Contents  
1 Two Sea Changes in NLP  
2 A Formal Description of Prompting  
3 Pre-trained Language Models  
4 Prompt Engineering  
5 Answer Engineering  
6 Multi-Prompt Learning  
7 Training Strategies for Prompting Methods  
8 Applications  
9 Prompt-relevant Topics  
10 Challenges  
11 Meta Analysis  
12 Conclusion  