Question: How does Debugging Kubernetes Nodes With Kubectl work?

Answer: Debugging Kubernetes Nodes With KubectlThis page shows how to debug a node running on the Kubernetes cluster using kubectl debug command.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.2.To check the version, enter kubectl version.You need to have permission to create Pods and to assign those new Pods to arbitrary nodes. You also need to be authorized to create Pods that access filesystems from the host.Debugging a Node using kubectl debug nodeUse the kubectl debug node command to deploy a Pod to a Node that you want to troubleshoot. This command is helpful in scenarios where you can't access your Node by using an SSH connection. When the Pod is created, the Pod opens an interactive shell on the Node. To create an interactive shell on a Node named “mynode”, run:kubectl debug node/mynode -it --image=ubuntu Creating debugging pod node-debugger-mynode-pdx84 with container debugger on node mynode. If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. root@mynode:/# The debug command helps to gather information and troubleshoot issues. Commands that you might use include ip, ifconfig, nc, ping, and ps and so on. You can also install other tools, such as mtr, tcpdump, and curl, from the respective package manager.Note:The debug commands may differ based on the image the debugging pod is using and these commands might need to be installed.The debugging Pod can access the root filesystem of the Node, mounted at /host in the Pod. If you run your kubelet in a filesystem namespace, the debugging Pod sees the root for that namespace, not for the entire node. For a typical Linux node, you can look at the following paths to find relevant logs:/host/var/log/kubelet.logLogs from the kubelet, responsible for running containers on the node./host/var/log/kube-proxy.logLogs from kube-proxy, which is responsible for directing traffic to Service endpoints./host/var/log/containerd.logLogs from the containerd process running on the node./host/var/log/syslogShows general messages and information regarding the system./host/var/log/kern.logShows kernel logs.When creating a debugging session on a Node, keep in mind that:kubectl debug automatically generates the name of the new pod, based on the name of the node.The root filesystem of the Node will be mounted at /host.Although the container runs in the host IPC, Network, and PID namespaces, the pod isn't privileged. This means that reading some process information might fail because access to that information is restricted to superusers. For example, chroot /host will fail. If you ne


Question: When would you use Debugging Kubernetes Nodes With Kubectl?

Answer: Debugging Kubernetes Nodes With KubectlThis page shows how to debug a node running on the Kubernetes cluster using kubectl debug command.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.2.To check the version, enter kubectl version.You need to have permission to create Pods and to assign those new Pods to arbitrary nodes. You also need to be authorized to create Pods that access filesystems from the host.Debugging a Node using kubectl debug nodeUse the kubectl debug node command to deploy a Pod to a Node that you want to troubleshoot. This command is helpful in scenarios where you can't access your Node by using an SSH connection. When the Pod is created, the Pod opens an interactive shell on the Node. To create an interactive shell on a Node named “mynode”, run:kubectl debug node/mynode -it --image=ubuntu Creating debugging pod node-debugger-mynode-pdx84 with container debugger on node mynode. If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. root@mynode:/# The debug command helps to gather information and troubleshoot issues. Commands that you might use include ip, ifconfig, nc, ping, and ps and so on. You can also install other tools, such as mtr, tcpdump, and curl, from the respective package manager.Note:The debug commands may differ based on the image the debugging pod is using and these commands might need to be installed.The debugging Pod can access the root filesystem of the Node, mounted at /host in the Pod. If you run your kubelet in a filesystem namespace, the debugging Pod sees the root for that namespace, not for the entire node. For a typical Linux node, you can look at the following paths to find relevant logs:/host/var/log/kubelet.logLogs from the kubelet, responsible for running containers on the node./host/var/log/kube-proxy.logLogs from kube-proxy, which is responsible for directing traffic to Service endpoints./host/var/log/containerd.logLogs from the containerd process running on the node./host/var/log/syslogShows general messages and information regarding the system./host/var/log/kern.logShows kernel logs.When creating a debugging session on a Node, keep in mind that:kubectl debug automatically generates the name of the new pod, based on the name of the node.The root filesystem of the Node will be mounted at /host.Although the container runs in the host IPC, Network, and PID namespaces, the pod isn't privileged. This means that reading some process information might fail because access to that information is restricted to superusers. For example, chroot /host will fail. If you ne


Question: What are the benefits of Debugging Kubernetes Nodes With Kubectl?

Answer: Debugging Kubernetes Nodes With KubectlThis page shows how to debug a node running on the Kubernetes cluster using kubectl debug command.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesYour Kubernetes server must be at or later than version 1.2.To check the version, enter kubectl version.You need to have permission to create Pods and to assign those new Pods to arbitrary nodes. You also need to be authorized to create Pods that access filesystems from the host.Debugging a Node using kubectl debug nodeUse the kubectl debug node command to deploy a Pod to a Node that you want to troubleshoot. This command is helpful in scenarios where you can't access your Node by using an SSH connection. When the Pod is created, the Pod opens an interactive shell on the Node. To create an interactive shell on a Node named “mynode”, run:kubectl debug node/mynode -it --image=ubuntu Creating debugging pod node-debugger-mynode-pdx84 with container debugger on node mynode. If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter. root@mynode:/# The debug command helps to gather information and troubleshoot issues. Commands that you might use include ip, ifconfig, nc, ping, and ps and so on. You can also install other tools, such as mtr, tcpdump, and curl, from the respective package manager.Note:The debug commands may differ based on the image the debugging pod is using and these commands might need to be installed.The debugging Pod can access the root filesystem of the Node, mounted at /host in the Pod. If you run your kubelet in a filesystem namespace, the debugging Pod sees the root for that namespace, not for the entire node. For a typical Linux node, you can look at the following paths to find relevant logs:/host/var/log/kubelet.logLogs from the kubelet, responsible for running containers on the node./host/var/log/kube-proxy.logLogs from kube-proxy, which is responsible for directing traffic to Service endpoints./host/var/log/containerd.logLogs from the containerd process running on the node./host/var/log/syslogShows general messages and information regarding the system./host/var/log/kern.logShows kernel logs.When creating a debugging session on a Node, keep in mind that:kubectl debug automatically generates the name of the new pod, based on the name of the node.The root filesystem of the Node will be mounted at /host.Although the container runs in the host IPC, Network, and PID namespaces, the pod isn't privileged. This means that reading some process information might fail because access to that information is restricted to superusers. For example, chroot /host will fail. If you ne


Question: What is Debugging Kubernetes Nodes With Kubectl?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   s h o w s   h o w   t o   d e b u g   a   n o d e   r u n n i n g   o n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r   u s i n g   k u b e c t l   d e b u g   c o m m a n d .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s : i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s Y o u r   K u b e r n e t e s   s e r v e r   m u s t   b e   a t   o r   l a t e r   t h a n   v e r s i o n   1 . 2 . T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .   Y o


Question: What is Debugging a Node using kubectl debug node?

Answer: U s e   t h e   k u b e c t l   d e b u g   n o d e   c o m m a n d   t o   d e p l o y   a   P o d   t o   a   N o d e   t h a t   y o u   w a n t   t o   t r o u b l e s h o o t .   T h i s   c o m m a n d   i s   h e l p f u l   i n   s c e n a r i o s   w h e r e   y o u   c a n ' t   a c c e s s   y o u r   N o d e   b y   u s i n g   a n   S S H   c o n n e c t i o n .   W h e n   t h e   P o d   i s   c r e a t e d ,   t h e   P o d   o p e n s   a n   i n t e r a c t i v e   s h e l l   o n   t h e   N o d e .   T o   c r e a t e   a n   i n t e r a c t i v e   s h e l l   o n   a   N o d e   n a m e d   “ m y n o d e ” ,   r u n :   k u b e c t l   d e b u g   n o d e / m y n o d e   - i t   - - i m a g e = u b u n t u   C r e a t i n g   d e b u g g i n g   p o d   n o d e - d e b u g g e r - m y n o d e - p d x 8 4   w i t h   c o n t a i n e r   d e b u g g e r   o n   n o d e   m y n o d e .   I f   y o u   d o n ' t   s e e   a   c o m m a n d   p r o m p t ,   t r y   p r e s s i n g   e n t e r .   r o o t @ m y n o d e : / #   T h e   d e b u g   c o m m a n d   h e l p s   t o   g a t h e r   i n f o r m a t i o n   a n d   t r o u b l e s h o o t   i s s u e s .   C o m m a n d s   t h a t   y o u   m i g h t   u s e   i n c l u d e   i p ,   i f c o n f i g ,   n c ,   p i n g ,   a n d   p s   a n d   s o   o n .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   i n s t a l l   o t h e r   t o o l s ,   s u c h   a s   m t r ,   t c p d u m p ,   a n d   c u r l ,   f r o m   t h e   r e s p e c t i v e   p a c k a g e   m a n a g e r .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T h e   d e b u g g i n g   P o d   c a n   a c c e s s   t h e   r o o t   f i l e s y s t e m   o f   t h e   N o d e ,   m o u n t e d   a t   / h o s t   i n   t h e   P o d .   I f   y o u   r u n   y o u r   k u b e l e t   i n   a   f i l e s y s t e m   n a m e s p a c e ,   t h e   d e b u g g i n g   P o d   s e e s   t h e   r o o t   f o r   t h a t   n a m e s p a c e ,   n o t   f o r   t h e   e n t i r e   n o d e .   F o r   a   t y p i c a l   L i n u x   n o d e ,   y o u   c a n   l o o k   a t   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   p a t h s   t o   f i n d   r e l e v a n t   l o g s :   W h e n   c r e a t i n g   a   d e b u g g i n g   s e s s i o n   o n   a   N o d e ,   k e e p   i n   m i n d   t h a t :   k u b e c t l   d e b u g   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e s   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   n e w   p o d ,   b a s e d   o n   t h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   n o d e . T h e   r o o t   f i l e s y s t e m   o f   t h e   N o d e   w i l l   b e   m o u n t e d   a t   / h o s t . A l t h o u g h   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   r u n s   i n   t h e   h o s t   I P C ,   N e t w o r k ,   a n d   P I D   n a m e s p a c e s ,   t h e   p o d   i s n ' t   p r i v i l e g e d .   T h i s   m e a n s   t h a t   r e a d i n g   s o m e   p r o c e s s   i n f o r m a t i o n   m i g h t   f a i l   b e c a u s e   a c c e s s   t o   t h a t   i n f o r m a t i o n   i s   r e s t r i c t e d   t o   s u p e r u s e r s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   c h r o o t   / h o s t   w i l l   f a i l .   I f   y o u   n e e d   a   p r i v i l e g e d   p o d ,   c r e a t e   i t   m a n u a l l y   o r   u s e   t h e   - - p r o f i l e = s y s a d m i n   f l a g . B y   a p p l y i n g   D e b u g g i n g   P r o f i l e s ,   y o u   c a n   s e t   s p e c i f i c   p r o p e r t i e s   s u c h   a s   s e c u r i t y C o n t e x t   t o   a   d e b u g g i n g   P o d .


Question: What is Cleaning up?

Answer: W h e n   y o u   f i n i s h   u s i n g   t h e   d e b u g g i n g   P o d ,   d e l e t e   i t :   k u b e c t l   g e t   p o d s   N A M E   R E A D Y   S T A T U S   R E S T A R T S   A G E   n o d e - d e b u g g e r - m y n o d e - p d x 8 4   0 / 1   C o m p l e t e d   0   8 m 1 s   #   C h a n g e   t h e   p o d   n a m e   a c c o r d i n g l y   k u b e c t l   d e l e t e   p o d   n o d e - d e b u g g e r - m y n o d e - p d x 8 4   - - n o w   p o d   " n o d e - d e b u g g e r - m y n o d e - p d x 8 4 "   d e l e t e d


Question: What is Writing a new topic?

Answer: Writing a new topicThis page shows how to create a new topic for the Kubernetes docs.Before you beginCreate a fork of the Kubernetes documentation repository as described in Open a PR.Choosing a page typeAs you prepare to write a new topic, think about the page type that would fit your content the best:Guidelines for choosing a page typeTypeDescriptionConceptA concept page explains some aspect of Kubernetes. For example, a concept page might describe the Kubernetes Deployment object and explain the role it plays as an application while it is deployed, scaled, and updated. Typically, concept pages don't include sequences of steps, but instead provide links to tasks or tutorials. For an example of a concept topic, see Nodes.TaskA task page shows how to do a single thing. The idea is to give readers a sequence of steps that they can actually do as they read the page. A task page can be short or long, provided it stays focused on one area. In a task page, it is OK to blend brief explanations with the steps to be performed, but if you need to provide a lengthy explanation, you should do that in a concept topic. Related task and concept topics should link to each other. For an example of a short task page, see Configure a Pod to Use a Volume for Storage. For an example of a longer task page, see Configure Liveness and Readiness ProbesTutorialA tutorial page shows how to accomplish a goal that ties together several Kubernetes features. A tutorial might provide several sequences of steps that readers can actually do as they read the page. Or it might provide explanations of related pieces of code. For example, a tutorial could provide a walkthrough of a code sample. A tutorial can include brief explanations of the Kubernetes features that are being tied together, but should link to related concept topics for deep explanations of individual features.Creating a new pageUse a content type for each new page that you write. The docs site provides templates or Hugo archetypes to create new content pages. To create a new type of page, run hugo new with the path to the file you want to create. For example:hugo new docs/concepts/my-first-concept.md Choosing a title and filenameChoose a title that has the keywords you want search engines to find. Create a filename that uses the words in your title separated by hyphens. For example, the topic with title Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API has filename http-proxy-access-api.md. You don't need to put "kubernetes" in the filename, because "kubernetes" is already in the URL for the topic, for example: /docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/http-proxy-access-api/ Adding the topic title to the front matterIn your topic, put a title field in the front matter. The front matter is the YAML block that is between the triple-dashed lines at the top of the page. Here's an example:--- title: Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API --- Choosing a directoryDepending on your page type, put your new file in a subdirecto


Question: How does Writing a new topic work?

Answer: Writing a new topicThis page shows how to create a new topic for the Kubernetes docs.Before you beginCreate a fork of the Kubernetes documentation repository as described in Open a PR.Choosing a page typeAs you prepare to write a new topic, think about the page type that would fit your content the best:Guidelines for choosing a page typeTypeDescriptionConceptA concept page explains some aspect of Kubernetes. For example, a concept page might describe the Kubernetes Deployment object and explain the role it plays as an application while it is deployed, scaled, and updated. Typically, concept pages don't include sequences of steps, but instead provide links to tasks or tutorials. For an example of a concept topic, see Nodes.TaskA task page shows how to do a single thing. The idea is to give readers a sequence of steps that they can actually do as they read the page. A task page can be short or long, provided it stays focused on one area. In a task page, it is OK to blend brief explanations with the steps to be performed, but if you need to provide a lengthy explanation, you should do that in a concept topic. Related task and concept topics should link to each other. For an example of a short task page, see Configure a Pod to Use a Volume for Storage. For an example of a longer task page, see Configure Liveness and Readiness ProbesTutorialA tutorial page shows how to accomplish a goal that ties together several Kubernetes features. A tutorial might provide several sequences of steps that readers can actually do as they read the page. Or it might provide explanations of related pieces of code. For example, a tutorial could provide a walkthrough of a code sample. A tutorial can include brief explanations of the Kubernetes features that are being tied together, but should link to related concept topics for deep explanations of individual features.Creating a new pageUse a content type for each new page that you write. The docs site provides templates or Hugo archetypes to create new content pages. To create a new type of page, run hugo new with the path to the file you want to create. For example:hugo new docs/concepts/my-first-concept.md Choosing a title and filenameChoose a title that has the keywords you want search engines to find. Create a filename that uses the words in your title separated by hyphens. For example, the topic with title Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API has filename http-proxy-access-api.md. You don't need to put "kubernetes" in the filename, because "kubernetes" is already in the URL for the topic, for example: /docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/http-proxy-access-api/ Adding the topic title to the front matterIn your topic, put a title field in the front matter. The front matter is the YAML block that is between the triple-dashed lines at the top of the page. Here's an example:--- title: Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API --- Choosing a directoryDepending on your page type, put your new file in a subdirecto


Question: When would you use Writing a new topic?

Answer: Writing a new topicThis page shows how to create a new topic for the Kubernetes docs.Before you beginCreate a fork of the Kubernetes documentation repository as described in Open a PR.Choosing a page typeAs you prepare to write a new topic, think about the page type that would fit your content the best:Guidelines for choosing a page typeTypeDescriptionConceptA concept page explains some aspect of Kubernetes. For example, a concept page might describe the Kubernetes Deployment object and explain the role it plays as an application while it is deployed, scaled, and updated. Typically, concept pages don't include sequences of steps, but instead provide links to tasks or tutorials. For an example of a concept topic, see Nodes.TaskA task page shows how to do a single thing. The idea is to give readers a sequence of steps that they can actually do as they read the page. A task page can be short or long, provided it stays focused on one area. In a task page, it is OK to blend brief explanations with the steps to be performed, but if you need to provide a lengthy explanation, you should do that in a concept topic. Related task and concept topics should link to each other. For an example of a short task page, see Configure a Pod to Use a Volume for Storage. For an example of a longer task page, see Configure Liveness and Readiness ProbesTutorialA tutorial page shows how to accomplish a goal that ties together several Kubernetes features. A tutorial might provide several sequences of steps that readers can actually do as they read the page. Or it might provide explanations of related pieces of code. For example, a tutorial could provide a walkthrough of a code sample. A tutorial can include brief explanations of the Kubernetes features that are being tied together, but should link to related concept topics for deep explanations of individual features.Creating a new pageUse a content type for each new page that you write. The docs site provides templates or Hugo archetypes to create new content pages. To create a new type of page, run hugo new with the path to the file you want to create. For example:hugo new docs/concepts/my-first-concept.md Choosing a title and filenameChoose a title that has the keywords you want search engines to find. Create a filename that uses the words in your title separated by hyphens. For example, the topic with title Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API has filename http-proxy-access-api.md. You don't need to put "kubernetes" in the filename, because "kubernetes" is already in the URL for the topic, for example: /docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/http-proxy-access-api/ Adding the topic title to the front matterIn your topic, put a title field in the front matter. The front matter is the YAML block that is between the triple-dashed lines at the top of the page. Here's an example:--- title: Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API --- Choosing a directoryDepending on your page type, put your new file in a subdirecto


Question: What are the benefits of Writing a new topic?

Answer: Writing a new topicThis page shows how to create a new topic for the Kubernetes docs.Before you beginCreate a fork of the Kubernetes documentation repository as described in Open a PR.Choosing a page typeAs you prepare to write a new topic, think about the page type that would fit your content the best:Guidelines for choosing a page typeTypeDescriptionConceptA concept page explains some aspect of Kubernetes. For example, a concept page might describe the Kubernetes Deployment object and explain the role it plays as an application while it is deployed, scaled, and updated. Typically, concept pages don't include sequences of steps, but instead provide links to tasks or tutorials. For an example of a concept topic, see Nodes.TaskA task page shows how to do a single thing. The idea is to give readers a sequence of steps that they can actually do as they read the page. A task page can be short or long, provided it stays focused on one area. In a task page, it is OK to blend brief explanations with the steps to be performed, but if you need to provide a lengthy explanation, you should do that in a concept topic. Related task and concept topics should link to each other. For an example of a short task page, see Configure a Pod to Use a Volume for Storage. For an example of a longer task page, see Configure Liveness and Readiness ProbesTutorialA tutorial page shows how to accomplish a goal that ties together several Kubernetes features. A tutorial might provide several sequences of steps that readers can actually do as they read the page. Or it might provide explanations of related pieces of code. For example, a tutorial could provide a walkthrough of a code sample. A tutorial can include brief explanations of the Kubernetes features that are being tied together, but should link to related concept topics for deep explanations of individual features.Creating a new pageUse a content type for each new page that you write. The docs site provides templates or Hugo archetypes to create new content pages. To create a new type of page, run hugo new with the path to the file you want to create. For example:hugo new docs/concepts/my-first-concept.md Choosing a title and filenameChoose a title that has the keywords you want search engines to find. Create a filename that uses the words in your title separated by hyphens. For example, the topic with title Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API has filename http-proxy-access-api.md. You don't need to put "kubernetes" in the filename, because "kubernetes" is already in the URL for the topic, for example: /docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/http-proxy-access-api/ Adding the topic title to the front matterIn your topic, put a title field in the front matter. The front matter is the YAML block that is between the triple-dashed lines at the top of the page. Here's an example:--- title: Using an HTTP Proxy to Access the Kubernetes API --- Choosing a directoryDepending on your page type, put your new file in a subdirecto


Question: What is Writing a new topic?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   s h o w s   h o w   t o   c r e a t e   a   n e w   t o p i c   f o r   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   d o c s .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: C r e a t e   a   f o r k   o f   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   r e p o s i t o r y   a s   d e s c r i b e d   i n   O p e n   a   P R .


Question: What is Choosing a page type?

Answer: A s   y o u   p r e p a r e   t o   w r i t e   a   n e w   t o p i c ,   t h i n k   a b o u t   t h e   p a g e   t y p e   t h a t   w o u l d   f i t   y o u r   c o n t e n t   t h e   b e s t :


Question: What is Creating a new page?

Answer: U s e   a   c o n t e n t   t y p e   f o r   e a c h   n e w   p a g e   t h a t   y o u   w r i t e .   T h e   d o c s   s i t e   p r o v i d e s   t e m p l a t e s   o r   H u g o   a r c h e t y p e s   t o   c r e a t e   n e w   c o n t e n t   p a g e s .   T o   c r e a t e   a   n e w   t y p e   o f   p a g e ,   r u n   h u g o   n e w   w i t h   t h e   p a t h   t o   t h e   f i l e   y o u   w a n t   t o   c r e a t e .   F o r   e x a m p l e :   h u g o   n e w   d o c s / c o n c e p t s / m y - f i r s t - c o n c e p t . m d


Question: What is Choosing a title and filename?

Answer: C h o o s e   a   t i t l e   t h a t   h a s   t h e   k e y w o r d s   y o u   w a n t   s e a r c h   e n g i n e s   t o   f i n d .   C r e a t e   a   f i l e n a m e   t h a t   u s e s   t h e   w o r d s   i n   y o u r   t i t l e   s e p a r a t e d   b y   h y p h e n s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   t h e   t o p i c   w i t h   t i t l e   U s i n g   a n   H T T P   P r o x y   t o   A c c e s s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   h a s   f i l e n a m e   h t t p - p r o x y - a c c e s s - a p i . m d .   Y o u   d o n ' t   n e e d   t o   p u t   " k u b e r n e t e s "   i n   t h e   f i l e n a m e ,   b e c a u s e   " k u b e r n e t e s "   i s   a l r e a d y   i n   t h e   U R L   f o r   t h e   t o p i c ,   f o r   e x a m p l e :   / d o c s / t a s k s / e x t e n d - k u b e r n e t e s / h t t p - p r o x y - a c c e s s - a p i /


Question: What is Adding the topic title to the front matter?

Answer: I n   y o u r   t o p i c ,   p u t   a   t i t l e   f i e l d   i n   t h e   f r o n t   m a t t e r .   T h e   f r o n t   m a t t e r   i s   t h e   Y A M L   b l o c k   t h a t   i s   b e t w e e n   t h e   t r i p l e - d a s h e d   l i n e s   a t   t h e   t o p   o f   t h e   p a g e .   H e r e ' s   a n   e x a m p l e :   - - -   t i t l e :   U s i n g   a n   H T T P   P r o x y   t o   A c c e s s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   - - -


Question: What is Choosing a directory?

Answer: D e p e n d i n g   o n   y o u r   p a g e   t y p e ,   p u t   y o u r   n e w   f i l e   i n   a   s u b d i r e c t o r y   o f   o n e   o f   t h e s e :   / c o n t e n t / e n / d o c s / t a s k s / / c o n t e n t / e n / d o c s / t u t o r i a l s / / c o n t e n t / e n / d o c s / c o n c e p t s /   Y o u   c a n   p u t   y o u r   f i l e   i n   a n   e x i s t i n g   s u b d i r e c t o r y ,   o r   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   a   n e w   s u b d i r e c t o r y .


Question: What is Placing your topic in the table of contents?

Answer: T h e   t a b l e   o f   c o n t e n t s   i s   b u i l t   d y n a m i c a l l y   u s i n g   t h e   d i r e c t o r y   s t r u c t u r e   o f   t h e   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   s o u r c e .   T h e   t o p - l e v e l   d i r e c t o r i e s   u n d e r   / c o n t e n t / e n / d o c s /   c r e a t e   t o p - l e v e l   n a v i g a t i o n ,   a n d   s u b d i r e c t o r i e s   e a c h   h a v e   e n t r i e s   i n   t h e   t a b l e   o f   c o n t e n t s .   E a c h   s u b d i r e c t o r y   h a s   a   f i l e   _ i n d e x . m d ,   w h i c h   r e p r e s e n t s   t h e   " h o m e "   p a g e   f o r   a   g i v e n   s u b d i r e c t o r y ' s   c o n t e n t .   T h e   _ i n d e x . m d   d o e s   n o t   n e e d   a   t e m p l a t e .   I t   c a n   c o n t a i n   o v e r v i e w   c o n t e n t   a b o u t   t h e   t o p i c s   i n   t h e   s u b d i r e c t o r y .   O t h e r   f i l e s   i n   a   d i r e c t o r y   a r e   s o r t e d   a l p h a b e t i c a l l y   b y   d e f a u l t .   T h i s   i s   a l m o s t   n e v e r   t h e   b e s t   o r d e r .   T o   c o n t r o l   t h e   r e l a t i v e   s o r t i n g   o f   t o p i c s   i n   a   s u b d i r e c t o r y ,   s e t   t h e   w e i g h t :   f r o n t - m a t t e r   k e y   t o   a n   i n t e g e r .   T y p i c a l l y ,   w e   u s e   m u l t i p l e s   o f   1 0 ,   t o   a c c o u n t   f o r   a d d i n g   t o p i c s   l a t e r .   F o r   i n s t a n c e ,   a   t o p i c   w i t h   w e i g h t   1 0   w i l l   c o m e   b e f o r e   o n e   w i t h   w e i g h t   2 0 .


Question: What is Embedding code in your topic?

Answer: I f   y o u   w a n t   t o   i n c l u d e   s o m e   c o d e   i n   y o u r   t o p i c ,   y o u   c a n   e m b e d   t h e   c o d e   i n   y o u r   f i l e   d i r e c t l y   u s i n g   t h e   m a r k d o w n   c o d e   b l o c k   s y n t a x .   T h i s   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   f o r   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   c a s e s   ( n o t   a n   e x h a u s t i v e   l i s t ) :   T h e   c o d e   s h o w s   t h e   o u t p u t   f r o m   a   c o m m a n d   s u c h   a s   k u b e c t l   g e t   d e p l o y   m y d e p l o y m e n t   - o   j s o n   |   j q   ' . s t a t u s ' . T h e   c o d e   i s   n o t   g e n e r i c   e n o u g h   f o r   u s e r s   t o   t r y   o u t .   A s   a n   e x a m p l e ,   y o u   c a n   e m b e d   t h e   Y A M L   f i l e   f o r   c r e a t i n g   a   P o d   w h i c h   d e p e n d s   o n   a   s p e c i f i c   F l e x V o l u m e   i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . T h e   c o d e   i s   a n   i n c o m p l e t e   e x a m p l e   b e c a u s e   i t s   p u r p o s e   i s   t o   h i g h l i g h t   a   p o r t i o n   o f   a   l a r g e r   f i l e .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   w h e n   d e s c r i b i n g   w a y s   t o   c u s t o m i z e   a   R o l e B i n d i n g ,   y o u   c a n   p r o v i d e   a   s h o r t   s n i p p e t   d i r e c t l y   i n   y o u r   t o p i c   f i l e . T h e   c o d e   i s   n o t   m e a n t   f o r   u s e r s   t o   t r y   o u t   d u e   t o   o t h e r   r e a s o n s .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   w h e n   d e s c r i b i n g   h o w   a   n e w   a t t r i b u t e   s h o u l d   b e   a d d e d   t o   a   r e s o u r c e   u s i n g   t h e   k u b e c t l   e d i t   c o m m a n d ,   y o u   c a n   p r o v i d e   a   s h o r t   e x a m p l e   t h a t   i n c l u d e s   o n l y   t h e   a t t r i b u t e   t o   a d d .


Question: What is Including code from another file?

Answer: A n o t h e r   w a y   t o   i n c l u d e   c o d e   i n   y o u r   t o p i c   i s   t o   c r e a t e   a   n e w ,   c o m p l e t e   s a m p l e   f i l e   ( o r   g r o u p   o f   s a m p l e   f i l e s )   a n d   t h e n   r e f e r e n c e   t h e   s a m p l e   f r o m   y o u r   t o p i c .   U s e   t h i s   m e t h o d   t o   i n c l u d e   s a m p l e   Y A M L   f i l e s   w h e n   t h e   s a m p l e   i s   g e n e r i c   a n d   r e u s a b l e ,   a n d   y o u   w a n t   t h e   r e a d e r   t o   t r y   i t   o u t   t h e m s e l v e s .   W h e n   a d d i n g   a   n e w   s t a n d a l o n e   s a m p l e   f i l e ,   s u c h   a s   a   Y A M L   f i l e ,   p l a c e   t h e   c o d e   i n   o n e   o f   t h e   < L A N G > / e x a m p l e s /   s u b d i r e c t o r i e s   w h e r e   < L A N G >   i s   t h e   l a n g u a g e   f o r   t h e   t o p i c .   I n   y o u r   t o p i c   f i l e ,   u s e   t h e   c o d e _ s a m p l e   s h o r t c o d e :   { { %   c o d e _ s a m p l e   f i l e = " < R E L P A T H > / m y - e x a m p l e - y a m l > "   % } }   w h e r e   < R E L P A T H >   i s   t h e   p a t h   t o   t h e   f i l e   t o   i n c l u d e ,   r e l a t i v e   t o   t h e   e x a m p l e s   d i r e c t o r y .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   H u g o   s h o r t c o d e   r e f e r e n c e s   a   Y A M L   f i l e   l o c a t e d   a t   / c o n t e n t / e n / e x a m p l e s / p o d s / s t o r a g e / g c e - v o l u m e . y a m l .   { { %   c o d e _ s a m p l e   f i l e = " p o d s / s t o r a g e / g c e - v o l u m e . y a m l "   % } }


Question: What is Showing how to create an API object from a configuration file?

Answer: I f   y o u   n e e d   t o   d e m o n s t r a t e   h o w   t o   c r e a t e   a n   A P I   o b j e c t   b a s e d   o n   a   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e ,   p l a c e   t h e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   i n   o n e   o f   t h e   s u b d i r e c t o r i e s   u n d e r   < L A N G > / e x a m p l e s .   I n   y o u r   t o p i c ,   s h o w   t h i s   c o m m a n d :   k u b e c t l   c r e a t e   - f   h t t p s : / / k 8 s . i o / e x a m p l e s / p o d s / s t o r a g e / g c e - v o l u m e . y a m l


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: F o r   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a   t o p i c   t h a t   u s e s   t h i s   t e c h n i q u e ,   s e e   R u n n i n g   a   S i n g l e - I n s t a n c e   S t a t e f u l   A p p l i c a t i o n .


Question: What is Adding images to a topic?

Answer: P u t   i m a g e   f i l e s   i n   t h e   / i m a g e s   d i r e c t o r y .   T h e   p r e f e r r e d   i m a g e   f o r m a t   i s   S V G .


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: L e a r n   a b o u t   u s i n g   p a g e   c o n t e n t   t y p e s . L e a r n   a b o u t   c r e a t i n g   a   p u l l   r e q u e s t .


Question: What is Workloads?

Answer: WorkloadsUnderstand Pods, the smallest deployable compute object in Kubernetes, and the higher-level abstractions that help you to run them.A workload is an application running on Kubernetes. Whether your workload is a single component or several that work together, on Kubernetes you run it inside a set of pods. In Kubernetes, a Pod represents a set of running containers on your cluster.Kubernetes pods have a defined lifecycle. For example, once a pod is running in your cluster then a critical fault on the node where that pod is running means that all the pods on that node fail. Kubernetes treats that level of failure as final: you would need to create a new Pod to recover, even if the node later becomes healthy.However, to make life considerably easier, you don't need to manage each Pod directly. Instead, you can use workload resources that manage a set of pods on your behalf. These resources configure controllers that make sure the right number of the right kind of pod are running, to match the state you specified.Kubernetes provides several built-in workload resources:Deployment and ReplicaSet (replacing the legacy resource ReplicationController). Deployment is a good fit for managing a stateless application workload on your cluster, where any Pod in the Deployment is interchangeable and can be replaced if needed.StatefulSet lets you run one or more related Pods that do track state somehow. For example, if your workload records data persistently, you can run a StatefulSet that matches each Pod with a PersistentVolume. Your code, running in the Pods for that StatefulSet, can replicate data to other Pods in the same StatefulSet to improve overall resilience.DaemonSet defines Pods that provide facilities that are local to nodes. Every time you add a node to your cluster that matches the specification in a DaemonSet, the control plane schedules a Pod for that DaemonSet onto the new node. Each pod in a DaemonSet performs a job similar to a system daemon on a classic Unix / POSIX server. A DaemonSet might be fundamental to the operation of your cluster, such as a plugin to run cluster networking, it might help you to manage the node, or it could provide optional behavior that enhances the container platform you are running.Job and CronJob provide different ways to define tasks that run to completion and then stop. You can use a Job to define a task that runs to completion, just once. You can use a CronJob to run the same Job multiple times according a schedule.In the wider Kubernetes ecosystem, you can find third-party workload resources that provide additional behaviors. Using a custom resource definition, you can add in a third-party workload resource if you want a specific behavior that's not part of Kubernetes' core. For example, if you wanted to run a group of Pods for your application but stop work unless all the Pods are available (perhaps for some high-throughput distributed task), then you can implement or install an extension that does pro


Question: How does Workloads work?

Answer: WorkloadsUnderstand Pods, the smallest deployable compute object in Kubernetes, and the higher-level abstractions that help you to run them.A workload is an application running on Kubernetes. Whether your workload is a single component or several that work together, on Kubernetes you run it inside a set of pods. In Kubernetes, a Pod represents a set of running containers on your cluster.Kubernetes pods have a defined lifecycle. For example, once a pod is running in your cluster then a critical fault on the node where that pod is running means that all the pods on that node fail. Kubernetes treats that level of failure as final: you would need to create a new Pod to recover, even if the node later becomes healthy.However, to make life considerably easier, you don't need to manage each Pod directly. Instead, you can use workload resources that manage a set of pods on your behalf. These resources configure controllers that make sure the right number of the right kind of pod are running, to match the state you specified.Kubernetes provides several built-in workload resources:Deployment and ReplicaSet (replacing the legacy resource ReplicationController). Deployment is a good fit for managing a stateless application workload on your cluster, where any Pod in the Deployment is interchangeable and can be replaced if needed.StatefulSet lets you run one or more related Pods that do track state somehow. For example, if your workload records data persistently, you can run a StatefulSet that matches each Pod with a PersistentVolume. Your code, running in the Pods for that StatefulSet, can replicate data to other Pods in the same StatefulSet to improve overall resilience.DaemonSet defines Pods that provide facilities that are local to nodes. Every time you add a node to your cluster that matches the specification in a DaemonSet, the control plane schedules a Pod for that DaemonSet onto the new node. Each pod in a DaemonSet performs a job similar to a system daemon on a classic Unix / POSIX server. A DaemonSet might be fundamental to the operation of your cluster, such as a plugin to run cluster networking, it might help you to manage the node, or it could provide optional behavior that enhances the container platform you are running.Job and CronJob provide different ways to define tasks that run to completion and then stop. You can use a Job to define a task that runs to completion, just once. You can use a CronJob to run the same Job multiple times according a schedule.In the wider Kubernetes ecosystem, you can find third-party workload resources that provide additional behaviors. Using a custom resource definition, you can add in a third-party workload resource if you want a specific behavior that's not part of Kubernetes' core. For example, if you wanted to run a group of Pods for your application but stop work unless all the Pods are available (perhaps for some high-throughput distributed task), then you can implement or install an extension that does pro


Question: When would you use Workloads?

Answer: WorkloadsUnderstand Pods, the smallest deployable compute object in Kubernetes, and the higher-level abstractions that help you to run them.A workload is an application running on Kubernetes. Whether your workload is a single component or several that work together, on Kubernetes you run it inside a set of pods. In Kubernetes, a Pod represents a set of running containers on your cluster.Kubernetes pods have a defined lifecycle. For example, once a pod is running in your cluster then a critical fault on the node where that pod is running means that all the pods on that node fail. Kubernetes treats that level of failure as final: you would need to create a new Pod to recover, even if the node later becomes healthy.However, to make life considerably easier, you don't need to manage each Pod directly. Instead, you can use workload resources that manage a set of pods on your behalf. These resources configure controllers that make sure the right number of the right kind of pod are running, to match the state you specified.Kubernetes provides several built-in workload resources:Deployment and ReplicaSet (replacing the legacy resource ReplicationController). Deployment is a good fit for managing a stateless application workload on your cluster, where any Pod in the Deployment is interchangeable and can be replaced if needed.StatefulSet lets you run one or more related Pods that do track state somehow. For example, if your workload records data persistently, you can run a StatefulSet that matches each Pod with a PersistentVolume. Your code, running in the Pods for that StatefulSet, can replicate data to other Pods in the same StatefulSet to improve overall resilience.DaemonSet defines Pods that provide facilities that are local to nodes. Every time you add a node to your cluster that matches the specification in a DaemonSet, the control plane schedules a Pod for that DaemonSet onto the new node. Each pod in a DaemonSet performs a job similar to a system daemon on a classic Unix / POSIX server. A DaemonSet might be fundamental to the operation of your cluster, such as a plugin to run cluster networking, it might help you to manage the node, or it could provide optional behavior that enhances the container platform you are running.Job and CronJob provide different ways to define tasks that run to completion and then stop. You can use a Job to define a task that runs to completion, just once. You can use a CronJob to run the same Job multiple times according a schedule.In the wider Kubernetes ecosystem, you can find third-party workload resources that provide additional behaviors. Using a custom resource definition, you can add in a third-party workload resource if you want a specific behavior that's not part of Kubernetes' core. For example, if you wanted to run a group of Pods for your application but stop work unless all the Pods are available (perhaps for some high-throughput distributed task), then you can implement or install an extension that does pro


Question: What are the benefits of Workloads?

Answer: WorkloadsUnderstand Pods, the smallest deployable compute object in Kubernetes, and the higher-level abstractions that help you to run them.A workload is an application running on Kubernetes. Whether your workload is a single component or several that work together, on Kubernetes you run it inside a set of pods. In Kubernetes, a Pod represents a set of running containers on your cluster.Kubernetes pods have a defined lifecycle. For example, once a pod is running in your cluster then a critical fault on the node where that pod is running means that all the pods on that node fail. Kubernetes treats that level of failure as final: you would need to create a new Pod to recover, even if the node later becomes healthy.However, to make life considerably easier, you don't need to manage each Pod directly. Instead, you can use workload resources that manage a set of pods on your behalf. These resources configure controllers that make sure the right number of the right kind of pod are running, to match the state you specified.Kubernetes provides several built-in workload resources:Deployment and ReplicaSet (replacing the legacy resource ReplicationController). Deployment is a good fit for managing a stateless application workload on your cluster, where any Pod in the Deployment is interchangeable and can be replaced if needed.StatefulSet lets you run one or more related Pods that do track state somehow. For example, if your workload records data persistently, you can run a StatefulSet that matches each Pod with a PersistentVolume. Your code, running in the Pods for that StatefulSet, can replicate data to other Pods in the same StatefulSet to improve overall resilience.DaemonSet defines Pods that provide facilities that are local to nodes. Every time you add a node to your cluster that matches the specification in a DaemonSet, the control plane schedules a Pod for that DaemonSet onto the new node. Each pod in a DaemonSet performs a job similar to a system daemon on a classic Unix / POSIX server. A DaemonSet might be fundamental to the operation of your cluster, such as a plugin to run cluster networking, it might help you to manage the node, or it could provide optional behavior that enhances the container platform you are running.Job and CronJob provide different ways to define tasks that run to completion and then stop. You can use a Job to define a task that runs to completion, just once. You can use a CronJob to run the same Job multiple times according a schedule.In the wider Kubernetes ecosystem, you can find third-party workload resources that provide additional behaviors. Using a custom resource definition, you can add in a third-party workload resource if you want a specific behavior that's not part of Kubernetes' core. For example, if you wanted to run a group of Pods for your application but stop work unless all the Pods are available (perhaps for some high-throughput distributed task), then you can implement or install an extension that does pro


Question: What is Workloads?

Answer: A   w o r k l o a d   i s   a n   a p p l i c a t i o n   r u n n i n g   o n   K u b e r n e t e s .   W h e t h e r   y o u r   w o r k l o a d   i s   a   s i n g l e   c o m p o n e n t   o r   s e v e r a l   t h a t   w o r k   t o g e t h e r ,   o n   K u b e r n e t e s   y o u   r u n   i t   i n s i d e   a   s e t   o f   p o d s .   I n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   a   P o d   r e p r e s e n t s   a   s e t   o f   r u n n i n g   c o n t a i n e r s   o n   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   K u b e r n e t e s   p o d s   h a v e   a   d e f i n e d   l i f e c y c l e .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   o n c e   a   p o d   i s   r u n n i n g   i n   y o u r   c l u s t e r   t h e n   a   c r i t i c a l   f a u l t   o n   t h e   n o d e   w h e r e   t h a t   p o d   i s   r u n n i n g   m e a n s   t h a t   a l l   t h e   p o d s   o n   t h a t   n o d e   f a i l .   K u b e r n e t e s   t r e a t s   t h a t   l e v e l   o f   f a i l u r e   a s   f i n a l :   y o u   w o u l d   n e e d   t o   c r e a t e   a   n e w   P o d   t o   r e c o v e r ,   e v e n   i f   t h e   n o d e   l a t e r   b e c o m e s   h e a l t h y .   H o w e v e r ,   t o   m a k e   l i f e   c o n s i d e r a b l y   e a s i e r ,   y o u   d o n ' t   n e e d   t o   m a n a g e   e a c h   P o d   d i r e c t l y .   I n s t e a d ,   y o u   c a n   u s e   w o r k l o a d   r e s o u r c e s   t h a t   m a n a g e   a   s e t   o f   p o d s   o n   y o u r   b e h a l f .   T h e s e   r e s o u r c e s   c o n f i g u r e   c o n t r o l l e r s   t h a t   m a k e   s u r e   t h e   r i g h t   n u m b e r   o f   t h e   r i g h t   k i n d   o f   p o d   a r e   r u n n i n g ,   t o   m a t c h   t h e   s t a t e   y o u   s p e c i f i e d .   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o v i d e s   s e v e r a l   b u i l t - i n   w o r k l o a d   r e s o u r c e s :   D e p l o y m e n t   a n d   R e p l i c a S e t   ( r e p l a c i n g   t h e   l e g a c y


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: A s   w e l l   a s   r e a d i n g   a b o u t   e a c h   A P I   k i n d   f o r   w o r k l o a d   m a n a g e m e n t ,   y o u   c a n   r e a d   h o w   t o   d o   s p e c i f i c   t a s k s :   R u n   a   s t a t e l e s s   a p p l i c a t i o n   u s i n g   a   D e p l o y m e n t R u n   a   s t a t e f u l   a p p l i c a t i o n   e i t h e r   a s   a   s i n g l e   i n s t a n c e   o r   a s   a   r e p l i c a t e d   s e t R u n   a u t o m a t e d   t a s k s   w i t h   a   C r o n J o b   T o   l e a r n   a b o u t   K u b e r n e t e s '   m e c h a n i s m s   f o r   s e p a r a t i n g   c o d e   f r o m   c o n f i g u r a t i o n ,   v i s i t   C o n f i g u r a t i o n .   T h e r e   a r e   t w o   s u p p o r t i n g   c o n c e p t s   t h a t   p r o v i d e   b a c k g r o u n d s   a b o u t   h o w   K u b e r n e t e s   m a n a g e s   p o d s   f o r   a p p l i c a t i o n s :   G a r b a g e   c o l l e c t i o n   t i d i e s   u p   o b j e c t s   f r o m   y o u r   c l u s t e r   a f t e r   t h e i r   o w n i n g   r e s o u r c e   h a s   b e e n   r e m o v e d . T h e   t i m e - t o - l i v e   a f t e r   f i n i s h e d   c o n t r o l l e r   r e m o v e s   J o b s   o n c e   a   d e f i n e d   t i m e   h a s   p a s s e d   s i n c e   t h e y   c o m p l e t e d .   O n c e   y o u r   a p p l i c a t i o n   i s   r u n n i n g ,   y o u   m i g h t   w a n t   t o   m a k e   i t   a v a i l a b l e   o n   t h e   i n t e r n e t   a s   a   S e r v i c e   o r ,   f o r   w e b   a p p l i c a t i o n   o n l y ,   u s i n g   a n   I n g r e s s .


Question: What is kubectl certificate deny?

Answer: kubectl certificate denySynopsisDeny a certificate signing request.kubectl certificate deny allows a cluster admin to deny a certificate signing request (CSR). This action tells a certificate signing controller to not to issue a certificate to the requester.kubectl certificate deny (-f FILENAME | NAME) Examples # Deny CSR 'csr-sqgzp' kubectl certificate deny csr-sqgzp Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update--forceUpdate the CSR even if it is already denied.-h, --helphelp for deny-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the f


Question: How does kubectl certificate deny work?

Answer: kubectl certificate denySynopsisDeny a certificate signing request.kubectl certificate deny allows a cluster admin to deny a certificate signing request (CSR). This action tells a certificate signing controller to not to issue a certificate to the requester.kubectl certificate deny (-f FILENAME | NAME) Examples # Deny CSR 'csr-sqgzp' kubectl certificate deny csr-sqgzp Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update--forceUpdate the CSR even if it is already denied.-h, --helphelp for deny-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the f


Question: When would you use kubectl certificate deny?

Answer: kubectl certificate denySynopsisDeny a certificate signing request.kubectl certificate deny allows a cluster admin to deny a certificate signing request (CSR). This action tells a certificate signing controller to not to issue a certificate to the requester.kubectl certificate deny (-f FILENAME | NAME) Examples # Deny CSR 'csr-sqgzp' kubectl certificate deny csr-sqgzp Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update--forceUpdate the CSR even if it is already denied.-h, --helphelp for deny-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the f


Question: What are the benefits of kubectl certificate deny?

Answer: kubectl certificate denySynopsisDeny a certificate signing request.kubectl certificate deny allows a cluster admin to deny a certificate signing request (CSR). This action tells a certificate signing controller to not to issue a certificate to the requester.kubectl certificate deny (-f FILENAME | NAME) Examples # Deny CSR 'csr-sqgzp' kubectl certificate deny csr-sqgzp Options--allow-missing-template-keys Default: trueIf true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.-f, --filename stringsFilename, directory, or URL to files identifying the resource to update--forceUpdate the CSR even if it is already denied.-h, --helphelp for deny-k, --kustomize stringProcess the kustomization directory. This flag can't be used together with -f or -R.-o, --output stringOutput format. One of: (json, yaml, name, go-template, go-template-file, template, templatefile, jsonpath, jsonpath-as-json, jsonpath-file).-R, --recursiveProcess the directory used in -f, --filename recursively. Useful when you want to manage related manifests organized within the same directory.--show-managed-fieldsIf true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.--template stringTemplate string or path to template file to use when -o=go-template, -o=go-template-file. The template format is golang templates [http://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#pkg-overview].Parent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the f


Question: What is Synopsis?

Answer: D e n y   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   s i g n i n g   r e q u e s t .   k u b e c t l   c e r t i f i c a t e   d e n y   a l l o w s   a   c l u s t e r   a d m i n   t o   d e n y   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   s i g n i n g   r e q u e s t   ( C S R ) .   T h i s   a c t i o n   t e l l s   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   s i g n i n g   c o n t r o l l e r   t o   n o t   t o   i s s u e   a   c e r t i f i c a t e   t o   t h e   r e q u e s t e r .   k u b e c t l   c e r t i f i c a t e   d e n y   ( - f   F I L E N A M E   |   N A M E )


Question: What is Examples?

Answer: #   D e n y   C S R   ' c s r - s q g z p '   k u b e c t l   c e r t i f i c a t e   d e n y   c s r - s q g z p


Question: What is Options?

Answer: I f   t r u e ,   i g n o r e   a n y   e r r o r s   i n   t e m p l a t e s   w h e n   a   f i e l d   o r   m a p   k e y   i s   m i s s i n g   i n   t h e   t e m p l a t e .   O n l y   a p p l i e s   t o   g o l a n g   a n d   j s o n p a t h   o u t p u t   f o r m a t s .   F i l e n a m e ,   d i r e c t o r y ,   o r   U R L   t o   f i l e s   i d e n t i f y i n g   t h e   r e s o u r c e   t o   u p d a t e   U p d a t e   t h e   C S R   e v e n   i f   i t   i s   a l r e a d y   d e n i e d .   h e l p   f o r   d e n y   P r o c e s s   t h e   k u s t o m i z a t i o n   d i r e c t o r y .   T h i s   f l a g   c a n ' t   b e   u s e d   t o g e t h e r   w i t h   - f   o r   - R .   O u t p u t   f o r m a t .   O n e   o f :   ( j s o n ,   y a m l ,   n a m e ,   g o - t e m p l a t e ,   g o - t e m p l a t e - f i l e ,   t e m p l a t e ,   t e m p l a t e f i l e ,   j s o n p a t h ,   j s o n p a t h - a s - j s o n ,   j s o n p a t h - f i l e ) .   P r o c e s s   t h e   d i r e c t o r y   u s e d   i n   - f ,   - - f i l e n a m e   r e c u r s i v e l y .   U s e f u l   w h e n   y o u   w a n t   t o   m a n a g e   r e l a t e d   m a n i f e s t s   o r g a n i z e d   w i t h i n   t h e   s a m e   d i r e c t o r y .   I f   t r u e ,   k e e p   t h e   m a n a g e d F i e l d s   w h e n   p r i n t i n g   o b j e c t s   i n   J S O N   o r   Y A M L   f o r m a t .   T e m p l a t e   s t r i n g   o r   p a t h   t o   t e m p l a t e   f i l e   t o   u s e   w h e n   - o = g o - t e m p l a t e ,   - o = g o - t e m p l a t e - f i l e .   T h e   t e m p l a t e   f o r m a t   i s   g o l a n g   t e m p l a t e s   [ h t t p : / / g o l a n g . o r g / p k g / t e x t / t e m p l a t e / # p k g - o v e r v i e w ] .


Question: What is Parent Options Inherited?

Answer: U s e r n a m e   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   U s e r   c o u l d   b e   a   r e g u l a r   u s e r   o r   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e .   G r o u p   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n ,   t h i s   f l a g   c a n   b e   r e p e a t e d   t o   s p e c i f y   m u l t i p l e   g r o u p s .   U I D   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   D e f a u l t   c a c h e   d i r e c t o r y   P a t h   t o   a   c e r t   f i l e   f o r   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   f i l e   f o r   T L S   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   k e y   f i l e   f o r   T L S   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c l u s t e r   t o   u s e   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c o n t e x t   t o   u s e   I f   t r u e ,   o p t - o u t   o f   r e s p o n s e   c o m p r e s s i o n   f o r   a l l   r e q u e s t s   t o   t h e   s e r v e r   I f   t r u e ,   t h e   s e r v e r ' s   c e r t i f i c a t e   w i l l   n o t   b e   c h e c k e d   f o r   v a l i d i t y .   T h i s   w i l l   m a k e   y o u r   H T T P S   c o n n e c t i o n s   i n s e c u r e   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   C L I   r e q u e s t s .   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e r c   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   p r e f e r e n c e s .   T h i s   c a n   b e   d i s a b l e d   b y   e x p o r t i n g   K U B E C T L _ K U B E R C = f a l s e   f e a t u r e   g a t e   o r   t u r n i n g   o f f   t h e   f e a t u r e   K U B E R C = o f f .   R e q u i r e   s e r v e r   v e r s i o n   t o   m a t c h   c l i e n t   v e r s i o n   I f   p r e s e n t ,   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   s c o p e   f o r   t h i s   C L I   r e q u e s t   P a s s w o r d   f o r   b a s i c   a u t h e n t i c a t


Question: What is See Also?

Answer: k u b e c t l   c e r t i f i c a t e   -   M o d i f y   c e r t i f i c a t e   r e s o u r c e s   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Service Resources?

Answer: Service ResourcesServiceService is a named abstraction of software service (for example, mysql) consisting of local port (for example 3306) that the proxy listens on, and the selector that determines which pods will answer requests sent through the proxy.EndpointsEndpoints is a collection of endpoints that implement the actual service.EndpointSliceEndpointSlice represents a set of service endpoints.IngressIngress is a collection of rules that allow inbound connections to reach the endpoints defined by a backend.IngressClassIngressClass represents the class of the Ingress, referenced by the Ingress Spec.This page is automatically generated.If you plan to report an issue with this page, mention that the page is auto-generated in your issue description. The fix may need to happen elsewhere in the Kubernetes project.


Question: How does Service Resources work?

Answer: Service ResourcesServiceService is a named abstraction of software service (for example, mysql) consisting of local port (for example 3306) that the proxy listens on, and the selector that determines which pods will answer requests sent through the proxy.EndpointsEndpoints is a collection of endpoints that implement the actual service.EndpointSliceEndpointSlice represents a set of service endpoints.IngressIngress is a collection of rules that allow inbound connections to reach the endpoints defined by a backend.IngressClassIngressClass represents the class of the Ingress, referenced by the Ingress Spec.This page is automatically generated.If you plan to report an issue with this page, mention that the page is auto-generated in your issue description. The fix may need to happen elsewhere in the Kubernetes project.


Question: When would you use Service Resources?

Answer: Service ResourcesServiceService is a named abstraction of software service (for example, mysql) consisting of local port (for example 3306) that the proxy listens on, and the selector that determines which pods will answer requests sent through the proxy.EndpointsEndpoints is a collection of endpoints that implement the actual service.EndpointSliceEndpointSlice represents a set of service endpoints.IngressIngress is a collection of rules that allow inbound connections to reach the endpoints defined by a backend.IngressClassIngressClass represents the class of the Ingress, referenced by the Ingress Spec.This page is automatically generated.If you plan to report an issue with this page, mention that the page is auto-generated in your issue description. The fix may need to happen elsewhere in the Kubernetes project.


Question: What are the benefits of Service Resources?

Answer: Service ResourcesServiceService is a named abstraction of software service (for example, mysql) consisting of local port (for example 3306) that the proxy listens on, and the selector that determines which pods will answer requests sent through the proxy.EndpointsEndpoints is a collection of endpoints that implement the actual service.EndpointSliceEndpointSlice represents a set of service endpoints.IngressIngress is a collection of rules that allow inbound connections to reach the endpoints defined by a backend.IngressClassIngressClass represents the class of the Ingress, referenced by the Ingress Spec.This page is automatically generated.If you plan to report an issue with this page, mention that the page is auto-generated in your issue description. The fix may need to happen elsewhere in the Kubernetes project.


Question: What is Service?

Answer: S e r v i c e   i s   a   n a m e d   a b s t r a c t i o n   o f   s o f t w a r e   s e r v i c e   ( f o r   e x a m p l e ,   m y s q l )   c o n s i s t i n g   o f   l o c a l   p o r t   ( f o r   e x a m p l e   3 3 0 6 )   t h a t   t h e   p r o x y   l i s t e n s   o n ,   a n d   t h e   s e l e c t o r   t h a t   d e t e r m i n e s   w h i c h   p o d s   w i l l   a n s w e r   r e q u e s t s   s e n t   t h r o u g h   t h e   p r o x y .


Question: What is Endpoints?

Answer: E n d p o i n t s   i s   a   c o l l e c t i o n   o f   e n d p o i n t s   t h a t   i m p l e m e n t   t h e   a c t u a l   s e r v i c e .


Question: What is EndpointSlice?

Answer: E n d p o i n t S l i c e   r e p r e s e n t s   a   s e t   o f   s e r v i c e   e n d p o i n t s .


Question: What is Ingress?

Answer: I n g r e s s   i s   a   c o l l e c t i o n   o f   r u l e s   t h a t   a l l o w   i n b o u n d   c o n n e c t i o n s   t o   r e a c h   t h e   e n d p o i n t s   d e f i n e d   b y   a   b a c k e n d .


Question: What is IngressClass?

Answer: I n g r e s s C l a s s   r e p r e s e n t s   t h e   c l a s s   o f   t h e   I n g r e s s ,   r e f e r e n c e d   b y   t h e   I n g r e s s   S p e c .   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Validating Admission Policy?

Answer: Validating Admission PolicyFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.30 [stable]This page provides an overview of Validating Admission Policy.What is Validating Admission Policy?Validating admission policies offer a declarative, in-process alternative to validating admission webhooks.Validating admission policies use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to declare the validation rules of a policy. Validation admission policies are highly configurable, enabling policy authors to define policies that can be parameterized and scoped to resources as needed by cluster administrators.What Resources Make a PolicyA policy is generally made up of three resources:The ValidatingAdmissionPolicy describes the abstract logic of a policy (think: "this policy makes sure a particular label is set to a particular value").A parameter resource provides information to a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy to make it a concrete statement (think "the owner label must be set to something that ends in .company.com"). A native type such as ConfigMap or a CRD defines the schema of a parameter resource. ValidatingAdmissionPolicy objects specify what Kind they are expecting for their parameter resource.A ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding links the above resources together and provides scoping. If you only want to require an owner label to be set for Pods, the binding is where you would specify this restriction.At least a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy and a corresponding ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding must be defined for a policy to have an effect.If a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy does not need to be configured via parameters, simply leave spec.paramKind in ValidatingAdmissionPolicy not specified.Getting Started with Validating Admission PolicyValidating Admission Policy is part of the cluster control-plane. You should write and deploy them with great caution. The following describes how to quickly experiment with Validating Admission Policy.Creating a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyThe following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy.validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-policy.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy metadata: name: "demo-policy.example.com" spec: failurePolicy: Fail matchConstraints: resourceRules: - apiGroups: ["apps"] apiVersions: ["v1"] operations: ["CREATE", "UPDATE"] resources: ["deployments"] validations: - expression: "object.spec.replicas <= 5"spec.validations contains CEL expressions which use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to validate the request. If an expression evaluates to false, the validation check is enforced according to the spec.failurePolicy field.Note:You can quickly test CEL expressions in CEL Playground.To configure a validating admission policy for use in a cluster, a binding is required. The following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding.:validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-binding.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding metadata: name: "demo-bind


Question: How does Validating Admission Policy work?

Answer: Validating Admission PolicyFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.30 [stable]This page provides an overview of Validating Admission Policy.What is Validating Admission Policy?Validating admission policies offer a declarative, in-process alternative to validating admission webhooks.Validating admission policies use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to declare the validation rules of a policy. Validation admission policies are highly configurable, enabling policy authors to define policies that can be parameterized and scoped to resources as needed by cluster administrators.What Resources Make a PolicyA policy is generally made up of three resources:The ValidatingAdmissionPolicy describes the abstract logic of a policy (think: "this policy makes sure a particular label is set to a particular value").A parameter resource provides information to a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy to make it a concrete statement (think "the owner label must be set to something that ends in .company.com"). A native type such as ConfigMap or a CRD defines the schema of a parameter resource. ValidatingAdmissionPolicy objects specify what Kind they are expecting for their parameter resource.A ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding links the above resources together and provides scoping. If you only want to require an owner label to be set for Pods, the binding is where you would specify this restriction.At least a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy and a corresponding ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding must be defined for a policy to have an effect.If a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy does not need to be configured via parameters, simply leave spec.paramKind in ValidatingAdmissionPolicy not specified.Getting Started with Validating Admission PolicyValidating Admission Policy is part of the cluster control-plane. You should write and deploy them with great caution. The following describes how to quickly experiment with Validating Admission Policy.Creating a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyThe following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy.validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-policy.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy metadata: name: "demo-policy.example.com" spec: failurePolicy: Fail matchConstraints: resourceRules: - apiGroups: ["apps"] apiVersions: ["v1"] operations: ["CREATE", "UPDATE"] resources: ["deployments"] validations: - expression: "object.spec.replicas <= 5"spec.validations contains CEL expressions which use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to validate the request. If an expression evaluates to false, the validation check is enforced according to the spec.failurePolicy field.Note:You can quickly test CEL expressions in CEL Playground.To configure a validating admission policy for use in a cluster, a binding is required. The following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding.:validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-binding.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding metadata: name: "demo-bind


Question: When would you use Validating Admission Policy?

Answer: Validating Admission PolicyFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.30 [stable]This page provides an overview of Validating Admission Policy.What is Validating Admission Policy?Validating admission policies offer a declarative, in-process alternative to validating admission webhooks.Validating admission policies use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to declare the validation rules of a policy. Validation admission policies are highly configurable, enabling policy authors to define policies that can be parameterized and scoped to resources as needed by cluster administrators.What Resources Make a PolicyA policy is generally made up of three resources:The ValidatingAdmissionPolicy describes the abstract logic of a policy (think: "this policy makes sure a particular label is set to a particular value").A parameter resource provides information to a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy to make it a concrete statement (think "the owner label must be set to something that ends in .company.com"). A native type such as ConfigMap or a CRD defines the schema of a parameter resource. ValidatingAdmissionPolicy objects specify what Kind they are expecting for their parameter resource.A ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding links the above resources together and provides scoping. If you only want to require an owner label to be set for Pods, the binding is where you would specify this restriction.At least a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy and a corresponding ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding must be defined for a policy to have an effect.If a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy does not need to be configured via parameters, simply leave spec.paramKind in ValidatingAdmissionPolicy not specified.Getting Started with Validating Admission PolicyValidating Admission Policy is part of the cluster control-plane. You should write and deploy them with great caution. The following describes how to quickly experiment with Validating Admission Policy.Creating a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyThe following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy.validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-policy.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy metadata: name: "demo-policy.example.com" spec: failurePolicy: Fail matchConstraints: resourceRules: - apiGroups: ["apps"] apiVersions: ["v1"] operations: ["CREATE", "UPDATE"] resources: ["deployments"] validations: - expression: "object.spec.replicas <= 5"spec.validations contains CEL expressions which use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to validate the request. If an expression evaluates to false, the validation check is enforced according to the spec.failurePolicy field.Note:You can quickly test CEL expressions in CEL Playground.To configure a validating admission policy for use in a cluster, a binding is required. The following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding.:validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-binding.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding metadata: name: "demo-bind


Question: What are the benefits of Validating Admission Policy?

Answer: Validating Admission PolicyFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.30 [stable]This page provides an overview of Validating Admission Policy.What is Validating Admission Policy?Validating admission policies offer a declarative, in-process alternative to validating admission webhooks.Validating admission policies use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to declare the validation rules of a policy. Validation admission policies are highly configurable, enabling policy authors to define policies that can be parameterized and scoped to resources as needed by cluster administrators.What Resources Make a PolicyA policy is generally made up of three resources:The ValidatingAdmissionPolicy describes the abstract logic of a policy (think: "this policy makes sure a particular label is set to a particular value").A parameter resource provides information to a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy to make it a concrete statement (think "the owner label must be set to something that ends in .company.com"). A native type such as ConfigMap or a CRD defines the schema of a parameter resource. ValidatingAdmissionPolicy objects specify what Kind they are expecting for their parameter resource.A ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding links the above resources together and provides scoping. If you only want to require an owner label to be set for Pods, the binding is where you would specify this restriction.At least a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy and a corresponding ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding must be defined for a policy to have an effect.If a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy does not need to be configured via parameters, simply leave spec.paramKind in ValidatingAdmissionPolicy not specified.Getting Started with Validating Admission PolicyValidating Admission Policy is part of the cluster control-plane. You should write and deploy them with great caution. The following describes how to quickly experiment with Validating Admission Policy.Creating a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyThe following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy.validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-policy.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicy metadata: name: "demo-policy.example.com" spec: failurePolicy: Fail matchConstraints: resourceRules: - apiGroups: ["apps"] apiVersions: ["v1"] operations: ["CREATE", "UPDATE"] resources: ["deployments"] validations: - expression: "object.spec.replicas <= 5"spec.validations contains CEL expressions which use the Common Expression Language (CEL) to validate the request. If an expression evaluates to false, the validation check is enforced according to the spec.failurePolicy field.Note:You can quickly test CEL expressions in CEL Playground.To configure a validating admission policy for use in a cluster, a binding is required. The following is an example of a ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding.:validatingadmissionpolicy/basic-example-binding.yaml apiVersion: admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 kind: ValidatingAdmissionPolicyBinding metadata: name: "demo-bind


Question: What is Validating Admission Policy?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   p r o v i d e s   a n   o v e r v i e w   o f   V a l i d a t i n g   A d m i s s i o n   P o l i c y .


Question: What is What is Validating Admission Policy??

Answer: V a l i d a t i n g   a d m i s s i o n   p o l i c i e s   o f f e r   a   d e c l a r a t i v e ,   i n - p r o c e s s   a l t e r n a t i v e   t o   v a l i d a t i n g   a d m i s s i o n   w e b h o o k s .   V a l i d a t i n g   a d m i s s i o n   p o l i c i e s   u s e   t h e   C o m m o n   E x p r e s s i o n   L a n g u a g e   ( C E L )   t o   d e c l a r e   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   r u l e s   o f   a   p o l i c y .   V a l i d a t i o n   a d m i s s i o n   p o l i c i e s   a r e   h i g h l y   c o n f i g u r a b l e ,   e n a b l i n g   p o l i c y   a u t h o r s   t o   d e f i n e   p o l i c i e s   t h a t   c a n   b e   p a r a m e t e r i z e d   a n d   s c o p e d   t o   r e s o u r c e s   a s   n e e d e d   b y   c l u s t e r   a d m i n i s t r a t o r s .


Question: What is What Resources Make a Policy?

Answer: A   p o l i c y   i s   g e n e r a l l y   m a d e   u p   o f   t h r e e   r e s o u r c e s :   T h e   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   d e s c r i b e s   t h e   a b s t r a c t   l o g i c   o f   a   p o l i c y   ( t h i n k :   " t h i s   p o l i c y   m a k e s   s u r e   a   p a r t i c u l a r   l a b e l   i s   s e t   t o   a   p a r t i c u l a r   v a l u e " ) . A   p a r a m e t e r   r e s o u r c e   p r o v i d e s   i n f o r m a t i o n   t o   a   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   t o   m a k e   i t   a   c o n c r e t e   s t a t e m e n t   ( t h i n k   " t h e   o w n e r   l a b e l   m u s t   b e   s e t   t o   s o m e t h i n g   t h a t   e n d s   i n   . c o m p a n y . c o m " ) .   A   n a t i v e   t y p e   s u c h   a s   C o n f i g M a p   o r   a   C R D   d e f i n e s   t h e   s c h e m a   o f   a   p a r a m e t e r   r e s o u r c e .   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   o b j e c t s   s p e c i f y   w h a t   K i n d   t h e y   a r e   e x p e c t i n g   f o r   t h e i r   p a r a m e t e r   r e s o u r c e . A   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y B i n d i n g   l i n k s   t h e   a b o v e   r e s o u r c e s   t o g e t h e r   a n d   p r o v i d e s   s c o p i n g .   I f   y o u   o n l y   w a n t   t o   r e q u i r e   a n   o w n e r   l a b e l   t o   b e   s e t   f o r   P o d s ,   t h e   b i n d i n g   i s   w h e r e   y o u   w o u l d   s p e c i f y   t h i s   r e s t r i c t i o n .   T h e   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   d e s c r i b e s   t h e   a b s t r a c t   l o g i c   o f   a   p o l i c y   ( t h i n k :   " t h i s   p o l i c y   m a k e s   s u r e   a   p a r t i c u l a r   l a b e l   i s   s e t   t o   a   p a r t i c u l a r   v a l u e " ) .   A   p a r a m e t e r   r e s o u r c e   p r o v i d e s   i n f o r m a t i o n   t o   a   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s


Question: What is Getting Started with Validating Admission Policy?

Answer: V a l i d a t i n g   A d m i s s i o n   P o l i c y   i s   p a r t   o f   t h e   c l u s t e r   c o n t r o l - p l a n e .   Y o u   s h o u l d   w r i t e   a n d   d e p l o y   t h e m   w i t h   g r e a t   c a u t i o n .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   d e s c r i b e s   h o w   t o   q u i c k l y   e x p e r i m e n t   w i t h   V a l i d a t i n g   A d m i s s i o n   P o l i c y .


Question: What is Creating a ValidatingAdmissionPolicy?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y .   a p i V e r s i o n :   a d m i s s i o n r e g i s t r a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   " d e m o - p o l i c y . e x a m p l e . c o m "   s p e c :   f a i l u r e P o l i c y :   F a i l   m a t c h C o n s t r a i n t s :   r e s o u r c e R u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " a p p s " ]   a p i V e r s i o n s :   [ " v 1 " ]   o p e r a t i o n s :   [ " C R E A T E " ,   " U P D A T E " ]   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " d e p l o y m e n t s " ]   v a l i d a t i o n s :   -   e x p r e s s i o n :   " o b j e c t . s p e c . r e p l i c a s   < =   5 "   s p e c . v a l i d a t i o n s   c o n t a i n s   C E L   e x p r e s s i o n s   w h i c h   u s e   t h e   C o m m o n   E x p r e s s i o n   L a n g u a g e   ( C E L )   t o   v a l i d a t e   t h e   r e q u e s t .   I f   a n   e x p r e s s i o n   e v a l u a t e s   t o   f a l s e ,   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   c h e c k   i s   e n f o r c e d   a c c o r d i n g   t o   t h e   s p e c . f a i l u r e P o l i c y   f i e l d .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T o   c o n f i g u r e   a   v a l i d a t i n g   a d m i s s i o n   p o l i c y   f o r   u s e   i n   a   c l u s t e r ,   a   b i n d i n g   i s   r e q u i r e d .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y B i n d i n g . :   a p i V e r s i o n :   a d m i s s i o n r e g i s t r a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y B i n d i n g   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   " d e m o - b i n d i n g - t e s t . e x a m p l e . c o m "   s p e c :   p o l i c y N a m e :   " d e m o - p o l i c y . e x a m p l e . c o m "   v a l i d a t i o n A c t i o n s :   [ D e n y ]   m a t c h R e s o u r c e s :   n a m e s p a c e S e l e c t o r :   m a t c h L a b e l s :   e n v i r o n m e n t :   t e s t   W h e n   t r y i n g   t o   c r e a t e   a   d e p l o y m e n t   w i t h   r e p l i c a s   s e t   n o t   s a t i s f y i n g   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   e x p r e s s i o n ,   a n   e r r o r   w i l l   r e t u r n   c o n t a i n i n g   m e s s a g e :   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   ' d e m o - p o l i c y . e x a m p l e . c o m '   w i t h   b i n d i n g   ' d e m o - b i n d i n g - t e s t . e x a m p l e . c o m '   d e n i e d   r e q u e s t :   f a i l e d   e x p r e s s i o n :   o b j e c t . s p e c . r e p l i c a s   < =   5   T h e   a b o v e   p r o v i d e s   a   s i m p l e   e x a m p l e   o f   u s i n g   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   w i t h o u t   a   p a r a m e t e r   c o n f i g u r e d .


Question: What is Validation actions?

Answer: E a c h   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y B i n d i n g   m u s t   s p e c i f y   o n e   o r   m o r e   v a l i d a t i o n A c t i o n s   t o   d e c l a r e   h o w   v a l i d a t i o n s   o f   a   p o l i c y   a r e   e n f o r c e d .   T h e   s u p p o r t e d   v a l i d a t i o n A c t i o n s   a r e :   D e n y :   V a l i d a t i o n   f a i l u r e   r e s u l t s   i n   a   d e n i e d   r e q u e s t . W a r n :   V a l i d a t i o n   f a i l u r e   i s   r e p o r t e d   t o   t h e   r e q u e s t   c l i e n t   a s   a   w a r n i n g . A u d i t :   V a l i d a t i o n   f a i l u r e   i s   i n c l u d e d   i n   t h e   a u d i t   e v e n t   f o r   t h e   A P I   r e q u e s t .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   t o   b o t h   w a r n   c l i e n t s   a b o u t   a   v a l i d a t i o n   f a i l u r e   a n d   t o   a u d i t   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   f a i l u r e s ,   u s e :   v a l i d a t i o n A c t i o n s :   [ W a r n ,   A u d i t ]   D e n y   a n d   W a r n   m a y   n o t   b e   u s e d   t o g e t h e r   s i n c e   t h i s   c o m b i n a t i o n   n e e d l e s s l y   d u p l i c a t e s   t h e   v a l i d a t i o n   f a i l u r e   b o t h   i n   t h e   A P I   r e s p o n s e   b o d y   a n d   t h e   H T T P   w a r n i n g   h e a d e r s .   A   v a l i d a t i o n   t h a t   e v a l u a t e s   t o   f a l s e   i s   a l w a y s   e n f o r c e d   a c c o r d i n g   t o   t h e s e   a c t i o n s .   F a i l u r e s   d e f i n e d   b y   t h e   f a i l u r e P o l i c y   a r e   e n f o r c e d   a c c o r d i n g   t o   t h e s e   a c t i o n s   o n l y   i f   t h e   f a i l u r e P o l i c y   i s   s e t   t o   F a i l   ( o r   n o t   s p e c i f i e d ) ,   o t h e r w i s e   t h e   f a i l u r e s   a r e   i g n o r e d .   S e e   A u d i t   A n n o t a t i o n s :   v a l i d a t i o n   f a i l u r e s   f o r   m o r e   d e t a i l s   a b o


Question: What is Parameter resources?

Answer: P a r a m e t e r   r e s o u r c e s   a l l o w   a   p o l i c y   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   t o   b e   s e p a r a t e   f r o m   i t s   d e f i n i t i o n .   A   p o l i c y   c a n   d e f i n e   p a r a m K i n d ,   w h i c h   o u t l i n e s   G V K   o f   t h e   p a r a m e t e r   r e s o u r c e ,   a n d   t h e n   a   p o l i c y   b i n d i n g   t i e s   a   p o l i c y   b y   n a m e   ( v i a   p o l i c y N a m e )   t o   a   p a r t i c u l a r   p a r a m e t e r   r e s o u r c e   v i a   p a r a m R e f .   I f   p a r a m e t e r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   i s   n e e d e d ,   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   o f   a   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   w i t h   p a r a m e t e r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n .   a p i V e r s i o n :   a d m i s s i o n r e g i s t r a t i o n . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   " r e p l i c a l i m i t - p o l i c y . e x a m p l e . c o m "   s p e c :   f a i l u r e P o l i c y :   F a i l   p a r a m K i n d :   a p i V e r s i o n :   r u l e s . e x a m p l e . c o m / v 1   k i n d :   R e p l i c a L i m i t   m a t c h C o n s t r a i n t s :   r e s o u r c e R u l e s :   -   a p i G r o u p s :   [ " a p p s " ]   a p i V e r s i o n s :   [ " v 1 " ]   o p e r a t i o n s :   [ " C R E A T E " ,   " U P D A T E " ]   r e s o u r c e s :   [ " d e p l o y m e n t s " ]   v a l i d a t i o n s :   -   e x p r e s s i o n :   " o b j e c t . s p e c . r e p l i c a s   < =   p a r a m s . m a x R e p l i c a s "   r e a s o n :   I n v a l i d   T h e   s p e c . p a r a m K i n d   f i e l d   o f   t h e   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   s p e c i f i e s   t h e   k i n d   o f   r e s o u r c e s   u s e d   t o   p a r a m e t e r i z e   t h i s   p o l i c y .   F o r   t h i s   e x a m p l e ,   i t   i s   c o n f i g u r e d