Question: What is seccomp?

Answer: S o m e   o f   y o u r   w o r k l o a d s   m i g h t   n e e d   p r i v i l e g e s   t o   p e r f o r m   s p e c i f i c   a c t i o n s   a s   t h e   r o o t   u s e r   o n   y o u r   n o d e ' s   h o s t   m a c h i n e .   L i n u x   u s e s   c a p a b i l i t i e s   t o   d i v i d e   t h e   a v a i l a b l e   p r i v i l e g e s   i n t o   c a t e g o r i e s ,   s o   t h a t   p r o c e s s e s   c a n   g e t   t h e   p r i v i l e g e s   r e q u i r e d   t o   p e r f o r m   s p e c i f i c   a c t i o n s   w i t h o u t   b e i n g   g r a n t e d   a l l   p r i v i l e g e s .   E a c h   c a p a b i l i t y   h a s   a   s e t   o f   s y s t e m   c a l l s   ( s y s c a l l s )   t h a t   a   p r o c e s s   c a n   m a k e .   s e c c o m p   l e t s   y o u   r e s t r i c t   t h e s e   i n d i v i d u a l   s y s c a l l s .   I t   c a n   b e   u s e d   t o   s a n d b o x   t h e   p r i v i l e g e s   o f   a   p r o c e s s ,   r e s t r i c t i n g   t h e   c a l l s   i t   i s   a b l e   t o   m a k e   f r o m   u s e r s p a c e   i n t o   t h e   k e r n e l .   I n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   y o u   u s e   a   c o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e   o n   e a c h   n o d e   t o   r u n   y o u r   c o n t a i n e r s .   E x a m p l e   r u n t i m e s   i n c l u d e   C R I - O ,   D o c k e r ,   o r   c o n t a i n e r d .   E a c h   r u n t i m e   a l l o w s   o n l y   a   s u b s e t   o f   L i n u x   c a p a b i l i t i e s   b y   d e f a u l t .   Y o u   c a n   f u r t h e r   l i m i t   t h e   a l l o w e d   s y s c a l l s   i n d i v i d u a l l y   b y   u s i n g   a   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e .   C o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e s   u s u a l l y   i n c l u d e   a   d e f a u l t   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e .   K u b e r n e t e s   l e t s   y o u   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   a p p l y   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e s   l o a d e d   o n t o   a   n o d e   t o   y o


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T o   l e a r n   h o w   t o   i m p l e m e n t   s e c c o m p   i n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   r e f e r   t o   R e s t r i c t   a   C o n t a i n e r ' s   S y s c a l l s   w i t h   s e c c o m p   o r   t h e   S e c c o m p   n o d e   r e f e r e n c e   T o   l e a r n   m o r e   a b o u t   s e c c o m p ,   s e e   S e c c o m p   B P F   i n   t h e   L i n u x   k e r n e l   d o c u m e n t a t i o n .


Question: What is Considerations for seccomp?

Answer: s e c c o m p   i s   a   l o w - l e v e l   s e c u r i t y   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   t h a t   y o u   s h o u l d   o n l y   c o n f i g u r e   y o u r s e l f   i f   y o u   r e q u i r e   f i n e - g r a i n e d   c o n t r o l   o v e r   L i n u x   s y s c a l l s .   U s i n g   s e c c o m p ,   e s p e c i a l l y   a t   s c a l e ,   h a s   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   r i s k s :   C o n f i g u r a t i o n s   m i g h t   b r e a k   d u r i n g   a p p l i c a t i o n   u p d a t e s A t t a c k e r s   c a n   s t i l l   u s e   a l l o w e d   s y s c a l l s   t o   e x p l o i t   v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s P r o f i l e   m a n a g e m e n t   f o r   i n d i v i d u a l   a p p l i c a t i o n s   b e c o m e s   c h a l l e n g i n g   a t   s c a l e   R e c o m m e n d a t i o n :   U s e   t h e   d e f a u l t   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e   t h a t ' s   b u n d l e d   w i t h   y o u r   c o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e .   I f   y o u   n e e d   a   m o r e   i s o l a t e d   e n v i r o n m e n t ,   c o n s i d e r   u s i n g   a   s a n d b o x ,   s u c h   a s   g V i s o r .   S a n d b o x e s   s o l v e   t h e   p r e c e d i n g   r i s k s   w i t h   c u s t o m   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e s ,   b u t   r e q u i r e   m o r e   c o m p u t e   r e s o u r c e s   o n   y o u r   n o d e s   a n d   m i g h t   h a v e   c o m p a t i b i l i t y   i s s u e s   w i t h   G P U s   a n d   o t h e r   s p e c i a l i z e d   h a r d w a r e .


Question: What is AppArmor and SELinux: policy-based mandatory access control?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   u s e   L i n u x   p o l i c y - b a s e d   m a n d a t o r y   a c c e s s   c o n t r o l   ( M A C )   m e c h a n i s m s ,   s u c h   a s   A p p A r m o r   a n d   S E L i n u x ,   t o   h a r d e n   y o u r   K u b e r n e t e s   w o r k l o a d s .


Question: What is AppArmor?

Answer: A p p A r m o r   i s   a   L i n u x   k e r n e l   s e c u r i t y   m o d u l e   t h a t   s u p p l e m e n t s   t h e   s t a n d a r d   L i n u x   u s e r   a n d   g r o u p   b a s e d   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   c o n f i n e   p r o g r a m s   t o   a   l i m i t e d   s e t   o f   r e s o u r c e s .   A p p A r m o r   c a n   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   f o r   a n y   a p p l i c a t i o n   t o   r e d u c e   i t s   p o t e n t i a l   a t t a c k   s u r f a c e   a n d   p r o v i d e   g r e a t e r   i n - d e p t h   d e f e n s e .   I t   i s   c o n f i g u r e d   t h r o u g h   p r o f i l e s   t u n e d   t o   a l l o w   t h e   a c c e s s   n e e d e d   b y   a   s p e c i f i c   p r o g r a m   o r   c o n t a i n e r ,   s u c h   a s   L i n u x   c a p a b i l i t i e s ,   n e t w o r k   a c c e s s ,   a n d   f i l e   p e r m i s s i o n s .   E a c h   p r o f i l e   c a n   b e   r u n   i n   e i t h e r   e n f o r c i n g   m o d e ,   w h i c h   b l o c k s   a c c e s s   t o   d i s a l l o w e d   r e s o u r c e s ,   o r   c o m p l a i n   m o d e ,   w h i c h   o n l y   r e p o r t s   v i o l a t i o n s .   A p p A r m o r   c a n   h e l p   y o u   t o   r u n   a   m o r e   s e c u r e   d e p l o y m e n t   b y   r e s t r i c t i n g   w h a t   c o n t a i n e r s   a r e   a l l o w e d   t o   d o ,   a n d / o r   p r o v i d e   b e t t e r   a u d i t i n g   t h r o u g h   s y s t e m   l o g s .   T h e   c o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e   t h a t   y o u   u s e   m i g h t   s h i p   w i t h   a   d e f a u l t   A p p A r m o r   p r o f i l e ,   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   a   c u s t o m   p r o f i l e .   T o   l e a r n   h o w   t o   u s e   A p p A r m o r   i n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   r e f e r   t o   R e s t r i c t   a   C o n t a i n e r ' s   A c c e s s   t o   R e s o u r c e s   w i t h   A p p A r m o r .


Question: What is SELinux?

Answer: S E L i n u x   i s   a   L i n u x   k e r n e l   s e c u r i t y   m o d u l e   t h a t   l e t s   y o u   r e s t r i c t   t h e   a c c e s s   t h a t   a   s p e c i f i c   s u b j e c t ,   s u c h   a s   a   p r o c e s s ,   h a s   t o   t h e   f i l e s   o n   y o u r   s y s t e m .   Y o u   d e f i n e   s e c u r i t y   p o l i c i e s   t h a t   a p p l y   t o   s u b j e c t s   t h a t   h a v e   s p e c i f i c   S E L i n u x   l a b e l s .   W h e n   a   p r o c e s s   t h a t   h a s   a n   S E L i n u x   l a b e l   a t t e m p t s   t o   a c c e s s   a   f i l e ,   t h e   S E L i n u x   s e r v e r   c h e c k s   w h e t h e r   t h a t   p r o c e s s '   s e c u r i t y   p o l i c y   a l l o w s   t h e   a c c e s s   a n d   m a k e s   a n   a u t h o r i z a t i o n   d e c i s i o n .   I n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   y o u   c a n   s e t   a n   S E L i n u x   l a b e l   i n   t h e   s e c u r i t y C o n t e x t   f i e l d   o f   y o u r   m a n i f e s t .   T h e   s p e c i f i e d   l a b e l s   a r e   a s s i g n e d   t o   t h o s e   p r o c e s s e s .   I f   y o u   h a v e   c o n f i g u r e d   s e c u r i t y   p o l i c i e s   t h a t   a f f e c t   t h o s e   l a b e l s ,   t h e   h o s t   O S   k e r n e l   e n f o r c e s   t h e s e   p o l i c i e s .   T o   l e a r n   h o w   t o   u s e   S E L i n u x   i n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   r e f e r   t o   A s s i g n   S E L i n u x   l a b e l s   t o   a   c o n t a i n e r .


Question: What is Differences between AppArmor and SELinux?

Answer: T h e   o p e r a t i n g   s y s t e m   o n   y o u r   L i n u x   n o d e s   u s u a l l y   i n c l u d e s   o n e   o f   e i t h e r   A p p A r m o r   o r   S E L i n u x .   B o t h   m e c h a n i s m s   p r o v i d e   s i m i l a r   t y p e s   o f   p r o t e c t i o n ,   b u t   h a v e   d i f f e r e n c e s   s u c h   a s   t h e   f o l l o w i n g :   C o n f i g u r a t i o n :   A p p A r m o r   u s e s   p r o f i l e s   t o   d e f i n e   a c c e s s   t o   r e s o u r c e s .   S E L i n u x   u s e s   p o l i c i e s   t h a t   a p p l y   t o   s p e c i f i c   l a b e l s . P o l i c y   a p p l i c a t i o n :   I n   A p p A r m o r ,   y o u   d e f i n e   r e s o u r c e s   u s i n g   f i l e   p a t h s .   S E L i n u x   u s e s   t h e   i n d e x   n o d e   ( i n o d e )   o f   a   r e s o u r c e   t o   i d e n t i f y   t h e   r e s o u r c e .


Question: What is Summary of features?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   t a b l e   d e s c r i b e s   t h e   u s e   c a s e s   a n d   s c o p e   o f   e a c h   s e c u r i t y   c o n t r o l .   Y o u   c a n   u s e   a l l   o f   t h e s e   c o n t r o l s   t o g e t h e r   t o   b u i l d   a   m o r e   h a r d e n e d   s y s t e m .


Question: What is Considerations for managing custom configurations?

Answer: s e c c o m p ,   A p p A r m o r ,   a n d   S E L i n u x   u s u a l l y   h a v e   a   d e f a u l t   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   t h a t   o f f e r s   b a s i c   p r o t e c t i o n s .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   c r e a t e   c u s t o m   p r o f i l e s   a n d   p o l i c i e s   t h a t   m e e t   t h e   r e q u i r e m e n t s   o f   y o u r   w o r k l o a d s .   M a n a g i n g   a n d   d i s t r i b u t i n g   t h e s e   c u s t o m   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s   a t   s c a l e   m i g h t   b e   c h a l l e n g i n g ,   e s p e c i a l l y   i f   y o u   u s e   a l l   t h r e e   f e a t u r e s   t o g e t h e r .   T o   h e l p   y o u   t o   m a n a g e   t h e s e   c o n f i g u r a t i o n s   a t   s c a l e ,   u s e   a   t o o l   l i k e   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   S e c u r i t y   P r o f i l e s   O p e r a t o r .


Question: What is Kernel-level security features and privileged containers?

Answer: K u b e r n e t e s   l e t s   y o u   s p e c i f y   t h a t   s o m e   t r u s t e d   c o n t a i n e r s   c a n   r u n   i n   p r i v i l e g e d   m o d e .   A n y   c o n t a i n e r   i n   a   P o d   c a n   r u n   i n   p r i v i l e g e d   m o d e   t o   u s e   o p e r a t i n g   s y s t e m   a d m i n i s t r a t i v e   c a p a b i l i t i e s   t h a t   w o u l d   o t h e r w i s e   b e   i n a c c e s s i b l e .   T h i s   i s   a v a i l a b l e   f o r   b o t h   W i n d o w s   a n d   L i n u x .   P r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s   e x p l i c i t l y   o v e r r i d e   s o m e   o f   t h e   L i n u x   k e r n e l   c o n s t r a i n t s   t h a t   y o u   m i g h t   u s e   i n   y o u r   w o r k l o a d s ,   a s   f o l l o w s :   s e c c o m p :   P r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s   r u n   a s   t h e   U n c o n f i n e d   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e ,   o v e r r i d i n g   a n y   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e   t h a t   y o u   s p e c i f i e d   i n   y o u r   m a n i f e s t . A p p A r m o r :   P r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s   i g n o r e   a n y   a p p l i e d   A p p A r m o r   p r o f i l e s . S E L i n u x :   P r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s   r u n   a s   t h e   u n c o n f i n e d _ t   d o m a i n .


Question: What is Privileged containers?

Answer: A n y   c o n t a i n e r   i n   a   P o d   c a n   e n a b l e   P r i v i l e g e d   m o d e   i f   y o u   s e t   t h e   p r i v i l e g e d :   t r u e   f i e l d   i n   t h e   s e c u r i t y C o n t e x t   f i e l d   f o r   t h e   c o n t a i n e r .   P r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s   o v e r r i d e   o r   u n d o   m a n y   o t h e r   h a r d e n i n g   s e t t i n g s   s u c h   a s   t h e   a p p l i e d   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e ,   A p p A r m o r   p r o f i l e ,   o r   S E L i n u x   c o n s t r a i n t s .   P r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s   a r e   g i v e n   a l l   L i n u x   c a p a b i l i t i e s ,   i n c l u d i n g   c a p a b i l i t i e s   t h a t   t h e y   d o n ' t   r e q u i r e .   F o r   e x a m p l e ,   a   r o o t   u s e r   i n   a   p r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r   m i g h t   b e   a b l e   t o   u s e   t h e   C A P _ S Y S _ A D M I N   a n d   C A P _ N E T _ A D M I N   c a p a b i l i t i e s   o n   t h e   n o d e ,   b y p a s s i n g   t h e   r u n t i m e   s e c c o m p   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   a n d   o t h e r   r e s t r i c t i o n s .   I n   m o s t   c a s e s ,   y o u   s h o u l d   a v o i d   u s i n g   p r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s ,   a n d   i n s t e a d   g r a n t   t h e   s p e c i f i c   c a p a b i l i t i e s   r e q u i r e d   b y   y o u r   c o n t a i n e r   u s i n g   t h e   c a p a b i l i t i e s   f i e l d   i n   t h e   s e c u r i t y C o n t e x t   f i e l d .   O n l y   u s e   p r i v i l e g e d   m o d e   i f   y o u   h a v e   a   c a p a b i l i t y   t h a t   y o u   c a n ' t   g r a n t   w i t h   t h e   s e c u r i t y C o n t e x t .   T h i s   i s   u s e f u l   f o r   c o n t a i n e r s   t h a t   w a n t   t o   u s e   o p e r a t i n g   s y s t e m   a d m i n i s t r a t i v e   c a p a b i l i t i e s   s u c h   a s   m a n i p u l a t i n g   t h e   n e t w o


Question: What is Recommendations and best practices?

Answer: B e f o r e   c o n f i g u r i n g   k e r n e l - l e v e l   s e c u r i t y   c a p a b i l i t i e s ,   y o u   s h o u l d   c o n s i d e r   i m p l e m e n t i n g   n e t w o r k - l e v e l   i s o l a t i o n .   F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n ,   r e a d   t h e   S e c u r i t y   C h e c k l i s t . U n l e s s   n e c e s s a r y ,   r u n   L i n u x   w o r k l o a d s   a s   n o n - r o o t   b y   s e t t i n g   s p e c i f i c   u s e r   a n d   g r o u p   I D s   i n   y o u r   P o d   m a n i f e s t   a n d   b y   s p e c i f y i n g   r u n A s N o n R o o t :   t r u e .   A d d i t i o n a l l y ,   y o u   c a n   r u n   w o r k l o a d s   i n   u s e r   n a m e s p a c e s   b y   s e t t i n g   h o s t U s e r s :   f a l s e   i n   y o u r   P o d   m a n i f e s t .   T h i s   l e t s   y o u   r u n   c o n t a i n e r s   a s   r o o t   u s e r s   i n   t h e   u s e r   n a m e s p a c e ,   b u t   a s   n o n - r o o t   u s e r s   i n   t h e   h o s t   n a m e s p a c e   o n   t h e   n o d e .   T h i s   i s   s t i l l   i n   e a r l y   s t a g e s   o f   d e v e l o p m e n t   a n d   m i g h t   n o t   h a v e   t h e   l e v e l   o f   s u p p o r t   t h a t   y o u   n e e d .   F o r   i n s t r u c t i o n s ,   r e f e r   t o   U s e   a   U s e r   N a m e s p a c e   W i t h   a   P o d .


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: L e a r n   h o w   t o   u s e   A p p A r m o r L e a r n   h o w   t o   u s e   s e c c o m p L e a r n   h o w   t o   u s e   S E L i n u x S e c c o m p   N o d e   R e f e r e n c e


Question: What is 16 - Security Checklist?

Answer: T h i s   c h e c k l i s t   a i m s   a t   p r o v i d i n g   a   b a s i c   l i s t   o f   g u i d a n c e   w i t h   l i n k s   t o   m o r e   c o m p r e h e n s i v e   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   o n   e a c h   t o p i c .   I t   d o e s   n o t   c l a i m   t o   b e   e x h a u s t i v e   a n d   i s   m e a n t   t o   e v o l v e .   O n   h o w   t o   r e a d   a n d   u s e   t h i s   d o c u m e n t :   T h e   o r d e r   o f   t o p i c s   d o e s   n o t   r e f l e c t   a n   o r d e r   o f   p r i o r i t y . S o m e   c h e c k l i s t   i t e m s   a r e   d e t a i l e d   i n   t h e   p a r a g r a p h   b e l o w   t h e   l i s t   o f   e a c h   s e c t i o n .


Question: What is Authentication & Authorization?

Answer: s y s t e m : m a s t e r s   g r o u p   i s   n o t   u s e d   f o r   u s e r   o r   c o m p o n e n t   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   a f t e r   b o o t s t r a p p i n g .   T h e   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   i s   r u n n i n g   w i t h   - - u s e - s e r v i c e - a c c o u n t - c r e d e n t i a l s   e n a b l e d .   T h e   r o o t   c e r t i f i c a t e   i s   p r o t e c t e d   ( e i t h e r   a n   o f f l i n e   C A ,   o r   a   m a n a g e d   o n l i n e   C A   w i t h   e f f e c t i v e   a c c e s s   c o n t r o l s ) .   I n t e r m e d i a t e   a n d   l e a f   c e r t i f i c a t e s   h a v e   a n   e x p i r y   d a t e   n o   m o r e   t h a n   3   y e a r s   i n   t h e   f u t u r e .   A   p r o c e s s   e x i s t s   f o r   p e r i o d i c   a c c e s s   r e v i e w ,   a n d   r e v i e w s   o c c u r   n o   m o r e   t h a n   2 4   m o n t h s   a p a r t .   T h e   R o l e   B a s e d   A c c e s s   C o n t r o l   G o o d   P r a c t i c e s   a r e   f o l l o w e d   f o r   g u i d a n c e   r e l a t e d   t o   a u t h e n t i c a t i o n   a n d   a u t h o r i z a t i o n .   A f t e r   b o o t s t r a p p i n g ,   n e i t h e r   u s e r s   n o r   c o m p o n e n t s   s h o u l d   a u t h e n t i c a t e   t o   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   a s   s y s t e m : m a s t e r s .   S i m i l a r l y ,   r u n n i n g   a l l   o f   k u b e - c o n t r o l l e r - m a n a g e r   a s   s y s t e m : m a s t e r s   s h o u l d   b e   a v o i d e d .   I n   f a c t ,   s y s t e m : m a s t e r s   s h o u l d   o n l y   b e   u s e d   a s   a   b r e a k - g l a s s   m e c h a n i s m ,   a s   o p p o s e d   t o   a n   a d m i n   u s e r .


Question: What is Network security?

Answer: C N I   p l u g i n s   i n   u s e   s u p p o r t   n e t w o r k   p o l i c i e s .   I n g r e s s   a n d   e g r e s s   n e t w o r k   p o l i c i e s   a r e   a p p l i e d   t o   a l l   w o r k l o a d s   i n   t h e   c l u s t e r .   D e f a u l t   n e t w o r k   p o l i c i e s   w i t h i n   e a c h   n a m e s p a c e ,   s e l e c t i n g   a l l   p o d s ,   d e n y i n g   e v e r y t h i n g ,   a r e   i n   p l a c e .   I f   a p p r o p r i a t e ,   a   s e r v i c e   m e s h   i s   u s e d   t o   e n c r y p t   a l l   c o m m u n i c a t i o n s   i n s i d e   o f   t h e   c l u s t e r .   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I ,   k u b e l e t   A P I   a n d   e t c d   a r e   n o t   e x p o s e d   p u b l i c l y   o n   I n t e r n e t .   A c c e s s   f r o m   t h e   w o r k l o a d s   t o   t h e   c l o u d   m e t a d a t a   A P I   i s   f i l t e r e d .   U s e   o f   L o a d B a l a n c e r   a n d   E x t e r n a l I P s   i s   r e s t r i c t e d .   A   n u m b e r   o f   C o n t a i n e r   N e t w o r k   I n t e r f a c e   ( C N I )   p l u g i n s   p l u g i n s   p r o v i d e   t h e   f u n c t i o n a l i t y   t o   r e s t r i c t   n e t w o r k   r e s o u r c e s   t h a t   p o d s   m a y   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h .   T h i s   i s   m o s t   c o m m o n l y   d o n e   t h r o u g h   N e t w o r k   P o l i c i e s   w h i c h   p r o v i d e   a   n a m e s p a c e d   r e s o u r c e   t o   d e f i n e   r u l e s .   D e f a u l t   n e t w o r k   p o l i c i e s   t h a t   b l o c k   a l l   e g r e s s   a n d   i n g r e s s ,   i n   e a c h   n a m e s p a c e ,   s e l e c t i n g   a l l   p o d s ,   c a n   b e   u s e f u l   t o   a d o p t   a n   a l l o w   l i s t   a p p r o a c h   t o   e n s u r e   t h a t   n o   w o r k l o a d s   a r e   m i s s e d .   N o t   a l l   C N I   p l u g i n s   p r o v i d e   e n c r y p t i o n   i n   t r a


Question: What is Pod security?

Answer: R B A C   r i g h t s   t o   c r e a t e ,   u p d a t e ,   p a t c h ,   d e l e t e   w o r k l o a d s   i s   o n l y   g r a n t e d   i f   n e c e s s a r y .   A p p r o p r i a t e   P o d   S e c u r i t y   S t a n d a r d s   p o l i c y   i s   a p p l i e d   f o r   a l l   n a m e s p a c e s   a n d   e n f o r c e d .   M e m o r y   l i m i t   i s   s e t   f o r   t h e   w o r k l o a d s   w i t h   a   l i m i t   e q u a l   o r   i n f e r i o r   t o   t h e   r e q u e s t .   C P U   l i m i t   m i g h t   b e   s e t   o n   s e n s i t i v e   w o r k l o a d s .   F o r   n o d e s   t h a t   s u p p o r t   i t ,   S e c c o m p   i s   e n a b l e d   w i t h   a p p r o p r i a t e   s y s c a l l s   p r o f i l e   f o r   p r o g r a m s .   F o r   n o d e s   t h a t   s u p p o r t   i t ,   A p p A r m o r   o r   S E L i n u x   i s   e n a b l e d   w i t h   a p p r o p r i a t e   p r o f i l e   f o r   p r o g r a m s .   R B A C   a u t h o r i z a t i o n   i s   c r u c i a l   b u t   c a n n o t   b e   g r a n u l a r   e n o u g h   t o   h a v e   a u t h o r i z a t i o n   o n   t h e   P o d s '   r e s o u r c e s   ( o r   o n   a n y   r e s o u r c e   t h a t   m a n a g e s   P o d s ) .   T h e   o n l y   g r a n u l a r i t y   i s   t h e   A P I   v e r b s   o n   t h e   r e s o u r c e   i t s e l f ,   f o r   e x a m p l e ,   c r e a t e   o n   P o d s .   W i t h o u t   a d d i t i o n a l   a d m i s s i o n ,   t h e   a u t h o r i z a t i o n   t o   c r e a t e   t h e s e   r e s o u r c e s   a l l o w s   d i r e c t   u n r e s t r i c t e d   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   s c h e d u l a b l e   n o d e s   o f   a   c l u s t e r .   T h e   P o d   S e c u r i t y   S t a n d a r d s   d e f i n e   t h r e e   d i f f e r e n t   p o l i c i e s ,   p r i v i l e g e d ,   b a s e l i n e   a n d   r e s t r i c t e d   t h a t   l i m i t   h o w   f i e l d s   c a n   b


Question: What is Enabling Seccomp?

Answer: S e c c o m p   s t a n d s   f o r   s e c u r e   c o m p u t i n g   m o d e   a n d   h a s   b e e n   a   f e a t u r e   o f   t h e   L i n u x   k e r n e l   s i n c e   v e r s i o n   2 . 6 . 1 2 .   I t   c a n   b e   u s e d   t o   s a n d b o x   t h e   p r i v i l e g e s   o f   a   p r o c e s s ,   r e s t r i c t i n g   t h e   c a l l s   i t   i s   a b l e   t o   m a k e   f r o m   u s e r s p a c e   i n t o   t h e   k e r n e l .   K u b e r n e t e s   l e t s   y o u   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   a p p l y   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e s   l o a d e d   o n t o   a   n o d e   t o   y o u r   P o d s   a n d   c o n t a i n e r s .   S e c c o m p   c a n   i m p r o v e   t h e   s e c u r i t y   o f   y o u r   w o r k l o a d s   b y   r e d u c i n g   t h e   L i n u x   k e r n e l   s y s c a l l   a t t a c k   s u r f a c e   a v a i l a b l e   i n s i d e   c o n t a i n e r s .   T h e   s e c c o m p   f i l t e r   m o d e   l e v e r a g e s   B P F   t o   c r e a t e   a n   a l l o w   o r   d e n y   l i s t   o f   s p e c i f i c   s y s c a l l s ,   n a m e d   p r o f i l e s .   S i n c e   K u b e r n e t e s   1 . 2 7 ,   y o u   c a n   e n a b l e   t h e   u s e   o f   R u n t i m e D e f a u l t   a s   t h e   d e f a u l t   s e c c o m p   p r o f i l e   f o r   a l l   w o r k l o a d s .   A   s e c u r i t y   t u t o r i a l   i s   a v a i l a b l e   o n   t h i s   t o p i c .   I n   a d d i t i o n ,   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   S e c u r i t y   P r o f i l e s   O p e r a t o r   i s   a   p r o j e c t   t h a t   f a c i l i t a t e s   t h e   m a n a g e m e n t   a n d   u s e   o f   s e c c o m p   i n   c l u s t e r s .


Question: What is AppArmor?

Answer: A p p A r m o r   i s   a   L i n u x   k e r n e l   s e c u r i t y   m o d u l e   t h a t   c a n   p r o v i d e   a n   e a s y   w a y   t o   i m p l e m e n t   M a n d a t o r y   A c c e s s   C o n t r o l   ( M A C )   a n d   b e t t e r   a u d i t i n g   t h r o u g h   s y s t e m   l o g s .   A   d e f a u l t   A p p A r m o r   p r o f i l e   i s   e n f o r c e d   o n   n o d e s   t h a t   s u p p o r t   i t ,   o r   a   c u s t o m   p r o f i l e   c a n   b e   c o n f i g u r e d .   L i k e   s e c c o m p ,   A p p A r m o r   i s   a l s o   c o n f i g u r e d   t h r o u g h   p r o f i l e s ,   w h e r e   e a c h   p r o f i l e   i s   e i t h e r   r u n n i n g   i n   e n f o r c i n g   m o d e ,   w h i c h   b l o c k s   a c c e s s   t o   d i s a l l o w e d   r e s o u r c e s   o r   c o m p l a i n   m o d e ,   w h i c h   o n l y   r e p o r t s   v i o l a t i o n s .   A p p A r m o r   p r o f i l e s   a r e   e n f o r c e d   o n   a   p e r - c o n t a i n e r   b a s i s ,   w i t h   a n   a n n o t a t i o n ,   a l l o w i n g   f o r   p r o c e s s e s   t o   g a i n   j u s t   t h e   r i g h t   p r i v i l e g e s .


Question: What is SELinux?

Answer: S E L i n u x   i s   a l s o   a   L i n u x   k e r n e l   s e c u r i t y   m o d u l e   t h a t   c a n   p r o v i d e   a   m e c h a n i s m   f o r   s u p p o r t i n g   a c c e s s   c o n t r o l   s e c u r i t y   p o l i c i e s ,   i n c l u d i n g   M a n d a t o r y   A c c e s s   C o n t r o l s   ( M A C ) .   S E L i n u x   l a b e l s   c a n   b e   a s s i g n e d   t o   c o n t a i n e r s   o r   p o d s   v i a   t h e i r   s e c u r i t y C o n t e x t   s e c t i o n .


Question: What is Logs and auditing?

Answer: A u d i t   l o g s ,   i f   e n a b l e d ,   a r e   p r o t e c t e d   f r o m   g e n e r a l   a c c e s s .


Question: What is Pod placement?

Answer: P o d   p l a c e m e n t   i s   d o n e   i n   a c c o r d a n c e   w i t h   t h e   t i e r s   o f   s e n s i t i v i t y   o f   t h e   a p p l i c a t i o n .   S e n s i t i v e   a p p l i c a t i o n s   a r e   r u n n i n g   i s o l a t e d   o n   n o d e s   o r   w i t h   s p e c i f i c   s a n d b o x e d   r u n t i m e s .   P o d s   t h a t   a r e   o n   d i f f e r e n t   t i e r s   o f   s e n s i t i v i t y ,   f o r   e x a m p l e ,   a n   a p p l i c a t i o n   p o d   a n d   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   s e r v e r ,   s h o u l d   b e   d e p l o y e d   o n t o   s e p a r a t e   n o d e s .   T h e   p u r p o s e   o f   n o d e   i s o l a t i o n   i s   t o   p r e v e n t   a n   a p p l i c a t i o n   c o n t a i n e r   b r e a k o u t   t o   d i r e c t l y   p r o v i d i n g   a c c e s s   t o   a p p l i c a t i o n s   w i t h   h i g h e r   l e v e l   o f   s e n s i t i v i t y   t o   e a s i l y   p i v o t   w i t h i n   t h e   c l u s t e r .   T h i s   s e p a r a t i o n   s h o u l d   b e   e n f o r c e d   t o   p r e v e n t   p o d s   a c c i d e n t a l l y   b e i n g   d e p l o y e d   o n t o   t h e   s a m e   n o d e .   T h i s   c o u l d   b e   e n f o r c e d   w i t h   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   f e a t u r e s :


Question: What is Secrets?

Answer: C o n f i g M a p s   a r e   n o t   u s e d   t o   h o l d   c o n f i d e n t i a l   d a t a .   E n c r y p t i o n   a t   r e s t   i s   c o n f i g u r e d   f o r   t h e   S e c r e t   A P I .   I f   a p p r o p r i a t e ,   a   m e c h a n i s m   t o   i n j e c t   s e c r e t s   s t o r e d   i n   t h i r d - p a r t y   s t o r a g e   i s   d e p l o y e d   a n d   a v a i l a b l e .   S e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   t o k e n s   a r e   n o t   m o u n t e d   i n   p o d s   t h a t   d o n ' t   r e q u i r e   t h e m .   B o u n d   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   t o k e n   v o l u m e   i s   i n - u s e   i n s t e a d   o f   n o n - e x p i r i n g   t o k e n s .   S e c r e t s   r e q u i r e d   f o r   p o d s   s h o u l d   b e   s t o r e d   w i t h i n   K u b e r n e t e s   S e c r e t s   a s   o p p o s e d   t o   a l t e r n a t i v e s   s u c h   a s   C o n f i g M a p .   S e c r e t   r e s o u r c e s   s t o r e d   w i t h i n   e t c d   s h o u l d   b e   e n c r y p t e d   a t   r e s t .   P o d s   n e e d i n g   s e c r e t s   s h o u l d   h a v e   t h e s e   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   m o u n t e d   t h r o u g h   v o l u m e s ,   p r e f e r a b l y   s t o r e d   i n   m e m o r y   l i k e   w i t h   t h e   e m p t y D i r . m e d i u m   o p t i o n .   M e c h a n i s m   c a n   b e   u s e d   t o   a l s o   i n j e c t   s e c r e t s   f r o m   t h i r d - p a r t y   s t o r a g e s   a s   v o l u m e ,   l i k e   t h e   S e c r e t s   S t o r e   C S I   D r i v e r .   T h i s   s h o u l d   b e   d o n e   p r e f e r e n t i a l l y   a s   c o m p a r e d   t o   p r o v i d i n g   t h e   p o d s   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   R B A C   a c c e s s   t o   s e c r e t s .   T h i s   w o u l d   a l l o w   a d d i n g   s e c r e t s   i n t o   t h e   p o d   a s   e n v i r o n m e n t   v a r i a b l e s   o r   f i l e s .   P l e a s e   n o t e   t h


Question: What is Images?

Answer: M i n i m i z e   u n n e c e s s a r y   c o n t e n t   i n   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e s .   C o n t a i n e r   i m a g e s   a r e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   b e   r u n   a s   u n p r i v i l e g e d   u s e r .   R e f e r e n c e s   t o   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e s   a r e   m a d e   b y   s h a 2 5 6   d i g e s t s   ( r a t h e r   t h a n   t a g s )   o r   t h e   p r o v e n a n c e   o f   t h e   i m a g e   i s   v a l i d a t e d   b y   v e r i f y i n g   t h e   i m a g e ' s   d i g i t a l   s i g n a t u r e   a t   d e p l o y   t i m e   v i a   a d m i s s i o n   c o n t r o l .   C o n t a i n e r   i m a g e s   a r e   r e g u l a r l y   s c a n n e d   d u r i n g   c r e a t i o n   a n d   i n   d e p l o y m e n t ,   a n d   k n o w n   v u l n e r a b l e   s o f t w a r e   i s   p a t c h e d .   C o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   s h o u l d   c o n t a i n   t h e   b a r e   m i n i m u m   t o   r u n   t h e   p r o g r a m   t h e y   p a c k a g e .   P r e f e r a b l y ,   o n l y   t h e   p r o g r a m   a n d   i t s   d e p e n d e n c i e s ,   b u i l d i n g   t h e   i m a g e   f r o m   t h e   m i n i m a l   p o s s i b l e   b a s e .   I n   p a r t i c u l a r ,   i m a g e   u s e d   i n   p r o d u c t i o n   s h o u l d   n o t   c o n t a i n   s h e l l s   o r   d e b u g g i n g   u t i l i t i e s ,   a s   a n   e p h e m e r a l   d e b u g   c o n t a i n e r   c a n   b e   u s e d   f o r   t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g .   B u i l d   i m a g e s   t o   d i r e c t l y   s t a r t   w i t h   a n   u n p r i v i l e g e d   u s e r   b y   u s i n g   t h e   U S E R   i n s t r u c t i o n   i n   D o c k e r f i l e .   T h e   S e c u r i t y   C o n t e x t   a l l o w s   a   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   t o   b e   s t a r t e d   w i t h   a   s p e c i f i c   u s e r   a n d   g r o u p   w i t h   r u n A s U s e r   a n d   r u n A s G r o u p ,   e v e n   i


Question: What is Admission controllers?

Answer: A n   a p p r o p r i a t e   s e l e c t i o n   o f   a d m i s s i o n   c o n t r o l l e r s   i s   e n a b l e d .   A   p o d   s e c u r i t y   p o l i c y   i s   e n f o r c e d   b y   t h e   P o d   S e c u r i t y   A d m i s s i o n   o r / a n d   a   w e b h o o k   a d m i s s i o n   c o n t r o l l e r .   T h e   a d m i s s i o n   c h a i n   p l u g i n s   a n d   w e b h o o k s   a r e   s e c u r e l y   c o n f i g u r e d .   A d m i s s i o n   c o n t r o l l e r s   c a n   h e l p   i m p r o v e   t h e   s e c u r i t y   o f   t h e   c l u s t e r .   H o w e v e r ,   t h e y   c a n   p r e s e n t   r i s k s   t h e m s e l v e s   a s   t h e y   e x t e n d   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   a n d   s h o u l d   b e   p r o p e r l y   s e c u r e d .   T h e   f o l l o w i n g   l i s t s   p r e s e n t   a   n u m b e r   o f   a d m i s s i o n   c o n t r o l l e r s   t h a t   c o u l d   b e   c o n s i d e r e d   t o   e n h a n c e   t h e   s e c u r i t y   p o s t u r e   o f   y o u r   c l u s t e r   a n d   a p p l i c a t i o n .   I t   i n c l u d e s   c o n t r o l l e r s   t h a t   m a y   b e   r e f e r e n c e d   i n   o t h e r   p a r t s   o f   t h i s   d o c u m e n t .   T h i s   f i r s t   g r o u p   o f   a d m i s s i o n   c o n t r o l l e r s   i n c l u d e s   p l u g i n s   e n a b l e d   b y   d e f a u l t ,   c o n s i d e r   t o   l e a v e   t h e m   e n a b l e d   u n l e s s   y o u   k n o w   w h a t   y o u   a r e   d o i n g :   T h e   s e c o n d   g r o u p   i n c l u d e s   p l u g i n s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   e n a b l e d   b y   d e f a u l t   b u t   a r e   i n   g e n e r a l   a v a i l a b i l i t y   s t a t e   a n d   a r e   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   i m p r o v e   y o u r   s e c u r i t y   p o s t u r e :   T h e   t h i r d   g r o u p   i n c l u d e s   p l u g i n s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   e n a b l e d   b y   d e f


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: P r i v i l e g e   e s c a l a t i o n   v i a   P o d   c r e a t i o n   w a r n s   y o u   a b o u t   a   s p e c i f i c   a c c e s s   c o n t r o l   r i s k ;   c h e c k   h o w   y o u ' r e   m a n a g i n g   t h a t   t h r e a t . I f   y o u   u s e   K u b e r n e t e s   R B A C ,   r e a d   R B A C   G o o d   P r a c t i c e s   f o r   f u r t h e r   i n f o r m a t i o n   o n   a u t h o r i z a t i o n . S e c u r i n g   a   C l u s t e r   f o r   i n f o r m a t i o n   o n   p r o t e c t i n g   a   c l u s t e r   f r o m   a c c i d e n t a l   o r   m a l i c i o u s   a c c e s s . C l u s t e r   M u l t i - t e n a n c y   g u i d e   f o r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   o p t i o n s   r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s   a n d   b e s t   p r a c t i c e s   o n   m u l t i - t e n a n c y . B l o g   p o s t   " A   C l o s e r   L o o k   a t   N S A / C I S A   K u b e r n e t e s   H a r d e n i n g   G u i d a n c e "   f o r   c o m p l e m e n t a r y   r e s o u r c e   o n   h a r d e n i n g   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r s .   I f   y o u   u s e   K u b e r n e t e s   R B A C ,   r e a d   R B A C   G o o d   P r a c t i c e s   f o r   f u r t h e r   i n f o r m a t i o n   o n   a u t h o r i z a t i o n .


Question: What is 17 - Application Security Checklist?

Answer: T h i s   c h e c k l i s t   a i m s   t o   p r o v i d e   b a s i c   g u i d e l i n e s   o n   s e c u r i n g   a p p l i c a t i o n s   r u n n i n g   i n   K u b e r n e t e s   f r o m   a   d e v e l o p e r ' s   p e r s p e c t i v e .   T h i s   l i s t   i s   n o t   m e a n t   t o   b e   e x h a u s t i v e   a n d   i s   i n t e n d e d   t o   e v o l v e   o v e r   t i m e .   O n   h o w   t o   r e a d   a n d   u s e   t h i s   d o c u m e n t :   T h e   o r d e r   o f   t o p i c s   d o e s   n o t   r e f l e c t   a n   o r d e r   o f   p r i o r i t y . S o m e   c h e c k l i s t   i t e m s   a r e   d e t a i l e d   i n   t h e   p a r a g r a p h   b e l o w   t h e   l i s t   o f   e a c h   s e c t i o n . T h i s   c h e c k l i s t   a s s u m e s   t h a t   a   d e v e l o p e r   i s   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r   u s e r   w h o   i n t e r a c t s   w i t h   n a m e s p a c e d   s c o p e   o b j e c t s .


Question: What is Base security hardening?

Answer: T h e   f o l l o w i n g   c h e c k l i s t   p r o v i d e s   b a s e   s e c u r i t y   h a r d e n i n g   r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s   t h a t   w o u l d   a p p l y   t o   m o s t   a p p l i c a t i o n s   d e p l o y i n g   t o   K u b e r n e t e s .


Question: What is Application design?

Answer: F o l l o w   t h e   r i g h t   s e c u r i t y   p r i n c i p l e s   w h e n   d e s i g n i n g   a p p l i c a t i o n s .   A p p l i c a t i o n   c o n f i g u r e d   w i t h   a p p r o p r i a t e   Q o S   c l a s s   t h r o u g h   r e s o u r c e   r e q u e s t   a n d   l i m i t s .   M e m o r y   l i m i t   i s   s e t   f o r   t h e   w o r k l o a d s   w i t h   a   l i m i t   e q u a l   t o   o r   g r e a t e r   t h a n   t h e   r e q u e s t .   C P U   l i m i t   m i g h t   b e   s e t   o n   s e n s i t i v e   w o r k l o a d s .   M e m o r y   l i m i t   i s   s e t   f o r   t h e   w o r k l o a d s   w i t h   a   l i m i t   e q u a l   t o   o r   g r e a t e r   t h a n   t h e   r e q u e s t .   C P U   l i m i t   m i g h t   b e   s e t   o n   s e n s i t i v e   w o r k l o a d s .


Question: What is Service account?

Answer: A v o i d   u s i n g   t h e   d e f a u l t   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t .   I n s t e a d ,   c r e a t e   S e r v i c e A c c o u n t s   f o r   e a c h   w o r k l o a d   o r   m i c r o s e r v i c e .   a u t o m o u n t S e r v i c e A c c o u n t T o k e n   s h o u l d   b e   s e t   t o   f a l s e   u n l e s s   t h e   p o d   s p e c i f i c a l l y   r e q u i r e s   a c c e s s   t o   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A P I   t o   o p e r a t e .


Question: What is Pod-level securityContext recommendations?

Answer: S e t   r u n A s N o n R o o t :   t r u e .   C o n f i g u r e   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   t o   e x e c u t e   a s   a   l e s s   p r i v i l e g e d   u s e r   ( f o r   e x a m p l e ,   u s i n g   r u n A s U s e r   a n d   r u n A s G r o u p ) ,   a n d   c o n f i g u r e   a p p r o p r i a t e   p e r m i s s i o n s   o n   f i l e s   o r   d i r e c t o r i e s   i n s i d e   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e .   O p t i o n a l l y   a d d   a   s u p p l e m e n t a r y   g r o u p   w i t h   f s G r o u p   t o   a c c e s s   p e r s i s t e n t   v o l u m e s .   T h e   a p p l i c a t i o n   d e p l o y s   i n t o   a   n a m e s p a c e   t h a t   e n f o r c e s   a n   a p p r o p r i a t e   P o d   s e c u r i t y   s t a n d a r d .   I f   y o u   c a n n o t   c o n t r o l   t h i s   e n f o r c e m e n t   f o r   t h e   c l u s t e r ( s )   w h e r e   t h e   a p p l i c a t i o n   i s   d e p l o y e d ,   t a k e   t h i s   i n t o   a c c o u n t   e i t h e r   t h r o u g h   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   o r   a d d i t i o n a l   d e f e n s e   i n   d e p t h .


Question: What is Container-level securityContext recommendations?

Answer: D i s a b l e   p r i v i l e g e   e s c a l a t i o n s   u s i n g   a l l o w P r i v i l e g e E s c a l a t i o n :   f a l s e .   C o n f i g u r e   t h e   r o o t   f i l e s y s t e m   t o   b e   r e a d - o n l y   w i t h   r e a d O n l y R o o t F i l e s y s t e m :   t r u e .   A v o i d   r u n n i n g   p r i v i l e g e d   c o n t a i n e r s   ( s e t   p r i v i l e g e d :   f a l s e ) .   D r o p   a l l   c a p a b i l i t i e s   f r o m   t h e   c o n t a i n e r s   a n d   a d d   b a c k   o n l y   s p e c i f i c   o n e s   t h a t   a r e   n e e d e d   f o r   o p e r a t i o n   o f   t h e   c o n t a i n e r .


Question: What is Role Based Access Control (RBAC)?

Answer: P e r m i s s i o n s   s u c h   a s   c r e a t e ,   p a t c h ,   u p d a t e   a n d   d e l e t e   s h o u l d   b e   o n l y   g r a n t e d   i f   n e c e s s a r y .   A v o i d   c r e a t i n g   R B A C   p e r m i s s i o n s   t o   c r e a t e   o r   u p d a t e   r o l e s   w h i c h   c a n   l e a d   t o   p r i v i l e g e   e s c a l a t i o n .   R e v i e w   b i n d i n g s   f o r   t h e   s y s t e m : u n a u t h e n t i c a t e d   g r o u p   a n d   r e m o v e   t h e m   w h e r e   p o s s i b l e ,   a s   t h i s   g i v e s   a c c e s s   t o   a n y o n e   w h o   c a n   c o n t a c t   t h e   A P I   s e r v e r   a t   a   n e t w o r k   l e v e l .   T h e   c r e a t e ,   u p d a t e   a n d   d e l e t e   v e r b s   s h o u l d   b e   p e r m i t t e d   j u d i c i o u s l y .   T h e   p a t c h   v e r b   i f   a l l o w e d   o n   a   N a m e s p a c e   c a n   a l l o w   u s e r s   t o   u p d a t e   l a b e l s   o n   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   o r   d e p l o y m e n t s   w h i c h   c a n   i n c r e a s e   t h e   a t t a c k   s u r f a c e .   F o r   s e n s i t i v e   w o r k l o a d s ,   c o n s i d e r   p r o v i d i n g   a   r e c o m m e n d e d   V a l i d a t i n g A d m i s s i o n P o l i c y   t h a t   f u r t h e r   r e s t r i c t s   t h e   p e r m i t t e d   w r i t e   a c t i o n s .


Question: What is Image security?

Answer: U s i n g   a n   i m a g e   s c a n n i n g   t o o l   t o   s c a n   a n   i m a g e   b e f o r e   d e p l o y i n g   c o n t a i n e r s   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r .   U s e   c o n t a i n e r   s i g n i n g   t o   v a l i d a t e   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   s i g n a t u r e   b e f o r e   d e p l o y i n g   t o   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r .


Question: What is Network policies?

Answer: C o n f i g u r e   N e t w o r k P o l i c i e s   t o   o n l y   a l l o w   e x p e c t e d   i n g r e s s   a n d   e g r e s s   t r a f f i c   f r o m   t h e   p o d s .   M a k e   s u r e   t h a t   y o u r   c l u s t e r   p r o v i d e s   a n d   e n f o r c e s   N e t w o r k P o l i c y .   I f   y o u   a r e   w r i t i n g   a n   a p p l i c a t i o n   t h a t   u s e r s   w i l l   d e p l o y   t o   d i f f e r e n t   c l u s t e r s ,   c o n s i d e r   w h e t h e r   y o u   c a n   a s s u m e   t h a t   N e t w o r k P o l i c y   i s   a v a i l a b l e   a n d   e n f o r c e d .


Question: What is Advanced security hardening?

Answer: T h i s   s e c t i o n   o f   t h i s   g u i d e   c o v e r s   s o m e   a d v a n c e d   s e c u r i t y   h a r d e n i n g   p o i n t s   w h i c h   m i g h t   b e   v a l u a b l e   b a s e d   o n   d i f f e r e n t   K u b e r n e t e s   e n v i r o n m e n t   s e t u p .


Question: What is Linux container security?

Answer: C o n f i g u r e   S e c u r i t y   C o n t e x t   f o r   t h e   p o d - c o n t a i n e r .   S e t   t h e   S e c c o m p   P r o f i l e   f o r   a   C o n t a i n e r .   R e s t r i c t   a   C o n t a i n e r ' s   A c c e s s   t o   R e s o u r c e s   w i t h   A p p A r m o r .   A s s i g n   S E L i n u x   L a b e l s   t o   a   C o n t a i n e r .


Question: What is Runtime classes?

Answer: C o n f i g u r e   a p p r o p r i a t e   r u n t i m e   c l a s s e s   f o r   c o n t a i n e r s .   S o m e   c o n t a i n e r s   m a y   r e q u i r e   a   d i f f e r e n t   i s o l a t i o n   l e v e l   f r o m   w h a t   i s   p r o v i d e d   b y   t h e   d e f a u l t   r u n t i m e   o f   t h e   c l u s t e r .   r u n t i m e C l a s s N a m e   c a n   b e   u s e d   i n   a   p o d s p e c   t o   d e f i n e   a   d i f f e r e n t   r u n t i m e   c l a s s .   F o r   s e n s i t i v e   w o r k l o a d s   c o n s i d e r   u s i n g   k e r n e l   e m u l a t i o n   t o o l s   l i k e   g V i s o r ,   o r   v i r t u a l i z e d   i s o l a t i o n   u s i n g   a   m e c h a n i s m   s u c h   a s   k a t a - c o n t a i n e r s .   I n   h i g h   t r u s t   e n v i r o n m e n t s ,   c o n s i d e r   u s i n g   c o n f i d e n t i a l   v i r t u a l   m a c h i n e s   t o   i m p r o v e   c l u s t e r   s e c u r i t y   e v e n   f u r t h e r .   ©   2 0 2 5   T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   A u t h o r s   |   D o c u m e n t a t i o n   D i s t r i b u t e d   u n d e r   C C   B Y   4 . 0   ©   2 0 2 5   T h e   L i n u x   F o u n d a t i o n   ® .   A l l   r i g h t s   r e s e r v e d .   T h e   L i n u x   F o u n d a t i o n   h a s   r e g i s t e r e d   t r a d e m a r k s   a n d   u s e s   t r a d e m a r k s .   F o r   a   l i s t   o f   t r a d e m a r k s   o f   T h e   L i n u x   F o u n d a t i o n ,   p l e a s e   s e e   o u r   T r a d e m a r k   U s a g e   p a g e   I C P   l i c e n s e :   京 I C P 备 1 7 0 7 4 2 6 6 号 - 3


Question: What is Post-release communications?

Answer: Post-release communicationsThe Kubernetes Release Comms team (part of SIG Release) looks after release announcements, which go onto the main project blog.After each release, the Release Comms team take over the main blog for a period and publish a series of additional articles to explain or announce changes related to that release. These additional articles are termed post-release comms.Opting in to post-release commsDuring a release cycle, as a contributor, you can opt in to post-release comms about an upcoming change to Kubernetes.To opt in you open a draft, placeholder pull request (PR) against k/website. Initially, this can be an empty commit. Mention the KEP issue or other Kubernetes improvement issue in the description of your placeholder PR.When you open the draft pull request, you open it against main as the base branch and not against the dev-1.35 branch. This is different from the process for upcoming release changes and new features.You should also leave a comment on the related kubernetes/enhancements issue with a link to the PR to notify the Release Comms team managing this release. Your comment helps the team see that the change needs announcing and that your SIG has opted in.As well as the above, you should ideally contact the Release Comms team via Slack (channel #release-comms) to let them know that you have done this and would like to opt in.Preparing the article contentYou should follow the usual article submission process to turn your placeholder PR into something ready for review. However, for post-release comms, you may not have a writing buddy; instead, the Release Comms team may assign a member of the team to help guide what you're doing.You should squash the commits in your pull request; if you're not sure how to, it's absolutely OK to ask Release Comms or the blog team for help.Provided that your article is flagged as a draft (draft: true) in the front matter, the PR can merge at any time during the release cycle.PublicationAhead of the actual release, the Release Comms team check what content is ready (if it's not ready by the deadline, and you didn't get an exception, then the announcement won't be included). They build a schedule for the articles that will go out and open new pull requests to turn those articles from draft to published.Caution:All these pull requests to actually publish post-release articles must be held (Prow command /hold) until the release has actually happened.The blog team approvers still provide final sign off on promoting the content from draft to accepted for publication. Ahead of release day, the PR (or PRs) for publishing these announcements should have LGTM (“looks good to me”) and approved labels, along with the do-not-merge/hold label to ensure the PR doesn't merge too early.Release Comms / the Release Team can then unhold that PR (or set of PRs) as soon as the website Git repository is unfrozen after the actual release.On the day each article is scheduled to publish, automation triggers


Question: How does Post-release communications work?

Answer: Post-release communicationsThe Kubernetes Release Comms team (part of SIG Release) looks after release announcements, which go onto the main project blog.After each release, the Release Comms team take over the main blog for a period and publish a series of additional articles to explain or announce changes related to that release. These additional articles are termed post-release comms.Opting in to post-release commsDuring a release cycle, as a contributor, you can opt in to post-release comms about an upcoming change to Kubernetes.To opt in you open a draft, placeholder pull request (PR) against k/website. Initially, this can be an empty commit. Mention the KEP issue or other Kubernetes improvement issue in the description of your placeholder PR.When you open the draft pull request, you open it against main as the base branch and not against the dev-1.35 branch. This is different from the process for upcoming release changes and new features.You should also leave a comment on the related kubernetes/enhancements issue with a link to the PR to notify the Release Comms team managing this release. Your comment helps the team see that the change needs announcing and that your SIG has opted in.As well as the above, you should ideally contact the Release Comms team via Slack (channel #release-comms) to let them know that you have done this and would like to opt in.Preparing the article contentYou should follow the usual article submission process to turn your placeholder PR into something ready for review. However, for post-release comms, you may not have a writing buddy; instead, the Release Comms team may assign a member of the team to help guide what you're doing.You should squash the commits in your pull request; if you're not sure how to, it's absolutely OK to ask Release Comms or the blog team for help.Provided that your article is flagged as a draft (draft: true) in the front matter, the PR can merge at any time during the release cycle.PublicationAhead of the actual release, the Release Comms team check what content is ready (if it's not ready by the deadline, and you didn't get an exception, then the announcement won't be included). They build a schedule for the articles that will go out and open new pull requests to turn those articles from draft to published.Caution:All these pull requests to actually publish post-release articles must be held (Prow command /hold) until the release has actually happened.The blog team approvers still provide final sign off on promoting the content from draft to accepted for publication. Ahead of release day, the PR (or PRs) for publishing these announcements should have LGTM (“looks good to me”) and approved labels, along with the do-not-merge/hold label to ensure the PR doesn't merge too early.Release Comms / the Release Team can then unhold that PR (or set of PRs) as soon as the website Git repository is unfrozen after the actual release.On the day each article is scheduled to publish, automation triggers


Question: When would you use Post-release communications?

Answer: Post-release communicationsThe Kubernetes Release Comms team (part of SIG Release) looks after release announcements, which go onto the main project blog.After each release, the Release Comms team take over the main blog for a period and publish a series of additional articles to explain or announce changes related to that release. These additional articles are termed post-release comms.Opting in to post-release commsDuring a release cycle, as a contributor, you can opt in to post-release comms about an upcoming change to Kubernetes.To opt in you open a draft, placeholder pull request (PR) against k/website. Initially, this can be an empty commit. Mention the KEP issue or other Kubernetes improvement issue in the description of your placeholder PR.When you open the draft pull request, you open it against main as the base branch and not against the dev-1.35 branch. This is different from the process for upcoming release changes and new features.You should also leave a comment on the related kubernetes/enhancements issue with a link to the PR to notify the Release Comms team managing this release. Your comment helps the team see that the change needs announcing and that your SIG has opted in.As well as the above, you should ideally contact the Release Comms team via Slack (channel #release-comms) to let them know that you have done this and would like to opt in.Preparing the article contentYou should follow the usual article submission process to turn your placeholder PR into something ready for review. However, for post-release comms, you may not have a writing buddy; instead, the Release Comms team may assign a member of the team to help guide what you're doing.You should squash the commits in your pull request; if you're not sure how to, it's absolutely OK to ask Release Comms or the blog team for help.Provided that your article is flagged as a draft (draft: true) in the front matter, the PR can merge at any time during the release cycle.PublicationAhead of the actual release, the Release Comms team check what content is ready (if it's not ready by the deadline, and you didn't get an exception, then the announcement won't be included). They build a schedule for the articles that will go out and open new pull requests to turn those articles from draft to published.Caution:All these pull requests to actually publish post-release articles must be held (Prow command /hold) until the release has actually happened.The blog team approvers still provide final sign off on promoting the content from draft to accepted for publication. Ahead of release day, the PR (or PRs) for publishing these announcements should have LGTM (“looks good to me”) and approved labels, along with the do-not-merge/hold label to ensure the PR doesn't merge too early.Release Comms / the Release Team can then unhold that PR (or set of PRs) as soon as the website Git repository is unfrozen after the actual release.On the day each article is scheduled to publish, automation triggers


Question: What are the benefits of Post-release communications?

Answer: Post-release communicationsThe Kubernetes Release Comms team (part of SIG Release) looks after release announcements, which go onto the main project blog.After each release, the Release Comms team take over the main blog for a period and publish a series of additional articles to explain or announce changes related to that release. These additional articles are termed post-release comms.Opting in to post-release commsDuring a release cycle, as a contributor, you can opt in to post-release comms about an upcoming change to Kubernetes.To opt in you open a draft, placeholder pull request (PR) against k/website. Initially, this can be an empty commit. Mention the KEP issue or other Kubernetes improvement issue in the description of your placeholder PR.When you open the draft pull request, you open it against main as the base branch and not against the dev-1.35 branch. This is different from the process for upcoming release changes and new features.You should also leave a comment on the related kubernetes/enhancements issue with a link to the PR to notify the Release Comms team managing this release. Your comment helps the team see that the change needs announcing and that your SIG has opted in.As well as the above, you should ideally contact the Release Comms team via Slack (channel #release-comms) to let them know that you have done this and would like to opt in.Preparing the article contentYou should follow the usual article submission process to turn your placeholder PR into something ready for review. However, for post-release comms, you may not have a writing buddy; instead, the Release Comms team may assign a member of the team to help guide what you're doing.You should squash the commits in your pull request; if you're not sure how to, it's absolutely OK to ask Release Comms or the blog team for help.Provided that your article is flagged as a draft (draft: true) in the front matter, the PR can merge at any time during the release cycle.PublicationAhead of the actual release, the Release Comms team check what content is ready (if it's not ready by the deadline, and you didn't get an exception, then the announcement won't be included). They build a schedule for the articles that will go out and open new pull requests to turn those articles from draft to published.Caution:All these pull requests to actually publish post-release articles must be held (Prow command /hold) until the release has actually happened.The blog team approvers still provide final sign off on promoting the content from draft to accepted for publication. Ahead of release day, the PR (or PRs) for publishing these announcements should have LGTM (“looks good to me”) and approved labels, along with the do-not-merge/hold label to ensure the PR doesn't merge too early.Release Comms / the Release Team can then unhold that PR (or set of PRs) as soon as the website Git repository is unfrozen after the actual release.On the day each article is scheduled to publish, automation triggers


Question: What is Post-release communications?

Answer: T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   t e a m   ( p a r t   o f   S I G   R e l e a s e )   l o o k s   a f t e r   r e l e a s e   a n n o u n c e m e n t s ,   w h i c h   g o   o n t o   t h e   m a i n   p r o j e c t   b l o g .   A f t e r   e a c h   r e l e a s e ,   t h e   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   t e a m   t a k e   o v e r   t h e   m a i n   b l o g   f o r   a   p e r i o d   a n d   p u b l i s h   a   s e r i e s   o f   a d d i t i o n a l   a r t i c l e s   t o   e x p l a i n   o r   a n n o u n c e   c h a n g e s   r e l a t e d   t o   t h a t   r e l e a s e .   T h e s e   a d d i t i o n a l   a r t i c l e s   a r e   t e r m e d   p o s t - r e l e a s e   c o m m s .


Question: What is Opting in to post-release comms?

Answer: D u r i n g   a   r e l e a s e   c y c l e ,   a s   a   c o n t r i b u t o r ,   y o u   c a n   o p t   i n   t o   p o s t - r e l e a s e   c o m m s   a b o u t   a n   u p c o m i n g   c h a n g e   t o   K u b e r n e t e s .   T o   o p t   i n   y o u   o p e n   a   d r a f t ,   p l a c e h o l d e r   p u l l   r e q u e s t   ( P R )   a g a i n s t   k / w e b s i t e .   I n i t i a l l y ,   t h i s   c a n   b e   a n   e m p t y   c o m m i t .   M e n t i o n   t h e   K E P   i s s u e   o r   o t h e r   K u b e r n e t e s   i m p r o v e m e n t   i s s u e   i n   t h e   d e s c r i p t i o n   o f   y o u r   p l a c e h o l d e r   P R .   W h e n   y o u   o p e n   t h e   d r a f t   p u l l   r e q u e s t ,   y o u   o p e n   i t   a g a i n s t   m a i n   a s   t h e   b a s e   b r a n c h   a n d   n o t   a g a i n s t   t h e   d e v - 1 . 3 5   b r a n c h .   T h i s   i s   d i f f e r e n t   f r o m   t h e   p r o c e s s   f o r   u p c o m i n g   r e l e a s e   c h a n g e s   a n d   n e w   f e a t u r e s .   Y o u   s h o u l d   a l s o   l e a v e   a   c o m m e n t   o n   t h e   r e l a t e d   k u b e r n e t e s / e n h a n c e m e n t s   i s s u e   w i t h   a   l i n k   t o   t h e   P R   t o   n o t i f y   t h e   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   t e a m   m a n a g i n g   t h i s   r e l e a s e .   Y o u r   c o m m e n t   h e l p s   t h e   t e a m   s e e   t h a t   t h e   c h a n g e   n e e d s   a n n o u n c i n g   a n d   t h a t   y o u r   S I G   h a s   o p t e d   i n .   A s   w e l l   a s   t h e   a b o v e ,   y o u   s h o u l d   i d e a l l y   c o n t a c t   t h e   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   t e a m   v i a   S l a c k   ( c h a n n e l   # r e l e a s e - c o m m s )   t o   l e t   t h e m   k n o w   t h a t   y o u   h a v e   d o n e   t h i s   a n d   w o u l d   l i k e   t o   o p t   i n .


Question: What is Preparing the article content?

Answer: Y o u   s h o u l d   f o l l o w   t h e   u s u a l   a r t i c l e   s u b m i s s i o n   p r o c e s s   t o   t u r n   y o u r   p l a c e h o l d e r   P R   i n t o   s o m e t h i n g   r e a d y   f o r   r e v i e w .   H o w e v e r ,   f o r   p o s t - r e l e a s e   c o m m s ,   y o u   m a y   n o t   h a v e   a   w r i t i n g   b u d d y ;   i n s t e a d ,   t h e   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   t e a m   m a y   a s s i g n   a   m e m b e r   o f   t h e   t e a m   t o   h e l p   g u i d e   w h a t   y o u ' r e   d o i n g .   Y o u   s h o u l d   s q u a s h   t h e   c o m m i t s   i n   y o u r   p u l l   r e q u e s t ;   i f   y o u ' r e   n o t   s u r e   h o w   t o ,   i t ' s   a b s o l u t e l y   O K   t o   a s k   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   o r   t h e   b l o g   t e a m   f o r   h e l p .   P r o v i d e d   t h a t   y o u r   a r t i c l e   i s   f l a g g e d   a s   a   d r a f t   ( d r a f t :   t r u e )   i n   t h e   f r o n t   m a t t e r ,   t h e   P R   c a n   m e r g e   a t   a n y   t i m e   d u r i n g   t h e   r e l e a s e   c y c l e .


Question: What is Publication?

Answer: A h e a d   o f   t h e   a c t u a l   r e l e a s e ,   t h e   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   t e a m   c h e c k   w h a t   c o n t e n t   i s   r e a d y   ( i f   i t ' s   n o t   r e a d y   b y   t h e   d e a d l i n e ,   a n d   y o u   d i d n ' t   g e t   a n   e x c e p t i o n ,   t h e n   t h e   a n n o u n c e m e n t   w o n ' t   b e   i n c l u d e d ) .   T h e y   b u i l d   a   s c h e d u l e   f o r   t h e   a r t i c l e s   t h a t   w i l l   g o   o u t   a n d   o p e n   n e w   p u l l   r e q u e s t s   t o   t u r n   t h o s e   a r t i c l e s   f r o m   d r a f t   t o   p u b l i s h e d .


Question: What is Caution:?

Answer: T h e   b l o g   t e a m   a p p r o v e r s   s t i l l   p r o v i d e   f i n a l   s i g n   o f f   o n   p r o m o t i n g   t h e   c o n t e n t   f r o m   d r a f t   t o   a c c e p t e d   f o r   p u b l i c a t i o n .   A h e a d   o f   r e l e a s e   d a y ,   t h e   P R   ( o r   P R s )   f o r   p u b l i s h i n g   t h e s e   a n n o u n c e m e n t s   s h o u l d   h a v e   L G T M   ( “ l o o k s   g o o d   t o   m e ” )   a n d   a p p r o v e d   l a b e l s ,   a l o n g   w i t h   t h e   d o - n o t - m e r g e / h o l d   l a b e l   t o   e n s u r e   t h e   P R   d o e s n ' t   m e r g e   t o o   e a r l y .   R e l e a s e   C o m m s   /   t h e   R e l e a s e   T e a m   c a n   t h e n   u n h o l d   t h a t   P R   ( o r   s e t   o f   P R s )   a s   s o o n   a s   t h e   w e b s i t e   G i t   r e p o s i t o r y   i s   u n f r o z e n   a f t e r   t h e   a c t u a l   r e l e a s e .   O n   t h e   d a y   e a c h   a r t i c l e   i s   s c h e d u l e d   t o   p u b l i s h ,   a u t o m a t i o n   t r i g g e r s   a   w e b s i t e   b u i l d   a n d   t h a t   a r t i c l e   b e c o m e s   v i s i b l e .


Question: What is Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes Resources?

Answer: Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes ResourcesWhat's Kompose? It's a conversion tool for all things compose (namely Docker Compose) to container orchestrators (Kubernetes or OpenShift).More information can be found on the Kompose website at https://kompose.io/.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Install KomposeWe have multiple ways to install Kompose. Our preferred method is downloading the binary from the latest GitHub release.Kompose is released via GitHub on a three-week cycle, you can see all current releases on the GitHub release page.# Linux curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-linux-amd64 -o kompose # macOS curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-darwin-amd64 -o kompose # Windows curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-windows-amd64.exe -o kompose.exe chmod +x kompose sudo mv ./kompose /usr/local/bin/kompose Alternatively, you can download the tarball.Installing using go get pulls from the master branch with the latest development changes.go get -u github.com/kubernetes/kompose On macOS you can install the latest release via Homebrew:brew install kompose Use KomposeIn a few steps, we'll take you from Docker Compose to Kubernetes. All you need is an existing docker-compose.yml file.Go to the directory containing your docker-compose.yml file. If you don't have one, test using this one. services: redis-leader: container_name: redis-leader image: redis ports: - "6379" redis-replica: container_name: redis-replica image: redis ports: - "6379" command: redis-server --replicaof redis-leader 6379 --dir /tmp web: container_name: web image: quay.io/kompose/web ports: - "8080:8080" environment: - GET_HOSTS_FROM=dns labels: kompose.service.type: LoadBalancer To convert the docker-compose.yml file to files that you can use with kubectl, run kompose convert and then kubectl apply -f <output file>.kompose convert The output is similar to:INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-tcp-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-deployment.yaml" created kubectl apply -f web-tcp-service.yaml,redis-leader-service.yaml,redis-replica-service.yaml,web-deployment.yaml,redis-leader-deployment.yaml,redis-replica-deployment.yaml The output is similar to:deployment.apps/redis-lead


Question: How does Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes Resources work?

Answer: Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes ResourcesWhat's Kompose? It's a conversion tool for all things compose (namely Docker Compose) to container orchestrators (Kubernetes or OpenShift).More information can be found on the Kompose website at https://kompose.io/.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Install KomposeWe have multiple ways to install Kompose. Our preferred method is downloading the binary from the latest GitHub release.Kompose is released via GitHub on a three-week cycle, you can see all current releases on the GitHub release page.# Linux curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-linux-amd64 -o kompose # macOS curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-darwin-amd64 -o kompose # Windows curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-windows-amd64.exe -o kompose.exe chmod +x kompose sudo mv ./kompose /usr/local/bin/kompose Alternatively, you can download the tarball.Installing using go get pulls from the master branch with the latest development changes.go get -u github.com/kubernetes/kompose On macOS you can install the latest release via Homebrew:brew install kompose Use KomposeIn a few steps, we'll take you from Docker Compose to Kubernetes. All you need is an existing docker-compose.yml file.Go to the directory containing your docker-compose.yml file. If you don't have one, test using this one. services: redis-leader: container_name: redis-leader image: redis ports: - "6379" redis-replica: container_name: redis-replica image: redis ports: - "6379" command: redis-server --replicaof redis-leader 6379 --dir /tmp web: container_name: web image: quay.io/kompose/web ports: - "8080:8080" environment: - GET_HOSTS_FROM=dns labels: kompose.service.type: LoadBalancer To convert the docker-compose.yml file to files that you can use with kubectl, run kompose convert and then kubectl apply -f <output file>.kompose convert The output is similar to:INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-tcp-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-deployment.yaml" created kubectl apply -f web-tcp-service.yaml,redis-leader-service.yaml,redis-replica-service.yaml,web-deployment.yaml,redis-leader-deployment.yaml,redis-replica-deployment.yaml The output is similar to:deployment.apps/redis-lead


Question: When would you use Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes Resources?

Answer: Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes ResourcesWhat's Kompose? It's a conversion tool for all things compose (namely Docker Compose) to container orchestrators (Kubernetes or OpenShift).More information can be found on the Kompose website at https://kompose.io/.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Install KomposeWe have multiple ways to install Kompose. Our preferred method is downloading the binary from the latest GitHub release.Kompose is released via GitHub on a three-week cycle, you can see all current releases on the GitHub release page.# Linux curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-linux-amd64 -o kompose # macOS curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-darwin-amd64 -o kompose # Windows curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-windows-amd64.exe -o kompose.exe chmod +x kompose sudo mv ./kompose /usr/local/bin/kompose Alternatively, you can download the tarball.Installing using go get pulls from the master branch with the latest development changes.go get -u github.com/kubernetes/kompose On macOS you can install the latest release via Homebrew:brew install kompose Use KomposeIn a few steps, we'll take you from Docker Compose to Kubernetes. All you need is an existing docker-compose.yml file.Go to the directory containing your docker-compose.yml file. If you don't have one, test using this one. services: redis-leader: container_name: redis-leader image: redis ports: - "6379" redis-replica: container_name: redis-replica image: redis ports: - "6379" command: redis-server --replicaof redis-leader 6379 --dir /tmp web: container_name: web image: quay.io/kompose/web ports: - "8080:8080" environment: - GET_HOSTS_FROM=dns labels: kompose.service.type: LoadBalancer To convert the docker-compose.yml file to files that you can use with kubectl, run kompose convert and then kubectl apply -f <output file>.kompose convert The output is similar to:INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-tcp-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-deployment.yaml" created kubectl apply -f web-tcp-service.yaml,redis-leader-service.yaml,redis-replica-service.yaml,web-deployment.yaml,redis-leader-deployment.yaml,redis-replica-deployment.yaml The output is similar to:deployment.apps/redis-lead


Question: What are the benefits of Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes Resources?

Answer: Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes ResourcesWhat's Kompose? It's a conversion tool for all things compose (namely Docker Compose) to container orchestrators (Kubernetes or OpenShift).More information can be found on the Kompose website at https://kompose.io/.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesTo check the version, enter kubectl version.Install KomposeWe have multiple ways to install Kompose. Our preferred method is downloading the binary from the latest GitHub release.Kompose is released via GitHub on a three-week cycle, you can see all current releases on the GitHub release page.# Linux curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-linux-amd64 -o kompose # macOS curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-darwin-amd64 -o kompose # Windows curl -L https://github.com/kubernetes/kompose/releases/download/v1.34.0/kompose-windows-amd64.exe -o kompose.exe chmod +x kompose sudo mv ./kompose /usr/local/bin/kompose Alternatively, you can download the tarball.Installing using go get pulls from the master branch with the latest development changes.go get -u github.com/kubernetes/kompose On macOS you can install the latest release via Homebrew:brew install kompose Use KomposeIn a few steps, we'll take you from Docker Compose to Kubernetes. All you need is an existing docker-compose.yml file.Go to the directory containing your docker-compose.yml file. If you don't have one, test using this one. services: redis-leader: container_name: redis-leader image: redis ports: - "6379" redis-replica: container_name: redis-replica image: redis ports: - "6379" command: redis-server --replicaof redis-leader 6379 --dir /tmp web: container_name: web image: quay.io/kompose/web ports: - "8080:8080" environment: - GET_HOSTS_FROM=dns labels: kompose.service.type: LoadBalancer To convert the docker-compose.yml file to files that you can use with kubectl, run kompose convert and then kubectl apply -f <output file>.kompose convert The output is similar to:INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-tcp-service.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-leader-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "redis-replica-deployment.yaml" created INFO Kubernetes file "web-deployment.yaml" created kubectl apply -f web-tcp-service.yaml,redis-leader-service.yaml,redis-replica-service.yaml,web-deployment.yaml,redis-leader-deployment.yaml,redis-replica-deployment.yaml The output is similar to:deployment.apps/redis-lead


Question: What is Translate a Docker Compose File to Kubernetes Resources?

Answer: W h a t ' s   K o m p o s e ?   I t ' s   a   c o n v e r s i o n   t o o l   f o r   a l l   t h i n g s   c o m p o s e   ( n a m e l y   D o c k e r   C o m p o s e )   t o   c o n t a i n e r   o r c h e s t r a t o r s   ( K u b e r n e t e s   o r   O p e n S h i f t ) .   M o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n   c a n   b e   f o u n d   o n   t h e   K o m p o s e   w e b s i t e   a t   h t t p s : / / k o m p o s e . i o / .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s : i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .   Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s   T o   c h e c k   t h e   v e r s i o n ,   e n t e r   k u b e c t l   v e r s i o n .


Question: What is Install Kompose?

Answer: W e   h a v e   m u l t i p l e   w a y s   t o   i n s t a l l   K o m p o s e .   O u r   p r e f e r r e d   m e t h o d   i s   d o w n l o a d i n g   t h e   b i n a r y   f r o m   t h e   l a t e s t   G i t H u b   r e l e a s e .   K o m p o s e   i s   r e l e a s e d   v i a   G i t H u b   o n   a   t h r e e - w e e k   c y c l e ,   y o u   c a n   s e e   a l l   c u r r e n t   r e l e a s e s   o n   t h e   G i t H u b   r e l e a s e   p a g e . #   L i n u x   c u r l   - L   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / k o m p o s e / r e l e a s e s / d o w n l o a d / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / k o m p o s e - l i n u x - a m d 6 4   - o   k o m p o s e   #   m a c O S   c u r l   - L   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / k o m p o s e / r e l e a s e s / d o w n l o a d / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / k o m p o s e - d a r w i n - a m d 6 4   - o   k o m p o s e   #   W i n d o w s   c u r l   - L   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / k o m p o s e / r e l e a s e s / d o w n l o a d / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / k o m p o s e - w i n d o w s - a m d 6 4 . e x e   - o   k o m p o s e . e x e   c h m o d   + x   k o m p o s e   s u d o   m v   . / k o m p o s e   / u s r / l o c a l / b i n / k o m p o s e   A l t e r n a t i v e l y ,   y o u   c a n   d o w n l o a d   t h e   t a r b a l l .   K o m p o s e   i s   r e l e a s e d   v i a   G i t H u b   o n   a   t h r e e - w e e k   c y c l e ,   y o u   c a n   s e e   a l l   c u r r e n t   r e l e a s e s   o n   t h e   G i t H u b   r e l e a s e   p a g e .   #   L i n u x   c u r l   - L   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / k o m p o s e / r e l e a s e s / d o w n l o a d / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / k o m p o s e - l i n u x - a m d 6 4   - o   k o m p o s e   #   m a c O S   c u r l   - L   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / k o m p o s e / r e l e a s e s / d o w n l o a d / v 1 . 3 4 . 0 / k o m p o s e - d a


Question: What is Use Kompose?

Answer: I n   a   f e w   s t e p s ,   w e ' l l   t a k e   y o u   f r o m   D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   t o   K u b e r n e t e s .   A l l   y o u   n e e d   i s   a n   e x i s t i n g   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e . y m l   f i l e .   G o   t o   t h e   d i r e c t o r y   c o n t a i n i n g   y o u r   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e . y m l   f i l e .   I f   y o u   d o n ' t   h a v e   o n e ,   t e s t   u s i n g   t h i s   o n e .   s e r v i c e s :   r e d i s - l e a d e r :   c o n t a i n e r _ n a m e :   r e d i s - l e a d e r   i m a g e :   r e d i s   p o r t s :   -   " 6 3 7 9 "   r e d i s - r e p l i c a :   c o n t a i n e r _ n a m e :   r e d i s - r e p l i c a   i m a g e :   r e d i s   p o r t s :   -   " 6 3 7 9 "   c o m m a n d :   r e d i s - s e r v e r   - - r e p l i c a o f   r e d i s - l e a d e r   6 3 7 9   - - d i r   / t m p   w e b :   c o n t a i n e r _ n a m e :   w e b   i m a g e :   q u a y . i o / k o m p o s e / w e b   p o r t s :   -   " 8 0 8 0 : 8 0 8 0 "   e n v i r o n m e n t :   -   G E T _ H O S T S _ F R O M = d n s   l a b e l s :   k o m p o s e . s e r v i c e . t y p e :   L o a d B a l a n c e r   T o   c o n v e r t   t h e   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e . y m l   f i l e   t o   f i l e s   t h a t   y o u   c a n   u s e   w i t h   k u b e c t l ,   r u n   k o m p o s e   c o n v e r t   a n d   t h e n   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - f   < o u t p u t   f i l e > . k o m p o s e   c o n v e r t   T h e   o u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - l e a d e r - s e r v i c e . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - r e p l i c a - s e r v i c e . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " w e b - t c p - s e r v i c e . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - l e a d e r - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l "   c r e a t e d


Question: What is User Guide?

Answer: C L I k o m p o s e   c o n v e r t D o c u m e n t a t i o n A l t e r n a t i v e   C o n v e r s i o n s L a b e l s R e s t a r t D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   V e r s i o n s   k o m p o s e   c o n v e r t   A l t e r n a t i v e   C o n v e r s i o n s L a b e l s R e s t a r t D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   V e r s i o n s   K o m p o s e   h a s   s u p p o r t   f o r   t w o   p r o v i d e r s :   O p e n S h i f t   a n d   K u b e r n e t e s .   Y o u   c a n   c h o o s e   a   t a r g e t e d   p r o v i d e r   u s i n g   g l o b a l   o p t i o n   - - p r o v i d e r .   I f   n o   p r o v i d e r   i s   s p e c i f i e d ,   K u b e r n e t e s   i s   s e t   b y   d e f a u l t .


Question: What is kompose convert?

Answer: K o m p o s e   s u p p o r t s   c o n v e r s i o n   o f   V 1 ,   V 2 ,   a n d   V 3   D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   f i l e s   i n t o   K u b e r n e t e s   a n d   O p e n S h i f t   o b j e c t s .


Question: What is Kubernetes kompose convert example?

Answer: k o m p o s e   - - f i l e   d o c k e r - v o t i n g . y m l   c o n v e r t   W A R N   U n s u p p o r t e d   k e y   n e t w o r k s   -   i g n o r i n g   W A R N   U n s u p p o r t e d   k e y   b u i l d   -   i g n o r i n g   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " w o r k e r - s v c . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " d b - s v c . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - s v c . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e s u l t - s v c . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " v o t e - s v c . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e s u l t - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " v o t e - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " w o r k e r - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " d b - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   l s   d b - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e . y m l   d o c k e r - g i t l a b . y m l   r e d i s - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   r e s u l t - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   v o t e - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   w o r k e r - d e p l o y m e n t . y a m l   d b - s v c . y a m l   d o c k e r - v o t i n g . y m l   r e d i s - s v c . y a m l   r e s u l t - s v c . y a m l   v o t e - s v c . y a m l   w o r k e r - s v c . y a m l   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   p r o v i d e   m u l t i p l e   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e   f i l e s   a t   t h e   s a m e   t i m e :   k o m p o s e   - f   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e . y m l   - f   d o c k e r - g u e s t b o o k . y m l   c o n v e r t   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l


Question: What is OpenShift kompose convert example?

Answer: k o m p o s e   - - p r o v i d e r   o p e n s h i f t   - - f i l e   d o c k e r - v o t i n g . y m l   c o n v e r t   W A R N   [ w o r k e r ]   S e r v i c e   c a n n o t   b e   c r e a t e d   b e c a u s e   o f   m i s s i n g   p o r t .   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " v o t e - s e r v i c e . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " d b - s e r v i c e . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " r e d i s - s e r v i c e . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " r e s u l t - s e r v i c e . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " v o t e - d e p l o y m e n t c o n f i g . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " v o t e - i m a g e s t r e a m . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " w o r k e r - d e p l o y m e n t c o n f i g . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " w o r k e r - i m a g e s t r e a m . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " d b - d e p l o y m e n t c o n f i g . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " d b - i m a g e s t r e a m . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " r e d i s - d e p l o y m e n t c o n f i g . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " r e d i s - i m a g e s t r e a m . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " r e s u l t - d e p l o y m e n t c o n f i g . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   O p e n S h i f t   f i l e   " r e s u l t - i m a g e s t r e a m . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I t   a l s o   s u p p o r t s   c r e a t i n g   b u i l d c o n f i g   f o r   b u i l d   d i r e c t i v e   i n   a   s e r v i c e .   B y   d e f a u l t ,   i t   u s e s   t h e   r e m o t e   r e p o   f o r   t h e   c u r r e n t   g i t   b


Question: What is Alternative Conversions?

Answer: T h e   d e f a u l t   k o m p o s e   t r a n s f o r m a t i o n   w i l l   g e n e r a t e   K u b e r n e t e s   D e p l o y m e n t s   a n d   S e r v i c e s ,   i n   y a m l   f o r m a t .   Y o u   h a v e   a l t e r n a t i v e   o p t i o n   t o   g e n e r a t e   j s o n   w i t h   - j .   A l s o ,   y o u   c a n   a l t e r n a t i v e l y   g e n e r a t e   R e p l i c a t i o n   C o n t r o l l e r s   o b j e c t s ,   D a e m o n   S e t s ,   o r   H e l m   c h a r t s .   k o m p o s e   c o n v e r t   - j   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - s v c . j s o n "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " w e b - s v c . j s o n "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - d e p l o y m e n t . j s o n "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " w e b - d e p l o y m e n t . j s o n "   c r e a t e d   T h e   * - d e p l o y m e n t . j s o n   f i l e s   c o n t a i n   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   o b j e c t s .   k o m p o s e   c o n v e r t   - - r e p l i c a t i o n - c o n t r o l l e r   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - s v c . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " w e b - s v c . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " r e d i s - r e p l i c a t i o n c o n t r o l l e r . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   I N F O   K u b e r n e t e s   f i l e   " w e b - r e p l i c a t i o n c o n t r o l l e r . y a m l "   c r e a t e d   T h e   * - r e p l i c a t i o n c o n t r o l l e r . y a m l   f i l e s   c o n t a i n   t h e   R e p l i c a t i o n   C o n t r o l l e r   o b j e c t s .   I f   y o u   w a n t   t o   s p e c i f y   r e p l i c a s   ( d e f a u l t   i s   1 ) ,   u s e   - - r e p l i c a s   f l a g :   k o m p o s e   c o n v e r t   - - r e p l i c a t i o n - c o n t r o l l e r   - - r e p l i c a s   3 .   k o m p o s e


Question: What is Labels?

Answer: k o m p o s e   s u p p o r t s   K o m p o s e - s p e c i f i c   l a b e l s   w i t h i n   t h e   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e . y m l   f i l e   i n   o r d e r   t o   e x p l i c i t l y   d e f i n e   a   s e r v i c e ' s   b e h a v i o r   u p o n   c o n v e r s i o n .   k o m p o s e . s e r v i c e . t y p e   d e f i n e s   t h e   t y p e   o f   s e r v i c e   t o   b e   c r e a t e d . F o r   e x a m p l e : v e r s i o n :   " 2 "   s e r v i c e s :   n g i n x :   i m a g e :   n g i n x   d o c k e r f i l e :   f o o b a r   b u i l d :   . / f o o b a r   c a p _ a d d :   -   A L L   c o n t a i n e r _ n a m e :   f o o b a r   l a b e l s :   k o m p o s e . s e r v i c e . t y p e :   n o d e p o r t   k o m p o s e . s e r v i c e . e x p o s e   d e f i n e s   i f   t h e   s e r v i c e   n e e d s   t o   b e   m a d e   a c c e s s i b l e   f r o m   o u t s i d e   t h e   c l u s t e r   o r   n o t .   I f   t h e   v a l u e   i s   s e t   t o   " t r u e " ,   t h e   p r o v i d e r   s e t s   t h e   e n d p o i n t   a u t o m a t i c a l l y ,   a n d   f o r   a n y   o t h e r   v a l u e ,   t h e   v a l u e   i s   s e t   a s   t h e   h o s t n a m e .   I f   m u l t i p l e   p o r t s   a r e   d e f i n e d   i n   a   s e r v i c e ,   t h e   f i r s t   o n e   i s   c h o s e n   t o   b e   t h e   e x p o s e d . F o r   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o v i d e r ,   a n   i n g r e s s   r e s o u r c e   i s   c r e a t e d   a n d   i t   i s   a s s u m e d   t h a t   a n   i n g r e s s   c o n t r o l l e r   h a s   a l r e a d y   b e e n   c o n f i g u r e d . F o r   t h e   O p e n S h i f t   p r o v i d e r ,   a   r o u t e   i s   c r e a t e d . F o r   e x a m p l e : v e r s i o n :   " 2 "   s e r v i c e s :   w e b :   i m a g e :   t u n a / d o c k e r - c o u n t e r 2 3   p o r t s :   -   " 5 0 0 0 : 5 0 0 0 "   l i n k s :   -   r e d i s   l a b e l s :   k o m p


Question: What is Restart?

Answer: I f   y o u   w a n t   t o   c r e a t e   n o r m a l   p o d s   w i t h o u t   c o n t r o l l e r s   y o u   c a n   u s e   r e s t a r t   c o n s t r u c t   o f   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e   t o   d e f i n e   t h a t .   F o l l o w   t a b l e   b e l o w   t o   s e e   w h a t   h a p p e n s   o n   t h e   r e s t a r t   v a l u e .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: F o r   e x a m p l e ,   t h e   p i v a l   s e r v i c e   w i l l   b e c o m e   p o d   d o w n   h e r e .   T h i s   c o n t a i n e r   c a l c u l a t e d   v a l u e   o f   p i .   v e r s i o n :   ' 2 '   s e r v i c e s :   p i v a l :   i m a g e :   p e r l   c o m m a n d :   [ " p e r l " ,   " - M b i g n u m = b p i " ,   " - w l e " ,   " p r i n t   b p i ( 2 0 0 0 ) " ]   r e s t a r t :   " o n - f a i l u r e "


Question: What is Warning about Deployment Configurations?

Answer: I f   t h e   D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   f i l e   h a s   a   v o l u m e   s p e c i f i e d   f o r   a   s e r v i c e ,   t h e   D e p l o y m e n t   ( K u b e r n e t e s )   o r   D e p l o y m e n t C o n f i g   ( O p e n S h i f t )   s t r a t e g y   i s   c h a n g e d   t o   " R e c r e a t e "   i n s t e a d   o f   " R o l l i n g U p d a t e "   ( d e f a u l t ) .   T h i s   i s   d o n e   t o   a v o i d   m u l t i p l e   i n s t a n c e s   o f   a   s e r v i c e   f r o m   a c c e s s i n g   a   v o l u m e   a t   t h e   s a m e   t i m e .   I f   t h e   D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   f i l e   h a s   s e r v i c e   n a m e   w i t h   _   i n   i t   ( f o r   e x a m p l e ,   w e b _ s e r v i c e ) ,   t h e n   i t   w i l l   b e   r e p l a c e d   b y   -   a n d   t h e   s e r v i c e   n a m e   w i l l   b e   r e n a m e d   a c c o r d i n g l y   ( f o r   e x a m p l e ,   w e b - s e r v i c e ) .   K o m p o s e   d o e s   t h i s   b e c a u s e   " K u b e r n e t e s "   d o e s n ' t   a l l o w   _   i n   o b j e c t   n a m e .   P l e a s e   n o t e   t h a t   c h a n g i n g   s e r v i c e   n a m e   m i g h t   b r e a k   s o m e   d o c k e r - c o m p o s e   f i l e s .


Question: What is Docker Compose Versions?

Answer: K o m p o s e   s u p p o r t s   D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   v e r s i o n s :   1 ,   2   a n d   3 .   W e   h a v e   l i m i t e d   s u p p o r t   o n   v e r s i o n s   2 . 1   a n d   3 . 2   d u e   t o   t h e i r   e x p e r i m e n t a l   n a t u r e .   A   f u l l   l i s t   o n   c o m p a t i b i l i t y   b e t w e e n   a l l   t h r e e   v e r s i o n s   i s   l i s t e d   i n   o u r   c o n v e r s i o n   d o c u m e n t   i n c l u d i n g   a   l i s t   o f   a l l   i n c o m p a t i b l e   D o c k e r   C o m p o s e   k e y s .


Question: What is Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Environment Variables?

Answer: Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Environment VariablesThis page shows how a Pod can use environment variables to expose information about itself to containers running in the Pod, using the downward API. You can use environment variables to expose Pod fields, container fields, or both.In Kubernetes, there are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:Environment variables, as explained in this taskVolume filesTogether, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.As Services are the primary mode of communication between containerized applications managed by Kubernetes, it is helpful to be able to discover them at runtime.Read more about accessing Services here.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesUse Pod fields as values for environment variablesIn this part of exercise, you create a Pod that has one container, and you project Pod-level fields into the running container as environment variables.pods/inject/dapi-envars-pod.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: dapi-envars-fieldref spec: containers: - name: test-container image: registry.k8s.io/busybox:1.27.2 command: [ "sh", "-c"] args: - while true; do echo -en '\n'; printenv MY_NODE_NAME MY_POD_NAME MY_POD_NAMESPACE; printenv MY_POD_IP MY_POD_SERVICE_ACCOUNT; sleep 10; done; env: - name: MY_NODE_NAME valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: spec.nodeName - name: MY_POD_NAME valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.name - name: MY_POD_NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace - name: MY_POD_IP valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: status.podIP - name: MY_POD_SERVICE_ACCOUNT valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: spec.serviceAccountName restartPolicy: Never In that manifest, you can see five environment variables. The env field is an array of environment variable definitions. The first element in the array specifies that the MY_NODE_NAME environment variable gets its value from the Pod's spec.nodeName field. Similarly, the other environment variables get their names from Pod fields.Note:The fields in this example are Pod fields. They are not fields of the container in the Pod.Create the Pod:kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/inject/dapi-envars-pod.yaml Verify that the container in the Pod is running:# If the new Pod isn't yet healthy, rerun this command a few times. kubectl get pods View the container's logs:kubectl logs dapi-envars-fieldref The output shows the values of selected environment variables:minikube dapi-envars-fieldref default 172.17.0.4 default To see why these values are in the log, look at the command


Question: How does Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Environment Variables work?

Answer: Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Environment VariablesThis page shows how a Pod can use environment variables to expose information about itself to containers running in the Pod, using the downward API. You can use environment variables to expose Pod fields, container fields, or both.In Kubernetes, there are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:Environment variables, as explained in this taskVolume filesTogether, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.As Services are the primary mode of communication between containerized applications managed by Kubernetes, it is helpful to be able to discover them at runtime.Read more about accessing Services here.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesUse Pod fields as values for environment variablesIn this part of exercise, you create a Pod that has one container, and you project Pod-level fields into the running container as environment variables.pods/inject/dapi-envars-pod.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: dapi-envars-fieldref spec: containers: - name: test-container image: registry.k8s.io/busybox:1.27.2 command: [ "sh", "-c"] args: - while true; do echo -en '\n'; printenv MY_NODE_NAME MY_POD_NAME MY_POD_NAMESPACE; printenv MY_POD_IP MY_POD_SERVICE_ACCOUNT; sleep 10; done; env: - name: MY_NODE_NAME valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: spec.nodeName - name: MY_POD_NAME valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.name - name: MY_POD_NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace - name: MY_POD_IP valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: status.podIP - name: MY_POD_SERVICE_ACCOUNT valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: spec.serviceAccountName restartPolicy: Never In that manifest, you can see five environment variables. The env field is an array of environment variable definitions. The first element in the array specifies that the MY_NODE_NAME environment variable gets its value from the Pod's spec.nodeName field. Similarly, the other environment variables get their names from Pod fields.Note:The fields in this example are Pod fields. They are not fields of the container in the Pod.Create the Pod:kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/inject/dapi-envars-pod.yaml Verify that the container in the Pod is running:# If the new Pod isn't yet healthy, rerun this command a few times. kubectl get pods View the container's logs:kubectl logs dapi-envars-fieldref The output shows the values of selected environment variables:minikube dapi-envars-fieldref default 172.17.0.4 default To see why these values are in the log, look at the command