Question: What is Traces For Kubernetes System Components?

Answer: Traces For Kubernetes System ComponentsFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.27 [beta]System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.Kubernetes components emit traces using the OpenTelemetry Protocol with the gRPC exporter and can be collected and routed to tracing backends using an OpenTelemetry Collector.Trace CollectionKubernetes components have built-in gRPC exporters for OTLP to export traces, either with an OpenTelemetry Collector, or without an OpenTelemetry Collector.For a complete guide to collecting traces and using the collector, see Getting Started with the OpenTelemetry Collector. However, there are a few things to note that are specific to Kubernetes components.By default, Kubernetes components export traces using the grpc exporter for OTLP on the IANA OpenTelemetry port, 4317. As an example, if the collector is running as a sidecar to a Kubernetes component, the following receiver configuration will collect spans and log them to standard output:receivers: otlp: protocols: grpc: exporters: # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend exporters: debug: verbosity: detailed service: pipelines: traces: receivers: [otlp] exporters: [debug] To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates the need for a collector and simplifies the overall structure.For trace backend header configuration, including authentication details, environment variables can be used with OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS, see OTLP Exporter Configuration.Additionally, for trace resource attribute configuration such as Kubernetes cluster name, namespace, Pod name, etc., environment variables can also be used with OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES, see OTLP Kubernetes Resource.Component traceskube-apiserver tracesThe kube-apiserver generates spans for incoming HTTP requests, and for outgoing requests to webhooks, etcd, and re-entrant requests. It propagates the W3C Trace Context with outgoing requests but does not make use of the trace context attached to incoming requests, as the kube-apiserver is often a public endpoint.Enabling tracing in the kube-apiserverTo enable tracing, provide the kube-apiserver with a tracing configuration file with --tracing-config-file=<path-to-config>. This is an example config that records spans for 1 in 10000 requests, and uses the default OpenTelemetry endpoint:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: TracingConfiguration # default value #endpoint: localhost:4317 samplingRatePerMillion: 100 For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).kubelet tracesFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.34 [stable] (enabled by default: true)The kubelet CRI interface and authenticated http servers are instrumented to generate trace spans. As with the apiserver, the endpoint and sampling rate are configurable. Trace context prop


Question: How does Traces For Kubernetes System Components work?

Answer: Traces For Kubernetes System ComponentsFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.27 [beta]System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.Kubernetes components emit traces using the OpenTelemetry Protocol with the gRPC exporter and can be collected and routed to tracing backends using an OpenTelemetry Collector.Trace CollectionKubernetes components have built-in gRPC exporters for OTLP to export traces, either with an OpenTelemetry Collector, or without an OpenTelemetry Collector.For a complete guide to collecting traces and using the collector, see Getting Started with the OpenTelemetry Collector. However, there are a few things to note that are specific to Kubernetes components.By default, Kubernetes components export traces using the grpc exporter for OTLP on the IANA OpenTelemetry port, 4317. As an example, if the collector is running as a sidecar to a Kubernetes component, the following receiver configuration will collect spans and log them to standard output:receivers: otlp: protocols: grpc: exporters: # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend exporters: debug: verbosity: detailed service: pipelines: traces: receivers: [otlp] exporters: [debug] To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates the need for a collector and simplifies the overall structure.For trace backend header configuration, including authentication details, environment variables can be used with OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS, see OTLP Exporter Configuration.Additionally, for trace resource attribute configuration such as Kubernetes cluster name, namespace, Pod name, etc., environment variables can also be used with OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES, see OTLP Kubernetes Resource.Component traceskube-apiserver tracesThe kube-apiserver generates spans for incoming HTTP requests, and for outgoing requests to webhooks, etcd, and re-entrant requests. It propagates the W3C Trace Context with outgoing requests but does not make use of the trace context attached to incoming requests, as the kube-apiserver is often a public endpoint.Enabling tracing in the kube-apiserverTo enable tracing, provide the kube-apiserver with a tracing configuration file with --tracing-config-file=<path-to-config>. This is an example config that records spans for 1 in 10000 requests, and uses the default OpenTelemetry endpoint:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: TracingConfiguration # default value #endpoint: localhost:4317 samplingRatePerMillion: 100 For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).kubelet tracesFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.34 [stable] (enabled by default: true)The kubelet CRI interface and authenticated http servers are instrumented to generate trace spans. As with the apiserver, the endpoint and sampling rate are configurable. Trace context prop


Question: When would you use Traces For Kubernetes System Components?

Answer: Traces For Kubernetes System ComponentsFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.27 [beta]System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.Kubernetes components emit traces using the OpenTelemetry Protocol with the gRPC exporter and can be collected and routed to tracing backends using an OpenTelemetry Collector.Trace CollectionKubernetes components have built-in gRPC exporters for OTLP to export traces, either with an OpenTelemetry Collector, or without an OpenTelemetry Collector.For a complete guide to collecting traces and using the collector, see Getting Started with the OpenTelemetry Collector. However, there are a few things to note that are specific to Kubernetes components.By default, Kubernetes components export traces using the grpc exporter for OTLP on the IANA OpenTelemetry port, 4317. As an example, if the collector is running as a sidecar to a Kubernetes component, the following receiver configuration will collect spans and log them to standard output:receivers: otlp: protocols: grpc: exporters: # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend exporters: debug: verbosity: detailed service: pipelines: traces: receivers: [otlp] exporters: [debug] To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates the need for a collector and simplifies the overall structure.For trace backend header configuration, including authentication details, environment variables can be used with OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS, see OTLP Exporter Configuration.Additionally, for trace resource attribute configuration such as Kubernetes cluster name, namespace, Pod name, etc., environment variables can also be used with OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES, see OTLP Kubernetes Resource.Component traceskube-apiserver tracesThe kube-apiserver generates spans for incoming HTTP requests, and for outgoing requests to webhooks, etcd, and re-entrant requests. It propagates the W3C Trace Context with outgoing requests but does not make use of the trace context attached to incoming requests, as the kube-apiserver is often a public endpoint.Enabling tracing in the kube-apiserverTo enable tracing, provide the kube-apiserver with a tracing configuration file with --tracing-config-file=<path-to-config>. This is an example config that records spans for 1 in 10000 requests, and uses the default OpenTelemetry endpoint:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: TracingConfiguration # default value #endpoint: localhost:4317 samplingRatePerMillion: 100 For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).kubelet tracesFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.34 [stable] (enabled by default: true)The kubelet CRI interface and authenticated http servers are instrumented to generate trace spans. As with the apiserver, the endpoint and sampling rate are configurable. Trace context prop


Question: What are the benefits of Traces For Kubernetes System Components?

Answer: Traces For Kubernetes System ComponentsFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.27 [beta]System component traces record the latency of and relationships between operations in the cluster.Kubernetes components emit traces using the OpenTelemetry Protocol with the gRPC exporter and can be collected and routed to tracing backends using an OpenTelemetry Collector.Trace CollectionKubernetes components have built-in gRPC exporters for OTLP to export traces, either with an OpenTelemetry Collector, or without an OpenTelemetry Collector.For a complete guide to collecting traces and using the collector, see Getting Started with the OpenTelemetry Collector. However, there are a few things to note that are specific to Kubernetes components.By default, Kubernetes components export traces using the grpc exporter for OTLP on the IANA OpenTelemetry port, 4317. As an example, if the collector is running as a sidecar to a Kubernetes component, the following receiver configuration will collect spans and log them to standard output:receivers: otlp: protocols: grpc: exporters: # Replace this exporter with the exporter for your backend exporters: debug: verbosity: detailed service: pipelines: traces: receivers: [otlp] exporters: [debug] To directly emit traces to a backend without utilizing a collector, specify the endpoint field in the Kubernetes tracing configuration file with the desired trace backend address. This method negates the need for a collector and simplifies the overall structure.For trace backend header configuration, including authentication details, environment variables can be used with OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS, see OTLP Exporter Configuration.Additionally, for trace resource attribute configuration such as Kubernetes cluster name, namespace, Pod name, etc., environment variables can also be used with OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES, see OTLP Kubernetes Resource.Component traceskube-apiserver tracesThe kube-apiserver generates spans for incoming HTTP requests, and for outgoing requests to webhooks, etcd, and re-entrant requests. It propagates the W3C Trace Context with outgoing requests but does not make use of the trace context attached to incoming requests, as the kube-apiserver is often a public endpoint.Enabling tracing in the kube-apiserverTo enable tracing, provide the kube-apiserver with a tracing configuration file with --tracing-config-file=<path-to-config>. This is an example config that records spans for 1 in 10000 requests, and uses the default OpenTelemetry endpoint:apiVersion: apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1 kind: TracingConfiguration # default value #endpoint: localhost:4317 samplingRatePerMillion: 100 For more information about the TracingConfiguration struct, see API server config API (v1).kubelet tracesFEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.34 [stable] (enabled by default: true)The kubelet CRI interface and authenticated http servers are instrumented to generate trace spans. As with the apiserver, the endpoint and sampling rate are configurable. Trace context prop


Question: What is Traces For Kubernetes System Components?

Answer: S y s t e m   c o m p o n e n t   t r a c e s   r e c o r d   t h e   l a t e n c y   o f   a n d   r e l a t i o n s h i p s   b e t w e e n   o p e r a t i o n s   i n   t h e   c l u s t e r .   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t s   e m i t   t r a c e s   u s i n g   t h e   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   P r o t o c o l   w i t h   t h e   g R P C   e x p o r t e r   a n d   c a n   b e   c o l l e c t e d   a n d   r o u t e d   t o   t r a c i n g   b a c k e n d s   u s i n g   a n   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   C o l l e c t o r .


Question: What is Trace Collection?

Answer: K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t s   h a v e   b u i l t - i n   g R P C   e x p o r t e r s   f o r   O T L P   t o   e x p o r t   t r a c e s ,   e i t h e r   w i t h   a n   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   C o l l e c t o r ,   o r   w i t h o u t   a n   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   C o l l e c t o r .   F o r   a   c o m p l e t e   g u i d e   t o   c o l l e c t i n g   t r a c e s   a n d   u s i n g   t h e   c o l l e c t o r ,   s e e   G e t t i n g   S t a r t e d   w i t h   t h e   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   C o l l e c t o r .   H o w e v e r ,   t h e r e   a r e   a   f e w   t h i n g s   t o   n o t e   t h a t   a r e   s p e c i f i c   t o   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t s .   B y   d e f a u l t ,   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t s   e x p o r t   t r a c e s   u s i n g   t h e   g r p c   e x p o r t e r   f o r   O T L P   o n   t h e   I A N A   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   p o r t ,   4 3 1 7 .   A s   a n   e x a m p l e ,   i f   t h e   c o l l e c t o r   i s   r u n n i n g   a s   a   s i d e c a r   t o   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m p o n e n t ,   t h e   f o l l o w i n g   r e c e i v e r   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   w i l l   c o l l e c t   s p a n s   a n d   l o g   t h e m   t o   s t a n d a r d   o u t p u t :   r e c e i v e r s :   o t l p :   p r o t o c o l s :   g r p c :   e x p o r t e r s :   #   R e p l a c e   t h i s   e x p o r t e r   w i t h   t h e   e x p o r t e r   f o r   y o u r   b a c k e n d   e x p o r t e r s :   d e b u g :   v e r b o s i t y :   d e t a i l e d   s e r v i c e :   p i p e l i n e s :   t r a c e s :   r e c e i v e r s :   [ o t l p ]   e x p o r t e r s :   [ d e b u g ]   T o   d i r e c t l y   e m i t   t r a c e s   t o   a   b a c k e n d   w i t h o u t   u t i l i z i n g   a   c o l l e c t o r ,   s p e c i f y   t h e   e n d p o i n t   f i e l d   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   t r a c i n g   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e


Question: What is kube-apiserver traces?

Answer: T h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   g e n e r a t e s   s p a n s   f o r   i n c o m i n g   H T T P   r e q u e s t s ,   a n d   f o r   o u t g o i n g   r e q u e s t s   t o   w e b h o o k s ,   e t c d ,   a n d   r e - e n t r a n t   r e q u e s t s .   I t   p r o p a g a t e s   t h e   W 3 C   T r a c e   C o n t e x t   w i t h   o u t g o i n g   r e q u e s t s   b u t   d o e s   n o t   m a k e   u s e   o f   t h e   t r a c e   c o n t e x t   a t t a c h e d   t o   i n c o m i n g   r e q u e s t s ,   a s   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   i s   o f t e n   a   p u b l i c   e n d p o i n t .


Question: What is Enabling tracing in the kube-apiserver?

Answer: T o   e n a b l e   t r a c i n g ,   p r o v i d e   t h e   k u b e - a p i s e r v e r   w i t h   a   t r a c i n g   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   f i l e   w i t h   - - t r a c i n g - c o n f i g - f i l e = < p a t h - t o - c o n f i g > .   T h i s   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   c o n f i g   t h a t   r e c o r d s   s p a n s   f o r   1   i n   1 0 0 0 0   r e q u e s t s ,   a n d   u s e s   t h e   d e f a u l t   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   e n d p o i n t :   a p i V e r s i o n :   a p i s e r v e r . c o n f i g . k 8 s . i o / v 1   k i n d :   T r a c i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n   #   d e f a u l t   v a l u e   # e n d p o i n t :   l o c a l h o s t : 4 3 1 7   s a m p l i n g R a t e P e r M i l l i o n :   1 0 0   F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n   a b o u t   t h e   T r a c i n g C o n f i g u r a t i o n   s t r u c t ,   s e e   A P I   s e r v e r   c o n f i g   A P I   ( v 1 ) .


Question: What is kubelet traces?

Answer: T h e   k u b e l e t   C R I   i n t e r f a c e   a n d   a u t h e n t i c a t e d   h t t p   s e r v e r s   a r e   i n s t r u m e n t e d   t o   g e n e r a t e   t r a c e   s p a n s .   A s   w i t h   t h e   a p i s e r v e r ,   t h e   e n d p o i n t   a n d   s a m p l i n g   r a t e   a r e   c o n f i g u r a b l e .   T r a c e   c o n t e x t   p r o p a g a t i o n   i s   a l s o   c o n f i g u r e d .   A   p a r e n t   s p a n ' s   s a m p l i n g   d e c i s i o n   i s   a l w a y s   r e s p e c t e d .   A   p r o v i d e d   t r a c i n g   c o n f i g u r a t i o n   s a m p l i n g   r a t e   w i l l   a p p l y   t o   s p a n s   w i t h o u t   a   p a r e n t .   E n a b l e d   w i t h o u t   a   c o n f i g u r e d   e n d p o i n t ,   t h e   d e f a u l t   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   C o l l e c t o r   r e c e i v e r   a d d r e s s   o f   " l o c a l h o s t : 4 3 1 7 "   i s   s e t .


Question: What is Enabling tracing in the kubelet?

Answer: T o   e n a b l e   t r a c i n g ,   a p p l y   t h e   t r a c i n g   c o n f i g u r a t i o n .   T h i s   i s   a n   e x a m p l e   s n i p p e t   o f   a   k u b e l e t   c o n f i g   t h a t   r e c o r d s   s p a n s   f o r   1   i n   1 0 0 0 0   r e q u e s t s ,   a n d   u s e s   t h e   d e f a u l t   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   e n d p o i n t :   a p i V e r s i o n :   k u b e l e t . c o n f i g . k 8 s . i o / v 1 b e t a 1   k i n d :   K u b e l e t C o n f i g u r a t i o n   t r a c i n g :   #   d e f a u l t   v a l u e   # e n d p o i n t :   l o c a l h o s t : 4 3 1 7   s a m p l i n g R a t e P e r M i l l i o n :   1 0 0   I f   t h e   s a m p l i n g R a t e P e r M i l l i o n   i s   s e t   t o   o n e   m i l l i o n   ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) ,   t h e n   e v e r y   s p a n   w i l l   b e   s e n t   t o   t h e   e x p o r t e r .   T h e   k u b e l e t   i n   K u b e r n e t e s   v 1 . 3 4   c o l l e c t s   s p a n s   f r o m   t h e   g a r b a g e   c o l l e c t i o n ,   p o d   s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n   r o u t i n e   a s   w e l l   a s   e v e r y   g R P C   m e t h o d .   T h e   k u b e l e t   p r o p a g a t e s   t r a c e   c o n t e x t   w i t h   g R P C   r e q u e s t s   s o   t h a t   c o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e s   w i t h   t r a c e   i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n ,   s u c h   a s   C R I - O   a n d   c o n t a i n e r d ,   c a n   a s s o c i a t e   t h e i r   e x p o r t e d   s p a n s   w i t h   t h e   t r a c e   c o n t e x t   f r o m   t h e   k u b e l e t .   T h e   r e s u l t i n g   t r a c e s   w i l l   h a v e   p a r e n t - c h i l d   l i n k s   b e t w e e n   k u b e l e t   a n d   c o n t a i n e r   r u n t i m e   s p a n s ,   p r o v i d i n g   h e l p f u l   c o n t e x t   w h e n   d e b u g g i n g   n o d e   i s s u e s .   P l e a s e   n o t e   t h a t   e x p o r t i n g   s p a n s   a l w a y s   c o m e s   w i t h   a   s m


Question: What is Stability?

Answer: T r a c i n g   i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n   i s   s t i l l   u n d e r   a c t i v e   d e v e l o p m e n t ,   a n d   m a y   c h a n g e   i n   a   v a r i e t y   o f   w a y s .   T h i s   i n c l u d e s   s p a n   n a m e s ,   a t t a c h e d   a t t r i b u t e s ,   i n s t r u m e n t e d   e n d p o i n t s ,   e t c .   U n t i l   t h i s   f e a t u r e   g r a d u a t e s   t o   s t a b l e ,   t h e r e   a r e   n o   g u a r a n t e e s   o f   b a c k w a r d s   c o m p a t i b i l i t y   f o r   t r a c i n g   i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n .


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: R e a d   a b o u t   G e t t i n g   S t a r t e d   w i t h   t h e   O p e n T e l e m e t r y   C o l l e c t o r R e a d   a b o u t   O T L P   E x p o r t e r   C o n f i g u r a t i o n


Question: What is kubectl plugin?

Answer: kubectl pluginSynopsisProvides utilities for interacting with plugins.Plugins provide extended functionality that is not part of the major command-line distribution. Please refer to the documentation and examples for more information about how write your own plugins.The easiest way to discover and install plugins is via the kubernetes sub-project krew: [krew.sigs.k8s.io]. To install krew, visit https://krew.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user-guide/setup/installkubectl plugin [flags] Examples # List all available plugins kubectl plugin list # List only binary names of available plugins without paths kubectl plugin list --name-only Options-h, --helphelp for pluginParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string D


Question: How does kubectl plugin work?

Answer: kubectl pluginSynopsisProvides utilities for interacting with plugins.Plugins provide extended functionality that is not part of the major command-line distribution. Please refer to the documentation and examples for more information about how write your own plugins.The easiest way to discover and install plugins is via the kubernetes sub-project krew: [krew.sigs.k8s.io]. To install krew, visit https://krew.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user-guide/setup/installkubectl plugin [flags] Examples # List all available plugins kubectl plugin list # List only binary names of available plugins without paths kubectl plugin list --name-only Options-h, --helphelp for pluginParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string D


Question: When would you use kubectl plugin?

Answer: kubectl pluginSynopsisProvides utilities for interacting with plugins.Plugins provide extended functionality that is not part of the major command-line distribution. Please refer to the documentation and examples for more information about how write your own plugins.The easiest way to discover and install plugins is via the kubernetes sub-project krew: [krew.sigs.k8s.io]. To install krew, visit https://krew.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user-guide/setup/installkubectl plugin [flags] Examples # List all available plugins kubectl plugin list # List only binary names of available plugins without paths kubectl plugin list --name-only Options-h, --helphelp for pluginParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string D


Question: What are the benefits of kubectl plugin?

Answer: kubectl pluginSynopsisProvides utilities for interacting with plugins.Plugins provide extended functionality that is not part of the major command-line distribution. Please refer to the documentation and examples for more information about how write your own plugins.The easiest way to discover and install plugins is via the kubernetes sub-project krew: [krew.sigs.k8s.io]. To install krew, visit https://krew.sigs.k8s.io/docs/user-guide/setup/installkubectl plugin [flags] Examples # List all available plugins kubectl plugin list # List only binary names of available plugins without paths kubectl plugin list --name-only Options-h, --helphelp for pluginParent Options Inherited--as stringUsername to impersonate for the operation. User could be a regular user or a service account in a namespace.--as-group stringsGroup to impersonate for the operation, this flag can be repeated to specify multiple groups.--as-uid stringUID to impersonate for the operation.--cache-dir string Default: "$HOME/.kube/cache"Default cache directory--certificate-authority stringPath to a cert file for the certificate authority--client-certificate stringPath to a client certificate file for TLS--client-key stringPath to a client key file for TLS--cluster stringThe name of the kubeconfig cluster to use--context stringThe name of the kubeconfig context to use--disable-compressionIf true, opt-out of response compression for all requests to the server--insecure-skip-tls-verifyIf true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure--kubeconfig stringPath to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.--kuberc stringPath to the kuberc file to use for preferences. This can be disabled by exporting KUBECTL_KUBERC=false feature gate or turning off the feature KUBERC=off.--match-server-versionRequire server version to match client version-n, --namespace stringIf present, the namespace scope for this CLI request--password stringPassword for basic authentication to the API server--profile string Default: "none"Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"Name of the file to write the profile to--request-timeout string Default: "0"The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.-s, --server stringThe address and port of the Kubernetes API server--storage-driver-buffer-duration duration Default: 1m0sWrites in the storage driver will be buffered for this duration, and committed to the non memory backends as a single transaction--storage-driver-db string Default: "cadvisor"database name--storage-driver-host string Default: "localhost:8086"database host:port--storage-driver-password string Default: "root"database password--storage-driver-secureuse secure connection with database--storage-driver-table string D


Question: What is Synopsis?

Answer: P r o v i d e s   u t i l i t i e s   f o r   i n t e r a c t i n g   w i t h   p l u g i n s .   P l u g i n s   p r o v i d e   e x t e n d e d   f u n c t i o n a l i t y   t h a t   i s   n o t   p a r t   o f   t h e   m a j o r   c o m m a n d - l i n e   d i s t r i b u t i o n .   P l e a s e   r e f e r   t o   t h e   d o c u m e n t a t i o n   a n d   e x a m p l e s   f o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n   a b o u t   h o w   w r i t e   y o u r   o w n   p l u g i n s .   T h e   e a s i e s t   w a y   t o   d i s c o v e r   a n d   i n s t a l l   p l u g i n s   i s   v i a   t h e   k u b e r n e t e s   s u b - p r o j e c t   k r e w :   [ k r e w . s i g s . k 8 s . i o ] .   T o   i n s t a l l   k r e w ,   v i s i t   h t t p s : / / k r e w . s i g s . k 8 s . i o / d o c s / u s e r - g u i d e / s e t u p / i n s t a l l   k u b e c t l   p l u g i n   [ f l a g s ]


Question: What is Examples?

Answer: #   L i s t   a l l   a v a i l a b l e   p l u g i n s   k u b e c t l   p l u g i n   l i s t   #   L i s t   o n l y   b i n a r y   n a m e s   o f   a v a i l a b l e   p l u g i n s   w i t h o u t   p a t h s   k u b e c t l   p l u g i n   l i s t   - - n a m e - o n l y


Question: What is Options?

Answer: h e l p   f o r   p l u g i n


Question: What is Parent Options Inherited?

Answer: U s e r n a m e   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   U s e r   c o u l d   b e   a   r e g u l a r   u s e r   o r   a   s e r v i c e   a c c o u n t   i n   a   n a m e s p a c e .   G r o u p   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n ,   t h i s   f l a g   c a n   b e   r e p e a t e d   t o   s p e c i f y   m u l t i p l e   g r o u p s .   U I D   t o   i m p e r s o n a t e   f o r   t h e   o p e r a t i o n .   D e f a u l t   c a c h e   d i r e c t o r y   P a t h   t o   a   c e r t   f i l e   f o r   t h e   c e r t i f i c a t e   a u t h o r i t y   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   c e r t i f i c a t e   f i l e   f o r   T L S   P a t h   t o   a   c l i e n t   k e y   f i l e   f o r   T L S   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c l u s t e r   t o   u s e   T h e   n a m e   o f   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   c o n t e x t   t o   u s e   I f   t r u e ,   o p t - o u t   o f   r e s p o n s e   c o m p r e s s i o n   f o r   a l l   r e q u e s t s   t o   t h e   s e r v e r   I f   t r u e ,   t h e   s e r v e r ' s   c e r t i f i c a t e   w i l l   n o t   b e   c h e c k e d   f o r   v a l i d i t y .   T h i s   w i l l   m a k e   y o u r   H T T P S   c o n n e c t i o n s   i n s e c u r e   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e c o n f i g   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   C L I   r e q u e s t s .   P a t h   t o   t h e   k u b e r c   f i l e   t o   u s e   f o r   p r e f e r e n c e s .   T h i s   c a n   b e   d i s a b l e d   b y   e x p o r t i n g   K U B E C T L _ K U B E R C = f a l s e   f e a t u r e   g a t e   o r   t u r n i n g   o f f   t h e   f e a t u r e   K U B E R C = o f f .   R e q u i r e   s e r v e r   v e r s i o n   t o   m a t c h   c l i e n t   v e r s i o n   I f   p r e s e n t ,   t h e   n a m e s p a c e   s c o p e   f o r   t h i s   C L I   r e q u e s t   P a s s w o r d   f o r   b a s i c   a u t h e n t i c a t


Question: What is See Also?

Answer: k u b e c t l   -   k u b e c t l   c o n t r o l s   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r   m a n a g e r k u b e c t l   p l u g i n   l i s t   -   L i s t   a l l   v i s i b l e   p l u g i n   e x e c u t a b l e s   o n   a   u s e r ' s   P A T H   T h i s   p a g e   i s   a u t o m a t i c a l l y   g e n e r a t e d .   I f   y o u   p l a n   t o   r e p o r t   a n   i s s u e   w i t h   t h i s   p a g e ,   m e n t i o n   t h a t   t h e   p a g e   i s   a u t o - g e n e r a t e d   i n   y o u r   i s s u e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   T h e   f i x   m a y   n e e d   t o   h a p p e n   e l s e w h e r e   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t .


Question: What is Opening a pull request?

Answer: Opening a pull requestNote:Code developers: If you are documenting a new feature for an upcoming Kubernetes release, see Document a new feature.To contribute new content pages or improve existing content pages, open a pull request (PR). Make sure you follow all the requirements in the Before you begin section.If your change is small, or you're unfamiliar with git, read Changes using GitHub to learn how to edit a page.If your changes are large, read Work from a local fork to learn how to make changes locally on your computer.Changes using GitHubIf you're less experienced with git workflows, here's an easier method of opening a pull request. Figure 1 outlines the steps and the details follow.flowchart LR A([fa:fa-user NewContributor]) --- id1[(kubernetes/websiteGitHub)] subgraph tasks[Changes using GitHub] direction TB 0[ ] -.- 1[1.


Question: How does Opening a pull request work?

Answer: Opening a pull requestNote:Code developers: If you are documenting a new feature for an upcoming Kubernetes release, see Document a new feature.To contribute new content pages or improve existing content pages, open a pull request (PR). Make sure you follow all the requirements in the Before you begin section.If your change is small, or you're unfamiliar with git, read Changes using GitHub to learn how to edit a page.If your changes are large, read Work from a local fork to learn how to make changes locally on your computer.Changes using GitHubIf you're less experienced with git workflows, here's an easier method of opening a pull request. Figure 1 outlines the steps and the details follow.flowchart LR A([fa:fa-user NewContributor]) --- id1[(kubernetes/websiteGitHub)] subgraph tasks[Changes using GitHub] direction TB 0[ ] -.- 1[1.


Question: When would you use Opening a pull request?

Answer: Opening a pull requestNote:Code developers: If you are documenting a new feature for an upcoming Kubernetes release, see Document a new feature.To contribute new content pages or improve existing content pages, open a pull request (PR). Make sure you follow all the requirements in the Before you begin section.If your change is small, or you're unfamiliar with git, read Changes using GitHub to learn how to edit a page.If your changes are large, read Work from a local fork to learn how to make changes locally on your computer.Changes using GitHubIf you're less experienced with git workflows, here's an easier method of opening a pull request. Figure 1 outlines the steps and the details follow.flowchart LR A([fa:fa-user NewContributor]) --- id1[(kubernetes/websiteGitHub)] subgraph tasks[Changes using GitHub] direction TB 0[ ] -.- 1[1.


Question: What are the benefits of Opening a pull request?

Answer: Opening a pull requestNote:Code developers: If you are documenting a new feature for an upcoming Kubernetes release, see Document a new feature.To contribute new content pages or improve existing content pages, open a pull request (PR). Make sure you follow all the requirements in the Before you begin section.If your change is small, or you're unfamiliar with git, read Changes using GitHub to learn how to edit a page.If your changes are large, read Work from a local fork to learn how to make changes locally on your computer.Changes using GitHubIf you're less experienced with git workflows, here's an easier method of opening a pull request. Figure 1 outlines the steps and the details follow.flowchart LR A([fa:fa-user NewContributor]) --- id1[(kubernetes/websiteGitHub)] subgraph tasks[Changes using GitHub] direction TB 0[ ] -.- 1[1.


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: T o   c o n t r i b u t e   n e w   c o n t e n t   p a g e s   o r   i m p r o v e   e x i s t i n g   c o n t e n t   p a g e s ,   o p e n   a   p u l l   r e q u e s t   ( P R ) .   M a k e   s u r e   y o u   f o l l o w   a l l   t h e   r e q u i r e m e n t s   i n   t h e   B e f o r e   y o u   b e g i n   s e c t i o n .   I f   y o u r   c h a n g e   i s   s m a l l ,   o r   y o u ' r e   u n f a m i l i a r   w i t h   g i t ,   r e a d   C h a n g e s   u s i n g   G i t H u b   t o   l e a r n   h o w   t o   e d i t   a   p a g e .   I f   y o u r   c h a n g e s   a r e   l a r g e ,   r e a d   W o r k   f r o m   a   l o c a l   f o r k   t o   l e a r n   h o w   t o   m a k e   c h a n g e s   l o c a l l y   o n   y o u r   c o m p u t e r .


Question: What is Changes using GitHub?

Answer: I f   y o u ' r e   l e s s   e x p e r i e n c e d   w i t h   g i t   w o r k f l o w s ,   h e r e ' s   a n   e a s i e r   m e t h o d   o f   o p e n i n g   a   p u l l   r e q u e s t .   F i g u r e   1   o u t l i n e s   t h e   s t e p s   a n d   t h e   d e t a i l s   f o l l o w .   F i g u r e   1 .   S t e p s   f o r   o p e n i n g   a   P R   u s i n g   G i t H u b .   O n   t h e   p a g e   w h e r e   y o u   s e e   t h e   i s s u e ,   s e l e c t   t h e


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: S e l e c t   P r o p o s e   c h a n g e s .   S e l e c t   C r e a t e   p u l l   r e q u e s t .   T h e   O p e n   a   p u l l   r e q u e s t   s c r e e n   a p p e a r s .   F i l l   i n   t h e   f o r m :   T h e   A d d   a   t i t l e   f i e l d   o f   t h e   p u l l   r e q u e s t   d e f a u l t s   t o   t h e   c o m m i t   s u m m a r y .   Y o u   c a n   c h a n g e   i t   i f   n e e d e d . T h e   A d d   a   d e s c r i p t i o n   f i e l d   c o n t a i n s   y o u r   e x t e n d e d   c o m m i t   m e s s a g e ,   i f   y o u   h a v e   o n e ,   a n d   s o m e   t e m p l a t e   t e x t .   A d d   t h e   d e t a i l s   t h e   t e m p l a t e   t e x t   a s k s   f o r ,   t h e n   d e l e t e   t h e   e x t r a   t e m p l a t e   t e x t . L e a v e   t h e   A l l o w   e d i t s   f r o m   m a i n t a i n e r s   c h e c k b o x   s e l e c t e d .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: S e l e c t   C r e a t e   p u l l   r e q u e s t .


Question: What is Addressing?

Answer: B e f o r e   m e r g i n g   a   p u l l   r e q u e s t ,   K u b e r n e t e s   c o m m u n i t y   m e m b e r s   r e v i e w   a n d   a p p r o v e   i t .   T h e   k 8 s - c i - r o b o t   s u g g e s t s   r e v i e w e r s   b a s e d   o n   t h e   n e a r e s t   o w n e r   m e n t i o n e d   i n   t h e   p a g e s .   I f   y o u   h a v e   s o m e o n e   s p e c i f i c   i n   m i n d ,   l e a v e   a   c o m m e n t   w i t h   t h e i r   G i t H u b   u s e r n a m e   i n   i t .   I f   a   r e v i e w e r   a s k s   y o u   t o   m a k e   c h a n g e s :   G o   t o   t h e   F i l e s   c h a n g e d   t a b . S e l e c t   t h e   p e n c i l   ( e d i t )   i c o n   o n   a n y   f i l e s   c h a n g e d   b y   t h e   p u l l   r e q u e s t . M a k e   t h e   c h a n g e s   r e q u e s t e d . C o m m i t   t h e   c h a n g e s .   I f   y o u   a r e   w a i t i n g   o n   a   r e v i e w e r ,   r e a c h   o u t   o n c e   e v e r y   7   d a y s .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   p o s t   a   m e s s a g e   i n   t h e   # s i g - d o c s   S l a c k   c h a n n e l .   W h e n   y o u r   r e v i e w   i s   c o m p l e t e ,   a   r e v i e w e r   m e r g e s   y o u r   P R   a n d   y o u r   c h a n g e s   g o   l i v e   a   f e w   m i n u t e s   l a t e r .


Question: What is Work from a local fork?

Answer: I f   y o u ' r e   m o r e   e x p e r i e n c e d   w i t h   g i t ,   o r   i f   y o u r   c h a n g e s   a r e   l a r g e r   t h a n   a   f e w   l i n e s ,   w o r k   f r o m   a   l o c a l   f o r k .   M a k e   s u r e   y o u   h a v e   g i t   i n s t a l l e d   o n   y o u r   c o m p u t e r .   Y o u   c a n   a l s o   u s e   a   g i t   U I   a p p l i c a t i o n .   F i g u r e   2   s h o w s   t h e   s t e p s   t o   f o l l o w   w h e n   y o u   w o r k   f r o m   a   l o c a l   f o r k .   T h e   d e t a i l s   f o r   e a c h   s t e p   f o l l o w .   F i g u r e   2 .   W o r k i n g   f r o m   a   l o c a l   f o r k   t o   m a k e   y o u r   c h a n g e s .


Question: What is Fork the kubernetes/website repository?

Answer: N a v i g a t e   t o   t h e   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e   r e p o s i t o r y . S e l e c t   F o r k .


Question: What is Create a local clone and set the upstream?

Answer: I n   a   t e r m i n a l   w i n d o w ,   c l o n e   y o u r   f o r k   a n d   u p d a t e   t h e   D o c s y   H u g o   t h e m e : g i t   c l o n e   g i t @ g i t h u b . c o m : < g i t h u b _ u s e r n a m e > / w e b s i t e   c d   w e b s i t e   N a v i g a t e   t o   t h e   n e w   w e b s i t e   d i r e c t o r y .   S e t   t h e   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e   r e p o s i t o r y   a s   t h e   u p s t r e a m   r e m o t e : c d   w e b s i t e   g i t   r e m o t e   a d d   u p s t r e a m   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e . g i t   C o n f i r m   y o u r   o r i g i n   a n d   u p s t r e a m   r e p o s i t o r i e s : g i t   r e m o t e   - v   O u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : o r i g i n   g i t @ g i t h u b . c o m : < g i t h u b _ u s e r n a m e > / w e b s i t e . g i t   ( f e t c h )   o r i g i n   g i t @ g i t h u b . c o m : < g i t h u b _ u s e r n a m e > / w e b s i t e . g i t   ( p u s h )   u p s t r e a m   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e . g i t   ( f e t c h )   u p s t r e a m   h t t p s : / / g i t h u b . c o m / k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e . g i t   ( p u s h )   F e t c h   c o m m i t s   f r o m   y o u r   f o r k ' s   o r i g i n / m a i n   a n d   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e ' s   u p s t r e a m / m a i n : g i t   f e t c h   o r i g i n   g i t   f e t c h   u p s t r e a m   T h i s   m a k e s   s u r e   y o u r   l o c a l   r e p o s i t o r y   i s   u p   t o   d a t e   b e f o r e   y o u   s t a r t   m a k i n g   c h a n g e s . N o t e : T h i s   w o r k f l o w   i s   d i f f e r e n t   t h a n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   C o m m u n i t y   G i t H u b   W o r k f l o w .   Y o u   d o   n o t   n e e d   t o   m e r g e   y o u r   l o c a l   c o p y   o f   m a i n   w i t h   u p s t r e a m / m a i n   b e f o r e   p u s h i n g   u p d a t e s   t o


Question: What is Create a branch?

Answer: D e c i d e   w h i c h   b r a n c h   t o   b a s e   y o u r   w o r k   o n : F o r   i m p r o v e m e n t s   t o   e x i s t i n g   c o n t e n t ,   u s e   u p s t r e a m / m a i n . F o r   n e w   c o n t e n t   a b o u t   e x i s t i n g   f e a t u r e s ,   u s e   u p s t r e a m / m a i n . F o r   l o c a l i z e d   c o n t e n t ,   u s e   t h e   l o c a l i z a t i o n ' s   c o n v e n t i o n s .   F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n ,   s e e   l o c a l i z i n g   K u b e r n e t e s   d o c u m e n t a t i o n . F o r   n e w   f e a t u r e s   i n   a n   u p c o m i n g   K u b e r n e t e s   r e l e a s e ,   u s e   t h e   f e a t u r e   b r a n c h .   F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n ,   s e e   d o c u m e n t i n g   f o r   a   r e l e a s e . F o r   l o n g - r u n n i n g   e f f o r t s   t h a t   m u l t i p l e   S I G   D o c s   c o n t r i b u t o r s   c o l l a b o r a t e   o n ,   l i k e   c o n t e n t   r e o r g a n i z a t i o n ,   u s e   a   s p e c i f i c   f e a t u r e   b r a n c h   c r e a t e d   f o r   t h a t   e f f o r t . I f   y o u   n e e d   h e l p   c h o o s i n g   a   b r a n c h ,   a s k   i n   t h e   # s i g - d o c s   S l a c k   c h a n n e l . C r e a t e   a   n e w   b r a n c h   b a s e d   o n   t h e   b r a n c h   i d e n t i f i e d   i n   s t e p   1 .   T h i s   e x a m p l e   a s s u m e s   t h e   b a s e   b r a n c h   i s   u p s t r e a m / m a i n : g i t   c h e c k o u t   - b   < m y _ n e w _ b r a n c h >   u p s t r e a m / m a i n   M a k e   y o u r   c h a n g e s   u s i n g   a   t e x t   e d i t o r .   D e c i d e   w h i c h   b r a n c h   t o   b a s e   y o u r   w o r k   o n :   F o r   i m p r o v e m e n t s   t o   e x i s t i n g   c o n t e n t ,   u s e   u p s t r e a m / m a i n . F o r   n e w   c o n t e n t   a b o u t   e x i s t i n g   f e a t u r e s ,   u s e   u p s t r e a m / m a i n . F o r   l o


Question: What is Commit your changes?

Answer: W h e n   y o u   a r e   r e a d y   t o   s u b m i t   a   p u l l   r e q u e s t ,   c o m m i t   y o u r   c h a n g e s .   I n   y o u r   l o c a l   r e p o s i t o r y ,   c h e c k   w h i c h   f i l e s   y o u   n e e d   t o   c o m m i t : g i t   s t a t u s   O u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : O n   b r a n c h   < m y _ n e w _ b r a n c h >   Y o u r   b r a n c h   i s   u p   t o   d a t e   w i t h   ' o r i g i n / < m y _ n e w _ b r a n c h > ' .   C h a n g e s   n o t   s t a g e d   f o r   c o m m i t :   ( u s e   " g i t   a d d   < f i l e > . . . "   t o   u p d a t e   w h a t   w i l l   b e   c o m m i t t e d )   ( u s e   " g i t   c h e c k o u t   - -   < f i l e > . . . "   t o   d i s c a r d   c h a n g e s   i n   w o r k i n g   d i r e c t o r y )   m o d i f i e d :   c o n t e n t / e n / d o c s / c o n t r i b u t e / n e w - c o n t e n t / c o n t r i b u t i n g - c o n t e n t . m d   n o   c h a n g e s   a d d e d   t o   c o m m i t   ( u s e   " g i t   a d d "   a n d / o r   " g i t   c o m m i t   - a " )   A d d   t h e   f i l e s   l i s t e d   u n d e r   C h a n g e s   n o t   s t a g e d   f o r   c o m m i t   t o   t h e   c o m m i t : g i t   a d d   < y o u r _ f i l e _ n a m e >   R e p e a t   t h i s   f o r   e a c h   f i l e . A f t e r   a d d i n g   a l l   t h e   f i l e s ,   c r e a t e   a   c o m m i t : g i t   c o m m i t   - m   " Y o u r   c o m m i t   m e s s a g e "   N o t e : D o   n o t   u s e   a n y   G i t H u b   K e y w o r d s   i n   y o u r   c o m m i t   m e s s a g e .   Y o u   c a n   a d d   t h o s e   t o   t h e   p u l l   r e q u e s t   d e s c r i p t i o n   l a t e r . P u s h   y o u r   l o c a l   b r a n c h   a n d   i t s   n e w   c o m m i t   t o   y o u r   r e m o t e   f o r k : g i t   p u s h   o r i g i n   < m y _ n e w _ b r a n c h >   I n   y o u r   l o c a l   r e p o s i t o r y ,   c h e c k   w h i c h   f i l


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: P u s h   y o u r   l o c a l   b r a n c h   a n d   i t s   n e w   c o m m i t   t o   y o u r   r e m o t e   f o r k :   g i t   p u s h   o r i g i n   < m y _ n e w _ b r a n c h >


Question: What is Preview your changes locally?

Answer: I t ' s   a   g o o d   i d e a   t o   p r e v i e w   y o u r   c h a n g e s   l o c a l l y   b e f o r e   p u s h i n g   t h e m   o r   o p e n i n g   a   p u l l   r e q u e s t .   A   p r e v i e w   l e t s   y o u   c a t c h   b u i l d   e r r o r s   o r   m a r k d o w n   f o r m a t t i n g   p r o b l e m s .   Y o u   c a n   e i t h e r   b u i l d   t h e   w e b s i t e ' s   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   o r   r u n   H u g o   l o c a l l y .   B u i l d i n g   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   i s   s l o w e r   b u t   d i s p l a y s   H u g o   s h o r t c o d e s ,   w h i c h   c a n   b e   u s e f u l   f o r   d e b u g g i n g .   N o t e : T h e   c o m m a n d s   b e l o w   u s e   D o c k e r   a s   d e f a u l t   c o n t a i n e r   e n g i n e .   S e t   t h e   C O N T A I N E R _ E N G I N E   e n v i r o n m e n t   v a r i a b l e   t o   o v e r r i d e   t h i s   b e h a v i o u r . B u i l d   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   l o c a l l y Y o u   o n l y   n e e d   t h i s   s t e p   i f   y o u   a r e   t e s t i n g   a   c h a n g e   t o   t h e   H u g o   t o o l   i t s e l f #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   ( i f   r e q u i r e d )   m a k e   c o n t a i n e r - i m a g e   F e t c h   s u b m o d u l e   d e p e n d e n c i e s   i n   y o u r   l o c a l   r e p o s i t o r y : #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   m a k e   m o d u l e - i n i t   S t a r t   H u g o   i n   a   c o n t a i n e r : #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   m a k e   c o n t a i n e r - s e r v e   I n   a   w e b   b r o w s e r ,   n a v i g a t e   t o   h t t p : / / l o c a l h o s t : 1 3 1 3 .   H u g o   w a t c h e s   t h e   c h a n g e s   a n d   r e b u i l d s   t h e   s i t e   a s   n e e d e d . T o   s t o p   t h e   l o c a l   H u g o   i n s t a n c e ,   g o   b a c k   t o   t h e   t e r m i n a l   a n d   t y p e   C t r l + C ,


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: B u i l d   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   l o c a l l y Y o u   o n l y   n e e d   t h i s   s t e p   i f   y o u   a r e   t e s t i n g   a   c h a n g e   t o   t h e   H u g o   t o o l   i t s e l f #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   ( i f   r e q u i r e d )   m a k e   c o n t a i n e r - i m a g e   F e t c h   s u b m o d u l e   d e p e n d e n c i e s   i n   y o u r   l o c a l   r e p o s i t o r y : #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   m a k e   m o d u l e - i n i t   S t a r t   H u g o   i n   a   c o n t a i n e r : #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   m a k e   c o n t a i n e r - s e r v e   I n   a   w e b   b r o w s e r ,   n a v i g a t e   t o   h t t p : / / l o c a l h o s t : 1 3 1 3 .   H u g o   w a t c h e s   t h e   c h a n g e s   a n d   r e b u i l d s   t h e   s i t e   a s   n e e d e d . T o   s t o p   t h e   l o c a l   H u g o   i n s t a n c e ,   g o   b a c k   t o   t h e   t e r m i n a l   a n d   t y p e   C t r l + C ,   o r   c l o s e   t h e   t e r m i n a l   w i n d o w .   B u i l d   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e   l o c a l l y Y o u   o n l y   n e e d   t h i s   s t e p   i f   y o u   a r e   t e s t i n g   a   c h a n g e   t o   t h e   H u g o   t o o l   i t s e l f   #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   ( i f   r e q u i r e d )   m a k e   c o n t a i n e r - i m a g e   F e t c h   s u b m o d u l e   d e p e n d e n c i e s   i n   y o u r   l o c a l   r e p o s i t o r y :   #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   m a k e   m o d u l e - i n i t   S t a r t   H u g o   i n   a   c o n t a i n e r :   #   R u n   t h i s   i n   a   t e r m i n a l   m a k e   c o n t a i n e r - s e r v e   I n   a   w e b   b r o w s e r ,   n a v i g a t e   t o   h t t p : / / l o c a l h o s t : 1 3 1 3 .   H u g o   w a t c h e s   t h e   c h a n g e s   a n d   r e b u i l d s   t h e   s i t e   a s   n e e d e d .


Question: What is Open a pull request from your fork to kubernetes/website?

Answer: F i g u r e   3   s h o w s   t h e   s t e p s   t o   o p e n   a   P R   f r o m   y o u r   f o r k   t o   t h e   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e .   T h e   d e t a i l s   f o l l o w .   P l e a s e ,   n o t e   t h a t   c o n t r i b u t o r s   c a n   m e n t i o n   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e   a s   k / w e b s i t e .   F i g u r e   3 .   S t e p s   t o   o p e n   a   P R   f r o m   y o u r   f o r k   t o   t h e   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e .   I n   a   w e b   b r o w s e r ,   g o   t o   t h e   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e   r e p o s i t o r y . S e l e c t   N e w   P u l l   R e q u e s t . S e l e c t   c o m p a r e   a c r o s s   f o r k s . F r o m   t h e   h e a d   r e p o s i t o r y   d r o p - d o w n   m e n u ,   s e l e c t   y o u r   f o r k . F r o m   t h e   c o m p a r e   d r o p - d o w n   m e n u ,   s e l e c t   y o u r   b r a n c h . S e l e c t   C r e a t e   P u l l   R e q u e s t . A d d   a   d e s c r i p t i o n   f o r   y o u r   p u l l   r e q u e s t : T i t l e   ( 5 0   c h a r a c t e r s   o r   l e s s ) :   S u m m a r i z e   t h e   i n t e n t   o f   t h e   c h a n g e . D e s c r i p t i o n :   D e s c r i b e   t h e   c h a n g e   i n   m o r e   d e t a i l . I f   t h e r e   i s   a   r e l a t e d   G i t H u b   i s s u e ,   i n c l u d e   F i x e s   # 1 2 3 4 5   o r   C l o s e s   # 1 2 3 4 5   i n   t h e   d e s c r i p t i o n .   G i t H u b ' s   a u t o m a t i o n   c l o s e s   t h e   m e n t i o n e d   i s s u e   a f t e r   m e r g i n g   t h e   P R   i f   u s e d .   I f   t h e r e   a r e   o t h e r   r e l a t e d   P R s ,   l i n k   t h o s e   a s   w e l l . I f   y o u   w a n t   a d v i c e   o n   s o m e t h i n g   s p e c i f i c ,   i n c l u d e   a n y   q u e s t i o n s   y o u ' d   l i k e   r e v i e w e r s   t o   t h i n k   a b o u t   i n   y o u r   d e s c r i p t i o n . S e l e c t   t h e


Question: What is Addressing?

Answer: A f t e r   m a k i n g   y o u r   c h a n g e s ,   a m e n d   y o u r   p r e v i o u s   c o m m i t : g i t   c o m m i t   - a   - - a m e n d   - a :   c o m m i t s   a l l   c h a n g e s - - a m e n d :   a m e n d s   t h e   p r e v i o u s   c o m m i t ,   r a t h e r   t h a n   c r e a t i n g   a   n e w   o n e U p d a t e   y o u r   c o m m i t   m e s s a g e   i f   n e e d e d . U s e   g i t   p u s h   o r i g i n   < m y _ n e w _ b r a n c h >   t o   p u s h   y o u r   c h a n g e s   a n d   r e - r u n   t h e   N e t l i f y   t e s t s . N o t e : I f   y o u   u s e   g i t   c o m m i t   - m   i n s t e a d   o f   a m e n d i n g ,   y o u   m u s t   s q u a s h   y o u r   c o m m i t s   b e f o r e   m e r g i n g .   A f t e r   m a k i n g   y o u r   c h a n g e s ,   a m e n d   y o u r   p r e v i o u s   c o m m i t :   g i t   c o m m i t   - a   - - a m e n d   - a :   c o m m i t s   a l l   c h a n g e s - - a m e n d :   a m e n d s   t h e   p r e v i o u s   c o m m i t ,   r a t h e r   t h a n   c r e a t i n g   a   n e w   o n e   U p d a t e   y o u r   c o m m i t   m e s s a g e   i f   n e e d e d .   U s e   g i t   p u s h   o r i g i n   < m y _ n e w _ b r a n c h >   t o   p u s h   y o u r   c h a n g e s   a n d   r e - r u n   t h e   N e t l i f y   t e s t s .


Question: What is Changes from reviewers?

Answer: S o m e t i m e s   r e v i e w e r s   c o m m i t   t o   y o u r   p u l l   r e q u e s t .   B e f o r e   m a k i n g   a n y   o t h e r   c h a n g e s ,   f e t c h   t h o s e   c o m m i t s .   F e t c h   c o m m i t s   f r o m   y o u r   r e m o t e   f o r k   a n d   r e b a s e   y o u r   w o r k i n g   b r a n c h : g i t   f e t c h   o r i g i n   g i t   r e b a s e   o r i g i n / < y o u r - b r a n c h - n a m e >   A f t e r   r e b a s i n g ,   f o r c e - p u s h   n e w   c h a n g e s   t o   y o u r   f o r k : g i t   p u s h   - - f o r c e - w i t h - l e a s e   o r i g i n   < y o u r - b r a n c h - n a m e >   F e t c h   c o m m i t s   f r o m   y o u r   r e m o t e   f o r k   a n d   r e b a s e   y o u r   w o r k i n g   b r a n c h :   g i t   f e t c h   o r i g i n   g i t   r e b a s e   o r i g i n / < y o u r - b r a n c h - n a m e >   A f t e r   r e b a s i n g ,   f o r c e - p u s h   n e w   c h a n g e s   t o   y o u r   f o r k :   g i t   p u s h   - - f o r c e - w i t h - l e a s e   o r i g i n   < y o u r - b r a n c h - n a m e >


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: I f   a n o t h e r   c o n t r i b u t o r   c o m m i t s   c h a n g e s   t o   t h e   s a m e   f i l e   i n   a n o t h e r   P R ,   i t   c a n   c r e a t e   a   m e r g e   c o n f l i c t .   Y o u   m u s t   r e s o l v e   a l l   m e r g e   c o n f l i c t s   i n   y o u r   P R .   U p d a t e   y o u r   f o r k   a n d   r e b a s e   y o u r   l o c a l   b r a n c h : g i t   f e t c h   o r i g i n   g i t   r e b a s e   o r i g i n / < y o u r - b r a n c h - n a m e >   T h e n   f o r c e - p u s h   t h e   c h a n g e s   t o   y o u r   f o r k : g i t   p u s h   - - f o r c e - w i t h - l e a s e   o r i g i n   < y o u r - b r a n c h - n a m e >   F e t c h   c h a n g e s   f r o m   k u b e r n e t e s / w e b s i t e ' s   u p s t r e a m / m a i n   a n d   r e b a s e   y o u r   b r a n c h : g i t   f e t c h   u p s t r e a m   g i t   r e b a s e   u p s t r e a m / m a i n   I n s p e c t   t h e   r e s u l t s   o f   t h e   r e b a s e : g i t   s t a t u s   T h i s   r e s u l t s   i n   a   n u m b e r   o f   f i l e s   m a r k e d   a s   c o n f l i c t e d . O p e n   e a c h   c o n f l i c t e d   f i l e   a n d   l o o k   f o r   t h e   c o n f l i c t   m a r k e r s :   > > > ,   < < < ,   a n d   = = = .   R e s o l v e   t h e   c o n f l i c t   a n d   d e l e t e   t h e   c o n f l i c t   m a r k e r . N o t e : F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n ,   s e e   H o w   c o n f l i c t s   a r e   p r e s e n t e d . A d d   t h e   f i l e s   t o   t h e   c h a n g e s e t : g i t   a d d   < f i l e n a m e >   C o n t i n u e   t h e   r e b a s e : g i t   r e b a s e   - - c o n t i n u e   R e p e a t   s t e p s   2   t o   5   a s   n e e d e d . A f t e r   a p p l y i n g   a l l   c o m m i t s ,   t h e   g i t   s t a t u s   c o m m a n d   s h o w s   t h a t   t h e   r e b a s e   i s   c o m p l e t e . F o r c e - p u s h   t h e   b r a n c h   t o   y o u r   f o r k


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: A d d   t h e   f i l e s   t o   t h e   c h a n g e s e t :   g i t   a d d   < f i l e n a m e >   C o n t i n u e   t h e   r e b a s e :   g i t   r e b a s e   - - c o n t i n u e   R e p e a t   s t e p s   2   t o   5   a s   n e e d e d .   A f t e r   a p p l y i n g   a l l   c o m m i t s ,   t h e   g i t   s t a t u s   c o m m a n d   s h o w s   t h a t   t h e   r e b a s e   i s   c o m p l e t e .   F o r c e - p u s h   t h e   b r a n c h   t o   y o u r   f o r k :   g i t   p u s h   - - f o r c e - w i t h - l e a s e   o r i g i n   < y o u r - b r a n c h - n a m e >   T h e   p u l l   r e q u e s t   n o   l o n g e r   s h o w s   a n y   c o n f l i c t s .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: I f   y o u r   P R   h a s   m u l t i p l e   c o m m i t s ,   y o u   m u s t   s q u a s h   t h e m   i n t o   a   s i n g l e   c o m m i t   b e f o r e   m e r g i n g   y o u r   P R .   Y o u   c a n   c h e c k   t h e   n u m b e r   o f   c o m m i t s   o n   y o u r   P R ' s   C o m m i t s   t a b   o r   b y   r u n n i n g   t h e   g i t   l o g   c o m m a n d   l o c a l l y .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: S t a r t   a n   i n t e r a c t i v e   r e b a s e : g i t   r e b a s e   - i   H E A D ~ < n u m b e r _ o f _ c o m m i t s _ i n _ b r a n c h >   S q u a s h i n g   c o m m i t s   i s   a   f o r m   o f   r e b a s i n g .   T h e   - i   s w i t c h   t e l l s   g i t   y o u   w a n t   t o   r e b a s e   i n t e r a c t i v e l y .   H E A D ~ < n u m b e r _ o f _ c o m m i t s _ i n _ b r a n c h   i n d i c a t e s   h o w   m a n y   c o m m i t s   t o   l o o k   a t   f o r   t h e   r e b a s e . O u t p u t   i s   s i m i l a r   t o : p i c k   d 8 7 5 1 1 2 c a   O r i g i n a l   c o m m i t   p i c k   4 f a 1 6 7 b 8 0   A d d r e s s


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: S t a r t   e d i t i n g   t h e   f i l e .   C h a n g e   t h e   o r i g i n a l   t e x t :   p i c k   d 8 7 5 1 1 2 c a   O r i g i n a l   c o m m i t   p i c k   4 f a 1 6 7 b 8 0   A d d r e s s


Question: What is Contribute to other repos?

Answer: T h e   K u b e r n e t e s   p r o j e c t   c o n t a i n s   5 0 +   r e p o s i t o r i e s .   M a n y   o f   t h e s e   r e p o s i t o r i e s   c o n t a i n   d o c u m e n t a t i o n :   u s e r - f a c i n g   h e l p   t e x t ,   e r r o r   m e s s a g e s ,   A P I   r e f e r e n c e s   o r   c o d e   c o m m e n t s .   I f   y o u   s e e   t e x t   y o u ' d   l i k e   t o   i m p r o v e ,   u s e   G i t H u b   t o   s e a r c h   a l l   r e p o s i t o r i e s   i n   t h e   K u b e r n e t e s   o r g a n i z a t i o n .   T h i s   c a n   h e l p   y o u   f i g u r e   o u t   w h e r e   t o   s u b m i t   y o u r   i s s u e   o r   P R .   E a c h   r e p o s i t o r y   h a s   i t s   o w n   p r o c e s s e s   a n d   p r o c e d u r e s .   B e f o r e   y o u   f i l e   a n   i s s u e   o r   s u b m i t   a   P R ,   r e a d   t h a t   r e p o s i t o r y ' s   R E A D M E . m d ,   C O N T R I B U T I N G . m d ,   a n d   c o d e - o f - c o n d u c t . m d ,   i f   t h e y   e x i s t .   M o s t   r e p o s i t o r i e s   u s e   i s s u e   a n d   P R   t e m p l a t e s .   H a v e   a   l o o k   t h r o u g h   s o m e   o p e n   i s s u e s   a n d   P R s   t o   g e t   a   f e e l   f o r   t h a t   t e a m ' s   p r o c e s s e s .   M a k e   s u r e   t o   f i l l   o u t   t h e   t e m p l a t e s   w i t h   a s   m u c h   d e t a i l   a s   p o s s i b l e   w h e n   y o u   f i l e   i s s u e s   o r   P R s .


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: R e a d   R e v i e w i n g   t o   l e a r n   m o r e   a b o u t   t h e   r e v i e w   p r o c e s s .


Question: What is Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Files?

Answer: Expose Pod Information to Containers Through FilesThis page shows how a Pod can use a downwardAPI volume, to expose information about itself to containers running in the Pod. A downwardAPI volume can expose Pod fields and container fields.In Kubernetes, there are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:Environment variablesVolume files, as explained in this taskTogether, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesStore Pod fieldsIn this part of exercise, you create a Pod that has one container, and you project Pod-level fields into the running container as files. Here is the manifest for the Pod:pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example labels: zone: us-est-coast cluster: test-cluster1 rack: rack-22 annotations: build: two builder: john-doe spec: containers: - name: client-container image: registry.k8s.io/busybox:1.27.2 command: ["sh", "-c"] args: - while true; do if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/labels ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/labels; fi; if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/annotations ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/annotations; fi; sleep 5; done; volumeMounts: - name: podinfo mountPath: /etc/podinfo volumes: - name: podinfo downwardAPI: items: - path: "labels" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.labels - path: "annotations" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.annotations In the manifest, you can see that the Pod has a downwardAPI Volume, and the container mounts the volume at /etc/podinfo.Look at the items array under downwardAPI. Each element of the array defines a downwardAPI volume. The first element specifies that the value of the Pod's metadata.labels field should be stored in a file named labels. The second element specifies that the value of the Pod's annotations field should be stored in a file named annotations.Note:The fields in this example are Pod fields. They are not fields of the container in the Pod.Create the Pod:kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml Verify that the container in the Pod is running:kubectl get pods View the container's logs:kubectl logs kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example The output shows the contents of the labels file and the annotations file:cluster="test-cluster1" rack="rack-22" zone="us-est-coast" build="two" builder="john-doe" Get a shell into the container that is running in your Pod:kubectl exec -it kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example -- sh In your shell, view the labels file:/# cat /etc/podinfo/labels The output shows


Question: How does Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Files work?

Answer: Expose Pod Information to Containers Through FilesThis page shows how a Pod can use a downwardAPI volume, to expose information about itself to containers running in the Pod. A downwardAPI volume can expose Pod fields and container fields.In Kubernetes, there are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:Environment variablesVolume files, as explained in this taskTogether, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesStore Pod fieldsIn this part of exercise, you create a Pod that has one container, and you project Pod-level fields into the running container as files. Here is the manifest for the Pod:pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example labels: zone: us-est-coast cluster: test-cluster1 rack: rack-22 annotations: build: two builder: john-doe spec: containers: - name: client-container image: registry.k8s.io/busybox:1.27.2 command: ["sh", "-c"] args: - while true; do if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/labels ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/labels; fi; if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/annotations ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/annotations; fi; sleep 5; done; volumeMounts: - name: podinfo mountPath: /etc/podinfo volumes: - name: podinfo downwardAPI: items: - path: "labels" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.labels - path: "annotations" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.annotations In the manifest, you can see that the Pod has a downwardAPI Volume, and the container mounts the volume at /etc/podinfo.Look at the items array under downwardAPI. Each element of the array defines a downwardAPI volume. The first element specifies that the value of the Pod's metadata.labels field should be stored in a file named labels. The second element specifies that the value of the Pod's annotations field should be stored in a file named annotations.Note:The fields in this example are Pod fields. They are not fields of the container in the Pod.Create the Pod:kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml Verify that the container in the Pod is running:kubectl get pods View the container's logs:kubectl logs kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example The output shows the contents of the labels file and the annotations file:cluster="test-cluster1" rack="rack-22" zone="us-est-coast" build="two" builder="john-doe" Get a shell into the container that is running in your Pod:kubectl exec -it kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example -- sh In your shell, view the labels file:/# cat /etc/podinfo/labels The output shows


Question: When would you use Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Files?

Answer: Expose Pod Information to Containers Through FilesThis page shows how a Pod can use a downwardAPI volume, to expose information about itself to containers running in the Pod. A downwardAPI volume can expose Pod fields and container fields.In Kubernetes, there are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:Environment variablesVolume files, as explained in this taskTogether, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesStore Pod fieldsIn this part of exercise, you create a Pod that has one container, and you project Pod-level fields into the running container as files. Here is the manifest for the Pod:pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example labels: zone: us-est-coast cluster: test-cluster1 rack: rack-22 annotations: build: two builder: john-doe spec: containers: - name: client-container image: registry.k8s.io/busybox:1.27.2 command: ["sh", "-c"] args: - while true; do if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/labels ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/labels; fi; if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/annotations ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/annotations; fi; sleep 5; done; volumeMounts: - name: podinfo mountPath: /etc/podinfo volumes: - name: podinfo downwardAPI: items: - path: "labels" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.labels - path: "annotations" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.annotations In the manifest, you can see that the Pod has a downwardAPI Volume, and the container mounts the volume at /etc/podinfo.Look at the items array under downwardAPI. Each element of the array defines a downwardAPI volume. The first element specifies that the value of the Pod's metadata.labels field should be stored in a file named labels. The second element specifies that the value of the Pod's annotations field should be stored in a file named annotations.Note:The fields in this example are Pod fields. They are not fields of the container in the Pod.Create the Pod:kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml Verify that the container in the Pod is running:kubectl get pods View the container's logs:kubectl logs kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example The output shows the contents of the labels file and the annotations file:cluster="test-cluster1" rack="rack-22" zone="us-est-coast" build="two" builder="john-doe" Get a shell into the container that is running in your Pod:kubectl exec -it kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example -- sh In your shell, view the labels file:/# cat /etc/podinfo/labels The output shows


Question: What are the benefits of Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Files?

Answer: Expose Pod Information to Containers Through FilesThis page shows how a Pod can use a downwardAPI volume, to expose information about itself to containers running in the Pod. A downwardAPI volume can expose Pod fields and container fields.In Kubernetes, there are two ways to expose Pod and container fields to a running container:Environment variablesVolume files, as explained in this taskTogether, these two ways of exposing Pod and container fields are called the downward API.Before you beginYou need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:iximiuz LabsKillercodaKodeKloudPlay with KubernetesStore Pod fieldsIn this part of exercise, you create a Pod that has one container, and you project Pod-level fields into the running container as files. Here is the manifest for the Pod:pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example labels: zone: us-est-coast cluster: test-cluster1 rack: rack-22 annotations: build: two builder: john-doe spec: containers: - name: client-container image: registry.k8s.io/busybox:1.27.2 command: ["sh", "-c"] args: - while true; do if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/labels ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/labels; fi; if [[ -e /etc/podinfo/annotations ]]; then echo -en '\n\n'; cat /etc/podinfo/annotations; fi; sleep 5; done; volumeMounts: - name: podinfo mountPath: /etc/podinfo volumes: - name: podinfo downwardAPI: items: - path: "labels" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.labels - path: "annotations" fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.annotations In the manifest, you can see that the Pod has a downwardAPI Volume, and the container mounts the volume at /etc/podinfo.Look at the items array under downwardAPI. Each element of the array defines a downwardAPI volume. The first element specifies that the value of the Pod's metadata.labels field should be stored in a file named labels. The second element specifies that the value of the Pod's annotations field should be stored in a file named annotations.Note:The fields in this example are Pod fields. They are not fields of the container in the Pod.Create the Pod:kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/pods/inject/dapi-volume.yaml Verify that the container in the Pod is running:kubectl get pods View the container's logs:kubectl logs kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example The output shows the contents of the labels file and the annotations file:cluster="test-cluster1" rack="rack-22" zone="us-est-coast" build="two" builder="john-doe" Get a shell into the container that is running in your Pod:kubectl exec -it kubernetes-downwardapi-volume-example -- sh In your shell, view the labels file:/# cat /etc/podinfo/labels The output shows


Question: What is Expose Pod Information to Containers Through Files?

Answer: T h i s   p a g e   s h o w s   h o w   a   P o d   c a n   u s e   a   d o w n w a r d A P I   v o l u m e ,   t o   e x p o s e   i n f o r m a t i o n   a b o u t   i t s e l f   t o   c o n t a i n e r s   r u n n i n g   i n   t h e   P o d .   A   d o w n w a r d A P I   v o l u m e   c a n   e x p o s e   P o d   f i e l d s   a n d   c o n t a i n e r   f i e l d s .   I n   K u b e r n e t e s ,   t h e r e   a r e   t w o   w a y s   t o   e x p o s e   P o d   a n d   c o n t a i n e r   f i e l d s   t o   a   r u n n i n g   c o n t a i n e r :   E n v i r o n m e n t   v a r i a b l e s V o l u m e   f i l e s ,   a s   e x p l a i n e d   i n   t h i s   t a s k   T o g e t h e r ,   t h e s e   t w o   w a y s   o f   e x p o s i n g   P o d   a n d   c o n t a i n e r   f i e l d s   a r e   c a l l e d   t h e   d o w n w a r d   A P I .


Question: What is Before you begin?

Answer: Y o u   n e e d   t o   h a v e   a   K u b e r n e t e s   c l u s t e r ,   a n d   t h e   k u b e c t l   c o m m a n d - l i n e   t o o l   m u s t   b e   c o n f i g u r e d   t o   c o m m u n i c a t e   w i t h   y o u r   c l u s t e r .   I t   i s   r e c o m m e n d e d   t o   r u n   t h i s   t u t o r i a l   o n   a   c l u s t e r   w i t h   a t   l e a s t   t w o   n o d e s   t h a t   a r e   n o t   a c t i n g   a s   c o n t r o l   p l a n e   h o s t s .   I f   y o u   d o   n o t   a l r e a d y   h a v e   a   c l u s t e r ,   y o u   c a n   c r e a t e   o n e   b y   u s i n g   m i n i k u b e   o r   y o u   c a n   u s e   o n e   o f   t h e s e   K u b e r n e t e s   p l a y g r o u n d s :   i x i m i u z   L a b s K i l l e r c o d a K o d e K l o u d P l a y   w i t h   K u b e r n e t e s


Question: What is Store Pod fields?

Answer: I n   t h i s   p a r t   o f   e x e r c i s e ,   y o u   c r e a t e   a   P o d   t h a t   h a s   o n e   c o n t a i n e r ,   a n d   y o u   p r o j e c t   P o d - l e v e l   f i e l d s   i n t o   t h e   r u n n i n g   c o n t a i n e r   a s   f i l e s .   H e r e   i s   t h e   m a n i f e s t   f o r   t h e   P o d :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   P o d   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   k u b e r n e t e s - d o w n w a r d a p i - v o l u m e - e x a m p l e   l a b e l s :   z o n e :   u s - e s t - c o a s t   c l u s t e r :   t e s t - c l u s t e r 1   r a c k :   r a c k - 2 2   a n n o t a t i o n s :   b u i l d :   t w o   b u i l d e r :   j o h n - d o e   s p e c :   c o n t a i n e r s :   -   n a m e :   c l i e n t - c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e :   r e g i s t r y . k 8 s . i o / b u s y b o x : 1 . 2 7 . 2   c o m m a n d :   [ " s h " ,   " - c " ]   a r g s :   -   w h i l e   t r u e ;   d o   i f   [ [   - e   / e t c / p o d i n f o / l a b e l s   ] ] ;   t h e n   e c h o   - e n   ' \ n \ n ' ;   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / l a b e l s ;   f i ;   i f   [ [   - e   / e t c / p o d i n f o / a n n o t a t i o n s   ] ] ;   t h e n   e c h o   - e n   ' \ n \ n ' ;   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / a n n o t a t i o n s ;   f i ;   s l e e p   5 ;   d o n e ;   v o l u m e M o u n t s :   -   n a m e :   p o d i n f o   m o u n t P a t h :   / e t c / p o d i n f o   v o l u m e s :   -   n a m e :   p o d i n f o   d o w n w a r d A P I :   i t e m s :   -   p a t h :   " l a b e l s "   f i e l d R e f :   f i e l d P a t h :   m e t a d a t a . l a b e l s   -   p a t h :   " a n n o t a t i o n s "   f i e l d R e f :   f i e l d P a t h :   m e t a d a t a . a n n o t a t i o n s   I n   t h e   m a n i f e s t ,   y o u   c a n   s e e   t h a t   t h e   P o d   h a s   a   d o w n w a r d A P I   V o l u m e ,   a n d   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   m o u n t s   t h e   v o l u m e   a t   /


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: C r e a t e   t h e   P o d :   k u b e c t l   a p p l y   - f   h t t p s : / / k 8 s . i o / e x a m p l e s / p o d s / i n j e c t / d a p i - v o l u m e . y a m l   V e r i f y   t h a t   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   i n   t h e   P o d   i s   r u n n i n g :   k u b e c t l   g e t   p o d s   V i e w   t h e   c o n t a i n e r ' s   l o g s :   k u b e c t l   l o g s   k u b e r n e t e s - d o w n w a r d a p i - v o l u m e - e x a m p l e   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o w s   t h e   c o n t e n t s   o f   t h e   l a b e l s   f i l e   a n d   t h e   a n n o t a t i o n s   f i l e :   c l u s t e r = " t e s t - c l u s t e r 1 "   r a c k = " r a c k - 2 2 "   z o n e = " u s - e s t - c o a s t "   b u i l d = " t w o "   b u i l d e r = " j o h n - d o e "   G e t   a   s h e l l   i n t o   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   t h a t   i s   r u n n i n g   i n   y o u r   P o d :   k u b e c t l   e x e c   - i t   k u b e r n e t e s - d o w n w a r d a p i - v o l u m e - e x a m p l e   - -   s h   I n   y o u r   s h e l l ,   v i e w   t h e   l a b e l s   f i l e :   / #   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / l a b e l s   T h e   o u t p u t   s h o w s   t h a t   a l l   o f   t h e   P o d ' s   l a b e l s   h a v e   b e e n   w r i t t e n   t o   t h e   l a b e l s   f i l e :   c l u s t e r = " t e s t - c l u s t e r 1 "   r a c k = " r a c k - 2 2 "   z o n e = " u s - e s t - c o a s t "   S i m i l a r l y ,   v i e w   t h e   a n n o t a t i o n s   f i l e :   / #   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / a n n o t a t i o n s   V i e w   t h e   f i l e s   i n   t h e   / e t c / p o d i n f o   d i r e c t o r y :   / #   l s   - l a R   / e t c / p o d i n f o   I n   t h e   o u t p u t ,   y o u   c a n   s e e   t h a t   t h e   l a b e l s   a n d   a n n o t a t i o n s   f i l e s   a r e   i n   a   t e m p o r a r y   s u b d i r e c t o r y :   i n   t h i s   e x a m p l e ,   . . 2 9 8 2 _ 0 6 _ 0 2 _ 2 1 _ 4 7 _ 5 3 .


Question: What is Note:?

Answer: E x i t   t h e   s h e l l :   / #   e x i t


Question: What is Store container fields?

Answer: T h e   p r e c e d i n g   e x e r c i s e ,   y o u   m a d e   P o d - l e v e l   f i e l d s   a c c e s s i b l e   u s i n g   t h e   d o w n w a r d   A P I .   I n   t h i s   n e x t   e x e r c i s e ,   y o u   a r e   g o i n g   t o   p a s s   f i e l d s   t h a t   a r e   p a r t   o f   t h e   P o d   d e f i n i t i o n ,   b u t   t a k e n   f r o m   t h e   s p e c i f i c   c o n t a i n e r   r a t h e r   t h a n   f r o m   t h e   P o d   o v e r a l l .   H e r e   i s   a   m a n i f e s t   f o r   a   P o d   t h a t   a g a i n   h a s   j u s t   o n e   c o n t a i n e r :   a p i V e r s i o n :   v 1   k i n d :   P o d   m e t a d a t a :   n a m e :   k u b e r n e t e s - d o w n w a r d a p i - v o l u m e - e x a m p l e - 2   s p e c :   c o n t a i n e r s :   -   n a m e :   c l i e n t - c o n t a i n e r   i m a g e :   r e g i s t r y . k 8 s . i o / b u s y b o x : 1 . 2 7 . 2   c o m m a n d :   [ " s h " ,   " - c " ]   a r g s :   -   w h i l e   t r u e ;   d o   e c h o   - e n   ' \ n ' ;   i f   [ [   - e   / e t c / p o d i n f o / c p u _ l i m i t   ] ] ;   t h e n   e c h o   - e n   ' \ n ' ;   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / c p u _ l i m i t ;   f i ;   i f   [ [   - e   / e t c / p o d i n f o / c p u _ r e q u e s t   ] ] ;   t h e n   e c h o   - e n   ' \ n ' ;   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / c p u _ r e q u e s t ;   f i ;   i f   [ [   - e   / e t c / p o d i n f o / m e m _ l i m i t   ] ] ;   t h e n   e c h o   - e n   ' \ n ' ;   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / m e m _ l i m i t ;   f i ;   i f   [ [   - e   / e t c / p o d i n f o / m e m _ r e q u e s t   ] ] ;   t h e n   e c h o   - e n   ' \ n ' ;   c a t   / e t c / p o d i n f o / m e m _ r e q u e s t ;   f i ;   s l e e p   5 ;   d o n e ;   r e s o u r c e s :   r e q u e s t s :   m e m o r y :   " 3 2 M i "   c p u :   " 1 2 5 m "   l i m i t s :   m e m o r y :   " 6 4 M i "   c p u :   " 2 5 0 m "   v o l u m e M o u n


Question: What is Project keys to specific paths and file permissions?

Answer: Y o u   c a n   p r o j e c t   k e y s   t o   s p e c i f i c   p a t h s   a n d   s p e c i f i c   p e r m i s s i o n s   o n   a   p e r - f i l e   b a s i s .   F o r   m o r e   i n f o r m a t i o n ,   s e e   S e c r e t s .


Question: What is What's next?

Answer: R e a d   t h e   s p e c   A P I   d e f i n i t i o n   f o r   P o d .   T h i s   i n c l u d e s   t h e   d e f i n i t i o n   o f   C o n t a i n e r   ( p a r t   o f   P o d ) . R e a d   t h e   l i s t   o f   a v a i l a b l e   f i e l d s   t h a t   y o u   c a n   e x p o s e   u s i n g   t h e   d o w n w a r d   A P I .   R e a d   a b o u t   v o l u m e s   i n   t h e   l e g a c y   A P I   r e f e r e n c e :   C h e c k   t h e   V o l u m e   A P I   d e f i n i t i o n   w h i c h   d e f i n e s   a   g e n e r i c   v o l u m e   i n   a   P o d   f o r   c o n t a i n e r s   t o   a c c e s s . C h e c k   t h e   D o w n w a r d A P I V o l u m e S o u r c e   A P I   d e f i n i t i o n   w h i c h   d e f i n e s   a   v o l u m e   t h a t   c o n t a i n s   D o w n w a r d   A P I   i n f o r m a t i o n . C h e c k   t h e   D o w n w a r d A P I V o l u m e F i l e   A P I   d e f i n i t i o n   w h i c h   c o n t a i n s   r e f e r e n c e s   t o   o b j e c t   o r   r e s o u r c e   f i e l d s   f o r   p o p u l a t i n g   a   f i l e   i n   t h e   D o w n w a r d   A P I   v o l u m e . C h e c k   t h e   R e s o u r c e F i e l d S e l e c t o r   A P I   d e f i n i t i o n   w h i c h   s p e c i f i e s   t h e   c o n t a i n e r   r e s o u r c e s   a n d   t h e i r   o u t p u t   f o r m a t .


Question: What is Volume Snapshots?

Answer: Volume SnapshotsIn Kubernetes, a VolumeSnapshot represents a snapshot of a volume on a storage system. This document assumes that you are already familiar with Kubernetes persistent volumes.IntroductionSimilar to how API resources PersistentVolume and PersistentVolumeClaim are used to provision volumes for users and administrators, VolumeSnapshotContent and VolumeSnapshot API resources are provided to create volume snapshots for users and administrators.A VolumeSnapshotContent is a snapshot taken from a volume in the cluster that has been provisioned by an administrator. It is a resource in the cluster just like a PersistentVolume is a cluster resource.A VolumeSnapshot is a request for snapshot of a volume by a user. It is similar to a PersistentVolumeClaim.VolumeSnapshotClass allows you to specify different attributes belonging to a VolumeSnapshot. These attributes may differ among snapshots taken from the same volume on the storage system and therefore cannot be expressed by using the same StorageClass of a PersistentVolumeClaim.Volume snapshots provide Kubernetes users with a standardized way to copy a volume's contents at a particular point in time without creating an entirely new volume. This functionality enables, for example, database administrators to backup databases before performing edit or delete modifications.Users need to be aware of the following when using this feature:API Objects VolumeSnapshot, VolumeSnapshotContent, and VolumeSnapshotClass are CRDs, not part of the core API.VolumeSnapshot support is only available for CSI drivers.As part of the deployment process of VolumeSnapshot, the Kubernetes team provides a snapshot controller to be deployed into the control plane, and a sidecar helper container called csi-snapshotter to be deployed together with the CSI driver. The snapshot controller watches VolumeSnapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent objects and is responsible for the creation and deletion of VolumeSnapshotContent object. The sidecar csi-snapshotter watches VolumeSnapshotContent objects and triggers CreateSnapshot and DeleteSnapshot operations against a CSI endpoint.There is also a validating webhook server which provides tightened validation on snapshot objects. This should be installed by the Kubernetes distros along with the snapshot controller and CRDs, not CSI drivers. It should be installed in all Kubernetes clusters that has the snapshot feature enabled.CSI drivers may or may not have implemented the volume snapshot functionality. The CSI drivers that have provided support for volume snapshot will likely use the csi-snapshotter. See CSI Driver documentation for details.The CRDs and snapshot controller installations are the responsibility of the Kubernetes distribution.For advanced use cases, such as creating group snapshots of multiple volumes, see the external CSI Volume Group Snapshot documentation.Lifecycle of a volume snapshot and volume snapshot contentVolumeSnapshotContents are resources in the cluster. Volume


Question: How does Volume Snapshots work?

Answer: Volume SnapshotsIn Kubernetes, a VolumeSnapshot represents a snapshot of a volume on a storage system. This document assumes that you are already familiar with Kubernetes persistent volumes.IntroductionSimilar to how API resources PersistentVolume and PersistentVolumeClaim are used to provision volumes for users and administrators, VolumeSnapshotContent and VolumeSnapshot API resources are provided to create volume snapshots for users and administrators.A VolumeSnapshotContent is a snapshot taken from a volume in the cluster that has been provisioned by an administrator. It is a resource in the cluster just like a PersistentVolume is a cluster resource.A VolumeSnapshot is a request for snapshot of a volume by a user. It is similar to a PersistentVolumeClaim.VolumeSnapshotClass allows you to specify different attributes belonging to a VolumeSnapshot. These attributes may differ among snapshots taken from the same volume on the storage system and therefore cannot be expressed by using the same StorageClass of a PersistentVolumeClaim.Volume snapshots provide Kubernetes users with a standardized way to copy a volume's contents at a particular point in time without creating an entirely new volume. This functionality enables, for example, database administrators to backup databases before performing edit or delete modifications.Users need to be aware of the following when using this feature:API Objects VolumeSnapshot, VolumeSnapshotContent, and VolumeSnapshotClass are CRDs, not part of the core API.VolumeSnapshot support is only available for CSI drivers.As part of the deployment process of VolumeSnapshot, the Kubernetes team provides a snapshot controller to be deployed into the control plane, and a sidecar helper container called csi-snapshotter to be deployed together with the CSI driver. The snapshot controller watches VolumeSnapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent objects and is responsible for the creation and deletion of VolumeSnapshotContent object. The sidecar csi-snapshotter watches VolumeSnapshotContent objects and triggers CreateSnapshot and DeleteSnapshot operations against a CSI endpoint.There is also a validating webhook server which provides tightened validation on snapshot objects. This should be installed by the Kubernetes distros along with the snapshot controller and CRDs, not CSI drivers. It should be installed in all Kubernetes clusters that has the snapshot feature enabled.CSI drivers may or may not have implemented the volume snapshot functionality. The CSI drivers that have provided support for volume snapshot will likely use the csi-snapshotter. See CSI Driver documentation for details.The CRDs and snapshot controller installations are the responsibility of the Kubernetes distribution.For advanced use cases, such as creating group snapshots of multiple volumes, see the external CSI Volume Group Snapshot documentation.Lifecycle of a volume snapshot and volume snapshot contentVolumeSnapshotContents are resources in the cluster. Volume


Question: When would you use Volume Snapshots?

Answer: Volume SnapshotsIn Kubernetes, a VolumeSnapshot represents a snapshot of a volume on a storage system. This document assumes that you are already familiar with Kubernetes persistent volumes.IntroductionSimilar to how API resources PersistentVolume and PersistentVolumeClaim are used to provision volumes for users and administrators, VolumeSnapshotContent and VolumeSnapshot API resources are provided to create volume snapshots for users and administrators.A VolumeSnapshotContent is a snapshot taken from a volume in the cluster that has been provisioned by an administrator. It is a resource in the cluster just like a PersistentVolume is a cluster resource.A VolumeSnapshot is a request for snapshot of a volume by a user. It is similar to a PersistentVolumeClaim.VolumeSnapshotClass allows you to specify different attributes belonging to a VolumeSnapshot. These attributes may differ among snapshots taken from the same volume on the storage system and therefore cannot be expressed by using the same StorageClass of a PersistentVolumeClaim.Volume snapshots provide Kubernetes users with a standardized way to copy a volume's contents at a particular point in time without creating an entirely new volume. This functionality enables, for example, database administrators to backup databases before performing edit or delete modifications.Users need to be aware of the following when using this feature:API Objects VolumeSnapshot, VolumeSnapshotContent, and VolumeSnapshotClass are CRDs, not part of the core API.VolumeSnapshot support is only available for CSI drivers.As part of the deployment process of VolumeSnapshot, the Kubernetes team provides a snapshot controller to be deployed into the control plane, and a sidecar helper container called csi-snapshotter to be deployed together with the CSI driver. The snapshot controller watches VolumeSnapshot and VolumeSnapshotContent objects and is responsible for the creation and deletion of VolumeSnapshotContent object. The sidecar csi-snapshotter watches VolumeSnapshotContent objects and triggers CreateSnapshot and DeleteSnapshot operations against a CSI endpoint.There is also a validating webhook server which provides tightened validation on snapshot objects. This should be installed by the Kubernetes distros along with the snapshot controller and CRDs, not CSI drivers. It should be installed in all Kubernetes clusters that has the snapshot feature enabled.CSI drivers may or may not have implemented the volume snapshot functionality. The CSI drivers that have provided support for volume snapshot will likely use the csi-snapshotter. See CSI Driver documentation for details.The CRDs and snapshot controller installations are the responsibility of the Kubernetes distribution.For advanced use cases, such as creating group snapshots of multiple volumes, see the external CSI Volume Group Snapshot documentation.Lifecycle of a volume snapshot and volume snapshot contentVolumeSnapshotContents are resources in the cluster. Volume