   p a r t   o f   t h e   c l u s t e r   c o n t r o l   p l a n e ,   w a t c h e s   f o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   o b j e c t s   w i t h   a n   a g g r e g a t i o n R u l e   s e t .   T h e   a g g r e g a t i o n R u l e   d e f i n e s   a   l a b e l   s e l e c t o r   t h a t   t h e   c o n t r o l l e r   u s e s   t o   m a t c h   o t h e r   C l u s t e r R o l e   o b j e c t s   t h a t   s h o u l d   b e   c o m b i n e d   i n t o   t h e   r u l e s   f i e l d   o f   t h i s   o n e .


Question: What is Caution:?

Answer: H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   a g g r e g a t e d   C l u s t e r R o l e :   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   C l u s t e r R o l e   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m o n i t o r i n g   a g g r e g a t i o n R u l e :   c l u s t e r R o l e S e l e c t o r s :   -   m a t c h L a b e l s :   r b a c . e x a m p l e . c o m / a g g r e g a t e - t o - m o n i t o r i n g :   " t r u e "   r u l e s :   [ ]   #   T h e   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   f i l l s   i n   t h e   r u l e s   I f   y o u   c r e a t e   a   n e w   C l u s t e r R o l e   t h a t   m a t c h e s   t h e   l a b e l   s e l e c t o r   o f   a n   e x i s t i n g   a g g r e g a t e d   C l u s t e r R o l e ,   t h a t   c h a n g e   t r i g g e r s   a d d i n g   t h e   n e w   r u l e s   i n t o   t h e   a g g r e g a t e d   C l u s t e r R o l e .   H e r e   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   t h a t   a d d s   r u l e s   t o   t h e   " m o n i t o r i n g "   C l u s t e r R o l e ,   b y   c r e a t i n g   a n o t h e r   C l u s t e r R o l e   l a b e l e d   r b a c . e x a m p l e . c o m / a g g r e g a t e - t o - m o n i t o r i n g :   t r u e .   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   C l u s t e r R o l e   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   m o n i t o r i n g - e n d p o i n t s   l a b e l s :   r b a c . e x a m p l e . c o m / a g g r e g a t e - t o - m o n i t o r i n g :   " t r u e "   #   W h e n   y o u   c r e a t e   t h e   " m o n i t o r i n g - e n d p o i n t s "   C l u s t e r R o l e ,   #   t h e   r u l e s   b e l o w   w i l l   b e   a d d e d   t o   t h e   " m o n i t o r i n g "   C l u s t e r R o l e .   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " " ]   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " s e r v i c e s " ,   " e n d p o i n t s l i c e s " ,   " p o d s " ]   v e r b s :   [ " g e t " ,   " l i s t


Question: What is Role examples?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   e x a m p l e s   a r e   e x c e r p t s   f r o m   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   o b j e c t s ,   s h o w i n g   o n l y   t h e   r u l e s   s e c t i o n .   A l l o w   r e a d i n g   " p o d s "   r e s o u r c e s   i n   t h e   c o r e   A P I   G r o u p :   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " " ]   #   #   a t   t h e   H T T P   l e v e l ,   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   r e s o u r c e   f o r   a c c e s s i n g   P o d   #   o b j e c t s   i s   " p o d s "   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " p o d s " ]   v e r b s :   [ " g e t " ,   " l i s t " ,   " w a t c h " ]   A l l o w   r e a d i n g / w r i t i n g   D e p l o y m e n t s   ( a t   t h e   H T T P   l e v e l :   o b j e c t s   w i t h   " d e p l o y m e n t s "   i n   t h e   r e s o u r c e   p a r t   o f   t h e i r   U R L )   i n   t h e   " a p p s "   A P I   g r o u p s :   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " a p p s " ]   #   #   a t   t h e   H T T P   l e v e l ,   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   r e s o u r c e   f o r   a c c e s s i n g   D e p l o y m e n t   #   o b j e c t s   i s   " d e p l o y m e n t s "   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " d e p l o y m e n t s " ]   v e r b s :   [ " g e t " ,   " l i s t " ,   " w a t c h " ,   " c r e a t e " ,   " u p d a t e " ,   " p a t c h " ,   " d e l e t e " ]   A l l o w   r e a d i n g   P o d s   i n   t h e   c o r e   A P I   g r o u p ,   a s   w e l l   a s   r e a d i n g   o r   w r i t i n g   J o b   r e s o u r c e s   i n   t h e   " b a t c h "   A P I   g r o u p :   r u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " " ]   #   #   a t   t h e   H T T P   l e v e l ,   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   r e s o u r c e   f o r   a c c e s s i n g   P o d   #   o b j e c t s   i s   " p o d s "   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " p o d s " ]   v e r b s :   [ " g e t " ,   " l i s t " ,   " w a t c h " ]   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " b a t c h " ]   #   #   a t   t h e   H T T


Question: What is Referring to subjects?

Answer: A   R o l e B i n d i n g   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   b i n d s   a   r o l e   t o   s u b j e c t s .   S u b j e c t s   c a n   b e   g r o u p s ,   u s e r s   o r   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t s .   K u b e r n e t e s   r e p r e s e n t s   u s e r n a m e s   a s   s t r i n g s .   T h e s e   c a n   b e :   p l a i n   n a m e s ,   s u c h   a s   " a l i c e " ;   e m a i l - s t y l e   n a m e s ,   l i k e   " b o b @ e x a m p l e . c o m " ;   o r   n u m e r i c   u s e r   I D s   r e p r e s e n t e d   a s   a   s t r i n g .   I t   i s   u p   t o   y o u   a s   a   c l u s t e r   a d m i n i s t r a t o r   t o   c o n f i g u r e   t h e   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   m o d u l e s   s o   t h a t   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   p r o d u c e s   u s e r n a m e s   i n   t h e   f o r m a t   y o u   w a n t .


Question: What is Caution:?

Answer: I n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   A u t h e n t i c a t o r   m o d u l e s   p r o v i d e   g r o u p   i n f o r m a t i o n .   G r o u p s ,   l i k e   u s e r s ,   a r e   r e p r e s e n t e d   a s   s t r i n g s ,   a n d   t h a t   s t r i n g   h a s   n o   f o r m a t   r e q u i r e m e n t s ,   o t h e r   t h a n   t h a t   t h e   p r e f i x   s y s t e m :   i s   r e s e r v e d .   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t s   h a v e   n a m e s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t : ,   a n d   b e l o n g   t o   g r o u p s   t h a t   h a v e   n a m e s   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s : .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t :   ( s i n g u l a r )   i s   t h e   p r e f i x   f o r   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   u s e r n a m e s . s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s :   ( p l u r a l )   i s   t h e   p r e f i x   f o r   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   g r o u p s .


Question: What is RoleBinding examples?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   e x a m p l e s   a r e   R o l e B i n d i n g   e x c e r p t s   t h a t   o n l y   s h o w   t h e   s u b j e c t s   s e c t i o n .   F o r   a   u s e r   n a m e d   a l i c e @ e x a m p l e . c o m :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   U s e r   n a m e :   " a l i c e @ e x a m p l e . c o m "   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   F o r   a   g r o u p   n a m e d   f r o n t e n d - a d m i n s :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   G r o u p   n a m e :   " f r o n t e n d - a d m i n s "   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   F o r   t h e   d e f a u l t   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   t h e   " k u b e - s y s t e m "   n a m e s p a c e :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t   n a m e :   d e f a u l t   n a m e s p a c e :   k u b e - s y s t e m   F o r   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   i n   t h e   " q a "   n a m e s p a c e :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   G r o u p   n a m e :   s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s : q a   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   F o r   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   i n   a n y   n a m e s p a c e :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   G r o u p   n a m e :   s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   F o r   a l l   a u t h e n t i c a t e d   u s e r s :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   G r o u p   n a m e :   s y s t e m : a u t h e n t i c a t e d   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   F o r   a l l   u n a u t h e n t i c a t e d   u s e r s :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :   G r o u p   n a m e :   s y s t e m : u n a u t h e n t i c a t e d   a p i G r o u p :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   F o r   a l l   u s e r s :   s u b j e c t s :   -   k i n d :


Question: What is Default roles and role bindings?

Answer: A P I   s e r v e r s   c r e a t e   a   s e t   o f   d e f a u l t   C l u s t e r R o l e   a n d   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   o b j e c t s .   M a n y   o f   t h e s e   a r e   s y s t e m :   p r e f i x e d ,   w h i c h   i n d i c a t e s   t h a t   t h e   r e s o u r c e   i s   d i r e c t l y   m a n a g e d   b y   t h e   c l u s t e r   c o n t r o l   p l a n e .   A l l   o f   t h e   d e f a u l t   C l u s t e r R o l e s   a n d   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g s   a r e   l a b e l e d   w i t h   k u b e r n e t e s . i o / b o o t s t r a p p i n g = r b a c - d e f a u l t s .


Question: What is Auto-reconciliation?

Answer: A t   e a c h   s t a r t - u p ,   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   u p d a t e s   d e f a u l t   c l u s t e r   r o l e s   w i t h   a n y   m i s s i n g   p e r m i s s i o n s ,   a n d   u p d a t e s   d e f a u l t   c l u s t e r   r o l e   b i n d i n g s   w i t h   a n y   m i s s i n g   s u b j e c t s .   T h i s   a l l o w s   t h e   c l u s t e r   t o   r e p a i r   a c c i d e n t a l   m o d i f i c a t i o n s ,   a n d   h e l p s   t o   k e e p   r o l e s   a n d   r o l e   b i n d i n g s   u p - t o - d a t e   a s   p e r m i s s i o n s   a n d   s u b j e c t s   c h a n g e   i n   n e w   K u b e r n e t e s   r e l e a s e s .   T o   o p t   o u t   o f   t h i s   r e c o n c i l i a t i o n ,   s e t   t h e   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k u b e r n e t e s . i o / a u t o u p d a t e   a n n o t a t i o n   o n   a   d e f a u l t   c l u s t e r   r o l e   o r   d e f a u l t   c l u s t e r   R o l e B i n d i n g   t o   f a l s e .   B e   a w a r e   t h a t   m i s s i n g   d e f a u l t   p e r m i s s i o n s   a n d   s u b j e c t s   c a n   r e s u l t   i n   n o n - f u n c t i o n a l   c l u s t e r s .   A u t o - r e c o n c i l i a t i o n   i s   e n a b l e d   b y   d e f a u l t   i f   t h e   R B A C   a u t h o r i z e r   i s   a c t i v e .


Question: What is API discovery roles?

Answer: D e f a u l t   c l u s t e r   r o l e   b i n d i n g s   a u t h o r i z e   u n a u t h e n t i c a t e d   a n d   a u t h e n t i c a t e d   u s e r s   t o   r e a d   A P I   i n f o r m a t i o n   t h a t   i s   d e e m e d   s a f e   t o   b e   p u b l i c l y   a c c e s s i b l e   ( i n c l u d i n g   C u s t o m R e s o u r c e D e f i n i t i o n s ) .   T o   d i s a b l e   a n o n y m o u s   u n a u t h e n t i c a t e d   a c c e s s ,   a d d   - - a n o n y m o u s - a u t h = f a l s e   f l a g   t o   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n .   T o   v i e w   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   o f   t h e s e   r o l e s   v i a   k u b e c t l   r u n :   k u b e c t l   g e t   c l u s t e r r o l e s   s y s t e m : d i s c o v e r y   - o   y a m l


Question: What is User-facing roles?

Answer: S o m e   o f   t h e   d e f a u l t   C l u s t e r R o l e s   a r e   n o t   s y s t e m :   p r e f i x e d .   T h e s e   a r e   i n t e n d e d   t o   b e   u s e r - f a c i n g   r o l e s .   T h e y   i n c l u d e   s u p e r - u s e r   r o l e s   ( c l u s t e r - a d m i n ) ,   r o l e s   i n t e n d e d   t o   b e   g r a n t e d   c l u s t e r - w i d e   u s i n g   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g s ,   a n d   r o l e s   i n t e n d e d   t o   b e   g r a n t e d   w i t h i n   p a r t i c u l a r   n a m e s p a c e s   u s i n g   R o l e B i n d i n g s   ( a d m i n ,   e d i t ,   v i e w ) .   U s e r - f a c i n g   C l u s t e r R o l e s   u s e   C l u s t e r R o l e   a g g r e g a t i o n   t o   a l l o w   a d m i n s   t o   i n c l u d e   r u l e s   f o r   c u s t o m   r e s o u r c e s   o n   t h e s e   C l u s t e r R o l e s .   T o   a d d   r u l e s   t o   t h e   a d m i n ,   e d i t ,   o r   v i e w   r o l e s ,   c r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   w i t h   o n e   o r   m o r e   o f   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   l a b e l s :   m e t a d a t a :   l a b e l s :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / a g g r e g a t e - t o - a d m i n :   " t r u e "   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / a g g r e g a t e - t o - e d i t :   " t r u e "   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / a g g r e g a t e - t o - v i e w :   " t r u e "   I f   u s e d   i n   a   R o l e B i n d i n g ,   a l l o w s   r e a d / w r i t e   a c c e s s   t o   m o s t   r e s o u r c e s   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e ,   i n c l u d i n g   t h e   a b i l i t y   t o   c r e a t e   r o l e s   a n d   r o l e   b i n d i n g s   w i t h i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e .   T h i s   r o l e   d o e s   n o t   a l l o w   w r i t e   a c c e s s   t o   r e s o u r c e   q u o t a   o r   t o   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   i t s e l f .   T h i s   r o l e   a l s o   d


Question: What is Core component roles?

Answer: Y o u   s h o u l d   u s e   t h e   N o d e   a u t h o r i z e r   a n d   N o d e R e s t r i c t i o n   a d m i s s i o n   p l u g i n   i n s t e a d   o f   t h e   s y s t e m : n o d e   r o l e ,   a n d   a l l o w   g r a n t i n g   A P I   a c c e s s   t o   k u b e l e t s   b a s e d   o n   t h e   P o d s   s c h e d u l e d   t o   r u n   o n   t h e m .   T h e   s y s t e m : n o d e   r o l e   o n l y   e x i s t s   f o r   c o m p a t i b i l i t y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r s   u p g r a d e d   f r o m   v e r s i o n s   p r i o r   t o   v 1 . 8 .


Question: What is Roles for built-in controllers?

Answer: T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c o n t r o l l e r   m a n a g e r   r u n s   c o n t r o l l e r s   t h a t   a r e   b u i l t   i n   t o   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e .   W h e n   i n v o k e d   w i t h   - - u s e - s e r v i c e - a c c o u n t - c r e d e n t i a l s ,   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   s t a r t s   e a c h   c o n t r o l l e r   u s i n g   a   s e p a r a t e   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t .   C o r r e s p o n d i n g   r o l e s   e x i s t   f o r   e a c h   b u i l t - i n   c o n t r o l l e r ,   p r e f i x e d   w i t h   s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : .   I f   t h e   c o n t r o l l e r   m a n a g e r   i s   n o t   s t a r t e d   w i t h   - - u s e - s e r v i c e - a c c o u n t - c r e d e n t i a l s ,   i t   r u n s   a l l   c o n t r o l   l o o p s   u s i n g   i t s   o w n   c r e d e n t i a l ,   w h i c h   m u s t   b e   g r a n t e d   a l l   t h e   r e l e v a n t   r o l e s .   T h e s e   r o l e s   i n c l u d e :   s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : a t t a c h d e t a c h - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : c e r t i f i c a t e - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : c l u s t e r r o l e - a g g r e g a t i o n - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : c r o n j o b - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : d a e m o n - s e t - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : d e p l o y m e n t - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : d i s r u p t i o n - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : e n d p o i n t - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : e x p a n d - c o n t r o l l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : g e n e r i c - g a r b a g e - c o l l e c t o r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : h o r i z o n t a l - p o d - a u t o s c a l e r s y s t e m : c o n t r o l l e r : j o b - c o n t r o l l


Question: What is Privilege escalation prevention and bootstrapping?

Answer: T h e   R B A C   A P I   p r e v e n t s   u s e r s   f r o m   e s c a l a t i n g   p r i v i l e g e s   b y   e d i t i n g   r o l e s   o r   r o l e   b i n d i n g s .   B e c a u s e   t h i s   i s   e n f o r c e d   a t   t h e   A P I   l e v e l ,   i t   a p p l i e s   e v e n   w h e n   t h e   R B A C   a u t h o r i z e r   i s   n o t   i n   u s e .


Question: What is Restrictions on role creation or update?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   o n l y   c r e a t e / u p d a t e   a   r o l e   i f   a t   l e a s t   o n e   o f   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   t h i n g s   i s   t r u e :   Y o u   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a l l   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   c o n t a i n e d   i n   t h e   r o l e ,   a t   t h e   s a m e   s c o p e   a s   t h e   o b j e c t   b e i n g   m o d i f i e d   ( c l u s t e r - w i d e   f o r   a   C l u s t e r R o l e ,   w i t h i n   t h e   s a m e   n a m e s p a c e   o r   c l u s t e r - w i d e   f o r   a   R o l e ) . Y o u   a r e   g r a n t e d   e x p l i c i t   p e r m i s s i o n   t o   p e r f o r m   t h e   e s c a l a t e   v e r b   o n   t h e   r o l e s   o r   c l u s t e r r o l e s   r e s o u r c e   i n   t h e   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o   A P I   g r o u p .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   i f   u s e r - 1   d o e s   n o t   h a v e   t h e   a b i l i t y   t o   l i s t   S e c r e t s   c l u s t e r - w i d e ,   t h e y   c a n n o t   c r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   c o n t a i n i n g   t h a t   p e r m i s s i o n .   T o   a l l o w   a   u s e r   t o   c r e a t e / u p d a t e   r o l e s :   G r a n t   t h e m   a   r o l e   t h a t   a l l o w s   t h e m   t o   c r e a t e / u p d a t e   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   o b j e c t s ,   a s   d e s i r e d . G r a n t   t h e m   p e r m i s s i o n   t o   i n c l u d e   s p e c i f i c   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   r o l e s   t h e y   c r e a t e / u p d a t e : i m p l i c i t l y ,   b y   g i v i n g   t h e m   t h o s e   p e r m i s s i o n s   ( i f   t h e y   a t t e m p t   t o   c r e a t e   o r   m o d i f y   a   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   w i t h   p e r m i s s i o n s   t h e y   t h e m s e l v e s   h a v e   n o t   b e e n   g r a n t e d ,   t h e   A P I   r e q u e s t   w i l l   b e   f o r b i d d e n ) o r   e x p l i c i t l y   a l l o w   s p e c


Question: What is Restrictions on role binding creation or update?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   o n l y   c r e a t e / u p d a t e   a   r o l e   b i n d i n g   i f   y o u   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a l l   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   c o n t a i n e d   i n   t h e   r e f e r e n c e d   r o l e   ( a t   t h e   s a m e   s c o p e   a s   t h e   r o l e   b i n d i n g )   o r   i f   y o u   h a v e   b e e n   a u t h o r i z e d   t o   p e r f o r m   t h e   b i n d   v e r b   o n   t h e   r e f e r e n c e d   r o l e .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   i f   u s e r - 1   d o e s   n o t   h a v e   t h e   a b i l i t y   t o   l i s t   S e c r e t s   c l u s t e r - w i d e ,   t h e y   c a n n o t   c r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   t o   a   r o l e   t h a t   g r a n t s   t h a t   p e r m i s s i o n .   T o   a l l o w   a   u s e r   t o   c r e a t e / u p d a t e   r o l e   b i n d i n g s :   G r a n t   t h e m   a   r o l e   t h a t   a l l o w s   t h e m   t o   c r e a t e / u p d a t e   R o l e B i n d i n g   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e B i n d i n g   o b j e c t s ,   a s   d e s i r e d . G r a n t   t h e m   p e r m i s s i o n s   n e e d e d   t o   b i n d   a   p a r t i c u l a r   r o l e : i m p l i c i t l y ,   b y   g i v i n g   t h e m   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   c o n t a i n e d   i n   t h e   r o l e . e x p l i c i t l y ,   b y   g i v i n g   t h e m   p e r m i s s i o n   t o   p e r f o r m   t h e   b i n d   v e r b   o n   t h e   p a r t i c u l a r   R o l e   ( o r   C l u s t e r R o l e ) .   i m p l i c i t l y ,   b y   g i v i n g   t h e m   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   c o n t a i n e d   i n   t h e   r o l e . e x p l i c i t l y ,   b y   g i v i n g   t h e m   p e r m i s s i o n   t o   p e r f o r m   t h e   b i n d   v e r b   o n   t h e   p a r t i c u l a r   R o l e   ( o r   C l u s t e r R o l e ) .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   t h i s   C l u s t e r R o l e   a n d   R o l e B i n d i n g   w o u l d   a l l o w   u


Question: What is kubectl create role?

Answer: C r e a t e s   a   R o l e   o b j e c t   d e f i n i n g   p e r m i s s i o n s   w i t h i n   a   s i n g l e   n a m e s p a c e .   E x a m p l e s :   C r e a t e   a   R o l e   n a m e d   " p o d - r e a d e r "   t h a t   a l l o w s   u s e r s   t o   p e r f o r m   g e t ,   w a t c h   a n d   l i s t   o n   p o d s : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e   p o d - r e a d e r   - - v e r b = g e t   - - v e r b = l i s t   - - v e r b = w a t c h   - - r e s o u r c e = p o d s   C r e a t e   a   R o l e   n a m e d   " p o d - r e a d e r "   w i t h   r e s o u r c e N a m e s   s p e c i f i e d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e   p o d - r e a d e r   - - v e r b = g e t   - - r e s o u r c e = p o d s   - - r e s o u r c e - n a m e = r e a d a b l e p o d   - - r e s o u r c e - n a m e = a n o t h e r p o d   C r e a t e   a   R o l e   n a m e d   " f o o "   w i t h   a p i G r o u p s   s p e c i f i e d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e   f o o   - - v e r b = g e t , l i s t , w a t c h   - - r e s o u r c e = r e p l i c a s e t s . a p p s   C r e a t e   a   R o l e   n a m e d   " f o o "   w i t h   s u b r e s o u r c e   p e r m i s s i o n s : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e   f o o   - - v e r b = g e t , l i s t , w a t c h   - - r e s o u r c e = p o d s , p o d s / s t a t u s   C r e a t e   a   R o l e   n a m e d   " m y - c o m p o n e n t - l e a s e - h o l d e r "   w i t h   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   g e t / u p d a t e   a   r e s o u r c e   w i t h   a   s p e c i f i c   n a m e : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e   m y - c o m p o n e n t - l e a s e - h o l d e r   - - v e r b = g e t , l i s t , w a t c h , u p d a t e   - - r e s o u r c e = l e a s e   - - r e s o u r c e - n a m e = m y - c o m p o n e n t   C r e a t e   a   R o l e   n a m e d   " p o d - r e a d e r "   t h a t   a l l o w s   u s e r s   t o   p e r f o r m   g e t ,   w a t c h   a n d   l i s t   o n   p


Question: What is kubectl create clusterrole?

Answer: C r e a t e s   a   C l u s t e r R o l e .   E x a m p l e s :   C r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e d   " p o d - r e a d e r "   t h a t   a l l o w s   u s e r   t o   p e r f o r m   g e t ,   w a t c h   a n d   l i s t   o n   p o d s : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e   p o d - r e a d e r   - - v e r b = g e t , l i s t , w a t c h   - - r e s o u r c e = p o d s   C r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e d   " p o d - r e a d e r "   w i t h   r e s o u r c e N a m e s   s p e c i f i e d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e   p o d - r e a d e r   - - v e r b = g e t   - - r e s o u r c e = p o d s   - - r e s o u r c e - n a m e = r e a d a b l e p o d   - - r e s o u r c e - n a m e = a n o t h e r p o d   C r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e d   " f o o "   w i t h   a p i G r o u p s   s p e c i f i e d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e   f o o   - - v e r b = g e t , l i s t , w a t c h   - - r e s o u r c e = r e p l i c a s e t s . a p p s   C r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e d   " f o o "   w i t h   s u b r e s o u r c e   p e r m i s s i o n s : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e   f o o   - - v e r b = g e t , l i s t , w a t c h   - - r e s o u r c e = p o d s , p o d s / s t a t u s   C r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e d   " f o o "   w i t h   n o n R e s o u r c e U R L   s p e c i f i e d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e   " f o o "   - - v e r b = g e t   - - n o n - r e s o u r c e - u r l = / l o g s / *   C r e a t e   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   n a m e d   " m o n i t o r i n g "   w i t h   a n   a g g r e g a t i o n R u l e   s p e c i f i e d : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e   m o n i t o r i n g   - - a g g r e g a t i o n - r u l e = " r b a c . e x a m p l e . c o m / a g g r e g a t e - t o - m o n i t o r i n g = t r u e "   C r e a t e   a   C l


Question: What is kubectl create rolebinding?

Answer: G r a n t s   a   R o l e   o r   C l u s t e r R o l e   w i t h i n   a   s p e c i f i c   n a m e s p a c e .   E x a m p l e s :   W i t h i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   " a c m e " ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " a d m i n "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a   u s e r   n a m e d   " b o b " : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e b i n d i n g   b o b - a d m i n - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = a d m i n   - - u s e r = b o b   - - n a m e s p a c e = a c m e   W i t h i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   " a c m e " ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " v i e w "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   t h e   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   " a c m e "   n a m e d   " m y a p p " : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e b i n d i n g   m y a p p - v i e w - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = v i e w   - - s e r v i c e a c c o u n t = a c m e : m y a p p   - - n a m e s p a c e = a c m e   W i t h i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   " a c m e " ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " v i e w "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   " m y a p p n a m e s p a c e "   n a m e d   " m y a p p " : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e b i n d i n g   m y a p p n a m e s p a c e - m y a p p - v i e w - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = v i e w   - - s e r v i c e a c c o u n t = m y a p p n a m e s p a c e : m y a p p   - - n a m e s p a c e = a c m e   W i t h i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   " a c m e " ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " a d m i n "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a   u s e r   n a m e d   " b o b " :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e b i n d i n g   b o b - a d m i n - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = a d m i n   - - u s e r = b o b   - - n a m e s p a c e = a c m e   W i t h i n   t h e   n a m e s


Question: What is kubectl create clusterrolebinding?

Answer: G r a n t s   a   C l u s t e r R o l e   a c r o s s   t h e   e n t i r e   c l u s t e r   ( a l l   n a m e s p a c e s ) .   E x a m p l e s :   A c r o s s   t h e   e n t i r e   c l u s t e r ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " c l u s t e r - a d m i n "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a   u s e r   n a m e d   " r o o t " : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   r o o t - c l u s t e r - a d m i n - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = c l u s t e r - a d m i n   - - u s e r = r o o t   A c r o s s   t h e   e n t i r e   c l u s t e r ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " s y s t e m : n o d e - p r o x i e r "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a   u s e r   n a m e d   " s y s t e m : k u b e - p r o x y " : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   k u b e - p r o x y - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = s y s t e m : n o d e - p r o x i e r   - - u s e r = s y s t e m : k u b e - p r o x y   A c r o s s   t h e   e n t i r e   c l u s t e r ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " v i e w "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   n a m e d   " m y a p p "   i n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   " a c m e " : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   m y a p p - v i e w - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = v i e w   - - s e r v i c e a c c o u n t = a c m e : m y a p p   A c r o s s   t h e   e n t i r e   c l u s t e r ,   g r a n t   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   " c l u s t e r - a d m i n "   C l u s t e r R o l e   t o   a   u s e r   n a m e d   " r o o t " :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   r o o t - c l u s t e r - a d m i n - b i n d i n g   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = c l u s t e r - a d m i n   - - u s e r = r o o t   A c r o s s   t h e   e n t i r e   c l u s t e r ,   g r a n t   t h e


Question: What is kubectl auth reconcile?

Answer: C r e a t e s   o r   u p d a t e s   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   A P I   o b j e c t s   f r o m   a   m a n i f e s t   f i l e .   M i s s i n g   o b j e c t s   a r e   c r e a t e d ,   a n d   t h e   c o n t a i n i n g   n a m e s p a c e   i s   c r e a t e d   f o r   n a m e s p a c e d   o b j e c t s ,   i f   r e q u i r e d .   E x i s t i n g   r o l e s   a r e   u p d a t e d   t o   i n c l u d e   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   i n   t h e   i n p u t   o b j e c t s ,   a n d   r e m o v e   e x t r a   p e r m i s s i o n s   i f   - - r e m o v e - e x t r a - p e r m i s s i o n s   i s   s p e c i f i e d .   E x i s t i n g   b i n d i n g s   a r e   u p d a t e d   t o   i n c l u d e   t h e   s u b j e c t s   i n   t h e   i n p u t   o b j e c t s ,   a n d   r e m o v e   e x t r a   s u b j e c t s   i f   - - r e m o v e - e x t r a - s u b j e c t s   i s   s p e c i f i e d .   E x a m p l e s :   T e s t   a p p l y i n g   a   m a n i f e s t   f i l e   o f   R B A C   o b j e c t s ,   d i s p l a y i n g   c h a n g e s   t h a t   w o u l d   b e   m a d e : k u b e c t l   a u t h   r e c o n c i l e   - f   m y - r b a c - r u l e s . y a m l   - - d r y - r u n = c l i e n t   A p p l y   a   m a n i f e s t   f i l e   o f   R B A C   o b j e c t s ,   p r e s e r v i n g   a n y   e x t r a   p e r m i s s i o n s   ( i n   r o l e s )   a n d   a n y   e x t r a   s u b j e c t s   ( i n   b i n d i n g s ) : k u b e c t l   a u t h   r e c o n c i l e   - f   m y - r b a c - r u l e s . y a m l   A p p l y   a   m a n i f e s t   f i l e   o f   R B A C   o b j e c t s ,   r e m o v i n g   a n y   e x t r a   p e r m i s s i o n s   ( i n   r o l e s )   a n d   a n y   e x t r a   s u b j e c t s   ( i n   b i n d i n g s ) : k u b e c t l   a u t h   r e c o n c i l e   - f   m y - r b a c - r u l e s . y a m l   - - r e m o v e - e x t r a - s u b j e c t s   - - r e m o v e - e x


Question: What is ServiceAccount permissions?

Answer: D e f a u l t   R B A C   p o l i c i e s   g r a n t   s c o p e d   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   c o n t r o l - p l a n e   c o m p o n e n t s ,   n o d e s ,   a n d   c o n t r o l l e r s ,   b u t   g r a n t   n o   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   o u t s i d e   t h e   k u b e - s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e   ( b e y o n d   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   g i v e n   b y   A P I   d i s c o v e r y   r o l e s ) .   T h i s   a l l o w s   y o u   t o   g r a n t   p a r t i c u l a r   r o l e s   t o   p a r t i c u l a r   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t s   a s   n e e d e d .   F i n e - g r a i n e d   r o l e   b i n d i n g s   p r o v i d e   g r e a t e r   s e c u r i t y ,   b u t   r e q u i r e   m o r e   e f f o r t   t o   a d m i n i s t r a t e .   B r o a d e r   g r a n t s   c a n   g i v e   u n n e c e s s a r y   ( a n d   p o t e n t i a l l y   e s c a l a t i n g )   A P I   a c c e s s   t o   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t s ,   b u t   a r e   e a s i e r   t o   a d m i n i s t r a t e .   I n   o r d e r   f r o m   m o s t   s e c u r e   t o   l e a s t   s e c u r e ,   t h e   a p p r o a c h e s   a r e :   G r a n t   a   r o l e   t o   a n   a p p l i c a t i o n - s p e c i f i c   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   ( b e s t   p r a c t i c e ) T h i s   r e q u i r e s   t h e   a p p l i c a t i o n   t o   s p e c i f y   a   s e r v i c e A c c o u n t N a m e   i n   i t s   p o d   s p e c ,   a n d   f o r   t h e   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   t o   b e   c r e a t e d   ( v i a   t h e   A P I ,   a p p l i c a t i o n   m a n i f e s t ,   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   s e r v i c e a c c o u n t ,   e t c . ) . F o r   e x a m p l e ,   g r a n t   r e a d - o n l y   p e r m i s s i o n   w i t h i n   " m y - n a m e s p a c e "   t o   t h e   " m y - s a "   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t : k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e b i n d i n g   m y - s a - v i e w   \


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: F o r   e x a m p l e ,   g r a n t   r e a d - o n l y   p e r m i s s i o n   w i t h i n   " m y - n a m e s p a c e "   t o   t h e   " d e f a u l t "   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e b i n d i n g   d e f a u l t - v i e w   \   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = v i e w   \   - - s e r v i c e a c c o u n t = m y - n a m e s p a c e : d e f a u l t   \   - - n a m e s p a c e = m y - n a m e s p a c e   M a n y   a d d - o n s   r u n   a s   t h e   " d e f a u l t "   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   t h e   k u b e - s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e .   T o   a l l o w   t h o s e   a d d - o n s   t o   r u n   w i t h   s u p e r - u s e r   a c c e s s ,   g r a n t   c l u s t e r - a d m i n   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   t h e   " d e f a u l t "   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   t h e   k u b e - s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e .


Question: What is Caution:?

Answer: k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   a d d - o n - c l u s t e r - a d m i n   \   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = c l u s t e r - a d m i n   \   - - s e r v i c e a c c o u n t = k u b e - s y s t e m : d e f a u l t   G r a n t   a   r o l e   t o   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e   I f   y o u   w a n t   a l l   a p p l i c a t i o n s   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e   t o   h a v e   a   r o l e ,   n o   m a t t e r   w h a t   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   t h e y   u s e ,   y o u   c a n   g r a n t   a   r o l e   t o   t h e   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   g r o u p   f o r   t h a t   n a m e s p a c e .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   g r a n t   r e a d - o n l y   p e r m i s s i o n   w i t h i n   " m y - n a m e s p a c e "   t o   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   i n   t h a t   n a m e s p a c e :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   r o l e b i n d i n g   s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s - v i e w   \   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = v i e w   \   - - g r o u p = s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s : m y - n a m e s p a c e   \   - - n a m e s p a c e = m y - n a m e s p a c e   G r a n t   a   l i m i t e d   r o l e   t o   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   c l u s t e r - w i d e   ( d i s c o u r a g e d )   I f   y o u   d o n ' t   w a n t   t o   m a n a g e   p e r m i s s i o n s   p e r - n a m e s p a c e ,   y o u   c a n   g r a n t   a   c l u s t e r - w i d e   r o l e   t o   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   g r a n t   r e a d - o n l y   p e r m i s s i o n   a c r o s s   a l l   n a m e s p a c e s   t o   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   i n   t h e   c l u s t e r :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s - v i e w   \   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = v i e w   \   - - g r o u p = s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s   G r a n t   s u p


Question: What is Warning:?

Answer: k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s - c l u s t e r - a d m i n   \   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = c l u s t e r - a d m i n   \   - - g r o u p = s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s


Question: What is Write access for EndpointSlices?

Answer: K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r s   c r e a t e d   b e f o r e   K u b e r n e t e s   v 1 . 2 2   i n c l u d e   w r i t e   a c c e s s   t o   E n d p o i n t S l i c e s   ( a n d   t h e   n o w - d e p r e c a t e d   E n d p o i n t s   A P I )   i n   t h e   a g g r e g a t e d   " e d i t "   a n d   " a d m i n "   r o l e s .   A s   a   m i t i g a t i o n   f o r   C V E - 2 0 2 1 - 2 5 7 4 0 ,   t h i s   a c c e s s   i s   n o t   p a r t   o f   t h e   a g g r e g a t e d   r o l e s   i n   c l u s t e r s   t h a t   y o u   c r e a t e   u s i n g   K u b e r n e t e s   v 1 . 2 2   o r   l a t e r .   E x i s t i n g   c l u s t e r s   t h a t   h a v e   b e e n   u p g r a d e d   t o   K u b e r n e t e s   v 1 . 2 2   w i l l   n o t   b e   s u b j e c t   t o   t h i s   c h a n g e .   T h e   C V E   a n n o u n c e m e n t   i n c l u d e s   g u i d a n c e   f o r   r e s t r i c t i n g   t h i s   a c c e s s   i n   e x i s t i n g   c l u s t e r s .   I f   y o u   w a n t   n e w   c l u s t e r s   t o   r e t a i n   t h i s   l e v e l   o f   a c c e s s   i n   t h e   a g g r e g a t e d   r o l e s ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   C l u s t e r R o l e :   a p i V e r s i o n :   r b a c . a u t h o r i z a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   C l u s t e r R o l e   m e t a d a t a :   a n n o t a t i o n s :   k u b e r n e t e s . i o / d e s c r i p t i o n :   | -   A d d   e n d p o i n t s   w r i t e   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   t h e   e d i t   a n d   a d m i n   r o l e s .   T h i s   w a s   r e m o v e d   b y   d e f a u l t   i n   1 . 2 2   b e c a u s e   o f   C V E - 2 0 2 1 - 2 5 7 4 0 .   S e e   h t t p s : / / i s s u e . k 8 s . i o / 1 0 3 6 7 5 .   T h i s   c a n   a l l o w   w r i t e r s   t o   d i r e c t   L o a d B a l a n c e r   o r   I n g r e s s   i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s   t o   e x p o s e   b a c k e n d   I P s   t h a t   w o


Question: What is Upgrading from ABAC?

Answer: C l u s t e r s   t h a t   o r i g i n a l l y   r a n   o l d e r   K u b e r n e t e s   v e r s i o n s   o f t e n   u s e d   p e r m i s s i v e   A B A C   p o l i c i e s ,   i n c l u d i n g   g r a n t i n g   f u l l   A P I   a c c e s s   t o   a l l   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s .   D e f a u l t   R B A C   p o l i c i e s   g r a n t   s c o p e d   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   c o n t r o l - p l a n e   c o m p o n e n t s ,   n o d e s ,   a n d   c o n t r o l l e r s ,   b u t   g r a n t   n o   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   o u t s i d e   t h e   k u b e - s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e   ( b e y o n d   t h e   p e r m i s s i o n s   g i v e n   b y   A P I   d i s c o v e r y   r o l e s ) .   W h i l e   f a r   m o r e   s e c u r e ,   t h i s   c a n   b e   d i s r u p t i v e   t o   e x i s t i n g   w o r k l o a d s   e x p e c t i n g   t o   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   r e c e i v e   A P I   p e r m i s s i o n s .   H e r e   a r e   t w o   a p p r o a c h e s   f o r   m a n a g i n g   t h i s   t r a n s i t i o n :


Question: What is Parallel authorizers?

Answer: R u n   b o t h   t h e   R B A C   a n d   A B A C   a u t h o r i z e r s ,   a n d   s p e c i f y   a   p o l i c y   f i l e   t h a t   c o n t a i n s   t h e   l e g a c y   A B A C   p o l i c y :   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - m o d e = . . . , R B A C , A B A C   - - a u t h o r i z a t i o n - p o l i c y - f i l e = m y p o l i c y . j s o n   T o   e x p l a i n   t h a t   f i r s t   c o m m a n d   l i n e   o p t i o n   i n   d e t a i l :   i f   e a r l i e r   a u t h o r i z e r s ,   s u c h   a s   N o d e ,   d e n y   a   r e q u e s t ,   t h e n   t h e   R B A C   a u t h o r i z e r   a t t e m p t s   t o   a u t h o r i z e   t h e   A P I   r e q u e s t .   I f   R B A C   a l s o   d e n i e s   t h a t   A P I   r e q u e s t ,   t h e   A B A C   a u t h o r i z e r   i s   t h e n   r u n .   T h i s   m e a n s   t h a t   a n y   r e q u e s t   a l l o w e d   b y   e i t h e r   t h e   R B A C   o r   A B A C   p o l i c i e s   i s   a l l o w e d .   W h e n   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   i s   r u n   w i t h   a   l o g   l e v e l   o f   5   o r   h i g h e r   f o r   t h e   R B A C   c o m p o n e n t   ( - - v m o d u l e = r b a c * = 5   o r   - - v = 5 ) ,   y o u   c a n   s e e   R B A C   d e n i a l s   i n   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   l o g   ( p r e f i x e d   w i t h   R B A C ) .   Y o u   c a n   u s e   t h a t   i n f o r m a t i o n   t o   d e t e r m i n e   w h i c h   r o l e s   n e e d   t o   b e   g r a n t e d   t o   w h i c h   u s e r s ,   g r o u p s ,   o r   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s .   O n c e   y o u   h a v e   g r a n t e d   r o l e s   t o   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   a n d   w o r k l o a d s   a r e   r u n n i n g   w i t h   n o   R B A C   d e n i a l   m e s s a g e s   i n   t h e   s e r v e r   l o g s ,   y o u   c a n   r e m o v e   t h e   A B A C   a u t h o r i z e r .


Question: What is Permissive RBAC permissions?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   r e p l i c a t e   a   p e r m i s s i v e   A B A C   p o l i c y   u s i n g   R B A C   r o l e   b i n d i n g s .


Question: What is Warning:?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   p o l i c y   a l l o w s   A L L   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t s   t o   a c t   a s   c l u s t e r   a d m i n i s t r a t o r s .   A n y   a p p l i c a t i o n   r u n n i n g   i n   a   c o n t a i n e r   r e c e i v e s   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   c r e d e n t i a l s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y ,   a n d   c o u l d   p e r f o r m   a n y   a c t i o n   a g a i n s t   t h e   A P I ,   i n c l u d i n g   v i e w i n g   s e c r e t s   a n d   m o d i f y i n g   p e r m i s s i o n s .   T h i s   i s   n o t   a   r e c o m m e n d e d   p o l i c y .   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   c l u s t e r r o l e b i n d i n g   p e r m i s s i v e - b i n d i n g   \   - - c l u s t e r r o l e = c l u s t e r - a d m i n   \   - - u s e r = a d m i n   \   - - u s e r = k u b e l e t   \   - - g r o u p = s y s t e m : s e r v i c e a c c o u n t s   A f t e r   y o u   h a v e   t r a n s i t i o n e d   t o   u s e   R B A C ,   y o u   s h o u l d   a d j u s t   t h e   a c c e s s   c o n t r o l s   f o r   y o u r   c l u s t e r   t o   e n s u r e   t h a t   t h e s e   m e e t   y o u r   i n f o r m a t i o n   s e c u r i t y   n e e d s .


Question: What is Debugging Kubernetes nodes with crictl?

Answer: Debugging Kubernetes nodes with crictlFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.11 [stable]crictl is a command-line interface for CRI-compatible container runtimes. You can use it to inspect and debug container runtimes and applications on a Kubernetes node. crictl and its source are hosted in the cri-tools repository.Before you begincrictl requires a Linux operating system with a CRI runtime.Installing crictlYou can download a compressed archive crictl from the cri-tools release page, for several different architectures. Download the version that corresponds to your version of Kubernetes. Extract it and move it to a location on your system path, such as /usr/local/bin/.General usageThe crictl command has several subcommands and runtime flags. Use crictl help or crictl <subcommand> help for more details.You can set the endpoint for crictl by doing one of the following:Set the --runtime-endpoint and --image-endpoint flags.Set the CONTAINER_RUNTIME_ENDPOINT and IMAGE_SERVICE_ENDPOINT environment variables.Set the endpoint in the configuration file /etc/crictl.yaml. To specify a different file, use the --config=PATH_TO_FILE flag when you run crictl.Note:If you don't set an endpoint, crictl attempts to connect to a list of known endpoints, which might result in an impact to performance.You can also specify timeout values when connecting to the server and enable or disable debugging, by specifying timeout or debug values in the configuration file or using the --timeout and --debug command-line flags.To view or edit the current configuration, view or edit the contents of /etc/crictl.yaml. For example, the configuration when using the containerd container runtime would be similar to this:runtime-endpoint: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock image-endpoint: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock timeout: 10 debug: true To learn more about crictl, refer to the crictl documentation.Example crictl commandsThe following examples show some crictl commands and example output.List podsList all pods:crictl pods The output is similar to this:POD ID CREATED STATE NAME NAMESPACE ATTEMPT 926f1b5a1d33a About a minute ago Ready sh-84d7dcf559-4r2gq default 0 4dccb216c4adb About a minute ago Ready nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp default 0 a86316e96fa89 17 hours ago Ready kube-proxy-gblk4 kube-system 0 919630b8f81f1 17 hours ago Ready nvidia-device-plugin-zgbbv kube-system 0 List pods by name:crictl pods --name nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp The output is similar to this:POD ID CREATED STATE NAME NAMESPACE ATTEMPT 4dccb216c4adb 2 minutes ago Ready nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp default 0 List pods by label:crictl pods --label run=nginx The output is similar to this:POD ID CREATED STATE NAME NAMESPACE ATTEMPT 4dccb216c4adb 2 minutes ago Ready nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp default 0 List imagesList all images:crictl images The output is similar to this:IMAGE TAG IMAGE ID SIZE busybox latest 8c811b4aec35f 1.15MB k8s-gcrio.azureedge.net/hyperkube-amd64 v1.10.3 e179bbfe5d238 665MB k8s-gcrio.azureedge.net/paus


Question: How does Debugging Kubernetes nodes with crictl work?

Answer: Debugging Kubernetes nodes with crictlFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.11 [stable]crictl is a command-line interface for CRI-compatible container runtimes. You can use it to inspect and debug container runtimes and applications on a Kubernetes node. crictl and its source are hosted in the cri-tools repository.Before you begincrictl requires a Linux operating system with a CRI runtime.Installing crictlYou can download a compressed archive crictl from the cri-tools release page, for several different architectures. Download the version that corresponds to your version of Kubernetes. Extract it and move it to a location on your system path, such as /usr/local/bin/.General usageThe crictl command has several subcommands and runtime flags. Use crictl help or crictl <subcommand> help for more details.You can set the endpoint for crictl by doing one of the following:Set the --runtime-endpoint and --image-endpoint flags.Set the CONTAINER_RUNTIME_ENDPOINT and IMAGE_SERVICE_ENDPOINT environment variables.Set the endpoint in the configuration file /etc/crictl.yaml. To specify a different file, use the --config=PATH_TO_FILE flag when you run crictl.Note:If you don't set an endpoint, crictl attempts to connect to a list of known endpoints, which might result in an impact to performance.You can also specify timeout values when connecting to the server and enable or disable debugging, by specifying timeout or debug values in the configuration file or using the --timeout and --debug command-line flags.To view or edit the current configuration, view or edit the contents of /etc/crictl.yaml. For example, the configuration when using the containerd container runtime would be similar to this:runtime-endpoint: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock image-endpoint: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock timeout: 10 debug: true To learn more about crictl, refer to the crictl documentation.Example crictl commandsThe following examples show some crictl commands and example output.List podsList all pods:crictl pods The output is similar to this:POD ID CREATED STATE NAME NAMESPACE ATTEMPT 926f1b5a1d33a About a minute ago Ready sh-84d7dcf559-4r2gq default 0 4dccb216c4adb About a minute ago Ready nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp default 0 a86316e96fa89 17 hours ago Ready kube-proxy-gblk4 kube-system 0 919630b8f81f1 17 hours ago Ready nvidia-device-plugin-zgbbv kube-system 0 List pods by name:crictl pods --name nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp The output is similar to this:POD ID CREATED STATE NAME NAMESPACE ATTEMPT 4dccb216c4adb 2 minutes ago Ready nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp default 0 List pods by label:crictl pods --label run=nginx The output is similar to this:POD ID CREATED STATE NAME NAMESPACE ATTEMPT 4dccb216c4adb 2 minutes ago Ready nginx-65899c769f-wv2gp default 0 List imagesList all images:crictl images The output is similar to this:IMAGE TAG IMAGE ID SIZE busybox latest 8c811b4aec35f 1.15MB k8s-gcrio.azureedge.net/hyperkube-amd64 v1.10.3 e179bbfe5d238 665MB k8s-gcrio.azureedge.net/paus