1 INTRODUCTION

2 FUNDAMENTALS OF BI-LEVEL OPTIMIZATION

3 UNDERSTANDING AND MODELING PRACTICAL PROBLEMS BY BLOs

4 GRADIENT-BASED BLOs

5 EXPLICIT GRADIENT FOR BEST-RESPONSE

6 IMPLICIT GRADIENT FOR BEST-RESPONSE

7 BLO BEYOND LOWER-LEVEL SINGLETON

8 THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS

9 POTENTIALS FOR NEW ALGORITHMS DESIGN

10 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS